Merge upstream branch

38 files changed, 2557 insertions, 1651 deletions

diff --git a/system/database/DB.php b/system/database/DB.php
index 116116bf4..0d81e40d3 100755
--- a/system/database/DB.php
+++ b/system/database/DB.php
@@ -37,11 +37,11 @@
 function &DB($params = '', $active_record_override = NULL)
 {
 	// Load the DB config file if a DSN string wasn't passed
-	if (is_string($params) AND strpos($params, '://') === FALSE)
+	if (is_string($params) && strpos($params, '://') === FALSE)
 	{
 		// Is the config file in the environment folder?
 		if (( ! defined('ENVIRONMENT') OR ! file_exists($file_path = APPPATH.'config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/database.php'))
-			AND ! file_exists($file_path = APPPATH.'config/database.php'))
+			&& ! file_exists($file_path = APPPATH.'config/database.php'))
 		{
 			show_error('The configuration file database.php does not exist.');
 		}
@@ -74,34 +74,30 @@ function &DB($params = '', $active_record_override = NULL)
 		 *  parameter. DSNs must have this prototype:
 		 *  $dsn = 'driver://username:password@hostname/database';
 		 */
-		if (($dns = @parse_url($params)) === FALSE)
+		if (($dsn = @parse_url($params)) === FALSE)
 		{
 			show_error('Invalid DB Connection String');
 		}
 
 		$params = array(
-				'dbdriver'	=> $dns['scheme'],
-				'hostname'	=> (isset($dns['host'])) ? rawurldecode($dns['host']) : '',
-				'port'		=> (isset($dns['port'])) ? rawurldecode($dns['port']) : '',
-				'username'	=> (isset($dns['user'])) ? rawurldecode($dns['user']) : '',
-				'password'	=> (isset($dns['pass'])) ? rawurldecode($dns['pass']) : '',
-				'database'	=> (isset($dns['path'])) ? rawurldecode(substr($dns['path'], 1)) : ''
+				'dbdriver'	=> $dsn['scheme'],
+				'hostname'	=> isset($dsn['host']) ? rawurldecode($dsn['host']) : '',
+				'port'		=> isset($dsn['port']) ? rawurldecode($dsn['port']) : '',
+				'username'	=> isset($dsn['user']) ? rawurldecode($dsn['user']) : '',
+				'password'	=> isset($dsn['pass']) ? rawurldecode($dsn['pass']) : '',
+				'database'	=> isset($dsn['path']) ? rawurldecode(substr($dsn['path'], 1)) : ''
 			);
 
 		// were additional config items set?
-		if (isset($dns['query']))
+		if (isset($dsn['query']))
 		{
-			parse_str($dns['query'], $extra);
+			parse_str($dsn['query'], $extra);
+
 			foreach ($extra as $key => $val)
 			{
-				// booleans please
-				if (strtoupper($val) === 'TRUE')
-				{
-					$val = TRUE;
-				}
-				elseif (strtoupper($val) === 'FALSE')
+				if (is_string($val) && in_array(strtoupper($val), array('TRUE', 'FALSE', 'NULL')))
 				{
-					$val = FALSE;
+					$val = var_export($val);
 				}
 
 				$params[$key] = $val;
@@ -138,7 +134,12 @@ function &DB($params = '', $active_record_override = NULL)
 		class CI_DB extends CI_DB_driver { }
 	}
 
-	require_once(BASEPATH.'database/drivers/'.$params['dbdriver'].'/'.$params['dbdriver'].'_driver.php');
+	// Load the DB driver
+	$driver_file = BASEPATH.'database/drivers/'.$params['dbdriver'].'/'.$params['dbdriver'].'_driver.php';
+
+	if ( ! file_exists($driver_file)) show_error('Invalid DB driver');
+
+	require_once($driver_file);
 
 	// Instantiate the DB adapter
 	$driver = 'CI_DB_'.$params['dbdriver'].'_driver';
@@ -158,4 +159,4 @@ function &DB($params = '', $active_record_override = NULL)
 }
 
 /* End of file DB.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/DB.php */
+/* Location: ./system/database/DB.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/DB_active_rec.php b/system/database/DB_active_rec.php
index fe591dda1..a19f9bedd 100644
--- a/system/database/DB_active_rec.php
+++ b/system/database/DB_active_rec.php
@@ -25,8 +25,6 @@
  * @filesource
  */
 
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
 /**
  * Active Record Class
  *
@@ -422,7 +420,7 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 
 		foreach ($key as $k => $v)
 		{
-			$prefix = (count($this->ar_where) === 0 AND count($this->ar_cache_where) === 0) ? '' : $type;
+			$prefix = (count($this->ar_where) === 0 && count($this->ar_cache_where) === 0) ? '' : $type;
 
 			if (is_null($v) && ! $this->_has_operator($k))
 			{
@@ -537,7 +535,7 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 	 *
 	 * @param	string	The field to search
 	 * @param	array	The values searched on
-	 * @param	boolean	If the statement would be IN or NOT IN
+	 * @param	bool	If the statement would be IN or NOT IN
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
@@ -719,7 +717,7 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 	{
 		$type = $this->_group_get_type($type);
 		$this->ar_where_group_started = TRUE;
-		$prefix = (count($this->ar_where) === 0 AND count($this->ar_cache_where) === 0) ? '' : $type;
+		$prefix = (count($this->ar_where) === 0 && count($this->ar_cache_where) === 0) ? '' : $type;
 		$this->ar_where[] = $value = $prefix.$not.str_repeat(' ', ++$this->ar_where_group_count).' (';
 
 		if ($this->ar_caching)
@@ -984,8 +982,8 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Sets the LIMIT value
 	 *
-	 * @param	integer	the limit value
-	 * @param	integer	the offset value
+	 * @param	int	the limit value
+	 * @param	int	the offset value
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
 	public function limit($value, $offset = NULL)
@@ -1005,7 +1003,7 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Sets the OFFSET value
 	 *
-	 * @param	integer	the offset value
+	 * @param	int	the offset value
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
 	public function offset($offset)
@@ -1021,7 +1019,7 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 	 *
 	 * @param	mixed
 	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	boolean
+	 * @param	bool
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
 	public function set($key, $value = '', $escape = TRUE)
@@ -1055,9 +1053,8 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 	 *
 	 * Compiles a SELECT query string and returns the sql.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the table name to select from (optional)
-	 * @param	boolean	TRUE: resets AR values; FALSE: leave AR vaules alone
+	 * @param	bool	TRUE: resets AR values; FALSE: leave AR vaules alone
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	public function get_compiled_select($table = '', $reset = TRUE)
@@ -1222,11 +1219,28 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
+	 * Insert_batch statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific insert string from the supplied data.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @param	array	the insert keys
+	 * @param	array	the insert values
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _insert_batch($table, $keys, $values)
+	{
+		return 'INSERT INTO '.$table.' ('.implode(', ', $keys).') VALUES '.implode(', ', $values);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
 	 * The "set_insert_batch" function.  Allows key/value pairs to be set for batch inserts
 	 *
 	 * @param	mixed
 	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	boolean
+	 * @param	bool
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
 	public function set_insert_batch($key, $value = '', $escape = TRUE)
@@ -1283,9 +1297,8 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 	 *
 	 * Compiles an insert query and returns the sql
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the table to insert into
-	 * @param	boolean	TRUE: reset AR values; FALSE: leave AR values alone
+	 * @param	bool	TRUE: reset AR values; FALSE: leave AR values alone
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	public function get_compiled_insert($table = '', $reset = TRUE)
@@ -1316,7 +1329,6 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 	 *
 	 * Compiles an insert string and runs the query
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the table to insert data into
 	 * @param	array	an associative array of insert values
 	 * @return	object
@@ -1346,13 +1358,29 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
+	 * Insert statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific insert string from the supplied data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @param	array	the insert keys
+	 * @param	array	the insert values
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _insert($table, $keys, $values)
+	{
+		return 'INSERT INTO '.$table.' ('.implode(', ', $keys).') VALUES ('.implode(', ', $values).')';
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
 	 * Validate Insert
 	 *
 	 * This method is used by both insert() and get_compiled_insert() to
 	 * validate that the there data is actually being set and that table
 	 * has been chosen to be inserted into.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the table to insert data into
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
@@ -1419,13 +1447,29 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
+	 * Replace statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific replace string from the supplied data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @param	array	the insert keys
+	 * @param	array	the insert values
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _replace($table, $keys, $values)
+	{
+		return 'REPLACE INTO '.$table.' ('.implode(', ', $keys).') VALUES ('.implode(', ', $values).')';
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
 	 * Get UPDATE query string
 	 *
 	 * Compiles an update query and returns the sql
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the table to update
-	 * @param	boolean	TRUE: reset AR values; FALSE: leave AR values alone
+	 * @param	bool	TRUE: reset AR values; FALSE: leave AR values alone
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	public function get_compiled_update($table = '', $reset = TRUE)
@@ -1493,13 +1537,39 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
+	 * Update statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific update string from the supplied data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @param	array	the update data
+	 * @param	array	the where clause
+	 * @param	array	the orderby clause
+	 * @param	array	the limit clause
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _update($table, $values, $where, $orderby = array(), $limit = FALSE)
+	{
+		foreach ($values as $key => $val)
+		{
+			$valstr[] = $key.' = '.$val;
+		}
+
+		return 'UPDATE '.$table.' SET '.implode(', ', $valstr)
+			.(($where != '' && count($where) > 0) ? ' WHERE '.implode(' ', $where) : '')
+			.(count($orderby) > 0 ? ' ORDER BY '.implode(', ', $orderby) : '')
+			.($limit ? ' LIMIT '.$limit : '');
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
 	 * Validate Update
 	 *
 	 * This method is used by both update() and get_compiled_update() to
 	 * validate that data is actually being set and that a table has been
 	 * chosen to be update.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the table to update data on
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
@@ -1584,7 +1654,7 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 	 *
 	 * @param	array
 	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	boolean
+	 * @param	bool
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
 	public function set_update_batch($key, $index = '', $escape = TRUE)
@@ -1692,13 +1762,30 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
+	 * Truncate statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific truncate string from the supplied data
+	 *
+	 * If the database does not support the truncate() command,
+	 * then this method maps to 'DELETE FROM table'
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _truncate($table)
+	{
+		return 'TRUNCATE '.$table;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
 	 * Get DELETE query string
 	 *
 	 * Compiles a delete query string and returns the sql
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the table to delete from
-	 * @param	boolean	TRUE: reset AR values; FALSE: leave AR values alone
+	 * @param	bool	TRUE: reset AR values; FALSE: leave AR values alone
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	public function get_compiled_delete($table = '', $reset = TRUE)
@@ -1719,7 +1806,7 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 	 * @param	mixed	the table(s) to delete from. String or array
 	 * @param	mixed	the where clause
 	 * @param	mixed	the limit clause
-	 * @param	boolean
+	 * @param	bool
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
 	public function delete($table = '', $where = '', $limit = NULL, $reset_data = TRUE)
@@ -2062,7 +2149,6 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 	 *
 	 * Empties the AR cache
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function flush_cache()
@@ -2114,7 +2200,7 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 
 		// If we are "protecting identifiers" we need to examine the "from"
 		// portion of the query to determine if there are any aliases
-		if ($this->_protect_identifiers === TRUE AND count($this->ar_cache_from) > 0)
+		if ($this->_protect_identifiers === TRUE && count($this->ar_cache_from) > 0)
 		{
 			$this->_track_aliases($this->ar_from);
 		}
diff --git a/system/database/DB_cache.php b/system/database/DB_cache.php
index 58e6968c0..ff942856b 100644
--- a/system/database/DB_cache.php
+++ b/system/database/DB_cache.php
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ class CI_DB_Cache {
 	 */
 	public function delete_all()
 	{
-		delete_files($this->db->cachedir, TRUE);
+		delete_files($this->db->cachedir, TRUE, 0, TRUE);
 	}
 
 }
diff --git a/system/database/DB_driver.php b/system/database/DB_driver.php
index 9f1a0b895..8b030af77 100644
--- a/system/database/DB_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/DB_driver.php
@@ -99,9 +99,13 @@ abstract class CI_DB_driver {
 	 */
 	public function initialize()
 	{
-		// If an existing connection resource is available
-		// there is no need to connect and select the database
-		if (is_resource($this->conn_id) OR is_object($this->conn_id))
+		/* If an established connection is available, then there's
+		 * no need to connect and select the database.
+		 *
+		 * Depending on the database driver, conn_id can be either
+		 * boolean TRUE, a resource or an object.
+		 */
+		if ($this->conn_id)
 		{
 			return TRUE;
 		}
@@ -188,10 +192,24 @@ abstract class CI_DB_driver {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
+	 * Select database
+	 *
+	 * This is just a dummy method to allow drivers without such
+	 * functionality to not declare it, while others will override it.
+	 *
+	 * @return      bool
+	 */
+	public function db_select()
+	{
+		return TRUE;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
 	 * Set client character set
 	 *
 	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function db_set_charset($charset)
@@ -283,17 +301,13 @@ abstract class CI_DB_driver {
 		{
 			log_message('error', 'Invalid query: '.$sql);
 
-			if ($this->db_debug)
-			{
-				return $this->display_error('db_invalid_query');
-			}
-			return FALSE;
+			return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_invalid_query') : FALSE;
 		}
 
 		// Verify table prefix and replace if necessary
-		if ( ($this->dbprefix != '' AND $this->swap_pre != '') AND ($this->dbprefix != $this->swap_pre) )
+		if ($this->dbprefix != '' && $this->swap_pre != '' && $this->dbprefix != $this->swap_pre)
 		{
-			$sql = preg_replace("/(\W)".$this->swap_pre."(\S+?)/", "\\1".$this->dbprefix."\\2", $sql);
+			$sql = preg_replace('/(\W)'.$this->swap_pre.'(\S+?)/', '\\1'.$this->dbprefix.'\\2', $sql);
 		}
 
 		// Compile binds if needed
@@ -305,15 +319,12 @@ abstract class CI_DB_driver {
 		// Is query caching enabled? If the query is a "read type"
 		// we will load the caching class and return the previously
 		// cached query if it exists
-		if ($this->cache_on == TRUE AND stristr($sql, 'SELECT'))
+		if ($this->cache_on == TRUE && stripos($sql, 'SELECT') !== FALSE && $this->_cache_init())
 		{
-			if ($this->_cache_init())
+			$this->load_rdriver();
+			if (FALSE !== ($cache = $this->CACHE->read($sql)))
 			{
-				$this->load_rdriver();
-				if (FALSE !== ($cache = $this->CACHE->read($sql)))
-				{
-					return $cache;
-				}
+				return $cache;
 			}
 		}
 
@@ -352,13 +363,7 @@ abstract class CI_DB_driver {
 				$this->trans_complete();
 
 				// Display errors
-				return $this->display_error(
-								array(
-									'Error Number: '.$error['code'],
-									$error['message'],
-									$sql
-								)
-							);
+				return $this->display_error(array('Error Number: '.$error['code'], $error['message'], $sql));
 			}
 
 			return FALSE;
@@ -382,7 +387,7 @@ abstract class CI_DB_driver {
 		{
 			// If caching is enabled we'll auto-cleanup any
 			// existing files related to this particular URI
-			if ($this->cache_on == TRUE AND $this->cache_autodel == TRUE AND $this->_cache_init())
+			if ($this->cache_on == TRUE && $this->cache_autodel == TRUE && $this->_cache_init())
 			{
 				$this->CACHE->delete();
 			}
@@ -402,11 +407,9 @@ abstract class CI_DB_driver {
 		$driver		= $this->load_rdriver();
 		$RES		= new $driver($this);
 
-		$RES->num_rows	= $RES->num_rows();
-
-		// Is query caching enabled?  If so, we'll serialize the
+		// Is query caching enabled? If so, we'll serialize the
 		// result object and save it to a cache file.
-		if ($this->cache_on == TRUE AND $this->_cache_init())
+		if ($this->cache_on == TRUE && $this->_cache_init())
 		{
 			// We'll create a new instance of the result object
 			// only without the platform specific driver since
@@ -415,9 +418,9 @@ abstract class CI_DB_driver {
 			// result object, so we'll have to compile the data
 			// and save it)
 			$CR = new CI_DB_result();
-			$CR->num_rows		= $RES->num_rows();
 			$CR->result_object	= $RES->result_object();
 			$CR->result_array	= $RES->result_array();
+			$CR->num_rows		= $RES->num_rows();
 
 			// Reset these since cached objects can not utilize resource IDs.
 			$CR->conn_id		= NULL;
@@ -608,7 +611,8 @@ abstract class CI_DB_driver {
 
 		// The count of bind should be 1 less then the count of segments
 		// If there are more bind arguments trim it down
-		if (count($binds) >= count($segments)) {
+		if (count($binds) >= count($segments))
+		{
 			$binds = array_slice($binds, 0, count($segments)-1);
 		}
 
@@ -617,8 +621,7 @@ abstract class CI_DB_driver {
 		$i = 0;
 		foreach ($binds as $bind)
 		{
-			$result .= $this->escape($bind);
-			$result .= $segments[++$i];
+			$result .= $this->escape($bind).$segments[++$i];
 		}
 
 		return $result;
@@ -689,15 +692,15 @@ abstract class CI_DB_driver {
 	{
 		if (is_string($str) OR method_exists($str, '__toString'))
 		{
-			$str = "'".$this->escape_str($str)."'";
+			return "'".$this->escape_str($str)."'";
 		}
 		elseif (is_bool($str))
 		{
-			$str = ($str === FALSE) ? 0 : 1;
+			return ($str === FALSE) ? 0 : 1;
 		}
 		elseif (is_null($str))
 		{
-			$str = 'NULL';
+			return 'NULL';
 		}
 
 		return $str;
@@ -733,13 +736,7 @@ abstract class CI_DB_driver {
 	public function primary($table = '')
 	{
 		$fields = $this->list_fields($table);
-
-		if ( ! is_array($fields))
-		{
-			return FALSE;
-		}
-
-		return current($fields);
+		return is_array($fields) ? current($fields) : FALSE;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -759,35 +756,40 @@ abstract class CI_DB_driver {
 
 		if (FALSE === ($sql = $this->_list_tables($constrain_by_prefix)))
 		{
-			if ($this->db_debug)
-			{
-				return $this->display_error('db_unsupported_function');
-			}
-			return FALSE;
+			return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_unsupported_function') : FALSE;
 		}
 
-		$retval = array();
+		$this->data_cache['table_names'] = array();
 		$query = $this->query($sql);
 
-		if ($query->num_rows() > 0)
+		foreach ($query->result_array() as $row)
 		{
-			$table = FALSE;
-			$rows = $query->result_array();
-			$key = (($row = current($rows)) && in_array('table_name', array_map('strtolower', array_keys($row))));
-
-			if ($key)
+			// Do we know from which column to get the table name?
+			if ( ! isset($key))
 			{
-				$table = array_key_exists('TABLE_NAME', $row) ? 'TABLE_NAME' : 'table_name';
+				if (isset($row['table_name']))
+				{
+					$key = 'table_name';
+				}
+				elseif (isset($row['TABLE_NAME']))
+				{
+					$key = 'TABLE_NAME';
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					/* We have no other choice but to just get the first element's key.
+					 * Due to array_shift() accepting it's argument by reference, if
+					 * E_STRICT is on, this would trigger a warning. So we'll have to
+					 * assign it first.
+					 */
+					$key = array_keys($row);
+					$key = array_shift($key);
+				}
 			}
 
