merged latest develop branch, fixed changelog conflict.

34 files changed, 2035 insertions, 963 deletions

diff --git a/system/database/DB_active_rec.php b/system/database/DB_active_rec.php
index 424735157..de8cfc1ca 100644
--- a/system/database/DB_active_rec.php
+++ b/system/database/DB_active_rec.php
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 			$alias = $this->_create_alias_from_table(trim($select));
 		}
 
-		$sql = $this->_protect_identifiers($type.'('.trim($select).')').' AS '.$this->_protect_identifiers(trim($alias));
+		$sql = $this->protect_identifiers($type.'('.trim($select).')').' AS '.$this->protect_identifiers(trim($alias));
 		$this->ar_select[] = $sql;
 
 		if ($this->ar_caching === TRUE)
@@ -236,7 +236,8 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 	{
 		if (strpos($item, '.') !== FALSE)
 		{
-			return end(explode('.', $item));
+			$item = explode('.', $item);
+			return end($item);
 		}
 
 		return $item;
@@ -278,7 +279,7 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 				{
 					$v = trim($v);
 					$this->_track_aliases($v);
-					$v = $this->ar_from[] = $this->_protect_identifiers($v, TRUE, NULL, FALSE);
+					$v = $this->ar_from[] = $this->protect_identifiers($v, TRUE, NULL, FALSE);
 
 					if ($this->ar_caching === TRUE)
 					{
@@ -294,7 +295,7 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 				// Extract any aliases that might exist. We use this information
 				// in the _protect_identifiers to know whether to add a table prefix
 				$this->_track_aliases($val);
-				$this->ar_from[] = $val = $this->_protect_identifiers($val, TRUE, NULL, FALSE);
+				$this->ar_from[] = $val = $this->protect_identifiers($val, TRUE, NULL, FALSE);
 
 				if ($this->ar_caching === TRUE)
 				{
@@ -340,13 +341,13 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 		$this->_track_aliases($table);
 
 		// Strip apart the condition and protect the identifiers
-		if (preg_match('/([\w\.]+)([\W\s]+)(.+)/', $cond, $match))
+		if (preg_match('/([\[\w\.]+)([\W\s]+)(.+)/', $cond, $match))
 		{
-			$cond = $this->_protect_identifiers($match[1]).$match[2].$this->_protect_identifiers($match[3]);
+			$cond = $this->protect_identifiers($match[1]).$match[2].$this->protect_identifiers($match[3]);
 		}
 
 		// Assemble the JOIN statement
-		$this->ar_join[] = $join = $type.'JOIN '.$this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE).' ON '.$cond;
+		$this->ar_join[] = $join = $type.'JOIN '.$this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE).' ON '.$cond;
 
 		if ($this->ar_caching === TRUE)
 		{
@@ -432,7 +433,7 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 			{
 				if ($escape === TRUE)
 				{
-					$k = $this->_protect_identifiers($k, FALSE, $escape);
+					$k = $this->protect_identifiers($k, FALSE, $escape);
 					$v = ' '.$this->escape($v);
 				}
 
@@ -443,7 +444,7 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 			}
 			else
 			{
-				$k = $this->_protect_identifiers($k, FALSE, $escape);
+				$k = $this->protect_identifiers($k, FALSE, $escape);
 			}
 
 			$this->ar_where[] = $prefix.$k.$v;
@@ -561,7 +562,7 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 		}
 
 		$prefix = (count($this->ar_where) === 0) ? '' : $type;
-		$this->ar_where[] = $where_in = $prefix.$this->_protect_identifiers($key).$not.' IN ('.implode(', ', $this->ar_wherein).') ';
+		$this->ar_where[] = $where_in = $prefix.$this->protect_identifiers($key).$not.' IN ('.implode(', ', $this->ar_wherein).') ';
 
 		if ($this->ar_caching === TRUE)
 		{
@@ -665,7 +666,7 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 
 		foreach ($field as $k => $v)
 		{
-			$k = $this->_protect_identifiers($k);
+			$k = $this->protect_identifiers($k);
 			$prefix = (count($this->ar_like) === 0) ? '' : $type;
 			$v = $this->escape_like_str($v);
 
@@ -826,7 +827,7 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 
 			if ($val != '')
 			{
-				$this->ar_groupby[] = $val = $this->_protect_identifiers($val);
+				$this->ar_groupby[] = $val = $this->protect_identifiers($val);
 
 				if ($this->ar_caching === TRUE)
 				{
@@ -895,7 +896,7 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 
 			if ($escape === TRUE)
 			{
-				$k = $this->_protect_identifiers($k);
+				$k = $this->protect_identifiers($k);
 			}
 
 			if ( ! $this->_has_operator($k))
@@ -950,7 +951,7 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 				$part = trim($part);
 				if ( ! in_array($part, $this->ar_aliased_tables))
 				{
-					$part = $this->_protect_identifiers(trim($part));
+					$part = $this->protect_identifiers(trim($part));
 				}
 
 				$temp[] = $part;
@@ -962,7 +963,7 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 		{
 			if ($escape === TRUE)
 			{
-				$orderby = $this->_protect_identifiers($orderby);
+				$orderby = $this->protect_identifiers($orderby);
 			}
 		}
 
@@ -1035,11 +1036,11 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 		{
 			if ($escape === FALSE)
 			{
-				$this->ar_set[$this->_protect_identifiers($k)] = $v;
+				$this->ar_set[$this->protect_identifiers($k)] = $v;
 			}
 			else
 			{
-				$this->ar_set[$this->_protect_identifiers($k, FALSE, TRUE)] = $this->escape($v);
+				$this->ar_set[$this->protect_identifiers($k, FALSE, TRUE)] = $this->escape($v);
 			}
 		}
 
@@ -1124,7 +1125,7 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 			$this->from($table);
 		}
 
-		$result = $this->query($this->_compile_select($this->_count_string.$this->_protect_identifiers('numrows')));
+		$result = $this->query($this->_compile_select($this->_count_string.$this->protect_identifiers('numrows')));
 		$this->_reset_select();
 
 		if ($result->num_rows() === 0)
@@ -1210,7 +1211,7 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 		// Batch this baby
 		for ($i = 0, $total = count($this->ar_set); $i < $total; $i += 100)
 		{
-			$this->query($this->_insert_batch($this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE), $this->ar_keys, array_slice($this->ar_set, $i, 100)));
+			$this->query($this->_insert_batch($this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE), $this->ar_keys, array_slice($this->ar_set, $i, 100)));
 		}
 
 		$this->_reset_write();
@@ -1268,7 +1269,7 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 
 		foreach ($keys as $k)
 		{
-			$this->ar_keys[] = $this->_protect_identifiers($k);
+			$this->ar_keys[] = $this->protect_identifiers($k);
 		}
 
 		return $this;
@@ -1294,9 +1295,7 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 		}
 
 		$sql = $this->_insert(
-			$this->_protect_identifiers(
-				$this->ar_from[0], TRUE, NULL, FALSE
-			),
+			$this->protect_identifiers($this->ar_from[0], TRUE, NULL, FALSE),
 			array_keys($this->ar_set),
 			array_values($this->ar_set)
 		);
@@ -1334,9 +1333,7 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 		}
 
 		$sql = $this->_insert(
-			$this->_protect_identifiers(
-				$this->ar_from[0], TRUE, NULL, FALSE
-			),
+			$this->protect_identifiers($this->ar_from[0], TRUE, NULL, FALSE),
 			array_keys($this->ar_set),
 			array_values($this->ar_set)
 		);
@@ -1413,7 +1410,7 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 			$table = $this->ar_from[0];
 		}
 
-		$sql = $this->_replace($this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE), array_keys($this->ar_set), array_values($this->ar_set));
+		$sql = $this->_replace($this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE), array_keys($this->ar_set), array_values($this->ar_set));
 		$this->_reset_write();
 		return $this->query($sql);
 	}
@@ -1440,7 +1437,7 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		$sql = $this->_update($this->_protect_identifiers($this->ar_from[0], TRUE, NULL, FALSE), $this->ar_set, $this->ar_where, $this->ar_orderby, $this->ar_limit);
+		$sql = $this->_update($this->protect_identifiers($this->ar_from[0], TRUE, NULL, FALSE), $this->ar_set, $this->ar_where, $this->ar_orderby, $this->ar_limit);
 
 		if ($reset === TRUE)
 		{
@@ -1487,7 +1484,7 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 			$this->limit($limit);
 		}
 
-		$sql = $this->_update($this->_protect_identifiers($this->ar_from[0], TRUE, NULL, FALSE), $this->ar_set, $this->ar_where, $this->ar_orderby, $this->ar_limit, $this->ar_like);
+		$sql = $this->_update($this->protect_identifiers($this->ar_from[0], TRUE, NULL, FALSE), $this->ar_set, $this->ar_where, $this->ar_orderby, $this->ar_limit, $this->ar_like);
 		$this->_reset_write();
 		return $this->query($sql);
 	}
@@ -1572,7 +1569,7 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 		// Batch this baby
 		for ($i = 0, $total = count($this->ar_set); $i < $total; $i += 100)
 		{
-			$this->query($this->_update_batch($this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE), array_slice($this->ar_set, $i, 100), $this->_protect_identifiers($index), $this->ar_where));
+			$this->query($this->_update_batch($this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE), array_slice($this->ar_set, $i, 100), $this->protect_identifiers($index), $this->ar_where));
 		}
 
 		$this->_reset_write();
@@ -1613,7 +1610,7 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 					$not[] = $k.'-'.$v;
 				}
 
-				$clean[$this->_protect_identifiers($k2)] = ($escape === FALSE) ? $v2 : $this->escape($v2);
+				$clean[$this->protect_identifiers($k2)] = ($escape === FALSE) ? $v2 : $this->escape($v2);
 			}
 
 			if ($index_set == FALSE)
@@ -1650,7 +1647,7 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 		}
 		else
 		{
-			$table = $this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE);
+			$table = $this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE);
 		}
 
 		$sql = $this->_delete($table);
@@ -1683,7 +1680,7 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 		}
 		else
 		{
-			$table = $this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE);
+			$table = $this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE);
 		}
 
 		$sql = $this->_truncate($table);
@@ -1750,7 +1747,7 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 		}
 		else
 		{
-			$table = $this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE);
+			$table = $this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE);
 		}
 
 		if ($where != '')
@@ -1893,7 +1890,7 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 				foreach ($this->ar_select as $key => $val)
 				{
 					$no_escape = isset($this->ar_no_escape[$key]) ? $this->ar_no_escape[$key] : NULL;
-					$this->ar_select[$key] = $this->_protect_identifiers($val, FALSE, $no_escape);
+					$this->ar_select[$key] = $this->protect_identifiers($val, FALSE, $no_escape);
 				}
 
 				$sql .= implode(', ', $this->ar_select);
diff --git a/system/database/DB_driver.php b/system/database/DB_driver.php
index 271a70ec4..025441f90 100644
--- a/system/database/DB_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/DB_driver.php
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
  * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
  *
  * NOTICE OF LICENSE
- * 
+ *
  * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
- * 
+ *
  * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
  * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
  * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
@@ -25,8 +25,6 @@
  * @filesource
  */
 
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
 /**
  * Database Driver Class
  *
@@ -42,54 +40,44 @@
  */
 class CI_DB_driver {
 
-	var $username;
-	var $password;
-	var $hostname;
-	var $database;
-	var $dbdriver		= 'mysql';
-	var $dbprefix		= '';
-	var $char_set		= 'utf8';
-	var $dbcollat		= 'utf8_general_ci';
-	var $autoinit		= TRUE; // Whether to automatically initialize the DB
-	var $swap_pre		= '';
-	var $port			= '';
-	var $pconnect		= FALSE;
-	var $conn_id		= FALSE;
-	var $result_id		= FALSE;
-	var $db_debug		= FALSE;
-	var $benchmark		= 0;
-	var $query_count	= 0;
-	var $bind_marker	= '?';
-	var $save_queries	= TRUE;
-	var $queries		= array();
-	var $query_times	= array();
-	var $data_cache		= array();
-	var $trans_enabled	= TRUE;
-	var $trans_strict	= TRUE;
-	var $_trans_depth	= 0;
-	var $_trans_status	= TRUE; // Used with transactions to determine if a rollback should occur
-	var $cache_on		= FALSE;
-	var $cachedir		= '';
-	var $cache_autodel	= FALSE;
-	var $CACHE; // The cache class object
-
-	// Private variables
-	var $_protect_identifiers	= TRUE;
-	var $_reserved_identifiers	= array('*'); // Identifiers that should NOT be escaped
-
-	// These are use with Oracle
-	var $stmt_id;
-	var $curs_id;
-	var $limit_used;
-	
-
-	/**
-	 * Constructor.  Accepts one parameter containing the database
-	 * connection settings.
-	 *
-	 * @param array
-	 */
-	function __construct($params)
+	public $dsn;
+	public $username;
+	public $password;
+	public $hostname;
+	public $database;
+	public $dbdriver		= 'mysql';
+	public $dbprefix		= '';
+	public $char_set		= 'utf8';
+	public $dbcollat		= 'utf8_general_ci';
+	public $autoinit		= TRUE; // Whether to automatically initialize the DB
+	public $swap_pre		= '';
+	public $port			= '';
+	public $pconnect		= FALSE;
+	public $conn_id			= FALSE;
+	public $result_id		= FALSE;
+	public $db_debug		= FALSE;
+	public $benchmark		= 0;
+	public $query_count		= 0;
+	public $bind_marker		= '?';
+	public $save_queries		= TRUE;
+	public $queries			= array();
+	public $query_times		= array();
+	public $data_cache		= array();
+
+	public $trans_enabled		= TRUE;
+	public $trans_strict		= TRUE;
+	protected $_trans_depth		= 0;
+	protected $_trans_status	= TRUE; // Used with transactions to determine if a rollback should occur
+
+	public $cache_on		= FALSE;
+	public $cachedir		= '';
+	public $cache_autodel		= FALSE;
+	public $CACHE; // The cache class object
+
+	protected $_protect_identifiers		= TRUE;
+	protected $_reserved_identifiers	= array('*'); // Identifiers that should NOT be escaped
+
+	public function __construct($params)
 	{
 		if (is_array($params))
 		{
@@ -185,20 +173,19 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Set client character set
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	resource
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function db_set_charset($charset, $collation)
+	public function db_set_charset($charset, $collation = '')
 	{
-		if ( ! $this->_db_set_charset($this->char_set, $this->dbcollat))
+		if (method_exists($this, '_db_set_charset') && ! $this->_db_set_charset($charset, $collation))
 		{
-			log_message('error', 'Unable to set database connection charset: '.$this->char_set);
+			log_message('error', 'Unable to set database connection charset: '.$charset);
 
 			if ($this->db_debug)
 			{
-				$this->display_error('db_unable_to_set_charset', $this->char_set);
+				$this->display_error('db_unable_to_set_charset', $charset);
 			}
 
 			return FALSE;
@@ -212,10 +199,9 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * The name of the platform in use (mysql, mssql, etc...)
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function platform()
+	public function platform()
 	{
 		return $this->dbdriver;
 	}
@@ -223,36 +209,40 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Database Version Number.  Returns a string containing the
-	 * version of the database being used
+	 * Database version number
+	 *
+	 * Returns a string containing the version of the database being used.
+	 * Most drivers will override this method.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function version()
+	public function version()
 	{
-		if (FALSE === ($sql = $this->_version()))
+		if (isset($this->data_cache['version']))
 		{
-			if ($this->db_debug)
-			{
-				return $this->display_error('db_unsupported_function');
-			}
-			return FALSE;
+			return $this->data_cache['version'];
 		}
 
