Updated exit codes as constant values

Re-allocated exit status codes according to three references, which follow:

BSD sysexits.h:http://www.gsp.com/cgi-bin/man.cgi?section=3&topic=sysexits
GNU recomendations:http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Exit-Status.html
Bash scripting:http://tldp.org/LDP/abs/html/exitcodes.html

The GNU recommendations stem from and expand upon the standard C/C++ library (stdlibc)
definitions, while also suggesting some best-practice conventions which happen to prevent
exit status code collisions with bash, and probably other shells.

The re-allocated codes are now mapped to constant values, set in *application/config/constants.php*,
and used throughout the CodeIgniter core.  They would additionally be used in *index.php*,
but the constants file hasn't been loaded at that point, so the integer values are used
instead, and a comment follows each such use with amplifying information on why that
particular value was selected.

Finally, the errors documentation has been updated accordingly.

Signed-off-by: Daniel Hunsaker <danhunsaker@gmail.com>

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