-			foreach ($rows as $row)
-			{
-				$retval[] = ( ! $table) ? current($row) : $row[$table];
-			}
+			$this->data_cache['table_names'][] = $row[$key];
 		}
 
-		$this->data_cache['table_names'] = $retval;
-
 		return $this->data_cache['table_names'];
 	}
 
@@ -821,38 +823,45 @@ abstract class CI_DB_driver {
 
 		if ($table == '')
 		{
-			if ($this->db_debug)
-			{
-				return $this->display_error('db_field_param_missing');
-			}
-			return FALSE;
+			return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_field_param_missing') : FALSE;
 		}
 
 		if (FALSE === ($sql = $this->_list_columns($table)))
 		{
-			if ($this->db_debug)
-			{
-				return $this->display_error('db_unsupported_function');
-			}
-			return FALSE;
+			return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_unsupported_function') : FALSE;
 		}
 
 		$query = $this->query($sql);
+		$this->data_cache['field_names'][$table] = array();
 
-		$retval = array();
 		foreach ($query->result_array() as $row)
 		{
-			if (isset($row['COLUMN_NAME']))
-			{
-				$retval[] = $row['COLUMN_NAME'];
-			}
-			else
+			// Do we know from where to get the column's name?
+			if ( ! isset($key))
 			{
-				$retval[] = current($row);
+				if (isset($row['column_name']))
+				{
+					$key = 'column_name';
+				}
+				elseif (isset($row['COLUMN_NAME']))
+				{
+					$key = 'COLUMN_NAME';
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					/* We have no other choice but to just get the first element's key.
+					 * Due to array_shift() accepting it's argument by reference, if
+					 * E_STRICT is on, this would trigger a warning. So we'll have to
+					 * assign it first.
+					 */
+					$key = array_keys($row);
+					$key = array_shift($key);
+				}
 			}
+
+			$this->data_cache['field_names'][$table][] = $row[$key];
 		}
 
-		$this->data_cache['field_names'][$table] = $retval;
 		return $this->data_cache['field_names'][$table];
 	}
 
@@ -867,7 +876,7 @@ abstract class CI_DB_driver {
 	 */
 	public function field_exists($field_name, $table_name)
 	{
-		return ( ! in_array($field_name, $this->list_fields($table_name))) ? FALSE : TRUE;
+		return in_array($field_name, $this->list_fields($table_name));
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -882,16 +891,48 @@ abstract class CI_DB_driver {
 	{
 		if ($table == '')
 		{
-			if ($this->db_debug)
+			return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_field_param_missing') : FALSE;
+		}
+
+		$query = $this->query($this->_field_data($this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE)));
+		return $query->field_data();
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Escape the SQL Identifiers
+	 *
+	 * This function escapes column and table names
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	public function escape_identifiers($item)
+	{
+		if ($this->_escape_char == '')
+		{
+			return $item;
+		}
+
+		foreach ($this->_reserved_identifiers as $id)
+		{
+			if (strpos($item, '.'.$id) !== FALSE)
 			{
-				return $this->display_error('db_field_param_missing');
+				$item = str_replace('.', $this->_escape_char.'.', $item);
+
+				// remove duplicates if the user already included the escape
+				return preg_replace('/['.$this->_escape_char.']+/', $this->_escape_char, $this->_escape_char.$item);
 			}
-			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		$query = $this->query($this->_field_data($this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE)));
+		if (strpos($item, '.') !== FALSE)
+		{
+			$item = str_replace('.', $this->_escape_char.'.'.$this->_escape_char, $item);
+		}
 
-		return $query->field_data();
+		// remove duplicates if the user already included the escape
+		return preg_replace('/['.$this->_escape_char.']+/', $this->_escape_char, $this->_escape_char.$item.$this->_escape_char);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -905,12 +946,11 @@ abstract class CI_DB_driver {
 	 */
 	public function insert_string($table, $data)
 	{
-		$fields = array();
-		$values = array();
+		$fields = $values = array();
 
 		foreach ($data as $key => $val)
 		{
-			$fields[] = $this->_escape_identifiers($key);
+			$fields[] = $this->escape_identifiers($key);
 			$values[] = $this->escape($val);
 		}
 
@@ -979,13 +1019,7 @@ abstract class CI_DB_driver {
 	 */
 	protected function _has_operator($str)
 	{
-		$str = trim($str);
-		if ( ! preg_match("/(\s|<|>|!|=|is null|is not null)/i", $str))
-		{
-			return FALSE;
-		}
-
-		return TRUE;
+		return (bool) preg_match('/(\s|<|>|!|=|IS NULL|IS NOT NULL)/i', trim($str));
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1008,25 +1042,12 @@ abstract class CI_DB_driver {
 
 		if ( ! function_exists($function))
 		{
-			if ($this->db_debug)
-			{
-				return $this->display_error('db_unsupported_function');
-			}
-			return FALSE;
+			return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_unsupported_function') : FALSE;
 		}
-		else
-		{
-			$args = (func_num_args() > 1) ? array_splice(func_get_args(), 1) : null;
 
-			if (is_null($args))
-			{
-				return call_user_func($function);
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				return call_user_func_array($function, $args);
-			}
-		}
+		return (func_num_args() > 1)
+			? call_user_func_array($function, array_splice(func_get_args(), 1))
+			: call_user_func($function);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1051,8 +1072,7 @@ abstract class CI_DB_driver {
 	 */
 	public function cache_on()
 	{
-		$this->cache_on = TRUE;
-		return TRUE;
+		return $this->cache_on = TRUE;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1064,8 +1084,7 @@ abstract class CI_DB_driver {
 	 */
 	public function cache_off()
 	{
-		$this->cache_on = FALSE;
-		return FALSE;
+		return $this->cache_on = FALSE;
 	}
 
 
@@ -1078,11 +1097,9 @@ abstract class CI_DB_driver {
 	 */
 	public function cache_delete($segment_one = '', $segment_two = '')
 	{
-		if ( ! $this->_cache_init())
-		{
-			return FALSE;
-		}
-		return $this->CACHE->delete($segment_one, $segment_two);
+		return ($this->_cache_init())
+			? $this->CACHE->delete($segment_one, $segment_two)
+			: FALSE;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1094,12 +1111,9 @@ abstract class CI_DB_driver {
 	 */
 	public function cache_delete_all()
 	{
-		if ( ! $this->_cache_init())
-		{
-			return FALSE;
-		}
-
-		return $this->CACHE->delete_all();
+		return ($this->_cache_init())
+			? $this->CACHE->delete_all()
+			: FALSE;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1111,18 +1125,17 @@ abstract class CI_DB_driver {
 	 */
 	protected function _cache_init()
 	{
-		if (is_object($this->CACHE) AND class_exists('CI_DB_Cache'))
+		if (class_exists('CI_DB_Cache'))
 		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
-		if ( ! class_exists('CI_DB_Cache'))
-		{
-			if ( ! @include(BASEPATH.'database/DB_cache.php'))
+			if (is_object($this->CACHE))
 			{
-				return $this->cache_off();
+				return TRUE;
 			}
 		}
+		elseif ( ! @include_once(BASEPATH.'database/DB_cache.php'))
+		{
+			return $this->cache_off();
+		}
 
 		$this->CACHE = new CI_DB_Cache($this); // pass db object to support multiple db connections and returned db objects
 		return TRUE;
@@ -1137,11 +1150,11 @@ abstract class CI_DB_driver {
 	 */
 	public function close()
 	{
-		if (is_resource($this->conn_id) OR is_object($this->conn_id))
+		if ($this->conn_id)
 		{
 			$this->_close($this->conn_id);
+			$this->conn_id = FALSE;
 		}
-		$this->conn_id = FALSE;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1173,9 +1186,7 @@ abstract class CI_DB_driver {
 		// Find the most likely culprit of the error by going through
 		// the backtrace until the source file is no longer in the
 		// database folder.
-
 		$trace = debug_backtrace();
-
 		foreach ($trace as $call)
 		{
 			if (isset($call['file']) && strpos($call['file'], BASEPATH.'database') === FALSE)
@@ -1183,7 +1194,6 @@ abstract class CI_DB_driver {
 				// Found it - use a relative path for safety
 				$message[] = 'Filename: '.str_replace(array(BASEPATH, APPPATH), '', $call['file']);
 				$message[] = 'Line Number: '.$call['line'];
-
 				break;
 			}
 		}
@@ -1201,7 +1211,7 @@ abstract class CI_DB_driver {
 	 * This function is used extensively by the Active Record class, and by
 	 * a couple functions in this class.
 	 * It takes a column or table name (optionally with an alias) and inserts
-	 * the table prefix onto it.  Some logic is necessary in order to deal with
+	 * the table prefix onto it. Some logic is necessary in order to deal with
 	 * column names that include the path. Consider a query like this:
 	 *
 	 * SELECT * FROM hostname.database.table.column AS c FROM hostname.database.table
@@ -1244,12 +1254,15 @@ abstract class CI_DB_driver {
 
 		// If the item has an alias declaration we remove it and set it aside.
 		// Basically we remove everything to the right of the first space
-		$alias = '';
 		if (strpos($item, ' ') !== FALSE)
 		{
-			$alias = strstr($item, " ");
+			$alias = strstr($item, ' ');
 			$item = substr($item, 0, - strlen($alias));
 		}
+		else
+		{
+			$alias = '';
+		}
 
 		// This is basically a bug fix for queries that use MAX, MIN, etc.
 		// If a parenthesis is found we know that we do not need to
@@ -1278,12 +1291,13 @@ abstract class CI_DB_driver {
 					{
 						if ( ! in_array($val, $this->_reserved_identifiers))
 						{
-							$parts[$key] = $this->_escape_identifiers($val);
+							$parts[$key] = $this->escape_identifiers($val);
 						}
 					}
 
 					$item = implode('.', $parts);
 				}
+
 				return $item.$alias;
 			}
 
@@ -1318,13 +1332,12 @@ abstract class CI_DB_driver {
 				}
 
 				// Verify table prefix and replace if necessary
-				if ($this->swap_pre != '' && strncmp($parts[$i], $this->swap_pre, strlen($this->swap_pre)) === 0)
+				if ($this->swap_pre != '' && strpos($parts[$i], $this->swap_pre) === 0)
 				{
-					$parts[$i] = preg_replace("/^".$this->swap_pre."(\S+?)/", $this->dbprefix."\\1", $parts[$i]);
+					$parts[$i] = preg_replace('/^'.$this->swap_pre.'(\S+?)/', $this->dbprefix.'\\1', $parts[$i]);
 				}
-
 				// We only add the table prefix if it does not already exist
-				if (substr($parts[$i], 0, strlen($this->dbprefix)) != $this->dbprefix)
+				elseif (strpos($parts[$i], $this->dbprefix) !== 0)
 				{
 					$parts[$i] = $this->dbprefix.$parts[$i];
 				}
@@ -1335,7 +1348,7 @@ abstract class CI_DB_driver {
 
 			if ($protect_identifiers === TRUE)
 			{
-				$item = $this->_escape_identifiers($item);
+				$item = $this->escape_identifiers($item);
 			}
 
 			return $item.$alias;
@@ -1345,21 +1358,20 @@ abstract class CI_DB_driver {
 		if ($this->dbprefix != '')
 		{
 			// Verify table prefix and replace if necessary
-			if ($this->swap_pre != '' && strncmp($item, $this->swap_pre, strlen($this->swap_pre)) === 0)
+			if ($this->swap_pre != '' && strpos($item, $this->swap_pre) === 0)
 			{
-				$item = preg_replace("/^".$this->swap_pre."(\S+?)/", $this->dbprefix."\\1", $item);
+				$item = preg_replace('/^'.$this->swap_pre.'(\S+?)/', $this->dbprefix.'\\1', $item);
 			}
-
 			// Do we prefix an item with no segments?
-			if ($prefix_single == TRUE AND substr($item, 0, strlen($this->dbprefix)) != $this->dbprefix)
+			elseif ($prefix_single == TRUE && strpos($item, $this->dbprefix) !== 0)
 			{
 				$item = $this->dbprefix.$item;
 			}
 		}
 
-		if ($protect_identifiers === TRUE AND ! in_array($item, $this->_reserved_identifiers))
+		if ($protect_identifiers === TRUE && ! in_array($item, $this->_reserved_identifiers))
 		{
-			$item = $this->_escape_identifiers($item);
+			$item = $this->escape_identifiers($item);
 		}
 
 		return $item.$alias;
@@ -1374,7 +1386,9 @@ abstract class CI_DB_driver {
 	 *
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	abstract protected function _reset_select();
+	protected function _reset_select()
+	{
+	}
 
 }
 
diff --git a/system/database/DB_result.php b/system/database/DB_result.php
index 04f964fb1..bb09c014c 100644
--- a/system/database/DB_result.php
+++ b/system/database/DB_result.php
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ class CI_DB_result {
 	 * Query result.  Acts as a wrapper function for the following functions.
 	 *
 	 * @param	string	can be "object" or "array"
-	 * @return	mixed	either a result object or array
+	 * @return	object
 	 */
 	public function result($type = 'object')
 	{
@@ -108,9 +108,9 @@ class CI_DB_result {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Query result.  "object" version.
+	 * Query result. "object" version.
 	 *
-	 * @return	object
+	 * @return	array
 	 */
 	public function result_object()
 	{
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ class CI_DB_result {
 			return;
 		}
 
-		if ($key != '' AND ! is_null($value))
+		if ($key != '' && ! is_null($value))
 		{
 			$this->row_data[$key] = $value;
 		}
@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ class CI_DB_result {
 			return $result;
 		}
 
-		if ($n != $this->current_row AND isset($result[$n]))
+		if ($n != $this->current_row && isset($result[$n]))
 		{
 			$this->current_row = $n;
 		}
@@ -266,7 +266,7 @@ class CI_DB_result {
 			return $result;
 		}
 
-		if ($n != $this->current_row AND isset($result[$n]))
+		if ($n != $this->current_row && isset($result[$n]))
 		{
 			$this->current_row = $n;
 		}
@@ -289,7 +289,7 @@ class CI_DB_result {
 			return $result;
 		}
 
-		if ($n != $this->current_row AND isset($result[$n]))
+		if ($n != $this->current_row && isset($result[$n]))
 		{
 			$this->current_row = $n;
 		}
@@ -297,7 +297,6 @@ class CI_DB_result {
 		return $result[$this->current_row];
 	}
 
-
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
@@ -374,9 +373,9 @@ class CI_DB_result {
 	/**
 	 * The following functions are normally overloaded by the identically named
 	 * methods in the platform-specific driver -- except when query caching
-	 * is used.  When caching is enabled we do not load the other driver.
+	 * is used. When caching is enabled we do not load the other driver.
 	 * These functions are primarily here to prevent undefined function errors
-	 * when a cached result object is in use.  They are not otherwise fully
+	 * when a cached result object is in use. They are not otherwise fully
 	 * operational due to the unavailability of the database resource IDs with
 	 * cached results.
 	 */
@@ -384,7 +383,7 @@ class CI_DB_result {
 	public function num_fields() { return 0; }
 	public function list_fields() { return array(); }
 	public function field_data() { return array(); }
-	public function free_result() { return TRUE; }
+	public function free_result() { $this->result_id = FALSE; }
 	protected function _data_seek() { return TRUE; }
 	protected function _fetch_assoc() { return array(); }
 	protected function _fetch_object() { return array(); }
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/cubrid/cubrid_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/cubrid/cubrid_driver.php
index 0b79de0b8..88f797bf2 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/cubrid/cubrid_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/cubrid/cubrid_driver.php
@@ -159,22 +159,6 @@ class CI_DB_cubrid_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Select the database
-	 *
-	 * @return	resource
-	 */
-	public function db_select()
-	{
-		// In CUBRID there is no need to select a database as the database
-		// is chosen at the connection time.
-		// So, to determine if the database is "selected", all we have to
-		// do is ping the server and return that value.
-		return cubrid_ping($this->conn_id);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
 	 * Database version number
 	 *
 	 * @return	string
@@ -438,41 +422,6 @@ class CI_DB_cubrid_driver extends CI_DB {
 		return array('code' => cubrid_errno($this->conn_id), 'message' => cubrid_error($this->conn_id));
 	}
 
-	/**
-	 * Escape the SQL Identifiers
-	 *
-	 * This function escapes column and table names
-	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	public function _escape_identifiers($item)
-	{
-		if ($this->_escape_char == '')
-		{
-			return $item;
-		}
-
-		foreach ($this->_reserved_identifiers as $id)
-		{
-			if (strpos($item, '.'.$id) !== FALSE)
-			{
-				$item = str_replace('.', $this->_escape_char.'.', $item);
-
-				// remove duplicates if the user already included the escape
-				return preg_replace('/['.$this->_escape_char.']+/', $this->_escape_char, $this->_escape_char.$item);
-			}
-		}
-
-		if (strpos($item, '.') !== FALSE)
-		{
-			$item = str_replace('.', $this->_escape_char.'.'.$this->_escape_char, $item);
-		}
-
-		// remove duplicates if the user already included the escape
-		return preg_replace('/['.$this->_escape_char.']+/', $this->_escape_char, $this->_escape_char.$item.$this->_escape_char);
-	}
-
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
@@ -497,91 +446,6 @@ class CI_DB_cubrid_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Insert statement
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific insert string from the supplied data
-	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the insert keys
-	 * @param	array	the insert values
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	protected function _insert($table, $keys, $values)
-	{
-		return 'INSERT INTO '.$table.' ('.implode(', ', $keys).') VALUES ('.implode(', ', $values).')';
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-
-	/**
-	 * Replace statement
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific replace string from the supplied data
-	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the insert keys
-	 * @param	array	the insert values
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	protected function _replace($table, $keys, $values)
-	{
-		return 'REPLACE INTO '.$table.' ('.implode(', ', $keys).') VALUES ('.implode(', ', $values).')';
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Insert_batch statement
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific insert string from the supplied data
-	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the insert keys
-	 * @param	array	the insert values
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	protected function _insert_batch($table, $keys, $values)
-	{
-		return 'INSERT INTO '.$table.' ('.implode(', ', $keys).') VALUES '.implode(', ', $values);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Update statement
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific update string from the supplied data
-	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the update data
-	 * @param	array	the where clause
-	 * @param	array	the orderby clause
-	 * @param	array	the limit clause
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	protected function _update($table, $values, $where, $orderby = array(), $limit = FALSE, $like = array())
-	{
-		foreach ($values as $key => $val)
-		{
-			$valstr[] = $key.' = '.$val;
-		}
-
-		$where = ($where != '' && count($where) > 0) ? ' WHERE '.implode(' ', $where) : '';
-		if (count($like) > 0)
-		{
-			$where .= ($where === '' ? ' WHERE ' : ' AND ').implode(' ', $like);
-		}
-
-		return 'UPDATE '.$table.' SET '.implode(', ', $valstr).$where
-			.(count($orderby) > 0 ? ' ORDER BY '.implode(', ', $orderby) : '')
-			.( ! $limit ? '' : ' LIMIT '.$limit);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-
-	/**
 	 * Update_Batch statement
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific batch update string from the supplied data
@@ -623,23 +487,6 @@ class CI_DB_cubrid_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Truncate statement
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific truncate string from the supplied data
-	 * If the database does not support the truncate() command
-	 * This function maps to "DELETE FROM table"
-	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	protected function _truncate($table)
-	{
-		return 'TRUNCATE '.$table;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
 	 * Delete statement
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific delete string from the supplied data
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/cubrid/cubrid_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/cubrid/cubrid_forge.php
index 6b8097370..baf3d13ce 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/cubrid/cubrid_forge.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/cubrid/cubrid_forge.php
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ class CI_DB_cubrid_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 		}
 		*/
 
