Merge upstream branch

10 files changed, 494 insertions, 344 deletions

diff --git a/application/config/database.php b/application/config/database.php
index 7eac59b23..bd68db1d8 100644
--- a/application/config/database.php
+++ b/application/config/database.php
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@
 | EXPLANATION OF VARIABLES
 | -------------------------------------------------------------------
 |
+|	['dsn']      The full DSN string describe a connection to the database.
 |	['hostname'] The hostname of your database server.
 |	['username'] The username used to connect to the database
 |	['password'] The password used to connect to the database
@@ -74,6 +75,7 @@
 $active_group = 'default';
 $active_record = TRUE;
 
+$db['default']['dsn']      = '';
 $db['default']['hostname'] = 'localhost';
 $db['default']['username'] = '';
 $db['default']['password'] = '';
diff --git a/readme.rst b/readme.rst
index 26e04ceac..2369a8ddb 100644
--- a/readme.rst
+++ b/readme.rst
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ Changelog and New Features
 **************************
 
 You can find a list of all changes for each release in the `user
-guide change log <https://github.com/EllisLab/CodeIgniter/blob/develop/user_guide/changelog.html>`_.
+guide change log <https://github.com/EllisLab/CodeIgniter/blob/develop/user_guide_src/source/changelog.rst>`_.
 
 *******************
 Server Requirements
@@ -193,4 +193,4 @@ Acknowledgement
 ***************
 
 The EllisLab team and The Reactor Engineers would like to thank all the
-contributors to the CodeIgniter project and you, the CodeIgniter user.
\ No newline at end of file
+contributors to the CodeIgniter project and you, the CodeIgniter user.
diff --git a/system/database/DB.php b/system/database/DB.php
index ed6afd7ed..d06ffb40e 100755
--- a/system/database/DB.php
+++ b/system/database/DB.php
@@ -82,6 +82,7 @@ function &DB($params = '', $active_record_override = NULL)
 		$params = array(
 				'dbdriver'	=> $dns['scheme'],
 				'hostname'	=> (isset($dns['host'])) ? rawurldecode($dns['host']) : '',
+				'port'		=> (isset($dns['port'])) ? rawurldecode($dns['port']) : '',
 				'username'	=> (isset($dns['user'])) ? rawurldecode($dns['user']) : '',
 				'password'	=> (isset($dns['pass'])) ? rawurldecode($dns['pass']) : '',
 				'database'	=> (isset($dns['path'])) ? rawurldecode(substr($dns['path'], 1)) : ''
diff --git a/system/database/DB_driver.php b/system/database/DB_driver.php
index 7445a5069..b829bbe46 100644
--- a/system/database/DB_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/DB_driver.php
@@ -81,8 +81,7 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	var $stmt_id;
 	var $curs_id;
 	var $limit_used;
-
-
+	
 
 	/**
 	 * Constructor.  Accepts one parameter containing the database
@@ -814,20 +813,23 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 
 		if ($query->num_rows() > 0)
 		{
-			foreach ($query->result_array() as $row)
+			$table = FALSE;
+			$rows = $query->result_array();
+			$key = (($row = current($rows)) && in_array('table_name', array_map('strtolower', array_keys($row))));
+
+			if ($key)
 			{
-				if (isset($row['TABLE_NAME']))
-				{
-					$retval[] = $row['TABLE_NAME'];
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					$retval[] = array_shift($row);
-				}
+				$table = array_key_exists('TABLE_NAME', $row) ? 'TABLE_NAME' : 'table_name';
+			}
+
+			foreach ($rows as $row)
+			{
+				$retval[] = ( ! $table) ? current($row) : $row[$table];
 			}
 		}
 
 		$this->data_cache['table_names'] = $retval;
+		
 		return $this->data_cache['table_names'];
 	}
 
@@ -1436,10 +1438,7 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 
 		return $item.$alias;
 	}
-
-
 }
 
-
 /* End of file DB_driver.php */
 /* Location: ./system/database/DB_driver.php */
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_driver.php
index 4f4f44ba7..de2b0abeb 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_driver.php
@@ -46,9 +46,10 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 
 	// the character used to excape - not necessary for PDO
 	var $_escape_char = '';
+
+	// clause and character used for LIKE escape sequences
 	var $_like_escape_str;
 	var $_like_escape_chr;
-	
 
 	/**
 	 * The syntax to count rows is slightly different across different
@@ -57,29 +58,36 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	var $_count_string = "SELECT COUNT(*) AS ";
 	var $_random_keyword;
-	
+
+	// need to track the pdo DSN, driver and options
+	var $dsn;
+	var $pdodriver;
 	var $options = array();
 
 	function __construct($params)
 	{
 		parent::__construct($params);
-		
+
+		if (preg_match('/([^;]+):/', $this->dsn, $match) && count($match) == 2)
+		{
+			// If there is a minimum valid dsn string pattern found, we're done
+			// This is for general PDO users, who tend to have a full DSN string.
+			$this->pdodriver = end($match);
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			// Try to build a complete DSN string from params
+			$this->_connect_string($params);
+		}
+
 		// clause and character used for LIKE escape sequences
-		if (strpos($this->hostname, 'mysql') !== FALSE)
+		// this one depends on the driver being used
+		if ($this->pdodriver == 'mysql')
 		{
 			$this->_like_escape_str = '';
 			$this->_like_escape_chr = '';
-			
-			//Prior to this version, the charset can't be set in the dsn
-			if(is_php('5.3.6'))
-			{
-				$this->hostname .= ";charset={$this->char_set}";
-			}
-			
-			//Set the charset with the connection options
-			$this->options['PDO::MYSQL_ATTR_INIT_COMMAND'] = "SET NAMES {$this->char_set}";
 		}
-		else if (strpos($this->hostname, 'odbc') !== FALSE)
+		elseif ($this->pdodriver == 'odbc')
 		{
 			$this->_like_escape_str = " {escape '%s'} ";
 			$this->_like_escape_chr = '!';
@@ -90,14 +98,94 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 			$this->_like_escape_chr = '!';
 		}
 		
-		if (strpos($this->hostname, 'sqlite') === FALSE)
+		$this->trans_enabled   = FALSE;
+		$this->_random_keyword = ' RND('.time().')'; // database specific random keyword
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Connection String
+	 *
+	 * @access	private
+	 * @param	array
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	function _connect_string($params)
+	{
+		if (strpos($this->hostname, ':'))
 		{
-			$this->hostname .= ";dbname=".$this->database;
+			// hostname generally would have this prototype
+			// $db['hostname'] = 'pdodriver:host(/Server(/DSN))=hostname(/DSN);';
+			// We need to get the prefix (pdodriver used by PDO).
+			$dsnarray = explode(':', $this->hostname);
+			$this->pdodriver = $dsnarray[0];
+
+			// End dsn with a semicolon for extra backward compability
+			// if database property was not empty.
+			if ( ! empty($this->database))
+			{
+				$this->dsn .= rtrim($this->hostname, ';').';';
+			}
 		}
-		
-		$this->trans_enabled = FALSE;
+		else
+		{
+			// Invalid DSN, display an error
+			if ( ! array_key_exists('pdodriver', $params))
+			{
+				show_error('Invalid DB Connection String for PDO');
+			}
 