-		// Some DBs have functions that return the version, and don't run special
-		// SQL queries per se. In these instances, just return the result.
-		$driver_version_exceptions = array('oci8', 'sqlite', 'cubrid', 'pdo', 'mysqli');
-
-		if (in_array($this->dbdriver, $driver_version_exceptions))
-		{
-			return $sql;
-		}
-		else
+		if (FALSE === ($sql = $this->_version()))
 		{
-			$query = $this->query($sql);
-			return $query->row('ver');
+			return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_unsupported_function') : FALSE;
 		}
+
+		$query = $this->query($sql);
+		$query = $query->row();
+		return $this->data_cache['version'] = $query->ver;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Version number query string
+	 *
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _version()
+	{
+		return 'SELECT VERSION() AS ver';
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -261,17 +251,16 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	 * Execute the query
 	 *
 	 * Accepts an SQL string as input and returns a result object upon
-	 * successful execution of a "read" type query.  Returns boolean TRUE
+	 * successful execution of a "read" type query. Returns boolean TRUE
 	 * upon successful execution of a "write" type query. Returns boolean
 	 * FALSE upon failure, and if the $db_debug variable is set to TRUE
 	 * will raise an error.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	An SQL query string
 	 * @param	array	An array of binding data
 	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
-	function query($sql, $binds = FALSE, $return_object = TRUE)
+	public function query($sql, $binds = FALSE, $return_object = TRUE)
 	{
 		if ($sql == '')
 		{
@@ -290,7 +279,13 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 			$sql = preg_replace("/(\W)".$this->swap_pre."(\S+?)/", "\\1".$this->dbprefix."\\2", $sql);
 		}
 
-		// Is query caching enabled?  If the query is a "read type"
+		// Compile binds if needed
+		if ($binds !== FALSE)
+		{
+			$sql = $this->compile_binds($sql, $binds);
+		}
+
+		// Is query caching enabled? If the query is a "read type"
 		// we will load the caching class and return the previously
 		// cached query if it exists
 		if ($this->cache_on == TRUE AND stristr($sql, 'SELECT'))
@@ -305,12 +300,6 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 			}
 		}
 
-		// Compile binds if needed
-		if ($binds !== FALSE)
-		{
-			$sql = $this->compile_binds($sql, $binds);
-		}
-
 		// Save the  query for debugging
 		if ($this->save_queries == TRUE)
 		{
@@ -331,30 +320,28 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 			// This will trigger a rollback if transactions are being used
 			$this->_trans_status = FALSE;
 
-			// Grab the error number and message now, as we might run some
-			// additional queries before displaying the error
-			$error_no = $this->_error_number();
-			$error_msg = $this->_error_message();
+			// Grab the error now, as we might run some additional queries before displaying the error
+			$error = $this->error();
 
 			// Log errors
-			log_message('error', 'Query error: '.$error_msg);
+			log_message('error', 'Query error: '.$error['message']);
 
 			if ($this->db_debug)
 			{
 				// We call this function in order to roll-back queries
-				// if transactions are enabled.  If we don't call this here
+				// if transactions are enabled. If we don't call this here
 				// the error message will trigger an exit, causing the
 				// transactions to remain in limbo.
 				$this->trans_complete();
 
 				// Display errors
 				return $this->display_error(
-										array(
-												'Error Number: '.$error_no,
-												$error_msg,
-												$sql
-											)
-										);
+								array(
+									'Error Number: '.$error['code'],
+									$error['message'],
+									$sql
+								)
+							);
 			}
 
 			return FALSE;
@@ -395,21 +382,9 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 		}
 
 		// Load and instantiate the result driver
+		$driver		= $this->load_rdriver();
+		$RES		= new $driver($this);
 
-		$driver			= $this->load_rdriver();
-		$RES			= new $driver();
-		$RES->conn_id	= $this->conn_id;
-		$RES->result_id	= $this->result_id;
-
-		if ($this->dbdriver == 'oci8')
-		{
-			$RES->stmt_id		= $this->stmt_id;
-			$RES->curs_id		= NULL;
-			$RES->limit_used	= $this->limit_used;
-			$this->stmt_id		= FALSE;
-		}
-
-		// oci8 vars must be set before calling this
 		$RES->num_rows	= $RES->num_rows();
 
 		// Is query caching enabled?  If so, we'll serialize the
@@ -442,10 +417,9 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Load the result drivers
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	string	the name of the result class
 	 */
-	function load_rdriver()
+	public function load_rdriver()
 	{
 		$driver = 'CI_DB_'.$this->dbdriver.'_result';
 
@@ -462,15 +436,14 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 
 	/**
 	 * Simple Query
-	 * This is a simplified version of the query() function.  Internally
+	 * This is a simplified version of the query() function. Internally
 	 * we only use it when running transaction commands since they do
 	 * not require all the features of the main query() function.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the sql query
 	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
-	function simple_query($sql)
+	public function simple_query($sql)
 	{
 		if ( ! $this->conn_id)
 		{
@@ -486,10 +459,9 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	 * Disable Transactions
 	 * This permits transactions to be disabled at run-time.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function trans_off()
+	public function trans_off()
 	{
 		$this->trans_enabled = FALSE;
 	}
@@ -503,10 +475,9 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	 * If strict mode is disabled, each group is treated autonomously, meaning
 	 * a failure of one group will not affect any others
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function trans_strict($mode = TRUE)
+	public function trans_strict($mode = TRUE)
 	{
 		$this->trans_strict = is_bool($mode) ? $mode : TRUE;
 	}
@@ -516,10 +487,9 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Start Transaction
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function trans_start($test_mode = FALSE)
+	public function trans_start($test_mode = FALSE)
 	{
 		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
 		{
@@ -542,10 +512,9 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Complete Transaction
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function trans_complete()
+	public function trans_complete()
 	{
 		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
 		{
@@ -589,10 +558,9 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Lets you retrieve the transaction flag to determine if it has failed
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function trans_status()
+	public function trans_status()
 	{
 		return $this->_trans_status;
 	}
@@ -602,12 +570,11 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Compile Bindings
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the sql statement
 	 * @param	array	an array of bind data
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function compile_binds($sql, $binds)
+	public function compile_binds($sql, $binds)
 	{
 		if (strpos($sql, $this->bind_marker) === FALSE)
 		{
@@ -645,17 +612,12 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Determines if a query is a "write" type.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	An SQL query string
-	 * @return	boolean
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function is_write_type($sql)
+	public function is_write_type($sql)
 	{
-		if ( ! preg_match('/^\s*"?(SET|INSERT|UPDATE|DELETE|REPLACE|CREATE|DROP|TRUNCATE|LOAD DATA|COPY|ALTER|GRANT|REVOKE|LOCK|UNLOCK)\s+/i', $sql))
-		{
-			return FALSE;
-		}
-		return TRUE;
+		return (bool) preg_match('/^\s*"?(SET|INSERT|UPDATE|DELETE|REPLACE|CREATE|DROP|TRUNCATE|LOAD DATA|COPY|ALTER|RENAME|GRANT|REVOKE|LOCK|UNLOCK|OPTIMIZE|REINDEX)\s+/i', $sql);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -663,11 +625,10 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Calculate the aggregate query elapsed time
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	integer	The number of decimal places
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @param	int	The number of decimal places
+	 * @return	int
 	 */
-	function elapsed_time($decimals = 6)
+	public function elapsed_time($decimals = 6)
 	{
 		return number_format($this->benchmark, $decimals);
 	}
@@ -677,10 +638,9 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Returns the total number of queries
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	int
 	 */
-	function total_queries()
+	public function total_queries()
 	{
 		return $this->query_count;
 	}
@@ -690,10 +650,9 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Returns the last query that was executed
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function last_query()
+	public function last_query()
 	{
 		return end($this->queries);
 	}
@@ -706,11 +665,10 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	 * Escapes data based on type
 	 * Sets boolean and null types
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
-	function escape($str)
+	public function escape($str)
 	{
 		if (is_string($str))
 		{
@@ -736,11 +694,10 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	 * Calls the individual driver for platform
 	 * specific escaping for LIKE conditions
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
-	function escape_like_str($str)
+	public function escape_like_str($str)
 	{
 		return $this->escape_str($str, TRUE);
 	}
@@ -750,14 +707,13 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Primary
 	 *
-	 * Retrieves the primary key.  It assumes that the row in the first
+	 * Retrieves the primary key. It assumes that the row in the first
 	 * position is the primary key
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the table name
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function primary($table = '')
+	public function primary($table = '')
 	{
 		$fields = $this->list_fields($table);
 
@@ -774,10 +730,9 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Returns an array of table names
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function list_tables($constrain_by_prefix = FALSE)
+	public function list_tables($constrain_by_prefix = FALSE)
 	{
 		// Is there a cached result?
 		if (isset($this->data_cache['table_names']))
@@ -815,7 +770,7 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 		}
 
 		$this->data_cache['table_names'] = $retval;
-		
+
 		return $this->data_cache['table_names'];
 	}
 
@@ -823,12 +778,12 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 
 	/**
 	 * Determine if a particular table exists
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	boolean
+	 *
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function table_exists($table_name)
+	public function table_exists($table_name)
 	{
-		return ( ! in_array($this->_protect_identifiers($table_name, TRUE, FALSE, FALSE), $this->list_tables())) ? FALSE : TRUE;
+		return in_array($this->protect_identifiers($table_name, TRUE, FALSE, FALSE), $this->list_tables());
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -836,11 +791,10 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Fetch MySQL Field Names
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the table name
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function list_fields($table = '')
+	public function list_fields($table = '')
 	{
 		// Is there a cached result?
 		if (isset($this->data_cache['field_names'][$table]))
@@ -889,12 +843,12 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 
 	/**
 	 * Determine if a particular field exists
-	 * @access	public
+	 *
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	boolean
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function field_exists($field_name, $table_name)
+	public function field_exists($field_name, $table_name)
 	{
 		return ( ! in_array($field_name, $this->list_fields($table_name))) ? FALSE : TRUE;
 	}
@@ -904,11 +858,10 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Returns an object with field data
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the table name
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	function field_data($table = '')
+	public function field_data($table = '')
 	{
 		if ($table == '')
 		{
@@ -919,7 +872,7 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		$query = $this->query($this->_field_data($this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE)));
+		$query = $this->query($this->_field_data($this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE)));
 
 		return $query->field_data();
 	}
@@ -929,12 +882,11 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Generate an insert string
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the table upon which the query will be performed
 	 * @param	array	an associative array data of key/values
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function insert_string($table, $data)
+	public function insert_string($table, $data)
 	{
 		$fields = array();
 		$values = array();
@@ -945,7 +897,7 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 			$values[] = $this->escape($val);
 		}
 
-		return $this->_insert($this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE), $fields, $values);
+		return $this->_insert($this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE), $fields, $values);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -953,23 +905,22 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Generate an update string
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the table upon which the query will be performed
 	 * @param	array	an associative array data of key/values
 	 * @param	mixed	the "where" statement
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function update_string($table, $data, $where)
+	public function update_string($table, $data, $where)
 	{
 		if ($where == '')
 		{
-			return false;
+			return FALSE;
 		}
 
 		$fields = array();
 		foreach ($data as $key => $val)
 		{
-			$fields[$this->_protect_identifiers($key)] = $this->escape($val);
+			$fields[$this->protect_identifiers($key)] = $this->escape($val);
 		}
 
 		if ( ! is_array($where))
@@ -982,7 +933,7 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 			foreach ($where as $key => $val)
 			{
 				$prefix = (count($dest) == 0) ? '' : ' AND ';
-				$key = $this->_protect_identifiers($key);
+				$key = $this->protect_identifiers($key);
 
 				if ($val !== '')
 				{
@@ -998,7 +949,7 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 			}
 		}
 
-		return $this->_update($this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE), $fields, $dest);
+		return $this->_update($this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE), $fields, $dest);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1006,11 +957,10 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Tests whether the string has an SQL operator
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function _has_operator($str)
+	protected function _has_operator($str)
 	{
 		$str = trim($str);
 		if ( ! preg_match("/(\s|<|>|!|=|is null|is not null)/i", $str))
@@ -1026,12 +976,11 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Enables a native PHP function to be run, using a platform agnostic wrapper.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the function name
 	 * @param	mixed	any parameters needed by the function
 	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
-	function call_function($function)
+	public function call_function($function)
 	{
 		$driver = ($this->dbdriver == 'postgre') ? 'pg_' : $this->dbdriver.'_';
 