-		$sql .= $this->db->protect_identifiers($table).' ('.$this->_process_fields($fields);
+		$sql .= $this->db->escape_identifiers($table).' ('.$this->_process_fields($fields);
 
 		// If there is a PK defined
 		if (count($primary_keys) > 0)
@@ -200,11 +200,12 @@ class CI_DB_cubrid_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 	/**
 	 * Drop Table
 	 *
+	 * @param	string	table name
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	public function _drop_table($table)
 	{
-		return 'DROP TABLE IF EXISTS '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table);
+		return 'DROP TABLE IF EXISTS '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($table);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/interbase/interbase_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/interbase/interbase_driver.php
index d8b6ae571..88638a21a 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/interbase/interbase_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/interbase/interbase_driver.php
@@ -85,19 +85,6 @@ class CI_DB_interbase_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Select the database
-	 *
-	 * @return	bool
-	 */
-	public function db_select()
-	{
-		// Connection selects the database
-		return TRUE;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
 	 * Database version number
 	 *
 	 * @return	string
@@ -356,38 +343,6 @@ class CI_DB_interbase_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Escape the SQL Identifiers
-	 *
-	 * This public function escapes column and table names
-	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	protected function _escape_identifiers($item)
-	{
-		foreach ($this->_reserved_identifiers as $id)
-		{
-			if (strpos($item, '.'.$id) !== FALSE)
-			{
-				$item = str_replace('.', $this->_escape_char.'.', $item);
-
-				// remove duplicates if the user already included the escape
-				return preg_replace('/['.$this->_escape_char.']+/', $this->_escape_char, $this->_escape_char.$item);
-			}
-		}
-
-		if (strpos($item, '.') !== FALSE)
-		{
-			$item = str_replace('.', $this->_escape_char.'.'.$this->_escape_char, $item);
-		}
-
-		// remove duplicates if the user already included the escape
-		return preg_replace('/['.$this->_escape_char.']+/', $this->_escape_char, $this->_escape_char.$item.$this->_escape_char);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
 	 * From Tables
 	 *
 	 * This public function implicitly groups FROM tables so there is no confusion
@@ -410,23 +365,6 @@ class CI_DB_interbase_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Insert statement
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific insert string from the supplied data
-	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the insert keys
-	 * @param	array	the insert values
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	protected function _insert($table, $keys, $values)
-	{
-		return 'INSERT INTO '.$table.' ('.implode(', ', $keys).') VALUES ('.implode(', ', $values).')';
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
 	 * Update statement
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific update string from the supplied data
@@ -459,15 +397,16 @@ class CI_DB_interbase_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 * Truncate statement
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific truncate string from the supplied data
-	 * If the database does not support the truncate() command
-	 * This public function maps to "DELETE FROM table"
+	 *
+	 * If the database does not support the truncate() command,
+	 * then this method maps to 'DELETE FROM table'
 	 *
 	 * @param	string	the table name
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _truncate($table)
 	{
-		return $this->_delete($table);
+		return 'DELETE FROM '.$table;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_driver.php
index f2933fe43..ae3b843ee 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_driver.php
@@ -52,10 +52,10 @@ class CI_DB_mssql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * The syntax to count rows is slightly different across different
 	 * database engines, so this string appears in each driver and is
-	 * used for the count_all() and count_all_results() functions.
+	 * used for the count_all() and count_all_results() methods.
 	 */
 	protected $_count_string = 'SELECT COUNT(*) AS ';
-	protected $_random_keyword = ' ASC'; // not currently supported
+	protected $_random_keyword = ' NEWID()';
 
 	/**
 	 * Non-persistent database connection
@@ -404,47 +404,6 @@ class CI_DB_mssql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Escape the SQL Identifiers
-	 *
-	 * This function escapes column and table names
-	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	public function _escape_identifiers($item)
-	{
-		if ($this->_escape_char == '')
-		{
-			return $item;
-		}
-
-		foreach ($this->_reserved_identifiers as $id)
-		{
-			if (strpos($item, '.'.$id) !== FALSE)
-			{
-				$str = $this->_escape_char. str_replace('.', $this->_escape_char.'.', $item);
-
-				// remove duplicates if the user already included the escape
-				return preg_replace('/['.$this->_escape_char.']+/', $this->_escape_char, $str);
-			}
-		}
-
-		if (strpos($item, '.') !== FALSE)
-		{
-			$str = $this->_escape_char.str_replace('.', $this->_escape_char.'.'.$this->_escape_char, $item).$this->_escape_char;
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			$str = $this->_escape_char.$item.$this->_escape_char;
-		}
-
-		// remove duplicates if the user already included the escape
-		return preg_replace('/['.$this->_escape_char.']+/', $this->_escape_char, $str);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
 	 * From Tables
 	 *
 	 * This function implicitly groups FROM tables so there is no confusion
@@ -466,70 +425,19 @@ class CI_DB_mssql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Insert statement
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific insert string from the supplied data
-	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the insert keys
-	 * @param	array	the insert values
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	protected function _insert($table, $keys, $values)
-	{
-		return "INSERT INTO ".$table." (".implode(', ', $keys).") VALUES (".implode(', ', $values).")";
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Update statement
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific update string from the supplied data
-	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the update data
-	 * @param	array	the where clause
-	 * @param	array	the orderby clause
-	 * @param	array	the limit clause
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	protected function _update($table, $values, $where, $orderby = array(), $limit = FALSE)
-	{
-		foreach ($values as $key => $val)
-		{
-			$valstr[] = $key." = ".$val;
-		}
-
-		$limit = ( ! $limit) ? '' : ' LIMIT '.$limit;
-
-		$orderby = (count($orderby) >= 1)?' ORDER BY '.implode(", ", $orderby):'';
-
-		$sql = "UPDATE ".$table." SET ".implode(', ', $valstr);
-
-		$sql .= ($where != '' AND count($where) >=1) ? " WHERE ".implode(" ", $where) : '';
-
-		$sql .= $orderby.$limit;
-
-		return $sql;
-	}
-
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
 	 * Truncate statement
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific truncate string from the supplied data
-	 * If the database does not support the truncate() command
-	 * This function maps to "DELETE FROM table"
+	 *
+	 * If the database does not support the truncate() command,
+	 * then this method maps to 'DELETE FROM table'
 	 *
 	 * @param	string	the table name
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _truncate($table)
 	{
-		return "TRUNCATE ".$table;
+		return 'TRUNCATE TABLE '.$table;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -539,13 +447,12 @@ class CI_DB_mssql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific delete string from the supplied data
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the table name
 	 * @param	array	the where clause
 	 * @param	string	the limit clause
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _delete($table, $where = array(), $like = array(), $limit = FALSE)
+	protected function _delete($table, $where = array(), $like = array(), $limit = FALSE)
 	{
 		$conditions = '';
 
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_forge.php
index 2e3e314ed..d787b3764 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_forge.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_forge.php
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ class CI_DB_mssql_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 	 */
 	public function _drop_table($table)
 	{
-		return "DROP TABLE ".$this->db->_escape_identifiers($table);
+		return 'DROP TABLE '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($table);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ class CI_DB_mssql_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 			$sql .= 'IF NOT EXISTS ';
 		}
 
-		$sql .= $this->db->_escape_identifiers($table)." (";
+		$sql .= $this->db->escape_identifiers($table).' (';
 		$current_field_count = 0;
 
 		foreach ($fields as $field => $attributes)
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_driver.php
index bef4111c3..28020d3e6 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_driver.php
@@ -439,43 +439,6 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Escape the SQL Identifiers
-	 *
-	 * This function escapes column and table names
-	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	public function _escape_identifiers($item)
-	{
-		if ($this->_escape_char == '')
-		{
-			return $item;
-		}
-
-		foreach ($this->_reserved_identifiers as $id)
-		{
-			if (strpos($item, '.'.$id) !== FALSE)
-			{
-				$item = str_replace('.', $this->_escape_char.'.', $item);
-
-				// remove duplicates if the user already included the escape
-				return preg_replace('/['.$this->_escape_char.']+/', $this->_escape_char, $this->_escape_char.$item);
-			}
-		}
-
-		if (strpos($item, '.') !== FALSE)
-		{
-			$item = str_replace('.', $this->_escape_char.'.'.$this->_escape_char, $item);
-		}
-
-		// remove duplicates if the user already included the escape
-		return preg_replace('/['.$this->_escape_char.']+/', $this->_escape_char, $this->_escape_char.$item.$this->_escape_char);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
 	 * From Tables
 	 *
 	 * This function implicitly groups FROM tables so there is no confusion
@@ -497,59 +460,6 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Insert statement
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific insert string from the supplied data
-	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the insert keys
-	 * @param	array	the insert values
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	protected function _insert($table, $keys, $values)
-	{
-		return 'INSERT INTO '.$table.' ('.implode(', ', $keys).') VALUES ('.implode(', ', $values).')';
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-
-	/**
-	 * Replace statement
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific replace string from the supplied data
-	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the insert keys
-	 * @param	array	the insert values
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	protected function _replace($table, $keys, $values)
-	{
-		return 'REPLACE INTO '.$table.' ('.implode(', ', $keys).') VALUES ('.implode(', ', $values).')';
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Insert_batch statement
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific insert string from the supplied data
-	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the insert keys
-	 * @param	array	the insert values
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	protected function _insert_batch($table, $keys, $values)
-	{
-		return 'INSERT INTO '.$table.' ('.implode(', ', $keys).') VALUES '.implode(', ', $values);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-
-	/**
 	 * Update statement
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific update string from the supplied data
@@ -624,23 +534,6 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Truncate statement
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific truncate string from the supplied data
-	 * If the database does not support the truncate() command
-	 * This function maps to "DELETE FROM table"
-	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	protected function _truncate($table)
-	{
-		return 'TRUNCATE '.$table;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
 	 * Delete statement
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific delete string from the supplied data
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_forge.php
index 11172b41b..9e19de1bb 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_forge.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_forge.php
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 	 */
 	public function _create_database($name)
 	{
-		return 'CREATE DATABASE '.$name;
+		return 'CREATE DATABASE '.$name.' CHARACTER SET '.$this->db->char_set.' COLLATE '.$this->db->dbcollat;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_driver.php
index 4c5d52127..50e213641 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_driver.php
@@ -72,8 +72,8 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_driver extends CI_DB {
 	public function db_connect()
 	{
 		return ($this->port != '')
-			? @mysqli_connect($this->hostname, $this->username, $this->password, $this->database, $this->port)
-			: @mysqli_connect($this->hostname, $this->username, $this->password, $this->database);
+			? @new mysqli($this->hostname, $this->username, $this->password, $this->database, $this->port)
+			: @new mysqli($this->hostname, $this->username, $this->password, $this->database);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -92,8 +92,8 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_driver extends CI_DB {
 		}
 
 		return ($this->port != '')
-			? @mysqli_connect('p:'.$this->hostname, $this->username, $this->password, $this->database, $this->port)
-			: @mysqli_connect('p:'.$this->hostname, $this->username, $this->password, $this->database);
+			? @new mysqli('p:'.$this->hostname, $this->username, $this->password, $this->database, $this->port)
+			: @new mysqli('p:'.$this->hostname, $this->username, $this->password, $this->database);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	public function reconnect()
 	{
-		if (mysqli_ping($this->conn_id) === FALSE)
+		if ($this->conn_id !== FALSE && $this->conn_id->ping() === FALSE)
 		{
 			$this->conn_id = FALSE;
 		}
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_driver extends CI_DB {
 			$database = $this->database;
 		}
 
-		if (@mysqli_select_db($this->conn_id, $database))
+		if (@$this->conn_id->select_db($database))
 		{
 			$this->database = $database;
 			return TRUE;
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	protected function _db_set_charset($charset)
 	{
-		return @mysqli_set_charset($this->conn_id, $charset);
+		return @$this->conn_id->set_charset($charset);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_driver extends CI_DB {
 	{
 		return isset($this->data_cache['version'])
 			? $this->data_cache['version']
-			: $this->data_cache['version'] = @mysqli_get_server_info($this->conn_id);
+			: $this->data_cache['version'] = $this->conn_id->server_info;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	protected function _execute($sql)
 	{
-		return @mysqli_query($this->conn_id, $this->_prep_query($sql));
+		return @$this->conn_id->query($this->_prep_query($sql));
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -286,7 +286,7 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_driver extends CI_DB {
 			return $str;
 		}
 
-		$str = is_object($this->conn_id) ? mysqli_real_escape_string($this->conn_id, $str) : addslashes($str);
+		$str = is_object($this->conn_id) ? $this->conn_id->real_escape_string($str) : addslashes($str);
 
 		// escape LIKE condition wildcards
 		if ($like === TRUE)
@@ -306,7 +306,7 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	public function affected_rows()
 	{
-		return @mysqli_affected_rows($this->conn_id);
+		return $this->conn_id->affected_rows;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -318,7 +318,7 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	public function insert_id()
 	{
-		return @mysqli_insert_id($this->conn_id);
+		return $this->conn_id->insert_id;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -357,7 +357,6 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the table names can be fetched
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	bool
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
@@ -434,44 +433,7 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	public function error()
 	{
-		return array('code' => mysqli_errno($this->conn_id), 'message' => mysqli_error($this->conn_id));
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Escape the SQL Identifiers
-	 *
-	 * This function escapes column and table names
-	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	public function _escape_identifiers($item)
-	{
-		if ($this->_escape_char == '')
-		{
-			return $item;
-		}
-
-		foreach ($this->_reserved_identifiers as $id)
-		{
-			if (strpos($item, '.'.$id) !== FALSE)
-			{
-				$item = str_replace('.', $this->_escape_char.'.', $item);
-
-				// remove duplicates if the user already included the escape
-				return preg_replace('/['.$this->_escape_char.']+/', $this->_escape_char, $this->_escape_char.$item);
-			}
-		}
-
-		if (strpos($item, '.') !== FALSE)
-		{
-			$item = str_replace('.', $this->_escape_char.'.'.$this->_escape_char, $item);
-		}
-
-		// remove duplicates if the user already included the escape
-		return preg_replace('/['.$this->_escape_char.']+/', $this->_escape_char, $this->_escape_char.$item.$this->_escape_char);
+		return array('code' => $this->conn_id->errno, 'message' => $this->conn_id->error);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -498,85 +460,6 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Insert statement
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific insert string from the supplied data
-	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the insert keys
-	 * @param	array	the insert values
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	protected function _insert($table, $keys, $values)
-	{
-		return 'INSERT INTO '.$table.' ('.implode(', ', $keys).') VALUES ('.implode(', ', $values).')';
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Insert_batch statement
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific insert string from the supplied data
-	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the insert keys
-	 * @param	array	the insert values
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	protected function _insert_batch($table, $keys, $values)
-	{
-		return 'INSERT INTO '.$table.' ('.implode(', ', $keys).') VALUES '.implode(', ', $values);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-
-	/**
-	 * Replace statement
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific replace string from the supplied data
-	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the insert keys
-	 * @param	array	the insert values
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	protected function _replace($table, $keys, $values)
-	{
-		return 'REPLACE INTO '.$table.' ('.implode(', ', $keys).') VALUES ('.implode(', ', $values).')';
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Update statement
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific update string from the supplied data
-	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the update data
-	 * @param	array	the where clause
-	 * @param	array	the orderby clause
-	 * @param	array	the limit clause
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	protected function _update($table, $values, $where, $orderby = array(), $limit = FALSE)
-	{
-		foreach ($values as $key => $val)
-		{
-			$valstr[] = $key.' = '.$val;
-		}
-
-		return 'UPDATE '.$table.' SET '.implode(', ', $valstr)
-			.(($where != '' && count($where) > 0) ? ' WHERE '.implode(' ', $where) : '')
-			.(count($orderby) > 0 ? ' ORDER BY '.implode(', ', $orderby) : '')
-			.( ! $limit ? '' : ' LIMIT '.$limit);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
 	 * Update_Batch statement
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific batch update string from the supplied data
@@ -620,23 +503,6 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Truncate statement
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific truncate string from the supplied data
-	 * If the database does not support the truncate() command
-	 * This function maps to "DELETE FROM table"
-	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	protected function _truncate($table)
-	{
-		return 'TRUNCATE '.$table;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
 	 * Delete statement
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific delete string from the supplied data
@@ -691,7 +557,8 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	protected function _close($conn_id)
 	{
-		@mysqli_close($conn_id);
+		$this->conn_id->close();
+		$this->conn_id = FALSE;
 	}
 
 }
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_forge.php
index 8cf0ae1fd..4b6939e2a 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_forge.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_forge.php
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 	 */
 	public function _create_database($name)
 	{
-		return 'CREATE DATABASE '.$name;
+		return 'CREATE DATABASE '.$name.' CHARACTER SET '.$this->db->char_set.' COLLATE '.$this->db->dbcollat;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 			$sql .= 'IF NOT EXISTS ';
 		}
 
-		$sql .= $this->db->_escape_identifiers($table).' ('.$this->_process_fields($fields);
+		$sql .= $this->db->escape_identifiers($table).' ('.$this->_process_fields($fields);
 
 		if (count($primary_keys) > 0)
 		{
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 	 */
 	public function _drop_table($table)
 	{
-		return 'DROP TABLE IF EXISTS '.$this->db->_escape_identifiers($table);
+		return 'DROP TABLE IF EXISTS '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($table);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_result.php b/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_result.php
index 83d88aae3..cf0362217 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_result.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_result.php
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 */
 	public function num_rows()
 	{
-		return @mysqli_num_rows($this->result_id);
+		return $this->result_id->num_rows;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 */
 	public function num_fields()
 	{
-		return @mysqli_num_fields($this->result_id);
+		return $this->result_id->field_count;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	public function list_fields()
 	{
 		$field_names = array();
-		while ($field = mysqli_fetch_field($this->result_id))
+		while ($field = $this->result_id->fetch_field())
 		{
 			$field_names[] = $field->name;
 		}
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	public function field_data()
 	{
 		$retval = array();
-		$field_data = mysqli_fetch_fields($this->result_id);
+		$field_data = $this->result_id->fetch_fields();
 		for ($i = 0, $c = count($field_data); $i < $c; $i++)
 		{
 			$retval[$i]			= new stdClass();
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	{
 		if (is_object($this->result_id))
 		{
-			mysqli_free_result($this->result_id);
+			$this->result_id->free();
 			$this->result_id = FALSE;
 		}
 	}
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 */
 	protected function _data_seek($n = 0)
 	{
-		return mysqli_data_seek($this->result_id, $n);
+		return $this->result_id->data_seek($n);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 */
 	protected function _fetch_assoc()
 	{
-		return mysqli_fetch_assoc($this->result_id);
+		return $this->result_id->fetch_assoc();
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 */
 	protected function _fetch_object()
 	{
-		return mysqli_fetch_object($this->result_id);
+		return $this->result_id->fetch_object();
 	}
 
