Merge upstream branch

41 files changed, 3009 insertions, 2335 deletions

diff --git a/system/database/DB.php b/system/database/DB.php
index a0106c133..d06ffb40e 100755
--- a/system/database/DB.php
+++ b/system/database/DB.php
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
  * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
  *
  * NOTICE OF LICENSE
- * 
+ *
  * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
- * 
+ *
  * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
  * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
  * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
@@ -25,8 +25,6 @@
  * @filesource
  */
 
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
 /**
  * Initialize the database
  *
@@ -42,17 +40,15 @@ function &DB($params = '', $active_record_override = NULL)
 	if (is_string($params) AND strpos($params, '://') === FALSE)
 	{
 		// Is the config file in the environment folder?
-		if ( ! defined('ENVIRONMENT') OR ! file_exists($file_path = APPPATH.'config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/database.php'))
+		if (( ! defined('ENVIRONMENT') OR ! file_exists($file_path = APPPATH.'config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/database.php'))
+			AND ! file_exists($file_path = APPPATH.'config/database.php'))
 		{
-			if ( ! file_exists($file_path = APPPATH.'config/database.php'))
-			{
-				show_error('The configuration file database.php does not exist.');
-			}
+			show_error('The configuration file database.php does not exist.');
 		}
 
 		include($file_path);
 
-		if ( ! isset($db) OR count($db) == 0)
+		if ( ! isset($db) OR count($db) === 0)
 		{
 			show_error('No database connection settings were found in the database config file.');
 		}
@@ -78,33 +74,32 @@ function &DB($params = '', $active_record_override = NULL)
 		 *  parameter. DSNs must have this prototype:
 		 *  $dsn = 'driver://username:password@hostname/database';
 		 */
-
 		if (($dns = @parse_url($params)) === FALSE)
 		{
 			show_error('Invalid DB Connection String');
 		}
 
 		$params = array(
-							'dbdriver'	=> $dns['scheme'],
-							'hostname'	=> (isset($dns['host'])) ? rawurldecode($dns['host']) : '',
-							'username'	=> (isset($dns['user'])) ? rawurldecode($dns['user']) : '',
-							'password'	=> (isset($dns['pass'])) ? rawurldecode($dns['pass']) : '',
-							'database'	=> (isset($dns['path'])) ? rawurldecode(substr($dns['path'], 1)) : ''
-						);
+				'dbdriver'	=> $dns['scheme'],
+				'hostname'	=> (isset($dns['host'])) ? rawurldecode($dns['host']) : '',
+				'port'		=> (isset($dns['port'])) ? rawurldecode($dns['port']) : '',
+				'username'	=> (isset($dns['user'])) ? rawurldecode($dns['user']) : '',
+				'password'	=> (isset($dns['pass'])) ? rawurldecode($dns['pass']) : '',
+				'database'	=> (isset($dns['path'])) ? rawurldecode(substr($dns['path'], 1)) : ''
+			);
 
 		// were additional config items set?
 		if (isset($dns['query']))
 		{
 			parse_str($dns['query'], $extra);
-
 			foreach ($extra as $key => $val)
 			{
 				// booleans please
-				if (strtoupper($val) == "TRUE")
+				if (strtoupper($val) === 'TRUE')
 				{
 					$val = TRUE;
 				}
-				elseif (strtoupper($val) == "FALSE")
+				elseif (strtoupper($val) === 'FALSE')
 				{
 					$val = FALSE;
 				}
@@ -114,17 +109,15 @@ function &DB($params = '', $active_record_override = NULL)
 		}
 	}
 
-	// No DB specified yet?  Beat them senseless...
+	// No DB specified yet? Beat them senseless...
 	if ( ! isset($params['dbdriver']) OR $params['dbdriver'] == '')
 	{
 		show_error('You have not selected a database type to connect to.');
 	}
 
-	// Load the DB classes.  Note: Since the active record class is optional
+	// Load the DB classes. Note: Since the active record class is optional
 	// we need to dynamically create a class that extends proper parent class
 	// based on whether we're using the active record class or not.
-	// Kudos to Paul for discovering this clever use of eval()
-
 	if ($active_record_override !== NULL)
 	{
 		$active_record = $active_record_override;
@@ -135,18 +128,14 @@ function &DB($params = '', $active_record_override = NULL)
 	if ( ! isset($active_record) OR $active_record == TRUE)
 	{
 		require_once(BASEPATH.'database/DB_active_rec.php');
-
 		if ( ! class_exists('CI_DB'))
 		{
 			class CI_DB extends CI_DB_active_record { }
 		}
 	}
-	else
+	elseif ( ! class_exists('CI_DB'))
 	{
-		if ( ! class_exists('CI_DB'))
-		{
-			class CI_DB extends CI_DB_driver { }
-		}
+		class CI_DB extends CI_DB_driver { }
 	}
 
 	require_once(BASEPATH.'database/drivers/'.$params['dbdriver'].'/'.$params['dbdriver'].'_driver.php');
@@ -168,7 +157,5 @@ function &DB($params = '', $active_record_override = NULL)
 	return $DB;
 }
 
-
-
 /* End of file DB.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/DB.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+/* Location: ./system/database/DB.php */
diff --git a/system/database/DB_active_rec.php b/system/database/DB_active_rec.php
index 486b4d775..de8cfc1ca 100644
--- a/system/database/DB_active_rec.php
+++ b/system/database/DB_active_rec.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -43,23 +43,23 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 	protected $return_delete_sql		= FALSE;
 	protected $reset_delete_data		= FALSE;
 
-	protected $ar_select				= array();
-	protected $ar_distinct				= FALSE;
-	protected $ar_from					= array();
-	protected $ar_join					= array();
-	protected $ar_where					= array();
-	protected $ar_like					= array();
-	protected $ar_groupby				= array();
-	protected $ar_having				= array();
-	protected $ar_keys					= array();
-	protected $ar_limit					= FALSE;
-	protected $ar_offset				= FALSE;
-	protected $ar_order					= FALSE;
-	protected $ar_orderby				= array();
-	protected $ar_set					= array();
-	protected $ar_wherein				= array();
+	protected $ar_select			= array();
+	protected $ar_distinct			= FALSE;
+	protected $ar_from			= array();
+	protected $ar_join			= array();
+	protected $ar_where			= array();
+	protected $ar_like			= array();
+	protected $ar_groupby			= array();
+	protected $ar_having			= array();
+	protected $ar_keys			= array();
+	protected $ar_limit			= FALSE;
+	protected $ar_offset			= FALSE;
+	protected $ar_order			= FALSE;
+	protected $ar_orderby			= array();
+	protected $ar_set			= array();
+	protected $ar_wherein			= array();
 	protected $ar_aliased_tables		= array();
-	protected $ar_store_array			= array();
+	protected $ar_store_array		= array();
 	protected $ar_where_group_started	= FALSE;
 	protected $ar_where_group_count		= 0;
 
@@ -77,9 +77,7 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 	protected $ar_cache_set				= array();
 
 	protected $ar_no_escape 			= array();
-	protected $ar_cache_no_escape		= array();
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+	protected $ar_cache_no_escape			= array();
 
 	/**
 	 * Select
@@ -113,6 +111,7 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 				}
 			}
 		}
+
 		return $this;
 	}
 
@@ -188,7 +187,7 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 	 *	select_max()
 	 *	select_min()
 	 *	select_avg()
-	 *  select_sum()
+	 *	select_sum()
 	 *
 	 * @param	string	the field
 	 * @param	string	an alias
@@ -213,8 +212,7 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 			$alias = $this->_create_alias_from_table(trim($select));
 		}
 
-		$sql = $this->_protect_identifiers($type.'('.trim($select).')').' AS '.$this->_protect_identifiers(trim($alias));
-
+		$sql = $this->protect_identifiers($type.'('.trim($select).')').' AS '.$this->protect_identifiers(trim($alias));
 		$this->ar_select[] = $sql;
 
 		if ($this->ar_caching === TRUE)
@@ -238,7 +236,8 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 	{
 		if (strpos($item, '.') !== FALSE)
 		{
-			return end(explode('.', $item));
+			$item = explode('.', $item);
+			return end($item);
 		}
 
 		return $item;
@@ -280,30 +279,27 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 				{
 					$v = trim($v);
 					$this->_track_aliases($v);
-
-					$this->ar_from[] = $this->_protect_identifiers($v, TRUE, NULL, FALSE);
+					$v = $this->ar_from[] = $this->protect_identifiers($v, TRUE, NULL, FALSE);
 
 					if ($this->ar_caching === TRUE)
 					{
-						$this->ar_cache_from[] = $this->_protect_identifiers($v, TRUE, NULL, FALSE);
+						$this->ar_cache_from[] = $v;
 						$this->ar_cache_exists[] = 'from';
 					}
 				}
-
 			}
 			else
 			{
 				$val = trim($val);
 
-				// Extract any aliases that might exist.  We use this information
+				// Extract any aliases that might exist. We use this information
 				// in the _protect_identifiers to know whether to add a table prefix
 				$this->_track_aliases($val);
-
-				$this->ar_from[] = $this->_protect_identifiers($val, TRUE, NULL, FALSE);
+				$this->ar_from[] = $val = $this->protect_identifiers($val, TRUE, NULL, FALSE);
 
 				if ($this->ar_caching === TRUE)
 				{
-					$this->ar_cache_from[] = $this->_protect_identifiers($val, TRUE, NULL, FALSE);
+					$this->ar_cache_from[] = $val;
 					$this->ar_cache_exists[] = 'from';
 				}
 			}
@@ -340,23 +336,19 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 			}
 		}
 
-		// Extract any aliases that might exist.  We use this information
+		// Extract any aliases that might exist. We use this information
 		// in the _protect_identifiers to know whether to add a table prefix
 		$this->_track_aliases($table);
 
 		// Strip apart the condition and protect the identifiers
-		if (preg_match('/([\w\.]+)([\W\s]+)(.+)/', $cond, $match))
+		if (preg_match('/([\[\w\.]+)([\W\s]+)(.+)/', $cond, $match))
 		{
-			$match[1] = $this->_protect_identifiers($match[1]);
-			$match[3] = $this->_protect_identifiers($match[3]);
-
-			$cond = $match[1].$match[2].$match[3];
+			$cond = $this->protect_identifiers($match[1]).$match[2].$this->protect_identifiers($match[3]);
 		}
 
 		// Assemble the JOIN statement
-		$join = $type.'JOIN '.$this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE).' ON '.$cond;
+		$this->ar_join[] = $join = $type.'JOIN '.$this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE).' ON '.$cond;
 
-		$this->ar_join[] = $join;
 		if ($this->ar_caching === TRUE)
 		{
 			$this->ar_cache_join[] = $join;
@@ -429,7 +421,7 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 
 		foreach ($key as $k => $v)
 		{
-			$prefix = (count($this->ar_where) == 0 AND count($this->ar_cache_where) == 0) ? '' : $type;
+			$prefix = (count($this->ar_where) === 0 AND count($this->ar_cache_where) === 0) ? '' : $type;
 
 			if (is_null($v) && ! $this->_has_operator($k))
 			{
@@ -441,8 +433,7 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 			{
 				if ($escape === TRUE)
 				{
-					$k = $this->_protect_identifiers($k, FALSE, $escape);
-
+					$k = $this->protect_identifiers($k, FALSE, $escape);
 					$v = ' '.$this->escape($v);
 				}
 
@@ -453,11 +444,10 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 			}
 			else
 			{
-				$k = $this->_protect_identifiers($k, FALSE, $escape);
+				$k = $this->protect_identifiers($k, FALSE, $escape);
 			}
 
 			$this->ar_where[] = $prefix.$k.$v;
-
 			if ($this->ar_caching === TRUE)
 			{
 				$this->ar_cache_where[] = $prefix.$k.$v;
@@ -571,11 +561,9 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 			$this->ar_wherein[] = $this->escape($value);
 		}
 
-		$prefix = (count($this->ar_where) == 0) ? '' : $type;
-
-		$where_in = $prefix . $this->_protect_identifiers($key) . $not . " IN (" . implode(", ", $this->ar_wherein) . ") ";
+		$prefix = (count($this->ar_where) === 0) ? '' : $type;
+		$this->ar_where[] = $where_in = $prefix.$this->protect_identifiers($key).$not.' IN ('.implode(', ', $this->ar_wherein).') ';
 
-		$this->ar_where[] = $where_in;
 		if ($this->ar_caching === TRUE)
 		{
 			$this->ar_cache_where[] = $where_in;
@@ -678,21 +666,19 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 
 		foreach ($field as $k => $v)
 		{
-			$k = $this->_protect_identifiers($k);
-
-			$prefix = (count($this->ar_like) == 0) ? '' : $type;
-
+			$k = $this->protect_identifiers($k);
+			$prefix = (count($this->ar_like) === 0) ? '' : $type;
 			$v = $this->escape_like_str($v);
 
-			if ($side == 'none')
+			if ($side === 'none')
 			{
 				$like_statement = $prefix." $k $not LIKE '{$v}'";
 			}
-			elseif ($side == 'before')
+			elseif ($side === 'before')
 			{
 				$like_statement = $prefix." $k $not LIKE '%{$v}'";
 			}
-			elseif ($side == 'after')
+			elseif ($side === 'after')
 			{
 				$like_statement = $prefix." $k $not LIKE '{$v}%'";
 			}
@@ -715,6 +701,7 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 			}
 
 		}
+
 		return $this;
 	}
 
@@ -730,13 +717,10 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 	public function group_start($not = '', $type = 'AND ')
 	{
 		$type = $this->_group_get_type($type);
-
 		$this->ar_where_group_started = TRUE;
+		$prefix = (count($this->ar_where) === 0 AND count($this->ar_cache_where) === 0) ? '' : $type;
+		$this->ar_where[] = $value = $prefix.$not.str_repeat(' ', ++$this->ar_where_group_count).' (';
 
-		$prefix = (count($this->ar_where) == 0 AND count($this->ar_cache_where) == 0) ? '' : $type;
-		$value =  $prefix . $not . str_repeat(' ', ++$this->ar_where_group_count) . ' (';
-
-		$this->ar_where[] = $value;
 		if ($this->ar_caching)
 		{
 			$this->ar_cache_where[] = $value;
@@ -790,16 +774,14 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 	 */
 	public function group_end()
 	{
-		$value = str_repeat(' ', $this->ar_where_group_count--) . ')';
+		$this->ar_where_group_started = FALSE;
+		$this->ar_where[] = $value = str_repeat(' ', $this->ar_where_group_count--) . ')';
 
-		$this->ar_where[] = $value;
 		if ($this->ar_caching)
 		{
 			$this->ar_cache_where[] = $value;
 		}
 
-		$this->ar_where_group_started = FALSE;
-
 		return $this;
 	}
 
@@ -845,15 +827,16 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 
 			if ($val != '')
 			{
-				$this->ar_groupby[] = $this->_protect_identifiers($val);
+				$this->ar_groupby[] = $val = $this->protect_identifiers($val);
 
 				if ($this->ar_caching === TRUE)
 				{
-					$this->ar_cache_groupby[] = $this->_protect_identifiers($val);
+					$this->ar_cache_groupby[] = $val;
 					$this->ar_cache_exists[] = 'groupby';
 				}
 			}
 		}
+
 		return $this;
 	}
 
@@ -909,11 +892,11 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 
 		foreach ($key as $k => $v)
 		{
-			$prefix = (count($this->ar_having) == 0) ? '' : $type;
+			$prefix = (count($this->ar_having) === 0) ? '' : $type;
 
 			if ($escape === TRUE)
 			{
-				$k = $this->_protect_identifiers($k);
+				$k = $this->protect_identifiers($k);
 			}
 
 			if ( ! $this->_has_operator($k))
@@ -949,7 +932,7 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 	 */
 	public function order_by($orderby, $direction = '', $escape = TRUE)
 	{
-		if (strtolower($direction) == 'random')
+		if (strtolower($direction) === 'random')
 		{
 			$orderby = ''; // Random results want or don't need a field name
 			$direction = $this->_random_keyword;
@@ -960,7 +943,7 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 		}
 
 
-		if ((strpos($orderby, ',') !== FALSE) && ($escape === TRUE))
+		if ((strpos($orderby, ',') !== FALSE) && $escape === TRUE)
 		{
 			$temp = array();
 			foreach (explode(',', $orderby) as $part)
@@ -968,7 +951,7 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 				$part = trim($part);
 				if ( ! in_array($part, $this->ar_aliased_tables))
 				{
-					$part = $this->_protect_identifiers(trim($part));
+					$part = $this->protect_identifiers(trim($part));
 				}
 
 				$temp[] = $part;
@@ -976,17 +959,16 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 
 			$orderby = implode(', ', $temp);
 		}
-		else if ($direction != $this->_random_keyword)
+		elseif ($direction != $this->_random_keyword)
 		{
 			if ($escape === TRUE)
 			{
-				$orderby = $this->_protect_identifiers($orderby);
+				$orderby = $this->protect_identifiers($orderby);
 			}
 		}
 
-		$orderby_statement = $orderby.$direction;
+		$this->ar_orderby[] = $orderby_statement = $orderby.$direction;
 
-		$this->ar_orderby[] = $orderby_statement;
 		if ($this->ar_caching === TRUE)
 		{
 			$this->ar_cache_orderby[] = $orderby_statement;
@@ -1054,11 +1036,11 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 		{
 			if ($escape === FALSE)
 			{
-				$this->ar_set[$this->_protect_identifiers($k)] = $v;
+				$this->ar_set[$this->protect_identifiers($k)] = $v;
 			}
 			else
 			{
-				$this->ar_set[$this->_protect_identifiers($k, FALSE, TRUE)] = $this->escape($v);
+				$this->ar_set[$this->protect_identifiers($k, FALSE, TRUE)] = $this->escape($v);
 			}
 		}
 
@@ -1121,9 +1103,7 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 			$this->limit($limit, $offset);
 		}
 
-		$sql = $this->_compile_select();
-
-		$result = $this->query($sql);
+		$result = $this->query($this->_compile_select());
 		$this->_reset_select();
 		return $result;
 	}
@@ -1145,20 +1125,17 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 			$this->from($table);
 		}
 
-		$sql = $this->_compile_select($this->_count_string . $this->_protect_identifiers('numrows'));
-
-		$query = $this->query($sql);
+		$result = $this->query($this->_compile_select($this->_count_string.$this->protect_identifiers('numrows')));
 		$this->_reset_select();
 
-		if ($query->num_rows() == 0)
+		if ($result->num_rows() === 0)
 		{
 			return 0;
 		}
 
-		$row = $query->row();
+		$row = $result->row();
 		return (int) $row->numrows;
 	}
-
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
@@ -1188,9 +1165,7 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 			$this->limit($limit, $offset);
 		}
 
-		$sql = $this->_compile_select();
-
-		$result = $this->query($sql);
+		$result = $this->query($this->_compile_select());
 		$this->_reset_select();
 		return $result;
 	}
@@ -1213,11 +1188,11 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 			$this->set_insert_batch($set);
 		}
 
-		if (count($this->ar_set) == 0)
+		if (count($this->ar_set) === 0)
 		{
 			if ($this->db_debug)
 			{
-				//No valid data array.  Folds in cases where keys and values did not match up
+				// No valid data array. Folds in cases where keys and values did not match up
 				return $this->display_error('db_must_use_set');
 			}
 			return FALSE;
@@ -1227,30 +1202,19 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 		{
 			if ( ! isset($this->ar_from[0]))
 			{
-				if ($this->db_debug)
-				{
-					return $this->display_error('db_must_set_table');
-				}
-				return FALSE;
+				return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_must_set_table') : FALSE;
 			}
 
 			$table = $this->ar_from[0];
 		}
 
 		// Batch this baby
-		for ($i = 0, $total = count($this->ar_set); $i < $total; $i = $i + 100)
+		for ($i = 0, $total = count($this->ar_set); $i < $total; $i += 100)
 		{
-
-			$sql = $this->_insert_batch($this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE), $this->ar_keys, array_slice($this->ar_set, $i, 100));
-
-			//echo $sql;
-
-			$this->query($sql);
+			$this->query($this->_insert_batch($this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE), $this->ar_keys, array_slice($this->ar_set, $i, 100)));
 		}
 
 		$this->_reset_write();
-
-
 		return TRUE;
 	}
 
@@ -1294,7 +1258,6 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 			else
 			{
 				$clean = array();
-
 				foreach ($row as $value)
 				{
 					$clean[] = $this->escape($value);
@@ -1306,7 +1269,7 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 
 		foreach ($keys as $k)
 		{
-			$this->ar_keys[] = $this->_protect_identifiers($k);
+			$this->ar_keys[] = $this->protect_identifiers($k);
 		}
 
 		return $this;
@@ -1332,9 +1295,7 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 		}
 
 		$sql = $this->_insert(
-			$this->_protect_identifiers(
-				$this->ar_from[0], TRUE, NULL, FALSE
-			),
+			$this->protect_identifiers($this->ar_from[0], TRUE, NULL, FALSE),
 			array_keys($this->ar_set),
 			array_values($this->ar_set)
 		);
@@ -1372,9 +1333,7 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 		}
 
 		$sql = $this->_insert(
-			$this->_protect_identifiers(
-				$this->ar_from[0], TRUE, NULL, FALSE
-			),
+			$this->protect_identifiers($this->ar_from[0], TRUE, NULL, FALSE),
 			array_keys($this->ar_set),
 			array_values($this->ar_set)
 		);
@@ -1398,24 +1357,16 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 	 */
 	protected function _validate_insert($table = '')
 	{
-		if (count($this->ar_set) == 0)
+		if (count($this->ar_set) === 0)
 		{
-			if ($this->db_debug)
-			{
-				return $this->display_error('db_must_use_set');
-			}
-			return FALSE;
+			return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_must_use_set') : FALSE;
 		}
 
 		if ($table == '')
 		{
 			if ( ! isset($this->ar_from[0]))
 			{
-				if ($this->db_debug)
-				{
-					return $this->display_error('db_must_set_table');
-				}
-				return FALSE;
+				return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_must_set_table') : FALSE;
 			}
 		}
 		else
@@ -1444,31 +1395,22 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 			$this->set($set);
 		}
 
-		if (count($this->ar_set) == 0)
+		if (count($this->ar_set) === 0)
 		{
-			if ($this->db_debug)
-			{
-				return $this->display_error('db_must_use_set');
-			}
-			return FALSE;
+			return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_must_use_set') : FALSE;
 		}
 
 		if ($table == '')
 		{
 			if ( ! isset($this->ar_from[0]))
 			{
-				if ($this->db_debug)
-				{
-					return $this->display_error('db_must_set_table');
-				}
-				return FALSE;
+				return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_must_set_table') : FALSE;
 			}
 
 			$table = $this->ar_from[0];
 		}
 
-		$sql = $this->_replace($this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE), array_keys($this->ar_set), array_values($this->ar_set));
-
+		$sql = $this->_replace($this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE), array_keys($this->ar_set), array_values($this->ar_set));
 		$this->_reset_write();
 		return $this->query($sql);
 	}
@@ -1495,7 +1437,7 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		$sql = $this->_update($this->_protect_identifiers($this->ar_from[0], TRUE, NULL, FALSE), $this->ar_set, $this->ar_where, $this->ar_orderby, $this->ar_limit);
+		$sql = $this->_update($this->protect_identifiers($this->ar_from[0], TRUE, NULL, FALSE), $this->ar_set, $this->ar_where, $this->ar_orderby, $this->ar_limit);
 
 		if ($reset === TRUE)
 		{
@@ -1542,8 +1484,7 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 			$this->limit($limit);
 		}
 
-		$sql = $this->_update($this->_protect_identifiers($this->ar_from[0], TRUE, NULL, FALSE), $this->ar_set, $this->ar_where, $this->ar_orderby, $this->ar_limit, $this->ar_like);
-
+		$sql = $this->_update($this->protect_identifiers($this->ar_from[0], TRUE, NULL, FALSE), $this->ar_set, $this->ar_where, $this->ar_orderby, $this->ar_limit, $this->ar_like);
 		$this->_reset_write();
 		return $this->query($sql);
 	}
@@ -1559,34 +1500,28 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 	 *
 	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the table to update data on
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	protected function _validate_update($table = '')
 	{
 		if (count($this->ar_set) == 0)
 		{
-			if ($this->db_debug)
-			{
-				return $this->display_error('db_must_use_set');
-			}
-			return FALSE;
+			return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_must_use_set') : FALSE;
 		}
 
 		if ($table == '')
 		{
 			if ( ! isset($this->ar_from[0]))
 			{
-				if ($this->db_debug)
-				{
-					return $this->display_error('db_must_set_table');
-				}
-				return FALSE;
+				return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_must_set_table') : FALSE;
 			}
 		}
 		else
 		{
 			$this->ar_from[0] = $table;
 		}
+
+		return TRUE;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1599,7 +1534,7 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 	 * @param	string	the table to retrieve the results from
 	 * @param	array	an associative array of update values
 	 * @param	string	the where key
-	 * @return	object
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function update_batch($table = '', $set = NULL, $index = NULL)
 	{
@@ -1608,12 +1543,7 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 
 		if (is_null($index))
 		{
-			if ($this->db_debug)
-			{
-				return $this->display_error('db_must_use_index');
-			}
-
-			return FALSE;
+			return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_must_use_index') : FALSE;
 		}
 
 		if ( ! is_null($set))
@@ -1621,39 +1551,29 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 			$this->set_update_batch($set, $index);
 		}
 
-		if (count($this->ar_set) == 0)
+		if (count($this->ar_set) === 0)
 		{
-			if ($this->db_debug)
-			{
-				return $this->display_error('db_must_use_set');
-			}
-
-			return FALSE;
+			return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_must_use_set') : FALSE;
 		}
 
 		if ($table == '')
 		{
 			if ( ! isset($this->ar_from[0]))
 			{
-				if ($this->db_debug)
-				{
-					return $this->display_error('db_must_set_table');
-				}
-				return FALSE;
+				return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_must_set_table') : FALSE;
 			}
 
 			$table = $this->ar_from[0];
 		}
 
 		// Batch this baby
-		for ($i = 0, $total = count($this->ar_set); $i < $total; $i = $i + 100)
+		for ($i = 0, $total = count($this->ar_set); $i < $total; $i += 100)
 		{
-			$sql = $this->_update_batch($this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE), array_slice($this->ar_set, $i, 100), $this->_protect_identifiers($index), $this->ar_where);
-
-			$this->query($sql);
+			$this->query($this->_update_batch($this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE), array_slice($this->ar_set, $i, 100), $this->protect_identifiers($index), $this->ar_where));
 		}
 
 		$this->_reset_write();
+		return TRUE;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1679,7 +1599,6 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 		{
 			$index_set = FALSE;
 			$clean = array();
-
 			foreach ($v as $k2 => $v2)
 			{
 				if ($k2 == $index)
@@ -1691,14 +1610,7 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 					$not[] = $k.'-'.$v;
 				}
 
-				if ($escape === FALSE)
-				{
-					$clean[$this->_protect_identifiers($k2)] = $v2;
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					$clean[$this->_protect_identifiers($k2)] = $this->escape($v2);
-				}
+				$clean[$this->protect_identifiers($k2)] = ($escape === FALSE) ? $v2 : $this->escape($v2);
 			}
 
 			if ($index_set == FALSE)
@@ -1728,24 +1640,18 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 		{
 			if ( ! isset($this->ar_from[0]))
 			{
-				if ($this->db_debug)
-				{
-					return $this->display_error('db_must_set_table');
-				}
-				return FALSE;
+				return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_must_set_table') : FALSE;
 			}
 
 			$table = $this->ar_from[0];
 		}
 		else
 		{
-			$table = $this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE);
+			$table = $this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE);
 		}
 
 		$sql = $this->_delete($table);
-
 		$this->_reset_write();
-
 		return $this->query($sql);
 	}
 
@@ -1767,24 +1673,18 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 		{
 			if ( ! isset($this->ar_from[0]))
 			{
-				if ($this->db_debug)
-				{
-					return $this->display_error('db_must_set_table');
-				}
-				return FALSE;
+				return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_must_set_table') : FALSE;
 			}
 
 			$table = $this->ar_from[0];
 		}
 		else
 		{
-			$table = $this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE);
+			$table = $this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE);
 		}
 
 		$sql = $this->_truncate($table);
-
 		$this->_reset_write();
-
 		return $this->query($sql);
 	}
 
@@ -1830,11 +1730,7 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 		{
 			if ( ! isset($this->ar_from[0]))
 			{
-				if ($this->db_debug)
-				{
-					return $this->display_error('db_must_set_table');
-				}
-				return FALSE;
+				return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_must_set_table') : FALSE;
 			}
 
 			$table = $this->ar_from[0];
@@ -1851,7 +1747,7 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 		}
 		else
 		{
-			$table = $this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE);
+			$table = $this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE);
 		}
 
 		if ($where != '')
@@ -1864,29 +1760,18 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 			$this->limit($limit);
 		}
 
-		if (count($this->ar_where) == 0 && count($this->ar_wherein) == 0 && count($this->ar_like) == 0)
+		if (count($this->ar_where) === 0 && count($this->ar_wherein) === 0 && count($this->ar_like) === 0)
 		{
-			if ($this->db_debug)
-			{
-				return $this->display_error('db_del_must_use_where');
-			}
-
-			return FALSE;
+			return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_del_must_use_where') : FALSE;
 		}
 
 		$sql = $this->_delete($table, $this->ar_where, $this->ar_like, $this->ar_limit);
-
 		if ($reset_data)
 		{
 			$this->_reset_write();
 		}
 
-		if ($this->return_delete_sql === true)
-		{
-			return $sql;
-		}
-
-		return $this->query($sql);
+		return ($this->return_delete_sql === TRUE) ? $sql : $this->query($sql);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1953,13 +1838,13 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 		}
 
 		// if a table alias is used we can recognize it by a space
-		if (strpos($table, " ") !== FALSE)
+		if (strpos($table, ' ') !== FALSE)
 		{
 			// if the alias is written with the AS keyword, remove it
 			$table = preg_replace('/ AS /i', ' ', $table);
 
 			// Grab the alias
-			$table = trim(strrchr($table, " "));
+			$table = trim(strrchr($table, ' '));
 
 			// Store the alias, if it doesn't already exist
 			if ( ! in_array($table, $this->ar_aliased_tables))
@@ -1984,10 +1869,7 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 		// Combine any cached components with the current statements
 		$this->_merge_cache();
 
-		// ----------------------------------------------------------------
-
 		// Write the "select" portion of the query
-
 		if ($select_override !== FALSE)
 		{
 			$sql = $select_override;
@@ -1996,7 +1878,7 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 		{
 			$sql = ( ! $this->ar_distinct) ? 'SELECT ' : 'SELECT DISTINCT ';
 
-			if (count($this->ar_select) == 0)
+			if (count($this->ar_select) === 0)
 			{
 				$sql .= '*';
 			}
@@ -2008,39 +1890,26 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 				foreach ($this->ar_select as $key => $val)
 				{
 					$no_escape = isset($this->ar_no_escape[$key]) ? $this->ar_no_escape[$key] : NULL;
-					$this->ar_select[$key] = $this->_protect_identifiers($val, FALSE, $no_escape);
+					$this->ar_select[$key] = $this->protect_identifiers($val, FALSE, $no_escape);
 				}
 
 				$sql .= implode(', ', $this->ar_select);
 			}
 		}
 
-		// ----------------------------------------------------------------
-
 		// Write the "FROM" portion of the query
-
 		if (count($this->ar_from) > 0)
 		{
-			$sql .= "\nFROM ";
-
-			$sql .= $this->_from_tables($this->ar_from);
+			$sql .= "\nFROM ".$this->_from_tables($this->ar_from);
 		}
 
-		// ----------------------------------------------------------------
-
 		// Write the "JOIN" portion of the query
-
 		if (count($this->ar_join) > 0)
 		{
-			$sql .= "\n";
-
-			$sql .= implode("\n", $this->ar_join);
+			$sql .= "\n".implode("\n", $this->ar_join);
 		}
 