@@ -1068,11 +1017,10 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Set Cache Directory Path
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the path to the cache directory
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function cache_set_path($path = '')
+	public function cache_set_path($path = '')
 	{
 		$this->cachedir = $path;
 	}
@@ -1082,10 +1030,9 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Enable Query Caching
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @return	bool	cache_on value
 	 */
-	function cache_on()
+	public function cache_on()
 	{
 		$this->cache_on = TRUE;
 		return TRUE;
@@ -1096,10 +1043,9 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Disable Query Caching
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @return	bool	cache_on value
 	 */
-	function cache_off()
+	public function cache_off()
 	{
 		$this->cache_on = FALSE;
 		return FALSE;
@@ -1111,10 +1057,9 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Delete the cache files associated with a particular URI
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function cache_delete($segment_one = '', $segment_two = '')
+	public function cache_delete($segment_one = '', $segment_two = '')
 	{
 		if ( ! $this->_cache_init())
 		{
@@ -1128,10 +1073,9 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Delete All cache files
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function cache_delete_all()
+	public function cache_delete_all()
 	{
 		if ( ! $this->_cache_init())
 		{
@@ -1146,10 +1090,9 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Initialize the Cache Class
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function _cache_init()
+	protected function _cache_init()
 	{
 		if (is_object($this->CACHE) AND class_exists('CI_DB_Cache'))
 		{
@@ -1173,10 +1116,9 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Close DB Connection
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function close()
+	public function close()
 	{
 		if (is_resource($this->conn_id) OR is_object($this->conn_id))
 		{
@@ -1190,13 +1132,12 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Display an error message
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the error message
 	 * @param	string	any "swap" values
-	 * @param	boolean	whether to localize the message
+	 * @param	bool	whether to localize the message
 	 * @return	string	sends the application/error_db.php template
 	 */
-	function display_error($error = '', $swap = '', $native = FALSE)
+	public function display_error($error = '', $swap = '', $native = FALSE)
 	{
 		$LANG =& load_class('Lang', 'core');
 		$LANG->load('db');
@@ -1240,27 +1181,11 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Protect Identifiers
 	 *
-	 * This function adds backticks if appropriate based on db type
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	mixed	the item to escape
-	 * @return	mixed	the item with backticks
-	 */
-	function protect_identifiers($item, $prefix_single = FALSE)
-	{
-		return $this->_protect_identifiers($item, $prefix_single);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Protect Identifiers
-	 *
 	 * This function is used extensively by the Active Record class, and by
 	 * a couple functions in this class.
 	 * It takes a column or table name (optionally with an alias) and inserts
 	 * the table prefix onto it.  Some logic is necessary in order to deal with
-	 * column names that include the path.  Consider a query like this:
+	 * column names that include the path. Consider a query like this:
 	 *
 	 * SELECT * FROM hostname.database.table.column AS c FROM hostname.database.table
 	 *
@@ -1273,14 +1198,13 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	 * insert the table prefix (if it exists) in the proper position, and escape only
 	 * the correct identifiers.
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @param	bool
 	 * @param	mixed
 	 * @param	bool
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _protect_identifiers($item, $prefix_single = FALSE, $protect_identifiers = NULL, $field_exists = TRUE)
+	public function protect_identifiers($item, $prefix_single = FALSE, $protect_identifiers = NULL, $field_exists = TRUE)
 	{
 		if ( ! is_bool($protect_identifiers))
 		{
@@ -1290,10 +1214,9 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 		if (is_array($item))
 		{
 			$escaped_array = array();
-
 			foreach ($item as $k => $v)
 			{
-				$escaped_array[$this->_protect_identifiers($k)] = $this->_protect_identifiers($v);
+				$escaped_array[$this->protect_identifiers($k)] = $this->protect_identifiers($v);
 			}
 
 			return $escaped_array;
@@ -1313,7 +1236,7 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 
 		// This is basically a bug fix for queries that use MAX, MIN, etc.
 		// If a parenthesis is found we know that we do not need to
-		// escape the data or add a prefix.  There's probably a more graceful
+		// escape the data or add a prefix. There's probably a more graceful
 		// way to deal with this, but I'm not thinking of it -- Rick
 		if (strpos($item, '(') !== FALSE)
 		{
@@ -1328,7 +1251,7 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 			$parts	= explode('.', $item);
 
 			// Does the first segment of the exploded item match
-			// one of the aliases previously identified?  If so,
+			// one of the aliases previously identified? If so,
 			// we have nothing more to do other than escape the item
 			if (in_array($parts[0], $this->ar_aliased_tables))
 			{
@@ -1347,7 +1270,7 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 				return $item.$alias;
 			}
 
-			// Is there a table prefix defined in the config file?  If not, no need to do anything
+			// Is there a table prefix defined in the config file? If not, no need to do anything
 			if ($this->dbprefix != '')
 			{
 				// We now add the table prefix based on some logic.
@@ -1401,7 +1324,7 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 			return $item.$alias;
 		}
 
-		// Is there a table prefix?  If not, no need to insert it
+		// Is there a table prefix? If not, no need to insert it
 		if ($this->dbprefix != '')
 		{
 			// Verify table prefix and replace if necessary
@@ -1424,6 +1347,20 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 
 		return $item.$alias;
 	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Dummy method that allows Active Record class to be disabled
+	 *
+	 * This function is used extensively by every db driver.
+	 *
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _reset_select()
+	{
+	}
+
 }
 
 /* End of file DB_driver.php */
diff --git a/system/database/DB_result.php b/system/database/DB_result.php
index 730443222..61aa56121 100644
--- a/system/database/DB_result.php
+++ b/system/database/DB_result.php
@@ -47,6 +47,12 @@ class CI_DB_result {
 	public $num_rows			= 0;
 	public $row_data			= NULL;
 
+	public function __construct(&$driver_object)
+	{
+		$this->conn_id = $driver_object->conn_id;
+		$this->result_id = $driver_object->result_id;
+	}
+
 	/**
 	 * Query result.  Acts as a wrapper function for the following functions.
 	 *
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/cubrid/cubrid_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/cubrid/cubrid_driver.php
index cde719eae..3c0850ad3 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/cubrid/cubrid_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/cubrid/cubrid_driver.php
@@ -156,37 +156,15 @@ class CI_DB_cubrid_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Set client character set
+	 * Database version number
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	resource
-	 */
-	function db_set_charset($charset, $collation)
-	{
-		// In CUBRID, there is no need to set charset or collation.
-		// This is why returning true will allow the application continue
-		// its normal process.
-		return TRUE;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Version number query string
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _version()
+	public function version()
 	{
-		// To obtain the CUBRID Server version, no need to run the SQL query.
-		// CUBRID PHP API provides a function to determin this value.
-		// This is why we also need to add 'cubrid' value to the list of
-		// $driver_version_exceptions array in DB_driver class in
-		// version() function.
-		return cubrid_get_server_info($this->conn_id);
+		return isset($this->data_cache['version'])
+			? $this->data_cache['version']
+			: $this->data_cache['version'] = cubrid_get_server_info($this->conn_id);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -362,12 +340,11 @@ class CI_DB_cubrid_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Affected Rows
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	int
 	 */
-	function affected_rows()
+	public function affected_rows()
 	{
-		return @cubrid_affected_rows($this->conn_id);
+		return @cubrid_affected_rows();
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -401,9 +378,8 @@ class CI_DB_cubrid_driver extends CI_DB {
 		{
 			return 0;
 		}
-		
-		$query = $this->query($this->_count_string . $this->_protect_identifiers('numrows') . " FROM " . $this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE));
 
+		$query = $this->query($this->_count_string.$this->protect_identifiers('numrows').' FROM '.$this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE));
 		if ($query->num_rows() == 0)
 		{
 			return 0;
@@ -450,7 +426,7 @@ class CI_DB_cubrid_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	function _list_columns($table = '')
 	{
-		return "SHOW COLUMNS FROM ".$this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE);
+		return 'SHOW COLUMNS FROM '.$this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -472,31 +448,18 @@ class CI_DB_cubrid_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * The error message string
+	 * Error
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	function _error_message()
-	{
-		return cubrid_error($this->conn_id);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * The error message number
+	 * Returns an array containing code and message of the last
+	 * database error that has occured.
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function _error_number()
+	public function error()
 	{
-		return cubrid_errno($this->conn_id);
+		return array('code' => cubrid_errno($this->conn_id), 'message' => cubrid_error($this->conn_id));
 	}
 
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
 	/**
 	 * Escape the SQL Identifiers
 	 *
@@ -801,4 +764,4 @@ class CI_DB_cubrid_driver extends CI_DB {
 
 
 /* End of file cubrid_driver.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/cubrid/cubrid_driver.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/cubrid/cubrid_driver.php */
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/cubrid/cubrid_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/cubrid/cubrid_forge.php
index 85e740057..76002cb38 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/cubrid/cubrid_forge.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/cubrid/cubrid_forge.php
@@ -93,11 +93,11 @@ class CI_DB_cubrid_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 			{
 				$attributes = array_change_key_case($attributes, CASE_UPPER);
 
-				$sql .= "\n\t\"" . $this->db->_protect_identifiers($field) . "\"";
+				$sql .= "\n\t\"".$this->db->protect_identifiers($field).'"';
 
 				if (array_key_exists('NAME', $attributes))
 				{
-					$sql .= ' '.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($attributes['NAME']).' ';
+					$sql .= ' '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($attributes['NAME']).' ';
 				}
 
 				if (array_key_exists('TYPE', $attributes))
@@ -197,10 +197,9 @@ class CI_DB_cubrid_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 		// If there is a PK defined
 		if (count($primary_keys) > 0)
 		{
-			$key_name = "pk_" . $table . "_" .
-				$this->db->_protect_identifiers(implode('_', $primary_keys));
-			
-			$primary_keys = $this->db->_protect_identifiers($primary_keys);
+			$key_name = 'pk_'.$table.'_'.$this->db->protect_identifiers(implode('_', $primary_keys));
+
+			$primary_keys = $this->db->protect_identifiers($primary_keys);
 			$sql .= ",\n\tCONSTRAINT " . $key_name . " PRIMARY KEY(" . implode(', ', $primary_keys) . ")";
 		}
 
@@ -210,15 +209,15 @@ class CI_DB_cubrid_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 			{
 				if (is_array($key))
 				{
-					$key_name = $this->db->_protect_identifiers(implode('_', $key));
-					$key = $this->db->_protect_identifiers($key);
+					$key_name = $this->db->protect_identifiers(implode('_', $key));
+					$key = $this->db->protect_identifiers($key);
 				}
 				else
 				{
-					$key_name = $this->db->_protect_identifiers($key);
+					$key_name = $this->db->protect_identifiers($key);
 					$key = array($key_name);
 				}
-				
+
 				$sql .= ",\n\tKEY \"{$key_name}\" (" . implode(', ', $key) . ")";
 			}
 		}
@@ -258,19 +257,19 @@ class CI_DB_cubrid_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 	 */
 	function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $fields, $after_field = '')
 	{
-		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($table)." $alter_type ";
+		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table).' '.$alter_type.' ';
 
 		// DROP has everything it needs now.
 		if ($alter_type == 'DROP')
 		{
-			return $sql.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($fields);
+			return $sql.$this->db->protect_identifiers($fields);
 		}
 
 		$sql .= $this->_process_fields($fields);
 
 		if ($after_field != '')
 		{
-			$sql .= ' AFTER ' . $this->db->_protect_identifiers($after_field);
+			return $sql.' AFTER '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($after_field);
 		}
 
 		return $sql;
@@ -290,11 +289,10 @@ class CI_DB_cubrid_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 	 */
 	function _rename_table($table_name, $new_table_name)
 	{
-		$sql = 'RENAME TABLE '.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($table_name)." AS ".$this->db->_protect_identifiers($new_table_name);
-		return $sql;
+		return 'RENAME TABLE '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table_name).' AS '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($new_table_name);
 	}
 