 }
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_utility.php b/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_utility.php
index 4d7002e78..cb3f86b8b 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_utility.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_utility.php
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 	 */
 	public function _optimize_table($table)
 	{
-		return 'OPTIMIZE TABLE '.$this->db->_escape_identifiers($table);
+		return 'OPTIMIZE TABLE '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($table);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 	 */
 	public function _repair_table($table)
 	{
-		return 'REPAIR TABLE '.$this->db->_escape_identifiers($table);
+		return 'REPAIR TABLE '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($table);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_driver.php
index c9e791d63..6e225ee1f 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_driver.php
@@ -46,7 +46,6 @@
  * permit access to oracle databases
  *
  * @author	  Kelly McArdle
- *
  */
 class CI_DB_oci8_driver extends CI_DB {
 
@@ -68,7 +67,7 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_driver extends CI_DB {
 	protected $_random_keyword = ' ASC'; // not currently supported
 
 	// Set "auto commit" by default
-	protected $_commit = OCI_COMMIT_ON_SUCCESS;
+	public $commit_mode = OCI_COMMIT_ON_SUCCESS;
 
 	// need to track statement id and cursor id
 	public $stmt_id;
@@ -78,6 +77,85 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// throw off num_fields later
 	public $limit_used;
 
+	public function __construct($params)
+	{
+		parent::__construct($params);
+
+		$valid_dsns = array(
+					'tns'	=> '/^\(DESCRIPTION=(\(.+\)){2,}\)$/', // TNS
+					// Easy Connect string (Oracle 10g+)
+					'ec'	=> '/^(\/\/)?[a-z0-9.:_-]+(:[1-9][0-9]{0,4})?(\/[a-z0-9$_]+)?(:[^\/])?(\/[a-z0-9$_]+)?$/i',
+					'in'	=> '/^[a-z0-9$_]+$/i' // Instance name (defined in tnsnames.ora)
+				);
+
+		/* Space characters don't have any effect when actually
+		 * connecting, but can be a hassle while validating the DSN.
+		 */
+		$this->dsn = str_replace(array("\n", "\r", "\t", ' '), '', $this->dsn);
+
+		if ($this->dsn !== '')
+		{
+			foreach ($valid_dsns as $regexp)
+			{
+				if (preg_match($regexp, $this->dsn))
+				{
+					return;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Legacy support for TNS in the hostname configuration field
+		$this->hostname = str_replace(array("\n", "\r", "\t", ' '), '', $this->hostname);
+		if (preg_match($valid_dsns['tns'], $this->hostname))
+		{
+			$this->dsn = $this->hostname;
+			return;
+		}
+		elseif ($this->hostname !== '' && strpos($this->hostname, '/') === FALSE && strpos($this->hostname, ':') === FALSE
+			&& (( ! empty($this->port) && ctype_digit($this->port)) OR $this->database !== ''))
+		{
+			/* If the hostname field isn't empty, doesn't contain
+			 * ':' and/or '/' and if port and/or database aren't
+			 * empty, then the hostname field is most likely indeed
+			 * just a hostname. Therefore we'll try and build an
+			 * Easy Connect string from these 3 settings, assuming
+			 * that the database field is a service name.
+			 */
+			$this->dsn = $this->hostname
+					.(( ! empty($this->port) && ctype_digit($this->port)) ? ':'.$this->port : '')
+					.($this->database !== '' ? '/'.ltrim($this->database, '/') : '');
+
+			if (preg_match($valid_dsns['ec'], $this->dsn))
+			{
+				return;
+			}
+		}
+
+		/* At this point, we can only try and validate the hostname and
+		 * database fields separately as DSNs.
+		 */
+		if (preg_match($valid_dsns['ec'], $this->hostname) OR preg_match($valid_dsns['in'], $this->hostname))
+		{
+			$this->dsn = $this->hostname;
+			return;
+		}
+
+		$this->database = str_replace(array("\n", "\r", "\t", ' '), '', $this->database);
+		foreach ($valid_dsns as $regexp)
+		{
+			if (preg_match($regexp, $this->database))
+			{
+				return;
+			}
+		}
+
+		/* Well - OK, an empty string should work as well.
+		 * PHP will try to use environment variables to
+		 * determine which Oracle instance to connect to.
+		 */
+		$this->dsn = '';
+	}
+
 	/**
 	 * Non-persistent database connection
 	 *
@@ -85,7 +163,9 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	public function db_connect()
 	{
-		return @oci_connect($this->username, $this->password, $this->hostname, $this->char_set);
+		return ( ! empty($this->char_set))
+			? @oci_connect($this->username, $this->password, $this->dsn, $this->char_set)
+			: @oci_connect($this->username, $this->password, $this->dsn);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -97,20 +177,9 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	public function db_pconnect()
 	{
-		return @oci_pconnect($this->username, $this->password, $this->hostname, $this->char_set);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Select the database
-	 *
-	 * @return	resource
-	 */
-	public function db_select()
-	{
-		// Not in Oracle - schemas are actually usernames
-		return TRUE;
+		return ( ! empty($this->char_set))
+			? @oci_pconnect($this->username, $this->password, $this->dsn, $this->char_set)
+			: @oci_pconnect($this->username, $this->password, $this->dsn);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -137,12 +206,13 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	protected function _execute($sql)
 	{
-		// oracle must parse the query before it is run. All of the actions with
-		// the query are based on the statement id returned by ociparse
+		/* Oracle must parse the query before it is run. All of the actions with
+		 * the query are based on the statement id returned by oci_parse().
+		 */
 		$this->stmt_id = FALSE;
 		$this->_set_stmt_id($sql);
 		oci_set_prefetch($this->stmt_id, 1000);
-		return @oci_execute($this->stmt_id, $this->_commit);
+		return @oci_execute($this->stmt_id, $this->commit_mode);
 	}
 
 	/**
@@ -168,8 +238,7 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	public function get_cursor()
 	{
-		$this->curs_id = oci_new_cursor($this->conn_id);
-		return $this->curs_id;
+		return $this->curs_id = oci_new_cursor($this->conn_id);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -177,19 +246,19 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Stored Procedure.  Executes a stored procedure
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	package stored procedure is in
-	 * @param	string	stored procedure to execute
+	 * @param	string	package name in which the stored procedure is in
+	 * @param	string	stored procedure name to execute
 	 * @param	array	parameters
-	 * @return	object
+	 * @return	mixed
 	 *
 	 * params array keys
 	 *
 	 * KEY	  OPTIONAL	NOTES
-	 * name		no		the name of the parameter should be in :<param_name> format
-	 * value	no		the value of the parameter.  If this is an OUT or IN OUT parameter,
-	 *					this should be a reference to a variable
-	 * type		yes		the type of the parameter
-	 * length	yes		the max size of the parameter
+	 * name		no	the name of the parameter should be in :<param_name> format
+	 * value	no	the value of the parameter.  If this is an OUT or IN OUT parameter,
+	 *				this should be a reference to a variable
+	 * type		yes	the type of the parameter
+	 * length	yes	the max size of the parameter
 	 */
 	public function stored_procedure($package, $procedure, $params)
 	{
@@ -204,24 +273,24 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_driver extends CI_DB {
 		}
 
 		// build the query string
-		$sql = "begin $package.$procedure(";
+		$sql = 'BEGIN '.$package.'.'.$procedure.'(';
 
 		$have_cursor = FALSE;
 		foreach ($params as $param)
 		{
-			$sql .= $param['name'] . ",";
+			$sql .= $param['name'].',';
 
-			if (array_key_exists('type', $param) && ($param['type'] === OCI_B_CURSOR))
+			if (isset($param['type']) && $param['type'] === OCI_B_CURSOR)
 			{
 				$have_cursor = TRUE;
 			}
 		}
-		$sql = trim($sql, ",") . "); end;";
+		$sql = trim($sql, ',') . '); END;';
 
 		$this->stmt_id = FALSE;
 		$this->_set_stmt_id($sql);
 		$this->_bind_params($params);
-		$this->query($sql, FALSE, $have_cursor);
+		return $this->query($sql, FALSE, $have_cursor);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -277,7 +346,7 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_driver extends CI_DB {
 		// even if the queries produce a successful result.
 		$this->_trans_failure = ($test_mode === TRUE) ? TRUE : FALSE;
 
-		$this->_commit = OCI_DEFAULT;
+		$this->commit_mode = (is_php('5.3.2')) ? OCI_NO_AUTO_COMMIT : OCI_DEFAULT;
 		return TRUE;
 	}
 
@@ -301,9 +370,8 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_driver extends CI_DB {
 			return TRUE;
 		}
 
-		$ret = oci_commit($this->conn_id);
-		$this->_commit = OCI_COMMIT_ON_SUCCESS;
-		return $ret;
+		$this->commit_mode = OCI_COMMIT_ON_SUCCESS;
+		return oci_commit($this->conn_id);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -315,20 +383,14 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	public function trans_rollback()
 	{
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
 		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ($this->_trans_depth > 0)
+		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled OR $this->_trans_depth > 0)
 		{
 			return TRUE;
 		}
 
-		$ret = oci_rollback($this->conn_id);
-		$this->_commit = OCI_COMMIT_ON_SUCCESS;
-		return $ret;
+		$this->commit_mode = OCI_COMMIT_ON_SUCCESS;
+		return oci_rollback($this->conn_id);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -399,7 +461,7 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 * the specified database
 	 *
 	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @return	int
 	 */
 	public function count_all($table = '')
 	{
@@ -431,11 +493,11 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	protected function _list_tables($prefix_limit = FALSE)
 	{
-		$sql = "SELECT TABLE_NAME FROM ALL_TABLES";
+		$sql = 'SELECT TABLE_NAME FROM ALL_TABLES';
 
-		if ($prefix_limit !== FALSE AND $this->dbprefix != '')
+		if ($prefix_limit !== FALSE && $this->dbprefix != '')
 		{
-			$sql .= " WHERE TABLE_NAME LIKE '".$this->escape_like_str($this->dbprefix)."%' ".sprintf($this->_like_escape_str, $this->_like_escape_chr);
+			return $sql." WHERE TABLE_NAME LIKE '".$this->escape_like_str($this->dbprefix)."%' ".sprintf($this->_like_escape_str, $this->_like_escape_chr);
 		}
 
 		return $sql;
@@ -453,7 +515,7 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	protected function _list_columns($table = '')
 	{
-		return "SELECT COLUMN_NAME FROM all_tab_columns WHERE table_name = '$table'";
+		return 'SELECT COLUMN_NAME FROM all_tab_columns WHERE table_name = \''.$table.'\'';
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -468,7 +530,7 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	protected function _field_data($table)
 	{
-		return "SELECT * FROM ".$table." where rownum = 1";
+		return 'SELECT * FROM '.$table.' WHERE rownum = 1';
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -505,47 +567,6 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Escape the SQL Identifiers
-	 *
-	 * This function escapes column and table names
-	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	public function _escape_identifiers($item)
-	{
-		if ($this->_escape_char == '')
-		{
-			return $item;
-		}
-
-		foreach ($this->_reserved_identifiers as $id)
-		{
-			if (strpos($item, '.'.$id) !== FALSE)
-			{
-				$str = $this->_escape_char. str_replace('.', $this->_escape_char.'.', $item);
-
-				// remove duplicates if the user already included the escape
-				return preg_replace('/['.$this->_escape_char.']+/', $this->_escape_char, $str);
-			}
-		}
-
-		if (strpos($item, '.') !== FALSE)
-		{
-			$str = $this->_escape_char.str_replace('.', $this->_escape_char.'.'.$this->_escape_char, $item).$this->_escape_char;
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			$str = $this->_escape_char.$item.$this->_escape_char;
-		}
-
-		// remove duplicates if the user already included the escape
-		return preg_replace('/['.$this->_escape_char.']+/', $this->_escape_char, $str);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
 	 * From Tables
 	 *
 	 * This function implicitly groups FROM tables so there is no confusion
@@ -556,29 +577,7 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	protected function _from_tables($tables)
 	{
-		if ( ! is_array($tables))
-		{
-			$tables = array($tables);
-		}
-
-		return implode(', ', $tables);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Insert statement
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific insert string from the supplied data
-	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the insert keys
-	 * @param	array	the insert values
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	protected function _insert($table, $keys, $values)
-	{
-		return "INSERT INTO ".$table." (".implode(', ', $keys).") VALUES (".implode(', ', $values).")";
+		return is_array($tables) ? implode(', ', $tables) : $tables;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -600,46 +599,10 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_driver extends CI_DB {
 
 		for ($i = 0, $c = count($values); $i < $c; $i++)
 		{
-			$sql .= '	INTO ' . $table . ' (' . $keys . ') VALUES ' . $values[$i] . "\n";
+			$sql .= '	INTO '.$table.' ('.$keys.') VALUES '.$values[$i]."\n";
 		}
 
-		$sql .= 'SELECT * FROM dual';
-
-		return $sql;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Update statement
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific update string from the supplied data
-	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the update data
-	 * @param	array	the where clause
-	 * @param	array	the orderby clause
-	 * @param	array	the limit clause
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	protected function _update($table, $values, $where, $orderby = array(), $limit = FALSE)
-	{
-		foreach ($values as $key => $val)
-		{
-			$valstr[] = $key." = ".$val;
-		}
-
-		$limit = ( ! $limit) ? '' : ' LIMIT '.$limit;
-
-		$orderby = (count($orderby) >= 1)?' ORDER BY '.implode(", ", $orderby):'';
-
-		$sql = "UPDATE ".$table." SET ".implode(', ', $valstr);
-
-		$sql .= ($where != '' AND count($where) >=1) ? " WHERE ".implode(" ", $where) : '';
-
-		$sql .= $orderby.$limit;
-
-		return $sql;
+		return $sql.'SELECT * FROM dual';
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -648,15 +611,16 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 * Truncate statement
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific truncate string from the supplied data
-	 * If the database does not support the truncate() command
-	 * This function maps to "DELETE FROM table"
+	 *
+	 * If the database does not support the truncate() command,
+	 * then this method maps to 'DELETE FROM table'
 	 *
 	 * @param	string	the table name
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _truncate($table)
 	{
-		return "TRUNCATE TABLE ".$table;
+		return 'TRUNCATE TABLE '.$table;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -674,22 +638,18 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_driver extends CI_DB {
 	protected function _delete($table, $where = array(), $like = array(), $limit = FALSE)
 	{
 		$conditions = '';
-
 		if (count($where) > 0 OR count($like) > 0)
 		{
-			$conditions = "\nWHERE ";
-			$conditions .= implode("\n", $this->ar_where);
+			$conditions = "\nWHERE ".implode("\n", $this->ar_where);
 
 			if (count($where) > 0 && count($like) > 0)
 			{
-				$conditions .= " AND ";
+				$conditions .= ' AND ';
 			}
 			$conditions .= implode("\n", $like);
 		}
 
-		$limit = ( ! $limit) ? '' : ' LIMIT '.$limit;
-
-		return "DELETE FROM ".$table.$conditions.$limit;
+		return 'DELETE FROM '.$table.$conditions.( ! $limit ? '' : ' LIMIT '.$limit);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -706,18 +666,9 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	protected function _limit($sql, $limit, $offset)
 	{
-		$limit = $offset + $limit;
-		$newsql = "SELECT * FROM (select inner_query.*, rownum rnum FROM ($sql) inner_query WHERE rownum < $limit)";
-
-		if ($offset != 0)
-		{
-			$newsql .= " WHERE rnum >= $offset";
-		}
-
-		// remember that we used limits
 		$this->limit_used = TRUE;
-
-		return $newsql;
+		return 'SELECT * FROM (SELECT inner_query.*, rownum rnum FROM ('.$sql.') inner_query WHERE rownum < '.($offset + $limit).')'
+			.($offset != 0 ? ' WHERE rnum >= '.$offset : '');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_forge.php
index 8285a29d2..033e618e7 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_forge.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_forge.php
@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 	 */
 	public function _create_database($name)
 	{
+		// Not supported - schemas in Oracle are actual usernames
 		return FALSE;
 	}
 
@@ -55,6 +56,7 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 	 */
 	public function _drop_database($name)
 	{
+		// Not supported - schemas in Oracle are actual usernames
 		return FALSE;
 	}
 
@@ -68,7 +70,7 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 	 * @param	mixed	primary key(s)
 	 * @param	mixed	key(s)
 	 * @param	bool	should 'IF NOT EXISTS' be added to the SQL
-	 * @return	bool
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	public function _create_table($table, $fields, $primary_keys, $keys, $if_not_exists)
 	{
@@ -79,7 +81,7 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 			$sql .= 'IF NOT EXISTS ';
 		}
 
-		$sql .= $this->db->_escape_identifiers($table).' (';
+		$sql .= $this->db->escape_identifiers($table).' (';
 		$current_field_count = 0;
 
 		foreach ($fields as $field => $attributes)
@@ -128,7 +130,7 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 					$key = array($this->db->protect_identifiers($key));
 				}
 
-				$sql .= ",\n\tUNIQUE COLUMNS (".implode(', ', $key).")";
+				$sql .= ",\n\tUNIQUE COLUMNS (".implode(', ', $key).')';
 			}
 		}
 
@@ -140,11 +142,11 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 	/**
 	 * Drop Table
 	 *
-	 * @return	bool
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	public function _drop_table($table)
 	{
-		return FALSE;
+		return 'DROP TABLE '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -169,33 +171,15 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table).' '.$alter_type.' '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($column_name);
 
 		// DROP has everything it needs now.
-		if ($alter_type == 'DROP')
+		if ($alter_type === 'DROP')
 		{
 			return $sql;
 		}
 
-		$sql .= " $column_definition";
-
-		if ($default_value != '')
-		{
-			$sql .= " DEFAULT \"$default_value\"";
-		}
-
-		if ($null === NULL)
-		{
-			$sql .= ' NULL';
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			$sql .= ' NOT NULL';
-		}
-
-		if ($after_field != '')
-		{
-			return $sql.' AFTER '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($after_field);
-		}
-
-		return $sql;
+		return $sql.' '.$column_definition
+			.($default_value != '' ? ' DEFAULT "'.$default_value.'"' : '')
+			.($null === NULL ? ' NULL' : ' NOT NULL')
+			.($after_field != '' ? ' AFTER '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($after_field) : '');
 