-		$this->_random_keyword = ' RND('.time().')'; // database specific random keyword
+			// Assuming that the following DSN string format is used:
+			// $dsn = 'pdo://username:password@hostname:port/database?pdodriver=pgsql';
+			$this->dsn = $this->pdodriver.':';
+
+			// Add hostname to the DSN for databases that need it
+			if ( ! empty($this->hostname) 
+				&& strpos($this->hostname, ':') === FALSE
+				&& in_array($this->pdodriver, array('informix', 'mysql', 'pgsql', 'sybase', 'mssql', 'dblib', 'cubrid')))
+			{
+			    $this->dsn .= 'host='.$this->hostname.';';
+			}
+
+			// Add a port to the DSN for databases that can use it
+			if ( ! empty($this->port) && in_array($this->pdodriver, array('informix', 'mysql', 'pgsql', 'ibm', 'cubrid')))
+			{
+			    $this->dsn .= 'port='.$this->port.';';
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Add the database name to the DSN, if needed
+	    if (stripos($this->dsn, 'dbname') === FALSE 
+	       && in_array($this->pdodriver, array('4D', 'pgsql', 'mysql', 'firebird', 'sybase', 'mssql', 'dblib', 'cubrid')))
+	    {
+	        $this->dsn .= 'dbname='.$this->database.';';
+	    }
+	    elseif (stripos($this->dsn, 'database') === FALSE && in_array($this->pdodriver, array('ibm', 'sqlsrv')))
+	    {
+	    	if (stripos($this->dsn, 'dsn') === FALSE)
+	    	{
+		        $this->dsn .= 'database='.$this->database.';';
+	    	}
+	    }
+	    elseif ($this->pdodriver === 'sqlite' && $this->dsn === 'sqlite:')
+	    {
+	        if ($this->database !== ':memory')
+	        {
+	            if ( ! file_exists($this->database))
+	            {
+	                show_error('Invalid DB Connection string for PDO SQLite');
+	            }
+
+	            $this->dsn .= (strpos($this->database, DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR) !== 0) ? DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR : '';
+	        }
+
+	        $this->dsn .= $this->database;
+	    }
+
+	    // Add charset to the DSN, if needed
+	    if ( ! empty($this->char_set) && in_array($this->pdodriver, array('4D', 'mysql', 'sybase', 'mssql', 'dblib', 'oci')))
+	    {
+	        $this->dsn .= 'charset='.$this->char_set.';';
+	    }
 	}
 
 	/**
@@ -108,9 +196,9 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	function db_connect()
 	{
-		$this->options['PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE'] = PDO::ERRMODE_SILENT;
-		
-		return new PDO($this->hostname, $this->username, $this->password, $this->options);
+		$this->options[PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE] = PDO::ERRMODE_SILENT;
+
+		return $this->pdo_connect();
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -123,10 +211,44 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	function db_pconnect()
 	{
-		$this->options['PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE'] = PDO::ERRMODE_SILENT;
-		$this->options['PDO::ATTR_PERSISTENT'] = TRUE;
+		$this->options[PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE]    = PDO::ERRMODE_SILENT;
+		$this->options[PDO::ATTR_PERSISTENT] = TRUE;
 	
-		return new PDO($this->hostname, $this->username, $this->password, $this->options);
+		return $this->pdo_connect();
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * PDO connection
+	 *
+	 * @access	private called by the PDO driver class
+	 * @return	resource
+	 */
+	function pdo_connect()
+	{
+		// Refer : http://php.net/manual/en/ref.pdo-mysql.connection.php
+		if ($this->pdodriver == 'mysql' && is_php('5.3.6'))
+		{
+			$this->options[PDO::MYSQL_ATTR_INIT_COMMAND] = "SET NAMES $this->char_set COLLATE '$this->dbcollat'";
+		}
+
+		// Connecting...
+		try 
+		{
+			$db = new PDO($this->dsn, $this->username, $this->password, $this->options);
+		} 
+		catch (PDOException $e) 
+		{
+			if ($this->db_debug && empty($this->failover))
+			{
+				$this->display_error($e->getMessage(), '', TRUE);
+			}
+
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		return $db;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -146,6 +268,7 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 		{
 			return $this->db->display_error('db_unsuported_feature');
 		}
+
 		return FALSE;
 	}
 
@@ -175,7 +298,6 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	function db_set_charset($charset, $collation)
 	{
-		// @todo - add support if needed
 		return TRUE;
 	}
 
@@ -204,6 +326,7 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 	function _execute($sql)
 	{
 		$sql = $this->_prep_query($sql);
+
 		$result_id = $this->conn_id->query($sql);
 		
 		if (is_object($result_id))
@@ -231,6 +354,17 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	function _prep_query($sql)
 	{
+		if ($this->pdodriver === 'pgsql')
+		{
+			// Change the backtick(s) for Postgre
+			$sql = str_replace('`', '"', $sql);
+		}
+		elseif ($this->pdodriver === 'sqlite')
+		{
+			// Change the backtick(s) for SQLite
+			$sql = str_replace('`', '', $sql);
+		}
+
 		return $sql;
 	}
 
@@ -285,6 +419,7 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 		}
 
 		$ret = $this->conn->commit();
+		
 		return $ret;
 	}
 
@@ -310,6 +445,7 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 		}
 
 		$ret = $this->conn_id->rollBack();
+
 		return $ret;
 	}
 
@@ -348,7 +484,9 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 		if ($like === TRUE)
 		{
 			$str = str_replace(	array('%', '_', $this->_like_escape_chr),
-								array($this->_like_escape_chr.'%', $this->_like_escape_chr.'_', $this->_like_escape_chr.$this->_like_escape_chr),
+								array($this->_like_escape_chr.'%', 
+								      $this->_like_escape_chr.'_', 
+								      $this->_like_escape_chr.$this->_like_escape_chr),
 								$str);
 		}
 
@@ -378,9 +516,9 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	function insert_id($name=NULL)
 	{
-		//Convenience method for postgres insertid
-		if (strpos($this->hostname, 'pgsql') !== FALSE)
+		if ($this->pdodriver == 'pgsql')
 		{
+			//Convenience method for postgres insertid
 			$v = $this->_version();
 
 			$table	= func_num_args() > 0 ? func_get_arg(0) : NULL;
@@ -389,8 +527,10 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 			{
 				$sql='SELECT LASTVAL() as ins_id';
 			}
+
 			$query = $this->query($sql);
-			$row = $query->row();
+			$row   = $query->row();
+
 			return $row->ins_id;
 		}
 		else
@@ -418,7 +558,9 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 			return 0;
 		}
 
-		$query = $this->query($this->_count_string . $this->_protect_identifiers('numrows') . " FROM " . $this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE));
+		$sql   = $this->_count_string.$this->_protect_identifiers('numrows').' FROM ';
+		$sql  .= $this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE);
+		$query = $this->query($sql);
 
 		if ($query->num_rows() == 0)
 		{
@@ -427,6 +569,7 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 
 		$row = $query->row();
 		$this->_reset_select();
+
 		return (int) $row->numrows;
 	}
 