-		// ----------------------------------------------------------------
-
 		// Write the "WHERE" portion of the query
-
 		if (count($this->ar_where) > 0 OR count($this->ar_like) > 0)
 		{
 			$sql .= "\nWHERE ";
@@ -2048,10 +1917,7 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 
 		$sql .= implode("\n", $this->ar_where);
 
-		// ----------------------------------------------------------------
-
 		// Write the "LIKE" portion of the query
-
 		if (count($this->ar_like) > 0)
 		{
 			if (count($this->ar_where) > 0)
@@ -2062,50 +1928,32 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 			$sql .= implode("\n", $this->ar_like);
 		}
 
-		// ----------------------------------------------------------------
-
 		// Write the "GROUP BY" portion of the query
-
 		if (count($this->ar_groupby) > 0)
 		{
-			$sql .= "\nGROUP BY ";
-
-			$sql .= implode(', ', $this->ar_groupby);
+			$sql .= "\nGROUP BY ".implode(', ', $this->ar_groupby);
 		}
 
-		// ----------------------------------------------------------------
-
 		// Write the "HAVING" portion of the query
-
 		if (count($this->ar_having) > 0)
 		{
-			$sql .= "\nHAVING ";
-			$sql .= implode("\n", $this->ar_having);
+			$sql .= "\nHAVING ".implode("\n", $this->ar_having);
 		}
 
-		// ----------------------------------------------------------------
-
 		// Write the "ORDER BY" portion of the query
-
 		if (count($this->ar_orderby) > 0)
 		{
-			$sql .= "\nORDER BY ";
-			$sql .= implode(', ', $this->ar_orderby);
-
+			$sql .= "\nORDER BY ".implode(', ', $this->ar_orderby);
 			if ($this->ar_order !== FALSE)
 			{
 				$sql .= ($this->ar_order == 'desc') ? ' DESC' : ' ASC';
 			}
 		}
 
-		// ----------------------------------------------------------------
-
 		// Write the "LIMIT" portion of the query
-
 		if (is_numeric($this->ar_limit))
 		{
-			$sql .= "\n";
-			$sql = $this->_limit($sql, $this->ar_limit, $this->ar_offset);
+			return $this->_limit($sql."\n", $this->ar_limit, $this->ar_offset);
 		}
 
 		return $sql;
@@ -2165,14 +2013,12 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 		foreach ($fields as $val)
 		{
 			// There are some built in keys we need to ignore for this conversion
-			if ($val != '_parent_name')
+			if ($val !== '_parent_name')
 			{
-
 				$i = 0;
 				foreach ($out[$val] as $data)
 				{
-					$array[$i][$val] = $data;
-					$i++;
+					$array[$i++][$val] = $data;
 				}
 			}
 		}
@@ -2247,7 +2093,7 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 	 */
 	protected function _merge_cache()
 	{
-		if (count($this->ar_cache_exists) == 0)
+		if (count($this->ar_cache_exists) === 0)
 		{
 			return;
 		}
@@ -2257,7 +2103,7 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 			$ar_variable	= 'ar_'.$val;
 			$ar_cache_var	= 'ar_cache_'.$val;
 
-			if (count($this->$ar_cache_var) == 0)
+			if (count($this->$ar_cache_var) === 0)
 			{
 				continue;
 			}
@@ -2282,7 +2128,6 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 	 *
 	 * Publicly-visible method to reset the AR values.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function reset_query()
@@ -2319,25 +2164,24 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 	 */
 	protected function _reset_select()
 	{
-		$ar_reset_items = array(
-			'ar_select'			=> array(),
-			'ar_from'			=> array(),
-			'ar_join'			=> array(),
-			'ar_where'			=> array(),
-			'ar_like'			=> array(),
-			'ar_groupby'		=> array(),
-			'ar_having'			=> array(),
-			'ar_orderby'		=> array(),
-			'ar_wherein'		=> array(),
-			'ar_aliased_tables'	=> array(),
-			'ar_no_escape'		=> array(),
-			'ar_distinct'		=> FALSE,
-			'ar_limit'			=> FALSE,
-			'ar_offset'			=> FALSE,
-			'ar_order'			=> FALSE,
-		);
-
-		$this->_reset_run($ar_reset_items);
+		$this->_reset_run(array(
+					'ar_select'		=> array(),
+					'ar_from'		=> array(),
+					'ar_join'		=> array(),
+					'ar_where'		=> array(),
+					'ar_like'		=> array(),
+					'ar_groupby'		=> array(),
+					'ar_having'		=> array(),
+					'ar_orderby'		=> array(),
+					'ar_wherein'		=> array(),
+					'ar_aliased_tables'	=> array(),
+					'ar_no_escape'		=> array(),
+					'ar_distinct'		=> FALSE,
+					'ar_limit'		=> FALSE,
+					'ar_offset'		=> FALSE,
+					'ar_order'		=> FALSE
+					)
+				);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -2351,19 +2195,19 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 	 */
 	protected function _reset_write()
 	{
-		$ar_reset_items = array(
-			'ar_set'		=> array(),
-			'ar_from'		=> array(),
-			'ar_where'		=> array(),
-			'ar_like'		=> array(),
-			'ar_orderby'	=> array(),
-			'ar_keys'		=> array(),
-			'ar_limit'		=> FALSE,
-			'ar_order'		=> FALSE
-		);
-
-		$this->_reset_run($ar_reset_items);
+		$this->_reset_run(array(
+					'ar_set'	=> array(),
+					'ar_from'	=> array(),
+					'ar_where'	=> array(),
+					'ar_like'	=> array(),
+					'ar_orderby'	=> array(),
+					'ar_keys'	=> array(),
+					'ar_limit'	=> FALSE,
+					'ar_order'	=> FALSE
+					)
+				);
 	}
+
 }
 
 /* End of file DB_active_rec.php */
diff --git a/system/database/DB_cache.php b/system/database/DB_cache.php
index 1ff046c21..79651fcb0 100644
--- a/system/database/DB_cache.php
+++ b/system/database/DB_cache.php
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
  * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
  *
  * NOTICE OF LICENSE
- * 
+ *
  * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
- * 
+ *
  * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
  * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
  * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
@@ -25,8 +25,6 @@
  * @filesource
  */
 
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
 /**
  * Database Cache Class
  *
@@ -36,19 +34,12 @@
  */
 class CI_DB_Cache {
 
-	var $CI;
-	var $db;	// allows passing of db object so that multiple database connections and returned db objects can be supported
+	public $CI;
+	public $db;	// allows passing of db object so that multiple database connections and returned db objects can be supported
 
-	/**
-	 * Constructor
-	 *
-	 * Grabs the CI super object instance so we can access it.
-	 *
-	 */
-	function __construct(&$db)
+	public function __construct(&$db)
 	{
-		// Assign the main CI object to $this->CI
-		// and load the file helper since we use it a lot
+		// Assign the main CI object to $this->CI and load the file helper since we use it a lot
 		$this->CI =& get_instance();
 		$this->db =& $db;
 		$this->CI->load->helper('file');
@@ -59,11 +50,10 @@ class CI_DB_Cache {
 	/**
 	 * Set Cache Directory Path
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the path to the cache directory
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function check_path($path = '')
+	public function check_path($path = '')
 	{
 		if ($path == '')
 		{
@@ -76,7 +66,7 @@ class CI_DB_Cache {
 		}
 
 		// Add a trailing slash to the path if needed
-		$path = preg_replace("/(.+?)\/*$/", "\\1/",  $path);
+		$path = preg_replace('/(.+?)\/*$/', '\\1/',  $path);
 
 		if ( ! is_dir($path) OR ! is_really_writable($path))
 		{
@@ -96,10 +86,9 @@ class CI_DB_Cache {
 	 * The URI being requested will become the name of the cache sub-folder.
 	 * An MD5 hash of the SQL statement will become the cache file name
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function read($sql)
+	public function read($sql)
 	{
 		if ( ! $this->check_path())
 		{
@@ -107,9 +96,7 @@ class CI_DB_Cache {
 		}
 
 		$segment_one = ($this->CI->uri->segment(1) == FALSE) ? 'default' : $this->CI->uri->segment(1);
-
 		$segment_two = ($this->CI->uri->segment(2) == FALSE) ? 'index' : $this->CI->uri->segment(2);
-
 		$filepath = $this->db->cachedir.$segment_one.'+'.$segment_two.'/'.md5($sql);
 
 		if (FALSE === ($cachedata = read_file($filepath)))
@@ -125,10 +112,9 @@ class CI_DB_Cache {
 	/**
 	 * Write a query to a cache file
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function write($sql, $object)
+	public function write($sql, $object)
 	{
 		if ( ! $this->check_path())
 		{
@@ -136,11 +122,8 @@ class CI_DB_Cache {
 		}
 
 		$segment_one = ($this->CI->uri->segment(1) == FALSE) ? 'default' : $this->CI->uri->segment(1);
-
 		$segment_two = ($this->CI->uri->segment(2) == FALSE) ? 'index' : $this->CI->uri->segment(2);
-
 		$dir_path = $this->db->cachedir.$segment_one.'+'.$segment_two.'/';
-
 		$filename = md5($sql);
 
 		if ( ! @is_dir($dir_path))
@@ -167,10 +150,9 @@ class CI_DB_Cache {
 	/**
 	 * Delete cache files within a particular directory
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function delete($segment_one = '', $segment_two = '')
+	public function delete($segment_one = '', $segment_two = '')
 	{
 		if ($segment_one == '')
 		{
@@ -183,7 +165,6 @@ class CI_DB_Cache {
 		}
 
 		$dir_path = $this->db->cachedir.$segment_one.'+'.$segment_two.'/';
-
 		delete_files($dir_path, TRUE);
 	}
 
@@ -192,16 +173,14 @@ class CI_DB_Cache {
 	/**
 	 * Delete all existing cache files
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function delete_all()
+	public function delete_all()
 	{
 		delete_files($this->db->cachedir, TRUE);
 	}
 
 }
 
-
 /* End of file DB_cache.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/DB_cache.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+/* Location: ./system/database/DB_cache.php */
diff --git a/system/database/DB_driver.php b/system/database/DB_driver.php
index 661b42ced..025441f90 100644
--- a/system/database/DB_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/DB_driver.php
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
  * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
  *
  * NOTICE OF LICENSE
- * 
+ *
  * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
- * 
+ *
  * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
  * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
  * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
@@ -25,8 +25,6 @@
  * @filesource
  */
 
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
 /**
  * Database Driver Class
  *
@@ -42,55 +40,44 @@
  */
 class CI_DB_driver {
 
-	var $username;
-	var $password;
-	var $hostname;
-	var $database;
-	var $dbdriver		= 'mysql';
-	var $dbprefix		= '';
-	var $char_set		= 'utf8';
-	var $dbcollat		= 'utf8_general_ci';
-	var $autoinit		= TRUE; // Whether to automatically initialize the DB
-	var $swap_pre		= '';
-	var $port			= '';
-	var $pconnect		= FALSE;
-	var $conn_id		= FALSE;
-	var $result_id		= FALSE;
-	var $db_debug		= FALSE;
-	var $benchmark		= 0;
-	var $query_count	= 0;
-	var $bind_marker	= '?';
-	var $save_queries	= TRUE;
-	var $queries		= array();
-	var $query_times	= array();
-	var $data_cache		= array();
-	var $trans_enabled	= TRUE;
-	var $trans_strict	= TRUE;
-	var $_trans_depth	= 0;
-	var $_trans_status	= TRUE; // Used with transactions to determine if a rollback should occur
-	var $cache_on		= FALSE;
-	var $cachedir		= '';
-	var $cache_autodel	= FALSE;
-	var $CACHE; // The cache class object
-
-	// Private variables
-	var $_protect_identifiers	= TRUE;
-	var $_reserved_identifiers	= array('*'); // Identifiers that should NOT be escaped
-
-	// These are use with Oracle
-	var $stmt_id;
-	var $curs_id;
-	var $limit_used;
-
-
-
-	/**
-	 * Constructor.  Accepts one parameter containing the database
-	 * connection settings.
-	 *
-	 * @param array
-	 */
-	function __construct($params)
+	public $dsn;
+	public $username;
+	public $password;
+	public $hostname;
+	public $database;
+	public $dbdriver		= 'mysql';
+	public $dbprefix		= '';
+	public $char_set		= 'utf8';
+	public $dbcollat		= 'utf8_general_ci';
+	public $autoinit		= TRUE; // Whether to automatically initialize the DB
+	public $swap_pre		= '';
+	public $port			= '';
+	public $pconnect		= FALSE;
+	public $conn_id			= FALSE;
+	public $result_id		= FALSE;
+	public $db_debug		= FALSE;
+	public $benchmark		= 0;
+	public $query_count		= 0;
+	public $bind_marker		= '?';
+	public $save_queries		= TRUE;
+	public $queries			= array();
+	public $query_times		= array();
+	public $data_cache		= array();
+
+	public $trans_enabled		= TRUE;
+	public $trans_strict		= TRUE;
+	protected $_trans_depth		= 0;
+	protected $_trans_status	= TRUE; // Used with transactions to determine if a rollback should occur
+
+	public $cache_on		= FALSE;
+	public $cachedir		= '';
+	public $cache_autodel		= FALSE;
+	public $CACHE; // The cache class object
+
+	protected $_protect_identifiers		= TRUE;
+	protected $_reserved_identifiers	= array('*'); // Identifiers that should NOT be escaped
+
+	public function __construct($params)
 	{
 		if (is_array($params))
 		{
@@ -108,11 +95,9 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Initialize Database Settings
 	 *
-	 * @access	private Called by the constructor
-	 * @param	mixed
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function initialize()
+	public function initialize()
 	{
 		// If an existing connection resource is available
 		// there is no need to connect and select the database
@@ -126,7 +111,7 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 		// Connect to the database and set the connection ID
 		$this->conn_id = ($this->pconnect == FALSE) ? $this->db_connect() : $this->db_pconnect();
 
-		// No connection resource?  Check if there is a failover else throw an error
+		// No connection resource? Check if there is a failover else throw an error
 		if ( ! $this->conn_id)
 		{
 			// Check if there is a failover set
@@ -168,31 +153,19 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 		// ----------------------------------------------------------------
 
 		// Select the DB... assuming a database name is specified in the config file
-		if ($this->database != '')
+		if ($this->database !== '' && ! $this->db_select())
 		{
-			if ( ! $this->db_select())
-			{
-				log_message('error', 'Unable to select database: '.$this->database);
+			log_message('error', 'Unable to select database: '.$this->database);
 
-				if ($this->db_debug)
-				{
-					$this->display_error('db_unable_to_select', $this->database);
-				}
-				return FALSE;
-			}
-			else
+			if ($this->db_debug)
 			{
-				// We've selected the DB. Now we set the character set
-				if ( ! $this->db_set_charset($this->char_set, $this->dbcollat))
-				{
-					return FALSE;
-				}
-
-				return TRUE;
+				$this->display_error('db_unable_to_select', $this->database);
 			}
+			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		return TRUE;
+		// Now we set the character set and that's all
+		return $this->db_set_charset($this->char_set, $this->dbcollat);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -200,20 +173,19 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Set client character set
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	resource
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function db_set_charset($charset, $collation)
+	public function db_set_charset($charset, $collation = '')
 	{
-		if ( ! $this->_db_set_charset($this->char_set, $this->dbcollat))
+		if (method_exists($this, '_db_set_charset') && ! $this->_db_set_charset($charset, $collation))
 		{
-			log_message('error', 'Unable to set database connection charset: '.$this->char_set);
+			log_message('error', 'Unable to set database connection charset: '.$charset);
 
 			if ($this->db_debug)
 			{
-				$this->display_error('db_unable_to_set_charset', $this->char_set);
+				$this->display_error('db_unable_to_set_charset', $charset);
 			}
 
 			return FALSE;
@@ -227,10 +199,9 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * The name of the platform in use (mysql, mssql, etc...)
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function platform()
+	public function platform()
 	{
 		return $this->dbdriver;
 	}
@@ -238,36 +209,40 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Database Version Number.  Returns a string containing the
-	 * version of the database being used
+	 * Database version number
+	 *
+	 * Returns a string containing the version of the database being used.
+	 * Most drivers will override this method.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function version()
+	public function version()
 	{
-		if (FALSE === ($sql = $this->_version()))
+		if (isset($this->data_cache['version']))
 		{
-			if ($this->db_debug)
-			{
-				return $this->display_error('db_unsupported_function');
-			}
-			return FALSE;
+			return $this->data_cache['version'];
 		}
 
-		// Some DBs have functions that return the version, and don't run special
-		// SQL queries per se. In these instances, just return the result.
-		$driver_version_exceptions = array('oci8', 'sqlite', 'cubrid', 'pdo');
-
-		if (in_array($this->dbdriver, $driver_version_exceptions))
-		{
-			return $sql;
-		}
-		else
+		if (FALSE === ($sql = $this->_version()))
 		{
-			$query = $this->query($sql);
-			return $query->row('ver');
+			return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_unsupported_function') : FALSE;
 		}
+
+		$query = $this->query($sql);
+		$query = $query->row();
+		return $this->data_cache['version'] = $query->ver;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Version number query string
+	 *
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _version()
+	{
+		return 'SELECT VERSION() AS ver';
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -276,17 +251,16 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	 * Execute the query
 	 *
 	 * Accepts an SQL string as input and returns a result object upon
-	 * successful execution of a "read" type query.  Returns boolean TRUE
+	 * successful execution of a "read" type query. Returns boolean TRUE
 	 * upon successful execution of a "write" type query. Returns boolean
 	 * FALSE upon failure, and if the $db_debug variable is set to TRUE
 	 * will raise an error.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	An SQL query string
 	 * @param	array	An array of binding data
 	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
-	function query($sql, $binds = FALSE, $return_object = TRUE)
+	public function query($sql, $binds = FALSE, $return_object = TRUE)
 	{
 		if ($sql == '')
 		{
@@ -305,7 +279,13 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 			$sql = preg_replace("/(\W)".$this->swap_pre."(\S+?)/", "\\1".$this->dbprefix."\\2", $sql);
 		}
 
-		// Is query caching enabled?  If the query is a "read type"
+		// Compile binds if needed
+		if ($binds !== FALSE)
+		{
+			$sql = $this->compile_binds($sql, $binds);
+		}
+
+		// Is query caching enabled? If the query is a "read type"
 		// we will load the caching class and return the previously
 		// cached query if it exists
 		if ($this->cache_on == TRUE AND stristr($sql, 'SELECT'))
@@ -320,12 +300,6 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 			}
 		}
 
-		// Compile binds if needed
-		if ($binds !== FALSE)
-		{
-			$sql = $this->compile_binds($sql, $binds);
-		}
-
 		// Save the  query for debugging
 		if ($this->save_queries == TRUE)
 		{
@@ -346,30 +320,28 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 			// This will trigger a rollback if transactions are being used
 			$this->_trans_status = FALSE;
 
-			// Grab the error number and message now, as we might run some
-			// additional queries before displaying the error
-			$error_no = $this->_error_number();
-			$error_msg = $this->_error_message();
+			// Grab the error now, as we might run some additional queries before displaying the error
+			$error = $this->error();
 
 			// Log errors
-			log_message('error', 'Query error: '.$error_msg);
+			log_message('error', 'Query error: '.$error['message']);
 
 			if ($this->db_debug)
 			{
 				// We call this function in order to roll-back queries
-				// if transactions are enabled.  If we don't call this here
+				// if transactions are enabled. If we don't call this here
 				// the error message will trigger an exit, causing the
 				// transactions to remain in limbo.
 				$this->trans_complete();
 
 				// Display errors
 				return $this->display_error(
-										array(
-												'Error Number: '.$error_no,
-												$error_msg,
-												$sql
-											)
-										);
+								array(
+									'Error Number: '.$error['code'],
+									$error['message'],
+									$sql
+								)
+							);
 			}
 
 			return FALSE;
@@ -410,21 +382,9 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 		}
 
 		// Load and instantiate the result driver
+		$driver		= $this->load_rdriver();
+		$RES		= new $driver($this);
 
-		$driver			= $this->load_rdriver();
-		$RES			= new $driver();
-		$RES->conn_id	= $this->conn_id;
-		$RES->result_id	= $this->result_id;
-
-		if ($this->dbdriver == 'oci8')
-		{
-			$RES->stmt_id		= $this->stmt_id;
-			$RES->curs_id		= NULL;
-			$RES->limit_used	= $this->limit_used;
-			$this->stmt_id		= FALSE;
-		}
-
-		// oci8 vars must be set before calling this
 		$RES->num_rows	= $RES->num_rows();
 
 		// Is query caching enabled?  If so, we'll serialize the
@@ -457,10 +417,9 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Load the result drivers
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	string	the name of the result class
 	 */
-	function load_rdriver()
+	public function load_rdriver()
 	{
 		$driver = 'CI_DB_'.$this->dbdriver.'_result';
 
@@ -477,15 +436,14 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 
 	/**
 	 * Simple Query
-	 * This is a simplified version of the query() function.  Internally
+	 * This is a simplified version of the query() function. Internally
 	 * we only use it when running transaction commands since they do
 	 * not require all the features of the main query() function.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the sql query
 	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
-	function simple_query($sql)
+	public function simple_query($sql)
 	{
 		if ( ! $this->conn_id)
 		{
@@ -501,10 +459,9 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	 * Disable Transactions
 	 * This permits transactions to be disabled at run-time.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function trans_off()
+	public function trans_off()
 	{
 		$this->trans_enabled = FALSE;
 	}
@@ -518,10 +475,9 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	 * If strict mode is disabled, each group is treated autonomously, meaning
 	 * a failure of one group will not affect any others
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function trans_strict($mode = TRUE)
+	public function trans_strict($mode = TRUE)
 	{
 		$this->trans_strict = is_bool($mode) ? $mode : TRUE;
 	}
@@ -531,10 +487,9 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Start Transaction
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function trans_start($test_mode = FALSE)
+	public function trans_start($test_mode = FALSE)
 	{
 		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
 		{
@@ -557,10 +512,9 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Complete Transaction
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function trans_complete()
+	public function trans_complete()
 	{
 		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
 		{
@@ -604,10 +558,9 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Lets you retrieve the transaction flag to determine if it has failed
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function trans_status()
+	public function trans_status()
 	{
 		return $this->_trans_status;
 	}
@@ -617,12 +570,11 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Compile Bindings
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the sql statement
 	 * @param	array	an array of bind data
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function compile_binds($sql, $binds)
+	public function compile_binds($sql, $binds)
 	{
 		if (strpos($sql, $this->bind_marker) === FALSE)
 		{
@@ -660,17 +612,12 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Determines if a query is a "write" type.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	An SQL query string
-	 * @return	boolean
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function is_write_type($sql)
+	public function is_write_type($sql)
 	{
-		if ( ! preg_match('/^\s*"?(SET|INSERT|UPDATE|DELETE|REPLACE|CREATE|DROP|TRUNCATE|LOAD DATA|COPY|ALTER|GRANT|REVOKE|LOCK|UNLOCK)\s+/i', $sql))
-		{
-			return FALSE;
-		}
-		return TRUE;
+		return (bool) preg_match('/^\s*"?(SET|INSERT|UPDATE|DELETE|REPLACE|CREATE|DROP|TRUNCATE|LOAD DATA|COPY|ALTER|RENAME|GRANT|REVOKE|LOCK|UNLOCK|OPTIMIZE|REINDEX)\s+/i', $sql);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -678,11 +625,10 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Calculate the aggregate query elapsed time
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	integer	The number of decimal places
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @param	int	The number of decimal places
+	 * @return	int
 	 */
-	function elapsed_time($decimals = 6)
+	public function elapsed_time($decimals = 6)
 	{
 		return number_format($this->benchmark, $decimals);
 	}
@@ -692,10 +638,9 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Returns the total number of queries
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	int
 	 */
-	function total_queries()
+	public function total_queries()
 	{
 		return $this->query_count;
 	}
@@ -705,10 +650,9 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Returns the last query that was executed
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function last_query()
+	public function last_query()
 	{
 		return end($this->queries);
 	}
@@ -721,11 +665,10 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	 * Escapes data based on type
 	 * Sets boolean and null types
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
-	function escape($str)
+	public function escape($str)
 	{
 		if (is_string($str))
 		{
@@ -751,11 +694,10 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	 * Calls the individual driver for platform
 	 * specific escaping for LIKE conditions
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
-	function escape_like_str($str)
+	public function escape_like_str($str)
 	{
 		return $this->escape_str($str, TRUE);
 	}
@@ -765,14 +707,13 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Primary
 	 *
-	 * Retrieves the primary key.  It assumes that the row in the first
+	 * Retrieves the primary key. It assumes that the row in the first
 	 * position is the primary key
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the table name
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function primary($table = '')
+	public function primary($table = '')
 	{
 		$fields = $this->list_fields($table);
 
@@ -789,10 +730,9 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Returns an array of table names
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function list_tables($constrain_by_prefix = FALSE)
+	public function list_tables($constrain_by_prefix = FALSE)
 	{
 		// Is there a cached result?
 		if (isset($this->data_cache['table_names']))
@@ -814,20 +754,23 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 
 		if ($query->num_rows() > 0)
 		{
-			foreach ($query->result_array() as $row)
+			$table = FALSE;
+			$rows = $query->result_array();
+			$key = (($row = current($rows)) && in_array('table_name', array_map('strtolower', array_keys($row))));
+
+			if ($key)
 			{
-				if (isset($row['TABLE_NAME']))
-				{
-					$retval[] = $row['TABLE_NAME'];
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					$retval[] = array_shift($row);
-				}
+				$table = array_key_exists('TABLE_NAME', $row) ? 'TABLE_NAME' : 'table_name';
+			}
+
+			foreach ($rows as $row)
+			{
+				$retval[] = ( ! $table) ? current($row) : $row[$table];
 			}
 		}
 
 		$this->data_cache['table_names'] = $retval;
+
 		return $this->data_cache['table_names'];
 	}
 
@@ -835,12 +778,12 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 
 	/**
 	 * Determine if a particular table exists
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	boolean
+	 *
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function table_exists($table_name)
+	public function table_exists($table_name)
 	{
-		return ( ! in_array($this->_protect_identifiers($table_name, TRUE, FALSE, FALSE), $this->list_tables())) ? FALSE : TRUE;
+		return in_array($this->protect_identifiers($table_name, TRUE, FALSE, FALSE), $this->list_tables());
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -848,11 +791,10 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Fetch MySQL Field Names
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the table name
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function list_fields($table = '')
+	public function list_fields($table = '')
 	{
 		// Is there a cached result?
 		if (isset($this->data_cache['field_names'][$table]))
@@ -901,12 +843,12 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 
 	/**
 	 * Determine if a particular field exists
-	 * @access	public
+	 *
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	boolean
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function field_exists($field_name, $table_name)
+	public function field_exists($field_name, $table_name)
 	{
 		return ( ! in_array($field_name, $this->list_fields($table_name))) ? FALSE : TRUE;
 	}
@@ -916,11 +858,10 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Returns an object with field data
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the table name
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	function field_data($table = '')
+	public function field_data($table = '')
 	{
 		if ($table == '')
 		{
@@ -931,7 +872,7 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		$query = $this->query($this->_field_data($this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE)));
+		$query = $this->query($this->_field_data($this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE)));
 
 		return $query->field_data();
 	}
@@ -941,12 +882,11 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Generate an insert string
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the table upon which the query will be performed
 	 * @param	array	an associative array data of key/values
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function insert_string($table, $data)
+	public function insert_string($table, $data)
 	{
 		$fields = array();
 		$values = array();
@@ -957,7 +897,7 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 			$values[] = $this->escape($val);
 		}
 
-		return $this->_insert($this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE), $fields, $values);
+		return $this->_insert($this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE), $fields, $values);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -965,23 +905,22 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Generate an update string
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the table upon which the query will be performed
 	 * @param	array	an associative array data of key/values
 	 * @param	mixed	the "where" statement
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function update_string($table, $data, $where)
+	public function update_string($table, $data, $where)
 	{
 		if ($where == '')
 		{
-			return false;
+			return FALSE;
 		}
 
 		$fields = array();
 		foreach ($data as $key => $val)
 		{
-			$fields[$this->_protect_identifiers($key)] = $this->escape($val);
+			$fields[$this->protect_identifiers($key)] = $this->escape($val);
 		}
 
 		if ( ! is_array($where))
@@ -994,7 +933,7 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 			foreach ($where as $key => $val)
 			{
 				$prefix = (count($dest) == 0) ? '' : ' AND ';
-				$key = $this->_protect_identifiers($key);
+				$key = $this->protect_identifiers($key);
 
 				if ($val !== '')
 				{
@@ -1010,7 +949,7 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 			}
 		}
 
-		return $this->_update($this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE), $fields, $dest);
+		return $this->_update($this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE), $fields, $dest);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1018,11 +957,10 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Tests whether the string has an SQL operator
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function _has_operator($str)
+	protected function _has_operator($str)
 	{
 		$str = trim($str);
 		if ( ! preg_match("/(\s|<|>|!|=|is null|is not null)/i", $str))
@@ -1038,12 +976,11 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Enables a native PHP function to be run, using a platform agnostic wrapper.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the function name
 	 * @param	mixed	any parameters needed by the function
 	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
-	function call_function($function)
+	public function call_function($function)
 	{
 		$driver = ($this->dbdriver == 'postgre') ? 'pg_' : $this->dbdriver.'_';
 
@@ -1080,11 +1017,10 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Set Cache Directory Path
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the path to the cache directory
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function cache_set_path($path = '')
+	public function cache_set_path($path = '')
 	{
 		$this->cachedir = $path;
 	}
@@ -1094,10 +1030,9 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Enable Query Caching
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @return	bool	cache_on value
 	 */
-	function cache_on()
+	public function cache_on()
 	{
 		$this->cache_on = TRUE;
 		return TRUE;
@@ -1108,10 +1043,9 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Disable Query Caching
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @return	bool	cache_on value
 	 */
-	function cache_off()
+	public function cache_off()
 	{
 		$this->cache_on = FALSE;
 		return FALSE;
@@ -1123,10 +1057,9 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Delete the cache files associated with a particular URI
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function cache_delete($segment_one = '', $segment_two = '')
+	public function cache_delete($segment_one = '', $segment_two = '')
 	{
 		if ( ! $this->_cache_init())
 		{
@@ -1140,10 +1073,9 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Delete All cache files
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function cache_delete_all()
+	public function cache_delete_all()
 	{
 		if ( ! $this->_cache_init())
 		{
@@ -1158,10 +1090,9 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Initialize the Cache Class
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function _cache_init()
+	protected function _cache_init()
 	{
 		if (is_object($this->CACHE) AND class_exists('CI_DB_Cache'))
 		{
@@ -1185,10 +1116,9 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Close DB Connection
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function close()
+	public function close()
 	{
 		if (is_resource($this->conn_id) OR is_object($this->conn_id))
 		{
@@ -1202,13 +1132,12 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Display an error message
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the error message
 	 * @param	string	any "swap" values
-	 * @param	boolean	whether to localize the message
+	 * @param	bool	whether to localize the message
 	 * @return	string	sends the application/error_db.php template
 	 */
-	function display_error($error = '', $swap = '', $native = FALSE)
+	public function display_error($error = '', $swap = '', $native = FALSE)
 	{
 		$LANG =& load_class('Lang', 'core');
 		$LANG->load('db');
@@ -1252,27 +1181,11 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Protect Identifiers
 	 *
-	 * This function adds backticks if appropriate based on db type
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	mixed	the item to escape
-	 * @return	mixed	the item with backticks
-	 */
-	function protect_identifiers($item, $prefix_single = FALSE)
-	{
-		return $this->_protect_identifiers($item, $prefix_single);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Protect Identifiers
-	 *
 	 * This function is used extensively by the Active Record class, and by
 	 * a couple functions in this class.
 	 * It takes a column or table name (optionally with an alias) and inserts
 	 * the table prefix onto it.  Some logic is necessary in order to deal with
-	 * column names that include the path.  Consider a query like this:
+	 * column names that include the path. Consider a query like this:
 	 *
 	 * SELECT * FROM hostname.database.table.column AS c FROM hostname.database.table
 	 *
@@ -1285,14 +1198,13 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	 * insert the table prefix (if it exists) in the proper position, and escape only
 	 * the correct identifiers.
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @param	bool
 	 * @param	mixed
 	 * @param	bool
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _protect_identifiers($item, $prefix_single = FALSE, $protect_identifiers = NULL, $field_exists = TRUE)
+	public function protect_identifiers($item, $prefix_single = FALSE, $protect_identifiers = NULL, $field_exists = TRUE)
 	{
 		if ( ! is_bool($protect_identifiers))
 		{
@@ -1302,10 +1214,9 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 		if (is_array($item))
 		{
 			$escaped_array = array();
-
 			foreach ($item as $k => $v)
 			{
-				$escaped_array[$this->_protect_identifiers($k)] = $this->_protect_identifiers($v);
+				$escaped_array[$this->protect_identifiers($k)] = $this->protect_identifiers($v);
 			}
 
 			return $escaped_array;
@@ -1325,7 +1236,7 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 
 		// This is basically a bug fix for queries that use MAX, MIN, etc.
 		// If a parenthesis is found we know that we do not need to
-		// escape the data or add a prefix.  There's probably a more graceful
+		// escape the data or add a prefix. There's probably a more graceful
 		// way to deal with this, but I'm not thinking of it -- Rick
 		if (strpos($item, '(') !== FALSE)
 		{
@@ -1340,7 +1251,7 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 			$parts	= explode('.', $item);
 