 	}
 
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_result.php b/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_result.php
index c3f775730..aad24cfd9 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_result.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_result.php
@@ -39,6 +39,12 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	public $stmt_id;
 	public $curs_id;
 	public $limit_used;
+	public $commit_mode;
+
+	/* Overwriting the parent here, so we have a way to know if it's
+	 * already called or not:
+	 */
+	public $num_rows;
 
 	public function __construct(&$driver_object)
 	{
@@ -46,28 +52,32 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_result extends CI_DB_result {
 		$this->stmt_id = $driver_object->stmt_id;
 		$this->curs_id = $driver_object->curs_id;
 		$this->limit_used = $driver_object->limit_used;
+		$this->commit_mode =& $driver_object->commit_mode;
 		$driver_object->stmt_id = FALSE;
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Number of rows in the result set.
 	 *
-	 * Oracle doesn't have a graceful way to retun the number of rows
+	 * Oracle doesn't have a graceful way to return the number of rows
 	 * so we have to use what amounts to a hack.
 	 *
 	 * @return	int
 	 */
 	public function num_rows()
 	{
-		if ($this->num_rows === 0 && count($this->result_array()) > 0)
+		if ( ! is_int($this->num_rows))
 		{
-			$this->num_rows = count($this->result_array());
-			@oci_execute($this->stmt_id, OCI_DEFAULT);
-
-			if ($this->curs_id)
+			if (count($this->result_array) > 0)
+			{
+				return $this->num_rows = count($this->result_array);
+			}
+			elseif (count($this->result_object) > 0)
 			{
-				@oci_execute($this->curs_id, OCI_DEFAULT);
+				return $this->num_rows = count($this->result_object);
 			}
+
+			return $this->num_rows = count($this->result_array());
 		}
 
 		return $this->num_rows;
@@ -85,12 +95,7 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_result extends CI_DB_result {
 		$count = @oci_num_fields($this->stmt_id);
 
 		// if we used a limit we subtract it
-		if ($this->limit_used)
-		{
-			$count = $count - 1;
-		}
-
-		return $count;
+		return ($this->limit_used) ? $count - 1 : $count;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -126,10 +131,10 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_result extends CI_DB_result {
 		$retval = array();
 		for ($c = 1, $fieldCount = $this->num_fields(); $c <= $fieldCount; $c++)
 		{
-			$F			= new stdClass();
-			$F->name		= oci_field_name($this->stmt_id, $c);
-			$F->type		= oci_field_type($this->stmt_id, $c);
-			$F->max_length		= oci_field_size($this->stmt_id, $c);
+			$F		= new stdClass();
+			$F->name	= oci_field_name($this->stmt_id, $c);
+			$F->type	= oci_field_type($this->stmt_id, $c);
+			$F->max_length	= oci_field_size($this->stmt_id, $c);
 
 			$retval[] = $F;
 		}
@@ -151,6 +156,17 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_result extends CI_DB_result {
 			oci_free_statement($this->result_id);
 			$this->result_id = FALSE;
 		}
+
+		if (is_resource($this->stmt_id))
+		{
+			oci_free_statement($this->stmt_id);
+		}
+
+		if (is_resource($this->curs_id))
+		{
+			oci_cancel($this->curs_id);
+			$this->curs_id = NULL;
+		}
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -180,13 +196,13 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	protected function _fetch_object()
 	{
 		$id = ($this->curs_id) ? $this->curs_id : $this->stmt_id;
-		return @oci_fetch_object($id);
+		return oci_fetch_object($id);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Query result.  "array" version.
+	 * Query result. Array version.
 	 *
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
@@ -196,14 +212,433 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_result extends CI_DB_result {
 		{
 			return $this->result_array;
 		}
+		elseif (count($this->result_object) > 0)
+		{
+			for ($i = 0, $c = count($this->result_object); $i < $c; $i++)
+			{
+				$this->result_array[$i] = (array) $this->result_object[$i];
+			}
+
+			return $this->result_array;
+		}
+		elseif (is_array($this->row_data))
+		{
+			if (count($this->row_data) === 0)
+			{
+				return $this->result_array;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				$row_index = count($this->row_data);
+			}
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			$row_index = 0;
+			$this->row_data = array();
+		}
 
 		$row = NULL;
 		while ($row = $this->_fetch_assoc())
 		{
-			$this->result_array[] = $row;
+			$this->row_data[$row_index++] = $row;
+		}
+
+		// Un-comment the following line, in case it becomes needed
+		// $this->_data_seek();
+		return $this->result_array = $this->row_data;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Query result. "object" version.
+	 *
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	public function result_object()
+	{
+		if (count($this->result_object) > 0)
+		{
+			return $this->result_object;
+		}
+		elseif (count($this->result_array) > 0)
+		{
+			for ($i = 0, $c = count($this->result_array); $i < $c; $i++)
+			{
+				$this->result_object[] = (object) $this->result_array[$i];
+			}
+
+			return $this->result_object;
+		}
+		elseif (is_array($this->row_data))
+		{
+			if (count($this->row_data) === 0)
+			{
+				return $this->result_object;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				$row_index = count($this->row_data);
+				for ($i = 0; $i < $row_index; $i++)
+				{
+					$this->result_object[$i] = (object) $this->row_data[$i];
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			$row_index = 0;
+			$this->row_data = array();
+		}
+
+		$row = NULL;
+		while ($row = $this->_fetch_object())
+		{
+			$this->row_data[$row_index] = (array) $row;
+			$this->result_object[$row_index++] = $row;
+		}
+
+		// Un-comment the following line, in case it becomes needed
+		// $this->_data_seek();
+		return $this->result_object;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Query result. Custom object version.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	class name used to instantiate rows to
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	public function custom_result_object($class_name)
+	{
+		if (isset($this->custom_result_object[$class_name]))
+		{
+			return $this->custom_result_object[$class_name];
+		}
+
+		if ( ! class_exists($class_name) OR $this->result_id === FALSE OR $this->num_rows() === 0)
+		{
+			return array();
+		}
+
+		/* Even if we didn't have result_array or result_object
+		 * set prior to custom_result_object() being called,
+		 * num_rows() has already done so.
+		 * Pass by reference, as we don't know how
+		 * large it might be and we don't want 1000 row
+		 * sets being copied.
+		 */
+		if (count($this->result_array) > 0)
+		{
+			$data = &$this->result_array;
+		}
+		elseif (count($this->result_object) > 0)
+		{
+			$data = &$this->result_object;
+		}
+
+		$this->custom_result_object[$class_name] = array();
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($data); $i < $c; $i++)
+		{
+			$this->custom_result_object[$class_name][$i] = new $class_name();
+			foreach ($data[$i] as $key => $value)
+			{
+				$this->custom_result_object[$class_name][$i]->$key = $value;
+			}
+		}
+
+		return $this->custom_result_object[$class_name];
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/* Single row result.
+	 *
+	 * Acts as a wrapper for row_object(), row_array()
+	 * and custom_row_object(). Also used by first_row(), next_row()
+	 * and previous_row().
+	 *
+	 * @param	int	row index
+	 * @param	string	('object', 'array' or a custom class name)
+	 * @return	mixed	whatever was passed to the second parameter
+	 */
+	public function row($n = 0, $type = 'object')
+	{
+		if ($type === 'object')
+		{
+			return $this->row_object($n);
+		}
+		elseif ($type === 'array')
+		{
+			return $this->row_array($n);
+		}
+
+		return $this->custom_row_object($n, $type);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/* Single row result. Array version.
+	 *
+	 * @param	int	row index
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	public function row_array($n = 0)
+	{
+		// Make sure $n is not a string
+		if ( ! is_int($n))
+		{
+			$n = (int) $n;
+		}
+
+		/* If row_data is initialized, it means that we've already tried
+		 * (at least) to fetch some data, so ... check if we already have
+		 * this row.
+		*/
+		if (is_array($this->row_data))
+		{
+			/* If we already have row_data[$n] - return it.
+			 *
+			 * If we enter the elseif, there's a number of reasons to
+			 * return an empty array:
+			 *
+			 *	- count($this->row_data) === 0 means there are no results
+			 *	- num_rows being set, result_array and/or result_object
+			 *	  having count() > 0 means that we've already fetched all
+			 *	  data and $n is greater than our highest row index available
+			 *	- $n < $this->current_row means that if such row existed,
+			 *	  we would've already returned it, therefore $n is an
+			 *	  invalid index
+			 */
+			if (isset($this->row_data[$n])) // We already have this row
+			{
+				$this->current_row = $n;
+				return $this->row_data[$n];
+			}
+			elseif (count($this->row_data) === 0 OR is_int($this->num_rows)
+				OR count($this->result_array) > 0 OR count($this->result_object) > 0
+				OR $n < $this->current_row)
+			{
+				// No such row exists
+				return array();
+			}
+
+			// Get the next row index that would actually need to be fetched
+			$current_row = ($this->current_row < count($this->row_data)) ? count($this->row_data) : $this->current_row + 1;
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			$current_row = $this->current_row = 0;
+			$this->row_data = array();
+		}
+
+		/* Fetch more data, if available
+		 *
+		 * NOTE: Operator precedence is important here, if you change
+		 *	 'AND' with '&&' - it WILL BREAK the results, as
+		 *	 $row will be assigned the scalar value of both
+		 *	 expressions!
+		 */
+		while ($row = $this->_fetch_assoc() AND $current_row <= $n)
+		{
+			$this->row_data[$current_row++] = $row;
 		}
 
-		return $this->result_array;
+		// This would mean that there's no (more) data to fetch
+		if ( ! is_array($this->row_data) OR ! isset($this->row_data[$n]))
+		{
+			// Cache what we already have
+			if (is_array($this->row_data))
+			{
+				$this->num_rows = count($this->row_data);
+				/* Usually, row_data could have less elements than result_array,
+				 * but at this point - they should be exactly the same.
+				 */
+				$this->result_array = $this->row_data;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				$this->num_rows = 0;
+			}
+
+			return array();
+		}
+
+		$this->current_row = $n;
+		return $this->row_data[$n];
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/* Single row result. Object version.
+	 *
+	 * @param	int	row index
+	 * @return	mixed	object if row found; empty array if not
+	 */
+	public function row_object($n = 0)
+	{
+		// Make sure $n is not a string
+		if ( ! is_int($n))
+		{
+			$n = (int) $n;
+		}
+		/* Logic here is exactly the same as in row_array,
+		 * except we have to cast row_data[$n] to an object.
+		 *
+		 * If we already have result_object though - we can
+		 * directly return from it.
+		 */
+		if (isset($this->result_object[$n]))
+		{
+			$this->current_row = $n;
+			// Set this, if not already done.
+			if ( ! is_int($this->num_rows))
+			{
+				$this->num_rows = count($this->result_object);
+			}
+
+			return $this->result_object[$n];
+		}
+
+		$row = $this->row_array($n);
+		// Cast only if the row exists
+		if (count($row) > 0)
+		{
+			$this->current_row = $n;
+			return (object) $row;
+		}
+
+		return array();
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/* Single row result. Custom object version.
+	 *
+	 * @param	int	row index
+	 * @param	string	custom class name
+	 * @return	mixed	custom object if row found; empty array otherwise
+	 */
+	public function custom_row_object($n = 0, $class_name)
+	{
+		// Make sure $n is not a string
+		if ( ! is_int($n))
+		{
+			$n = (int) $n;
+		}
+
+		if (array_key_exists($class_name, $this->custom_result_object))
+		{
+			/* We already have a the whole result set with this class_name,
+			 * return the specified row if it exists, and an empty array if
+			 * it doesn't.
+			 */
+			if (isset($this->custom_result_object[$class_name][$n]))
+			{
+				$this->current_row = $n;
+				return $this->custom_result_object[$class_name][$n];
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				return array();
+			}
+		}
+		elseif ( ! class_exists($class_name)) // No such class exists
+		{
+			return array();
+		}
+
+		$row = $this->row_array($n);
+		// An array would mean that the row doesn't exist
+		if (is_array($row))
+		{
+			return $row;
+		}
+
+		// Convert to the desired class and return
+		$row_object = new $class_name();
+		foreach ($row as $key => $value)
+		{
+			$row_object->$key = $value;
+		}
+
+		$this->current_row = $n;
+		return $row_object;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/* First row result.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	('object', 'array' or a custom class name)
+	 * @return	mixed	whatever was passed to the second parameter
+	 */
+	public function first_row($type = 'object')
+	{
+		return $this->row(0, $type);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/* Last row result.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	('object', 'array' or a custom class name)
+	 * @return	mixed	whatever was passed to the second parameter
+	 */
+	public function last_row($type = 'object')
+	{
+		$result = &$this->result($type);
+		if ( ! isset($this->num_rows))
+		{
+			$this->num_rows = count($result);
+		}
+		$this->current_row = $this->num_rows - 1;
+		return $result[$this->current_row];
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/* Next row result.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	('object', 'array' or a custom class name)
+	 * @return	mixed	whatever was passed to the second parameter
+	 */
+	public function next_row($type = 'object')
+	{
+		if (is_array($this->row_data))
+		{
+			$count = count($this->row_data);
+			if ($this->current_row > $count OR ($this->current_row === 0 && $count === 0))
+			{
+				$n = $count;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				$n = $this->current_row + 1;
+			}
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			$n = 0;
+		}
+
+		return $this->row($n, $type);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/* Previous row result.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	('object', 'array' or a custom class name)
+	 * @return	mixed	whatever was passed to the second parameter
+	 */
+	public function previous_row($type = 'object')
+	{
+		$n = ($this->current_row !== 0) ? $this->current_row - 1 : 0;
+		return $this->row($n, $type);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -213,13 +648,54 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 *
 	 * Moves the internal pointer to the desired offset. We call
 	 * this internally before fetching results to make sure the
-	 * result set starts at zero
+	 * result set starts at zero.
 	 *
-	 * @return	array
+	 * Oracle's PHP extension doesn't have an easy way of doing this
+	 * and the only workaround is to (re)execute the statement or cursor
+	 * in order to go to the first (zero) index of the result set.
+	 * Then, we would need to "dummy" fetch ($n - 1) rows to get to the
+	 * right one.
+	 *
+	 * This is as ridiculous as it sounds and it's the reason why every
+	 * other method that is fetching data tries to use an already "cached"
+	 * result set. Keeping this just in case it becomes needed at
+	 * some point in the future, but it will only work for resetting the
+	 * pointer to zero.
+	 *
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	protected function _data_seek($n = 0)
+	protected function _data_seek()
 	{
-		return FALSE; // Not needed
+		/* The PHP manual says that if OCI_NO_AUTO_COMMIT mode
+		 * is used, and oci_rollback() and/or oci_commit() are
+		 * not subsequently called - this will cause an unnecessary
+		 * rollback to be triggered at the end of the script execution.
+		 *
+		 * Therefore we'll try to avoid using that mode flag
+		 * if we're not currently in the middle of a transaction.
+		 */
+		if ($this->commit_mode !== OCI_COMMIT_ON_SUCCESS)
+		{
+			$result = @oci_execute($this->stmt_id, $this->commit_mode);
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			$result = @oci_execute($this->stmt_id);
+		}
+
+		if ($result && $this->curs_id)
+		{
+			if ($this->commit_mode !== OCI_COMMIT_ON_SUCCESS)
+			{
+				return @oci_execute($this->curs_id, $this->commit_mode);
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				return @oci_execute($this->curs_id);
+			}
+		}
+
+		return $result;
 	}
 
 }
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_utility.php b/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_utility.php
index e303fb6cb..efb4bca02 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_utility.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_utility.php
@@ -37,11 +37,14 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 	/**
 	 * List databases
 	 *
-	 * @return	bool
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that we get a list of schemas
+	 * Those are actually usernames in Oracle.
+	 *
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	public function _list_databases()
 	{
-		return FALSE;
+		return 'SELECT username FROM dba_users';
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -56,7 +59,7 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 	 */
 	public function _optimize_table($table)
 	{
-		return FALSE; // Is this supported in Oracle?
+		return FALSE; // Not supported in Oracle
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -71,7 +74,7 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 	 */
 	public function _repair_table($table)
 	{
-		return FALSE; // Is this supported in Oracle?
+		return FALSE; // Not supported in Oracle
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_driver.php
index 901787ff3..d1a5f774b 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_driver.php
@@ -57,12 +57,17 @@ class CI_DB_odbc_driver extends CI_DB {
 	protected $_count_string = 'SELECT COUNT(*) AS ';
 	protected $_random_keyword;
 
-
 	public function __construct($params)
 	{
 		parent::__construct($params);
 
 		$this->_random_keyword = ' RND('.time().')'; // database specific random keyword
+
+		// Legacy support for DSN in the hostname field
+		if ($this->dsn == '')
+		{
+			$this->dsn = $this->hostname;
+		}
 	}
 
 	/**
@@ -72,7 +77,7 @@ class CI_DB_odbc_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	public function db_connect()
 	{
-		return @odbc_connect($this->hostname, $this->username, $this->password);
+		return @odbc_connect($this->dsn, $this->username, $this->password);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -84,20 +89,7 @@ class CI_DB_odbc_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	public function db_pconnect()
 	{
-		return @odbc_pconnect($this->hostname, $this->username, $this->password);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Select the database
-	 *
-	 * @return	resource
-	 */
-	public function db_select()
-	{
-		// Not needed for ODBC
-		return TRUE;
+		return @odbc_pconnect($this->dsn, $this->username, $this->password);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -351,47 +343,6 @@ class CI_DB_odbc_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Escape the SQL Identifiers
-	 *
-	 * This function escapes column and table names
-	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	public function _escape_identifiers($item)
-	{
-		if ($this->_escape_char == '')
-		{
-			return $item;
-		}
-
-		foreach ($this->_reserved_identifiers as $id)
-		{
-			if (strpos($item, '.'.$id) !== FALSE)
-			{
-				$str = $this->_escape_char. str_replace('.', $this->_escape_char.'.', $item);
-
-				// remove duplicates if the user already included the escape
-				return preg_replace('/['.$this->_escape_char.']+/', $this->_escape_char, $str);
-			}
-		}
-
-		if (strpos($item, '.') !== FALSE)
-		{
-			$str = $this->_escape_char.str_replace('.', $this->_escape_char.'.'.$this->_escape_char, $item).$this->_escape_char;
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			$str = $this->_escape_char.$item.$this->_escape_char;
-		}
-
-		// remove duplicates if the user already included the escape
-		return preg_replace('/['.$this->_escape_char.']+/', $this->_escape_char, $str);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
 	 * From Tables
 	 *
 	 * This function implicitly groups FROM tables so there is no confusion
@@ -413,70 +364,19 @@ class CI_DB_odbc_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Insert statement
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific insert string from the supplied data
-	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the insert keys
-	 * @param	array	the insert values
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	protected function _insert($table, $keys, $values)
-	{
-		return "INSERT INTO ".$table." (".implode(', ', $keys).") VALUES (".implode(', ', $values).")";
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Update statement
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific update string from the supplied data
-	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the update data
-	 * @param	array	the where clause
-	 * @param	array	the orderby clause
-	 * @param	array	the limit clause
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	protected function _update($table, $values, $where, $orderby = array(), $limit = FALSE)
-	{
-		foreach ($values as $key => $val)
-		{
-			$valstr[] = $key." = ".$val;
-		}
-
-		$limit = ( ! $limit) ? '' : ' LIMIT '.$limit;
-
-		$orderby = (count($orderby) >= 1)?' ORDER BY '.implode(", ", $orderby):'';
-
-		$sql = "UPDATE ".$table." SET ".implode(', ', $valstr);
-
-		$sql .= ($where != '' AND count($where) >=1) ? " WHERE ".implode(" ", $where) : '';
-
-		$sql .= $orderby.$limit;
-
-		return $sql;
-	}
-
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
 	 * Truncate statement
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific truncate string from the supplied data
-	 * If the database does not support the truncate() command
-	 * This function maps to "DELETE FROM table"
+	 *
+	 * If the database does not support the truncate() command,
+	 * then this method maps to 'DELETE FROM table'
 	 *
 	 * @param	string	the table name
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _truncate($table)
 	{
-		return $this->_delete($table);
+		return 'DELETE FROM '.$table;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_forge.php
index 486a8dd7f..afdd6dec2 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_forge.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_forge.php
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ class CI_DB_odbc_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 			$sql .= 'IF NOT EXISTS ';
 		}
 