@@ -443,12 +586,19 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	function _list_tables($prefix_limit = FALSE)
 	{
-		$sql = "SHOW TABLES FROM `".$this->database."`";
+		if ($this->pdodriver == 'pgsql')
+		{
+			// Analog function to show all tables in postgre
+			$sql = "SELECT * FROM information_schema.tables WHERE table_schema = 'public'";
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			$sql = "SHOW TABLES FROM `".$this->database."`";
+		}
 
 		if ($prefix_limit !== FALSE AND $this->dbprefix != '')
 		{
-			//$sql .= " LIKE '".$this->escape_like_str($this->dbprefix)."%' ".sprintf($this->_like_escape_str, $this->_like_escape_chr);
-			return FALSE; // not currently supported
+			return FALSE; 
 		}
 
 		return $sql;
@@ -467,7 +617,7 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	function _list_columns($table = '')
 	{
-		return "SHOW COLUMNS FROM ".$table;
+		return 'SHOW COLUMNS FROM '.$this->_from_tables($table);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -483,7 +633,7 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	function _field_data($table)
 	{
-		return "SELECT TOP 1 FROM ".$table;
+		return 'SELECT TOP 1 FROM '.$this->_from_tables($table);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -497,6 +647,7 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 	function _error_message()
 	{
 		$error_array = $this->conn_id->errorInfo();
+
 		return $error_array[2];
 	}
 
@@ -544,8 +695,8 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 
 		if (strpos($item, '.') !== FALSE)
 		{
-			$str = $this->_escape_char.str_replace('.', $this->_escape_char.'.'.$this->_escape_char, $item).$this->_escape_char;
-			
+			$str  = $this->_escape_char.str_replace('.', $this->_escape_char.'.'.$this->_escape_char, $item);
+			$str .= $this->_escape_char;
 		}
 		else
 		{
@@ -575,7 +726,7 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 			$tables = array($tables);
 		}
 
-		return (count($tables) == 1) ? $tables[0] : '('.implode(', ', $tables).')';
+		return (count($tables) == 1) ? '`'.$tables[0].'`' : '('.implode(', ', $tables).')';
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -593,7 +744,7 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	function _insert($table, $keys, $values)
 	{
-		return "INSERT INTO ".$table." (".implode(', ', $keys).") VALUES (".implode(', ', $values).")";
+		return 'INSERT INTO '.$this->_from_tables($table).' ('.implode(', ', $keys).') VALUES ('.implode(', ', $values).')';
 	}
 	
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -611,7 +762,7 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	function _insert_batch($table, $keys, $values)
 	{
-		return "INSERT INTO ".$table." (".implode(', ', $keys).") VALUES ".implode(', ', $values);
+		return 'INSERT INTO '.$this->_from_tables($table).' ('.implode(', ', $keys).') VALUES '.implode(', ', $values);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -636,14 +787,11 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 			$valstr[] = $key." = ".$val;
 		}
 
-		$limit = ( ! $limit) ? '' : ' LIMIT '.$limit;
-
-		$orderby = (count($orderby) >= 1)?' ORDER BY '.implode(", ", $orderby):'';
-
-		$sql = "UPDATE ".$table." SET ".implode(', ', $valstr);
-
-		$sql .= ($where != '' AND count($where) >=1) ? " WHERE ".implode(" ", $where) : '';
+		$limit   = ( ! $limit) ? '' : ' LIMIT '.$limit;
+		$orderby = (count($orderby) >= 1) ? ' ORDER BY '.implode(', ', $orderby) : '';
 
+		$sql  = 'UPDATE '.$this->_from_tables($table).' SET '.implode(', ', $valstr);
+		$sql .= ($where != '' && count($where) >= 1) ? ' WHERE '.implode(' ', $where) : '';
 		$sql .= $orderby.$limit;
 
 		return $sql;
@@ -664,8 +812,8 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	function _update_batch($table, $values, $index, $where = NULL)
 	{
-		$ids = array();
-		$where = ($where != '' AND count($where) >=1) ? implode(" ", $where).' AND ' : '';
+		$ids   = array();
+		$where = ($where != '' && count($where) >=1) ? implode(" ", $where).' AND ' : '';
 
 		foreach ($values as $key => $val)
 		{
@@ -680,12 +828,13 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 			}
 		}
 
-		$sql = "UPDATE ".$table." SET ";
+		$sql   = 'UPDATE '.$this->_from_tables($table).' SET ';
 		$cases = '';
 
 		foreach ($final as $k => $v)
 		{
 			$cases .= $k.' = CASE '."\n";
+
 			foreach ($v as $row)
 			{
 				$cases .= $row."\n";
@@ -695,7 +844,6 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 		}
 
 		$sql .= substr($cases, 0, -2);
-
 		$sql .= ' WHERE '.$where.$index.' IN ('.implode(',', $ids).')';
 
 		return $sql;
@@ -739,19 +887,20 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 
 		if (count($where) > 0 OR count($like) > 0)
 		{
-			$conditions = "\nWHERE ";
+			$conditions  = "\nWHERE ";
 			$conditions .= implode("\n", $this->ar_where);
 
 			if (count($where) > 0 && count($like) > 0)
 			{
 				$conditions .= " AND ";
 			}
+
 			$conditions .= implode("\n", $like);
 		}
 
 		$limit = ( ! $limit) ? '' : ' LIMIT '.$limit;
 
-		return "DELETE FROM ".$table.$conditions.$limit;
+		return 'DELETE FROM '.$this->_from_tables($table).$conditions.$limit;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -769,27 +918,16 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	function _limit($sql, $limit, $offset)
 	{
-		if (strpos($this->hostname, 'cubrid') !== FALSE || strpos($this->hostname, 'sqlite') !== FALSE)
+		if ($this->pdodriver == 'cubrid' OR $this->pdodriver == 'sqlite')
 		{
-			if ($offset == 0)
-			{
-				$offset = '';
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				$offset .= ", ";
-			}
+			$offset = ($offset == 0) ? '' : $offset.', ';
 
-			return $sql."LIMIT ".$offset.$limit;
+			return $sql.'LIMIT '.$offset.$limit;
 		}
 		else
 		{
-			$sql .= "LIMIT ".$limit;
-
-			if ($offset > 0)
-			{
-				$sql .= " OFFSET ".$offset;
-			}
+			$sql .= 'LIMIT '.$limit;
+			$sql .= ($offset > 0) ? ' OFFSET '.$offset : '';
 			
 			return $sql;
 		}
@@ -809,10 +947,7 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 		$this->conn_id = null;
 	}
 
-
 }
 
-
-
 /* End of file pdo_driver.php */
 /* Location: ./system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_driver.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_forge.php
index 076415928..478b2dbfb 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_forge.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_forge.php
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 			$sql .= 'IF NOT EXISTS ';
 		}
 
-		$sql .= $this->db->_escape_identifiers($table)." (";
+		$sql .= '`'.$this->db->_escape_identifiers($table).'` (';
 		$current_field_count = 0;
 
 		foreach ($fields as $field=>$attributes)
@@ -111,6 +111,7 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 			else
 			{
 				$attributes = array_change_key_case($attributes, CASE_UPPER);
+				$numeric    = array('SERIAL', 'INTEGER');
 
 				$sql .= "\n\t".$this->db->_protect_identifiers($field);
 
@@ -118,7 +119,11 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 
 				if (array_key_exists('CONSTRAINT', $attributes))
 				{
-					$sql .= '('.$attributes['CONSTRAINT'].')';
+					// Exception for Postgre numeric which not too happy with constraint within those type
+					if ( ! ($this->db->pdodriver == 'pgsql' && in_array($attributes['TYPE'], $numeric)))
+					{
+						$sql .= '('.$attributes['CONSTRAINT'].')';
+					}
 				}
 
 				if (array_key_exists('UNSIGNED', $attributes) && $attributes['UNSIGNED'] === TRUE)
@@ -219,7 +224,7 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 	 */
 	function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $column_name, $column_definition = '', $default_value = '', $null = '', $after_field = '')
 	{
-		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($table)." $alter_type ".$this->db->_protect_identifiers($column_name);
+		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE `'.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($table)."` $alter_type ".$this->db->_protect_identifiers($column_name);
 