 			// Does the first segment of the exploded item match
-			// one of the aliases previously identified?  If so,
+			// one of the aliases previously identified? If so,
 			// we have nothing more to do other than escape the item
 			if (in_array($parts[0], $this->ar_aliased_tables))
 			{
@@ -1359,7 +1270,7 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 				return $item.$alias;
 			}
 
-			// Is there a table prefix defined in the config file?  If not, no need to do anything
+			// Is there a table prefix defined in the config file? If not, no need to do anything
 			if ($this->dbprefix != '')
 			{
 				// We now add the table prefix based on some logic.
@@ -1413,7 +1324,7 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 			return $item.$alias;
 		}
 
-		// Is there a table prefix?  If not, no need to insert it
+		// Is there a table prefix? If not, no need to insert it
 		if ($this->dbprefix != '')
 		{
 			// Verify table prefix and replace if necessary
@@ -1437,9 +1348,20 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 		return $item.$alias;
 	}
 
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-}
+	/**
+	 * Dummy method that allows Active Record class to be disabled
+	 *
+	 * This function is used extensively by every db driver.
+	 *
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _reset_select()
+	{
+	}
 
+}
 
 /* End of file DB_driver.php */
 /* Location: ./system/database/DB_driver.php */
diff --git a/system/database/DB_forge.php b/system/database/DB_forge.php
index 762d18a46..336e9497d 100644
--- a/system/database/DB_forge.php
+++ b/system/database/DB_forge.php
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
  * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
  *
  * NOTICE OF LICENSE
- * 
+ *
  * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
- * 
+ *
  * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
  * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
  * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
@@ -36,23 +36,17 @@
  */
 class CI_DB_forge {
 
-	var $fields			= array();
-	var $keys			= array();
-	var $primary_keys	= array();
-	var $db_char_set	=	'';
+	public $fields		= array();
+	public $keys		= array();
+	public $primary_keys	= array();
+	public $db_char_set	=	'';
 
-	/**
-	 * Constructor
-	 *
-	 * Grabs the CI super object instance so we can access it.
-	 *
-	 */
-	function __construct()
+	public function __construct()
 	{
 		// Assign the main database object to $this->db
 		$CI =& get_instance();
 		$this->db =& $CI->db;
-		log_message('debug', "Database Forge Class Initialized");
+		log_message('debug', 'Database Forge Class Initialized');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -60,20 +54,13 @@ class CI_DB_forge {
 	/**
 	 * Create database
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the database name
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function create_database($db_name)
+	public function create_database($db_name)
 	{
 		$sql = $this->_create_database($db_name);
-
-		if (is_bool($sql))
-		{
-			return $sql;
-		}
-
-		return $this->db->query($sql);
+		return is_bool($sql) ? $sql : $this->db->query($sql);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -81,20 +68,13 @@ class CI_DB_forge {
 	/**
 	 * Drop database
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the database name
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function drop_database($db_name)
+	public function drop_database($db_name)
 	{
 		$sql = $this->_drop_database($db_name);
-
-		if (is_bool($sql))
-		{
-			return $sql;
-		}
-
-		return $this->db->query($sql);
+		return is_bool($sql) ? $sql : $this->db->query($sql);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -152,7 +132,7 @@ class CI_DB_forge {
 
 		if (is_string($field))
 		{
-			if ($field == 'id')
+			if ($field === 'id')
 			{
 				$this->add_field(array(
 					'id' => array(
@@ -178,7 +158,7 @@ class CI_DB_forge {
 		{
 			$this->fields = array_merge($this->fields, $field);
 		}
-		
+
 		return $this;
 	}
 
@@ -197,21 +177,14 @@ class CI_DB_forge {
 			show_error('A table name is required for that operation.');
 		}
 
-		if (count($this->fields) == 0)
+		if (count($this->fields) === 0)
 		{
 			show_error('Field information is required.');
 		}
 
 		$sql = $this->_create_table($this->db->dbprefix.$table, $this->fields, $this->primary_keys, $this->keys, $if_not_exists);
-
 		$this->_reset();
-
-		if (is_bool($sql))
-		{
-			return $sql;
-		}
-
-		return $this->db->query($sql);
+		return is_bool($sql) ? $sql : $this->db->query($sql);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -225,13 +198,7 @@ class CI_DB_forge {
 	public function drop_table($table_name)
 	{
 		$sql = $this->_drop_table($this->db->dbprefix.$table_name);
-
-		if (is_bool($sql))
-		{
-			return $sql;
-		}
-
-		return $this->db->query($sql);
+		return is_bool($sql) ? $sql : $this->db->query($sql);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -250,8 +217,7 @@ class CI_DB_forge {
 			show_error('A table name is required for that operation.');
 		}
 
-		$sql = $this->_rename_table($this->db->dbprefix.$table_name, $this->db->dbprefix.$new_table_name);
-		return $this->db->query($sql);
+		return $this->db->query($this->_rename_table($this->db->dbprefix.$table_name, $this->db->dbprefix.$new_table_name));
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -273,8 +239,7 @@ class CI_DB_forge {
 
 		// add field info into field array, but we can only do one at a time
 		// so we cycle through
-
-		foreach ($field as $k => $v)
+		foreach (array_keys($field) as $k)
 		{
 			$this->add_field(array($k => $field[$k]));
 
@@ -284,7 +249,6 @@ class CI_DB_forge {
 			}
 
 			$sql = $this->_alter_table('ADD', $this->db->dbprefix.$table, $this->fields, $after_field);
-
 			$this->_reset();
 
 			if ($this->db->query($sql) === FALSE)
@@ -307,7 +271,6 @@ class CI_DB_forge {
 	 */
 	public function drop_column($table = '', $column_name = '')
 	{
-
 		if ($table == '')
 		{
 			show_error('A table name is required for that operation.');
@@ -318,9 +281,7 @@ class CI_DB_forge {
 			show_error('A column name is required for that operation.');
 		}
 
-		$sql = $this->_alter_table('DROP', $this->db->dbprefix.$table, $column_name);
-
-		return $this->db->query($sql);
+		return $this->db->query($this->_alter_table('DROP', $this->db->dbprefix.$table, $column_name));
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -342,8 +303,7 @@ class CI_DB_forge {
 
 		// add field info into field array, but we can only do one at a time
 		// so we cycle through
-
-		foreach ($field as $k => $v)
+		foreach (array_keys($field) as $k)
 		{
 			// If no name provided, use the current name
 			if ( ! isset($field[$k]['name']))
@@ -352,14 +312,12 @@ class CI_DB_forge {
 			}
 
 			$this->add_field(array($k => $field[$k]));
-
-			if (count($this->fields) == 0)
+			if (count($this->fields) === 0)
 			{
 				show_error('Field information is required.');
 			}
 
 			$sql = $this->_alter_table('CHANGE', $this->db->dbprefix.$table, $this->fields);
-
 			$this->_reset();
 
 			if ($this->db->query($sql) === FALSE)
@@ -382,12 +340,10 @@ class CI_DB_forge {
 	 */
 	protected function _reset()
 	{
-		$this->fields		= array();
-		$this->keys			= array();
-		$this->primary_keys	= array();
+		$this->fields = $this->keys = $this->primary_keys = array();
 	}
 
 }
 
 /* End of file DB_forge.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/DB_forge.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+/* Location: ./system/database/DB_forge.php */
diff --git a/system/database/DB_result.php b/system/database/DB_result.php
index c4ed20b76..61aa56121 100644
--- a/system/database/DB_result.php
+++ b/system/database/DB_result.php
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
  * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
  *
  * NOTICE OF LICENSE
- * 
+ *
  * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
- * 
+ *
  * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
  * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
  * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
@@ -25,8 +25,6 @@
  * @filesource
  */
 
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
 /**
  * Database Result Class
  *
@@ -40,27 +38,31 @@
  */
 class CI_DB_result {
 
-	var $conn_id				= NULL;
-	var $result_id				= NULL;
-	var $result_array			= array();
-	var $result_object			= array();
-	var $custom_result_object	= array();
-	var $current_row			= 0;
-	var $num_rows				= 0;
-	var $row_data				= NULL;
+	public $conn_id				= NULL;
+	public $result_id			= NULL;
+	public $result_array			= array();
+	public $result_object			= array();
+	public $custom_result_object		= array();
+	public $current_row			= 0;
+	public $num_rows			= 0;
+	public $row_data			= NULL;
 
+	public function __construct(&$driver_object)
+	{
+		$this->conn_id = $driver_object->conn_id;
+		$this->result_id = $driver_object->result_id;
+	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Query result.  Acts as a wrapper function for the following functions.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	can be "object" or "array"
 	 * @return	mixed	either a result object or array
 	 */
 	public function result($type = 'object')
 	{
-		if ($type == 'array') return $this->result_array();
-		else if ($type == 'object') return $this->result_object();
+		if ($type === 'array') return $this->result_array();
+		elseif ($type === 'object') return $this->result_object();
 		else return $this->custom_result_object($type);
 	}
 
@@ -69,8 +71,8 @@ class CI_DB_result {
 	/**
 	 * Custom query result.
 	 *
-	 * @param class_name A string that represents the type of object you want back
-	 * @return array of objects
+	 * @param	string	A string that represents the type of object you want back
+	 * @return	array	of objects
 	 */
 	public function custom_result_object($class_name)
 	{
@@ -91,7 +93,6 @@ class CI_DB_result {
 		while ($row = $this->_fetch_object())
 		{
 			$object = new $class_name();
-
 			foreach ($row as $key => $value)
 			{
 				$object->$key = $value;
@@ -109,7 +110,6 @@ class CI_DB_result {
 	/**
 	 * Query result.  "object" version.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
 	public function result_object()
@@ -141,7 +141,6 @@ class CI_DB_result {
 	/**
 	 * Query result.  "array" version.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
 	public function result_array()
@@ -173,7 +172,6 @@ class CI_DB_result {
 	/**
 	 * Query result.  Acts as a wrapper function for the following functions.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @param	string	can be "object" or "array"
 	 * @return	mixed	either a result object or array
@@ -197,8 +195,8 @@ class CI_DB_result {
 			$n = 0;
 		}
 
-		if ($type == 'object') return $this->row_object($n);
-		else if ($type == 'array') return $this->row_array($n);
+		if ($type === 'object') return $this->row_object($n);
+		elseif ($type === 'array') return $this->row_array($n);
 		else return $this->custom_row_object($n, $type);
 	}
 
@@ -207,8 +205,7 @@ class CI_DB_result {
 	/**
 	 * Assigns an item into a particular column slot
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	object
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function set_row($key, $value = NULL)
 	{
@@ -224,7 +221,6 @@ class CI_DB_result {
 			{
 				$this->row_data[$k] = $v;
 			}
-
 			return;
 		}
 
@@ -239,14 +235,12 @@ class CI_DB_result {
 	/**
 	 * Returns a single result row - custom object version
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
 	public function custom_row_object($n, $type)
 	{
 		$result = $this->custom_result_object($type);
-
-		if (count($result) == 0)
+		if (count($result) === 0)
 		{
 			return $result;
 		}
@@ -262,14 +256,12 @@ class CI_DB_result {
 	/**
 	 * Returns a single result row - object version
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
 	public function row_object($n = 0)
 	{
 		$result = $this->result_object();
-
-		if (count($result) == 0)
+		if (count($result) === 0)
 		{
 			return $result;
 		}
@@ -287,14 +279,12 @@ class CI_DB_result {
 	/**
 	 * Returns a single result row - array version
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
 	public function row_array($n = 0)
 	{
 		$result = $this->result_array();
-
-		if (count($result) == 0)
+		if (count($result) === 0)
 		{
 			return $result;
 		}
@@ -313,18 +303,12 @@ class CI_DB_result {
 	/**
 	 * Returns the "first" row
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
 	public function first_row($type = 'object')
 	{
 		$result = $this->result($type);
-
-		if (count($result) == 0)
-		{
-			return $result;
-		}
-		return $result[0];
+		return (count($result) === 0) ? $result : $result[0];
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -332,18 +316,12 @@ class CI_DB_result {
 	/**
 	 * Returns the "last" row
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
 	public function last_row($type = 'object')
 	{
 		$result = $this->result($type);
-
-		if (count($result) == 0)
-		{
-			return $result;
-		}
-		return $result[count($result) -1];
+		return (count($result) === 0) ? $result : $result[count($result) - 1];
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -351,14 +329,12 @@ class CI_DB_result {
 	/**
 	 * Returns the "next" row
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
 	public function next_row($type = 'object')
 	{
 		$result = $this->result($type);
-
-		if (count($result) == 0)
+		if (count($result) === 0)
 		{
 			return $result;
 		}
@@ -376,14 +352,12 @@ class CI_DB_result {
 	/**
 	 * Returns the "previous" row
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
 	public function previous_row($type = 'object')
 	{
 		$result = $this->result($type);
-
-		if (count($result) == 0)
+		if (count($result) === 0)
 		{
 			return $result;
 		}
@@ -416,7 +390,6 @@ class CI_DB_result {
 	protected function _fetch_object() { return array(); }
 
 }
-// END DB_result class
 
 /* End of file DB_result.php */
 /* Location: ./system/database/DB_result.php */
diff --git a/system/database/DB_utility.php b/system/database/DB_utility.php
index 8db4f3bac..4c881d8a1 100644
--- a/system/database/DB_utility.php
+++ b/system/database/DB_utility.php
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
  * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
  *
  * NOTICE OF LICENSE
- * 
+ *
  * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
- * 
+ *
  * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
  * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
  * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
@@ -25,8 +25,6 @@
  * @filesource
  */
 
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
 /**
  * Database Utility Class
  *
@@ -36,22 +34,15 @@
  */
 class CI_DB_utility extends CI_DB_forge {
 
-	var $db;
-	var $data_cache		= array();
+	public $db;
+	public $data_cache		= array();
 
-	/**
-	 * Constructor
-	 *
-	 * Grabs the CI super object instance so we can access it.
-	 *
-	 */
-	function __construct()
+	public function __construct()
 	{
 		// Assign the main database object to $this->db
 		$CI =& get_instance();
 		$this->db =& $CI->db;
-
-		log_message('debug', "Database Utility Class Initialized");
+		log_message('debug', 'Database Utility Class Initialized');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -59,10 +50,9 @@ class CI_DB_utility extends CI_DB_forge {
 	/**
 	 * List databases
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function list_databases()
+	public function list_databases()
 	{
 		// Is there a cached result?
 		if (isset($this->data_cache['db_names']))
@@ -80,8 +70,7 @@ class CI_DB_utility extends CI_DB_forge {
 			}
 		}
 
-		$this->data_cache['db_names'] = $dbs;
-		return $this->data_cache['db_names'];
+		return $this->data_cache['db_names'] = $dbs;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -89,11 +78,10 @@ class CI_DB_utility extends CI_DB_forge {
 	/**
 	 * Determine if a particular database exists
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	boolean
 	 */
-	function database_exists($database_name)
+	public function database_exists($database_name)
 	{
 		// Some databases won't have access to the list_databases() function, so
 		// this is intended to allow them to override with their own functions as
@@ -114,17 +102,17 @@ class CI_DB_utility extends CI_DB_forge {
 	/**
 	 * Optimize Table
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the table name
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function optimize_table($table_name)
+	public function optimize_table($table_name)
 	{
 		$sql = $this->_optimize_table($table_name);
 
 		if (is_bool($sql))
 		{
-				show_error('db_must_use_set');
+			show_error('db_must_use_set');
+			return FALSE;
 		}
 
 		$query = $this->db->query($sql);
@@ -140,10 +128,9 @@ class CI_DB_utility extends CI_DB_forge {
 	/**
 	 * Optimize Database
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function optimize_database()
+	public function optimize_database()
 	{
 		$result = array();
 		foreach ($this->db->list_tables() as $table_name)
@@ -177,11 +164,10 @@ class CI_DB_utility extends CI_DB_forge {
 	/**
 	 * Repair Table
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the table name
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function repair_table($table_name)
+	public function repair_table($table_name)
 	{
 		$sql = $this->_repair_table($table_name);
 
@@ -203,14 +189,13 @@ class CI_DB_utility extends CI_DB_forge {
 	/**
 	 * Generate CSV from a query result object
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	object	The query result object
 	 * @param	string	The delimiter - comma by default
 	 * @param	string	The newline character - \n by default
 	 * @param	string	The enclosure - double quote by default
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function csv_from_result($query, $delim = ",", $newline = "\n", $enclosure = '"')
+	public function csv_from_result($query, $delim = ',', $newline = "\n", $enclosure = '"')
 	{
 		if ( ! is_object($query) OR ! method_exists($query, 'list_fields'))
 		{
@@ -218,15 +203,13 @@ class CI_DB_utility extends CI_DB_forge {
 		}
 
 		$out = '';
-
 		// First generate the headings from the table column names
 		foreach ($query->list_fields() as $name)
 		{
 			$out .= $enclosure.str_replace($enclosure, $enclosure.$enclosure, $name).$enclosure.$delim;
 		}
 
-		$out = rtrim($out);
-		$out .= $newline;
+		$out = rtrim($out).$newline;
 
 		// Next blast through the result array and build out the rows
 		foreach ($query->result_array() as $row)
@@ -235,8 +218,7 @@ class CI_DB_utility extends CI_DB_forge {
 			{
 				$out .= $enclosure.str_replace($enclosure, $enclosure.$enclosure, $item).$enclosure.$delim;
 			}
-			$out = rtrim($out);
-			$out .= $newline;
+			$out = rtrim($out).$newline;
 		}
 
 		return $out;
@@ -247,12 +229,11 @@ class CI_DB_utility extends CI_DB_forge {
 	/**
 	 * Generate XML data from a query result object
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	object	The query result object
 	 * @param	array	Any preferences
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function xml_from_result($query, $params = array())
+	public function xml_from_result($query, $params = array())
 	{
 		if ( ! is_object($query) OR ! method_exists($query, 'list_fields'))
 		{
@@ -280,16 +261,14 @@ class CI_DB_utility extends CI_DB_forge {
 		foreach ($query->result_array() as $row)
 		{
 			$xml .= $tab."<{$element}>".$newline;
-
 			foreach ($row as $key => $val)
 			{
 				$xml .= $tab.$tab."<{$key}>".xml_convert($val)."</{$key}>".$newline;
 			}
 			$xml .= $tab."</{$element}>".$newline;
 		}
-		$xml .= "</$root>".$newline;
 
-		return $xml;
+		return $xml .= "</$root>".$newline;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -297,10 +276,9 @@ class CI_DB_utility extends CI_DB_forge {
 	/**
 	 * Database Backup
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function backup($params = array())
+	public function backup($params = array())
 	{
 		// If the parameters have not been submitted as an
 		// array then we know that it is simply the table
@@ -314,14 +292,14 @@ class CI_DB_utility extends CI_DB_forge {
 
 		// Set up our default preferences
 		$prefs = array(
-							'tables'		=> array(),
-							'ignore'		=> array(),
-							'filename'		=> '',
-							'format'		=> 'gzip', // gzip, zip, txt
-							'add_drop'		=> TRUE,
-							'add_insert'	=> TRUE,
-							'newline'		=> "\n"
-						);
+				'tables'		=> array(),
+				'ignore'		=> array(),
+				'filename'		=> '',
+				'format'		=> 'gzip', // gzip, zip, txt
+				'add_drop'		=> TRUE,
+				'add_insert'		=> TRUE,
+				'newline'		=> "\n"
+			);
 
 		// Did the user submit any preferences? If so set them....
 		if (count($params) > 0)
@@ -335,29 +313,23 @@ class CI_DB_utility extends CI_DB_forge {
 			}
 		}
 
-		// ------------------------------------------------------
-
 		// Are we backing up a complete database or individual tables?
 		// If no table names were submitted we'll fetch the entire table list
-		if (count($prefs['tables']) == 0)
+		if (count($prefs['tables']) === 0)
 		{
 			$prefs['tables'] = $this->db->list_tables();
 		}
 
-		// ------------------------------------------------------
-
 		// Validate the format
 		if ( ! in_array($prefs['format'], array('gzip', 'zip', 'txt'), TRUE))
 		{
 			$prefs['format'] = 'txt';
 		}
 
-		// ------------------------------------------------------
-
-		// Is the encoder supported?  If not, we'll either issue an
+		// Is the encoder supported? If not, we'll either issue an
 		// error or use plain text depending on the debug settings
-		if (($prefs['format'] == 'gzip' AND ! @function_exists('gzencode'))
-		OR ($prefs['format'] == 'zip'  AND ! @function_exists('gzcompress')))
+		if (($prefs['format'] === 'gzip' AND ! @function_exists('gzencode'))
+			OR ($prefs['format'] === 'zip'  AND ! @function_exists('gzcompress')))
 		{
 			if ($this->db->db_debug)
 			{
@@ -367,60 +339,49 @@ class CI_DB_utility extends CI_DB_forge {
 			$prefs['format'] = 'txt';
 		}
 
-		// ------------------------------------------------------
-
-		// Set the filename if not provided - Only needed with Zip files
-		if ($prefs['filename'] == '' AND $prefs['format'] == 'zip')
-		{
-			$prefs['filename'] = (count($prefs['tables']) == 1) ? $prefs['tables'] : $this->db->database;
-			$prefs['filename'] .= '_'.date('Y-m-d_H-i', time());
-		}
-
-		// ------------------------------------------------------
-
-		// Was a Gzip file requested?
-		if ($prefs['format'] == 'gzip')
-		{
-			return gzencode($this->_backup($prefs));
-		}
-
-		// ------------------------------------------------------
-
-		// Was a text file requested?
-		if ($prefs['format'] == 'txt')
-		{
-			return $this->_backup($prefs);
-		}
-
-		// ------------------------------------------------------
-
 		// Was a Zip file requested?
-		if ($prefs['format'] == 'zip')
+		if ($prefs['format'] === 'zip')
 		{
-			// If they included the .zip file extension we'll remove it
-			if (preg_match("|.+?\.zip$|", $prefs['filename']))
+			// Set the filename if not provided (only needed with Zip files)
+			if ($prefs['filename'] == '')
 			{
-				$prefs['filename'] = str_replace('.zip', '', $prefs['filename']);
+				$prefs['filename'] = (count($prefs['tables']) === 1 ? $prefs['tables'] : $this->db->database)
+							.date('Y-m-d_H-i', time()).'.sql';
 			}
-
-			// Tack on the ".sql" file extension if needed
-			if ( ! preg_match("|.+?\.sql$|", $prefs['filename']))
+			else
 			{
-				$prefs['filename'] .= '.sql';
+				// If they included the .zip file extension we'll remove it
+				if (preg_match('|.+?\.zip$|', $prefs['filename']))
+				{
+					$prefs['filename'] = str_replace('.zip', '', $prefs['filename']);
+				}
+
+				// Tack on the ".sql" file extension if needed
+				if ( ! preg_match('|.+?\.sql$|', $prefs['filename']))
+				{
+					$prefs['filename'] .= '.sql';
+				}
 			}
 
 			// Load the Zip class and output it
-
 			$CI =& get_instance();
 			$CI->load->library('zip');
 			$CI->zip->add_data($prefs['filename'], $this->_backup($prefs));
 			return $CI->zip->get_zip();
 		}
+		elseif ($prefs['format'] == 'txt') // Was a text file requested?
+		{
+			return $this->_backup($prefs);
+		}
+		elseif ($prefs['format'] === 'gzip') // Was a Gzip file requested?
+		{
+			return gzencode($this->_backup($prefs));
+		}
 
+		return;
 	}
 
 }
 
-
 /* End of file DB_utility.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/DB_utility.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+/* Location: ./system/database/DB_utility.php */
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/cubrid/cubrid_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/cubrid/cubrid_driver.php
index cde719eae..3c0850ad3 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/cubrid/cubrid_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/cubrid/cubrid_driver.php
@@ -156,37 +156,15 @@ class CI_DB_cubrid_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Set client character set
+	 * Database version number
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	resource
-	 */
-	function db_set_charset($charset, $collation)
-	{
-		// In CUBRID, there is no need to set charset or collation.
-		// This is why returning true will allow the application continue
-		// its normal process.
-		return TRUE;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Version number query string
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _version()
+	public function version()
 	{
-		// To obtain the CUBRID Server version, no need to run the SQL query.
-		// CUBRID PHP API provides a function to determin this value.
-		// This is why we also need to add 'cubrid' value to the list of
-		// $driver_version_exceptions array in DB_driver class in
-		// version() function.
-		return cubrid_get_server_info($this->conn_id);
+		return isset($this->data_cache['version'])
+			? $this->data_cache['version']
+			: $this->data_cache['version'] = cubrid_get_server_info($this->conn_id);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -362,12 +340,11 @@ class CI_DB_cubrid_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Affected Rows
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	int
 	 */
-	function affected_rows()
+	public function affected_rows()
 	{
-		return @cubrid_affected_rows($this->conn_id);
+		return @cubrid_affected_rows();
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -401,9 +378,8 @@ class CI_DB_cubrid_driver extends CI_DB {
 		{
 			return 0;
 		}
-		
-		$query = $this->query($this->_count_string . $this->_protect_identifiers('numrows') . " FROM " . $this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE));
 
+		$query = $this->query($this->_count_string.$this->protect_identifiers('numrows').' FROM '.$this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE));
 		if ($query->num_rows() == 0)
 		{
 			return 0;
@@ -450,7 +426,7 @@ class CI_DB_cubrid_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	function _list_columns($table = '')
 	{
-		return "SHOW COLUMNS FROM ".$this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE);
+		return 'SHOW COLUMNS FROM '.$this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -472,31 +448,18 @@ class CI_DB_cubrid_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * The error message string
+	 * Error
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	function _error_message()
-	{
-		return cubrid_error($this->conn_id);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * The error message number
+	 * Returns an array containing code and message of the last
+	 * database error that has occured.
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function _error_number()
+	public function error()
 	{
-		return cubrid_errno($this->conn_id);
+		return array('code' => cubrid_errno($this->conn_id), 'message' => cubrid_error($this->conn_id));
 	}
 
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
 	/**
 	 * Escape the SQL Identifiers
 	 *
@@ -801,4 +764,4 @@ class CI_DB_cubrid_driver extends CI_DB {
 
 
 /* End of file cubrid_driver.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/cubrid/cubrid_driver.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/cubrid/cubrid_driver.php */
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/cubrid/cubrid_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/cubrid/cubrid_forge.php
index 85e740057..76002cb38 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/cubrid/cubrid_forge.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/cubrid/cubrid_forge.php
@@ -93,11 +93,11 @@ class CI_DB_cubrid_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 			{
 				$attributes = array_change_key_case($attributes, CASE_UPPER);
 
-				$sql .= "\n\t\"" . $this->db->_protect_identifiers($field) . "\"";
+				$sql .= "\n\t\"".$this->db->protect_identifiers($field).'"';
 
 				if (array_key_exists('NAME', $attributes))
 				{
-					$sql .= ' '.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($attributes['NAME']).' ';
+					$sql .= ' '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($attributes['NAME']).' ';
 				}
 
 				if (array_key_exists('TYPE', $attributes))
@@ -197,10 +197,9 @@ class CI_DB_cubrid_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 		// If there is a PK defined
 		if (count($primary_keys) > 0)
 		{
-			$key_name = "pk_" . $table . "_" .
-				$this->db->_protect_identifiers(implode('_', $primary_keys));
-			
-			$primary_keys = $this->db->_protect_identifiers($primary_keys);
+			$key_name = 'pk_'.$table.'_'.$this->db->protect_identifiers(implode('_', $primary_keys));
+
+			$primary_keys = $this->db->protect_identifiers($primary_keys);
 			$sql .= ",\n\tCONSTRAINT " . $key_name . " PRIMARY KEY(" . implode(', ', $primary_keys) . ")";
 		}
 
@@ -210,15 +209,15 @@ class CI_DB_cubrid_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 			{
 				if (is_array($key))
 				{
-					$key_name = $this->db->_protect_identifiers(implode('_', $key));
-					$key = $this->db->_protect_identifiers($key);
+					$key_name = $this->db->protect_identifiers(implode('_', $key));
+					$key = $this->db->protect_identifiers($key);
 				}
 				else
 				{
-					$key_name = $this->db->_protect_identifiers($key);
+					$key_name = $this->db->protect_identifiers($key);
 					$key = array($key_name);
 				}
-				
+
 				$sql .= ",\n\tKEY \"{$key_name}\" (" . implode(', ', $key) . ")";
 			}
 		}
@@ -258,19 +257,19 @@ class CI_DB_cubrid_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 	 */
 	function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $fields, $after_field = '')
 	{
-		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($table)." $alter_type ";
+		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table).' '.$alter_type.' ';
 
 		// DROP has everything it needs now.
 		if ($alter_type == 'DROP')
 		{
-			return $sql.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($fields);
+			return $sql.$this->db->protect_identifiers($fields);
 		}
 
 		$sql .= $this->_process_fields($fields);
 
 		if ($after_field != '')
 		{
-			$sql .= ' AFTER ' . $this->db->_protect_identifiers($after_field);
+			return $sql.' AFTER '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($after_field);
 		}
 
 		return $sql;
@@ -290,11 +289,10 @@ class CI_DB_cubrid_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 	 */
 	function _rename_table($table_name, $new_table_name)
 	{
-		$sql = 'RENAME TABLE '.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($table_name)." AS ".$this->db->_protect_identifiers($new_table_name);
-		return $sql;
+		return 'RENAME TABLE '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table_name).' AS '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($new_table_name);
 	}
 