 }
 
 /* End of file cubrid_forge.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/cubrid/cubrid_forge.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/cubrid/cubrid_forge.php */
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/interbase/index.html b/system/database/drivers/interbase/index.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c942a79ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/database/drivers/interbase/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+<html>
+<head>
+	<title>403 Forbidden</title>
+</head>
+<body>
+
+<p>Directory access is forbidden.</p>
+
+</body>
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/interbase/interbase_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/interbase/interbase_driver.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bacb6688c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/database/drivers/interbase/interbase_driver.php
@@ -0,0 +1,626 @@
+<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ *
+ * NOTICE OF LICENSE
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
+ *
+ * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
+ * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
+ * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
+ * http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0
+ * If you did not receive a copy of the license and are unable to obtain it
+ * through the world wide web, please send an email to
+ * licensing@ellislab.com so we can send you a copy immediately.
+ *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2012, EllisLab, Inc. (http://ellislab.com/)
+ * @license		http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0 Open Software License (OSL 3.0)
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com
+ * @since		Version 3.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/**
+ * Firebird/Interbase Database Adapter Class
+ *
+ * Note: _DB is an extender class that the app controller
+ * creates dynamically based on whether the active record
+ * class is being used or not.
+ *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @subpackage	Drivers
+ * @category	Database
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ */
+class CI_DB_interbase_driver extends CI_DB {
+
+	public $dbdriver = 'interbase';
+
+	// The character used to escape with
+	protected $_escape_char = '"';
+
+	// clause and character used for LIKE escape sequences
+	protected $_like_escape_str = " ESCAPE '%s' ";
+	protected $_like_escape_chr = '!';
+
+	/**
+	 * The syntax to count rows is slightly different across different
+	 * database engines, so this string appears in each driver and is
+	 * used for the count_all() and count_all_results() functions.
+	 */
+	protected $_count_string = "SELECT COUNT(*) AS ";
+	protected $_random_keyword = ' Random()'; // database specific random keyword
+
+	// Keeps track of the resource for the current transaction
+	protected $trans;
+
+	/**
+	 * Non-persistent database connection
+	 *
+	 * @return	resource
+	 */
+	public function db_connect()
+	{
+		return @ibase_connect($this->hostname.':'.$this->database, $this->username, $this->password, $this->char_set);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Persistent database connection
+	 *
+	 * @return	resource
+	 */
+	public function db_pconnect()
+	{
+		return @ibase_pconnect($this->hostname.':'.$this->database, $this->username, $this->password, $this->char_set);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Reconnect
+	 *
+	 * Keep / reestablish the db connection if no queries have been
+	 * sent for a length of time exceeding the server's idle timeout
+	 *
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function reconnect()
+	{
+		// not implemented in Interbase/Firebird
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Select the database
+	 *
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function db_select()
+	{
+		// Connection selects the database
+		return TRUE;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Database version number
+	 *
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	public function version()
+	{
+		if (isset($this->data_cache['version']))
+		{
+			return $this->data_cache['version'];
+		}
+
+		if (($service = ibase_service_attach($this->hostname, $this->username, $this->password)))
+		{
+			$this->data_cache['version'] = ibase_server_info($service, IBASE_SVC_SERVER_VERSION);
+
+			// Don't keep the service open
+			ibase_service_detach($service);
+			return $this->data_cache['version'];
+		}
+
+		return FALSE;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Execute the query
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	an SQL query
+	 * @return	resource
+	 */
+	protected function _execute($sql)
+	{
+		$sql = $this->_prep_query($sql);
+		return @ibase_query($this->conn_id, $sql);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Prep the query
+	 *
+	 * If needed, each database adapter can prep the query string
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	an SQL query
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _prep_query($sql)
+	{
+		return $sql;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Begin Transaction
+	 *
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function trans_begin($test_mode = FALSE)
+	{
+		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
+		{
+			return TRUE;
+		}
+
+		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
+		if ($this->_trans_depth > 0)
+		{
+			return TRUE;
+		}
+
+		// Reset the transaction failure flag.
+		// If the $test_mode flag is set to TRUE transactions will be rolled back
+		// even if the queries produce a successful result.
+		$this->_trans_failure = ($test_mode === TRUE) ? TRUE : FALSE;
+
+		$this->trans = @ibase_trans($this->conn_id);
+
+		return TRUE;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Commit Transaction
+	 *
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function trans_commit()
+	{
+		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
+		{
+			return TRUE;
+		}
+
+		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
+		if ($this->_trans_depth > 0)
+		{
+			return TRUE;
+		}
+
+		return @ibase_commit($this->trans);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Rollback Transaction
+	 *
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function trans_rollback()
+	{
+		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
+		{
+			return TRUE;
+		}
+
+		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
+		if ($this->_trans_depth > 0)
+		{
+			return TRUE;
+		}
+
+		return @ibase_rollback($this->trans);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Escape String
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	bool	whether or not the string will be used in a LIKE condition
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	public function escape_str($str, $like = FALSE)
+	{
+		if (is_array($str))
+		{
+			foreach ($str as $key => $val)
+			{
+				$str[$key] = $this->escape_str($val, $like);
+			}
+
+			return $str;
+		}
+
+		// escape LIKE condition wildcards
+		if ($like === TRUE)
+		{
+			$str = str_replace(	array('%', '_', $this->_like_escape_chr),
+								array($this->_like_escape_chr.'%', $this->_like_escape_chr.'_', $this->_like_escape_chr.$this->_like_escape_chr),
+								$str);
+		}
+
+		return $str;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Affected Rows
+	 *
+	 * @return	integer
+	 */
+	public function affected_rows()
+	{
+		return @ibase_affected_rows($this->conn_id);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Insert ID
+	 *
+	 * @param	string $generator_name
+	 * @param	integer $inc_by
+	 * @return	integer
+	 */
+	public function insert_id($generator_name, $inc_by=0)
+	{
+		//If a generator hasn't been used before it will return 0
+		return ibase_gen_id('"'.$generator_name.'"', $inc_by);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * "Count All" query
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query string that counts all records in
+	 * the specified database
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	public function count_all($table = '')
+	{
+		if ($table == '')
+		{
+			return 0;
+		}
+
+		$query = $this->query($this->_count_string.$this->protect_identifiers('numrows').' FROM '.$this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE));
+		if ($query->num_rows() == 0)
+		{
+			return 0;
+		}
+
+		$row = $query->row();
+		$this->_reset_select();
+		return (int) $row->numrows;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * List table query
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the table names can be fetched
+	 *
+	 * @param	boolean
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _list_tables($prefix_limit = FALSE)
+	{
+		$sql = <<<SQL
+			SELECT "RDB\$RELATION_NAME" FROM "RDB\$RELATIONS" 
+			WHERE "RDB\$RELATION_NAME" NOT LIKE 'RDB$%'
+			AND "RDB\$RELATION_NAME" NOT LIKE 'MON$%'
+SQL;
+
+		if ($prefix_limit !== FALSE AND $this->dbprefix != '')
+		{
+			$sql .= ' AND "RDB$RELATION_NAME" LIKE \''.$this->escape_like_str($this->dbprefix)."%' ".sprintf($this->_like_escape_str, $this->_like_escape_chr);
+		}
+		return $sql;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Show column query
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the column names can be fetched
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _list_columns($table = '')
+	{
+		return <<<SQL
+			SELECT "RDB\$FIELD_NAME" FROM "RDB\$RELATION_FIELDS" 
+			WHERE "RDB\$RELATION_NAME"='{$table}';
+SQL;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Field data query
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that the column data can be retrieved
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @return	object
+	 */
+	protected function _field_data($table)
+	{
+		// Need to find a more efficient way to do this
+		// but Interbase/Firebird seems to lack the
+		// limit clause
+		return "SELECT * FROM {$table}";
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Error
+	 *
+	 * Returns an array containing code and message of the last
+	 * database error that has occured.
+	 *
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	public function error()
+	{
+		return array('code' => ibase_errcode(), 'message' => ibase_errmsg());
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Escape the SQL Identifiers
+	 *
+	 * This public function escapes column and table names
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _escape_identifiers($item)
+	{
+		foreach ($this->_reserved_identifiers as $id)
+		{
+			if (strpos($item, '.'.$id) !== FALSE)
+			{
+				$str = $this->_escape_char. str_replace('.', $this->_escape_char.'.', $item);
+
+				// remove duplicates if the user already included the escape
+				return preg_replace('/['.$this->_escape_char.']+/', $this->_escape_char, $str);
+			}
+		}
+
+		if (strpos($item, '.') !== FALSE)
+		{
+			$str = $this->_escape_char.str_replace('.', $this->_escape_char.'.'.$this->_escape_char, $item).$this->_escape_char;
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			$str = $this->_escape_char.$item.$this->_escape_char;
+		}
+
+		// remove duplicates if the user already included the escape
+		return preg_replace('/['.$this->_escape_char.']+/', $this->_escape_char, $str);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * From Tables
+	 *
+	 * This public function implicitly groups FROM tables so there is no confusion
+	 * about operator precedence in harmony with SQL standards
+	 *
+	 * @param	type
+	 * @return	type
+	 */
+	protected function _from_tables($tables)
+	{
+		if ( ! is_array($tables))
+		{
+			$tables = array($tables);
+		}
+
+		//Interbase/Firebird doesn't like grouped tables
+		return implode(', ', $tables);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Insert statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific insert string from the supplied data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @param	array	the insert keys
+	 * @param	array	the insert values
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _insert($table, $keys, $values)
+	{
+		return "INSERT INTO {$table} (".implode(', ', $keys).') VALUES ('.implode(', ', $values).')';
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Update statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific update string from the supplied data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @param	array	the update data
+	 * @param	array	the where clause
+	 * @param	array	the orderby clause
+	 * @param	array	the limit clause
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _update($table, $values, $where, $orderby = array(), $limit = FALSE)
+	{
+		foreach ($values as $key => $val)
+		{
+			$valstr[] = $key." = ".$val;
+		}
+
+		//$limit = ( ! $limit) ? '' : ' LIMIT '.$limit;
+
+		$orderby = (count($orderby) >= 1)?' ORDER BY '.implode(", ", $orderby):'';
+
+		$sql = "UPDATE {$table} SET ".implode(', ', $valstr);
+
+		$sql .= ($where != '' AND count($where) >=1) ? ' WHERE '.implode(' ', $where) : '';
+
+		$sql .= $orderby;
+
+		return $sql;
+	}
+
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Truncate statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific truncate string from the supplied data
+	 * If the database does not support the truncate() command
+	 * This public function maps to "DELETE FROM table"
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _truncate($table)
+	{
+		return $this->_delete($table);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Delete statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific delete string from the supplied data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @param	array	the where clause
+	 * @param	string	the limit clause
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _delete($table, $where = array(), $like = array(), $limit = FALSE)
+	{
+		$conditions = '';
+
+		if (count($where) > 0 OR count($like) > 0)
+		{
+			$conditions = "\nWHERE ";
+			$conditions .= implode("\n", $this->ar_where);
+
+			if (count($where) > 0 && count($like) > 0)
+			{
+				$conditions .= ' AND ';
+			}
+			$conditions .= implode("\n", $like);
+		}
+
+		//$limit = ( ! $limit) ? '' : ' LIMIT '.$limit;
+
+		return "DELETE FROM {$table}{$conditions}";
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Limit string
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific LIMIT clause
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the sql query string
+	 * @param	integer	the number of rows to limit the query to
+	 * @param	integer	the offset value
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _limit($sql, $limit, $offset)
+	{
+		// Keep the current sql string safe for a moment
+		$orig_sql = $sql;
+
+		// Limit clause depends on if Interbase or Firebird
+		if (stripos($this->version(), 'firebird') !== FALSE)
+		{
+			$sql = 'FIRST '. (int) $limit;
+
+			if ($offset > 0)
+			{
+				$sql .= ' SKIP '. (int) $offset;
+			}
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			$sql = 'ROWS ' . (int) $limit;
+
+			if ($offset > 0)
+			{
+				$sql = 'ROWS '. (int) $offset . ' TO ' . ($limit + $offset);
+			}
+		}
+
+		return preg_replace('`SELECT`i', "SELECT {$sql}", $orig_sql);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Close DB Connection
+	 *
+	 * @param	resource
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _close($conn_id)
+	{
+		@ibase_close($conn_id);
+	}
+
+}
+
+/* End of file interbase_driver.php */
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/interbase/interbase_driver.php */
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/interbase/interbase_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/interbase/interbase_forge.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..023d278ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/database/drivers/interbase/interbase_forge.php
@@ -0,0 +1,243 @@
+<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ *
+ * NOTICE OF LICENSE
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
+ *
+ * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
+ * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
+ * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
+ * http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0
+ * If you did not receive a copy of the license and are unable to obtain it
+ * through the world wide web, please send an email to
+ * licensing@ellislab.com so we can send you a copy immediately.
+ *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2012, EllisLab, Inc. (http://ellislab.com/)
+ * @license		http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0 Open Software License (OSL 3.0)
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com
+ * @since		Version 3.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/**
+ * Interbase/Firebird Forge Class
+ *
+ * @category	Database
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ */
+class CI_DB_interbase_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
+
+	/**
+	 * Create database
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the database name
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _create_database($filename='')
+	{
+		// Firebird databases are flat files, so a path is required 
+		// Hostname is needed for remote access
+		return 'CREATE DATABASE "'.$this->hostname.':'.$filename.'"';
+		
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Drop database
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the database name - not used in this driver 
+	 *	- the current db is dropped
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	protected function _drop_database($name='')
+	{
+		return ibase_drop_db($this->conn_id);
+	}
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Create Table
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @param	array	the fields
+	 * @param	mixed	primary key(s)
+	 * @param	mixed	key(s)
+	 * @param	boolean	should 'IF NOT EXISTS' be added to the SQL
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _create_table($table, $fields, $primary_keys, $keys, $if_not_exists)
+	{
+		$sql = 'CREATE TABLE ';
+
+		$sql .= $this->db->protect_identifiers($table)."(";
+		$current_field_count = 0;
+
+		foreach ($fields as $field => $attributes)
+		{
+			// Numeric field names aren't allowed in databases, so if the key is
+			// numeric, we know it was assigned by PHP and the developer manually
+			// entered the field information, so we'll simply add it to the list
+			if (is_numeric($field))
+			{
+				$sql .= "\n\t$attributes";
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				$attributes = array_change_key_case($attributes, CASE_UPPER);
+
+				$sql .= "\n\t".$this->db->protect_identifiers($field);
+
+				$sql .=  ' '.$attributes['TYPE'];
+
+				if (array_key_exists('CONSTRAINT', $attributes))
+				{
+					$sql .= '('.$attributes['CONSTRAINT'].')';
+				}
+
+				if (array_key_exists('UNSIGNED', $attributes) && $attributes['UNSIGNED'] === TRUE)
+				{
+					$sql .= ' UNSIGNED';
+				}
+
+				if (array_key_exists('DEFAULT', $attributes))
+				{
+					$sql .= ' DEFAULT \''.$attributes['DEFAULT'].'\'';
+				}
+
+				if (array_key_exists('NULL', $attributes) && $attributes['NULL'] === TRUE)
+				{
+					$sql .= ' NULL';
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					$sql .= ' NOT NULL';
+				}
+
+				if (array_key_exists('AUTO_INCREMENT', $attributes) && $attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT'] === TRUE)
+				{
+					$sql .= ' AUTO_INCREMENT';
+				}
+			}
+
+			// don't add a comma on the end of the last field
+			if (++$current_field_count < count($fields))
+			{
+				$sql .= ',';
+			}
+		}
+
+		if (count($primary_keys) > 0)
+		{
+			$primary_keys = $this->db->protect_identifiers($primary_keys);
+			$sql .= ",\n\tPRIMARY KEY (" . implode(', ', $primary_keys) . ")";
+		}
+
+		if (is_array($keys) && count($keys) > 0)
+		{
+			foreach ($keys as $key)
+			{
+				if (is_array($key))
+				{
+					$key = $this->db->protect_identifiers($key);
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					$key = array($this->db->protect_identifiers($key));
+				}
+
+				$sql .= ",\n\tUNIQUE (" . implode(', ', $key) . ")";
+			}
+		}
+
+		$sql .= "\n)";
+
+		return $sql;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Drop Table
+	 *
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _drop_table($table)
+	{
+		return 'DROP TABLE '.$name;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Alter table query
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that a table can be altered
+	 * Called by add_column(), drop_column(), and column_alter(),
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the ALTER type (ADD, DROP, CHANGE)
+	 * @param	string	the column name
+	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @param	string	the column definition
+	 * @param	string	the default value
+	 * @param	boolean	should 'NOT NULL' be added
+	 * @param	string	the field after which we should add the new field
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $column_name, $column_definition = '', $default_value = '', $null = '', $after_field = '')
+	{
+		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table)." $alter_type ".$this->db->protect_identifiers($column_name);
+
+		$sql .= " {$column_definition}";
+
+		if ($default_value != '')
+		{
+			$sql .= " DEFAULT \"{$default_value}\"";
+		}
+
+		if ($null === NULL)
+		{
+			$sql .= ' NULL';
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			$sql .= ' NOT NULL';
+		}
+
+		if ($after_field != '')
+		{
+			$sql .= ' AFTER ' . $this->db->protect_identifiers($after_field);
+		}
+
+		return $sql;
+
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Rename a table
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that a table can be renamed
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the old table name
+	 * @param	string	the new table name
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _rename_table($table_name, $new_table_name)
+	{
+		return 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table_name).' RENAME TO '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($new_table_name);
+	}
+}
+
+/* End of file interbase_forge.php */
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/interbase/interbase_forge.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/interbase/interbase_result.php b/system/database/drivers/interbase/interbase_result.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4b15eee20
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/database/drivers/interbase/interbase_result.php
@@ -0,0 +1,294 @@
+<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ *
+ * NOTICE OF LICENSE
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
+ *
+ * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
+ * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
+ * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
+ * http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0
+ * If you did not receive a copy of the license and are unable to obtain it
+ * through the world wide web, please send an email to
+ * licensing@ellislab.com so we can send you a copy immediately.
+ *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2012, EllisLab, Inc. (http://ellislab.com/)
+ * @license		http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0 Open Software License (OSL 3.0)
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com
+ * @since		Version 3.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/**
+ * Interbase/Firebird Result Class
+ *
+ * This class extends the parent result class: CI_DB_result
+ *
+ * @category	Database
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ */
+class CI_DB_interbase_result extends CI_DB_result {
+
+	public $num_rows;
+
+	/**
+	 * Number of rows in the result set
+	 *
+	 * @return	integer
+	 */
+	public function num_rows()
+	{
+		if( ! is_null($this->num_rows))
+		{
+			return $this->num_rows;
+		}
+		
+		//Get the results so that you can get an accurate rowcount
+		$this->result();
+		
+		return $this->num_rows;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Number of fields in the result set
+	 *
+	 * @return	integer
+	 */
+	public function num_fields()
+	{
+		return @ibase_num_fields($this->result_id);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Fetch Field Names
+	 *
+	 * Generates an array of column names
+	 *
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	public function list_fields()
+	{
+		$field_names = array();
+		for ($i = 0, $num_fields = $this->num_fields(); $i < $num_fields; $i++)
+		{
+			$info = ibase_field_info($this->result_id, $i);
+			$field_names[] = $info['name'];
+		}
+
+		return $field_names;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Field data
+	 *
+	 * Generates an array of objects containing field meta-data
+	 *
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	public function field_data()
+	{
+		
+		$retval = array();
+		for ($i = 0, $num_fields = $this->num_fields(); $i < $num_fields; $i++)
+		{
+			$info = ibase_field_info($this->result_id, $i);
+		
+			$F				= new stdClass();
+			$F->name		= $info['name'];
+			$F->type		= $info['type'];
+			$F->max_length	= $info['length'];
+			$F->primary_key = 0;
+			$F->default		= '';
+
+			$retval[] = $F;
+		}
+
+		return $retval;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Free the result
+	 *
+	 * @return	null
+	 */
+	public function free_result()
+	{
+		@ibase_free_result($this->result_id);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Data Seek
+	 *
+	 * Moves the internal pointer to the desired offset.  We call
+	 * this internally before fetching results to make sure the
+	 * result set starts at zero
+	 *
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	protected function _data_seek($n = 0)
+	{
+		//Set the row count to 0
+		$this->num_rows = 0;
+	
+		//Interbase driver doesn't implement a suitable function
+		return FALSE;	
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Result - associative array
+	 *
+	 * Returns the result set as an array
+	 *
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	protected function _fetch_assoc()
+	{
+		if (($row = @ibase_fetch_assoc($this->result_id, IBASE_FETCH_BLOBS)) !== FALSE)
+		{
+			//Increment row count
+			$this->num_rows++;
+		}
+	
+		return $row;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Result - object
+	 *
+	 * Returns the result set as an object
+	 *
+	 * @return	object
+	 */
+	protected function _fetch_object()
+	{
+		if (($row = @ibase_fetch_object($this->result_id, IBASE_FETCH_BLOBS)) !== FALSE)
+		{
+			//Increment row count
+			$this->num_rows++;
+		}
+		
+		return $row;
+	}
+	
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Query result.  "object" version.
+	 *
+	 * @return	object
+	 */
+	public function result_object()
+	{
+		if (count($this->result_object) > 0)
+		{
+			return $this->result_object;
+		}
+		
+		// Convert result array to object so that 
+		// We don't have to get the result again
+		if (count($this->result_array) > 0)
+		{
+			$i = 0;
+		
+			foreach ($this->result_array as $array)
+			{
+				$this->result_object[$i] = new StdClass();
+			
+				foreach ($array as $key => $val)
+				{
+					$this->result_object[$i]->{$key} = $val;
+				}
+				
+				++$i;
+			}
+			
+			return $this->result_object;
+		}
+
+		// In the event that query caching is on the result_id variable
+		// will return FALSE since there isn't a valid SQL resource so
+		// we'll simply return an empty array.
+		if ($this->result_id === FALSE)
+		{
+			return array();
+		}
+
+		$this->num_rows = 0;
+		while ($row = $this->_fetch_object())
+		{
+			$this->result_object[] = $row;
+		}
+
+		return $this->result_object;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Query result.  "array" version.
+	 *
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	public function result_array()
+	{
+		if (count($this->result_array) > 0)
+		{
+			return $this->result_array;
+		}
+		
+		// Since the object and array are really similar, just case
+		// the result object to an array  if need be
+		if (count($this->result_object) > 0)
+		{
+			foreach ($this->result_object as $obj)
+			{
+				$this->result_array[] = (array) $obj;
+			}
+		
+			return $this->result_array;
+		}
+
+		// In the event that query caching is on the result_id variable
+		// will return FALSE since there isn't a valid SQL resource so
+		// we'll simply return an empty array.
+		if ($this->result_id === FALSE)
+		{
+			return array();
+		}
+
+		$this->num_rows = 0;
+		while ($row = $this->_fetch_assoc())
+		{
+			$this->result_array[] = $row;
+		}
+
+		return $this->result_array;
+	}
+
+}
+
+/* End of file interbase_result.php */
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/interbase/interbase_result.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/interbase/interbase_utility.php b/system/database/drivers/interbase/interbase_utility.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..76a0497c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/database/drivers/interbase/interbase_utility.php
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ *
+ * NOTICE OF LICENSE
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
+ *
+ * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
+ * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
+ * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
+ * http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0
+ * If you did not receive a copy of the license and are unable to obtain it
+ * through the world wide web, please send an email to
+ * licensing@ellislab.com so we can send you a copy immediately.
+ *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2012, EllisLab, Inc. (http://ellislab.com/)
+ * @license		http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0 Open Software License (OSL 3.0)
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com
+ * @since		Version 3.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/**
+ * Interbase/Firebird Utility Class
+ *
+ * @category	Database
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ */
+class CI_DB_interbase_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
+
+	/**
+	 * List databases
+	 *
+	 * I don't believe you can do a database listing with Firebird
+	 * since each database is its own file.  I suppose we could
+	 * try reading a directory looking for Firebird files, but
+	 * that doesn't seem like a terribly good idea
+	 *
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function _list_databases()
+	{
+		if ($this->db_debug)
+		{
+			return $this->db->display_error('db_unsuported_feature');
+		}
+		return FALSE;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Optimize table query
+	 *
+	 * Is optimization even supported in Interbase/Firebird?
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @return	object
+	 */
+	public function _optimize_table($table)
+	{
+		return FALSE;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Repair table query
+	 *
+	 * Table repairs are not supported in Interbase/Firebird
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @return	object
+	 */
+	public function _repair_table($table)
+	{
+		return FALSE;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Interbase/Firebird Export
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$filename
+	 * @return	mixed
+	 */
+	public function backup($filename)
+	{
+		if ($service = ibase_service_attach($this->db->hostname, $this->db->username, $this->db->password))
+		{
+			$res = ibase_backup($service, $this->db->database, $filename.'.fbk');
+			
+			//Close the service connection	
+			ibase_service_detach($service);
+			
+			return $res;
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+/* End of file interbase_utility.php */
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/interbase/interbase_utility.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_driver.php
index 25a32f364..39b84f9c6 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_driver.php
@@ -138,22 +138,6 @@ class CI_DB_mssql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Set client character set
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	resource
-	 */
-	function db_set_charset($charset, $collation)
-	{
-		// @todo - add support if needed
-		return TRUE;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
 	 * Execute the query
 	 *
 	 * @access	private called by the base class
@@ -355,12 +339,11 @@ class CI_DB_mssql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	* Version number query string
 	*
-	* @access public
-	* @return string
+	* @return	string
 	*/
-	function _version()
+	protected function _version()
 	{
-		return "SELECT @@VERSION AS ver";
+		return 'SELECT @@VERSION AS ver';
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -382,8 +365,7 @@ class CI_DB_mssql_driver extends CI_DB {
 			return 0;
 		}
 