-		$sql .= $this->db->_escape_identifiers($table)." (";
+		$sql .= $this->db->escape_identifiers($table).' (';
 		$current_field_count = 0;
 
 		foreach ($fields as $field => $attributes)
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_driver.php
index 19338e30f..919bb9c00 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_driver.php
@@ -46,8 +46,8 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 	protected $_escape_char = '';
 
 	// clause and character used for LIKE escape sequences
-	protected $_like_escape_str;
-	protected $_like_escape_chr;
+	protected $_like_escape_str = " ESCAPE '%s' ";
+	protected $_like_escape_chr = '!';
 
 	/**
 	 * The syntax to count rows is slightly different across different
@@ -81,18 +81,17 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 		// this one depends on the driver being used
 		if ($this->pdodriver == 'mysql')
 		{
+			$this->_escape_char = '`';
 			$this->_like_escape_str = '';
 			$this->_like_escape_chr = '';
 		}
 		elseif ($this->pdodriver == 'odbc')
 		{
 			$this->_like_escape_str = " {escape '%s'} ";
-			$this->_like_escape_chr = '!';
 		}
-		else
+		elseif ( ! in_array($this->pdodriver, array('sqlsrv', 'mssql', 'dblib', 'sybase')))
 		{
-			$this->_like_escape_str = " ESCAPE '%s' ";
-			$this->_like_escape_chr = '!';
+			$this->_escape_char = '"';
 		}
 
 		$this->trans_enabled = FALSE;
@@ -247,19 +246,6 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Select the database
-	 *
-	 * @return	resource
-	 */
-	public function db_select()
-	{
-		// Not needed for PDO
-		return TRUE;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
 	 * Database version number
 	 *
 	 * @return	string
@@ -281,8 +267,6 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	protected function _execute($sql)
 	{
-		$sql = $this->_prep_query($sql);
-
 		$result_id = $this->conn_id->query($sql);
 
 		if (is_object($result_id))
@@ -300,32 +284,6 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Prep the query
-	 *
-	 * If needed, each database adapter can prep the query string
-	 *
-	 * @param	string	an SQL query
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	protected function _prep_query($sql)
-	{
-		if ($this->pdodriver === 'pgsql')
-		{
-			// Change the backtick(s) for Postgre
-			$sql = str_replace('`', '"', $sql);
-		}
-		elseif ($this->pdodriver === 'sqlite')
-		{
-			// Change the backtick(s) for SQLite
-			$sql = str_replace('`', '', $sql);
-		}
-
-		return $sql;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
 	 * Begin Transaction
 	 *
 	 * @return	bool
@@ -484,7 +442,7 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function count_all($table = '')
+	public function count_all($table = '')
 	{
 		if ($table == '')
 		{
@@ -529,7 +487,7 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 		}
 		else
 		{
-			$sql = "SHOW TABLES FROM `".$this->database."`";
+			$sql = 'SHOW TABLES FROM '.$this->escape_identifiers($this->database);
 		}
 
 		if ($prefix_limit !== FALSE AND $this->dbprefix != '')
@@ -552,7 +510,7 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	protected function _list_columns($table = '')
 	{
-		return 'SHOW COLUMNS FROM '.$this->_from_tables($table);
+		return 'SHOW COLUMNS FROM '.$this->escape_identifiers($table);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -570,20 +528,20 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 		if ($this->pdodriver == 'mysql' or $this->pdodriver == 'pgsql')
 		{
 			// Analog function for mysql and postgre
-			return 'SELECT * FROM '.$this->_from_tables($table).' LIMIT 1';
+			return 'SELECT * FROM '.$this->escape_identifiers($table).' LIMIT 1';
 		}
 		elseif ($this->pdodriver == 'oci')
 		{
 			// Analog function for oci
-			return 'SELECT * FROM '.$this->_from_tables($table).' WHERE ROWNUM <= 1';
+			return 'SELECT * FROM '.$this->escape_identifiers($table).' WHERE ROWNUM <= 1';
 		}
 		elseif ($this->pdodriver == 'sqlite')
 		{
 			// Analog function for sqlite
-			return 'PRAGMA table_info('.$this->_from_tables($table).')';
+			return 'PRAGMA table_info('.$this->escape_identifiers($table).')';
 		}
 
-		return 'SELECT TOP 1 FROM '.$this->_from_tables($table);
+		return 'SELECT TOP 1 FROM '.$this->escape_identifiers($table);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -618,48 +576,6 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Escape the SQL Identifiers
-	 *
-	 * This function escapes column and table names
-	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	public function _escape_identifiers($item)
-	{
-		if ($this->_escape_char == '')
-		{
-			return $item;
-		}
-
-		foreach ($this->_reserved_identifiers as $id)
-		{
-			if (strpos($item, '.'.$id) !== FALSE)
-			{
-				$str = $this->_escape_char. str_replace('.', $this->_escape_char.'.', $item);
-
-				// remove duplicates if the user already included the escape
-				return preg_replace('/['.$this->_escape_char.']+/', $this->_escape_char, $str);
-			}
-		}
-
-		if (strpos($item, '.') !== FALSE)
-		{
-			$str  = $this->_escape_char.str_replace('.', $this->_escape_char.'.'.$this->_escape_char, $item);
-			$str .= $this->_escape_char;
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			$str = $this->_escape_char.$item.$this->_escape_char;
-		}
-
-		// remove duplicates if the user already included the escape
-		return preg_replace('/['.$this->_escape_char.']+/', $this->_escape_char, $str);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
 	 * From Tables
 	 *
 	 * This function implicitly groups FROM tables so there is no confusion
@@ -675,72 +591,7 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 			$tables = array($tables);
 		}
 
-		return (count($tables) == 1) ? '`'.$tables[0].'`' : '('.implode(', ', $tables).')';
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Insert statement
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific insert string from the supplied data
-	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the insert keys
-	 * @param	array	the insert values
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	protected function _insert($table, $keys, $values)
-	{
-		return 'INSERT INTO '.$this->_from_tables($table).' ('.implode(', ', $keys).') VALUES ('.implode(', ', $values).')';
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Insert_batch statement
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific insert string from the supplied data
-	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the insert keys
-	 * @param	array	the insert values
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	protected function _insert_batch($table, $keys, $values)
-	{
-		return 'INSERT INTO '.$this->_from_tables($table).' ('.implode(', ', $keys).') VALUES '.implode(', ', $values);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Update statement
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific update string from the supplied data
-	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the update data
-	 * @param	array	the where clause
-	 * @param	array	the orderby clause
-	 * @param	array	the limit clause
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	protected function _update($table, $values, $where, $orderby = array(), $limit = FALSE)
-	{
-		foreach ($values as $key => $val)
-		{
-			$valstr[] = $key." = ".$val;
-		}
-
-		$limit   = ( ! $limit) ? '' : ' LIMIT '.$limit;
-		$orderby = (count($orderby) >= 1) ? ' ORDER BY '.implode(', ', $orderby) : '';
-
-		$sql  = 'UPDATE '.$this->_from_tables($table).' SET '.implode(', ', $valstr);
-		$sql .= ($where != '' && count($where) >= 1) ? ' WHERE '.implode(' ', $where) : '';
-		$sql .= $orderby.$limit;
-
-		return $sql;
+		return (count($tables) === 1) ? $tables[0] : '('.implode(', ', $tables).')';
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -773,7 +624,7 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 			}
 		}
 
-		$sql   = 'UPDATE '.$this->_from_tables($table).' SET ';
+		$sql   = 'UPDATE '.$table.' SET ';
 		$cases = '';
 
 		foreach ($final as $k => $v)
@@ -800,15 +651,16 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 * Truncate statement
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific truncate string from the supplied data
-	 * If the database does not support the truncate() command
-	 * This function maps to "DELETE FROM table"
+	 *
+	 * If the database does not support the truncate() command,
+	 * then this method maps to 'DELETE FROM table'
 	 *
 	 * @param	string	the table name
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _truncate($table)
 	{
-		return $this->_delete($table);
+		return 'DELETE FROM '.$table;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -842,7 +694,7 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 
 		$limit = ( ! $limit) ? '' : ' LIMIT '.$limit;
 
-		return 'DELETE FROM '.$this->_from_tables($table).$conditions.$limit;
+		return 'DELETE FROM '.$table.$conditions.$limit;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_forge.php
index 6bff3542f..9635e4c9a 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_forge.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_forge.php
@@ -91,10 +91,10 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 			$sql .= 'IF NOT EXISTS ';
 		}
 
-		$sql .= '`'.$this->db->_escape_identifiers($table).'` (';
+		$sql .= $this->db->escape_identifiers($table).' (';
 		$current_field_count = 0;
 
-		foreach ($fields as $field=>$attributes)
+		foreach ($fields as $field => $attributes)
 		{
 			// Numeric field names aren't allowed in databases, so if the key is
 			// numeric, we know it was assigned by PHP and the developer manually
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_driver.php
index 3bfccad05..1e96452b4 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_driver.php
@@ -57,29 +57,64 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_driver extends CI_DB {
 	protected $_random_keyword = ' RANDOM()'; // database specific random keyword
 
 	/**
-	 * Connection String
+	 * Constructor
 	 *
-	 * @return	string
+	 * Creates a DSN string to be used for db_connect() and db_pconnect()
+	 *
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	protected function _connect_string()
+	public function __construct($params)
 	{
-		$components = array(
-								'hostname'	=> 'host',
-								'port'		=> 'port',
-								'database'	=> 'dbname',
-								'username'	=> 'user',
-								'password'	=> 'password'
-							);
-
-		$connect_string = "";
-		foreach ($components as $key => $val)
+		parent::__construct($params);
+
+		if ( ! empty($this->dsn))
+		{
+			return;
+		}
+
+		$this->dsn === '' OR $this->dsn = '';
+
+		if (strpos($this->hostname, '/') !== FALSE)
+		{
+			// If UNIX sockets are used, we shouldn't set a port
+			$this->port = '';
+		}
+
+		$this->hostname === '' OR $this->dsn = 'host='.$this->hostname.' ';
+
+		if ( ! empty($this->port) && ctype_digit($this->port))
+		{
+			$this->dsn .= 'port='.$this->port.' ';
+		}
+
+		if ($this->username !== '')
 		{
-			if (isset($this->$key) && $this->$key != '')
+			$this->dsn .= 'user='.$this->username.' ';
+
+			/* An empty password is valid!
+			 *
+			 * $db['password'] = NULL must be done in order to ignore it.
+			 */
+			$this->password === NULL OR $this->dsn .= "password='".$this->password."' ";
+		}
+
+		$this->database === '' OR $this->dsn .= 'dbname='.$this->database.' ';
+
+		/* We don't have these options as elements in our standard configuration
+		 * array, but they might be set by parse_url() if the configuration was
+		 * provided via string. Example:
+		 *
+		 * postgre://username:password@localhost:5432/database?connect_timeout=5&sslmode=1
+		 */
+		foreach (array('connect_timeout', 'options', 'sslmode', 'service') as $key)
+		{
+			if (isset($this->$key) && is_string($this->key) && $this->key !== '')
 			{
-				$connect_string .= " $val=".$this->$key;
+				$this->dsn .= $key."='".$this->key."' ";
 			}
 		}
-		return trim($connect_string);
+
+		$this->dsn = rtrim($this->dsn);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -91,7 +126,7 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	public function db_connect()
 	{
-		return @pg_connect($this->_connect_string());
+		return @pg_connect($this->dsn);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -103,7 +138,7 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	public function db_pconnect()
 	{
-		return @pg_pconnect($this->_connect_string());
+		return @pg_pconnect($this->dsn);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -127,19 +162,6 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Select the database
-	 *
-	 * @return	resource
-	 */
-	public function db_select()
-	{
-		// Not needed for Postgre so we'll return TRUE
-		return TRUE;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
 	 * Set client character set
 	 *
 	 * @param       string
@@ -435,47 +457,6 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Escape the SQL Identifiers
-	 *
-	 * This function escapes column and table names
-	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	public function _escape_identifiers($item)
-	{
-		if ($this->_escape_char == '')
-		{
-			return $item;
-		}
-
-		foreach ($this->_reserved_identifiers as $id)
-		{
-			if (strpos($item, '.'.$id) !== FALSE)
-			{
-				$str = $this->_escape_char. str_replace('.', $this->_escape_char.'.', $item);
-
-				// remove duplicates if the user already included the escape
-				return preg_replace('/['.$this->_escape_char.']+/', $this->_escape_char, $str);
-			}
-		}
-
-		if (strpos($item, '.') !== FALSE)
-		{
-			$str = $this->_escape_char.str_replace('.', $this->_escape_char.'.'.$this->_escape_char, $item).$this->_escape_char;
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			$str = $this->_escape_char.$item.$this->_escape_char;
-		}
-
-		// remove duplicates if the user already included the escape
-		return preg_replace('/['.$this->_escape_char.']+/', $this->_escape_char, $str);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
 	 * From Tables
 	 *
 	 * This function implicitly groups FROM tables so there is no confusion
@@ -497,40 +478,6 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Insert statement
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific insert string from the supplied data
-	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the insert keys
-	 * @param	array	the insert values
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	protected function _insert($table, $keys, $values)
-	{
-		return "INSERT INTO ".$table." (".implode(', ', $keys).") VALUES (".implode(', ', $values).")";
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Insert_batch statement
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific insert string from the supplied data
-	 *
-	 * @param   string  the table name
-	 * @param   array   the insert keys
-	 * @param   array   the insert values
-	 * @return  string
-	 */
-	protected function _insert_batch($table, $keys, $values)
-	{
-		return "INSERT INTO ".$table." (".implode(', ', $keys).") VALUES ".implode(', ', $values);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
 	 * Update statement
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific update string from the supplied data
@@ -559,23 +506,6 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Truncate statement
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific truncate string from the supplied data
-	 * If the database does not support the truncate() command
-	 * This function maps to "DELETE FROM table"
-	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	protected function _truncate($table)
-	{
-		return "TRUNCATE ".$table;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
 	 * Delete statement
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific delete string from the supplied data
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_forge.php
index a72449820..f7d59284a 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_forge.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_forge.php
@@ -193,8 +193,7 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 			}
 		}
 
-		$sql .= $this->db->_escape_identifiers($table)." (";
-		$sql .= $this->_process_fields($fields, $primary_keys);
+		$sql .= $this->db->escape_identifiers($table).' ('.$this->_process_fields($fields, $primary_keys);
 
 		if (count($primary_keys) > 0)
 		{
@@ -237,11 +236,12 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 	/**
 	 * Drop Table
 	 *
+	 * @param	string	table name
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	public function _drop_table($table)
 	{
-		return "DROP TABLE IF EXISTS ".$this->db->_escape_identifiers($table)." CASCADE";
+		return 'DROP TABLE IF EXISTS '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($table).' CASCADE';
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_result.php b/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_result.php
index 8b22564b3..394b8b6fd 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_result.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_result.php
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	public function list_fields()
 	{
 		$field_names = array();
-		for ($i = 0; $i < $this->num_fields(); $i++)
+		for ($i = 0, $c = $this->num_fields(); $i < $c; $i++)
 		{
 			$field_names[] = pg_field_name($this->result_id, $i);
 		}
@@ -90,16 +90,14 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	public function field_data()
 	{
 		$retval = array();
-		for ($i = 0; $i < $this->num_fields(); $i++)
+		for ($i = 0, $c = $this->num_fields(); $i < $c; $i++)
 		{
-			$F				= new stdClass();
-			$F->name		= pg_field_name($this->result_id, $i);
-			$F->type		= pg_field_type($this->result_id, $i);
-			$F->max_length	= pg_field_size($this->result_id, $i);
-			$F->primary_key = 0;
-			$F->default		= '';
-
-			$retval[] = $F;
+			$retval[$i]			= new stdClass();
+			$retval[$i]->name		= pg_field_name($this->result_id, $i);
+			$retval[$i]->type		= pg_field_type($this->result_id, $i);
+			$retval[$i]->max_length		= pg_field_size($this->result_id, $i);
+			$retval[$i]->primary_key	= 0;
+			$retval[$i]->default		= '';
 		}
 
 		return $retval;
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_utility.php b/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_utility.php
index c6b71b4d9..cf29201ff 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_utility.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_utility.php
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 	 * @param	array	Preferences
 	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
-	function _backup($params = array())
+	public function _backup($params = array())
 	{
 		// Currently unsupported
 		return $this->db->display_error('db_unsuported_feature');
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_driver.php
index 102c79bb3..3a986d0a8 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_driver.php
@@ -106,18 +106,6 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Select the database
-	 *
-	 * @return	resource
-	 */
-	public function db_select()
-	{
-		return TRUE;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
 	 * Database version number
 	 *
 	 * @return	string
@@ -378,47 +366,6 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Escape the SQL Identifiers
-	 *
-	 * This function escapes column and table names
-	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	public function _escape_identifiers($item)
-	{
-		if ($this->_escape_char == '')
-		{
-			return $item;
-		}
-
-		foreach ($this->_reserved_identifiers as $id)
-		{
-			if (strpos($item, '.'.$id) !== FALSE)
-			{
-				$str = $this->_escape_char. str_replace('.', $this->_escape_char.'.', $item);
-
-				// remove duplicates if the user already included the escape
-				return preg_replace('/['.$this->_escape_char.']+/', $this->_escape_char, $str);
-			}
-		}
-
-		if (strpos($item, '.') !== FALSE)
-		{
-			$str = $this->_escape_char.str_replace('.', $this->_escape_char.'.'.$this->_escape_char, $item).$this->_escape_char;
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			$str = $this->_escape_char.$item.$this->_escape_char;
-		}
-
-		// remove duplicates if the user already included the escape
-		return preg_replace('/['.$this->_escape_char.']+/', $this->_escape_char, $str);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
 	 * From Tables
 	 *
 	 * This function implicitly groups FROM tables so there is no confusion
@@ -440,70 +387,36 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Insert statement
+	 * Replace statement
 	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific insert string from the supplied data
+	 * Generates a platform-specific replace string from the supplied data
 	 *
 	 * @param	string	the table name
 	 * @param	array	the insert keys
 	 * @param	array	the insert values
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	protected function _insert($table, $keys, $values)
-	{
-		return "INSERT INTO ".$table." (".implode(', ', $keys).") VALUES (".implode(', ', $values).")";
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Update statement
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific update string from the supplied data
-	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the update data
-	 * @param	array	the where clause
-	 * @param	array	the orderby clause
-	 * @param	array	the limit clause
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	protected function _update($table, $values, $where, $orderby = array(), $limit = FALSE)
+	protected function _replace($table, $keys, $values)
 	{
-		foreach ($values as $key => $val)
-		{
-			$valstr[] = $key." = ".$val;
-		}
-
-		$limit = ( ! $limit) ? '' : ' LIMIT '.$limit;
-
-		$orderby = (count($orderby) >= 1)?' ORDER BY '.implode(", ", $orderby):'';
-
-		$sql = "UPDATE ".$table." SET ".implode(', ', $valstr);
-
-		$sql .= ($where != '' AND count($where) >=1) ? " WHERE ".implode(" ", $where) : '';
-
-		$sql .= $orderby.$limit;
-
-		return $sql;
+		return 'INSERT OR '.parent::_replace($table, $keys, $values);
 	}
 