 		// DROP has everything it needs now.
 		if ($alter_type == 'DROP')
@@ -271,7 +276,6 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 		return $sql;
 	}
 
-
 }
 
 /* End of file pdo_forge.php */
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_result.php b/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_result.php
index 6b523b001..c333abc40 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_result.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_result.php
@@ -39,6 +39,16 @@
 class CI_DB_pdo_result extends CI_DB_result {
 
 	/**
+	 * @var bool  Hold the flag whether a result handler already fetched before
+	 */
+	protected $is_fetched = FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * @var mixed Hold the fetched assoc array of a result handler
+	 */
+	protected $result_assoc;
+
+	/**
 	 * Number of rows in the result set
 	 *
 	 * @access	public
@@ -46,7 +56,59 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 */
 	function num_rows()
 	{
-		return $this->result_id->rowCount();
+		if (empty($this->result_id) OR ! is_object($this->result_id))
+		{
+			// invalid result handler
+			return 0;
+		}
+		elseif (($num_rows = $this->result_id->rowCount()) && $num_rows > 0)
+		{
+			// If rowCount return something, we're done.
+			return $num_rows;
+		}
+
+		// Fetch the result, instead perform another extra query
+		return ($this->is_fetched && is_array($this->result_assoc)) ? count($this->result_assoc) : count($this->result_assoc());
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Fetch the result handler
+	 *
+	 * @access	public
+	 * @return	mixed
+	 */
+	function result_assoc()
+	{
+		// If the result already fetched before, use that one
+		if (count($this->result_array) > 0 OR $this->is_fetched)
+		{
+			return $this->result_array();
+		}
+
+		// Define the output
+		$output = array('assoc', 'object');
+
+		// Fetch the result
+		foreach ($output as $type)
+		{
+			// Define the method and handler
+			$res_method  = '_fetch_'.$type;
+			$res_handler = 'result_'.$type;
+			
+			$this->$res_handler = array();
+			$this->_data_seek(0);
+
+			while ($row = $this->$res_method())
+			{
+				$this->{$res_handler}[] = $row;
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Save this as buffer and marked the fetch flag
+		$this->result_array = $this->result_assoc;
+		$this->is_fetched = TRUE;
+
+		return $this->result_assoc;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -78,6 +140,7 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_result extends CI_DB_result {
 		{
 			return $this->db->display_error('db_unsuported_feature');
 		}
+		
 		return FALSE;
 	}
 
@@ -110,6 +173,7 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_result extends CI_DB_result {
 			{
 				return $this->db->display_error('db_unsuported_feature');
 			}
+
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 	}
@@ -178,6 +242,5 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_result extends CI_DB_result {
 
 }
 
-
 /* End of file pdo_result.php */
 /* Location: ./system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_result.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/libraries/Image_lib.php b/system/libraries/Image_lib.php
index a226ae8f8..5ea830fb1 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Image_lib.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Image_lib.php
@@ -25,8 +25,6 @@
  * @filesource
  */
 
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
 /**
  * Image Manipulation class
  *
@@ -88,12 +86,6 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 	protected $wm_use_drop_shadow	= FALSE;
 	public $wm_use_truetype	= FALSE;
 
-	/**
-	 * Constructor
-	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	void
-	 */
 	public function __construct($props = array())
 	{
 		if (count($props) > 0)
@@ -101,7 +93,7 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 			$this->initialize($props);
 		}
 
-		log_message('debug', "Image Lib Class Initialized");
+		log_message('debug', 'Image Lib Class Initialized');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -158,9 +150,7 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 	 */
 	public function initialize($props = array())
 	{
-		/*
-		 * Convert array elements into class variables
-		 */
+		// Convert array elements into class variables
 		if (count($props) > 0)
 		{
 			foreach ($props as $key => $val)
@@ -195,25 +185,18 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 			}
 		}
 
-		/*
-		 * Is there a source image?
-		 *
-		 * If not, there's no reason to continue
-		 *
-		 */
+		// Is there a source image? If not, there's no reason to continue
 		if ($this->source_image == '')
 		{
 			$this->set_error('imglib_source_image_required');
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		/*
-		 * Is getimagesize() Available?
+		/* Is getimagesize() available?
 		 *
 		 * We use it to determine the image properties (width/height).
-		 * Note:  We need to figure out how to determine image
+		 * Note: We need to figure out how to determine image
 		 * properties using ImageMagick and NetPBM
-		 *
 		 */
 		if ( ! function_exists('getimagesize'))
 		{
@@ -223,17 +206,15 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 
 		$this->image_library = strtolower($this->image_library);
 
-		/*
-		 * Set the full server path
+		/* Set the full server path
 		 *
 		 * The source image may or may not contain a path.
 		 * Either way, we'll try use realpath to generate the
 		 * full server path in order to more reliably read it.
-		 *
 		 */
-		if (function_exists('realpath') AND @realpath($this->source_image) !== FALSE)
+		if (function_exists('realpath') && @realpath($this->source_image) !== FALSE)
 		{
-			$full_source_path = str_replace("\\", "/", realpath($this->source_image));
+			$full_source_path = str_replace('\\', '/', realpath($this->source_image));
 		}
 		else
 		{
@@ -255,64 +236,58 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 		 *
 		 * If the user has set a "new_image" name it means
 		 * we are making a copy of the source image. If not
-		 * it means we are altering the original.  We'll
+		 * it means we are altering the original. We'll
 		 * set the destination filename and path accordingly.
-		 *
 		 */
 		if ($this->new_image == '')
 		{
 			$this->dest_image = $this->source_image;
 			$this->dest_folder = $this->source_folder;
 		}
+		elseif (strpos($this->new_image, '/') === FALSE)
+		{
+			$this->dest_folder = $this->source_folder;
+			$this->dest_image = $this->new_image;
+		}
 		else
 		{
-			if (strpos($this->new_image, '/') === FALSE)
+			if (function_exists('realpath') && @realpath($this->new_image) !== FALSE)
 			{
-				$this->dest_folder = $this->source_folder;
-				$this->dest_image = $this->new_image;
+				$full_dest_path = str_replace('\\', '/', realpath($this->new_image));
 			}
 			else
 			{
-				if (function_exists('realpath') AND @realpath($this->new_image) !== FALSE)
-				{
-					$full_dest_path = str_replace("\\", "/", realpath($this->new_image));
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					$full_dest_path = $this->new_image;
-				}
+				$full_dest_path = $this->new_image;
+			}
 
-				// Is there a file name?
-				if ( ! preg_match("#\.(jpg|jpeg|gif|png)$#i", $full_dest_path))
-				{
-					$this->dest_folder = $full_dest_path.'/';
-					$this->dest_image = $this->source_image;
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					$x = explode('/', $full_dest_path);
-					$this->dest_image = end($x);
-					$this->dest_folder = str_replace($this->dest_image, '', $full_dest_path);
-				}
+			// Is there a file name?
+			if ( ! preg_match('#\.(jpg|jpeg|gif|png)$#i', $full_dest_path))
+			{
+				$this->dest_folder = $full_dest_path.'/';
+				$this->dest_image = $this->source_image;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				$x = explode('/', $full_dest_path);
+				$this->dest_image = end($x);
+				$this->dest_folder = str_replace($this->dest_image, '', $full_dest_path);
 			}
 		}
 