-		$query = $this->query($this->_count_string . $this->_protect_identifiers('numrows') . " FROM " . $this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE));
-
+		$query = $this->query($this->_count_string.$this->protect_identifiers('numrows').' FROM '.$this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE));
 		if ($query->num_rows() == 0)
 		{
 			return 0;
@@ -454,28 +436,18 @@ class CI_DB_mssql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * The error message string
+	 * Error
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	function _error_message()
-	{
-		return mssql_get_last_message();
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * The error message number
+	 * Returns an array containing code and message of the last
+	 * database error that has occured.
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function _error_number()
+	public function error()
 	{
-		// Are error numbers supported?
-		return '';
+		$query = $this->query('SELECT @@ERROR AS code');
+		$query = $query->row();
+		return array('code' => $query->code, 'message' => mssql_get_last_message());
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_forge.php
index dd8aa3448..ec97805ac 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_forge.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_forge.php
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ class CI_DB_mssql_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 			{
 				$attributes = array_change_key_case($attributes, CASE_UPPER);
 
-				$sql .= "\n\t".$this->db->_protect_identifiers($field);
+				$sql .= "\n\t".$this->db->protect_identifiers($field);
 
 				$sql .=  ' '.$attributes['TYPE'];
 
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ class CI_DB_mssql_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 
 		if (count($primary_keys) > 0)
 		{
-			$primary_keys = $this->db->_protect_identifiers($primary_keys);
+			$primary_keys = $this->db->protect_identifiers($primary_keys);
 			$sql .= ",\n\tPRIMARY KEY (" . implode(', ', $primary_keys) . ")";
 		}
 
@@ -166,11 +166,11 @@ class CI_DB_mssql_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 			{
 				if (is_array($key))
 				{
-					$key = $this->db->_protect_identifiers($key);
+					$key = $this->db->protect_identifiers($key);
 				}
 				else
 				{
-					$key = array($this->db->_protect_identifiers($key));
+					$key = array($this->db->protect_identifiers($key));
 				}
 
 				$sql .= ",\n\tFOREIGN KEY (" . implode(', ', $key) . ")";
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ class CI_DB_mssql_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 	 */
 	function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $column_name, $column_definition = '', $default_value = '', $null = '', $after_field = '')
 	{
-		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($table)." $alter_type ".$this->db->_protect_identifiers($column_name);
+		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table).' '.$alter_type.' '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($column_name);
 
 		// DROP has everything it needs now.
 		if ($alter_type == 'DROP')
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ class CI_DB_mssql_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 
 		if ($after_field != '')
 		{
-			$sql .= ' AFTER ' . $this->db->_protect_identifiers($after_field);
+			return $sql.' AFTER '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($after_field);
 		}
 
 		return $sql;
@@ -250,11 +250,10 @@ class CI_DB_mssql_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 	function _rename_table($table_name, $new_table_name)
 	{
 		// I think this syntax will work, but can find little documentation on renaming tables in MSSQL
-		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($table_name)." RENAME TO ".$this->db->_protect_identifiers($new_table_name);
-		return $sql;
+		return 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table_name).' RENAME TO '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($new_table_name);
 	}
 
 }
 
 /* End of file mssql_forge.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_forge.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_forge.php */
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_driver.php
index c88a8a766..cd1763751 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_driver.php
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	public function db_set_charset($charset, $collation)
+	protected function _db_set_charset($charset, $collation)
 	{
 		return function_exists('mysql_set_charset')
 			? @mysql_set_charset($charset, $this->conn_id)
@@ -157,13 +157,15 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Version number query string
+	 * Database version number
 	 *
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	protected function _version()
+	public function version()
 	{
-		return 'SELECT version() AS ver';
+		return isset($this->data_cache['version'])
+			? $this->data_cache['version']
+			: $this->data_cache['version'] = @mysql_get_server_info($this->conn_id);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -402,40 +404,50 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Field data query
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that the column data can be retrieved
+	 * Returns an object with field data
 	 *
 	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	public function _field_data($table)
+	public function field_data($table = '')
 	{
-		return 'DESCRIBE '.$table;
-	}
+		if ($table == '')
+		{
+			return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_field_param_missing') : FALSE;
+		}
 
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+		$query = $this->query('DESCRIBE '.$this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE));
+		$query = $query->result_object();
 
-	/**
-	 * The error message string
-	 *
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	protected function _error_message()
-	{
-		return mysql_error($this->conn_id);
+		$retval = array();
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($query); $i < $c; $i++)
+		{
+			preg_match('/([a-z]+)(\(\d+\))?/', $query[$i]->Type, $matches);
+
+			$retval[$i]			= new stdClass();
+			$retval[$i]->name		= $query[$i]->Field;
+			$retval[$i]->type		= empty($matches[1]) ? NULL : $matches[1];
+			$retval[$i]->default		= $query[$i]->Default;
+			$retval[$i]->max_length		= empty($matches[2]) ? NULL : preg_replace('/[^\d]/', '', $matches[2]);
+			$retval[$i]->primary_key	= (int) ($query[$i]->Key === 'PRI');
+		}
+
+		return $retval;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * The error message number
+	 * Error
 	 *
-	 * @return	int
+	 * Returns an array containing code and message of the last
+	 * database error that has occured.
+	 *
+	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	protected function _error_number()
+	public function error()
 	{
-		return mysql_errno($this->conn_id);
+		return array('code' => mysql_errno($this->conn_id), 'message' => mysql_error($this->conn_id));
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_forge.php
index 0f251b086..a907b20fa 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_forge.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_forge.php
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 
 		if (count($primary_keys) > 0)
 		{
-			$key_name = $this->db->_protect_identifiers(implode('_', $primary_keys));
+			$key_name = $this->db->protect_identifiers(implode('_', $primary_keys));
 			$sql .= ",\n\tPRIMARY KEY ".$key_name.' ('.implode(', ', $this->db->protect_identifiers($primary_keys)).')';
 		}
 
@@ -161,12 +161,12 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 			{
 				if (is_array($key))
 				{
-					$key_name = $this->db->_protect_identifiers(implode('_', $key));
-					$key = $this->db->_protect_identifiers($key);
+					$key_name = $this->db->protect_identifiers(implode('_', $key));
+					$key = $this->db->protect_identifiers($key);
 				}
 				else
 				{
-					$key_name = $this->db->_protect_identifiers($key);
+					$key_name = $this->db->protect_identifiers($key);
 					$key = array($key_name);
 				}
 
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_result.php b/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_result.php
index 8f04a936d..5a65d9c72 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_result.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_result.php
@@ -90,18 +90,14 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	public function field_data()
 	{
 		$retval = array();
-		while ($field = mysql_fetch_object($this->result_id))
+		for ($i = 0, $c = $this->num_fields(); $i < $c; $i++)
 		{
-			preg_match('/([a-zA-Z]+)(\(\d+\))?/', $field->Type, $matches);
-
-			$F		= new stdClass();
-			$F->name	= $field->Field;
-			$F->type	= ( ! empty($matches[1])) ? $matches[1] : NULL;
-			$F->default	= $field->Default;
-			$F->max_length	= ( ! empty($matches[2])) ? preg_replace('/[^\d]/', '', $matches[2]) : NULL;
-			$F->primary_key = (int) ($field->Key === 'PRI');
-
-			$retval[] = $F;
+			$retval[$i]			= new stdClass();
+			$retval[$i]->name		= mysql_field_name($this->result_id, $i);
+			$retval[$i]->type		= mysql_field_type($this->result_id, $i);
+			$retval[$i]->max_length		= mysql_field_len($this->result_id, $i);
+			$retval[$i]->primary_key	= (strpos(mysql_field_flags($this->result_id, $i), 'primary_key') === FALSE) ? 0 : 1;
+			$retval[$i]->default		= '';
 		}
 
 		return $retval;
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_driver.php
index dbba12e15..d06119a13 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_driver.php
@@ -157,13 +157,15 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Version number query string
+	 * Database version number
 	 *
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	protected function _version()
+	public function version()
 	{
-		return @mysqli_get_server_info($this->conn_id);
+		return isset($this->data_cache['version'])
+			? $this->data_cache['version']
+			: $this->data_cache['version'] = @mysqli_get_server_info($this->conn_id);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -351,7 +353,7 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_driver extends CI_DB {
 			return 0;
 		}
 
-		$query = $this->query($this->_count_string.$this->_protect_identifiers('numrows').' FROM '.$this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE));
+		$query = $this->query($this->_count_string.$this->protect_identifiers('numrows').' FROM '.$this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE));
 		if ($query->num_rows() == 0)
 		{
 			return 0;
@@ -397,46 +399,56 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	protected function _list_columns($table = '')
 	{
-		return 'SHOW COLUMNS FROM '.$this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE);
+		return 'SHOW COLUMNS FROM '.$this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Field data query
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that the column data can be retrieved
+	 * Returns an object with field data
 	 *
 	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	protected function _field_data($table)
+	public function field_data($table = '')
 	{
-		return 'DESCRIBE '.$table;
-	}
+		if ($table == '')
+		{
+			return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_field_param_missing') : FALSE;
+		}
 
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+		$query = $this->query('DESCRIBE '.$this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE));
+		$query = $query->result_object();
 