 }
 
 /* End of file cubrid_forge.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/cubrid/cubrid_forge.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/cubrid/cubrid_forge.php */
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/interbase/index.html b/system/database/drivers/interbase/index.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c942a79ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/database/drivers/interbase/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+<html>
+<head>
+	<title>403 Forbidden</title>
+</head>
+<body>
+
+<p>Directory access is forbidden.</p>
+
+</body>
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/interbase/interbase_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/interbase/interbase_driver.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bacb6688c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/database/drivers/interbase/interbase_driver.php
@@ -0,0 +1,626 @@
+<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ *
+ * NOTICE OF LICENSE
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
+ *
+ * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
+ * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
+ * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
+ * http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0
+ * If you did not receive a copy of the license and are unable to obtain it
+ * through the world wide web, please send an email to
+ * licensing@ellislab.com so we can send you a copy immediately.
+ *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2012, EllisLab, Inc. (http://ellislab.com/)
+ * @license		http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0 Open Software License (OSL 3.0)
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com
+ * @since		Version 3.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/**
+ * Firebird/Interbase Database Adapter Class
+ *
+ * Note: _DB is an extender class that the app controller
+ * creates dynamically based on whether the active record
+ * class is being used or not.
+ *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @subpackage	Drivers
+ * @category	Database
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ */
+class CI_DB_interbase_driver extends CI_DB {
+
+	public $dbdriver = 'interbase';
+
+	// The character used to escape with
+	protected $_escape_char = '"';
+
+	// clause and character used for LIKE escape sequences
+	protected $_like_escape_str = " ESCAPE '%s' ";
+	protected $_like_escape_chr = '!';
+
+	/**
+	 * The syntax to count rows is slightly different across different
+	 * database engines, so this string appears in each driver and is
+	 * used for the count_all() and count_all_results() functions.
+	 */
+	protected $_count_string = "SELECT COUNT(*) AS ";
+	protected $_random_keyword = ' Random()'; // database specific random keyword
+
+	// Keeps track of the resource for the current transaction
+	protected $trans;
+
+	/**
+	 * Non-persistent database connection
+	 *
+	 * @return	resource
+	 */
+	public function db_connect()
+	{
+		return @ibase_connect($this->hostname.':'.$this->database, $this->username, $this->password, $this->char_set);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Persistent database connection
+	 *
+	 * @return	resource
+	 */
+	public function db_pconnect()
+	{
+		return @ibase_pconnect($this->hostname.':'.$this->database, $this->username, $this->password, $this->char_set);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Reconnect
+	 *
+	 * Keep / reestablish the db connection if no queries have been
+	 * sent for a length of time exceeding the server's idle timeout
+	 *
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function reconnect()
+	{
+		// not implemented in Interbase/Firebird
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Select the database
+	 *
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function db_select()
+	{
+		// Connection selects the database
+		return TRUE;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Database version number
+	 *
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	public function version()
+	{
+		if (isset($this->data_cache['version']))
+		{
+			return $this->data_cache['version'];
+		}
+
+		if (($service = ibase_service_attach($this->hostname, $this->username, $this->password)))
+		{
+			$this->data_cache['version'] = ibase_server_info($service, IBASE_SVC_SERVER_VERSION);
+
+			// Don't keep the service open
+			ibase_service_detach($service);
+			return $this->data_cache['version'];
+		}
+
+		return FALSE;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Execute the query
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	an SQL query
+	 * @return	resource
+	 */
+	protected function _execute($sql)
+	{
+		$sql = $this->_prep_query($sql);
+		return @ibase_query($this->conn_id, $sql);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Prep the query
+	 *
+	 * If needed, each database adapter can prep the query string
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	an SQL query
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _prep_query($sql)
+	{
+		return $sql;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Begin Transaction
+	 *
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function trans_begin($test_mode = FALSE)
+	{
+		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
+		{
+			return TRUE;
+		}
+
+		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
+		if ($this->_trans_depth > 0)
+		{
+			return TRUE;
+		}
+
+		// Reset the transaction failure flag.
+		// If the $test_mode flag is set to TRUE transactions will be rolled back
+		// even if the queries produce a successful result.
+		$this->_trans_failure = ($test_mode === TRUE) ? TRUE : FALSE;
+
+		$this->trans = @ibase_trans($this->conn_id);
+
+		return TRUE;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Commit Transaction
+	 *
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function trans_commit()
+	{
+		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
+		{
+			return TRUE;
+		}
+
+		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
+		if ($this->_trans_depth > 0)
+		{
+			return TRUE;
+		}
+
+		return @ibase_commit($this->trans);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Rollback Transaction
+	 *
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function trans_rollback()
+	{
+		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
+		{
+			return TRUE;
+		}
+
+		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
+		if ($this->_trans_depth > 0)
+		{
+			return TRUE;
+		}
+
+		return @ibase_rollback($this->trans);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Escape String
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	bool	whether or not the string will be used in a LIKE condition
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	public function escape_str($str, $like = FALSE)
+	{
+		if (is_array($str))
+		{
+			foreach ($str as $key => $val)
+			{
+				$str[$key] = $this->escape_str($val, $like);
+			}
+
+			return $str;
+		}
+
+		// escape LIKE condition wildcards
+		if ($like === TRUE)
+		{
+			$str = str_replace(	array('%', '_', $this->_like_escape_chr),
+								array($this->_like_escape_chr.'%', $this->_like_escape_chr.'_', $this->_like_escape_chr.$this->_like_escape_chr),
+								$str);
+		}
+
+		return $str;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Affected Rows
+	 *
+	 * @return	integer
+	 */
+	public function affected_rows()
+	{
+		return @ibase_affected_rows($this->conn_id);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Insert ID
+	 *
+	 * @param	string $generator_name
+	 * @param	integer $inc_by
+	 * @return	integer
+	 */
+	public function insert_id($generator_name, $inc_by=0)
+	{
+		//If a generator hasn't been used before it will return 0
+		return ibase_gen_id('"'.$generator_name.'"', $inc_by);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * "Count All" query
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query string that counts all records in
+	 * the specified database
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	public function count_all($table = '')
+	{
+		if ($table == '')
+		{
+			return 0;
+		}
+
+		$query = $this->query($this->_count_string.$this->protect_identifiers('numrows').' FROM '.$this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE));
+		if ($query->num_rows() == 0)
+		{
+			return 0;
+		}
+
+		$row = $query->row();
+		$this->_reset_select();
+		return (int) $row->numrows;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * List table query
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the table names can be fetched
+	 *
+	 * @param	boolean
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _list_tables($prefix_limit = FALSE)
+	{
+		$sql = <<<SQL
+			SELECT "RDB\$RELATION_NAME" FROM "RDB\$RELATIONS" 
+			WHERE "RDB\$RELATION_NAME" NOT LIKE 'RDB$%'
+			AND "RDB\$RELATION_NAME" NOT LIKE 'MON$%'
+SQL;
+
+		if ($prefix_limit !== FALSE AND $this->dbprefix != '')
+		{
+			$sql .= ' AND "RDB$RELATION_NAME" LIKE \''.$this->escape_like_str($this->dbprefix)."%' ".sprintf($this->_like_escape_str, $this->_like_escape_chr);
+		}
+		return $sql;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Show column query
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the column names can be fetched
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _list_columns($table = '')
+	{
+		return <<<SQL
+			SELECT "RDB\$FIELD_NAME" FROM "RDB\$RELATION_FIELDS" 
+			WHERE "RDB\$RELATION_NAME"='{$table}';
+SQL;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Field data query
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that the column data can be retrieved
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @return	object
+	 */
+	protected function _field_data($table)
+	{
+		// Need to find a more efficient way to do this
+		// but Interbase/Firebird seems to lack the
+		// limit clause
+		return "SELECT * FROM {$table}";
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Error
+	 *
+	 * Returns an array containing code and message of the last
+	 * database error that has occured.
+	 *
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	public function error()
+	{
+		return array('code' => ibase_errcode(), 'message' => ibase_errmsg());
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Escape the SQL Identifiers
+	 *
+	 * This public function escapes column and table names
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _escape_identifiers($item)
+	{
+		foreach ($this->_reserved_identifiers as $id)
+		{
+			if (strpos($item, '.'.$id) !== FALSE)
+			{
+				$str = $this->_escape_char. str_replace('.', $this->_escape_char.'.', $item);
+
+				// remove duplicates if the user already included the escape
+				return preg_replace('/['.$this->_escape_char.']+/', $this->_escape_char, $str);
+			}
+		}
+
+		if (strpos($item, '.') !== FALSE)
+		{
+			$str = $this->_escape_char.str_replace('.', $this->_escape_char.'.'.$this->_escape_char, $item).$this->_escape_char;
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			$str = $this->_escape_char.$item.$this->_escape_char;
+		}
+
+		// remove duplicates if the user already included the escape
+		return preg_replace('/['.$this->_escape_char.']+/', $this->_escape_char, $str);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * From Tables
+	 *
+	 * This public function implicitly groups FROM tables so there is no confusion
+	 * about operator precedence in harmony with SQL standards
+	 *
+	 * @param	type
+	 * @return	type
+	 */
+	protected function _from_tables($tables)
+	{
+		if ( ! is_array($tables))
+		{
+			$tables = array($tables);
+		}
+
+		//Interbase/Firebird doesn't like grouped tables
+		return implode(', ', $tables);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Insert statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific insert string from the supplied data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @param	array	the insert keys
+	 * @param	array	the insert values
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _insert($table, $keys, $values)
+	{
+		return "INSERT INTO {$table} (".implode(', ', $keys).') VALUES ('.implode(', ', $values).')';
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Update statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific update string from the supplied data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @param	array	the update data
+	 * @param	array	the where clause
+	 * @param	array	the orderby clause
+	 * @param	array	the limit clause
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _update($table, $values, $where, $orderby = array(), $limit = FALSE)
+	{
+		foreach ($values as $key => $val)
+		{
+			$valstr[] = $key." = ".$val;
+		}
+
+		//$limit = ( ! $limit) ? '' : ' LIMIT '.$limit;
+
+		$orderby = (count($orderby) >= 1)?' ORDER BY '.implode(", ", $orderby):'';
+
+		$sql = "UPDATE {$table} SET ".implode(', ', $valstr);
+
+		$sql .= ($where != '' AND count($where) >=1) ? ' WHERE '.implode(' ', $where) : '';
+
+		$sql .= $orderby;
+
+		return $sql;
+	}
+
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Truncate statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific truncate string from the supplied data
+	 * If the database does not support the truncate() command
+	 * This public function maps to "DELETE FROM table"
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _truncate($table)
+	{
+		return $this->_delete($table);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Delete statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific delete string from the supplied data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @param	array	the where clause
+	 * @param	string	the limit clause
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _delete($table, $where = array(), $like = array(), $limit = FALSE)
+	{
+		$conditions = '';
+
+		if (count($where) > 0 OR count($like) > 0)
+		{
+			$conditions = "\nWHERE ";
+			$conditions .= implode("\n", $this->ar_where);
+
+			if (count($where) > 0 && count($like) > 0)
+			{
+				$conditions .= ' AND ';
+			}
+			$conditions .= implode("\n", $like);
+		}
+
+		//$limit = ( ! $limit) ? '' : ' LIMIT '.$limit;
+
+		return "DELETE FROM {$table}{$conditions}";
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Limit string
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific LIMIT clause
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the sql query string
+	 * @param	integer	the number of rows to limit the query to
+	 * @param	integer	the offset value
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _limit($sql, $limit, $offset)
+	{
+		// Keep the current sql string safe for a moment
+		$orig_sql = $sql;
+
+		// Limit clause depends on if Interbase or Firebird
+		if (stripos($this->version(), 'firebird') !== FALSE)
+		{
+			$sql = 'FIRST '. (int) $limit;
+
+			if ($offset > 0)
+			{
+				$sql .= ' SKIP '. (int) $offset;
+			}
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			$sql = 'ROWS ' . (int) $limit;
+
+			if ($offset > 0)
+			{
+				$sql = 'ROWS '. (int) $offset . ' TO ' . ($limit + $offset);
+			}
+		}
+
+		return preg_replace('`SELECT`i', "SELECT {$sql}", $orig_sql);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Close DB Connection
+	 *
+	 * @param	resource
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _close($conn_id)
+	{
+		@ibase_close($conn_id);
+	}
+
+}
+
+/* End of file interbase_driver.php */
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/interbase/interbase_driver.php */
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/interbase/interbase_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/interbase/interbase_forge.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..023d278ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/database/drivers/interbase/interbase_forge.php
@@ -0,0 +1,243 @@
+<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ *
+ * NOTICE OF LICENSE
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
+ *
+ * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
+ * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
+ * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
+ * http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0
+ * If you did not receive a copy of the license and are unable to obtain it
+ * through the world wide web, please send an email to
+ * licensing@ellislab.com so we can send you a copy immediately.
+ *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2012, EllisLab, Inc. (http://ellislab.com/)
+ * @license		http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0 Open Software License (OSL 3.0)
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com
+ * @since		Version 3.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/**
+ * Interbase/Firebird Forge Class
+ *
+ * @category	Database
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ */
+class CI_DB_interbase_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
+
+	/**
+	 * Create database
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the database name
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _create_database($filename='')
+	{
+		// Firebird databases are flat files, so a path is required 
+		// Hostname is needed for remote access
+		return 'CREATE DATABASE "'.$this->hostname.':'.$filename.'"';
+		
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Drop database
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the database name - not used in this driver 
+	 *	- the current db is dropped
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	protected function _drop_database($name='')
+	{
+		return ibase_drop_db($this->conn_id);
+	}
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Create Table
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @param	array	the fields
+	 * @param	mixed	primary key(s)
+	 * @param	mixed	key(s)
+	 * @param	boolean	should 'IF NOT EXISTS' be added to the SQL
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _create_table($table, $fields, $primary_keys, $keys, $if_not_exists)
+	{
+		$sql = 'CREATE TABLE ';
+
+		$sql .= $this->db->protect_identifiers($table)."(";
+		$current_field_count = 0;
+
+		foreach ($fields as $field => $attributes)
+		{
+			// Numeric field names aren't allowed in databases, so if the key is
+			// numeric, we know it was assigned by PHP and the developer manually
+			// entered the field information, so we'll simply add it to the list
+			if (is_numeric($field))
+			{
+				$sql .= "\n\t$attributes";
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				$attributes = array_change_key_case($attributes, CASE_UPPER);
+
+				$sql .= "\n\t".$this->db->protect_identifiers($field);
+
+				$sql .=  ' '.$attributes['TYPE'];
+
+				if (array_key_exists('CONSTRAINT', $attributes))
+				{
+					$sql .= '('.$attributes['CONSTRAINT'].')';
+				}
+
+				if (array_key_exists('UNSIGNED', $attributes) && $attributes['UNSIGNED'] === TRUE)
+				{
+					$sql .= ' UNSIGNED';
+				}
+
+				if (array_key_exists('DEFAULT', $attributes))
+				{
+					$sql .= ' DEFAULT \''.$attributes['DEFAULT'].'\'';
+				}
+
+				if (array_key_exists('NULL', $attributes) && $attributes['NULL'] === TRUE)
+				{
+					$sql .= ' NULL';
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					$sql .= ' NOT NULL';
+				}
+
+				if (array_key_exists('AUTO_INCREMENT', $attributes) && $attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT'] === TRUE)
+				{
+					$sql .= ' AUTO_INCREMENT';
+				}
+			}
+
+			// don't add a comma on the end of the last field
+			if (++$current_field_count < count($fields))
+			{
+				$sql .= ',';
+			}
+		}
+
+		if (count($primary_keys) > 0)
+		{
+			$primary_keys = $this->db->protect_identifiers($primary_keys);
+			$sql .= ",\n\tPRIMARY KEY (" . implode(', ', $primary_keys) . ")";
+		}
+
+		if (is_array($keys) && count($keys) > 0)
+		{
+			foreach ($keys as $key)
+			{
+				if (is_array($key))
+				{
+					$key = $this->db->protect_identifiers($key);
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					$key = array($this->db->protect_identifiers($key));
+				}
+
+				$sql .= ",\n\tUNIQUE (" . implode(', ', $key) . ")";
+			}
+		}
+
+		$sql .= "\n)";
+
+		return $sql;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Drop Table
+	 *
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _drop_table($table)
+	{
+		return 'DROP TABLE '.$name;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Alter table query
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that a table can be altered
+	 * Called by add_column(), drop_column(), and column_alter(),
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the ALTER type (ADD, DROP, CHANGE)
+	 * @param	string	the column name
+	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @param	string	the column definition
+	 * @param	string	the default value
+	 * @param	boolean	should 'NOT NULL' be added
+	 * @param	string	the field after which we should add the new field
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $column_name, $column_definition = '', $default_value = '', $null = '', $after_field = '')
+	{
+		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table)." $alter_type ".$this->db->protect_identifiers($column_name);
+
+		$sql .= " {$column_definition}";
+
+		if ($default_value != '')
+		{
+			$sql .= " DEFAULT \"{$default_value}\"";
+		}
+
+		if ($null === NULL)
+		{
+			$sql .= ' NULL';
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			$sql .= ' NOT NULL';
+		}
+
+		if ($after_field != '')
+		{
+			$sql .= ' AFTER ' . $this->db->protect_identifiers($after_field);
+		}
+
+		return $sql;
+
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Rename a table
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that a table can be renamed
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the old table name
+	 * @param	string	the new table name
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _rename_table($table_name, $new_table_name)
+	{
+		return 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table_name).' RENAME TO '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($new_table_name);
+	}
+}
+
+/* End of file interbase_forge.php */
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/interbase/interbase_forge.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/interbase/interbase_result.php b/system/database/drivers/interbase/interbase_result.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4b15eee20
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/database/drivers/interbase/interbase_result.php
@@ -0,0 +1,294 @@
+<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ *
+ * NOTICE OF LICENSE
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
+ *
+ * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
+ * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
+ * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
+ * http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0
+ * If you did not receive a copy of the license and are unable to obtain it
+ * through the world wide web, please send an email to
+ * licensing@ellislab.com so we can send you a copy immediately.
+ *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2012, EllisLab, Inc. (http://ellislab.com/)
+ * @license		http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0 Open Software License (OSL 3.0)
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com
+ * @since		Version 3.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/**
+ * Interbase/Firebird Result Class
+ *
+ * This class extends the parent result class: CI_DB_result
+ *
+ * @category	Database
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ */
+class CI_DB_interbase_result extends CI_DB_result {
+
+	public $num_rows;
+
+	/**
+	 * Number of rows in the result set
+	 *
+	 * @return	integer
+	 */
+	public function num_rows()
+	{
+		if( ! is_null($this->num_rows))
+		{
+			return $this->num_rows;
+		}
+		
+		//Get the results so that you can get an accurate rowcount
+		$this->result();
+		
+		return $this->num_rows;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Number of fields in the result set
+	 *
+	 * @return	integer
+	 */
+	public function num_fields()
+	{
+		return @ibase_num_fields($this->result_id);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Fetch Field Names
+	 *
+	 * Generates an array of column names
+	 *
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	public function list_fields()
+	{
+		$field_names = array();
+		for ($i = 0, $num_fields = $this->num_fields(); $i < $num_fields; $i++)
+		{
+			$info = ibase_field_info($this->result_id, $i);
+			$field_names[] = $info['name'];
+		}
+
+		return $field_names;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Field data
+	 *
+	 * Generates an array of objects containing field meta-data
+	 *
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	public function field_data()
+	{
+		
+		$retval = array();
+		for ($i = 0, $num_fields = $this->num_fields(); $i < $num_fields; $i++)
+		{
+			$info = ibase_field_info($this->result_id, $i);
+		
+			$F				= new stdClass();
+			$F->name		= $info['name'];
+			$F->type		= $info['type'];
+			$F->max_length	= $info['length'];
+			$F->primary_key = 0;
+			$F->default		= '';
+
+			$retval[] = $F;
+		}
+
+		return $retval;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Free the result
+	 *
+	 * @return	null
+	 */
+	public function free_result()
+	{
+		@ibase_free_result($this->result_id);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Data Seek
+	 *
+	 * Moves the internal pointer to the desired offset.  We call
+	 * this internally before fetching results to make sure the
+	 * result set starts at zero
+	 *
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	protected function _data_seek($n = 0)
+	{
+		//Set the row count to 0
+		$this->num_rows = 0;
+	
+		//Interbase driver doesn't implement a suitable function
+		return FALSE;	
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Result - associative array
+	 *
+	 * Returns the result set as an array
+	 *
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	protected function _fetch_assoc()
+	{
+		if (($row = @ibase_fetch_assoc($this->result_id, IBASE_FETCH_BLOBS)) !== FALSE)
+		{
+			//Increment row count
+			$this->num_rows++;
+		}
+	
+		return $row;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Result - object
+	 *
+	 * Returns the result set as an object
+	 *
+	 * @return	object
+	 */
+	protected function _fetch_object()
+	{
+		if (($row = @ibase_fetch_object($this->result_id, IBASE_FETCH_BLOBS)) !== FALSE)
+		{
+			//Increment row count
+			$this->num_rows++;
+		}
+		
+		return $row;
+	}
+	
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Query result.  "object" version.
+	 *
+	 * @return	object
+	 */
+	public function result_object()
+	{
+		if (count($this->result_object) > 0)
+		{
+			return $this->result_object;
+		}
+		
+		// Convert result array to object so that 
+		// We don't have to get the result again
+		if (count($this->result_array) > 0)
+		{
+			$i = 0;
+		
+			foreach ($this->result_array as $array)
+			{
+				$this->result_object[$i] = new StdClass();
+			
+				foreach ($array as $key => $val)
+				{
+					$this->result_object[$i]->{$key} = $val;
+				}
+				
+				++$i;
+			}
+			
+			return $this->result_object;
+		}
+
+		// In the event that query caching is on the result_id variable
+		// will return FALSE since there isn't a valid SQL resource so
+		// we'll simply return an empty array.
+		if ($this->result_id === FALSE)
+		{
+			return array();
+		}
+
+		$this->num_rows = 0;
+		while ($row = $this->_fetch_object())
+		{
+			$this->result_object[] = $row;
+		}
+
+		return $this->result_object;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Query result.  "array" version.
+	 *
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	public function result_array()
+	{
+		if (count($this->result_array) > 0)
+		{
+			return $this->result_array;
+		}
+		
+		// Since the object and array are really similar, just case
+		// the result object to an array  if need be
+		if (count($this->result_object) > 0)
+		{
+			foreach ($this->result_object as $obj)
+			{
+				$this->result_array[] = (array) $obj;
+			}
+		
+			return $this->result_array;
+		}
+
+		// In the event that query caching is on the result_id variable
+		// will return FALSE since there isn't a valid SQL resource so
+		// we'll simply return an empty array.
+		if ($this->result_id === FALSE)
+		{
+			return array();
+		}
+
+		$this->num_rows = 0;
+		while ($row = $this->_fetch_assoc())
+		{
+			$this->result_array[] = $row;
+		}
+
+		return $this->result_array;
+	}
+
+}
+
+/* End of file interbase_result.php */
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/interbase/interbase_result.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/interbase/interbase_utility.php b/system/database/drivers/interbase/interbase_utility.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..76a0497c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/database/drivers/interbase/interbase_utility.php
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ *
+ * NOTICE OF LICENSE
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
+ *
+ * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
+ * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
+ * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
+ * http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0
+ * If you did not receive a copy of the license and are unable to obtain it
+ * through the world wide web, please send an email to
+ * licensing@ellislab.com so we can send you a copy immediately.
+ *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2012, EllisLab, Inc. (http://ellislab.com/)
+ * @license		http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0 Open Software License (OSL 3.0)
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com
+ * @since		Version 3.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/**
+ * Interbase/Firebird Utility Class
+ *
+ * @category	Database
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ */
+class CI_DB_interbase_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
+
+	/**
+	 * List databases
+	 *
+	 * I don't believe you can do a database listing with Firebird
+	 * since each database is its own file.  I suppose we could
+	 * try reading a directory looking for Firebird files, but
+	 * that doesn't seem like a terribly good idea
+	 *
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function _list_databases()
+	{
+		if ($this->db_debug)
+		{
+			return $this->db->display_error('db_unsuported_feature');
+		}
+		return FALSE;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Optimize table query
+	 *
+	 * Is optimization even supported in Interbase/Firebird?
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @return	object
+	 */
+	public function _optimize_table($table)
+	{
+		return FALSE;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Repair table query
+	 *
+	 * Table repairs are not supported in Interbase/Firebird
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @return	object
+	 */
+	public function _repair_table($table)
+	{
+		return FALSE;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Interbase/Firebird Export
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$filename
+	 * @return	mixed
+	 */
+	public function backup($filename)
+	{
+		if ($service = ibase_service_attach($this->db->hostname, $this->db->username, $this->db->password))
+		{
+			$res = ibase_backup($service, $this->db->database, $filename.'.fbk');
+			
+			//Close the service connection	
+			ibase_service_detach($service);
+			
+			return $res;
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+/* End of file interbase_utility.php */
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/interbase/interbase_utility.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_driver.php
index 2a1098932..39b84f9c6 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_driver.php
@@ -114,30 +114,25 @@ class CI_DB_mssql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Select the database
 	 *
-	 * @access	private called by the base class
-	 * @return	resource
+	 * @param	string	database name
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function db_select()
+	public function db_select($database = '')
 	{
+		if ($database === '')
+		{
+			$database = $this->database;
+		}
+
 		// Note: The brackets are required in the event that the DB name
 		// contains reserved characters
-		return @mssql_select_db('['.$this->database.']', $this->conn_id);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+		if (@mssql_select_db('['.$database.']', $this->conn_id))
+		{
+			$this->database = $database;
+			return TRUE;
+		}
 
-	/**
-	 * Set client character set
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	resource
-	 */
-	function db_set_charset($charset, $collation)
-	{
-		// @todo - add support if needed
-		return TRUE;
+		return FALSE;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -344,12 +339,11 @@ class CI_DB_mssql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	* Version number query string
 	*
-	* @access public
-	* @return string
+	* @return	string
 	*/
-	function _version()
+	protected function _version()
 	{
-		return "SELECT @@VERSION AS ver";
+		return 'SELECT @@VERSION AS ver';
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -371,8 +365,7 @@ class CI_DB_mssql_driver extends CI_DB {
 			return 0;
 		}
 
-		$query = $this->query($this->_count_string . $this->_protect_identifiers('numrows') . " FROM " . $this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE));
-
+		$query = $this->query($this->_count_string.$this->protect_identifiers('numrows').' FROM '.$this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE));
 		if ($query->num_rows() == 0)
 		{
 			return 0;
@@ -443,28 +436,18 @@ class CI_DB_mssql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * The error message string
+	 * Error
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	function _error_message()
-	{
-		return mssql_get_last_message();
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * The error message number
+	 * Returns an array containing code and message of the last
+	 * database error that has occured.
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function _error_number()
+	public function error()
 	{
-		// Are error numbers supported?
-		return '';
+		$query = $this->query('SELECT @@ERROR AS code');
+		$query = $query->row();
+		return array('code' => $query->code, 'message' => mssql_get_last_message());
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -676,4 +659,4 @@ class CI_DB_mssql_driver extends CI_DB {
 
 
 /* End of file mssql_driver.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_driver.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_driver.php */
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_forge.php
index dd8aa3448..ec97805ac 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_forge.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_forge.php
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ class CI_DB_mssql_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 			{
 				$attributes = array_change_key_case($attributes, CASE_UPPER);
 
-				$sql .= "\n\t".$this->db->_protect_identifiers($field);
+				$sql .= "\n\t".$this->db->protect_identifiers($field);
 
 				$sql .=  ' '.$attributes['TYPE'];
 
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ class CI_DB_mssql_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 
 		if (count($primary_keys) > 0)
 		{
-			$primary_keys = $this->db->_protect_identifiers($primary_keys);
+			$primary_keys = $this->db->protect_identifiers($primary_keys);
 			$sql .= ",\n\tPRIMARY KEY (" . implode(', ', $primary_keys) . ")";
 		}
 
@@ -166,11 +166,11 @@ class CI_DB_mssql_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 			{
 				if (is_array($key))
 				{
-					$key = $this->db->_protect_identifiers($key);
+					$key = $this->db->protect_identifiers($key);
 				}
 				else
 				{
-					$key = array($this->db->_protect_identifiers($key));
+					$key = array($this->db->protect_identifiers($key));
 				}
 
 				$sql .= ",\n\tFOREIGN KEY (" . implode(', ', $key) . ")";
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ class CI_DB_mssql_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 	 */
 	function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $column_name, $column_definition = '', $default_value = '', $null = '', $after_field = '')
 	{
-		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($table)." $alter_type ".$this->db->_protect_identifiers($column_name);
+		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table).' '.$alter_type.' '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($column_name);
 
 		// DROP has everything it needs now.
 		if ($alter_type == 'DROP')
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ class CI_DB_mssql_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 
 		if ($after_field != '')
 		{
-			$sql .= ' AFTER ' . $this->db->_protect_identifiers($after_field);
+			return $sql.' AFTER '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($after_field);
 		}
 
 		return $sql;
@@ -250,11 +250,10 @@ class CI_DB_mssql_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 	function _rename_table($table_name, $new_table_name)
 	{
 		// I think this syntax will work, but can find little documentation on renaming tables in MSSQL
-		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($table_name)." RENAME TO ".$this->db->_protect_identifiers($new_table_name);
-		return $sql;
+		return 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table_name).' RENAME TO '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($new_table_name);
 	}
 
 }
 
 /* End of file mssql_forge.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_forge.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_forge.php */
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_driver.php
index 0f69a0723..cd1763751 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_driver.php
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
  * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
  *
  * NOTICE OF LICENSE
- * 
+ *
  * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
- * 
+ *
  * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
  * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
  * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
@@ -25,8 +25,6 @@
  * @filesource
  */
 
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
 /**
  * MySQL Database Adapter Class
  *
@@ -42,46 +40,47 @@
  */
 class CI_DB_mysql_driver extends CI_DB {
 
-	var $dbdriver = 'mysql';
+	public $dbdriver = 'mysql';
 
 	// The character used for escaping
-	var	$_escape_char = '`';
+	protected $_escape_char = '`';
 
 	// clause and character used for LIKE escape sequences - not used in MySQL
-	var $_like_escape_str = '';
-	var $_like_escape_chr = '';
-
-	/**
-	 * Whether to use the MySQL "delete hack" which allows the number
-	 * of affected rows to be shown. Uses a preg_replace when enabled,
-	 * adding a bit more processing to all queries.
-	 */
-	var $delete_hack = TRUE;
+	protected $_like_escape_str = '';
+	protected $_like_escape_chr = '';
 
 	/**
 	 * The syntax to count rows is slightly different across different
 	 * database engines, so this string appears in each driver and is
 	 * used for the count_all() and count_all_results() functions.
 	 */
-	var $_count_string = 'SELECT COUNT(*) AS ';
-	var $_random_keyword = ' RAND()'; // database specific random keyword
-
-	// whether SET NAMES must be used to set the character set
-	var $use_set_names;
+	protected $_count_string = 'SELECT COUNT(*) AS ';
+	protected $_random_keyword = ' RAND()'; // database specific random keyword
 
 	/**
-	 * Non-persistent database connection
-	 *
-	 * @access	private called by the base class
-	 * @return	resource
+	 * Whether to use the MySQL "delete hack" which allows the number
+	 * of affected rows to be shown. Uses a preg_replace when enabled,
+	 * adding a bit more processing to all queries.
 	 */
-	function db_connect()
+	public $delete_hack = TRUE;
+
+	public function __construct($params)
 	{
+		parent::__construct($params);
+
 		if ($this->port != '')
 		{
 			$this->hostname .= ':'.$this->port;
 		}
+	}
 
+	/**
+	 * Non-persistent database connection
+	 *
+	 * @return	resource
+	 */
+	public function db_connect()
+	{
 		return @mysql_connect($this->hostname, $this->username, $this->password, TRUE);
 	}
 
@@ -90,16 +89,10 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Persistent database connection
 	 *
-	 * @access	private called by the base class
 	 * @return	resource
 	 */
-	function db_pconnect()
+	public function db_pconnect()
 	{
-		if ($this->port != '')
-		{
-			$this->hostname .= ':'.$this->port;
-		}
-
 		return @mysql_pconnect($this->hostname, $this->username, $this->password);
 	}
 