-		/*
-		 * Compile the finalized filenames/paths
+		/* Compile the finalized filenames/paths
 		 *
 		 * We'll create two master strings containing the
 		 * full server path to the source image and the
 		 * full server path to the destination image.
 		 * We'll also split the destination image name
 		 * so we can insert the thumbnail marker if needed.
-		 *
 		 */
 		if ($this->create_thumb === FALSE OR $this->thumb_marker == '')
 		{
 			$this->thumb_marker = '';
 		}
 
-		$xp	= $this->explode_name($this->dest_image);
+		$xp = $this->explode_name($this->dest_image);
 
 		$filename = $xp['name'];
 		$file_ext = $xp['ext'];
@@ -320,54 +295,55 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 		$this->full_src_path = $this->source_folder.$this->source_image;
 		$this->full_dst_path = $this->dest_folder.$filename.$this->thumb_marker.$file_ext;
 
-		/*
-		 * Should we maintain image proportions?
+		/* Should we maintain image proportions?
 		 *
 		 * When creating thumbs or copies, the target width/height
 		 * might not be in correct proportion with the source
-		 * image's width/height.  We'll recalculate it here.
-		 *
+		 * image's width/height. We'll recalculate it here.
 		 */
-		if ($this->maintain_ratio === TRUE && ($this->width != '' AND $this->height != ''))
+		if ($this->maintain_ratio === TRUE && ($this->width != 0 OR $this->height != 0))
 		{
 			$this->image_reproportion();
 		}
 
-		/*
-		 * Was a width and height specified?
-		 *
-		 * If the destination width/height was
-		 * not submitted we will use the values
-		 * from the actual file
+		/* Was a width and height specified?
 		 *
+		 * If the destination width/height was not submitted we
+		 * will use the values from the actual file
 		 */
 		if ($this->width == '')
+		{
 			$this->width = $this->orig_width;
+		}
 
 		if ($this->height == '')
+		{
 			$this->height = $this->orig_height;
+		}
 
 		// Set the quality
-		$this->quality = trim(str_replace("%", "", $this->quality));
+		$this->quality = trim(str_replace('%', '', $this->quality));
 
-		if ($this->quality == '' OR $this->quality == 0 OR ! is_numeric($this->quality))
+		if ($this->quality == '' OR $this->quality == 0 OR ! preg_match('/^[0-9]+$/', $this->quality))
+		{
 			$this->quality = 90;
+		}
 
 		// Set the x/y coordinates
-		$this->x_axis = ($this->x_axis == '' OR ! is_numeric($this->x_axis)) ? 0 : $this->x_axis;
-		$this->y_axis = ($this->y_axis == '' OR ! is_numeric($this->y_axis)) ? 0 : $this->y_axis;
+		$this->x_axis = ($this->x_axis == '' OR ! preg_match('/^[0-9]+$/', $this->x_axis)) ? 0 : $this->x_axis;
+		$this->y_axis = ($this->y_axis == '' OR ! preg_match('/^[0-9]+$/', $this->y_axis)) ? 0 : $this->y_axis;
 
 		// Watermark-related Stuff...
 		if ($this->wm_overlay_path != '')
 		{
-			$this->wm_overlay_path = str_replace("\\", "/", realpath($this->wm_overlay_path));
+			$this->wm_overlay_path = str_replace('\\', '/', realpath($this->wm_overlay_path));
 		}
 
 		if ($this->wm_shadow_color != '')
 		{
 			$this->wm_use_drop_shadow = TRUE;
 		}
-		elseif ($this->wm_use_drop_shadow == TRUE AND $this->wm_shadow_color == '')
+		elseif ($this->wm_use_drop_shadow == TRUE && $this->wm_shadow_color == '')
 		{
 			$this->wm_use_drop_shadow = FALSE;
 		}
@@ -445,22 +421,16 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 			$this->height	= $this->orig_height;
 		}
 
-
 		// Choose resizing function
-		if ($this->image_library == 'imagemagick' OR $this->image_library == 'netpbm')
+		if ($this->image_library === 'imagemagick' OR $this->image_library === 'netpbm')
 		{
 			$protocol = 'image_process_'.$this->image_library;
 			return $this->$protocol('rotate');
 		}
 
-		if ($this->rotation_angle == 'hor' OR $this->rotation_angle == 'vrt')
-		{
-			return $this->image_mirror_gd();
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			return $this->image_rotate_gd();
-		}
+		return ($this->rotation_angle === 'hor' OR $this->rotation_angle === 'vrt')
+			? $this->image_mirror_gd()
+			: $this->image_rotate_gd();
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -479,9 +449,9 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 
 		// If the target width/height match the source, AND if the new file name is not equal to the old file name
 		// we'll simply make a copy of the original with the new name... assuming dynamic rendering is off.
-		if ($this->dynamic_output === FALSE AND $this->orig_width == $this->width AND $this->orig_height == $this->height)
+		if ($this->dynamic_output === FALSE && $this->orig_width == $this->width && $this->orig_height == $this->height)
 		{
-			if ($this->source_image != $this->new_image AND @copy($this->full_src_path, $this->full_dst_path))
+			if ($this->source_image != $this->new_image && @copy($this->full_src_path, $this->full_dst_path))
 			{
 				@chmod($this->full_dst_path, FILE_WRITE_MODE);
 			}
@@ -492,7 +462,7 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 		// Let's set up our values based on the action
 		if ($action == 'crop')
 		{
-			//  Reassign the source width/height if cropping
+			// Reassign the source width/height if cropping
 			$this->orig_width  = $this->width;
 			$this->orig_height = $this->height;
 
@@ -516,14 +486,15 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		//  Create The Image
-		//
-		//  old conditional which users report cause problems with shared GD libs who report themselves as "2.0 or greater"
-		//  it appears that this is no longer the issue that it was in 2004, so we've removed it, retaining it in the comment
-		//  below should that ever prove inaccurate.
-		//
-		//  if ($this->image_library == 'gd2' AND function_exists('imagecreatetruecolor') AND $v2_override == FALSE)
-		if ($this->image_library == 'gd2' AND function_exists('imagecreatetruecolor'))
+		/* Create the image
+		 *
+		 * Old conditional which users report cause problems with shared GD libs who report themselves as "2.0 or greater"
+		 * it appears that this is no longer the issue that it was in 2004, so we've removed it, retaining it in the comment
+		 * below should that ever prove inaccurate.
+		 *
+		 * if ($this->image_library === 'gd2' && function_exists('imagecreatetruecolor') && $v2_override == FALSE)
+		 */
+		if ($this->image_library === 'gd2' && function_exists('imagecreatetruecolor'))
 		{
 			$create	= 'imagecreatetruecolor';
 			$copy	= 'imagecopyresampled';
@@ -544,21 +515,17 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 
 		$copy($dst_img, $src_img, 0, 0, $this->x_axis, $this->y_axis, $this->width, $this->height, $this->orig_width, $this->orig_height);
 
-		//  Show the image
+		// Show the image
 		if ($this->dynamic_output == TRUE)
 		{
 			$this->image_display_gd($dst_img);
 		}
-		else
+		elseif ( ! $this->image_save_gd($dst_img)) // Or save it
 		{
-			// Or save it
-			if ( ! $this->image_save_gd($dst_img))
-			{
-				return FALSE;
-			}
+			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		//  Kill the file handles
+		// Kill the file handles
 		imagedestroy($dst_img);
 		imagedestroy($src_img);
 