-	/**
-	 * The error message string
-	 *
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	protected function _error_message()
-	{
-		return mysqli_error($this->conn_id);
+		$retval = array();
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($query); $i < $c; $i++)
+		{
+			preg_match('/([a-z]+)(\(\d+\))?/', $query[$i]->Type, $matches);
+
+			$retval[$i]			= new stdClass();
+			$retval[$i]->name		= $query[$i]->Field;
+			$retval[$i]->type		= empty($matches[1]) ? NULL : $matches[1];
+			$retval[$i]->default		= $query[$i]->Default;
+			$retval[$i]->max_length		= empty($matches[2]) ? NULL : preg_replace('/[^\d]/', '', $matches[2]);
+			$retval[$i]->primary_key	= (int) ($query[$i]->Key === 'PRI');
+		}
+
+		return $retval;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * The error message number
+	 * Error
 	 *
-	 * @return	int
+	 * Returns an array containing code and message of the last
+	 * database error that has occured.
+	 *
+	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	protected function _error_number()
+	public function error()
 	{
-		return mysqli_errno($this->conn_id);
+		return array('code' => mysqli_errno($this->conn_id), 'message' => mysqli_error($this->conn_id));
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_forge.php
index 7de036127..744525f02 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_forge.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_forge.php
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 	 */
 	public function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $fields, $after_field = '')
 	{
-		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($table).' '.$alter_type.' ';
+		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table).' '.$alter_type.' ';
 
 		// DROP has everything it needs now.
 		if ($alter_type === 'DROP')
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_result.php b/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_result.php
index 0a50cccac..8b909cc56 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_result.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_result.php
@@ -90,18 +90,15 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	public function field_data()
 	{
 		$retval = array();
-		while ($field = mysqli_fetch_object($this->result_id))
+		$field_data = mysqli_fetch_fields($this->result_id);
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($field_data); $i < $c; $i++)
 		{
-			preg_match('/([a-zA-Z]+)(\(\d+\))?/', $field->Type, $matches);
-
-			$F		= new stdClass();
-			$F->name	= $field->Field;
-			$F->type	= ( ! empty($matches[1])) ? $matches[1] : NULL;
-			$F->default	= $field->Default;
-			$F->max_length	= ( ! empty($matches[2])) ? preg_replace('/[^\d]/', '', $matches[2]) : NULL;
-			$F->primary_key = (int) ($field->Key === 'PRI');
-
-			$retval[] = $F;
+			$retval[$i]			= new stdClass();
+			$retval[$i]->name		= $field_data[$i]->name;
+			$retval[$i]->type		= $field_data[$i]->type;
+			$retval[$i]->max_length		= $field_data[$i]->max_length;
+			$retval[$i]->primary_key	= (int) ($field_data[$i]->flags & 2);
+			$retval[$i]->default		= '';
 		}
 
 		return $retval;
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_driver.php
index c6621901b..8db6c1286 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_driver.php
@@ -139,30 +139,15 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Set client character set
+	 * Database version number
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	resource
-	 */
-	public function db_set_charset($charset, $collation)
-	{
-		// this is done upon connect
-		return TRUE;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Version number query string
-	 *
-	 * @access  protected
-	 * @return  string
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	protected function _version()
+	public function version()
 	{
-		return oci_server_version($this->conn_id);
+		return isset($this->data_cache['version'])
+			? $this->data_cache['version']
+			: $this->data_cache['version'] = oci_server_version($this->conn_id);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -398,10 +383,9 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Escape String
 	 *
-	 * @access  public
-	 * @param   string
+	 * @param	string
 	 * @param	bool	whether or not the string will be used in a LIKE condition
-	 * @return  string
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	public function escape_str($str, $like = FALSE)
 	{
@@ -415,15 +399,14 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_driver extends CI_DB {
 			return $str;
 		}
 
-		$str = remove_invisible_characters($str);
-		$str = str_replace("'", "''", $str);
+		$str = str_replace("'", "''", remove_invisible_characters($str));
 
 		// escape LIKE condition wildcards
 		if ($like === TRUE)
 		{
-			$str = str_replace(	array('%', '_', $this->_like_escape_chr),
-								array($this->_like_escape_chr.'%', $this->_like_escape_chr.'_', $this->_like_escape_chr.$this->_like_escape_chr),
-								$str);
+			return str_replace(array($this->_like_escape_chr, '%', '_'),
+						array($this->_like_escape_chr.$this->_like_escape_chr, $this->_like_escape_chr.'%', $this->_like_escape_chr.'_'),
+						$str);
 		}
 
 		return $str;
@@ -475,8 +458,7 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_driver extends CI_DB {
 			return 0;
 		}
 
-		$query = $this->query($this->_count_string . $this->_protect_identifiers('numrows') . " FROM " . $this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE));
-
+		$query = $this->query($this->_count_string.$this->protect_identifiers('numrows').' FROM '.$this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE));
 		if ($query == FALSE)
 		{
 			return 0;
@@ -545,31 +527,32 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * The error message string
+	 * Error
 	 *
-	 * @access  protected
-	 * @return  string
-	 */
-	protected function _error_message()
-	{
-		// If the error was during connection, no conn_id should be passed
-		$error = is_resource($this->conn_id) ? oci_error($this->conn_id) : oci_error();
-		return $error['message'];
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * The error message number
+	 * Returns an array containing code and message of the last
+	 * database error that has occured.
 	 *
-	 * @access  protected
-	 * @return  integer
+	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	protected function _error_number()
+	public function error()
 	{
-		// Same as _error_message()
-		$error = is_resource($this->conn_id) ? oci_error($this->conn_id) : oci_error();
-		return $error['code'];
+		/* oci_error() returns an array that already contains the
+		 * 'code' and 'message' keys, so we can just return it.
+		 */
+		if (is_resource($this->curs_id))
+		{
+			return oci_error($this->curs_id);
+		}
+		elseif (is_resource($this->stmt_id))
+		{
+			return oci_error($this->stmt_id);
+		}
+		elseif (is_resource($this->conn_id))
+		{
+			return oci_error($this->conn_id);
+		}
+
+		return oci_error();
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_forge.php
index b4a24cdca..48f98d022 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_forge.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_forge.php
@@ -67,15 +67,14 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 	/**
 	 * Create Table
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string	the table name
 	 * @param	array	the fields
 	 * @param	mixed	primary key(s)
 	 * @param	mixed	key(s)
-	 * @param	boolean	should 'IF NOT EXISTS' be added to the SQL
+	 * @param	bool	should 'IF NOT EXISTS' be added to the SQL
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function _create_table($table, $fields, $primary_keys, $keys, $if_not_exists)
+	public function _create_table($table, $fields, $primary_keys, $keys, $if_not_exists)
 	{
 		$sql = 'CREATE TABLE ';
 
@@ -84,54 +83,27 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 			$sql .= 'IF NOT EXISTS ';
 		}
 
-		$sql .= $this->db->_escape_identifiers($table)." (";
+		$sql .= $this->db->_escape_identifiers($table).' (';
 		$current_field_count = 0;
 
-		foreach ($fields as $field=>$attributes)
+		foreach ($fields as $field => $attributes)
 		{
 			// Numeric field names aren't allowed in databases, so if the key is
 			// numeric, we know it was assigned by PHP and the developer manually
 			// entered the field information, so we'll simply add it to the list
 			if (is_numeric($field))
 			{
-				$sql .= "\n\t$attributes";
+				$sql .= "\n\t".$attributes;
 			}
 			else
 			{
 				$attributes = array_change_key_case($attributes, CASE_UPPER);
 
-				$sql .= "\n\t".$this->db->_protect_identifiers($field);
-
-				$sql .=  ' '.$attributes['TYPE'];
-
-				if (array_key_exists('CONSTRAINT', $attributes))
-				{
-					$sql .= '('.$attributes['CONSTRAINT'].')';
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('UNSIGNED', $attributes) && $attributes['UNSIGNED'] === TRUE)
-				{
-					$sql .= ' UNSIGNED';
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('DEFAULT', $attributes))
-				{
-					$sql .= ' DEFAULT \''.$attributes['DEFAULT'].'\'';
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('NULL', $attributes) && $attributes['NULL'] === TRUE)
-				{
-					$sql .= ' NULL';
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					$sql .= ' NOT NULL';
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('AUTO_INCREMENT', $attributes) && $attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT'] === TRUE)
-				{
-					$sql .= ' AUTO_INCREMENT';
-				}
+				$sql .= "\n\t".$this->db->protect_identifiers($field).' '.$attributes['TYPE']
+					.((isset($attributes['UNSINGED']) && $attributes['UNSIGNED'] === TRUE) ? ' UNSIGNED' : '')
+					.(isset($attributes['DEFAULT']) ? " DEFAULT '".$attributes['DEFAULT']."'" : '')
+					.((isset($attributes['NULL']) && $attributes['NULL'] === TRUE) ? '' : ' NOT NULL')
+					.(isset($attributes['CONSTRAINT']) ? ' CONSTRAINT '.$attributes['CONSTRAINT'] : '');
 			}
 
 			// don't add a comma on the end of the last field
@@ -143,8 +115,8 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 
 		if (count($primary_keys) > 0)
 		{
-			$primary_keys = $this->db->_protect_identifiers($primary_keys);
-			$sql .= ",\n\tPRIMARY KEY (" . implode(', ', $primary_keys) . ")";
+			$primary_keys = $this->db->protect_identifiers($primary_keys);
+			$sql .= ",\n\tCONSTRAINT ".$table.' PRIMARY KEY ('.implode(', ', $primary_keys).')';
 		}
 
 		if (is_array($keys) && count($keys) > 0)
@@ -153,20 +125,18 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 			{
 				if (is_array($key))
 				{
-					$key = $this->db->_protect_identifiers($key);
+					$key = $this->db->protect_identifiers($key);
 				}
 				else
 				{
-					$key = array($this->db->_protect_identifiers($key));
+					$key = array($this->db->protect_identifiers($key));
 				}
 
-				$sql .= ",\n\tUNIQUE COLUMNS (" . implode(', ', $key) . ")";
+				$sql .= ",\n\tUNIQUE COLUMNS (".implode(', ', $key).")";
 			}
 		}
 
-		$sql .= "\n)";
-
-		return $sql;
+		return $sql."\n)";
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -202,7 +172,7 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 	 */
 	function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $column_name, $column_definition = '', $default_value = '', $null = '', $after_field = '')
 	{
-		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($table)." $alter_type ".$this->db->_protect_identifiers($column_name);
+		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table).' '.$alter_type.' '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($column_name);
 
 		// DROP has everything it needs now.
 		if ($alter_type == 'DROP')
@@ -228,7 +198,7 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 
 		if ($after_field != '')
 		{
-			$sql .= ' AFTER ' . $this->db->_protect_identifiers($after_field);
+			return $sql.' AFTER '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($after_field);
 		}
 
 		return $sql;
@@ -249,12 +219,10 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 	 */
 	function _rename_table($table_name, $new_table_name)
 	{
-		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($table_name)." RENAME TO ".$this->db->_protect_identifiers($new_table_name);
-		return $sql;
+		return 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table_name).' RENAME TO '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($new_table_name);
 	}
 
-
 }
 
 /* End of file oci8_forge.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_forge.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_forge.php */
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_result.php b/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_result.php
index 0f69fa9ef..383b9f1a0 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_result.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_result.php
@@ -38,9 +38,18 @@
  */
 class CI_DB_oci8_result extends CI_DB_result {
 
-	var $stmt_id;
-	var $curs_id;
-	var $limit_used;
+	public $stmt_id;
+	public $curs_id;
+	public $limit_used;
+
+	public function __construct(&$driver_object)
+	{
+		parent::__construct($driver_object);
+		$this->stmt_id = $driver_object->stmt_id;
+		$this->curs_id = $driver_object->curs_id;
+		$this->limit_used = $driver_object->limit_used;
+		$driver_object->stmt_id = FALSE;
+	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Number of rows in the result set.
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_driver.php
index 6ba39f0cd..2575f431d 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_driver.php
@@ -124,35 +124,6 @@ class CI_DB_odbc_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Set client character set
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	resource
-	 */
-	function db_set_charset($charset, $collation)
-	{
-		// @todo - add support if needed
-		return TRUE;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Version number query string
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	function _version()
-	{
-		return "SELECT version() AS ver";
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
 	 * Execute the query
 	 *
 	 * @access	private called by the base class
@@ -316,12 +287,11 @@ class CI_DB_odbc_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Insert ID
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function insert_id()
+	public function insert_id()
 	{
-		return @odbc_insert_id($this->conn_id);
+		return ($this->db->db_debug) ? $this->db->display_error('db_unsuported_feature') : FALSE;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -343,7 +313,7 @@ class CI_DB_odbc_driver extends CI_DB {
 			return 0;
 		}
 
-		$query = $this->query($this->_count_string . $this->_protect_identifiers('numrows') . " FROM " . $this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE));
+		$query = $this->query($this->_count_string . $this->protect_identifiers('numrows') . " FROM " . $this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE));
 
 		if ($query->num_rows() == 0)
 		{
@@ -414,27 +384,16 @@ class CI_DB_odbc_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * The error message string
+	 * Error
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	function _error_message()
-	{
-		return odbc_errormsg($this->conn_id);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * The error message number
+	 * Returns an array containing code and message of the last
+	 * database error that has occured.
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function _error_number()
+	public function error()
 	{
-		return odbc_error($this->conn_id);
+		return array('code' => odbc_error($this->conn_id), 'message' => odbc_errormsg($this->conn_id));
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -646,4 +605,4 @@ class CI_DB_odbc_driver extends CI_DB {
 
 
 /* End of file odbc_driver.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_driver.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_driver.php */
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_forge.php
index e0ec687c8..51addf03d 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_forge.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_forge.php
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ class CI_DB_odbc_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 			{
 				$attributes = array_change_key_case($attributes, CASE_UPPER);
 
-				$sql .= "\n\t".$this->db->_protect_identifiers($field);
+				$sql .= "\n\t".$this->db->protect_identifiers($field);
 
 				$sql .=  ' '.$attributes['TYPE'];
 
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ class CI_DB_odbc_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 
 		if (count($primary_keys) > 0)
 		{
-			$primary_keys = $this->db->_protect_identifiers($primary_keys);
+			$primary_keys = $this->db->protect_identifiers($primary_keys);
 			$sql .= ",\n\tPRIMARY KEY (" . implode(', ', $primary_keys) . ")";
 		}
 
@@ -165,11 +165,11 @@ class CI_DB_odbc_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 			{
 				if (is_array($key))
 				{
-					$key = $this->db->_protect_identifiers($key);
+					$key = $this->db->protect_identifiers($key);
 				}
 				else
 				{
-					$key = array($this->db->_protect_identifiers($key));
+					$key = array($this->db->protect_identifiers($key));
 				}
 
 				$sql .= ",\n\tFOREIGN KEY (" . implode(', ', $key) . ")";
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ class CI_DB_odbc_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 	 */
 	function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $column_name, $column_definition = '', $default_value = '', $null = '', $after_field = '')
 	{
-		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($table)." $alter_type ".$this->db->_protect_identifiers($column_name);
+		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table).' '.$alter_type.' '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($column_name);
 