@@ -111,10 +104,9 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 * Keep / reestablish the db connection if no queries have been
 	 * sent for a length of time exceeding the server's idle timeout
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function reconnect()
+	public function reconnect()
 	{
 		if (mysql_ping($this->conn_id) === FALSE)
 		{
@@ -127,12 +119,23 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Select the database
 	 *
-	 * @access	private called by the base class
-	 * @return	resource
+	 * @param	string	database name
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function db_select()
+	public function db_select($database = '')
 	{
-		return @mysql_select_db($this->database, $this->conn_id);
+		if ($database === '')
+		{
+			$database = $this->database;
+		}
+
+		if (@mysql_select_db($database, $this->conn_id))
+		{
+			$this->database = $database;
+			return TRUE;
+		}
+
+		return FALSE;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -140,12 +143,11 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Set client character set
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	resource
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function db_set_charset($charset, $collation)
+	protected function _db_set_charset($charset, $collation)
 	{
 		return function_exists('mysql_set_charset')
 			? @mysql_set_charset($charset, $this->conn_id)
@@ -155,14 +157,15 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Version number query string
+	 * Database version number
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _version()
+	public function version()
 	{
-		return "SELECT version() AS ver";
+		return isset($this->data_cache['version'])
+			? $this->data_cache['version']
+			: $this->data_cache['version'] = @mysql_get_server_info($this->conn_id);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -170,14 +173,12 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Execute the query
 	 *
-	 * @access	private called by the base class
 	 * @param	string	an SQL query
-	 * @return	resource
+	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
-	function _execute($sql)
+	protected function _execute($sql)
 	{
-		$sql = $this->_prep_query($sql);
-		return @mysql_query($sql, $this->conn_id);
+		return @mysql_query($this->_prep_query($sql), $this->conn_id);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -187,20 +188,16 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * If needed, each database adapter can prep the query string
 	 *
-	 * @access	private called by execute()
 	 * @param	string	an SQL query
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _prep_query($sql)
+	protected function _prep_query($sql)
 	{
-		// "DELETE FROM TABLE" returns 0 affected rows This hack modifies
-		// the query so that it returns the number of affected rows
-		if ($this->delete_hack === TRUE)
+		// mysql_affected_rows() returns 0 for "DELETE FROM TABLE" queries. This hack
+		// modifies the query so that it a proper number of affected rows is returned.
+		if ($this->delete_hack === TRUE && preg_match('/^\s*DELETE\s+FROM\s+(\S+)\s*$/i', $sql))
 		{
-			if (preg_match('/^\s*DELETE\s+FROM\s+(\S+)\s*$/i', $sql))
-			{
-				$sql = preg_replace("/^\s*DELETE\s+FROM\s+(\S+)\s*$/", "DELETE FROM \\1 WHERE 1=1", $sql);
-			}
+			return preg_replace('/^\s*DELETE\s+FROM\s+(\S+)\s*$/', 'DELETE FROM \\1 WHERE 1=1', $sql);
 		}
 
 		return $sql;
@@ -211,18 +208,12 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Begin Transaction
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function trans_begin($test_mode = FALSE)
+	public function trans_begin($test_mode = FALSE)
 	{
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
 		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ($this->_trans_depth > 0)
+		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled OR $this->_trans_depth > 0)
 		{
 			return TRUE;
 		}
@@ -230,7 +221,7 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_driver extends CI_DB {
 		// Reset the transaction failure flag.
 		// If the $test_mode flag is set to TRUE transactions will be rolled back
 		// even if the queries produce a successful result.
-		$this->_trans_failure = ($test_mode === TRUE) ? TRUE : FALSE;
+		$this->_trans_failure = ($test_mode === TRUE);
 
 		$this->simple_query('SET AUTOCOMMIT=0');
 		$this->simple_query('START TRANSACTION'); // can also be BEGIN or BEGIN WORK
@@ -242,18 +233,12 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Commit Transaction
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function trans_commit()
+	public function trans_commit()
 	{
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
 		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ($this->_trans_depth > 0)
+		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled OR $this->_trans_depth > 0)
 		{
 			return TRUE;
 		}
@@ -268,18 +253,12 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Rollback Transaction
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function trans_rollback()
+	public function trans_rollback()
 	{
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
 		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ($this->_trans_depth > 0)
+		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled OR $this->_trans_depth > 0)
 		{
 			return TRUE;
 		}
@@ -294,12 +273,11 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Escape String
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @param	bool	whether or not the string will be used in a LIKE condition
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function escape_str($str, $like = FALSE)
+	public function escape_str($str, $like = FALSE)
 	{
 		if (is_array($str))
 		{
@@ -311,7 +289,7 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	   		return $str;
 	   	}
 
-		if (function_exists('mysql_real_escape_string') AND is_resource($this->conn_id))
+		if (function_exists('mysql_real_escape_string') && is_resource($this->conn_id))
 		{
 			$str = mysql_real_escape_string($str, $this->conn_id);
 		}
@@ -327,7 +305,7 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_driver extends CI_DB {
 		// escape LIKE condition wildcards
 		if ($like === TRUE)
 		{
-			$str = str_replace(array('%', '_'), array('\\%', '\\_'), $str);
+			return str_replace(array('%', '_'), array('\\%', '\\_'), $str);
 		}
 
 		return $str;
@@ -338,10 +316,9 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Affected Rows
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	int
 	 */
-	function affected_rows()
+	public function affected_rows()
 	{
 		return @mysql_affected_rows($this->conn_id);
 	}
@@ -351,10 +328,9 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Insert ID
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	int
 	 */
-	function insert_id()
+	public function insert_id()
 	{
 		return @mysql_insert_id($this->conn_id);
 	}
@@ -367,27 +343,25 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 * Generates a platform-specific query string that counts all records in
 	 * the specified database
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function count_all($table = '')
+	public function count_all($table = '')
 	{
 		if ($table == '')
 		{
 			return 0;
 		}
 
-		$query = $this->query($this->_count_string . $this->_protect_identifiers('numrows') . " FROM " . $this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE));
-
+		$query = $this->query($this->_count_string.$this->protect_identifiers('numrows').' FROM '.$this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE));
 		if ($query->num_rows() == 0)
 		{
 			return 0;
 		}
 
-		$row = $query->row();
+		$query = $query->row();
 		$this->_reset_select();
-		return (int) $row->numrows;
+		return (int) $query->numrows;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -397,17 +371,16 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the table names can be fetched
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	boolean
+	 * @param	bool
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _list_tables($prefix_limit = FALSE)
+	protected function _list_tables($prefix_limit = FALSE)
 	{
-		$sql = "SHOW TABLES FROM ".$this->_escape_char.$this->database.$this->_escape_char;
+		$sql = 'SHOW TABLES FROM '.$this->_escape_char.$this->database.$this->_escape_char;
 
-		if ($prefix_limit !== FALSE AND $this->dbprefix != '')
+		if ($prefix_limit !== FALSE && $this->dbprefix != '')
 		{
-			$sql .= " LIKE '".$this->escape_like_str($this->dbprefix)."%'";
+			return $sql." LIKE '".$this->escape_like_str($this->dbprefix)."%'";
 		}
 
 		return $sql;
@@ -420,55 +393,61 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the column names can be fetched
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the table name
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _list_columns($table = '')
+	public function _list_columns($table = '')
 	{
-		return "SHOW COLUMNS FROM ".$this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE);
+		return 'SHOW COLUMNS FROM '.$this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Field data query
+	 * Returns an object with field data
 	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that the column data can be retrieved
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the table name
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	function _field_data($table)
+	public function field_data($table = '')
 	{
-		return "DESCRIBE ".$table;
-	}
+		if ($table == '')
+		{
+			return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_field_param_missing') : FALSE;
+		}
 
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+		$query = $this->query('DESCRIBE '.$this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE));
+		$query = $query->result_object();
 
-	/**
-	 * The error message string
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	function _error_message()
-	{
-		return mysql_error($this->conn_id);
+		$retval = array();
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($query); $i < $c; $i++)
+		{
+			preg_match('/([a-z]+)(\(\d+\))?/', $query[$i]->Type, $matches);
+
+			$retval[$i]			= new stdClass();
+			$retval[$i]->name		= $query[$i]->Field;
+			$retval[$i]->type		= empty($matches[1]) ? NULL : $matches[1];
+			$retval[$i]->default		= $query[$i]->Default;
+			$retval[$i]->max_length		= empty($matches[2]) ? NULL : preg_replace('/[^\d]/', '', $matches[2]);
+			$retval[$i]->primary_key	= (int) ($query[$i]->Key === 'PRI');
+		}
+
+		return $retval;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * The error message number
+	 * Error
+	 *
+	 * Returns an array containing code and message of the last
+	 * database error that has occured.
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function _error_number()
+	public function error()
 	{
-		return mysql_errno($this->conn_id);
+		return array('code' => mysql_errno($this->conn_id), 'message' => mysql_error($this->conn_id));
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -478,11 +457,10 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * This function escapes column and table names
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _escape_identifiers($item)
+	public function _escape_identifiers($item)
 	{
 		if ($this->_escape_char == '')
 		{
@@ -493,24 +471,20 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_driver extends CI_DB {
 		{
 			if (strpos($item, '.'.$id) !== FALSE)
 			{
-				$str = $this->_escape_char. str_replace('.', $this->_escape_char.'.', $item);
+				$item = str_replace('.', $this->_escape_char.'.', $item);
 
 				// remove duplicates if the user already included the escape
-				return preg_replace('/['.$this->_escape_char.']+/', $this->_escape_char, $str);
+				return preg_replace('/['.$this->_escape_char.']+/', $this->_escape_char, $this->_escape_char.$item);
 			}
 		}
 
 		if (strpos($item, '.') !== FALSE)
 		{
-			$str = $this->_escape_char.str_replace('.', $this->_escape_char.'.'.$this->_escape_char, $item).$this->_escape_char;
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			$str = $this->_escape_char.$item.$this->_escape_char;
+			$item = str_replace('.', $this->_escape_char.'.'.$this->_escape_char, $item);
 		}
 
 		// remove duplicates if the user already included the escape
-		return preg_replace('/['.$this->_escape_char.']+/', $this->_escape_char, $str);
+		return preg_replace('/['.$this->_escape_char.']+/', $this->_escape_char, $this->_escape_char.$item.$this->_escape_char);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -521,11 +495,10 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 * This function implicitly groups FROM tables so there is no confusion
 	 * about operator precedence in harmony with SQL standards
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	type
-	 * @return	type
+	 * @param	string	table name
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _from_tables($tables)
+	protected function _from_tables($tables)
 	{
 		if ( ! is_array($tables))
 		{
@@ -542,15 +515,14 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific insert string from the supplied data
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the table name
 	 * @param	array	the insert keys
 	 * @param	array	the insert values
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _insert($table, $keys, $values)
+	protected function _insert($table, $keys, $values)
 	{
-		return "INSERT INTO ".$table." (".implode(', ', $keys).") VALUES (".implode(', ', $values).")";
+		return 'INSERT INTO '.$table.' ('.implode(', ', $keys).') VALUES ('.implode(', ', $values).')';
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -561,15 +533,14 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific replace string from the supplied data
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the table name
 	 * @param	array	the insert keys
 	 * @param	array	the insert values
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _replace($table, $keys, $values)
+	protected function _replace($table, $keys, $values)
 	{
-		return "REPLACE INTO ".$table." (".implode(', ', $keys).") VALUES (".implode(', ', $values).")";
+		return 'REPLACE INTO '.$table.' ('.implode(', ', $keys).') VALUES ('.implode(', ', $values).')';
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -579,15 +550,14 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific insert string from the supplied data
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the table name
 	 * @param	array	the insert keys
 	 * @param	array	the insert values
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _insert_batch($table, $keys, $values)
+	protected function _insert_batch($table, $keys, $values)
 	{
-		return "INSERT INTO ".$table." (".implode(', ', $keys).") VALUES ".implode(', ', $values);
+		return 'INSERT INTO '.$table.' ('.implode(', ', $keys).') VALUES '.implode(', ', $values);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -598,7 +568,6 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific update string from the supplied data
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the table name
 	 * @param	array	the update data
 	 * @param	array	the where clause
@@ -606,34 +575,22 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 * @param	array	the limit clause
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _update($table, $values, $where, $orderby = array(), $limit = FALSE, $like = array())
+	protected function _update($table, $values, $where, $orderby = array(), $limit = FALSE, $like = array())
 	{
 		foreach ($values as $key => $val)
 		{
-			$valstr[] = $key . ' = ' . $val;
+			$valstr[] = $key.' = '.$val;
 		}
 
-		$limit = ( ! $limit) ? '' : ' LIMIT '.$limit;
-
-		$orderby = (count($orderby) >= 1)?' ORDER BY '.implode(", ", $orderby):'';
-
-		$sql = "UPDATE ".$table." SET ".implode(', ', $valstr);
-
-		$sql .= ($where != '' AND count($where) >=1) ? " WHERE ".implode(" ", $where) : '';
-		
-		if (count($like) > 0) 
+		$where = ($where != '' && count($where) > 0) ? ' WHERE '.implode(' ', $where) : '';
+		if (count($like) > 0)
 		{
-			$sql .= ($where == '' AND count($where) <1) ? " WHERE " : ' AND ';
-			
-			foreach ($like as $st_like) 
-			{
-				$sql .= " " . $st_like;	
-			}
+			$where .= ($where == '' ? ' WHERE ' : ' AND ').implode(' ', $like);
 		}
 
-		$sql .= $orderby.$limit;
-
-		return $sql;
+		return 'UPDATE '.$table.' SET '.implode(', ', $valstr).$where
+			.(count($orderby) > 0 ? ' ORDER BY '.implode(', ', $orderby) : '')
+			.( ! $limit ? '' : ' LIMIT '.$limit);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -644,17 +601,14 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific batch update string from the supplied data
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the table name
 	 * @param	array	the update data
 	 * @param	array	the where clause
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _update_batch($table, $values, $index, $where = NULL)
+	protected function _update_batch($table, $values, $index, $where = NULL)
 	{
 		$ids = array();
-		$where = ($where != '' AND count($where) >=1) ? implode(" ", $where).' AND ' : '';
-
 		foreach ($values as $key => $val)
 		{
 			$ids[] = $val[$index];
@@ -668,30 +622,21 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_driver extends CI_DB {
 			}
 		}
 
-		$sql = "UPDATE ".$table." SET ";
 		$cases = '';
-
 		foreach ($final as $k => $v)
 		{
-			$cases .= $k.' = CASE '."\n";
-			foreach ($v as $row)
-			{
-				$cases .= $row."\n";
-			}
-
-			$cases .= 'ELSE '.$k.' END, ';
+			$cases .= $k." = CASE \n"
+				.implode("\n", $v)."\n"
+				.'ELSE '.$k.' END, ';
 		}
 
-		$sql .= substr($cases, 0, -2);
-
-		$sql .= ' WHERE '.$where.$index.' IN ('.implode(',', $ids).')';
-
-		return $sql;
+		return 'UPDATE '.$table.' SET '.substr($cases, 0, -2)
+			.' WHERE '.(($where != '' && count($where) > 0) ? implode(' ', $where).' AND ' : '')
+			.$index.' IN('.implode(',', $ids).')';
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-
 	/**
 	 * Truncate statement
 	 *
@@ -699,13 +644,12 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 * If the database does not support the truncate() command
 	 * This function maps to "DELETE FROM table"
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the table name
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _truncate($table)
+	protected function _truncate($table)
 	{
-		return "TRUNCATE ".$table;
+		return 'TRUNCATE '.$table;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -715,31 +659,27 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific delete string from the supplied data
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the table name
 	 * @param	array	the where clause
 	 * @param	string	the limit clause
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _delete($table, $where = array(), $like = array(), $limit = FALSE)
+	protected function _delete($table, $where = array(), $like = array(), $limit = FALSE)
 	{
 		$conditions = '';
 
 		if (count($where) > 0 OR count($like) > 0)
 		{
-			$conditions = "\nWHERE ";
-			$conditions .= implode("\n", $this->ar_where);
+			$conditions = "\nWHERE ".implode("\n", $this->ar_where);
 
 			if (count($where) > 0 && count($like) > 0)
 			{
-				$conditions .= " AND ";
+				$conditions .= ' AND ';
 			}
 			$conditions .= implode("\n", $like);
 		}
 
-		$limit = ( ! $limit) ? '' : ' LIMIT '.$limit;
-
-		return "DELETE FROM ".$table.$conditions.$limit;
+		return 'DELETE FROM '.$table.$conditions.( ! $limit ? '' : ' LIMIT '.$limit);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -749,24 +689,14 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific LIMIT clause
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the sql query string
-	 * @param	integer	the number of rows to limit the query to
-	 * @param	integer	the offset value
+	 * @param	int	the number of rows to limit the query to
+	 * @param	int	the offset value
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _limit($sql, $limit, $offset)
+	protected function _limit($sql, $limit, $offset)
 	{
-		if ($offset == 0)
-		{
-			$offset = '';
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			$offset .= ", ";
-		}
-
-		return $sql."LIMIT ".$offset.$limit;
+		return $sql.' LIMIT '.($offset == 0 ? '' : $offset.', ').$limit;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -774,17 +704,15 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Close DB Connection
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	resource
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function _close($conn_id)
+	protected function _close($conn_id)
 	{
 		@mysql_close($conn_id);
 	}
 
 }
 
-
 /* End of file mysql_driver.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_driver.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_driver.php */
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_forge.php
index a41a7b446..a907b20fa 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_forge.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_forge.php
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
  * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
  *
  * NOTICE OF LICENSE
- * 
+ *
  * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
- * 
+ *
  * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
  * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
  * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
@@ -25,8 +25,6 @@
  * @filesource
  */
 
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
 /**
  * MySQL Forge Class
  *
@@ -39,13 +37,12 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 	/**
 	 * Create database
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string	the database name
-	 * @return	bool
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _create_database($name)
+	public function _create_database($name)
 	{
-		return "CREATE DATABASE ".$name;
+		return 'CREATE DATABASE '.$name;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -53,13 +50,12 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 	/**
 	 * Drop database
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string	the database name
-	 * @return	bool
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _drop_database($name)
+	public function _drop_database($name)
 	{
-		return "DROP DATABASE ".$name;
+		return 'DROP DATABASE '.$name;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -67,83 +63,57 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 	/**
 	 * Process Fields
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	mixed	the fields
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _process_fields($fields)
+	private function _process_fields($fields)
 	{
 		$current_field_count = 0;
 		$sql = '';
 
-		foreach ($fields as $field=>$attributes)
+		foreach ($fields as $field => $attributes)
 		{
 			// Numeric field names aren't allowed in databases, so if the key is
 			// numeric, we know it was assigned by PHP and the developer manually
 			// entered the field information, so we'll simply add it to the list
 			if (is_numeric($field))
 			{
-				$sql .= "\n\t$attributes";
+				$sql .= "\n\t".$attributes;
 			}
 			else
 			{
 				$attributes = array_change_key_case($attributes, CASE_UPPER);
 
-				$sql .= "\n\t".$this->db->_protect_identifiers($field);
-
-				if (array_key_exists('NAME', $attributes))
-				{
-					$sql .= ' '.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($attributes['NAME']).' ';
-				}
+				$sql .= "\n\t".$this->db->protect_identifiers($field)
+					.( ! empty($attributes['NAME']) ? ' '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($attributes['NAME']).' ' : '');
 
-				if (array_key_exists('TYPE', $attributes))
+				if ( ! empty($attributes['TYPE']))
 				{
 					$sql .=  ' '.$attributes['TYPE'];
 
-					if (array_key_exists('CONSTRAINT', $attributes))
+					if ( ! empty($attributes['CONSTRAINT']))
 					{
-						switch ($attributes['TYPE'])
+						switch (strtolower($attributes['TYPE']))
 						{
 							case 'decimal':
 							case 'float':
 							case 'numeric':
 								$sql .= '('.implode(',', $attributes['CONSTRAINT']).')';
-							break;
-
+								break;
 							case 'enum':
 							case 'set':
 								$sql .= '("'.implode('","', $attributes['CONSTRAINT']).'")';
-							break;
-
+								break;
 							default:
 								$sql .= '('.$attributes['CONSTRAINT'].')';
 						}
 					}
 				}
 
-				if (array_key_exists('UNSIGNED', $attributes) && $attributes['UNSIGNED'] === TRUE)
-				{
-					$sql .= ' UNSIGNED';
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('DEFAULT', $attributes))
-				{
-					$sql .= ' DEFAULT \''.$attributes['DEFAULT'].'\'';
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('NULL', $attributes) && $attributes['NULL'] === TRUE)
-				{
-					$sql .= ' NULL';
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					$sql .= ' NOT NULL';
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('AUTO_INCREMENT', $attributes) && $attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT'] === TRUE)
-				{
-					$sql .= ' AUTO_INCREMENT';
-				}
+				$sql .= (( ! empty($attributes['UNSIGNED']) && $attributes['UNSIGNED'] === TRUE) ? ' UNSIGNED' : '')
+					.(isset($attributes['DEFAULT']) ? " DEFAULT '".$attributes['DEFAULT']."'" : '')
+					.(( ! empty($attributes['NULL']) && $attributes['NULL'] === TRUE) ? ' NULL' : ' NOT NULL')
+					.(( ! empty($attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT']) && $attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT'] === TRUE) ? ' AUTO_INCREMENT' : '');
 			}
 
 			// don't add a comma on the end of the last field
@@ -161,15 +131,14 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 	/**
 	 * Create Table
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string	the table name
 	 * @param	mixed	the fields
 	 * @param	mixed	primary key(s)
 	 * @param	mixed	key(s)
-	 * @param	boolean	should 'IF NOT EXISTS' be added to the SQL
+	 * @param	bool	should 'IF NOT EXISTS' be added to the SQL
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function _create_table($table, $fields, $primary_keys, $keys, $if_not_exists)
+	public function _create_table($table, $fields, $primary_keys, $keys, $if_not_exists)
 	{
 		$sql = 'CREATE TABLE ';
 
@@ -178,15 +147,12 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 			$sql .= 'IF NOT EXISTS ';
 		}
 
-		$sql .= $this->db->_escape_identifiers($table)." (";
-
-		$sql .= $this->_process_fields($fields);
+		$sql .= $this->db->protect_identifiers($table).' ('.$this->_process_fields($fields);
 
 		if (count($primary_keys) > 0)
 		{
-			$key_name = $this->db->_protect_identifiers(implode('_', $primary_keys));
-			$primary_keys = $this->db->_protect_identifiers($primary_keys);
-			$sql .= ",\n\tPRIMARY KEY ".$key_name." (" . implode(', ', $primary_keys) . ")";
+			$key_name = $this->db->protect_identifiers(implode('_', $primary_keys));
+			$sql .= ",\n\tPRIMARY KEY ".$key_name.' ('.implode(', ', $this->db->protect_identifiers($primary_keys)).')';
 		}
 
 		if (is_array($keys) && count($keys) > 0)
@@ -195,22 +161,20 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 			{
 				if (is_array($key))
 				{
-					$key_name = $this->db->_protect_identifiers(implode('_', $key));
-					$key = $this->db->_protect_identifiers($key);
+					$key_name = $this->db->protect_identifiers(implode('_', $key));
+					$key = $this->db->protect_identifiers($key);
 				}
 				else
 				{
-					$key_name = $this->db->_protect_identifiers($key);
+					$key_name = $this->db->protect_identifiers($key);
 					$key = array($key_name);
 				}
 
-				$sql .= ",\n\tKEY {$key_name} (" . implode(', ', $key) . ")";
+				$sql .= ",\n\tKEY ".$key_name.' ('.implode(', ', $key).')';
 			}
 		}
 
-		$sql .= "\n) DEFAULT CHARACTER SET {$this->db->char_set} COLLATE {$this->db->dbcollat};";
-
-		return $sql;
+		return $sql."\n) DEFAULT CHARACTER SET ".$this->db->char_set.' COLLATE '.$this->db->dbcollat.';';
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -218,12 +182,12 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 	/**
 	 * Drop Table
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
+	 * @param	string	table name
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _drop_table($table)
+	public function _drop_table($table)
 	{
-		return "DROP TABLE IF EXISTS ".$this->db->_escape_identifiers($table);
+		return 'DROP TABLE IF EXISTS '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -232,33 +196,26 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 	 * Alter table query
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that a table can be altered
-	 * Called by add_column(), drop_column(), and column_alter(),
+	 * Called by add_column(), drop_column() and column_alter()
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string	the ALTER type (ADD, DROP, CHANGE)
 	 * @param	string	the column name
 	 * @param	array	fields
 	 * @param	string	the field after which we should add the new field
-	 * @return	object
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $fields, $after_field = '')
+	public function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $fields, $after_field = '')
 	{
-		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($table)." $alter_type ";
+		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table).' '.$alter_type.' ';
 
 		// DROP has everything it needs now.
-		if ($alter_type == 'DROP')
+		if ($alter_type === 'DROP')
 		{
-			return $sql.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($fields);
+			return $sql.$this->db->protect_identifiers($fields);
 		}
 
-		$sql .= $this->_process_fields($fields);
-
-		if ($after_field != '')
-		{
-			$sql .= ' AFTER ' . $this->db->_protect_identifiers($after_field);
-		}
-
-		return $sql;
+		return $sql.$this->_process_fields($fields)
+			.($after_field != '' ? ' AFTER '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($after_field) : '');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -268,18 +225,16 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that a table can be renamed
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string	the old table name
 	 * @param	string	the new table name
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _rename_table($table_name, $new_table_name)
+	public function _rename_table($table_name, $new_table_name)
 	{
-		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($table_name)." RENAME TO ".$this->db->_protect_identifiers($new_table_name);
-		return $sql;
+		return 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table_name).' RENAME TO '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($new_table_name);
 	}
 
 }
 
 /* End of file mysql_forge.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_forge.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_forge.php */
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_result.php b/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_result.php
index dcb99cd60..5a65d9c72 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_result.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_result.php
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
  * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
  *
  * NOTICE OF LICENSE
- * 
+ *
  * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
- * 
+ *
  * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
  * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
  * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
@@ -25,8 +25,6 @@
  * @filesource
  */
 
-// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
 /**
  * MySQL Result Class
  *
@@ -41,10 +39,9 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	/**
 	 * Number of rows in the result set
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	int
 	 */
-	function num_rows()
+	public function num_rows()
 	{
 		return @mysql_num_rows($this->result_id);
 	}
@@ -54,10 +51,9 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	/**
 	 * Number of fields in the result set
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	int
 	 */
-	function num_fields()
+	public function num_fields()
 	{
 		return @mysql_num_fields($this->result_id);
 	}
@@ -69,10 +65,9 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 *
 	 * Generates an array of column names
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function list_fields()
+	public function list_fields()
 	{
 		$field_names = array();
 		while ($field = mysql_fetch_field($this->result_id))
@@ -90,27 +85,19 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 *
 	 * Generates an array of objects containing field meta-data
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function field_data()
+	public function field_data()
 	{
 		$retval = array();
-		while ($field = mysql_fetch_object($this->result_id))
+		for ($i = 0, $c = $this->num_fields(); $i < $c; $i++)
 		{
-			preg_match('/([a-zA-Z]+)(\(\d+\))?/', $field->Type, $matches);
-
-			$type = (array_key_exists(1, $matches)) ? $matches[1] : NULL;
-			$length = (array_key_exists(2, $matches)) ? preg_replace('/[^\d]/', '', $matches[2]) : NULL;
-
-			$F				= new stdClass();
-			$F->name		= $field->Field;
-			$F->type		= $type;
-			$F->default		= $field->Default;
-			$F->max_length	= $length;
-			$F->primary_key = ( $field->Key == 'PRI' ? 1 : 0 );
-
-			$retval[] = $F;
+			$retval[$i]			= new stdClass();
+			$retval[$i]->name		= mysql_field_name($this->result_id, $i);
+			$retval[$i]->type		= mysql_field_type($this->result_id, $i);
+			$retval[$i]->max_length		= mysql_field_len($this->result_id, $i);
+			$retval[$i]->primary_key	= (strpos(mysql_field_flags($this->result_id, $i), 'primary_key') === FALSE) ? 0 : 1;
+			$retval[$i]->default		= '';
 		}
 
 		return $retval;
@@ -121,9 +108,9 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	/**
 	 * Free the result
 	 *
-	 * @return	null
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function free_result()
+	public function free_result()
 	{
 		if (is_resource($this->result_id))
 		{
@@ -137,14 +124,13 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	/**
 	 * Data Seek
 	 *
-	 * Moves the internal pointer to the desired offset.  We call
+	 * Moves the internal pointer to the desired offset. We call
 	 * this internally before fetching results to make sure the
 	 * result set starts at zero
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function _data_seek($n = 0)
+	protected function _data_seek($n = 0)
 	{
 		return mysql_data_seek($this->result_id, $n);
 	}
@@ -156,10 +142,9 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 *
 	 * Returns the result set as an array
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function _fetch_assoc()
+	protected function _fetch_assoc()
 	{
 		return mysql_fetch_assoc($this->result_id);
 	}
@@ -171,16 +156,14 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 *
 	 * Returns the result set as an object
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	function _fetch_object()
+	protected function _fetch_object()
 	{
 		return mysql_fetch_object($this->result_id);
 	}
 
 }
 
-
 /* End of file mysql_result.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_result.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_result.php */
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_utility.php b/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_utility.php
index 703524165..952f887fe 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_utility.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_utility.php
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
  * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
  *
  * NOTICE OF LICENSE
- * 
+ *
  * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
- * 
+ *
  * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
  * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
  * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
@@ -25,8 +25,6 @@
  * @filesource
  */
 
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
 /**
  * MySQL Utility Class
  *
@@ -39,12 +37,11 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 	/**
 	 * List databases
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	bool
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _list_databases()
+	public function _list_databases()
 	{
-		return "SHOW DATABASES";
+		return 'SHOW DATABASES';
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -54,13 +51,12 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that a table can be optimized
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	object
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _optimize_table($table)
+	public function _optimize_table($table)
 	{
-		return "OPTIMIZE TABLE ".$this->db->_escape_identifiers($table);
+		return 'OPTIMIZE TABLE '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -70,26 +66,24 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that a table can be repaired
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	object
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _repair_table($table)
+	public function _repair_table($table)
 	{
-		return "REPAIR TABLE ".$this->db->_escape_identifiers($table);
+		return 'REPAIR TABLE '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 	/**
 	 * MySQL Export
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	array	Preferences
 	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
-	function _backup($params = array())
+	public function _backup($params = array())
 	{
-		if (count($params) == 0)
+		if (count($params) === 0)
 		{
 			return FALSE;
 		}
@@ -99,16 +93,16 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 
 		// Build the output
 		$output = '';
-		foreach ((array)$tables as $table)
+		foreach ( (array) $tables as $table)
 		{
 			// Is the table in the "ignore" list?
-			if (in_array($table, (array)$ignore, TRUE))
+			if (in_array($table, (array) $ignore, TRUE))
 			{
 				continue;
 			}
 
 			// Get the table schema
-			$query = $this->db->query("SHOW CREATE TABLE `".$this->db->database.'`.`'.$table.'`');
+			$query = $this->db->query('SHOW CREATE TABLE '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($this->db->database).'.'.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table));
 
 			// No result means the table name was invalid
 			if ($query === FALSE)
@@ -121,7 +115,7 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 
 			if ($add_drop == TRUE)
 			{
-				$output .= 'DROP TABLE IF EXISTS '.$table.';'.$newline.$newline;
+				$output .= 'DROP TABLE IF EXISTS '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table).';'.$newline.$newline;
 			}
 
 			$i = 0;
@@ -141,7 +135,7 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 			}
 
 			// Grab all the data from the current table
-			$query = $this->db->query("SELECT * FROM $table");
+			$query = $this->db->query('SELECT * FROM '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table));
 
 			if ($query->num_rows() == 0)
 			{
@@ -149,7 +143,7 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 			}
 
 			// Fetch the field names and determine if the field is an
-			// integer type.  We use this info to decide whether to
+			// integer type. We use this info to decide whether to
 			// surround the data with quotes or not
 