@@ -587,42 +554,34 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		if ( ! preg_match("/convert$/i", $this->library_path))
+		if ( ! preg_match('/convert$/i', $this->library_path))
 		{
 			$this->library_path = rtrim($this->library_path, '/').'/convert';
 		}
 
 		// Execute the command
-		$cmd = $this->library_path." -quality ".$this->quality;
+		$cmd = $this->library_path.' -quality '.$this->quality;
 
 		if ($action == 'crop')
 		{
-			$cmd .= " -crop ".$this->width."x".$this->height."+".$this->x_axis."+".$this->y_axis." \"$this->full_src_path\" \"$this->full_dst_path\" 2>&1";
+			$cmd .= ' -crop '.$this->width.'x'.$this->height.'+'.$this->x_axis.'+'.$this->y_axis.' "'.$this->full_src_path.'" "'.$this->full_dst_path .'" 2>&1';
 		}
 		elseif ($action == 'rotate')
 		{
-			switch ($this->rotation_angle)
-			{
-				case 'hor'	: $angle = '-flop';
-					break;
-				case 'vrt'	: $angle = '-flip';
-					break;
-				default		: $angle = '-rotate '.$this->rotation_angle;
-					break;
-			}
+			$angle = ($this->rotation_angle === 'hor' OR $this->rotation_angle === 'vrt')
+					? '-flop' : '-rotate '.$this->rotation_angle;
 
-			$cmd .= " ".$angle." \"$this->full_src_path\" \"$this->full_dst_path\" 2>&1";
+			$cmd .= ' '.$angle.' "'.$this->full_src_path.'" "'.$this->full_dst_path.'" 2>&1';
 		}
-		else  // Resize
+		else // Resize
 		{
-			$cmd .= " -resize ".$this->width."x".$this->height." \"$this->full_src_path\" \"$this->full_dst_path\" 2>&1";
+			$cmd .= ' -resize '.$this->width.'x'.$this->height.' "'.$this->full_src_path.'" "'.$this->full_dst_path.'" 2>&1';
 		}
 
 		$retval = 1;
-
 		@exec($cmd, $output, $retval);
 
-		//	Did it work?
+		// Did it work?
 		if ($retval > 0)
 		{
 			$this->set_error('imglib_image_process_failed');
@@ -653,7 +612,7 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		//  Build the resizing command
+		// Build the resizing command
 		switch ($this->image_type)
 		{
 			case 1 :
@@ -700,10 +659,9 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 		$cmd = $this->library_path.$cmd_in.' '.$this->full_src_path.' | '.$cmd_inner.' | '.$cmd_out.' > '.$this->dest_folder.'netpbm.tmp';
 
 		$retval = 1;
-
 		@exec($cmd, $output, $retval);
 
-		//  Did it work?
+		// Did it work?
 		if ($retval > 0)
 		{
 			$this->set_error('imglib_image_process_failed');
@@ -714,7 +672,7 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 		// If you try manipulating the original it fails so
 		// we have to rename the temp file.
 		copy ($this->dest_folder.'netpbm.tmp', $this->full_dst_path);
-		unlink ($this->dest_folder.'netpbm.tmp');
+		unlink($this->dest_folder.'netpbm.tmp');
 		@chmod($this->full_dst_path, FILE_WRITE_MODE);
 
 		return TRUE;
@@ -729,7 +687,7 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 	 */
 	public function image_rotate_gd()
 	{
-		//  Create the image handle
+		// Create the image handle
 		if ( ! ($src_img = $this->image_create_gd()))
 		{
 			return FALSE;
@@ -742,29 +700,24 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 
 		$white	= imagecolorallocate($src_img, 255, 255, 255);
 
-		//  Rotate it!
+		// Rotate it!
 		$dst_img = imagerotate($src_img, $this->rotation_angle, $white);
 
-		//  Save the Image
+		// Show the image
 		if ($this->dynamic_output == TRUE)
 		{
 			$this->image_display_gd($dst_img);
 		}
-		else
+		elseif ( ! $this->image_save_gd($dst_img)) // ... or save it
 		{
-			// Or save it
-			if ( ! $this->image_save_gd($dst_img))
-			{
-				return FALSE;
-			}
+			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		//  Kill the file handles
+		// Kill the file handles
 		imagedestroy($dst_img);
 		imagedestroy($src_img);
 
 		// Set the file to 777
-
 		@chmod($this->full_dst_path, FILE_WRITE_MODE);
 
 		return TRUE;
@@ -789,7 +742,7 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 		$width  = $this->orig_width;
 		$height = $this->orig_height;
 
-		if ($this->rotation_angle == 'hor')
+		if ($this->rotation_angle === 'hor')
 		{
 			for ($i = 0; $i < $height; $i++, $left = 0, $right = $width-1)
 			{
@@ -824,21 +777,17 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 			}
 		}
 
-		//  Show the image
+		// Show the image
 		if ($this->dynamic_output == TRUE)
 		{
 			$this->image_display_gd($src_img);
 		}
-		else
+		elseif ( ! $this->image_save_gd($src_img)) // ... or save it
 		{
-			// Or save it
-			if ( ! $this->image_save_gd($src_img))
-			{
-				return FALSE;
-			}
+			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		//  Kill the file handles
+		// Kill the file handles
 		imagedestroy($src_img);
 
 		// Set the file to 777
@@ -860,14 +809,7 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 	 */
 	public function watermark()
 	{
-		if ($this->wm_type == 'overlay')
-		{
-			return $this->overlay_watermark();
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			return $this->text_watermark();
-		}
+		return ($this->wm_type === 'overlay') ? $this->overlay_watermark() : $this->text_watermark();
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -885,28 +827,28 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		//  Fetch source image properties
+		// Fetch source image properties
 		$this->get_image_properties();
 
-		//  Fetch watermark image properties
-		$props			= $this->get_image_properties($this->wm_overlay_path, TRUE);
+		// Fetch watermark image properties
+		$props		= $this->get_image_properties($this->wm_overlay_path, TRUE);
 		$wm_img_type	= $props['image_type'];
-		$wm_width		= $props['width'];
-		$wm_height		= $props['height'];
+		$wm_width	= $props['width'];
+		$wm_height	= $props['height'];
 
-		//  Create two image resources
+		// Create two image resources
 		$wm_img  = $this->image_create_gd($this->wm_overlay_path, $wm_img_type);
 		$src_img = $this->image_create_gd($this->full_src_path);
 
 		// Reverse the offset if necessary
 		// When the image is positioned at the bottom
 		// we don't want the vertical offset to push it
-		// further down.  We want the reverse, so we'll
-		// invert the offset.  Same with the horizontal
+		// further down. We want the reverse, so we'll
+		// invert the offset. Same with the horizontal
 		// offset when the image is at the right
 
-		$this->wm_vrt_alignment = strtoupper(substr($this->wm_vrt_alignment, 0, 1));
-		$this->wm_hor_alignment = strtoupper(substr($this->wm_hor_alignment, 0, 1));
+		$this->wm_vrt_alignment = strtoupper($this->wm_vrt_alignment[0]);
+		$this->wm_hor_alignment = strtoupper($this->wm_hor_alignment[0]);
 
 		if ($this->wm_vrt_alignment == 'B')
 			$this->wm_vrt_offset = $this->wm_vrt_offset * -1;
@@ -914,34 +856,32 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 		if ($this->wm_hor_alignment == 'R')
 			$this->wm_hor_offset = $this->wm_hor_offset * -1;
 