-
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
 	 * Truncate statement
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific truncate string from the supplied data
-	 * If the database does not support the truncate() command
-	 * This function maps to "DELETE FROM table"
+	 *
+	 * If the database does not support the truncate() command,
+	 * then this function maps to 'DELETE FROM table'
 	 *
 	 * @param	string	the table name
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _truncate($table)
 	{
-		return $this->_delete($table);
+		return 'DELETE FROM '.$table;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_forge.php
index 068a556ed..a62e8d9ae 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_forge.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_forge.php
@@ -90,10 +90,10 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 			$sql .= 'IF NOT EXISTS ';
 		}
 
-		$sql .= $this->db->_escape_identifiers($table)."(";
+		$sql .= $this->db->escape_identifiers($table).' (';
 		$current_field_count = 0;
 
-		foreach ($fields as $field=>$attributes)
+		foreach ($fields as $field => $attributes)
 		{
 			// Numeric field names aren't allowed in databases, so if the key is
 			// numeric, we know it was assigned by PHP and the developer manually
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_result.php b/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_result.php
index b002aeff1..4af80abf7 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_result.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_result.php
@@ -70,9 +70,9 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	public function list_fields()
 	{
 		$field_names = array();
-		for ($i = 0; $i < $this->num_fields(); $i++)
+		for ($i = 0, $c = $this->num_fields(); $i < $c; $i++)
 		{
-			$field_names[] = sqlite_field_name($this->result_id, $i);
+			$field_names[$i] = sqlite_field_name($this->result_id, $i);
 		}
 
 		return $field_names;
@@ -90,16 +90,14 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	public function field_data()
 	{
 		$retval = array();
-		for ($i = 0; $i < $this->num_fields(); $i++)
+		for ($i = 0, $c = $this->num_fields(); $i < $c; $i++)
 		{
-			$F				= new stdClass();
-			$F->name		= sqlite_field_name($this->result_id, $i);
-			$F->type		= 'varchar';
-			$F->max_length	= 0;
-			$F->primary_key = 0;
-			$F->default		= '';
-
-			$retval[] = $F;
+			$retval[$i]			= new stdClass();
+			$retval[$i]->name		= sqlite_field_name($this->result_id, $i);
+			$retval[$i]->type		= 'varchar';
+			$retval[$i]->max_length		= 0;
+			$retval[$i]->primary_key	= 0;
+			$retval[$i]->default		= '';
 		}
 
 		return $retval;
@@ -108,18 +106,6 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Free the result
-	 *
-	 * @return	void
-	 */
-	public function free_result()
-	{
-		// Not implemented in SQLite
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
 	 * Data Seek
 	 *
 	 * Moves the internal pointer to the desired offset. We call
@@ -162,17 +148,9 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite_result extends CI_DB_result {
 		{
 			return sqlite_fetch_object($this->result_id);
 		}
-		else
-		{
-			$arr = sqlite_fetch_array($this->result_id, SQLITE_ASSOC);
-			if (is_array($arr))
-			{
-				$obj = (object) $arr;
-				return $obj;
-			} else {
-				return NULL;
-			}
-		}
+
+		$arr = sqlite_fetch_array($this->result_id, SQLITE_ASSOC);
+		return is_array($arr) ? (object) $arr : FALSE;
 	}
 