 			$i = 0;
@@ -158,20 +152,17 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 			while ($field = mysql_fetch_field($query->result_id))
 			{
 				// Most versions of MySQL store timestamp as a string
-				$is_int[$i] = (in_array(
-										strtolower(mysql_field_type($query->result_id, $i)),
-										array('tinyint', 'smallint', 'mediumint', 'int', 'bigint'), //, 'timestamp'),
-										TRUE)
-										) ? TRUE : FALSE;
+				$is_int[$i] = in_array(strtolower(mysql_field_type($query->result_id, $i)),
+							array('tinyint', 'smallint', 'mediumint', 'int', 'bigint'), //, 'timestamp'),
+							TRUE);
 
 				// Create a string of field names
-				$field_str .= '`'.$field->name.'`, ';
+				$field_str .= $this->db->protect_identifiers($field->name).', ';
 				$i++;
 			}
 
 			// Trim off the end comma
-			$field_str = preg_replace( "/, $/" , "" , $field_str);
-
+			$field_str = preg_replace('/, $/' , '', $field_str);
 
 			// Build the insert string
 			foreach ($query->result_array() as $row)
@@ -189,14 +180,7 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 					else
 					{
 						// Escape the data if it's not an integer
-						if ($is_int[$i] == FALSE)
-						{
-							$val_str .= $this->db->escape($v);
-						}
-						else
-						{
-							$val_str .= $v;
-						}
+						$val_str .= ($is_int[$i] == FALSE) ? $this->db->escape($v) : $v;
 					}
 
 					// Append a comma
@@ -205,10 +189,10 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 				}
 
 				// Remove the comma at the end of the string
-				$val_str = preg_replace( "/, $/" , "" , $val_str);
+				$val_str = preg_replace('/, $/' , '', $val_str);
 
 				// Build the INSERT string
-				$output .= 'INSERT INTO '.$table.' ('.$field_str.') VALUES ('.$val_str.');'.$newline;
+				$output .= 'INSERT INTO '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table).' ('.$field_str.') VALUES ('.$val_str.');'.$newline;
 			}
 
 			$output .= $newline.$newline;
@@ -216,7 +200,8 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 
 		return $output;
 	}
+
 }
 
 /* End of file mysql_utility.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_utility.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_utility.php */
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_driver.php
index aff62a37d..d06119a13 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_driver.php
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
  * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
  *
  * NOTICE OF LICENSE
- * 
+ *
  * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
- * 
+ *
  * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
  * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
  * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
@@ -25,10 +25,8 @@
  * @filesource
  */
 
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
 /**
- * MySQLi Database Adapter Class - MySQLi only works with PHP 5
+ * MySQLi Database Adapter Class
  *
  * Note: _DB is an extender class that the app controller
  * creates dynamically based on whether the active record
@@ -42,52 +40,40 @@
  */
 class CI_DB_mysqli_driver extends CI_DB {
 
-	var $dbdriver = 'mysqli';
+	public $dbdriver = 'mysqli';
 
 	// The character used for escaping
-	var $_escape_char = '`';
+	protected $_escape_char = '`';
 
 	// clause and character used for LIKE escape sequences - not used in MySQL
-	var $_like_escape_str = '';
-	var $_like_escape_chr = '';
+	protected $_like_escape_str = '';
+	protected $_like_escape_chr = '';
 
 	/**
 	 * The syntax to count rows is slightly different across different
 	 * database engines, so this string appears in each driver and is
 	 * used for the count_all() and count_all_results() functions.
 	 */
-	var $_count_string = "SELECT COUNT(*) AS ";
-	var $_random_keyword = ' RAND()'; // database specific random keyword
+	protected $_count_string = 'SELECT COUNT(*) AS ';
+	protected $_random_keyword = ' RAND()'; // database specific random keyword
 
 	/**
 	 * Whether to use the MySQL "delete hack" which allows the number
 	 * of affected rows to be shown. Uses a preg_replace when enabled,
 	 * adding a bit more processing to all queries.
 	 */
-	var $delete_hack = TRUE;
-
-	// whether SET NAMES must be used to set the character set
-	var $use_set_names;
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+	public $delete_hack = TRUE;
 
 	/**
 	 * Non-persistent database connection
 	 *
-	 * @access	private called by the base class
-	 * @return	resource
+	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	function db_connect()
+	public function db_connect()
 	{
-		if ($this->port != '')
-		{
-			return @mysqli_connect($this->hostname, $this->username, $this->password, $this->database, $this->port);
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			return @mysqli_connect($this->hostname, $this->username, $this->password, $this->database);
-		}
-
+		return ($this->port != '')
+			? @mysqli_connect($this->hostname, $this->username, $this->password, $this->database, $this->port)
+			: @mysqli_connect($this->hostname, $this->username, $this->password, $this->database);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -95,12 +81,19 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Persistent database connection
 	 *
-	 * @access	private called by the base class
-	 * @return	resource
+	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	function db_pconnect()
+	public function db_pconnect()
 	{
-		return $this->db_connect();
+		// Persistent connection support was added in PHP 5.3.0
+		if ( ! is_php('5.3'))
+		{
+			return $this->db_connect();
+		}
+
+		return ($this->port != '')
+			? @mysqli_connect('p:'.$this->hostname, $this->username, $this->password, $this->database, $this->port)
+			: @mysqli_connect('p:'.$this->hostname, $this->username, $this->password, $this->database);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -111,10 +104,9 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 * Keep / reestablish the db connection if no queries have been
 	 * sent for a length of time exceeding the server's idle timeout
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function reconnect()
+	public function reconnect()
 	{
 		if (mysqli_ping($this->conn_id) === FALSE)
 		{
@@ -127,12 +119,23 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Select the database
 	 *
-	 * @access	private called by the base class
-	 * @return	resource
+	 * @param	string	database name
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function db_select()
+	public function db_select($database = '')
 	{
-		return @mysqli_select_db($this->conn_id, $this->database);
+		if ($database === '')
+		{
+			$database = $this->database;
+		}
+
+		if (@mysqli_select_db($this->conn_id, $database))
+		{
+			$this->database = $database;
+			return TRUE;
+		}
+
+		return FALSE;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -140,12 +143,11 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Set client character set
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	resource
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function _db_set_charset($charset, $collation)
+	protected function _db_set_charset($charset, $collation)
 	{
 		return function_exists('mysqli_set_charset')
 			? @mysqli_set_charset($this->conn_id, $charset)
@@ -155,14 +157,15 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Version number query string
+	 * Database version number
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _version()
+	public function version()
 	{
-		return "SELECT version() AS ver";
+		return isset($this->data_cache['version'])
+			? $this->data_cache['version']
+			: $this->data_cache['version'] = @mysqli_get_server_info($this->conn_id);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -170,15 +173,12 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Execute the query
 	 *
-	 * @access	private called by the base class
 	 * @param	string	an SQL query
-	 * @return	resource
+	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
-	function _execute($sql)
+	protected function _execute($sql)
 	{
-		$sql = $this->_prep_query($sql);
-		$result = @mysqli_query($this->conn_id, $sql);
-		return $result;
+		return @mysqli_query($this->conn_id, $this->_prep_query($sql));
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -188,20 +188,16 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * If needed, each database adapter can prep the query string
 	 *
-	 * @access	private called by execute()
 	 * @param	string	an SQL query
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _prep_query($sql)
+	protected function _prep_query($sql)
 	{
-		// "DELETE FROM TABLE" returns 0 affected rows This hack modifies
-		// the query so that it returns the number of affected rows
-		if ($this->delete_hack === TRUE)
+		// mysqli_affected_rows() returns 0 for "DELETE FROM TABLE" queries. This hack
+		// modifies the query so that it a proper number of affected rows is returned.
+		if ($this->delete_hack === TRUE && preg_match('/^\s*DELETE\s+FROM\s+(\S+)\s*$/i', $sql))
 		{
-			if (preg_match('/^\s*DELETE\s+FROM\s+(\S+)\s*$/i', $sql))
-			{
-				$sql = preg_replace("/^\s*DELETE\s+FROM\s+(\S+)\s*$/", "DELETE FROM \\1 WHERE 1=1", $sql);
-			}
+			return preg_replace('/^\s*DELETE\s+FROM\s+(\S+)\s*$/', 'DELETE FROM \\1 WHERE 1=1', $sql);
 		}
 
 		return $sql;
@@ -212,18 +208,12 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Begin Transaction
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function trans_begin($test_mode = FALSE)
+	public function trans_begin($test_mode = FALSE)
 	{
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
 		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ($this->_trans_depth > 0)
+		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled OR $this->_trans_depth > 0)
 		{
 			return TRUE;
 		}
@@ -231,7 +221,7 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_driver extends CI_DB {
 		// Reset the transaction failure flag.
 		// If the $test_mode flag is set to TRUE transactions will be rolled back
 		// even if the queries produce a successful result.
-		$this->_trans_failure = ($test_mode === TRUE) ? TRUE : FALSE;
+		$this->_trans_failure = ($test_mode === TRUE);
 
 		$this->simple_query('SET AUTOCOMMIT=0');
 		$this->simple_query('START TRANSACTION'); // can also be BEGIN or BEGIN WORK
@@ -243,18 +233,12 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Commit Transaction
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function trans_commit()
+	public function trans_commit()
 	{
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
 		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ($this->_trans_depth > 0)
+		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled OR $this->_trans_depth > 0)
 		{
 			return TRUE;
 		}
@@ -269,18 +253,12 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Rollback Transaction
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function trans_rollback()
+	public function trans_rollback()
 	{
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
 		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ($this->_trans_depth > 0)
+		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled OR $this->_trans_depth > 0)
 		{
 			return TRUE;
 		}
@@ -295,12 +273,11 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Escape String
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @param	bool	whether or not the string will be used in a LIKE condition
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function escape_str($str, $like = FALSE)
+	public function escape_str($str, $like = FALSE)
 	{
 		if (is_array($str))
 		{
@@ -312,7 +289,7 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_driver extends CI_DB {
 			return $str;
 		}
 
-		if (function_exists('mysqli_real_escape_string') AND is_object($this->conn_id))
+		if (function_exists('mysqli_real_escape_string') && is_object($this->conn_id))
 		{
 			$str = mysqli_real_escape_string($this->conn_id, $str);
 		}
@@ -328,7 +305,7 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_driver extends CI_DB {
 		// escape LIKE condition wildcards
 		if ($like === TRUE)
 		{
-			$str = str_replace(array('%', '_'), array('\\%', '\\_'), $str);
+			return str_replace(array('%', '_'), array('\\%', '\\_'), $str);
 		}
 
 		return $str;
@@ -339,10 +316,9 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Affected Rows
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	int
 	 */
-	function affected_rows()
+	public function affected_rows()
 	{
 		return @mysqli_affected_rows($this->conn_id);
 	}
@@ -352,10 +328,9 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Insert ID
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	int
 	 */
-	function insert_id()
+	public function insert_id()
 	{
 		return @mysqli_insert_id($this->conn_id);
 	}
@@ -368,27 +343,25 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 * Generates a platform-specific query string that counts all records in
 	 * the specified database
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function count_all($table = '')
+	public function count_all($table = '')
 	{
 		if ($table == '')
 		{
 			return 0;
 		}
 
-		$query = $this->query($this->_count_string . $this->_protect_identifiers('numrows') . " FROM " . $this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE));
-
+		$query = $this->query($this->_count_string.$this->protect_identifiers('numrows').' FROM '.$this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE));
 		if ($query->num_rows() == 0)
 		{
 			return 0;
 		}
 
-		$row = $query->row();
+		$query = $query->row();
 		$this->_reset_select();
-		return (int) $row->numrows;
+		return (int) $query->numrows;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -399,16 +372,16 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the table names can be fetched
 	 *
 	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	boolean
+	 * @param	bool
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _list_tables($prefix_limit = FALSE)
+	protected function _list_tables($prefix_limit = FALSE)
 	{
-		$sql = "SHOW TABLES FROM ".$this->_escape_char.$this->database.$this->_escape_char;
+		$sql = 'SHOW TABLES FROM '.$this->_escape_char.$this->database.$this->_escape_char;
 
-		if ($prefix_limit !== FALSE AND $this->dbprefix != '')
+		if ($prefix_limit !== FALSE && $this->dbprefix != '')
 		{
-			$sql .= " LIKE '".$this->escape_like_str($this->dbprefix)."%'";
+			return $sql." LIKE '".$this->escape_like_str($this->dbprefix)."%'";
 		}
 
 		return $sql;
@@ -421,55 +394,61 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the column names can be fetched
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the table name
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _list_columns($table = '')
+	protected function _list_columns($table = '')
 	{
-		return "SHOW COLUMNS FROM ".$this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE);
+		return 'SHOW COLUMNS FROM '.$this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Field data query
+	 * Returns an object with field data
 	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that the column data can be retrieved
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the table name
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	function _field_data($table)
+	public function field_data($table = '')
 	{
-		return "DESCRIBE ".$table;
-	}
+		if ($table == '')
+		{
+			return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_field_param_missing') : FALSE;
+		}
 
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+		$query = $this->query('DESCRIBE '.$this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE));
+		$query = $query->result_object();
 
-	/**
-	 * The error message string
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	function _error_message()
-	{
-		return mysqli_error($this->conn_id);
+		$retval = array();
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($query); $i < $c; $i++)
+		{
+			preg_match('/([a-z]+)(\(\d+\))?/', $query[$i]->Type, $matches);
+
+			$retval[$i]			= new stdClass();
+			$retval[$i]->name		= $query[$i]->Field;
+			$retval[$i]->type		= empty($matches[1]) ? NULL : $matches[1];
+			$retval[$i]->default		= $query[$i]->Default;
+			$retval[$i]->max_length		= empty($matches[2]) ? NULL : preg_replace('/[^\d]/', '', $matches[2]);
+			$retval[$i]->primary_key	= (int) ($query[$i]->Key === 'PRI');
+		}
+
+		return $retval;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * The error message number
+	 * Error
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * Returns an array containing code and message of the last
+	 * database error that has occured.
+	 *
+	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function _error_number()
+	public function error()
 	{
-		return mysqli_errno($this->conn_id);
+		return array('code' => mysqli_errno($this->conn_id), 'message' => mysqli_error($this->conn_id));
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -479,11 +458,10 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * This function escapes column and table names
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _escape_identifiers($item)
+	public function _escape_identifiers($item)
 	{
 		if ($this->_escape_char == '')
 		{
@@ -494,24 +472,20 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_driver extends CI_DB {
 		{
 			if (strpos($item, '.'.$id) !== FALSE)
 			{
-				$str = $this->_escape_char. str_replace('.', $this->_escape_char.'.', $item);
+				$item = str_replace('.', $this->_escape_char.'.', $item);
 
 				// remove duplicates if the user already included the escape
-				return preg_replace('/['.$this->_escape_char.']+/', $this->_escape_char, $str);
+				return preg_replace('/['.$this->_escape_char.']+/', $this->_escape_char, $this->_escape_char.$item);
 			}
 		}
 
 		if (strpos($item, '.') !== FALSE)
 		{
-			$str = $this->_escape_char.str_replace('.', $this->_escape_char.'.'.$this->_escape_char, $item).$this->_escape_char;
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			$str = $this->_escape_char.$item.$this->_escape_char;
+			$item = str_replace('.', $this->_escape_char.'.'.$this->_escape_char, $item);
 		}
 
 		// remove duplicates if the user already included the escape
-		return preg_replace('/['.$this->_escape_char.']+/', $this->_escape_char, $str);
+		return preg_replace('/['.$this->_escape_char.']+/', $this->_escape_char, $this->_escape_char.$item.$this->_escape_char);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -522,11 +496,10 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 * This function implicitly groups FROM tables so there is no confusion
 	 * about operator precedence in harmony with SQL standards
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	type
-	 * @return	type
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _from_tables($tables)
+	protected function _from_tables($tables)
 	{
 		if ( ! is_array($tables))
 		{
@@ -543,15 +516,14 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific insert string from the supplied data
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the table name
 	 * @param	array	the insert keys
 	 * @param	array	the insert values
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _insert($table, $keys, $values)
+	protected function _insert($table, $keys, $values)
 	{
-		return "INSERT INTO ".$table." (".implode(', ', $keys).") VALUES (".implode(', ', $values).")";
+		return 'INSERT INTO '.$table.' ('.implode(', ', $keys).') VALUES ('.implode(', ', $values).')';
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -561,15 +533,14 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific insert string from the supplied data
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the table name
 	 * @param	array	the insert keys
 	 * @param	array	the insert values
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _insert_batch($table, $keys, $values)
+	protected function _insert_batch($table, $keys, $values)
 	{
-		return "INSERT INTO ".$table." (".implode(', ', $keys).") VALUES ".implode(', ', $values);
+		return 'INSERT INTO '.$table.' ('.implode(', ', $keys).') VALUES '.implode(', ', $values);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -580,17 +551,16 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific replace string from the supplied data
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the table name
 	 * @param	array	the insert keys
 	 * @param	array	the insert values
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _replace($table, $keys, $values)
+	protected function _replace($table, $keys, $values)
 	{
-		return "REPLACE INTO ".$table." (".implode(', ', $keys).") VALUES (".implode(', ', $values).")";
+		return 'REPLACE INTO '.$table.' ('.implode(', ', $keys).') VALUES ('.implode(', ', $values).')';
 	}
-	
+
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
@@ -598,7 +568,6 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific update string from the supplied data
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the table name
 	 * @param	array	the update data
 	 * @param	array	the where clause
@@ -606,24 +575,17 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 * @param	array	the limit clause
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _update($table, $values, $where, $orderby = array(), $limit = FALSE)
+	protected function _update($table, $values, $where, $orderby = array(), $limit = FALSE)
 	{
 		foreach ($values as $key => $val)
 		{
-			$valstr[] = $key." = ".$val;
+			$valstr[] = $key.' = '.$val;
 		}
 
-		$limit = ( ! $limit) ? '' : ' LIMIT '.$limit;
-
-		$orderby = (count($orderby) >= 1)?' ORDER BY '.implode(", ", $orderby):'';
-
-		$sql = "UPDATE ".$table." SET ".implode(', ', $valstr);
-
-		$sql .= ($where != '' AND count($where) >=1) ? " WHERE ".implode(" ", $where) : '';
-
-		$sql .= $orderby.$limit;
-
-		return $sql;
+		return 'UPDATE '.$table.' SET '.implode(', ', $valstr)
+			.(($where != '' && count($where) > 0) ? ' WHERE '.implode(' ', $where) : '')
+			.(count($orderby) > 0 ? ' ORDER BY '.implode(', ', $orderby) : '')
+			.( ! $limit ? '' : ' LIMIT '.$limit);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -633,17 +595,14 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific batch update string from the supplied data
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the table name
 	 * @param	array	the update data
 	 * @param	array	the where clause
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _update_batch($table, $values, $index, $where = NULL)
+	protected function _update_batch($table, $values, $index, $where = NULL)
 	{
 		$ids = array();
-		$where = ($where != '' AND count($where) >=1) ? implode(" ", $where).' AND ' : '';
-
 		foreach ($values as $key => $val)
 		{
 			$ids[] = $val[$index];
@@ -657,25 +616,19 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_driver extends CI_DB {
 			}
 		}
 
-		$sql = "UPDATE ".$table." SET ";
 		$cases = '';
-
 		foreach ($final as $k => $v)
 		{
-			$cases .= $k.' = CASE '."\n";
-			foreach ($v as $row)
-			{
-				$cases .= $row."\n";
-			}
-
-			$cases .= 'ELSE '.$k.' END, ';
+			$cases .= $k.' = CASE '."\n"
+				.implode("\n", $v)."\n"
+				.'ELSE '.$k.' END, ';
 		}
 
-		$sql .= substr($cases, 0, -2);
+		$where = ($where != '' && count($where) > 0) ? implode(' ', $where).' AND ' : '';
 
-		$sql .= ' WHERE '.$where.$index.' IN ('.implode(',', $ids).')';
-
-		return $sql;
+		return 'UPDATE '.$table.' SET '.substr($cases, 0, -2)
+			.' WHERE '.(($where != '' && count($where) > 0) ? implode(' ', $where).' AND ' : '')
+			.$index.' IN('.implode(',', $ids).')';
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -687,13 +640,12 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 * If the database does not support the truncate() command
 	 * This function maps to "DELETE FROM table"
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the table name
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _truncate($table)
+	protected function _truncate($table)
 	{
-		return "TRUNCATE ".$table;
+		return 'TRUNCATE '.$table;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -703,31 +655,26 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific delete string from the supplied data
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the table name
 	 * @param	array	the where clause
 	 * @param	string	the limit clause
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _delete($table, $where = array(), $like = array(), $limit = FALSE)
+	protected function _delete($table, $where = array(), $like = array(), $limit = FALSE)
 	{
 		$conditions = '';
-
 		if (count($where) > 0 OR count($like) > 0)
 		{
-			$conditions = "\nWHERE ";
-			$conditions .= implode("\n", $this->ar_where);
+			$conditions = "\nWHERE ".implode("\n", $this->ar_where);
 
 			if (count($where) > 0 && count($like) > 0)
 			{
-				$conditions .= " AND ";
+				$conditions .= ' AND ';
 			}
 			$conditions .= implode("\n", $like);
 		}
 
-		$limit = ( ! $limit) ? '' : ' LIMIT '.$limit;
-
-		return "DELETE FROM ".$table.$conditions.$limit;
+		return 'DELETE FROM '.$table.$conditions.( ! $limit ? '' : ' LIMIT '.$limit);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -737,22 +684,15 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific LIMIT clause
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the sql query string
-	 * @param	integer	the number of rows to limit the query to
-	 * @param	integer	the offset value
+	 * @param	int	the number of rows to limit the query to
+	 * @param	int	the offset value
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _limit($sql, $limit, $offset)
+	protected function _limit($sql, $limit, $offset)
 	{
-		$sql .= "LIMIT ".$limit;
-
-		if ($offset > 0)
-		{
-			$sql .= " OFFSET ".$offset;
-		}
-
-		return $sql;
+		return $sql.' LIMIT '.$limit
+			.($offset > 0 ? ' OFFSET '.$offset : '');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -760,18 +700,15 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Close DB Connection
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	resource
+	 * @param	object
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function _close($conn_id)
+	protected function _close($conn_id)
 	{
 		@mysqli_close($conn_id);
 	}
 
-
 }
 
-
 /* End of file mysqli_driver.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_driver.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_driver.php */
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_forge.php
index 590efa939..744525f02 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_forge.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_forge.php
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
  * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
  *
  * NOTICE OF LICENSE
- * 
+ *
  * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
- * 
+ *
  * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
  * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
  * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
@@ -25,8 +25,6 @@
  * @filesource
  */
 
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
 /**
  * MySQLi Forge Class
  *
@@ -39,13 +37,12 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 	/**
 	 * Create database
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string	the database name
-	 * @return	bool
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _create_database($name)
+	public function _create_database($name)
 	{
-		return "CREATE DATABASE ".$name;
+		return 'CREATE DATABASE '.$name;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -53,13 +50,12 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 	/**
 	 * Drop database
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string	the database name
-	 * @return	bool
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _drop_database($name)
+	public function _drop_database($name)
 	{
-		return "DROP DATABASE ".$name;
+		return 'DROP DATABASE '.$name;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -67,68 +63,35 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 	/**
 	 * Process Fields
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	mixed	the fields
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _process_fields($fields)
+	public function _process_fields($fields)
 	{
 		$current_field_count = 0;
 		$sql = '';
 
-		foreach ($fields as $field=>$attributes)
+		foreach ($fields as $field => $attributes)
 		{
 			// Numeric field names aren't allowed in databases, so if the key is
 			// numeric, we know it was assigned by PHP and the developer manually
 			// entered the field information, so we'll simply add it to the list
 			if (is_numeric($field))
 			{
-				$sql .= "\n\t$attributes";
+				$sql .= "\n\t".$attributes;
 			}
 			else
 			{
 				$attributes = array_change_key_case($attributes, CASE_UPPER);
 
-				$sql .= "\n\t".$this->db->_protect_identifiers($field);
-
-				if (array_key_exists('NAME', $attributes))
-				{
-					$sql .= ' '.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($attributes['NAME']).' ';
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('TYPE', $attributes))
-				{
-					$sql .=  ' '.$attributes['TYPE'];
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('CONSTRAINT', $attributes))
-				{
-					$sql .= '('.$attributes['CONSTRAINT'].')';
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('UNSIGNED', $attributes) && $attributes['UNSIGNED'] === TRUE)
-				{
-					$sql .= ' UNSIGNED';
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('DEFAULT', $attributes))
-				{
-					$sql .= ' DEFAULT \''.$attributes['DEFAULT'].'\'';
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('NULL', $attributes) && $attributes['NULL'] === TRUE)
-				{
-					$sql .= ' NULL';
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					$sql .= ' NOT NULL';
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('AUTO_INCREMENT', $attributes) && $attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT'] === TRUE)
-				{
-					$sql .= ' AUTO_INCREMENT';
-				}
+				$sql .= "\n\t".$this->db->protect_identifiers($field)
+					.( ! empty($attributes['NAME']) ? ' '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($attributes['NAME']).' ' : '')
+					.( ! empty($attributes['TYPE']) ? ' '.$attributes['TYPE'] : '')
+					.( ! empty($attributes['CONSTRAINT']) ? '('.$attributes['CONSTRAINT'].')' : '')
+					.(( ! empty($attributes['UNSIGNED']) && $attributes['UNSIGNED'] === TRUE) ? ' UNSIGNED' : '')
+					.(isset($attributes['DEFAULT']) ? " DEFAULT '".$attributes['DEFAULT']."'" : '')
+					.(( ! empty($attributes['NULL']) && $attributes['NULL'] === TRUE) ? ' NULL' : ' NOT NULL')
+					.(( ! empty($attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT']) && $attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT'] === TRUE) ? ' AUTO_INCREMENT' : '');
 			}
 
 			// don't add a comma on the end of the last field
@@ -146,15 +109,14 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 	/**
 	 * Create Table
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string	the table name
 	 * @param	mixed	the fields
 	 * @param	mixed	primary key(s)
 	 * @param	mixed	key(s)
-	 * @param	boolean	should 'IF NOT EXISTS' be added to the SQL
+	 * @param	bool	should 'IF NOT EXISTS' be added to the SQL
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function _create_table($table, $fields, $primary_keys, $keys, $if_not_exists)
+	public function _create_table($table, $fields, $primary_keys, $keys, $if_not_exists)
 	{
 		$sql = 'CREATE TABLE ';
 
@@ -163,15 +125,12 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 			$sql .= 'IF NOT EXISTS ';
 		}
 
-		$sql .= $this->db->_escape_identifiers($table)." (";
-
-		$sql .= $this->_process_fields($fields);
+		$sql .= $this->db->_escape_identifiers($table).' ('.$this->_process_fields($fields);
 
 		if (count($primary_keys) > 0)
 		{
-			$key_name = $this->db->_protect_identifiers(implode('_', $primary_keys));
-			$primary_keys = $this->db->_protect_identifiers($primary_keys);
-			$sql .= ",\n\tPRIMARY KEY ".$key_name." (" . implode(', ', $primary_keys) . ")";
+			$key_name = $this->db->protect_identifiers(implode('_', $primary_keys));
+			$sql .= ",\n\tPRIMARY KEY ".$key_name.' ('.implode(', ', $this->db->protect_identifiers($primary_keys)).')';
 		}
 
 		if (is_array($keys) && count($keys) > 0)
@@ -180,22 +139,20 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 			{
 				if (is_array($key))
 				{
-					$key_name = $this->db->_protect_identifiers(implode('_', $key));
-					$key = $this->db->_protect_identifiers($key);
+					$key_name = $this->db->protect_identifiers(implode('_', $key));
+					$key = $this->db->protect_identifiers($key);
 				}
 				else
 				{
-					$key_name = $this->db->_protect_identifiers($key);
+					$key_name = $this->db->protect_identifiers($key);
 					$key = array($key_name);
 				}
 
-				$sql .= ",\n\tKEY {$key_name} (" . implode(', ', $key) . ")";
+				$sql .= ",\n\tKEY ".$key_name.' ('.implode(', ', $key).')';
 			}
 		}
 
-		$sql .= "\n) DEFAULT CHARACTER SET {$this->db->char_set} COLLATE {$this->db->dbcollat};";
-
-		return $sql;
+		return $sql."\n) DEFAULT CHARACTER SET ".$this->db->char_set.' COLLATE '.$this->db->dbcollat.';';
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -203,12 +160,11 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 	/**
 	 * Drop Table
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _drop_table($table)
+	public function _drop_table($table)
 	{
-		return "DROP TABLE IF EXISTS ".$this->db->_escape_identifiers($table);
+		return 'DROP TABLE IF EXISTS '.$this->db->_escape_identifiers($table);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -219,31 +175,24 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that a table can be altered
 	 * Called by add_column(), drop_column(), and column_alter(),
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string	the ALTER type (ADD, DROP, CHANGE)
 	 * @param	string	the column name
 	 * @param	array	fields
 	 * @param	string	the field after which we should add the new field
-	 * @return	object
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $fields, $after_field = '')
+	public function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $fields, $after_field = '')
 	{
-		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($table)." $alter_type ";
+		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table).' '.$alter_type.' ';
 
 		// DROP has everything it needs now.
-		if ($alter_type == 'DROP')
-		{
-			return $sql.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($fields);
-		}
-
-		$sql .= $this->_process_fields($fields);
-
-		if ($after_field != '')
+		if ($alter_type === 'DROP')
 		{
-			$sql .= ' AFTER ' . $this->db->_protect_identifiers($after_field);
+			return $sql.$this->db->protect_identifiers($fields);
 		}
 
-		return $sql;
+		return $sql.$this->_process_fields($fields)
+			.($after_field != '' ? ' AFTER '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($after_field) : '');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -253,18 +202,16 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that a table can be renamed
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string	the old table name
 	 * @param	string	the new table name
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _rename_table($table_name, $new_table_name)
+	public function _rename_table($table_name, $new_table_name)
 	{
-		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($table_name)." RENAME TO ".$this->db->_protect_identifiers($new_table_name);
-		return $sql;
+		return 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table_name).' RENAME TO '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($new_table_name);
 	}
 
 }
 
 /* End of file mysqli_forge.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_forge.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_forge.php */
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_result.php b/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_result.php
index 89dd4ded8..8b909cc56 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_result.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_result.php
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
  * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
  *
  * NOTICE OF LICENSE
- * 
+ *
  * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
- * 
+ *
  * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
  * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
  * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
@@ -25,8 +25,6 @@
  * @filesource
  */
 