-		//  Set the base x and y axis values
+		// Set the base x and y axis values
 		$x_axis = $this->wm_hor_offset + $this->wm_padding;
 		$y_axis = $this->wm_vrt_offset + $this->wm_padding;
 
-		//  Set the vertical position
-		switch ($this->wm_vrt_alignment)
+		// Set the vertical position
+		if ($this->wm_vrt_alignment === 'M')
 		{
-			case 'T':
-				break;
-			case 'M':	$y_axis += ($this->orig_height / 2) - ($wm_height / 2);
-				break;
-			case 'B':	$y_axis += $this->orig_height - $wm_height;
-				break;
+			$y_axis += ($this->orig_height / 2) - ($wm_height / 2);
+		}
+		elseif ($this->wm_vrt_alignment === 'B')
+		{
+			$y_axis += $this->orig_height - $wm_height;
 		}
 
-		//  Set the horizontal position
-		switch ($this->wm_hor_alignment)
+		// Set the horizontal position
+		if ($this->wm_hor_alignment === 'C')
 		{
-			case 'L':
-				break;
-			case 'C':	$x_axis += ($this->orig_width / 2) - ($wm_width / 2);
-				break;
-			case 'R':	$x_axis += $this->orig_width - $wm_width;
-				break;
+			$x_axis += ($this->orig_width / 2) - ($wm_width / 2);
+		}
+		elseif ($this->wm_hor_alignment === 'R')
+		{
+			$x_axis += $this->orig_width - $wm_width;
 		}
 
 		//  Build the finalized image
-		if ($wm_img_type == 3 AND function_exists('imagealphablending'))
+		if ($wm_img_type == 3 && function_exists('imagealphablending'))
 		{
 			@imagealphablending($src_img, TRUE);
 		}
@@ -963,12 +903,12 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 			imagecopymerge($src_img, $wm_img, $x_axis, $y_axis, 0, 0, $wm_width, $wm_height, $this->wm_opacity);
 		}
 
-		//  Output the image
+		// Output the image
 		if ($this->dynamic_output == TRUE)
 		{
 			$this->image_display_gd($src_img);
 		}
-		elseif ( ! $this->image_save_gd($src_img))
+		elseif ( ! $this->image_save_gd($src_img)) // ... or save it
 		{
 			return FALSE;
 		}
@@ -993,20 +933,20 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		if ($this->wm_use_truetype == TRUE AND ! file_exists($this->wm_font_path))
+		if ($this->wm_use_truetype == TRUE && ! file_exists($this->wm_font_path))
 		{
 			$this->set_error('imglib_missing_font');
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		//  Fetch source image properties
+		// Fetch source image properties
 		$this->get_image_properties();
 
 		// Reverse the vertical offset
 		// When the image is positioned at the bottom
 		// we don't want the vertical offset to push it
-		// further down.  We want the reverse, so we'll
-		// invert the offset.  Note: The horizontal
+		// further down. We want the reverse, so we'll
+		// invert the offset. Note: The horizontal
 		// offset flips itself automatically
 
 		if ($this->wm_vrt_alignment == 'B')
@@ -1039,49 +979,39 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 		$x_axis = $this->wm_hor_offset + $this->wm_padding;
 		$y_axis = $this->wm_vrt_offset + $this->wm_padding;
 
-		// Set verticle alignment
 		if ($this->wm_use_drop_shadow == FALSE)
 			$this->wm_shadow_distance = 0;
 
 		$this->wm_vrt_alignment = strtoupper(substr($this->wm_vrt_alignment, 0, 1));
 		$this->wm_hor_alignment = strtoupper(substr($this->wm_hor_alignment, 0, 1));
 
-		switch ($this->wm_vrt_alignment)
+		// Set verticle alignment
+		if ($this->wm_vrt_alignment === 'M')
 		{
-			case 'T':
-				break;
-			case 'M':	$y_axis += ($this->orig_height/2)+($fontheight/2);
-				break;
-			case 'B':	$y_axis += ($this->orig_height - $fontheight - $this->wm_shadow_distance - ($fontheight/2));
-				break;
+			$y_axis += ($this->orig_height / 2) + ($fontheight / 2);
+		}
+		elseif ($this->wm_vrt_alignment === 'B')
+		{
+			$y_axis += $this->orig_height - $fontheight - $this->wm_shadow_distance - ($fontheight / 2);
 		}
 
 		$x_shad = $x_axis + $this->wm_shadow_distance;
 		$y_shad = $y_axis + $this->wm_shadow_distance;
 
-		// Set horizontal alignment
-		switch ($this->wm_hor_alignment)
-		{
-			case 'L':
-				break;
-			case 'R':
-				if ($this->wm_use_drop_shadow)
-				{
-					$x_shad += ($this->orig_width - $fontwidth*strlen($this->wm_text));
-					$x_axis += ($this->orig_width - $fontwidth*strlen($this->wm_text));
-				}
-				break;
-			case 'C':
-				if ($this->wm_use_drop_shadow)
-				{
-					$x_shad += floor(($this->orig_width - $fontwidth*strlen($this->wm_text))/2);
-					$x_axis += floor(($this->orig_width - $fontwidth*strlen($this->wm_text))/2);
-				}
-				break;
-		}
-
 		if ($this->wm_use_drop_shadow)
 		{
+			// Set horizontal alignment
+			if ($this->wm_hor_alignment === 'R')
+			{
+				$x_shad += $this->orig_width - ($fontwidth * strlen($this->wm_text));
+				$x_axis += $this->orig_width - ($fontwidth * strlen($this->wm_text));
+			}
+			elseif ($this->wm_hor_alignment === 'C')
+			{
+				$x_shad += floor(($this->orig_width - ($fontwidth * strlen($this->wm_text))) / 2);
+				$x_axis += floor(($this->orig_width - ($fontwidth * strlen($this->wm_text))) / 2);
+			}
+
 			/* Set RGB values for text and shadow
 			 *
 			 * First character is #, so we don't really need it.
@@ -1093,7 +1023,7 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 			$drp_color = str_split(substr($this->wm_shadow_color, 1, 6), 2);
 			$drp_color = imagecolorclosest($src_img, hexdec($drp_color[0]), hexdec($drp_color[1]), hexdec($drp_color[2]));
 
-			//  Add the text to the source image
+			// Add the text to the source image
 			if ($this->wm_use_truetype)
 			{
 				imagettftext($src_img, $this->wm_font_size, 0, $x_shad, $y_shad, $drp_color, $this->wm_font_path, $this->wm_text);
@@ -1106,7 +1036,7 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 			}
 		}
 
-		//  Output the final image
+		// Output the final image
 		if ($this->dynamic_output == TRUE)
 		{
 			$this->image_display_gd($src_img);
@@ -1250,8 +1180,8 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 	 */
 	public function image_display_gd($resource)
 	{
-		header("Content-Disposition: filename={$this->source_image};");
-		header("Content-Type: {$this->mime_type}");
+		header('Content-Disposition: filename='.$this->source_image.';');
+		header('Content-Type: '.$this->mime_type);
 		header('Content-Transfer-Encoding: binary');
 		header('Last-Modified: '.gmdate('D, d M Y H:i:s', time()).' GMT');
 