 		// DROP has everything it needs now.
 		if ($alter_type == 'DROP')
@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ class CI_DB_odbc_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 
 		if ($after_field != '')
 		{
-			$sql .= ' AFTER ' . $this->db->_protect_identifiers($after_field);
+			return $sql.' AFTER '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($after_field);
 		}
 
 		return $sql;
@@ -267,12 +267,10 @@ class CI_DB_odbc_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 	 */
 	function _rename_table($table_name, $new_table_name)
 	{
-		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($table_name)." RENAME TO ".$this->db->_protect_identifiers($new_table_name);
-		return $sql;
+		return 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table_name).' RENAME TO '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($new_table_name);
 	}
 
-
 }
 
 /* End of file odbc_forge.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_forge.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_forge.php */
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_result.php b/system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_result.php
index ba660856e..de2c58cb9 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_result.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_result.php
@@ -38,15 +38,27 @@
  */
 class CI_DB_odbc_result extends CI_DB_result {
 
+	public $num_rows;
+
 	/**
 	 * Number of rows in the result set
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	int
 	 */
-	function num_rows()
+	public function num_rows()
 	{
-		return @odbc_num_rows($this->result_id);
+		if (is_int($this->num_rows))
+		{
+			return $this->num_rows;
+		}
+
+		// Work-around for ODBC subdrivers that don't support num_rows()
+		if (($this->num_rows = @odbc_num_rows($this->result_id)) === -1)
+		{
+			$this->num_rows = count($this->result_array());
+		}
+
+		return $this->num_rows;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -54,10 +66,9 @@ class CI_DB_odbc_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	/**
 	 * Number of fields in the result set
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	int
 	 */
-	function num_fields()
+	public function num_fields()
 	{
 		return @odbc_num_fields($this->result_id);
 	}
@@ -69,15 +80,19 @@ class CI_DB_odbc_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 *
 	 * Generates an array of column names
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function list_fields()
+	public function list_fields()
 	{
 		$field_names = array();
-		for ($i = 0; $i < $this->num_fields(); $i++)
+		$num_fields = $this->num_fields();
+
+		if ($num_fields > 0)
 		{
-			$field_names[]	= odbc_field_name($this->result_id, $i);
+			for ($i = 1; $i <= $num_fields; $i++)
+			{
+				$field_names[] = odbc_field_name($this->result_id, $i);
+			}
 		}
 
 		return $field_names;
@@ -90,22 +105,19 @@ class CI_DB_odbc_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 *
 	 * Generates an array of objects containing field meta-data
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function field_data()
+	public function field_data()
 	{
 		$retval = array();
-		for ($i = 0; $i < $this->num_fields(); $i++)
+		for ($i = 0, $odbc_index = 1, $c = $this->num_fields(); $i < $c; $i++, $odbc_index++)
 		{
-			$F				= new stdClass();
-			$F->name		= odbc_field_name($this->result_id, $i);
-			$F->type		= odbc_field_type($this->result_id, $i);
-			$F->max_length	= odbc_field_len($this->result_id, $i);
-			$F->primary_key = 0;
-			$F->default		= '';
-
-			$retval[] = $F;
+			$retval[$i]			= new stdClass();
+			$retval[$i]->name		= odbc_field_name($this->result_id, $odbc_index);
+			$retval[$i]->type		= odbc_field_type($this->result_id, $odbc_index);
+			$retval[$i]->max_length		= odbc_field_len($this->result_id, $odbc_index);
+			$retval[$i]->primary_key	= 0;
+			$retval[$i]->default		= '';
 		}
 
 		return $retval;
@@ -233,8 +245,77 @@ class CI_DB_odbc_result extends CI_DB_result {
 		return $rs_assoc;
 	}
 
-}
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
+	/**
+	 * Query result. Array version.
+	 *
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	public function result_array()
+	{
+		if (count($this->result_array) > 0)
+		{
+			return $this->result_array;
+		}
+		elseif (($c = count($this->result_object)) > 0)
+		{
+			for ($i = 0; $i < $c; $i++)
+			{
+				$this->result_array[$i] = (array) $this->result_object[$i];
+			}
+		}
+		elseif ($this->result_id === FALSE)
+		{
+			return array();
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			while ($row = $this->_fetch_assoc())
+			{
+				$this->result_array[] = $row;
+			}
+		}
+
+		return $this->result_array;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Query result. Object version.
+	 *
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	public function result_object()
+	{
+		if (count($this->result_object) > 0)
+		{
+			return $this->result_object;
+		}
+		elseif (($c = count($this->result_array)) > 0)
+		{
+			for ($i = 0; $i < $c; $i++)
+			{
+				$this->result_object[$i] = (object) $this->result_array[$i];
+			}
+		}
+		elseif ($this->result_id === FALSE)
+		{
+			return array();
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			while ($row = $this->_fetch_object())
+			{
+				$this->result_object[] = $row;
+			}
+		}
+
+		return $this->result_object;
+	}
+
+}
 
 /* End of file odbc_result.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_result.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_result.php */
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_driver.php
index de2b0abeb..c8732ac3c 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_driver.php
@@ -59,8 +59,7 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 	var $_count_string = "SELECT COUNT(*) AS ";
 	var $_random_keyword;
 
-	// need to track the pdo DSN, driver and options
-	var $dsn;
+	// need to track the pdo driver and options
 	var $pdodriver;
 	var $options = array();
 
@@ -289,29 +288,15 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Set client character set
+	 * Database version number
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	resource
-	 */
-	function db_set_charset($charset, $collation)
-	{
-		return TRUE;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Version number query string
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _version()
+	public function version()
 	{
-		return $this->conn_id->getAttribute(PDO::ATTR_CLIENT_VERSION);
+		return isset($this->data_cache['version'])
+			? $this->data_cache['version']
+			: $this->data_cache['version'] = $this->conn_id->getAttribute(PDO::ATTR_SERVER_VERSION);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -510,33 +495,19 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 
 	/**
 	 * Insert ID
-	 * 
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	integer
+	 *
+	 * @return	int
 	 */
-	function insert_id($name=NULL)
+	public function insert_id($name = NULL)
 	{
-		if ($this->pdodriver == 'pgsql')
+		if ($this->pdodriver === 'pgsql' && $name === NULL && $this->version() >= '8.1')
 		{
-			//Convenience method for postgres insertid
-			$v = $this->_version();
-
-			$table	= func_num_args() > 0 ? func_get_arg(0) : NULL;
-
-			if ($table == NULL && $v >= '8.1')
-			{
-				$sql='SELECT LASTVAL() as ins_id';
-			}
-
-			$query = $this->query($sql);
-			$row   = $query->row();
-
-			return $row->ins_id;
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			return $this->conn_id->lastInsertId($name);
+			$query = $this->query('SELECT LASTVAL() AS ins_id');
+			$query = $query->row();
+			return $query->ins_id;
 		}
+
+		return $this->conn_id->lastInsertId($name);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -558,8 +529,7 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 			return 0;
 		}
 
-		$sql   = $this->_count_string.$this->_protect_identifiers('numrows').' FROM ';
-		$sql  .= $this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE);
+		$sql = $this->_count_string.$this->protect_identifiers('numrows').' FROM '.$this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE);
 		$query = $this->query($sql);
 
 		if ($query->num_rows() == 0)
@@ -639,29 +609,30 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * The error message string
+	 * Error
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	string
+	 * Returns an array containing code and message of the last
+	 * database error that has occured.
+	 *
+	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function _error_message()
+	public function error()
 	{
-		$error_array = $this->conn_id->errorInfo();
+		$error = array('code' => '00000', 'message' => '');
+		$pdo_error = $this->conn_id->errorInfo();
 
-		return $error_array[2];
-	}
+		if (empty($pdo_error[0]))
+		{
+			return $error;
+		}
 
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+		$error['code'] = isset($pdo_error[1]) ? $pdo_error[0].'/'.$pdo_error[1] : $pdo_error[0];
+		if (isset($pdo_error[2]))
+		{
+			 $error['message'] = $pdo_error[2];
+		}
 
-	/**
-	 * The error message number
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	integer
-	 */
-	function _error_number()
-	{
-		return $this->conn_id->errorCode();
+		return $error;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -950,4 +921,4 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 }
 
 /* End of file pdo_driver.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_driver.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_driver.php */
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_forge.php
index 478b2dbfb..b4ddca5fe 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_forge.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_forge.php
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 				$attributes = array_change_key_case($attributes, CASE_UPPER);
 				$numeric    = array('SERIAL', 'INTEGER');
 
-				$sql .= "\n\t".$this->db->_protect_identifiers($field);
+				$sql .= "\n\t".$this->db->protect_identifiers($field);
 
 				$sql .=  ' '.$attributes['TYPE'];
 
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 
 		if (count($primary_keys) > 0)
 		{
-			$primary_keys = $this->db->_protect_identifiers($primary_keys);
+			$primary_keys = $this->db->protect_identifiers($primary_keys);
 			$sql .= ",\n\tPRIMARY KEY (" . implode(', ', $primary_keys) . ")";
 		}
 
@@ -170,11 +170,11 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 			{
 				if (is_array($key))
 				{
-					$key = $this->db->_protect_identifiers($key);
+					$key = $this->db->protect_identifiers($key);
 				}
 				else
 				{
-					$key = array($this->db->_protect_identifiers($key));
+					$key = array($this->db->protect_identifiers($key));
 				}
 
 				$sql .= ",\n\tFOREIGN KEY (" . implode(', ', $key) . ")";
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 	 */
 	function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $column_name, $column_definition = '', $default_value = '', $null = '', $after_field = '')
 	{
-		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE `'.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($table)."` $alter_type ".$this->db->_protect_identifiers($column_name);
+		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE `'.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table).'` '.$alter_type.' '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($column_name);
 
 		// DROP has everything it needs now.
 		if ($alter_type == 'DROP')
@@ -250,7 +250,7 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 
 		if ($after_field != '')
 		{
-			$sql .= ' AFTER ' . $this->db->_protect_identifiers($after_field);
+			return $sql.' AFTER '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($after_field);
 		}
 
 		return $sql;
@@ -272,11 +272,10 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 	 */
 	function _rename_table($table_name, $new_table_name)
 	{
-		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($table_name)." RENAME TO ".$this->db->_protect_identifiers($new_table_name);
-		return $sql;
+		return 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table_name).' RENAME TO '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($new_table_name);
 	}
 
 }
 
 /* End of file pdo_forge.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_forge.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_forge.php */
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_driver.php
index 42329bded..6feec7353 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_driver.php
@@ -149,28 +149,41 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Set client character set
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	resource
+	 * @param       string
+	 * @return      bool
 	 */
-	function db_set_charset($charset, $collation)
+	protected function _db_set_charset($charset)
 	{
-		// @todo - add support if needed
-		return TRUE;
+		return (pg_set_client_encoding($this->conn_id, $charset) === 0);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Version number query string
+	 * Database version number
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _version()
+	public function version()
 	{
-		return "SELECT version() AS ver";
+		if (isset($this->data_cache['version']))
+		{
+			return $this->data_cache['version'];
+		}
+
+		if (($pg_version = pg_version($this->conn_id)) === FALSE)
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		/* If PHP was compiled with PostgreSQL lib versions earlier
+		 * than 7.4, pg_version() won't return the server version
+		 * and so we'll have to fall back to running a query in
+		 * order to get it.
+		 */
+		return isset($pg_version['server'])
+			? $this->data_cache['version'] = $pg_version['server']
+			: parent::version();
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -209,18 +222,12 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Begin Transaction
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function trans_begin($test_mode = FALSE)
+	public function trans_begin($test_mode = FALSE)
 	{
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
 		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ($this->_trans_depth > 0)
+		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled OR $this->_trans_depth > 0)
 		{
 			return TRUE;
 		}
@@ -228,9 +235,9 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_driver extends CI_DB {
 		// Reset the transaction failure flag.
 		// If the $test_mode flag is set to TRUE transactions will be rolled back
 		// even if the queries produce a successful result.
-		$this->_trans_failure = ($test_mode === TRUE) ? TRUE : FALSE;
+		$this->_trans_failure = ($test_mode === TRUE);
 
-		return @pg_exec($this->conn_id, "begin");
+		return @pg_query($this->conn_id, 'BEGIN');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -238,23 +245,17 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Commit Transaction
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function trans_commit()
+	public function trans_commit()
 	{
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
 		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ($this->_trans_depth > 0)
+		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled OR $this->_trans_depth > 0)
 		{
 			return TRUE;
 		}
 
-		return @pg_exec($this->conn_id, "commit");
+		return @pg_query($this->conn_id, 'COMMIT');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -262,23 +263,17 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Rollback Transaction
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function trans_rollback()
+	public function trans_rollback()
 	{
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
 		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ($this->_trans_depth > 0)
+		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled OR $this->_trans_depth > 0)
 		{
 			return TRUE;
 		}
 
-		return @pg_exec($this->conn_id, "rollback");
+		return @pg_query($this->conn_id, 'ROLLBACK');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -339,8 +334,7 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	function insert_id()
 	{
-		$v = $this->_version();
-		$v = $v['server'];
+		$v = $this->version();
 
 		$table	= func_num_args() > 0 ? func_get_arg(0) : NULL;
 		$column	= func_num_args() > 1 ? func_get_arg(1) : NULL;
@@ -389,8 +383,7 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_driver extends CI_DB {
 			return 0;
 		}
 
-		$query = $this->query($this->_count_string . $this->_protect_identifiers('numrows') . " FROM " . $this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE));
-
+		$query = $this->query($this->_count_string.$this->protect_identifiers('numrows').' FROM '.$this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE));
 		if ($query->num_rows() == 0)
 		{
 			return 0;
@@ -459,27 +452,16 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * The error message string
+	 * Error
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	function _error_message()
-	{
-		return pg_last_error($this->conn_id);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * The error message number
+	 * Returns an array containing code and message of the last
+	 * database error that has occured.
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function _error_number()
+	public function error()
 	{
-		return '';
+		return array('code' => '', 'message' => pg_last_error($this->conn_id));
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -604,16 +586,10 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_driver extends CI_DB {
 			$valstr[] = $key." = ".$val;
 		}
 
-		$limit = ( ! $limit) ? '' : ' LIMIT '.$limit;
-
-		$orderby = (count($orderby) >= 1)?' ORDER BY '.implode(", ", $orderby):'';
-
 		$sql = "UPDATE ".$table." SET ".implode(', ', $valstr);
 
 		$sql .= ($where != '' AND count($where) >=1) ? " WHERE ".implode(" ", $where) : '';
 
-		$sql .= $orderby.$limit;
-
 		return $sql;
 	}
 
@@ -664,9 +640,7 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_driver extends CI_DB {
 			$conditions .= implode("\n", $like);
 		}
 