 }
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/sqlite3/index.html b/system/database/drivers/sqlite3/index.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c942a79ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/database/drivers/sqlite3/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+<html>
+<head>
+	<title>403 Forbidden</title>
+</head>
+<body>
+
+<p>Directory access is forbidden.</p>
+
+</body>
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/sqlite3/sqlite3_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/sqlite3/sqlite3_driver.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..12354e1bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/database/drivers/sqlite3/sqlite3_driver.php
@@ -0,0 +1,459 @@
+<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.2.4 or newer
+ *
+ * NOTICE OF LICENSE
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
+ *
+ * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
+ * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
+ * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
+ * http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0
+ * If you did not receive a copy of the license and are unable to obtain it
+ * through the world wide web, please send an email to
+ * licensing@ellislab.com so we can send you a copy immediately.
+ *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2012, EllisLab, Inc. (http://ellislab.com/)
+ * @license		http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0 Open Software License (OSL 3.0)
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com
+ * @since		Version 1.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+
+/**
+ * SQLite3 Database Adapter Class
+ *
+ * Note: _DB is an extender class that the app controller
+ * creates dynamically based on whether the active record
+ * class is being used or not.
+ *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @subpackage	Drivers
+ * @category	Database
+ * @author		Andrey Andreev
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ * @since		Version 3.0
+ */
+class CI_DB_sqlite3_driver extends CI_DB {
+
+	public $dbdriver = 'sqlite3';
+
+	// The character used for escaping
+	protected $_escape_char = '"';
+
+	// clause and character used for LIKE escape sequences
+	protected $_like_escape_str = ' ESCAPE \'%s\' ';
+	protected $_like_escape_chr = '!';
+
+	/**
+	 * The syntax to count rows is slightly different across different
+	 * database engines, so this string appears in each driver and is
+	 * used for the count_all() and count_all_results() functions.
+	 */
+	protected $_count_string = 'SELECT COUNT(*) AS ';
+	protected $_random_keyword = ' RANDOM()';
+
+	/**
+	 * Non-persistent database connection
+	 *
+	 * @return	object	type SQLite3
+	 */
+	public function db_connect()
+	{
+		try
+		{
+			return ( ! $this->password)
+				? new SQLite3($this->database)
+				: new SQLite3($this->database, SQLITE3_OPEN_READWRITE | SQLITE3_OPEN_CREATE, $this->password);
+		}
+		catch (Exception $e)
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Persistent database connection
+	 *
+	 * @return  object	type SQLite3
+	 */
+	public function db_pconnect()
+	{
+		log_message('debug', 'SQLite3 doesn\'t support persistent connections');
+		return $this->db_pconnect();
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Database version number
+	 *
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	public function version()
+	{
+		if (isset($this->data_cache['version']))
+		{
+			return $this->data_cache['version'];
+		}
+
+		$version = $this->conn_id->version();
+		return $this->data_cache['version'] = $version['versionString'];
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Execute the query
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	an SQL query
+	 * @return	mixed	SQLite3Result object or bool
+	 */
+	protected function _execute($sql)
+	{
+		// TODO: Implement use of SQLite3::querySingle(), if needed
+
+		return $this->is_write_type($sql)
+			? $this->conn_id->exec($sql)
+			: $this->conn_id->query($sql);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Begin Transaction
+	 *
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function trans_begin($test_mode = FALSE)
+	{
+		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
+		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled OR $this->_trans_depth > 0)
+		{
+			return TRUE;
+		}
+
+		// Reset the transaction failure flag.
+		// If the $test_mode flag is set to TRUE transactions will be rolled back
+		// even if the queries produce a successful result.
+		$this->_trans_failure = ($test_mode === TRUE);
+
+		return $this->conn_id->exec('BEGIN TRANSACTION');
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Commit Transaction
+	 *
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function trans_commit()
+	{
+		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
+		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled OR $this->_trans_depth > 0)
+		{
+			return TRUE;
+		}
+
+		return $this->conn_id->exec('END TRANSACTION');
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Rollback Transaction
+	 *
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function trans_rollback()
+	{
+		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
+		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled OR $this->_trans_depth > 0)
+		{
+			return TRUE;
+		}
+
+		return $this->conn_id->exec('ROLLBACK');
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Escape String
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	bool	whether or not the string will be used in a LIKE condition
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	public function escape_str($str, $like = FALSE)
+	{
+		if (is_array($str))
+		{
+			foreach ($str as $key => $val)
+			{
+				$str[$key] = $this->escape_str($val, $like);
+			}
+
+			return $str;
+		}
+
+		$str = $this->conn_id->escapeString(remove_invisible_characters($str));
+
+		// escape LIKE condition wildcards
+		if ($like === TRUE)
+		{
+			return str_replace(array($this->_like_escape_chr, '%', '_'),
+						array($this->_like_escape_chr.$this->_like_escape_chr, $this->_like_escape_chr.'%', $this->_like_escape_chr.'_'),
+						$str);
+		}
+
+		return $str;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Affected Rows
+	 *
+	 * @return	int
+	 */
+	public function affected_rows()
+	{
+		return $this->conn_id->changes();
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Insert ID
+	 *
+	 * @return	int
+	 */
+	public function insert_id()
+	{
+		return $this->conn_id->lastInsertRowID();
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * "Count All" query
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query string that counts all records in
+	 * the specified database
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @return	int
+	 */
+	public function count_all($table = '')
+	{
+		if ($table == '')
+		{
+			return 0;
+		}
+
+		$result = $this->conn_id->querySingle($this->_count_string.$this->protect_identifiers('numrows')
+							.' FROM '.$this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE));
+
+		return empty($result) ? 0 : (int) $result;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Show table query
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the table names can be fetched
+	 *
+	 * @param	bool
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _list_tables($prefix_limit = FALSE)
+	{
+		return 'SELECT "NAME" FROM "SQLITE_MASTER" WHERE "TYPE" = \'table\''
+			.(($prefix_limit !== FALSE && $this->dbprefix != '')
+				? ' AND "NAME" LIKE \''.$this->escape_like_str($this->dbprefix).'%\' '.sprintf($this->_like_escape_str, $this->_like_escape_chr)
+				: '');
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Show column query
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the column names can be fetched
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _list_columns($table = '')
+	{
+		// Not supported
+		return FALSE;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Field data query
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that the column data can be retrieved
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _field_data($table)
+	{
+		return 'SELECT * FROM '.$table.' LIMIT 0,1';
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * The error message string
+	 *
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _error_message()
+	{
+		return $this->conn_id->lastErrorMsg();
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * The error message number
+	 *
+	 * @return	int
+	 */
+	protected function _error_number()
+	{
+		return $this->conn_id->lastErrorCode();
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * From Tables
+	 *
+	 * This function implicitly groups FROM tables so there is no confusion
+	 * about operator precedence in harmony with SQL standards
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _from_tables($tables)
+	{
+		if ( ! is_array($tables))
+		{
+			$tables = array($tables);
+		}
+
+		return '('.implode(', ', $tables).')';
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Replace statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific replace string from the supplied data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @param	array	the insert keys
+	 * @param	array	the insert values
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _replace($table, $keys, $values)
+	{
+		return 'INSERT OR '.parent::_replace($table, $keys, $values);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Truncate statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific truncate string from the supplied data
+	 *
+	 * If the database does not support the truncate() command, then,
+	 * then this method maps to 'DELETE FROM table'
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _truncate($table)
+	{
+		return 'DELETE FROM '.$table;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Delete statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific delete string from the supplied data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @param	array	the where clause
+	 * @param	string	the limit clause
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _delete($table, $where = array(), $like = array(), $limit = FALSE)
+	{
+		$conditions = '';
+		if (count($where) > 0 OR count($like) > 0)
+		{
+			$conditions .= "\nWHERE ".implode("\n", $this->ar_where);
+
+			if (count($where) > 0 && count($like) > 0)
+			{
+				$conditions .= ' AND ';
+			}
+			$conditions .= implode("\n", $like);
+		}
+
+		return 'DELETE FROM '.$table.$conditions.( ! $limit ? '' : ' LIMIT '.$limit);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Limit string
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific LIMIT clause
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the sql query string
+	 * @param	int	the number of rows to limit the query to
+	 * @param	int	the offset value
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _limit($sql, $limit, $offset)
+	{
+		return $sql.' LIMIT '.($offset ? $offset.',' : '').$limit;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Close DB Connection
+	 *
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _close()
+	{
+		$this->conn_id->close();
+	}
+
+}
+
+/* End of file sqlite3_driver.php */
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/sqlite3/sqlite3_driver.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/sqlite3/sqlite3_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/sqlite3/sqlite3_forge.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3a2060c3b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/database/drivers/sqlite3/sqlite3_forge.php
@@ -0,0 +1,223 @@
+<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ *
+ * NOTICE OF LICENSE
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
+ *
+ * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
+ * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
+ * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
+ * http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0
+ * If you did not receive a copy of the license and are unable to obtain it
+ * through the world wide web, please send an email to
+ * licensing@ellislab.com so we can send you a copy immediately.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2012, EllisLab, Inc. (http://ellislab.com/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0 Open Software License (OSL 3.0)
+ * @link	http://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+
+/**
+ * SQLite3 Forge Class
+ *
+ * @category	Database
+ * @author	Andrey Andreev
+ * @link	http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ */
+class CI_DB_sqlite3_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
+
+	/**
+	 * Create database
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the database name
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function _create_database()
+	{
+		// In SQLite, a database is created when you connect to the database.
+		// We'll return TRUE so that an error isn't generated
+		return TRUE;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Drop database
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the database name
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function _drop_database($name)
+	{
+		// In SQLite, a database is dropped when we delete a file
+		if (@file_exists($this->db->database))
+		{
+			// We need to close the pseudo-connection first
+			$this->db->close();
+			if ( ! @unlink($this->db->database))
+			{
+				return $this->db->db_debug ? $this->db->display_error('db_unable_to_drop') : FALSE;
+			}
+
+			return TRUE;
+		}
+
+		return $this->db->db_debug ? $this->db->display_error('db_unable_to_drop') : FALSE;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Create Table
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @param	array	the fields
+	 * @param	mixed	primary key(s)
+	 * @param	mixed	key(s)
+	 * @param	bool	should 'IF NOT EXISTS' be added to the SQL
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function _create_table($table, $fields, $primary_keys, $keys, $if_not_exists)
+	{
+		$sql = 'CREATE TABLE ';
+
+		// IF NOT EXISTS added to SQLite in 3.3.0
+		if ($if_not_exists === TRUE && version_compare($this->db->version(), '3.3.0', '>=') === TRUE)
+		{
+			$sql .= 'IF NOT EXISTS ';
+		}
+
+		$sql .= $this->db->escape_identifiers($table).' (';
+		$current_field_count = 0;
+
+		foreach ($fields as $field => $attributes)
+		{
+			// Numeric field names aren't allowed in databases, so if the key is
+			// numeric, we know it was assigned by PHP and the developer manually
+			// entered the field information, so we'll simply add it to the list
+			if (is_numeric($field))
+			{
+				$sql .= "\n\t".$attributes;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				$attributes = array_change_key_case($attributes, CASE_UPPER);
+
+				$sql .= "\n\t".$this->db->protect_identifiers($field)
+					.' '.$attributes['TYPE']
+					.( ! empty($attributes['CONSTRAINT']) ? '('.$attributes['CONSTRAINT'].')' : '')
+					.(( ! empty($attributes['UNSIGNED']) && $attributes['UNSIGNED'] === TRUE) ? ' UNSIGNED' : '')
+					.(isset($attributes['DEFAULT']) ? ' DEFAULT \''.$attributes['DEFAULT'].'\'' : '')
+					.(( ! empty($attributes['NULL']) && $attributes['NULL'] === TRUE) ? ' NULL' : ' NOT NULL')
+					.(( ! empty($attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT']) && $attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT'] === TRUE) ? ' AUTO_INCREMENT' : '');
+			}
+
+			// don't add a comma on the end of the last field
+			if (++$current_field_count < count($fields))
+			{
+				$sql .= ',';
+			}
+		}
+
+		if (count($primary_keys) > 0)
+		{
+			$primary_keys = $this->db->protect_identifiers($primary_keys);
+			$sql .= ",\n\tPRIMARY KEY (".implode(', ', $primary_keys).')';
+		}
+
+		if (is_array($keys) && count($keys) > 0)
+		{
+			foreach ($keys as $key)
+			{
+				if (is_array($key))
+				{
+					$key = $this->db->protect_identifiers($key);
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					$key = array($this->db->protect_identifiers($key));
+				}
+
+				$sql .= ",\n\tUNIQUE (".implode(', ', $key).')';
+			}
+		}
+
+		return $sql."\n)";
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Drop Table
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	public function _drop_table($table)
+	{
+		return 'DROP TABLE '.$table.' IF EXISTS';
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Alter table query
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that a table can be altered
+	 * Called by add_column(), drop_column(), and column_alter(),
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the ALTER type (ADD, DROP, CHANGE)
+	 * @param	string	the column name
+	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @param	string	the column definition
+	 * @param	string	the default value
+	 * @param	bool	should 'NOT NULL' be added
+	 * @param	string	the field after which we should add the new field
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	public function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $column_name, $column_definition = '', $default_value = '', $null = '', $after_field = '')
+	{
+		/* SQLite only supports adding new columns and it does
+		 * NOT support the AFTER statement. Each new column will
+		 * be added as the last one in the table.
+		 */
+		if ($alter_type !== 'ADD COLUMN')
+		{
+			// Not supported
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		return 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table).' '.$alter_type.' '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($column_name)
+			.' '.$column_definition
+			.($default_value != '' ? ' DEFAULT '.$default_value : '')
+			// If NOT NULL is specified, the field must have a DEFAULT value other than NULL
+			.(($null !== NULL && $default_value !== 'NULL') ? ' NOT NULL' : ' NULL');
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Rename a table
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that a table can be renamed
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the old table name
+	 * @param	string	the new table name
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	public function _rename_table($table_name, $new_table_name)
+	{
+		return 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table_name).' RENAME TO '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($new_table_name);
+	}
+}
+
+/* End of file sqlite3_forge.php */
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/sqlite3/sqlite3_forge.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/sqlite3/sqlite3_result.php b/system/database/drivers/sqlite3/sqlite3_result.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ddf59dbd0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/database/drivers/sqlite3/sqlite3_result.php
@@ -0,0 +1,619 @@
+<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ *
+ * NOTICE OF LICENSE
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
+ *
+ * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
+ * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
+ * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
+ * http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0
+ * If you did not receive a copy of the license and are unable to obtain it
+ * through the world wide web, please send an email to
+ * licensing@ellislab.com so we can send you a copy immediately.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2012, EllisLab, Inc. (http://ellislab.com/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0 Open Software License (OSL 3.0)
+ * @link	http://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+
+/**
+ * SQLite Result Class
+ *
+ * This class extends the parent result class: CI_DB_result
+ *
+ * @category	Database
+ * @author	Andrey Andreev
+ * @link	http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ */
+class CI_DB_sqlite3_result extends CI_DB_result {
+
+	// Overwriting the parent here, so we have a way to know if it's already set
+	public $num_rows;
+
+	// num_fields() might be called multiple times, so we'll use this one to cache it's result
+	protected $_num_fields;
+
+	/**
+	 * Number of rows in the result set
+	 *
+	 * @return	int
+	 */
+	public function num_rows()
+	{
+		/* The SQLite3 driver doesn't have a graceful way to do this,
+		 * so we'll have to do it on our own.
+		 */
+		return is_int($this->num_rows)
+			? $this->num_rows
+			: $this->num_rows = count($this->result_array());
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Number of fields in the result set
+	 *
+	 * @return	int
+	 */
+	public function num_fields()
+	{
+		return ( ! is_int($this->_num_fields))
+			? $this->_num_fields = $this->result_id->numColumns()
+			: $this->_num_fields;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Fetch Field Names
+	 *
+	 * Generates an array of column names
+	 *
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	public function list_fields()
+	{
+		$field_names = array();
+		for ($i = 0, $c = $this->num_fields(); $i < $c; $i++)
+		{
+			$field_names[] = $this->result_id->columnName($i);
+		}
+
+		return $field_names;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Field data
+	 *
+	 * Generates an array of objects containing field meta-data
+	 *
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	public function field_data()
+	{
+		$retval = array();
+		for ($i = 0, $c = $this->num_fields(); $i < $this->num_fields(); $i++)
+		{
+			$retval[$i]			= new stdClass();
+			$retval[$i]->name		= $this->result_id->columnName($i);
+			$retval[$i]->type		= 'varchar';
+			$retval[$i]->max_length		= 0;
+			$retval[$i]->primary_key	= 0;
+			$retval[$i]->default		= '';
+		}
+
+		return $retval;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Free the result
+	 *
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function free_result()
+	{
+		if (is_object($this->result_id))
+		{
+			$this->result_id->finalize();
+			$this->result_id = NULL;
+		}
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Result - associative array
+	 *
+	 * Returns the result set as an array
+	 *
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	protected function _fetch_assoc()
+	{
+		return $this->result_id->fetchArray(SQLITE3_ASSOC);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Result - object
+	 *
+	 * Returns the result set as an object
+	 *
+	 * @return	object
+	 */
+	protected function _fetch_object()
+	{
+		// No native support for fetching as an object
+		$row = $this->_fetch_assoc();
+		return ($row !== FALSE) ? (object) $row : FALSE;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Query result. "array" version.
+	 *
+	 * return	array
+	 */
+	public function result_array()
+	{
+		if (count($this->result_array) > 0)
+		{
+			return $this->result_array;
+		}
+		elseif (is_array($this->row_data))
+		{
+			if (count($this->row_data) === 0)
+			{
+				return $this->result_array;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				$row_index = count($this->row_data);
+			}
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			$row_index = 0;
+			$this->row_data = array();
+		}
+
+		$row = NULL;
+		while ($row = $this->_fetch_assoc())
+		{
+			$this->row_data[$row_index++] = $row;
+		}
+
+		// Un-comment the following line, in case it becomes needed
+		// $this->_data_seek();
+		return $this->result_array = $this->row_data;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Query result. "object" version.
+	 *
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	public function result_object()
+	{
+		if (count($this->result_object) > 0)
+		{
+			return $this->result_object;
+		}
+		elseif (count($this->result_array) > 0)
+		{
+			for ($i = 0, $c = count($this->result_array); $i < $c; $i++)
+			{
+				$this->result_object[] = (object) $this->result_array[$i];
+			}
+
+			return $this->result_object;
+		}
+		elseif (is_array($this->row_data))
+		{
+			if (count($this->row_data) === 0)
+			{
+				return $this->result_object;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				$row_index = count($this->row_data);
+				for ($i = 0; $i < $row_index; $i++)
+				{
+					$this->result_object[$i] = (object) $this->row_data[$i];
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			$row_index = 0;
+			$this->row_data = array();
+		}
+
+		$row = NULL;
+		while ($row = $this->_fetch_assoc())
+		{
+			$this->row_data[$row_index] = $row;
+			$this->result_object[$row_index++] = (object) $row;
+		}
+
+		$this->result_array = $this->row_data;
+
+		/* As described for the num_rows() method - there's no easy
+		 * way to get the number of rows selected. Our work-around
+		 * solution (as in here as well) first checks if result_array
+		 * exists and returns its count. It doesn't however check for
+		 * custom_object_result, so - do it here.
+		 */
+		if ( ! is_int($this->num_rows))
+		{
+			$this->num_rows = count($this->result_object);
+		}
+
+		// Un-comment the following line, in case it becomes needed
+		// $this->_data_seek();
+		return $this->result_object;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Query result. Custom object version.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	class name used to instantiate rows to
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	public function custom_result_object($class_name)
+	{
+		if (array_key_exists($class_name, $this->custom_result_object))
+		{
+			return $this->custom_result_object[$class_name];
+		}
+
+		if ( ! class_exists($class_name) OR ! is_object($this->result_id) OR $this->num_rows() === 0)
+		{
+			return array();
+		}
+
+		/* Even if result_array hasn't been set prior to custom_result_object being called,
+		 * num_rows() has done it.
+		*/
+		$data = &$this->result_array;
+
+		$result_object = array();
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($data); $i < $c; $i++)
+		{
+			$result_object[$i] = new $class_name();
+			foreach ($data[$i] as $key => $value)
+			{
+				$result_object[$i]->$key = $value;
+			}
+		}
+
+		/* As described for the num_rows() method - there's no easy
+		 * way to get the number of rows selected. Our work-around
+		 * solution (as in here as well) first checks if result_array
+		 * exists and returns its count. It doesn't however check for
+		 * custom_object_result, so - do it here.
+		 */
+		if ( ! is_int($this->num_rows))
+		{
+			$this->num_rows = count($result_object);
+		}
+
+		// Cache and return the array
+		return $this->custom_result_object[$class_name] = $result_object;
+        }
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/* Single row result.
+	 *
+	 * Acts as a wrapper for row_object(), row_array()
+	 * and custom_row_object(). Also used by first_row(), next_row()
+	 * and previous_row().
+	 *
+	 * @param	int	row index
+	 * @param	string	('object', 'array' or a custom class name)
+	 * @return	mixed	whatever was passed to the second parameter
+	 */
+	public function row($n = 0, $type = 'object')
+	{
+		if ($type === 'object')
+		{
+			return $this->row_object($n);
+		}
+		elseif ($type === 'array')
+		{
+			return $this->row_array($n);
+		}
+
+		return $this->custom_row_object($n, $type);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/* Single row result. Array version.
+	 *
+	 * @param	int	row index
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	public function row_array($n = 0)
+	{
+		// Make sure $n is not a string
+		if ( ! is_int($n))
+		{
+			$n = (int) $n;
+		}
+
+		/* If row_data is initialized, it means that we've already tried
+		 * (at least) to fetch some data, so ... check if we already have
+		 * this row.
+		*/
+		if (is_array($this->row_data))
+		{
+			/* If we already have row_data[$n] - return it.
+			 *
+			 * If we enter the elseif, there's a number of reasons to
+			 * return an empty array:
+			 *
+			 *	- count($this->row_data) === 0 means there are no results
+			 *	- num_rows being set or result_array having count() > 0 means
+			 *	  that we've already fetched all data and $n is greater than
+			 *	  our highest row index available
+			 *	- $n < $this->current_row means that if such row existed,
+			 *	  we would've already returned it, therefore $n is an
+			 *	  invalid index
+			 */
+			if (isset($this->row_data[$n])) // We already have this row
+			{
+				$this->current_row = $n;
+				return $this->row_data[$n];
+			}
+			elseif (count($this->row_data) === 0 OR is_int($this->num_rows)
+				OR count($this->result_array) > 0 OR $n < $this->current_row)
+			{
+				// No such row exists
+				return array();
+			}
+
+			// Get the next row index that would actually need to be fetched
+			$current_row = ($this->current_row < count($this->row_data)) ? count($this->row_data) : $this->current_row + 1;
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			$current_row = $this->current_row = 0;
+			$this->row_data = array();
+		}
+
+		/* Fetch more data, if available
+		 *
+		 * NOTE: Operator precedence is important here, if you change
+		 *	 'AND' with '&&' - it WILL BREAK the results, as
+		 *	 $row will be assigned the scalar value of both
+		 *	 expressions!
+		 */
+		while ($row = $this->_fetch_assoc() AND $current_row <= $n)
+		{
+			$this->row_data[$current_row++] = $row;
+		}
+
+		// This would mean that there's no (more) data to fetch
+		if ( ! is_array($this->row_data) OR ! isset($this->row_data[$n]))
+		{
+			// Cache what we already have
+			if (is_array($this->row_data))
+			{
+				$this->num_rows = count($this->row_data);
+				/* Usually, row_data could have less elements than result_array,
+				 * but at this point - they should be exactly the same.
+				 */
+				$this->result_array = $this->row_data;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				$this->num_rows = 0;
+			}
+
+			return array();
+		}
+
+		$this->current_row = $n;
+		return $this->row_data[$n];
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/* Single row result. Object version.
+	 *
+	 * @param	int	row index
+	 * @return	mixed	object if row found; empty array if not
+	 */
+	public function row_object($n = 0)
+	{
+		// Make sure $n is not a string
+		if ( ! is_int($n))
+		{
+			$n = (int) $n;
+		}
+
+		/* Logic here is exactly the same as in row_array,
+		 * except we have to cast row_data[$n] to an object.
+		 *
+		 * If we already have result_object though - we can
+		 * directly return from it.
+		 */
+		if (isset($this->result_object[$n]))
+		{
+			$this->current_row = $n;
+			return $this->result_object[$n];
+		}
+
+		$row = $this->row_array($n);
+		// Cast only if the row exists
+		if (count($row) > 0)
+		{
+			$this->current_row = $n;
+			return (object) $row;
+		}
+
+		return array();
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/* Single row result. Custom object version.
+	 *
+	 * @param	int	row index
+	 * @param	string	custom class name
+	 * @return	mixed	custom object if row found; empty array otherwise
+	 */
+	public function custom_row_object($n = 0, $class_name)
+	{
+		// Make sure $n is not a string
+		if ( ! is_int($n))
+		{
+			$n = (int) $n;
+		}
+
+		if (array_key_exists($class_name, $this->custom_result_object))
+		{
+			/* We already have a the whole result set with this class_name,
+			 * return the specified row if it exists, and an empty array if
+			 * it doesn't.
+			 */
+			if (isset($this->custom_result_object[$class_name][$n]))
+			{
+				$this->current_row = $n;
+				return $this->custom_result_object[$class_name][$n];
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				return array();
+			}
+		}
+		elseif ( ! class_exists($class_name)) // No such class exists
+		{
+			return array();
+		}
+
+		$row = $this->row_array($n);
+		// An array would mean that the row doesn't exist
+		if (is_array($row))
+		{
+			return $row;
+		}
+
+		// Convert to the desired class and return
+		$row_object = new $class_name();
+		foreach ($row as $key => $value)
+		{
+			$row_object->$key = $value;
+		}
+
+		$this->current_row = $n;
+		return $row_object;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/* First row result.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	('object', 'array' or a custom class name)
+	 * @return	mixed	whatever was passed to the second parameter
+	 */
+	public function first_row($type = 'object')
+	{
+		return $this->row(0, $type);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/* Last row result.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	('object', 'array' or a custom class name)
+	 * @return	mixed	whatever was passed to the second parameter
+	 */
+	public function last_row($type = 'object')
+	{
+		$result = &$this->result($type);
+		if ( ! isset($this->num_rows))
+		{
+			$this->num_rows = count($result);
+		}
+		$this->current_row = $this->num_rows - 1;
+		return $result[$this->current_row];
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/* Next row result.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	('object', 'array' or a custom class name)
+	 * @return	mixed	whatever was passed to the second parameter
+	 */
+	public function next_row($type = 'object')
+	{
+		if (is_array($this->row_data))
+		{
+			$count = count($this->row_data);
+			$n = ($this->current_row > $count OR ($this->current_row === 0 && $count === 0)) ? $count : $this->current_row + 1;
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			$n = 0;
+		}
+
+		return $this->row($n, $type);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/* Previous row result.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	('object', 'array' or a custom class name)
+	 * @return	mixed	whatever was passed to the second parameter
+	 */
+	public function previous_row($type = 'object')
+	{
+		$n = ($this->current_row !== 0) ? $this->current_row - 1 : 0;
+		return $this->row($n, $type);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Data Seek
+	 *
+	 * Moves the internal pointer to the desired offset. We call
+	 * this internally before fetching results to make sure the
+	 * result set starts at zero
+	 *
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	protected function _data_seek($n = 0)
+	{
+		// Only resetting to the start of the result set is supported
+		return $this->result_id->reset();
+	}
+
+}
+
+/* End of file sqlite3_result.php */
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/sqlite3/sqlite3_result.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/sqlite3/sqlite3_utility.php b/system/database/drivers/sqlite3/sqlite3_utility.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a4dc875e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/database/drivers/sqlite3/sqlite3_utility.php
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ *
+ * NOTICE OF LICENSE
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
+ *
+ * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
+ * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
+ * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
+ * http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0
+ * If you did not receive a copy of the license and are unable to obtain it
+ * through the world wide web, please send an email to
+ * licensing@ellislab.com so we can send you a copy immediately.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2012, EllisLab, Inc. (http://ellislab.com/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0 Open Software License (OSL 3.0)
+ * @link	http://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+
+/**
+ * SQLite3 Utility Class
+ *
+ * @category	Database
+ * @author	Andrey Andreev
+ * @link	http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ */
+class CI_DB_sqlite3_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
+
+	/**
+	 * List databases
+	 *
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function _list_databases()
+	{
+		// Not supported
+		return FALSE;
+
+		// Do we use this?
+		if ($this->db_debug)
+		{
+			return $this->db->display_error('db_unsuported_feature');
+		}
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Optimize table query
+	 *
+	 * Is optimization even supported in SQLite?
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function _optimize_table($table)
+	{
+		// Not supported
+		return FALSE;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Repair table query
+	 *
+	 * Are table repairs even supported in SQLite?
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @return	object
+	 */
+	public function _repair_table($table)
+	{
+		// Not supported
+		return FALSE;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * SQLite Export
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	Preferences
+	 * @return	mixed
+	 */
+	public function _backup($params = array())
+	{
+		// Not supported
+		return $this->db->display_error('db_unsuported_feature');
+	}
+
+}
+
+/* End of file sqlite3_utility.php */
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/sqlite3/sqlite3_utility.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/sqlsrv/sqlsrv_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/sqlsrv/sqlsrv_driver.php
index 9f2f88699..f4eab8f28 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/sqlsrv/sqlsrv_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/sqlsrv/sqlsrv_driver.php
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ class CI_DB_sqlsrv_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 * used for the count_all() and count_all_results() functions.
 	 */
 	protected $_count_string = 'SELECT COUNT(*) AS ';
-	protected $_random_keyword = ' ASC'; // not currently supported
+	protected $_random_keyword = ' NEWID()'; // not currently supported
 
 	/**
 	 * Non-persistent database connection
@@ -68,12 +68,12 @@ class CI_DB_sqlsrv_driver extends CI_DB {
 		$character_set = (0 === strcasecmp('utf8', $this->char_set)) ? 'UTF-8' : $this->char_set;
 
 		$connection = array(
-			'UID'				=> empty($this->username) ? '' : $this->username,
-			'PWD'				=> empty($this->password) ? '' : $this->password,
-			'Database'			=> $this->database,
-			'ConnectionPooling' => $pooling ? 1 : 0,
+			'UID'			=> empty($this->username) ? '' : $this->username,
+			'PWD'			=> empty($this->password) ? '' : $this->password,
+			'Database'		=> $this->database,
+			'ConnectionPooling'	=> $pooling ? 1 : 0,
 			'CharacterSet'		=> $character_set,
-			'ReturnDatesAsStrings' => 1
+			'ReturnDatesAsStrings'	=> 1
 		);
 
 		// If the username and password are both empty, assume this is a
@@ -259,23 +259,6 @@ class CI_DB_sqlsrv_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Parse major version
-	 *
-	 * Grabs the major version number from the
-	 * database server version string passed in.
-	 *
-	 * @param	string	$version
-	 * @return	int	major version number
-	 */
-	protected function _parse_major_version($version)
-	{
-		preg_match('/([0-9]+)\.([0-9]+)\.([0-9]+)/', $version, $ver_info);
-		return $ver_info[1]; // return the major version b/c that's all we're interested in.
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
 	 * Database version number
 	 *
 	 * @return	string
@@ -410,21 +393,6 @@ class CI_DB_sqlsrv_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Escape the SQL Identifiers
-	 *
-	 * This function escapes column and table names
-	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	public function _escape_identifiers($item)
-	{
-		return $item;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
 	 * From Tables
 	 *
 	 * This function implicitly groups FROM tables so there is no confusion
@@ -446,23 +414,6 @@ class CI_DB_sqlsrv_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Insert statement
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific insert string from the supplied data
-	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the insert keys
-	 * @param	array	the insert values
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	protected function _insert($table, $keys, $values)
-	{
-		return 'INSERT INTO '.$table.' ('.implode(', ', $keys).') VALUES ('.implode(', ', $values).')';
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
 	 * Update statement
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific update string from the supplied data
@@ -490,15 +441,16 @@ class CI_DB_sqlsrv_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 * Truncate statement
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific truncate string from the supplied data
-	 * If the database does not support the truncate() command
-	 * This function maps to "DELETE FROM table"
+	 *
+	 * If the database does not support the truncate() command,
+	 * then this method maps to 'DELETE FROM table'
 	 *
 	 * @param	string	the table name
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _truncate($table)
 	{
-		return "TRUNCATE ".$table;
+		return 'TRUNCATE TABLE '.$table;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/sqlsrv/sqlsrv_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/sqlsrv/sqlsrv_forge.php
index 0dc7b5242..377dcf154 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/sqlsrv/sqlsrv_forge.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/sqlsrv/sqlsrv_forge.php
@@ -63,11 +63,12 @@ class CI_DB_sqlsrv_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 	/**
 	 * Drop Table
 	 *
-	 * @return	bool
+	 * @param	string	table name
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	public function _drop_table($table)
 	{
-		return "DROP TABLE ".$this->db->_escape_identifiers($table);
+		return 'DROP TABLE '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($table);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -91,7 +92,7 @@ class CI_DB_sqlsrv_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 			$sql .= 'IF NOT EXISTS ';
 		}
 
-		$sql .= $this->db->_escape_identifiers($table)." (";
+		$sql .= $this->db->escape_identifiers($table).' (';
 		$current_field_count = 0;
 
 		foreach ($fields as $field => $attributes)