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
 /**
  * MySQLi Result Class
  *
@@ -41,10 +39,9 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	/**
 	 * Number of rows in the result set
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	int
 	 */
-	function num_rows()
+	public function num_rows()
 	{
 		return @mysqli_num_rows($this->result_id);
 	}
@@ -54,10 +51,9 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	/**
 	 * Number of fields in the result set
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	int
 	 */
-	function num_fields()
+	public function num_fields()
 	{
 		return @mysqli_num_fields($this->result_id);
 	}
@@ -69,10 +65,9 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 *
 	 * Generates an array of column names
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function list_fields()
+	public function list_fields()
 	{
 		$field_names = array();
 		while ($field = mysqli_fetch_field($this->result_id))
@@ -90,40 +85,33 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 *
 	 * Generates an array of objects containing field meta-data
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function field_data()
+	public function field_data()
 	{
 		$retval = array();
-		while ($field = mysqli_fetch_object($this->result_id))
+		$field_data = mysqli_fetch_fields($this->result_id);
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($field_data); $i < $c; $i++)
 		{
-			preg_match('/([a-zA-Z]+)(\(\d+\))?/', $field->Type, $matches);
-
-			$type = (array_key_exists(1, $matches)) ? $matches[1] : NULL;
-			$length = (array_key_exists(2, $matches)) ? preg_replace('/[^\d]/', '', $matches[2]) : NULL;
-
-			$F				= new stdClass();
-			$F->name		= $field->Field;
-			$F->type		= $type;
-			$F->default		= $field->Default;
-			$F->max_length	= $length;
-			$F->primary_key = ( $field->Key == 'PRI' ? 1 : 0 );
-
-			$retval[] = $F;
+			$retval[$i]			= new stdClass();
+			$retval[$i]->name		= $field_data[$i]->name;
+			$retval[$i]->type		= $field_data[$i]->type;
+			$retval[$i]->max_length		= $field_data[$i]->max_length;
+			$retval[$i]->primary_key	= (int) ($field_data[$i]->flags & 2);
+			$retval[$i]->default		= '';
 		}
 
 		return $retval;
 	}
-	
+
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
 	 * Free the result
 	 *
-	 * @return	null
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function free_result()
+	public function free_result()
 	{
 		if (is_object($this->result_id))
 		{
@@ -141,10 +129,9 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 * this internally before fetching results to make sure the
 	 * result set starts at zero
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function _data_seek($n = 0)
+	protected function _data_seek($n = 0)
 	{
 		return mysqli_data_seek($this->result_id, $n);
 	}
@@ -156,10 +143,9 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 *
 	 * Returns the result set as an array
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function _fetch_assoc()
+	protected function _fetch_assoc()
 	{
 		return mysqli_fetch_assoc($this->result_id);
 	}
@@ -171,16 +157,14 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 *
 	 * Returns the result set as an object
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	function _fetch_object()
+	protected function _fetch_object()
 	{
 		return mysqli_fetch_object($this->result_id);
 	}
 
 }
 
-
 /* End of file mysqli_result.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_result.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_result.php */
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_utility.php b/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_utility.php
index 76bd49e31..3fdc5c723 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_utility.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_utility.php
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
  * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
  *
  * NOTICE OF LICENSE
- * 
+ *
  * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
- * 
+ *
  * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
  * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
  * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
@@ -25,8 +25,6 @@
  * @filesource
  */
 
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
 /**
  * MySQLi Utility Class
  *
@@ -39,12 +37,11 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 	/**
 	 * List databases
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	bool
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _list_databases()
+	public function _list_databases()
 	{
-		return "SHOW DATABASES";
+		return 'SHOW DATABASES';
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -54,13 +51,12 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that a table can be optimized
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	object
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _optimize_table($table)
+	public function _optimize_table($table)
 	{
-		return "OPTIMIZE TABLE ".$this->db->_escape_identifiers($table);
+		return 'OPTIMIZE TABLE '.$this->db->_escape_identifiers($table);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -70,13 +66,12 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that a table can be repaired
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	object
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _repair_table($table)
+	public function _repair_table($table)
 	{
-		return "REPAIR TABLE ".$this->db->_escape_identifiers($table);
+		return 'REPAIR TABLE '.$this->db->_escape_identifiers($table);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -84,11 +79,10 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 	/**
 	 * MySQLi Export
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	array	Preferences
 	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
-	function _backup($params = array())
+	public function _backup($params = array())
 	{
 		// Currently unsupported
 		return $this->db->display_error('db_unsuported_feature');
@@ -96,4 +90,4 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 }
 
 /* End of file mysqli_utility.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_utility.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_utility.php */
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_driver.php
index c6621901b..8db6c1286 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_driver.php
@@ -139,30 +139,15 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Set client character set
+	 * Database version number
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	resource
-	 */
-	public function db_set_charset($charset, $collation)
-	{
-		// this is done upon connect
-		return TRUE;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Version number query string
-	 *
-	 * @access  protected
-	 * @return  string
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	protected function _version()
+	public function version()
 	{
-		return oci_server_version($this->conn_id);
+		return isset($this->data_cache['version'])
+			? $this->data_cache['version']
+			: $this->data_cache['version'] = oci_server_version($this->conn_id);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -398,10 +383,9 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Escape String
 	 *
-	 * @access  public
-	 * @param   string
+	 * @param	string
 	 * @param	bool	whether or not the string will be used in a LIKE condition
-	 * @return  string
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	public function escape_str($str, $like = FALSE)
 	{
@@ -415,15 +399,14 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_driver extends CI_DB {
 			return $str;
 		}
 
-		$str = remove_invisible_characters($str);
-		$str = str_replace("'", "''", $str);
+		$str = str_replace("'", "''", remove_invisible_characters($str));
 
 		// escape LIKE condition wildcards
 		if ($like === TRUE)
 		{
-			$str = str_replace(	array('%', '_', $this->_like_escape_chr),
-								array($this->_like_escape_chr.'%', $this->_like_escape_chr.'_', $this->_like_escape_chr.$this->_like_escape_chr),
-								$str);
+			return str_replace(array($this->_like_escape_chr, '%', '_'),
+						array($this->_like_escape_chr.$this->_like_escape_chr, $this->_like_escape_chr.'%', $this->_like_escape_chr.'_'),
+						$str);
 		}
 
 		return $str;
@@ -475,8 +458,7 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_driver extends CI_DB {
 			return 0;
 		}
 
-		$query = $this->query($this->_count_string . $this->_protect_identifiers('numrows') . " FROM " . $this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE));
-
+		$query = $this->query($this->_count_string.$this->protect_identifiers('numrows').' FROM '.$this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE));
 		if ($query == FALSE)
 		{
 			return 0;
@@ -545,31 +527,32 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * The error message string
+	 * Error
 	 *
-	 * @access  protected
-	 * @return  string
-	 */
-	protected function _error_message()
-	{
-		// If the error was during connection, no conn_id should be passed
-		$error = is_resource($this->conn_id) ? oci_error($this->conn_id) : oci_error();
-		return $error['message'];
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * The error message number
+	 * Returns an array containing code and message of the last
+	 * database error that has occured.
 	 *
-	 * @access  protected
-	 * @return  integer
+	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	protected function _error_number()
+	public function error()
 	{
-		// Same as _error_message()
-		$error = is_resource($this->conn_id) ? oci_error($this->conn_id) : oci_error();
-		return $error['code'];
+		/* oci_error() returns an array that already contains the
+		 * 'code' and 'message' keys, so we can just return it.
+		 */
+		if (is_resource($this->curs_id))
+		{
+			return oci_error($this->curs_id);
+		}
+		elseif (is_resource($this->stmt_id))
+		{
+			return oci_error($this->stmt_id);
+		}
+		elseif (is_resource($this->conn_id))
+		{
+			return oci_error($this->conn_id);
+		}
+
+		return oci_error();
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_forge.php
index b4a24cdca..48f98d022 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_forge.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_forge.php
@@ -67,15 +67,14 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 	/**
 	 * Create Table
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string	the table name
 	 * @param	array	the fields
 	 * @param	mixed	primary key(s)
 	 * @param	mixed	key(s)
-	 * @param	boolean	should 'IF NOT EXISTS' be added to the SQL
+	 * @param	bool	should 'IF NOT EXISTS' be added to the SQL
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function _create_table($table, $fields, $primary_keys, $keys, $if_not_exists)
+	public function _create_table($table, $fields, $primary_keys, $keys, $if_not_exists)
 	{
 		$sql = 'CREATE TABLE ';
 
@@ -84,54 +83,27 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 			$sql .= 'IF NOT EXISTS ';
 		}
 
-		$sql .= $this->db->_escape_identifiers($table)." (";
+		$sql .= $this->db->_escape_identifiers($table).' (';
 		$current_field_count = 0;
 
-		foreach ($fields as $field=>$attributes)
+		foreach ($fields as $field => $attributes)
 		{
 			// Numeric field names aren't allowed in databases, so if the key is
 			// numeric, we know it was assigned by PHP and the developer manually
 			// entered the field information, so we'll simply add it to the list
 			if (is_numeric($field))
 			{
-				$sql .= "\n\t$attributes";
+				$sql .= "\n\t".$attributes;
 			}
 			else
 			{
 				$attributes = array_change_key_case($attributes, CASE_UPPER);
 
-				$sql .= "\n\t".$this->db->_protect_identifiers($field);
-
-				$sql .=  ' '.$attributes['TYPE'];
-
-				if (array_key_exists('CONSTRAINT', $attributes))
-				{
-					$sql .= '('.$attributes['CONSTRAINT'].')';
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('UNSIGNED', $attributes) && $attributes['UNSIGNED'] === TRUE)
-				{
-					$sql .= ' UNSIGNED';
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('DEFAULT', $attributes))
-				{
-					$sql .= ' DEFAULT \''.$attributes['DEFAULT'].'\'';
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('NULL', $attributes) && $attributes['NULL'] === TRUE)
-				{
-					$sql .= ' NULL';
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					$sql .= ' NOT NULL';
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('AUTO_INCREMENT', $attributes) && $attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT'] === TRUE)
-				{
-					$sql .= ' AUTO_INCREMENT';
-				}
+				$sql .= "\n\t".$this->db->protect_identifiers($field).' '.$attributes['TYPE']
+					.((isset($attributes['UNSINGED']) && $attributes['UNSIGNED'] === TRUE) ? ' UNSIGNED' : '')
+					.(isset($attributes['DEFAULT']) ? " DEFAULT '".$attributes['DEFAULT']."'" : '')
+					.((isset($attributes['NULL']) && $attributes['NULL'] === TRUE) ? '' : ' NOT NULL')
+					.(isset($attributes['CONSTRAINT']) ? ' CONSTRAINT '.$attributes['CONSTRAINT'] : '');
 			}
 
 			// don't add a comma on the end of the last field
@@ -143,8 +115,8 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 
 		if (count($primary_keys) > 0)
 		{
-			$primary_keys = $this->db->_protect_identifiers($primary_keys);
-			$sql .= ",\n\tPRIMARY KEY (" . implode(', ', $primary_keys) . ")";
+			$primary_keys = $this->db->protect_identifiers($primary_keys);
+			$sql .= ",\n\tCONSTRAINT ".$table.' PRIMARY KEY ('.implode(', ', $primary_keys).')';
 		}
 
 		if (is_array($keys) && count($keys) > 0)
@@ -153,20 +125,18 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 			{
 				if (is_array($key))
 				{
-					$key = $this->db->_protect_identifiers($key);
+					$key = $this->db->protect_identifiers($key);
 				}
 				else
 				{
-					$key = array($this->db->_protect_identifiers($key));
+					$key = array($this->db->protect_identifiers($key));
 				}
 
-				$sql .= ",\n\tUNIQUE COLUMNS (" . implode(', ', $key) . ")";
+				$sql .= ",\n\tUNIQUE COLUMNS (".implode(', ', $key).")";
 			}
 		}
 
-		$sql .= "\n)";
-
-		return $sql;
+		return $sql."\n)";
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -202,7 +172,7 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 	 */
 	function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $column_name, $column_definition = '', $default_value = '', $null = '', $after_field = '')
 	{
-		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($table)." $alter_type ".$this->db->_protect_identifiers($column_name);
+		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table).' '.$alter_type.' '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($column_name);
 
 		// DROP has everything it needs now.
 		if ($alter_type == 'DROP')
@@ -228,7 +198,7 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 
 		if ($after_field != '')
 		{
-			$sql .= ' AFTER ' . $this->db->_protect_identifiers($after_field);
+			return $sql.' AFTER '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($after_field);
 		}
 
 		return $sql;
@@ -249,12 +219,10 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 	 */
 	function _rename_table($table_name, $new_table_name)
 	{
-		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($table_name)." RENAME TO ".$this->db->_protect_identifiers($new_table_name);
-		return $sql;
+		return 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table_name).' RENAME TO '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($new_table_name);
 	}
 
-
 }
 
 /* End of file oci8_forge.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_forge.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_forge.php */
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_result.php b/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_result.php
index 0f69fa9ef..383b9f1a0 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_result.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_result.php
@@ -38,9 +38,18 @@
  */
 class CI_DB_oci8_result extends CI_DB_result {
 
-	var $stmt_id;
-	var $curs_id;
-	var $limit_used;
+	public $stmt_id;
+	public $curs_id;
+	public $limit_used;
+
+	public function __construct(&$driver_object)
+	{
+		parent::__construct($driver_object);
+		$this->stmt_id = $driver_object->stmt_id;
+		$this->curs_id = $driver_object->curs_id;
+		$this->limit_used = $driver_object->limit_used;
+		$driver_object->stmt_id = FALSE;
+	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Number of rows in the result set.
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_driver.php
index 6ba39f0cd..2575f431d 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_driver.php
@@ -124,35 +124,6 @@ class CI_DB_odbc_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Set client character set
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	resource
-	 */
-	function db_set_charset($charset, $collation)
-	{
-		// @todo - add support if needed
-		return TRUE;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Version number query string
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	function _version()
-	{
-		return "SELECT version() AS ver";
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
 	 * Execute the query
 	 *
 	 * @access	private called by the base class
@@ -316,12 +287,11 @@ class CI_DB_odbc_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Insert ID
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function insert_id()
+	public function insert_id()
 	{
-		return @odbc_insert_id($this->conn_id);
+		return ($this->db->db_debug) ? $this->db->display_error('db_unsuported_feature') : FALSE;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -343,7 +313,7 @@ class CI_DB_odbc_driver extends CI_DB {
 			return 0;
 		}
 
-		$query = $this->query($this->_count_string . $this->_protect_identifiers('numrows') . " FROM " . $this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE));
+		$query = $this->query($this->_count_string . $this->protect_identifiers('numrows') . " FROM " . $this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE));
 
 		if ($query->num_rows() == 0)
 		{
@@ -414,27 +384,16 @@ class CI_DB_odbc_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * The error message string
+	 * Error
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	function _error_message()
-	{
-		return odbc_errormsg($this->conn_id);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * The error message number
+	 * Returns an array containing code and message of the last
+	 * database error that has occured.
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function _error_number()
+	public function error()
 	{
-		return odbc_error($this->conn_id);
+		return array('code' => odbc_error($this->conn_id), 'message' => odbc_errormsg($this->conn_id));
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -646,4 +605,4 @@ class CI_DB_odbc_driver extends CI_DB {
 
 
 /* End of file odbc_driver.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_driver.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_driver.php */
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_forge.php
index e0ec687c8..51addf03d 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_forge.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_forge.php
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ class CI_DB_odbc_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 			{
 				$attributes = array_change_key_case($attributes, CASE_UPPER);
 
-				$sql .= "\n\t".$this->db->_protect_identifiers($field);
+				$sql .= "\n\t".$this->db->protect_identifiers($field);
 
 				$sql .=  ' '.$attributes['TYPE'];
 
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ class CI_DB_odbc_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 
 		if (count($primary_keys) > 0)
 		{
-			$primary_keys = $this->db->_protect_identifiers($primary_keys);
+			$primary_keys = $this->db->protect_identifiers($primary_keys);
 			$sql .= ",\n\tPRIMARY KEY (" . implode(', ', $primary_keys) . ")";
 		}
 
@@ -165,11 +165,11 @@ class CI_DB_odbc_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 			{
 				if (is_array($key))
 				{
-					$key = $this->db->_protect_identifiers($key);
+					$key = $this->db->protect_identifiers($key);
 				}
 				else
 				{
-					$key = array($this->db->_protect_identifiers($key));
+					$key = array($this->db->protect_identifiers($key));
 				}
 
 				$sql .= ",\n\tFOREIGN KEY (" . implode(', ', $key) . ")";
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ class CI_DB_odbc_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 	 */
 	function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $column_name, $column_definition = '', $default_value = '', $null = '', $after_field = '')
 	{
-		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($table)." $alter_type ".$this->db->_protect_identifiers($column_name);
+		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table).' '.$alter_type.' '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($column_name);
 
 		// DROP has everything it needs now.
 		if ($alter_type == 'DROP')
@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ class CI_DB_odbc_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 
 		if ($after_field != '')
 		{
-			$sql .= ' AFTER ' . $this->db->_protect_identifiers($after_field);
+			return $sql.' AFTER '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($after_field);
 		}
 
 		return $sql;
@@ -267,12 +267,10 @@ class CI_DB_odbc_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 	 */
 	function _rename_table($table_name, $new_table_name)
 	{
-		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($table_name)." RENAME TO ".$this->db->_protect_identifiers($new_table_name);
-		return $sql;
+		return 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table_name).' RENAME TO '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($new_table_name);
 	}
 
-
 }
 
 /* End of file odbc_forge.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_forge.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_forge.php */
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_result.php b/system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_result.php
index ba660856e..de2c58cb9 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_result.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_result.php
@@ -38,15 +38,27 @@
  */
 class CI_DB_odbc_result extends CI_DB_result {
 
+	public $num_rows;
+
 	/**
 	 * Number of rows in the result set
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	int
 	 */
-	function num_rows()
+	public function num_rows()
 	{
-		return @odbc_num_rows($this->result_id);
+		if (is_int($this->num_rows))
+		{
+			return $this->num_rows;
+		}
+
+		// Work-around for ODBC subdrivers that don't support num_rows()
+		if (($this->num_rows = @odbc_num_rows($this->result_id)) === -1)
+		{
+			$this->num_rows = count($this->result_array());
+		}
+
+		return $this->num_rows;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -54,10 +66,9 @@ class CI_DB_odbc_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	/**
 	 * Number of fields in the result set
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	int
 	 */
-	function num_fields()
+	public function num_fields()
 	{
 		return @odbc_num_fields($this->result_id);
 	}
@@ -69,15 +80,19 @@ class CI_DB_odbc_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 *
 	 * Generates an array of column names
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function list_fields()
+	public function list_fields()
 	{
 		$field_names = array();
-		for ($i = 0; $i < $this->num_fields(); $i++)
+		$num_fields = $this->num_fields();
+
+		if ($num_fields > 0)
 		{
-			$field_names[]	= odbc_field_name($this->result_id, $i);
+			for ($i = 1; $i <= $num_fields; $i++)
+			{
+				$field_names[] = odbc_field_name($this->result_id, $i);
+			}
 		}
 
 		return $field_names;
@@ -90,22 +105,19 @@ class CI_DB_odbc_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 *
 	 * Generates an array of objects containing field meta-data
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function field_data()
+	public function field_data()
 	{
 		$retval = array();
-		for ($i = 0; $i < $this->num_fields(); $i++)
+		for ($i = 0, $odbc_index = 1, $c = $this->num_fields(); $i < $c; $i++, $odbc_index++)
 		{
-			$F				= new stdClass();
-			$F->name		= odbc_field_name($this->result_id, $i);
-			$F->type		= odbc_field_type($this->result_id, $i);
-			$F->max_length	= odbc_field_len($this->result_id, $i);
-			$F->primary_key = 0;
-			$F->default		= '';
-
-			$retval[] = $F;
+			$retval[$i]			= new stdClass();
+			$retval[$i]->name		= odbc_field_name($this->result_id, $odbc_index);
+			$retval[$i]->type		= odbc_field_type($this->result_id, $odbc_index);
+			$retval[$i]->max_length		= odbc_field_len($this->result_id, $odbc_index);
+			$retval[$i]->primary_key	= 0;
+			$retval[$i]->default		= '';
 		}
 
 		return $retval;
@@ -233,8 +245,77 @@ class CI_DB_odbc_result extends CI_DB_result {
 		return $rs_assoc;
 	}
 
-}
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
+	/**
+	 * Query result. Array version.
+	 *
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	public function result_array()
+	{
+		if (count($this->result_array) > 0)
+		{
+			return $this->result_array;
+		}
+		elseif (($c = count($this->result_object)) > 0)
+		{
+			for ($i = 0; $i < $c; $i++)
+			{
+				$this->result_array[$i] = (array) $this->result_object[$i];
+			}
+		}
+		elseif ($this->result_id === FALSE)
+		{
+			return array();
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			while ($row = $this->_fetch_assoc())
+			{
+				$this->result_array[] = $row;
+			}
+		}
+
+		return $this->result_array;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Query result. Object version.
+	 *
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	public function result_object()
+	{
+		if (count($this->result_object) > 0)
+		{
+			return $this->result_object;
+		}
+		elseif (($c = count($this->result_array)) > 0)
+		{
+			for ($i = 0; $i < $c; $i++)
+			{
+				$this->result_object[$i] = (object) $this->result_array[$i];
+			}
+		}
+		elseif ($this->result_id === FALSE)
+		{
+			return array();
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			while ($row = $this->_fetch_object())
+			{
+				$this->result_object[] = $row;
+			}
+		}
+
+		return $this->result_object;
+	}
+
+}
 
 /* End of file odbc_result.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_result.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_result.php */
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_driver.php
index 4f4f44ba7..c8732ac3c 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_driver.php
@@ -46,9 +46,10 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 
 	// the character used to excape - not necessary for PDO
 	var $_escape_char = '';
+
+	// clause and character used for LIKE escape sequences
 	var $_like_escape_str;
 	var $_like_escape_chr;
-	
 
 	/**
 	 * The syntax to count rows is slightly different across different
@@ -57,29 +58,35 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	var $_count_string = "SELECT COUNT(*) AS ";
 	var $_random_keyword;
-	
+
+	// need to track the pdo driver and options
+	var $pdodriver;
 	var $options = array();
 
 	function __construct($params)
 	{
 		parent::__construct($params);
-		
+
+		if (preg_match('/([^;]+):/', $this->dsn, $match) && count($match) == 2)
+		{
+			// If there is a minimum valid dsn string pattern found, we're done
+			// This is for general PDO users, who tend to have a full DSN string.
+			$this->pdodriver = end($match);
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			// Try to build a complete DSN string from params
+			$this->_connect_string($params);
+		}
+
 		// clause and character used for LIKE escape sequences
-		if (strpos($this->hostname, 'mysql') !== FALSE)
+		// this one depends on the driver being used
+		if ($this->pdodriver == 'mysql')
 		{
 			$this->_like_escape_str = '';
 			$this->_like_escape_chr = '';
-			
-			//Prior to this version, the charset can't be set in the dsn
-			if(is_php('5.3.6'))
-			{
-				$this->hostname .= ";charset={$this->char_set}";
-			}
-			
-			//Set the charset with the connection options
-			$this->options['PDO::MYSQL_ATTR_INIT_COMMAND'] = "SET NAMES {$this->char_set}";
 		}
-		else if (strpos($this->hostname, 'odbc') !== FALSE)
+		elseif ($this->pdodriver == 'odbc')
 		{
 			$this->_like_escape_str = " {escape '%s'} ";
 			$this->_like_escape_chr = '!';
@@ -90,14 +97,94 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 			$this->_like_escape_chr = '!';
 		}
 		
-		if (strpos($this->hostname, 'sqlite') === FALSE)
+		$this->trans_enabled   = FALSE;
+		$this->_random_keyword = ' RND('.time().')'; // database specific random keyword
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Connection String
+	 *
+	 * @access	private
+	 * @param	array
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	function _connect_string($params)
+	{
+		if (strpos($this->hostname, ':'))
 		{
-			$this->hostname .= ";dbname=".$this->database;
+			// hostname generally would have this prototype
+			// $db['hostname'] = 'pdodriver:host(/Server(/DSN))=hostname(/DSN);';
+			// We need to get the prefix (pdodriver used by PDO).
+			$dsnarray = explode(':', $this->hostname);
+			$this->pdodriver = $dsnarray[0];
+
+			// End dsn with a semicolon for extra backward compability
+			// if database property was not empty.
+			if ( ! empty($this->database))
+			{
+				$this->dsn .= rtrim($this->hostname, ';').';';
+			}
 		}
-		
-		$this->trans_enabled = FALSE;
+		else
+		{
+			// Invalid DSN, display an error
+			if ( ! array_key_exists('pdodriver', $params))
+			{
+				show_error('Invalid DB Connection String for PDO');
+			}
 
-		$this->_random_keyword = ' RND('.time().')'; // database specific random keyword
+			// Assuming that the following DSN string format is used:
+			// $dsn = 'pdo://username:password@hostname:port/database?pdodriver=pgsql';
+			$this->dsn = $this->pdodriver.':';
+
+			// Add hostname to the DSN for databases that need it
+			if ( ! empty($this->hostname) 
+				&& strpos($this->hostname, ':') === FALSE
+				&& in_array($this->pdodriver, array('informix', 'mysql', 'pgsql', 'sybase', 'mssql', 'dblib', 'cubrid')))
+			{
+			    $this->dsn .= 'host='.$this->hostname.';';
+			}
+
+			// Add a port to the DSN for databases that can use it
+			if ( ! empty($this->port) && in_array($this->pdodriver, array('informix', 'mysql', 'pgsql', 'ibm', 'cubrid')))
+			{
+			    $this->dsn .= 'port='.$this->port.';';
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Add the database name to the DSN, if needed
+	    if (stripos($this->dsn, 'dbname') === FALSE 
+	       && in_array($this->pdodriver, array('4D', 'pgsql', 'mysql', 'firebird', 'sybase', 'mssql', 'dblib', 'cubrid')))
+	    {
+	        $this->dsn .= 'dbname='.$this->database.';';
+	    }
+	    elseif (stripos($this->dsn, 'database') === FALSE && in_array($this->pdodriver, array('ibm', 'sqlsrv')))
+	    {
+	    	if (stripos($this->dsn, 'dsn') === FALSE)
+	    	{
+		        $this->dsn .= 'database='.$this->database.';';
+	    	}
+	    }
+	    elseif ($this->pdodriver === 'sqlite' && $this->dsn === 'sqlite:')
+	    {
+	        if ($this->database !== ':memory')
+	        {
+	            if ( ! file_exists($this->database))
+	            {
+	                show_error('Invalid DB Connection string for PDO SQLite');
+	            }
+
+	            $this->dsn .= (strpos($this->database, DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR) !== 0) ? DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR : '';
+	        }
+
+	        $this->dsn .= $this->database;
+	    }
+
+	    // Add charset to the DSN, if needed
+	    if ( ! empty($this->char_set) && in_array($this->pdodriver, array('4D', 'mysql', 'sybase', 'mssql', 'dblib', 'oci')))
+	    {
+	        $this->dsn .= 'charset='.$this->char_set.';';
+	    }
 	}
 
 	/**
@@ -108,9 +195,9 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	function db_connect()
 	{
-		$this->options['PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE'] = PDO::ERRMODE_SILENT;
-		
-		return new PDO($this->hostname, $this->username, $this->password, $this->options);
+		$this->options[PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE] = PDO::ERRMODE_SILENT;
+
+		return $this->pdo_connect();
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -123,10 +210,44 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	function db_pconnect()
 	{
-		$this->options['PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE'] = PDO::ERRMODE_SILENT;
-		$this->options['PDO::ATTR_PERSISTENT'] = TRUE;
+		$this->options[PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE]    = PDO::ERRMODE_SILENT;
+		$this->options[PDO::ATTR_PERSISTENT] = TRUE;
 	
-		return new PDO($this->hostname, $this->username, $this->password, $this->options);
+		return $this->pdo_connect();
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * PDO connection
+	 *
+	 * @access	private called by the PDO driver class
+	 * @return	resource
+	 */
+	function pdo_connect()
+	{
+		// Refer : http://php.net/manual/en/ref.pdo-mysql.connection.php
+		if ($this->pdodriver == 'mysql' && is_php('5.3.6'))
+		{
+			$this->options[PDO::MYSQL_ATTR_INIT_COMMAND] = "SET NAMES $this->char_set COLLATE '$this->dbcollat'";
+		}
+
+		// Connecting...
+		try 
+		{
+			$db = new PDO($this->dsn, $this->username, $this->password, $this->options);
+		} 
+		catch (PDOException $e) 
+		{
+			if ($this->db_debug && empty($this->failover))
+			{
+				$this->display_error($e->getMessage(), '', TRUE);
+			}
+
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		return $db;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -146,6 +267,7 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 		{
 			return $this->db->display_error('db_unsuported_feature');
 		}
+
 		return FALSE;
 	}
 
@@ -166,30 +288,15 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Set client character set
+	 * Database version number
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	resource
-	 */
-	function db_set_charset($charset, $collation)
-	{
-		// @todo - add support if needed
-		return TRUE;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Version number query string
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _version()
+	public function version()
 	{
-		return $this->conn_id->getAttribute(PDO::ATTR_CLIENT_VERSION);
+		return isset($this->data_cache['version'])
+			? $this->data_cache['version']
+			: $this->data_cache['version'] = $this->conn_id->getAttribute(PDO::ATTR_SERVER_VERSION);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -204,6 +311,7 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 	function _execute($sql)
 	{
 		$sql = $this->_prep_query($sql);
+
 		$result_id = $this->conn_id->query($sql);
 		
 		if (is_object($result_id))
@@ -231,6 +339,17 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	function _prep_query($sql)
 	{
+		if ($this->pdodriver === 'pgsql')
+		{
+			// Change the backtick(s) for Postgre
+			$sql = str_replace('`', '"', $sql);
+		}
+		elseif ($this->pdodriver === 'sqlite')
+		{
+			// Change the backtick(s) for SQLite
+			$sql = str_replace('`', '', $sql);
+		}
+
 		return $sql;
 	}
 
@@ -285,6 +404,7 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 		}
 
 		$ret = $this->conn->commit();
+		
 		return $ret;
 	}
 
@@ -310,6 +430,7 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 		}
 
 		$ret = $this->conn_id->rollBack();
+
 		return $ret;
 	}
 
@@ -348,7 +469,9 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 		if ($like === TRUE)
 		{
 			$str = str_replace(	array('%', '_', $this->_like_escape_chr),
-								array($this->_like_escape_chr.'%', $this->_like_escape_chr.'_', $this->_like_escape_chr.$this->_like_escape_chr),
+								array($this->_like_escape_chr.'%', 
+								      $this->_like_escape_chr.'_', 
+								      $this->_like_escape_chr.$this->_like_escape_chr),
 								$str);
 		}
 
@@ -372,31 +495,19 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 
 	/**
 	 * Insert ID
-	 * 
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	integer
+	 *
+	 * @return	int
 	 */
-	function insert_id($name=NULL)
+	public function insert_id($name = NULL)
 	{
-		//Convenience method for postgres insertid
-		if (strpos($this->hostname, 'pgsql') !== FALSE)
+		if ($this->pdodriver === 'pgsql' && $name === NULL && $this->version() >= '8.1')
 		{
-			$v = $this->_version();
-
-			$table	= func_num_args() > 0 ? func_get_arg(0) : NULL;
-
-			if ($table == NULL && $v >= '8.1')
-			{
-				$sql='SELECT LASTVAL() as ins_id';
-			}
-			$query = $this->query($sql);
-			$row = $query->row();
-			return $row->ins_id;
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			return $this->conn_id->lastInsertId($name);
+			$query = $this->query('SELECT LASTVAL() AS ins_id');
+			$query = $query->row();
+			return $query->ins_id;
 		}
+
+		return $this->conn_id->lastInsertId($name);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -418,7 +529,8 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 			return 0;
 		}
 
-		$query = $this->query($this->_count_string . $this->_protect_identifiers('numrows') . " FROM " . $this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE));
+		$sql = $this->_count_string.$this->protect_identifiers('numrows').' FROM '.$this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE);
+		$query = $this->query($sql);
 
 		if ($query->num_rows() == 0)
 		{
@@ -427,6 +539,7 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 
 		$row = $query->row();
 		$this->_reset_select();
+
 		return (int) $row->numrows;
 	}
 