-		$limit = ( ! $limit) ? '' : ' LIMIT '.$limit;
-
-		return "DELETE FROM ".$table.$conditions.$limit;
+		return "DELETE FROM ".$table.$conditions;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -712,4 +686,4 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_driver extends CI_DB {
 
 
 /* End of file postgre_driver.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_driver.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_driver.php */
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_forge.php
index 756fd347a..4a7348aa6 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_forge.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_forge.php
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 			{
 				$attributes = array_change_key_case($attributes, CASE_UPPER);
 
-				$sql .= "\n\t".$this->db->_protect_identifiers($field);
+				$sql .= "\n\t".$this->db->protect_identifiers($field);
 
 				$is_unsigned = (array_key_exists('UNSIGNED', $attributes) && $attributes['UNSIGNED'] === TRUE);
 
@@ -203,10 +203,10 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 
 		if (count($primary_keys) > 0)
 		{
-			// Something seems to break when passing an array to _protect_identifiers()
+			// Something seems to break when passing an array to protect_identifiers()
 			foreach ($primary_keys as $index => $key)
 			{
-				$primary_keys[$index] = $this->db->_protect_identifiers($key);
+				$primary_keys[$index] = $this->db->protect_identifiers($key);
 			}
 
 			$sql .= ",\n\tPRIMARY KEY (" . implode(', ', $primary_keys) . ")";
@@ -220,11 +220,11 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 			{
 				if (is_array($key))
 				{
-					$key = $this->db->_protect_identifiers($key);
+					$key = $this->db->protect_identifiers($key);
 				}
 				else
 				{
-					$key = array($this->db->_protect_identifiers($key));
+					$key = array($this->db->protect_identifiers($key));
 				}
 
 				foreach ($key as $field)
@@ -267,19 +267,19 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 	 */
  	function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $fields, $after_field = '')
  	{
- 		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($table)." $alter_type ";
+ 		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table).' '.$alter_type.' ';
 
  		// DROP has everything it needs now.
  		if ($alter_type == 'DROP')
  		{
- 			return $sql.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($fields);
+ 			return $sql.$this->db->protect_identifiers($fields);
  		}
 
  		$sql .= $this->_process_fields($fields);
 
  		if ($after_field != '')
  		{
- 			$sql .= ' AFTER ' . $this->db->_protect_identifiers($after_field);
+ 			return $sql.' AFTER '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($after_field);
  		}
 
  		return $sql;
@@ -299,10 +299,9 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 	 */
 	function _rename_table($table_name, $new_table_name)
 	{
-		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($table_name)." RENAME TO ".$this->db->_protect_identifiers($new_table_name);
-		return $sql;
+		return 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table_name).' RENAME TO '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($new_table_name);
 	}
 }
 
 /* End of file postgre_forge.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_forge.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_forge.php */
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_utility.php b/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_utility.php
index dffd8c549..c426b363b 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_utility.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_utility.php
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
  * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
  *
  * NOTICE OF LICENSE
- * 
+ *
  * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
- * 
+ *
  * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
  * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
  * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
@@ -25,8 +25,6 @@
  * @filesource
  */
 
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
 /**
  * Postgre Utility Class
  *
@@ -39,12 +37,11 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 	/**
 	 * List databases
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	bool
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _list_databases()
+	public function _list_databases()
 	{
-		return "SELECT datname FROM pg_database";
+		return 'SELECT datname FROM pg_database';
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -52,15 +49,12 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 	/**
 	 * Optimize table query
 	 *
-	 * Is table optimization supported in Postgre?
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	object
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _optimize_table($table)
+	public function _optimize_table($table)
 	{
-		return FALSE;
+		return 'REINDEX TABLE '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -68,13 +62,10 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 	/**
 	 * Repair table query
 	 *
-	 * Are table repairs supported in Postgre?
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	object
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function _repair_table($table)
+	public function _repair_table($table)
 	{
 		return FALSE;
 	}
@@ -84,7 +75,6 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 	/**
 	 * Postgre Export
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	array	Preferences
 	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
@@ -95,6 +85,5 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 	}
 }
 
-
 /* End of file postgre_utility.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_utility.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_utility.php */
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_driver.php
index 28c3caecd..91598ab0f 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_driver.php
@@ -141,30 +141,15 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Set client character set
+	 * Database version number
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	resource
-	 */
-	function db_set_charset($charset, $collation)
-	{
-		// @todo - add support if needed
-		return TRUE;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Version number query string
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _version()
+	public function version()
 	{
-		return sqlite_libversion();
+		return isset($this->data_cache['version'])
+			? $this->data_cache['version']
+			: $this->data_cache['version'] = sqlite_libversion();
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -358,8 +343,7 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite_driver extends CI_DB {
 			return 0;
 		}
 
-		$query = $this->query($this->_count_string . $this->_protect_identifiers('numrows') . " FROM " . $this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE));
-
+		$query = $this->query($this->_count_string.$this->protect_identifiers('numrows').' FROM '.$this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE));
 		if ($query->num_rows() == 0)
 		{
 			return 0;
@@ -428,27 +412,18 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * The error message string
+	 * Error
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	function _error_message()
-	{
-		return sqlite_error_string(sqlite_last_error($this->conn_id));
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * The error message number
+	 * Returns an array containing code and message of the last
+	 * database error that has occured.
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function _error_number()
+	public function error()
 	{
-		return sqlite_last_error($this->conn_id);
+		$error = array('code' => sqlite_last_error($this->conn_id));
+		$error['message'] = sqlite_error_string($error['code']);
+		return $error;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -667,4 +642,4 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite_driver extends CI_DB {
 
 
 /* End of file sqlite_driver.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_driver.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_driver.php */
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_forge.php
index 2b723be0b..4f379d96f 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_forge.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_forge.php
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 		$sql = 'CREATE TABLE ';
 
 		// IF NOT EXISTS added to SQLite in 3.3.0
-		if ($if_not_exists === TRUE && version_compare($this->db->_version(), '3.3.0', '>=') === TRUE)
+		if ($if_not_exists === TRUE && version_compare($this->db->version(), '3.3.0', '>=') === TRUE)
 		{
 			$sql .= 'IF NOT EXISTS ';
 		}
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 			{
 				$attributes = array_change_key_case($attributes, CASE_UPPER);
 
-				$sql .= "\n\t".$this->db->_protect_identifiers($field);
+				$sql .= "\n\t".$this->db->protect_identifiers($field);
 
 				$sql .=  ' '.$attributes['TYPE'];
 
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 
 		if (count($primary_keys) > 0)
 		{
-			$primary_keys = $this->db->_protect_identifiers($primary_keys);
+			$primary_keys = $this->db->protect_identifiers($primary_keys);
 			$sql .= ",\n\tPRIMARY KEY (" . implode(', ', $primary_keys) . ")";
 		}
 
@@ -163,11 +163,11 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 			{
 				if (is_array($key))
 				{
-					$key = $this->db->_protect_identifiers($key);
+					$key = $this->db->protect_identifiers($key);
 				}
 				else
 				{
-					$key = array($this->db->_protect_identifiers($key));
+					$key = array($this->db->protect_identifiers($key));
 				}
 
 				$sql .= ",\n\tUNIQUE (" . implode(', ', $key) . ")";
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 	 */
 	function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $column_name, $column_definition = '', $default_value = '', $null = '', $after_field = '')
 	{
-		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($table)." $alter_type ".$this->db->_protect_identifiers($column_name);
+		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table).' '.$alter_type.' '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($column_name);
 
 		// DROP has everything it needs now.
 		if ($alter_type == 'DROP')
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 
 		if ($after_field != '')
 		{
-			$sql .= ' AFTER ' . $this->db->_protect_identifiers($after_field);
+			return $sql.' AFTER '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($after_field);
 		}
 
 		return $sql;
@@ -268,10 +268,10 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 	 */
 	function _rename_table($table_name, $new_table_name)
 	{
-		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($table_name)." RENAME TO ".$this->db->_protect_identifiers($new_table_name);
-		return $sql;
+		return 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table_name).' RENAME TO '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($new_table_name);
 	}
+
 }
 
 /* End of file sqlite_forge.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_forge.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_forge.php */
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_utility.php b/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_utility.php
index f00687e38..8fefcd9e2 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_utility.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_utility.php
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
  * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
  *
  * NOTICE OF LICENSE
- * 
+ *
  * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
- * 
+ *
  * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
  * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
  * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
@@ -25,8 +25,6 @@
  * @filesource
  */
 
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
 /**
  * SQLite Utility Class
  *
@@ -40,20 +38,15 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 	 * List databases
 	 *
 	 * I don't believe you can do a database listing with SQLite
-	 * since each database is its own file.  I suppose we could
+	 * since each database is its own file. I suppose we could
 	 * try reading a directory looking for SQLite files, but
 	 * that doesn't seem like a terribly good idea
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function _list_databases()
+	public function _list_databases()
 	{
-		if ($this->db_debug)
-		{
-			return $this->db->display_error('db_unsuported_feature');
-		}
-		return array();
+		return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->db->display_error('db_unsuported_feature') : FALSE;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -61,14 +54,12 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 	/**
 	 * Optimize table query
 	 *
-	 * Is optimization even supported in SQLite?
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	object
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function _optimize_table($table)
+	public function _optimize_table($table)
 	{
+		// Not supported
 		return FALSE;
 	}
 
@@ -77,14 +68,12 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 	/**
 	 * Repair table query
 	 *
-	 * Are table repairs even supported in SQLite?
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	object
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function _repair_table($table)
+	public function _repair_table($table)
 	{
+		// Not supported
 		return FALSE;
 	}
 
@@ -93,16 +82,16 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 	/**
 	 * SQLite Export
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	array	Preferences
 	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
-	function _backup($params = array())
+	public function _backup($params = array())
 	{
 		// Currently unsupported
 		return $this->db->display_error('db_unsuported_feature');
 	}
+
 }
 
 /* End of file sqlite_utility.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_utility.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_utility.php */
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/sqlsrv/sqlsrv_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/sqlsrv/sqlsrv_driver.php
index 9c50209ec..5c90cb4f2 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/sqlsrv/sqlsrv_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/sqlsrv/sqlsrv_driver.php
@@ -144,22 +144,6 @@ class CI_DB_sqlsrv_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Set client character set
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	resource
-	 */
-	function db_set_charset($charset, $collation)
-	{
-		// @todo - add support if needed
-		return TRUE;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
 	 * Execute the query
 	 *
 	 * @access	private called by the base class
@@ -333,15 +317,23 @@ class CI_DB_sqlsrv_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	* Version number query string
-	*
-	* @access public
-	* @return string
-	*/
-	function _version()
+	 * Database version number
+	 *
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	public function version()
 	{
-		$info = sqlsrv_server_info($this->conn_id);
-		return sprintf("select '%s' as ver", $info['SQLServerVersion']);
+		if (isset($this->data_cache['version']))
+		{
+			return $this->data_cache['version'];
+		}
+
+		if (($info = sqlsrv_server_info($this->conn_id)) === FALSE)
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		return $this->data_cache['version'] = $info['SQLServerVersion'];
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -422,29 +414,39 @@ class CI_DB_sqlsrv_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * The error message string
+	 * Error
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	string
+	 * Returns an array containing code and message of the last
+	 * database error that has occured.
+	 *
+	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function _error_message()
+	public function error()
 	{
-		$error = array_shift(sqlsrv_errors());
-		return !empty($error['message']) ? $error['message'] : null;
-	}
+		$error = array('code' => '00000', 'message' => '');
+		$sqlsrv_errors = sqlsrv_errors(SQLSRV_ERR_ERRORS);
 
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+		if ( ! is_array($sqlsrv_errors))
+		{
+			return $error;
+		}
 
-	/**
-	 * The error message number
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	integer
-	 */
-	function _error_number()
-	{
-		$error = array_shift(sqlsrv_errors());
-		return isset($error['SQLSTATE']) ? $error['SQLSTATE'] : null;
+		$sqlsrv_error = array_shift($sqlsrv_errors);
+		if (isset($sqlsrv_error['SQLSTATE']))
+		{
+			$error['code'] = isset($sqlsrv_error['code']) ? $sqlsrv_error['SQLSTATE'].'/'.$sqlsrv_error['code'] : $sqlsrv_error['SQLSTATE'];
+		}
+		elseif (isset($sqlsrv_error['code']))
+		{
+			$error['code'] = $sqlsrv_error['code'];
+		}
+
+		if (isset($sqlsrv_error['message']))
+		{
+			$error['message'] = $sqlsrv_error['message'];
+		}
+
+		return $error;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/sqlsrv/sqlsrv_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/sqlsrv/sqlsrv_forge.php
index 2a7766927..152192241 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/sqlsrv/sqlsrv_forge.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/sqlsrv/sqlsrv_forge.php
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ class CI_DB_sqlsrv_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 			{
 				$attributes = array_change_key_case($attributes, CASE_UPPER);
 
-				$sql .= "\n\t".$this->db->_protect_identifiers($field);
+				$sql .= "\n\t".$this->db->protect_identifiers($field);
 
 				$sql .=  ' '.$attributes['TYPE'];
 
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ class CI_DB_sqlsrv_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 
 		if (count($primary_keys) > 0)
 		{
-			$primary_keys = $this->db->_protect_identifiers($primary_keys);
+			$primary_keys = $this->db->protect_identifiers($primary_keys);
 			$sql .= ",\n\tPRIMARY KEY (" . implode(', ', $primary_keys) . ")";
 		}
 
@@ -166,11 +166,11 @@ class CI_DB_sqlsrv_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 			{
 				if (is_array($key))
 				{
-					$key = $this->db->_protect_identifiers($key);
+					$key = $this->db->protect_identifiers($key);
 				}
 				else
 				{
-					$key = array($this->db->_protect_identifiers($key));
+					$key = array($this->db->protect_identifiers($key));
 				}
 
 				$sql .= ",\n\tFOREIGN KEY (" . implode(', ', $key) . ")";
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ class CI_DB_sqlsrv_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 	 */
 	function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $column_name, $column_definition = '', $default_value = '', $null = '', $after_field = '')
 	{
-		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($table)." $alter_type ".$this->db->_protect_identifiers($column_name);
+		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table).' '.$alter_type.' '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($column_name);
 
 		// DROP has everything it needs now.
 		if ($alter_type == 'DROP')
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ class CI_DB_sqlsrv_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 
 		if ($after_field != '')
 		{
-			$sql .= ' AFTER ' . $this->db->_protect_identifiers($after_field);
+			return $sql.' AFTER '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($after_field);
 		}
 
 		return $sql;
@@ -250,11 +250,10 @@ class CI_DB_sqlsrv_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 	function _rename_table($table_name, $new_table_name)
 	{
 		// I think this syntax will work, but can find little documentation on renaming tables in MSSQL
-		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($table_name)." RENAME TO ".$this->db->_protect_identifiers($new_table_name);
-		return $sql;
+		return 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table_name).' RENAME TO '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($new_table_name);
 	}
 
 }
 
-/* End of file mssql_forge.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_forge.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+/* End of file sqlsrv_forge.php */
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/sqlsrv/sqlsrv_forge.php */