@@ -1284,33 +1214,43 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 	 */
 	public function image_reproportion()
 	{
-		if ( ! is_numeric($this->width) OR ! is_numeric($this->height) OR $this->width == 0 OR $this->height == 0)
-			return;
-
-		if ( ! is_numeric($this->orig_width) OR ! is_numeric($this->orig_height) OR $this->orig_width == 0 OR $this->orig_height == 0)
-			return;
-
-		$new_width	= ceil($this->orig_width*$this->height/$this->orig_height);
-		$new_height	= ceil($this->width*$this->orig_height/$this->orig_width);
-
-		$ratio = (($this->orig_height/$this->orig_width) - ($this->height/$this->width));
-
-		if ($this->master_dim != 'width' AND $this->master_dim != 'height')
+		if (($this->width == 0 && $this->height == 0) OR $this->orig_width == 0 OR $this->orig_height == 0
+			OR ( ! preg_match('/^[0-9]+$/', $this->width) && ! preg_match('/^[0-9]+$/', $this->height))
+			OR ! preg_match('/^[0-9]+$/', $this->orig_width) OR ! preg_match('/^[0-9]+$/', $this->orig_height))
 		{
-			$this->master_dim = ($ratio < 0) ? 'width' : 'height';
+			return;
 		}
 
-		if (($this->width != $new_width) AND ($this->height != $new_height))
+		// Sanitize so we don't call preg_match() anymore
+		$this->width = (int) $this->width;
+		$this->height = (int) $this->height;
+
+		if ($this->master_dim !== 'width' && $this->master_dim !== 'height')
 		{
-			if ($this->master_dim == 'height')
+			if ($this->width > 0 && $this->height > 0)
 			{
-				$this->width = $new_width;
+				$this->master_dim = ((($this->orig_height/$this->orig_width) - ($this->height/$this->width)) < 0)
+							? 'width' : 'height';
 			}
 			else
 			{
-				$this->height = $new_height;
+				$this->master_dim = ($this->height === 0) ? 'width' : 'height';
 			}
 		}
+		elseif (($this->master_dim === 'width' && $this->width === 0)
+			OR ($this->master_dim === 'height' && $this->height === 0))
+		{
+			return;
+		}
+
+		if ($this->master_dim === 'width')
+		{
+			$this->height = (int) ceil($this->width*$this->orig_height/$this->orig_width);
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			$this->width = (int) ceil($this->orig_width*$this->height/$this->orig_height);
+		}
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1329,7 +1269,9 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 		// find a way to determine this using IM or NetPBM
 
 		if ($path == '')
+		{
 			$path = $this->full_src_path;
+		}
 
 		if ( ! file_exists($path))
 		{
@@ -1367,15 +1309,15 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 	 * Size calculator
 	 *
 	 * This function takes a known width x height and
-	 * recalculates it to a new size.  Only one
+	 * recalculates it to a new size. Only one
 	 * new variable needs to be known
 	 *
 	 *	$props = array(
-	 *					'width'			=> $width,
-	 *					'height'		=> $height,
-	 *					'new_width'		=> 40,
-	 *					'new_height'	=> ''
-	 *				  );
+	 *			'width'		=> $width,
+	 *			'height'	=> $height,
+	 *			'new_width'	=> 40,
+	 *			'new_height'	=> ''
+	 *		);
 	 *
 	 * @param	array
 	 * @return	array
@@ -1419,7 +1361,7 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 	 *
 	 * This is a helper function that extracts the extension
 	 * from the source_image.  This function lets us deal with
-	 * source_images with multiple periods, like:  my.cool.jpg
+	 * source_images with multiple periods, like: my.cool.jpg
 	 * It returns an associative array with two elements:
 	 * $array['ext']  = '.jpg';
 	 * $array['name'] = 'my.cool';
@@ -1449,7 +1391,7 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 			/* As it is stated in the PHP manual, dl() is not always available
 			 * and even if so - it could generate an E_WARNING message on failure
 			 */
-			return (function_exists('dl') AND @dl('gd.so'));
+			return (function_exists('dl') && @dl('gd.so'));
 		}
 
 		return TRUE;
@@ -1467,9 +1409,7 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 		if (function_exists('gd_info'))
 		{
 			$gd_version = @gd_info();
-			$gd_version = preg_replace("/\D/", "", $gd_version['GD Version']);
-
-			return $gd_version;
+			return preg_replace('/\D/', '', $gd_version['GD Version']);
 		}
 
 		return FALSE;
@@ -1516,11 +1456,10 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 	 */
 	public function display_errors($open = '<p>', $close = '</p>')
 	{
-		return (count($this->error_msg) > 0) ? $open . implode($close . $open, $this->error_msg) . $close : '';
+		return (count($this->error_msg) > 0) ? $open.implode($close.$open, $this->error_msg).$close : '';
 	}
 
 }
-// END Image_lib Class
 
 /* End of file Image_lib.php */
 /* Location: ./system/libraries/Image_lib.php */
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/changelog.rst b/user_guide_src/source/changelog.rst
index ce1fba78f..1c10994c3 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/changelog.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/changelog.rst
@@ -49,6 +49,8 @@ Release Date: Not Released
    -  Adding $escape parameter to the order_by function, this enables ordering by custom fields.
    -  MySQLi driver now uses mysqli_get_server_info() for server version checking.
    -  MySQLi driver now supports persistent connections when running on PHP >= 5.3.
+   -  Added dsn if the group connections in the config use PDO or any driver which need DSN.
+   -  Improved PDO database support.
    -  PostgreSQL database driver now uses pg_version() for server version checking, when appropriate.
 
 -  Libraries
@@ -56,7 +58,7 @@ Release Date: Not Released
    -  Added max_filename_increment config setting for Upload library.
    -  CI_Loader::_ci_autoloader() is now a protected method.
    -  Modified valid_ip() to use PHP's filter_var() when possible (>= PHP 5.2) in the :doc:`Form Validation library <libraries/form_validation>`.
-	 -  Added custom filename to Email::attach() as $this->email->attach($filename, $disposition, $newname)
+   -  Added custom filename to Email::attach() as $this->email->attach($filename, $disposition, $newname)
    -  Cart library changes include:
 	 -  It now auto-increments quantity's instead of just resetting it, this is the default behaviour of large e-commerce sites.
 	 -  Product Name strictness can be disabled via the Cart Library by switching "$product_name_safe"
@@ -66,6 +68,7 @@ Release Date: Not Released
 	 -  Added support for 3-length hex color values for wm_font_color and wm_shadow_color properties, as well as validation for them.
 	 -  Class properties wm_font_color, wm_shadow_color and wm_use_drop_shadow are now protected, to avoid breaking the text_watermark() method
 	    if they are set manually after initialization.
+	 -  If property maintain_ratio is set to TRUE, image_reproportion() now doesn't need both width and height to be specified.
    -  Minor speed optimizations and method & property visibility declarations in the Calendar Library.
    -  Removed SHA1 function in the :doc:`Encryption Library <libraries/encryption>`.
    -  Added $config['csrf_regeneration'] to the CSRF protection in the :doc:`Security library <libraries/security>`, which makes token regeneration optional.
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/database/configuration.rst b/user_guide_src/source/database/configuration.rst
index 4f88c25ab..040e7e33f 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/database/configuration.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/database/configuration.rst
@@ -28,6 +28,10 @@ prototype::
 	$db['default']['autoinit'] = TRUE;
 	$db['default']['stricton'] = FALSE;
 
+If you use PDO as your dbdriver, you can specify the full DSN string describe a connection to the database like this::
+
+	$db['default']['dsn'] = 'pgsql:host=localhost;port=5432;dbname=database_name';
+
 You can also specify failovers for the situation when the main connection cannot connect for some reason.
 These failovers can be specified by setting the failover for a connection like this::