@@ -443,12 +556,19 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	function _list_tables($prefix_limit = FALSE)
 	{
-		$sql = "SHOW TABLES FROM `".$this->database."`";
+		if ($this->pdodriver == 'pgsql')
+		{
+			// Analog function to show all tables in postgre
+			$sql = "SELECT * FROM information_schema.tables WHERE table_schema = 'public'";
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			$sql = "SHOW TABLES FROM `".$this->database."`";
+		}
 
 		if ($prefix_limit !== FALSE AND $this->dbprefix != '')
 		{
-			//$sql .= " LIKE '".$this->escape_like_str($this->dbprefix)."%' ".sprintf($this->_like_escape_str, $this->_like_escape_chr);
-			return FALSE; // not currently supported
+			return FALSE; 
 		}
 
 		return $sql;
@@ -467,7 +587,7 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	function _list_columns($table = '')
 	{
-		return "SHOW COLUMNS FROM ".$table;
+		return 'SHOW COLUMNS FROM '.$this->_from_tables($table);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -483,34 +603,36 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	function _field_data($table)
 	{
-		return "SELECT TOP 1 FROM ".$table;
+		return 'SELECT TOP 1 FROM '.$this->_from_tables($table);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * The error message string
+	 * Error
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	string
+	 * Returns an array containing code and message of the last
+	 * database error that has occured.
+	 *
+	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function _error_message()
+	public function error()
 	{
-		$error_array = $this->conn_id->errorInfo();
-		return $error_array[2];
-	}
+		$error = array('code' => '00000', 'message' => '');
+		$pdo_error = $this->conn_id->errorInfo();
 
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+		if (empty($pdo_error[0]))
+		{
+			return $error;
+		}
 
-	/**
-	 * The error message number
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	integer
-	 */
-	function _error_number()
-	{
-		return $this->conn_id->errorCode();
+		$error['code'] = isset($pdo_error[1]) ? $pdo_error[0].'/'.$pdo_error[1] : $pdo_error[0];
+		if (isset($pdo_error[2]))
+		{
+			 $error['message'] = $pdo_error[2];
+		}
+
+		return $error;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -544,8 +666,8 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 
 		if (strpos($item, '.') !== FALSE)
 		{
-			$str = $this->_escape_char.str_replace('.', $this->_escape_char.'.'.$this->_escape_char, $item).$this->_escape_char;
-			
+			$str  = $this->_escape_char.str_replace('.', $this->_escape_char.'.'.$this->_escape_char, $item);
+			$str .= $this->_escape_char;
 		}
 		else
 		{
@@ -575,7 +697,7 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 			$tables = array($tables);
 		}
 
-		return (count($tables) == 1) ? $tables[0] : '('.implode(', ', $tables).')';
+		return (count($tables) == 1) ? '`'.$tables[0].'`' : '('.implode(', ', $tables).')';
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -593,7 +715,7 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	function _insert($table, $keys, $values)
 	{
-		return "INSERT INTO ".$table." (".implode(', ', $keys).") VALUES (".implode(', ', $values).")";
+		return 'INSERT INTO '.$this->_from_tables($table).' ('.implode(', ', $keys).') VALUES ('.implode(', ', $values).')';
 	}
 	
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -611,7 +733,7 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	function _insert_batch($table, $keys, $values)
 	{
-		return "INSERT INTO ".$table." (".implode(', ', $keys).") VALUES ".implode(', ', $values);
+		return 'INSERT INTO '.$this->_from_tables($table).' ('.implode(', ', $keys).') VALUES '.implode(', ', $values);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -636,14 +758,11 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 			$valstr[] = $key." = ".$val;
 		}
 
-		$limit = ( ! $limit) ? '' : ' LIMIT '.$limit;
-
-		$orderby = (count($orderby) >= 1)?' ORDER BY '.implode(", ", $orderby):'';
-
-		$sql = "UPDATE ".$table." SET ".implode(', ', $valstr);
-
-		$sql .= ($where != '' AND count($where) >=1) ? " WHERE ".implode(" ", $where) : '';
+		$limit   = ( ! $limit) ? '' : ' LIMIT '.$limit;
+		$orderby = (count($orderby) >= 1) ? ' ORDER BY '.implode(', ', $orderby) : '';
 
+		$sql  = 'UPDATE '.$this->_from_tables($table).' SET '.implode(', ', $valstr);
+		$sql .= ($where != '' && count($where) >= 1) ? ' WHERE '.implode(' ', $where) : '';
 		$sql .= $orderby.$limit;
 
 		return $sql;
@@ -664,8 +783,8 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	function _update_batch($table, $values, $index, $where = NULL)
 	{
-		$ids = array();
-		$where = ($where != '' AND count($where) >=1) ? implode(" ", $where).' AND ' : '';
+		$ids   = array();
+		$where = ($where != '' && count($where) >=1) ? implode(" ", $where).' AND ' : '';
 
 		foreach ($values as $key => $val)
 		{
@@ -680,12 +799,13 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 			}
 		}
 
-		$sql = "UPDATE ".$table." SET ";
+		$sql   = 'UPDATE '.$this->_from_tables($table).' SET ';
 		$cases = '';
 
 		foreach ($final as $k => $v)
 		{
 			$cases .= $k.' = CASE '."\n";
+
 			foreach ($v as $row)
 			{
 				$cases .= $row."\n";
@@ -695,7 +815,6 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 		}
 
 		$sql .= substr($cases, 0, -2);
-
 		$sql .= ' WHERE '.$where.$index.' IN ('.implode(',', $ids).')';
 
 		return $sql;
@@ -739,19 +858,20 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 
 		if (count($where) > 0 OR count($like) > 0)
 		{
-			$conditions = "\nWHERE ";
+			$conditions  = "\nWHERE ";
 			$conditions .= implode("\n", $this->ar_where);
 
 			if (count($where) > 0 && count($like) > 0)
 			{
 				$conditions .= " AND ";
 			}
+
 			$conditions .= implode("\n", $like);
 		}
 
 		$limit = ( ! $limit) ? '' : ' LIMIT '.$limit;
 
-		return "DELETE FROM ".$table.$conditions.$limit;
+		return 'DELETE FROM '.$this->_from_tables($table).$conditions.$limit;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -769,27 +889,16 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	function _limit($sql, $limit, $offset)
 	{
-		if (strpos($this->hostname, 'cubrid') !== FALSE || strpos($this->hostname, 'sqlite') !== FALSE)
+		if ($this->pdodriver == 'cubrid' OR $this->pdodriver == 'sqlite')
 		{
-			if ($offset == 0)
-			{
-				$offset = '';
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				$offset .= ", ";
-			}
+			$offset = ($offset == 0) ? '' : $offset.', ';
 
-			return $sql."LIMIT ".$offset.$limit;
+			return $sql.'LIMIT '.$offset.$limit;
 		}
 		else
 		{
-			$sql .= "LIMIT ".$limit;
-
-			if ($offset > 0)
-			{
-				$sql .= " OFFSET ".$offset;
-			}
+			$sql .= 'LIMIT '.$limit;
+			$sql .= ($offset > 0) ? ' OFFSET '.$offset : '';
 			
 			return $sql;
 		}
@@ -809,10 +918,7 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 		$this->conn_id = null;
 	}
 
-
 }
 
-
-
 /* End of file pdo_driver.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_driver.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_driver.php */
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_forge.php
index 076415928..b4ddca5fe 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_forge.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_forge.php
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 			$sql .= 'IF NOT EXISTS ';
 		}
 
-		$sql .= $this->db->_escape_identifiers($table)." (";
+		$sql .= '`'.$this->db->_escape_identifiers($table).'` (';
 		$current_field_count = 0;
 
 		foreach ($fields as $field=>$attributes)
@@ -111,14 +111,19 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 			else
 			{
 				$attributes = array_change_key_case($attributes, CASE_UPPER);
+				$numeric    = array('SERIAL', 'INTEGER');
 
-				$sql .= "\n\t".$this->db->_protect_identifiers($field);
+				$sql .= "\n\t".$this->db->protect_identifiers($field);
 
 				$sql .=  ' '.$attributes['TYPE'];
 
 				if (array_key_exists('CONSTRAINT', $attributes))
 				{
-					$sql .= '('.$attributes['CONSTRAINT'].')';
+					// Exception for Postgre numeric which not too happy with constraint within those type
+					if ( ! ($this->db->pdodriver == 'pgsql' && in_array($attributes['TYPE'], $numeric)))
+					{
+						$sql .= '('.$attributes['CONSTRAINT'].')';
+					}
 				}
 
 				if (array_key_exists('UNSIGNED', $attributes) && $attributes['UNSIGNED'] === TRUE)
@@ -155,7 +160,7 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 
 		if (count($primary_keys) > 0)
 		{
-			$primary_keys = $this->db->_protect_identifiers($primary_keys);
+			$primary_keys = $this->db->protect_identifiers($primary_keys);
 			$sql .= ",\n\tPRIMARY KEY (" . implode(', ', $primary_keys) . ")";
 		}
 
@@ -165,11 +170,11 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 			{
 				if (is_array($key))
 				{
-					$key = $this->db->_protect_identifiers($key);
+					$key = $this->db->protect_identifiers($key);
 				}
 				else
 				{
-					$key = array($this->db->_protect_identifiers($key));
+					$key = array($this->db->protect_identifiers($key));
 				}
 
 				$sql .= ",\n\tFOREIGN KEY (" . implode(', ', $key) . ")";
@@ -219,7 +224,7 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 	 */
 	function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $column_name, $column_definition = '', $default_value = '', $null = '', $after_field = '')
 	{
-		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($table)." $alter_type ".$this->db->_protect_identifiers($column_name);
+		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE `'.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table).'` '.$alter_type.' '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($column_name);
 
 		// DROP has everything it needs now.
 		if ($alter_type == 'DROP')
@@ -245,7 +250,7 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 
 		if ($after_field != '')
 		{
-			$sql .= ' AFTER ' . $this->db->_protect_identifiers($after_field);
+			return $sql.' AFTER '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($after_field);
 		}
 
 		return $sql;
@@ -267,12 +272,10 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 	 */
 	function _rename_table($table_name, $new_table_name)
 	{
-		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($table_name)." RENAME TO ".$this->db->_protect_identifiers($new_table_name);
-		return $sql;
+		return 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table_name).' RENAME TO '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($new_table_name);
 	}
 
-
 }
 
 /* End of file pdo_forge.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_forge.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_forge.php */
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_result.php b/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_result.php
index 6b523b001..c333abc40 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_result.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_result.php
@@ -39,6 +39,16 @@
 class CI_DB_pdo_result extends CI_DB_result {
 
 	/**
+	 * @var bool  Hold the flag whether a result handler already fetched before
+	 */
+	protected $is_fetched = FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * @var mixed Hold the fetched assoc array of a result handler
+	 */
+	protected $result_assoc;
+
+	/**
 	 * Number of rows in the result set
 	 *
 	 * @access	public
@@ -46,7 +56,59 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 */
 	function num_rows()
 	{
-		return $this->result_id->rowCount();
+		if (empty($this->result_id) OR ! is_object($this->result_id))
+		{
+			// invalid result handler
+			return 0;
+		}
+		elseif (($num_rows = $this->result_id->rowCount()) && $num_rows > 0)
+		{
+			// If rowCount return something, we're done.
+			return $num_rows;
+		}
+
+		// Fetch the result, instead perform another extra query
+		return ($this->is_fetched && is_array($this->result_assoc)) ? count($this->result_assoc) : count($this->result_assoc());
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Fetch the result handler
+	 *
+	 * @access	public
+	 * @return	mixed
+	 */
+	function result_assoc()
+	{
+		// If the result already fetched before, use that one
+		if (count($this->result_array) > 0 OR $this->is_fetched)
+		{
+			return $this->result_array();
+		}
+
+		// Define the output
+		$output = array('assoc', 'object');
+
+		// Fetch the result
+		foreach ($output as $type)
+		{
+			// Define the method and handler
+			$res_method  = '_fetch_'.$type;
+			$res_handler = 'result_'.$type;
+			
+			$this->$res_handler = array();
+			$this->_data_seek(0);
+
+			while ($row = $this->$res_method())
+			{
+				$this->{$res_handler}[] = $row;
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Save this as buffer and marked the fetch flag
+		$this->result_array = $this->result_assoc;
+		$this->is_fetched = TRUE;
+
+		return $this->result_assoc;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -78,6 +140,7 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_result extends CI_DB_result {
 		{
 			return $this->db->display_error('db_unsuported_feature');
 		}
+		
 		return FALSE;
 	}
 
@@ -110,6 +173,7 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_result extends CI_DB_result {
 			{
 				return $this->db->display_error('db_unsuported_feature');
 			}
+
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 	}
@@ -178,6 +242,5 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_result extends CI_DB_result {
 
 }
 
-
 /* End of file pdo_result.php */
 /* Location: ./system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_result.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_driver.php
index 42329bded..6feec7353 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_driver.php
@@ -149,28 +149,41 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Set client character set
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	resource
+	 * @param       string
+	 * @return      bool
 	 */
-	function db_set_charset($charset, $collation)
+	protected function _db_set_charset($charset)
 	{
-		// @todo - add support if needed
-		return TRUE;
+		return (pg_set_client_encoding($this->conn_id, $charset) === 0);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Version number query string
+	 * Database version number
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _version()
+	public function version()
 	{
-		return "SELECT version() AS ver";
+		if (isset($this->data_cache['version']))
+		{
+			return $this->data_cache['version'];
+		}
+
+		if (($pg_version = pg_version($this->conn_id)) === FALSE)
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		/* If PHP was compiled with PostgreSQL lib versions earlier
+		 * than 7.4, pg_version() won't return the server version
+		 * and so we'll have to fall back to running a query in
+		 * order to get it.
+		 */
+		return isset($pg_version['server'])
+			? $this->data_cache['version'] = $pg_version['server']
+			: parent::version();
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -209,18 +222,12 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Begin Transaction
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function trans_begin($test_mode = FALSE)
+	public function trans_begin($test_mode = FALSE)
 	{
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
 		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ($this->_trans_depth > 0)
+		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled OR $this->_trans_depth > 0)
 		{
 			return TRUE;
 		}
@@ -228,9 +235,9 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_driver extends CI_DB {
 		// Reset the transaction failure flag.
 		// If the $test_mode flag is set to TRUE transactions will be rolled back
 		// even if the queries produce a successful result.
-		$this->_trans_failure = ($test_mode === TRUE) ? TRUE : FALSE;
+		$this->_trans_failure = ($test_mode === TRUE);
 
-		return @pg_exec($this->conn_id, "begin");
+		return @pg_query($this->conn_id, 'BEGIN');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -238,23 +245,17 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Commit Transaction
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function trans_commit()
+	public function trans_commit()
 	{
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
 		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ($this->_trans_depth > 0)
+		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled OR $this->_trans_depth > 0)
 		{
 			return TRUE;
 		}
 
-		return @pg_exec($this->conn_id, "commit");
+		return @pg_query($this->conn_id, 'COMMIT');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -262,23 +263,17 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Rollback Transaction
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function trans_rollback()
+	public function trans_rollback()
 	{
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
 		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ($this->_trans_depth > 0)
+		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled OR $this->_trans_depth > 0)
 		{
 			return TRUE;
 		}
 
-		return @pg_exec($this->conn_id, "rollback");
+		return @pg_query($this->conn_id, 'ROLLBACK');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -339,8 +334,7 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	function insert_id()
 	{
-		$v = $this->_version();
-		$v = $v['server'];
+		$v = $this->version();
 
 		$table	= func_num_args() > 0 ? func_get_arg(0) : NULL;
 		$column	= func_num_args() > 1 ? func_get_arg(1) : NULL;
@@ -389,8 +383,7 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_driver extends CI_DB {
 			return 0;
 		}
 
-		$query = $this->query($this->_count_string . $this->_protect_identifiers('numrows') . " FROM " . $this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE));
-
+		$query = $this->query($this->_count_string.$this->protect_identifiers('numrows').' FROM '.$this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE));
 		if ($query->num_rows() == 0)
 		{
 			return 0;
@@ -459,27 +452,16 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * The error message string
+	 * Error
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	function _error_message()
-	{
-		return pg_last_error($this->conn_id);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * The error message number
+	 * Returns an array containing code and message of the last
+	 * database error that has occured.
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function _error_number()
+	public function error()
 	{
-		return '';
+		return array('code' => '', 'message' => pg_last_error($this->conn_id));
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -604,16 +586,10 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_driver extends CI_DB {
 			$valstr[] = $key." = ".$val;
 		}
 
-		$limit = ( ! $limit) ? '' : ' LIMIT '.$limit;
-
-		$orderby = (count($orderby) >= 1)?' ORDER BY '.implode(", ", $orderby):'';
-
 		$sql = "UPDATE ".$table." SET ".implode(', ', $valstr);
 
 		$sql .= ($where != '' AND count($where) >=1) ? " WHERE ".implode(" ", $where) : '';
 
-		$sql .= $orderby.$limit;
-
 		return $sql;
 	}
 
@@ -664,9 +640,7 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_driver extends CI_DB {
 			$conditions .= implode("\n", $like);
 		}
 
-		$limit = ( ! $limit) ? '' : ' LIMIT '.$limit;
-
-		return "DELETE FROM ".$table.$conditions.$limit;
+		return "DELETE FROM ".$table.$conditions;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -712,4 +686,4 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_driver extends CI_DB {
 
 
 /* End of file postgre_driver.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_driver.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_driver.php */
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_forge.php
index 756fd347a..4a7348aa6 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_forge.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_forge.php
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 			{
 				$attributes = array_change_key_case($attributes, CASE_UPPER);
 
-				$sql .= "\n\t".$this->db->_protect_identifiers($field);
+				$sql .= "\n\t".$this->db->protect_identifiers($field);
 
 				$is_unsigned = (array_key_exists('UNSIGNED', $attributes) && $attributes['UNSIGNED'] === TRUE);
 
@@ -203,10 +203,10 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 
 		if (count($primary_keys) > 0)
 		{
-			// Something seems to break when passing an array to _protect_identifiers()
+			// Something seems to break when passing an array to protect_identifiers()
 			foreach ($primary_keys as $index => $key)
 			{
-				$primary_keys[$index] = $this->db->_protect_identifiers($key);
+				$primary_keys[$index] = $this->db->protect_identifiers($key);
 			}
 
 			$sql .= ",\n\tPRIMARY KEY (" . implode(', ', $primary_keys) . ")";
@@ -220,11 +220,11 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 			{
 				if (is_array($key))
 				{
-					$key = $this->db->_protect_identifiers($key);
+					$key = $this->db->protect_identifiers($key);
 				}
 				else
 				{
-					$key = array($this->db->_protect_identifiers($key));
+					$key = array($this->db->protect_identifiers($key));
 				}
 
 				foreach ($key as $field)
@@ -267,19 +267,19 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 	 */
  	function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $fields, $after_field = '')
  	{
- 		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($table)." $alter_type ";
+ 		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table).' '.$alter_type.' ';
 
  		// DROP has everything it needs now.
  		if ($alter_type == 'DROP')
  		{
- 			return $sql.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($fields);
+ 			return $sql.$this->db->protect_identifiers($fields);
  		}
 
  		$sql .= $this->_process_fields($fields);
 
  		if ($after_field != '')
  		{
- 			$sql .= ' AFTER ' . $this->db->_protect_identifiers($after_field);
+ 			return $sql.' AFTER '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($after_field);
  		}
 
  		return $sql;
@@ -299,10 +299,9 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 	 */
 	function _rename_table($table_name, $new_table_name)
 	{
-		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($table_name)." RENAME TO ".$this->db->_protect_identifiers($new_table_name);
-		return $sql;
+		return 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table_name).' RENAME TO '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($new_table_name);
 	}
 }
 
 /* End of file postgre_forge.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_forge.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_forge.php */
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_utility.php b/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_utility.php
index dffd8c549..c426b363b 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_utility.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_utility.php
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
  * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
  *
  * NOTICE OF LICENSE
- * 
+ *
  * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
- * 
+ *
  * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
  * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
  * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
@@ -25,8 +25,6 @@
  * @filesource
  */
 
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
 /**
  * Postgre Utility Class
  *
@@ -39,12 +37,11 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 	/**
 	 * List databases
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	bool
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _list_databases()
+	public function _list_databases()
 	{
-		return "SELECT datname FROM pg_database";
+		return 'SELECT datname FROM pg_database';
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -52,15 +49,12 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 	/**
 	 * Optimize table query
 	 *
-	 * Is table optimization supported in Postgre?
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	object
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _optimize_table($table)
+	public function _optimize_table($table)
 	{
-		return FALSE;
+		return 'REINDEX TABLE '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -68,13 +62,10 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 	/**
 	 * Repair table query
 	 *
-	 * Are table repairs supported in Postgre?
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	object
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function _repair_table($table)
+	public function _repair_table($table)
 	{
 		return FALSE;
 	}
@@ -84,7 +75,6 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 	/**
 	 * Postgre Export
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	array	Preferences
 	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
@@ -95,6 +85,5 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 	}
 }
 
-
 /* End of file postgre_utility.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_utility.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_utility.php */
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_driver.php
index 28c3caecd..91598ab0f 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_driver.php
@@ -141,30 +141,15 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Set client character set
+	 * Database version number
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	resource
-	 */
-	function db_set_charset($charset, $collation)
-	{
-		// @todo - add support if needed
-		return TRUE;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Version number query string
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _version()
+	public function version()
 	{
-		return sqlite_libversion();
+		return isset($this->data_cache['version'])
+			? $this->data_cache['version']
+			: $this->data_cache['version'] = sqlite_libversion();
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -358,8 +343,7 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite_driver extends CI_DB {
 			return 0;
 		}
 
-		$query = $this->query($this->_count_string . $this->_protect_identifiers('numrows') . " FROM " . $this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE));
-
+		$query = $this->query($this->_count_string.$this->protect_identifiers('numrows').' FROM '.$this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE));
 		if ($query->num_rows() == 0)
 		{
 			return 0;
@@ -428,27 +412,18 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * The error message string
+	 * Error
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	function _error_message()
-	{
-		return sqlite_error_string(sqlite_last_error($this->conn_id));
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * The error message number
+	 * Returns an array containing code and message of the last
+	 * database error that has occured.
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function _error_number()
+	public function error()
 	{
-		return sqlite_last_error($this->conn_id);
+		$error = array('code' => sqlite_last_error($this->conn_id));
+		$error['message'] = sqlite_error_string($error['code']);
+		return $error;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -667,4 +642,4 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite_driver extends CI_DB {
 
 
 /* End of file sqlite_driver.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_driver.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_driver.php */
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_forge.php
index 2b723be0b..4f379d96f 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_forge.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_forge.php
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 		$sql = 'CREATE TABLE ';
 
 		// IF NOT EXISTS added to SQLite in 3.3.0
-		if ($if_not_exists === TRUE && version_compare($this->db->_version(), '3.3.0', '>=') === TRUE)
+		if ($if_not_exists === TRUE && version_compare($this->db->version(), '3.3.0', '>=') === TRUE)
 		{
 			$sql .= 'IF NOT EXISTS ';
 		}
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 			{
 				$attributes = array_change_key_case($attributes, CASE_UPPER);
 
-				$sql .= "\n\t".$this->db->_protect_identifiers($field);
+				$sql .= "\n\t".$this->db->protect_identifiers($field);
 
 				$sql .=  ' '.$attributes['TYPE'];
 
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 
 		if (count($primary_keys) > 0)
 		{
-			$primary_keys = $this->db->_protect_identifiers($primary_keys);
+			$primary_keys = $this->db->protect_identifiers($primary_keys);
 			$sql .= ",\n\tPRIMARY KEY (" . implode(', ', $primary_keys) . ")";
 		}
 
@@ -163,11 +163,11 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 			{
 				if (is_array($key))
 				{
-					$key = $this->db->_protect_identifiers($key);
+					$key = $this->db->protect_identifiers($key);
 				}
 				else
 				{
-					$key = array($this->db->_protect_identifiers($key));
+					$key = array($this->db->protect_identifiers($key));
 				}
 
 				$sql .= ",\n\tUNIQUE (" . implode(', ', $key) . ")";
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 	 */
 	function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $column_name, $column_definition = '', $default_value = '', $null = '', $after_field = '')
 	{
-		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($table)." $alter_type ".$this->db->_protect_identifiers($column_name);
+		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table).' '.$alter_type.' '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($column_name);
 
 		// DROP has everything it needs now.
 		if ($alter_type == 'DROP')
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 
 		if ($after_field != '')
 		{
-			$sql .= ' AFTER ' . $this->db->_protect_identifiers($after_field);
+			return $sql.' AFTER '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($after_field);
 		}
 
 		return $sql;
@@ -268,10 +268,10 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 	 */
 	function _rename_table($table_name, $new_table_name)
 	{
-		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($table_name)." RENAME TO ".$this->db->_protect_identifiers($new_table_name);
-		return $sql;
+		return 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table_name).' RENAME TO '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($new_table_name);
 	}
+
 }
 
 /* End of file sqlite_forge.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_forge.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_forge.php */
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_utility.php b/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_utility.php
index f00687e38..8fefcd9e2 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_utility.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_utility.php
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
  * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
  *
  * NOTICE OF LICENSE
- * 
+ *
  * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
- * 
+ *
  * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
  * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
  * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
@@ -25,8 +25,6 @@
  * @filesource
  */
 
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
 /**
  * SQLite Utility Class
  *
@@ -40,20 +38,15 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 	 * List databases
 	 *
 	 * I don't believe you can do a database listing with SQLite
-	 * since each database is its own file.  I suppose we could
+	 * since each database is its own file. I suppose we could
 	 * try reading a directory looking for SQLite files, but
 	 * that doesn't seem like a terribly good idea
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function _list_databases()
+	public function _list_databases()
 	{
-		if ($this->db_debug)
-		{
-			return $this->db->display_error('db_unsuported_feature');
-		}
-		return array();
+		return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->db->display_error('db_unsuported_feature') : FALSE;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -61,14 +54,12 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 	/**
 	 * Optimize table query
 	 *
-	 * Is optimization even supported in SQLite?
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	object
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function _optimize_table($table)
+	public function _optimize_table($table)
 	{
+		// Not supported
 		return FALSE;
 	}
 
@@ -77,14 +68,12 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 	/**
 	 * Repair table query
 	 *
-	 * Are table repairs even supported in SQLite?
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	object
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function _repair_table($table)
+	public function _repair_table($table)
 	{
+		// Not supported
 		return FALSE;
 	}
 
@@ -93,16 +82,16 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 	/**
 	 * SQLite Export
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	array	Preferences
 	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
-	function _backup($params = array())
+	public function _backup($params = array())
 	{
 		// Currently unsupported
 		return $this->db->display_error('db_unsuported_feature');
 	}
+
 }
 
 /* End of file sqlite_utility.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_utility.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_utility.php */
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/sqlsrv/sqlsrv_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/sqlsrv/sqlsrv_driver.php
index 6fd52ef70..5c90cb4f2 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/sqlsrv/sqlsrv_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/sqlsrv/sqlsrv_driver.php
@@ -122,28 +122,23 @@ class CI_DB_sqlsrv_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Select the database
 	 *
-	 * @access	private called by the base class
-	 * @return	resource
+	 * @param	string	database name
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function db_select()
+	public function db_select($database = '')
 	{
-		return $this->_execute('USE ' . $this->database);
-	}
+		if ($database === '')
+		{
+			$database = $this->database;
+		}
 
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+		if ($this->_execute('USE '.$database))
+		{
+			$this->database = $database;
+			return TRUE;
+		}
 
-	/**
-	 * Set client character set
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	resource
-	 */
-	function db_set_charset($charset, $collation)
-	{
-		// @todo - add support if needed
-		return TRUE;
+		return FALSE;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -322,15 +317,23 @@ class CI_DB_sqlsrv_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	* Version number query string
-	*
-	* @access public
-	* @return string
-	*/
-	function _version()
+	 * Database version number
+	 *
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	public function version()
 	{
-		$info = sqlsrv_server_info($this->conn_id);
-		return sprintf("select '%s' as ver", $info['SQLServerVersion']);
+		if (isset($this->data_cache['version']))
+		{
+			return $this->data_cache['version'];
+		}
+
+		if (($info = sqlsrv_server_info($this->conn_id)) === FALSE)
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		return $this->data_cache['version'] = $info['SQLServerVersion'];
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -411,29 +414,39 @@ class CI_DB_sqlsrv_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * The error message string
+	 * Error
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	string
+	 * Returns an array containing code and message of the last
+	 * database error that has occured.
+	 *
+	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function _error_message()
+	public function error()
 	{
-		$error = array_shift(sqlsrv_errors());
-		return !empty($error['message']) ? $error['message'] : null;
-	}
+		$error = array('code' => '00000', 'message' => '');
+		$sqlsrv_errors = sqlsrv_errors(SQLSRV_ERR_ERRORS);
 
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+		if ( ! is_array($sqlsrv_errors))
+		{
+			return $error;
+		}
 
-	/**
-	 * The error message number
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	integer
-	 */
-	function _error_number()
-	{
-		$error = array_shift(sqlsrv_errors());
-		return isset($error['SQLSTATE']) ? $error['SQLSTATE'] : null;
+		$sqlsrv_error = array_shift($sqlsrv_errors);
+		if (isset($sqlsrv_error['SQLSTATE']))
+		{
+			$error['code'] = isset($sqlsrv_error['code']) ? $sqlsrv_error['SQLSTATE'].'/'.$sqlsrv_error['code'] : $sqlsrv_error['SQLSTATE'];
+		}
+		elseif (isset($sqlsrv_error['code']))
+		{
+			$error['code'] = $sqlsrv_error['code'];
+		}
+
+		if (isset($sqlsrv_error['message']))
+		{
+			$error['message'] = $sqlsrv_error['message'];
+		}
+
+		return $error;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -608,4 +621,4 @@ class CI_DB_sqlsrv_driver extends CI_DB {
 
 
 /* End of file mssql_driver.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_driver.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_driver.php */
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/sqlsrv/sqlsrv_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/sqlsrv/sqlsrv_forge.php
index 2a7766927..152192241 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/sqlsrv/sqlsrv_forge.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/sqlsrv/sqlsrv_forge.php
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ class CI_DB_sqlsrv_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 			{
 				$attributes = array_change_key_case($attributes, CASE_UPPER);
 
-				$sql .= "\n\t".$this->db->_protect_identifiers($field);
+				$sql .= "\n\t".$this->db->protect_identifiers($field);
 
 				$sql .=  ' '.$attributes['TYPE'];
 
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ class CI_DB_sqlsrv_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 
 		if (count($primary_keys) > 0)
 		{
-			$primary_keys = $this->db->_protect_identifiers($primary_keys);
+			$primary_keys = $this->db->protect_identifiers($primary_keys);
 			$sql .= ",\n\tPRIMARY KEY (" . implode(', ', $primary_keys) . ")";
 		}
 
@@ -166,11 +166,11 @@ class CI_DB_sqlsrv_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 			{
 				if (is_array($key))
 				{
-					$key = $this->db->_protect_identifiers($key);
+					$key = $this->db->protect_identifiers($key);
 				}
 				else
 				{
-					$key = array($this->db->_protect_identifiers($key));
+					$key = array($this->db->protect_identifiers($key));
 				}
 
 				$sql .= ",\n\tFOREIGN KEY (" . implode(', ', $key) . ")";
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ class CI_DB_sqlsrv_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 	 */
 	function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $column_name, $column_definition = '', $default_value = '', $null = '', $after_field = '')
 	{
-		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($table)." $alter_type ".$this->db->_protect_identifiers($column_name);
+		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table).' '.$alter_type.' '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($column_name);
 
 		// DROP has everything it needs now.
 		if ($alter_type == 'DROP')
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ class CI_DB_sqlsrv_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 
 		if ($after_field != '')
 		{
-			$sql .= ' AFTER ' . $this->db->_protect_identifiers($after_field);
+			return $sql.' AFTER '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($after_field);
 		}
 
 		return $sql;
@@ -250,11 +250,10 @@ class CI_DB_sqlsrv_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 	function _rename_table($table_name, $new_table_name)
 	{
 		// I think this syntax will work, but can find little documentation on renaming tables in MSSQL
-		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($table_name)." RENAME TO ".$this->db->_protect_identifiers($new_table_name);
-		return $sql;
+		return 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table_name).' RENAME TO '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($new_table_name);
 	}
 
 }
 
-/* End of file mssql_forge.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_forge.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+/* End of file sqlsrv_forge.php */
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/sqlsrv/sqlsrv_forge.php */