Merge branch 'develop' into feature/user-guide-cleanup

62 files changed, 2140 insertions, 1477 deletions

diff --git a/system/core/CodeIgniter.php b/system/core/CodeIgniter.php
index c68266408..74a9eb0af 100644
--- a/system/core/CodeIgniter.php
+++ b/system/core/CodeIgniter.php
@@ -48,24 +48,22 @@ defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /*
  * ------------------------------------------------------
- *  Load the global functions
+ *  Load the framework constants
  * ------------------------------------------------------
  */
-	require_once(BASEPATH.'core/Common.php');
+	if (file_exists(APPPATH.'config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/constants.php'))
+	{
+		require_once(APPPATH.'config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/constants.php');
+	}
+
+	require_once(APPPATH.'config/constants.php');
 
 /*
  * ------------------------------------------------------
- *  Load the framework constants
+ *  Load the global functions
  * ------------------------------------------------------
  */
-	if (file_exists(APPPATH.'config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/constants.php'))
-	{
-		require(APPPATH.'config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/constants.php');
-	}
-	else
-	{
-		require(APPPATH.'config/constants.php');
-	}
+	require_once(BASEPATH.'core/Common.php');
 
 /*
  * ------------------------------------------------------
@@ -73,11 +71,10 @@ defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
  * ------------------------------------------------------
  */
 	set_error_handler('_exception_handler');
+	register_shutdown_function('_shutdown_handler');
 
-	if ( ! is_php('5.4'))
-	{
-		@ini_set('magic_quotes_runtime', 0); // Kill magic quotes
-	}
+	// Kill magic quotes
+	is_php('5.4') OR @ini_set('magic_quotes_runtime', 0);
 
 /*
  * ------------------------------------------------------
@@ -88,7 +85,7 @@ defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
  * The subclass prefix allows CI to know if a core class is
  * being extended via a library in the local application
  * "libraries" folder. Since CI allows config items to be
- * overriden via data set in the main index. php file,
+ * overriden via data set in the main index.php file,
  * before proceeding we need to know if a subclass_prefix
  * override exists. If so, we will set this value now,
  * before any classes are loaded
@@ -166,12 +163,6 @@ defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
  */
 	$RTR =& load_class('Router', 'core');
 
-	// Set any routing overrides that may exist in the main index file
-	if (isset($routing))
-	{
-		$RTR->_set_overrides($routing);
-	}
-
 /*
  * ------------------------------------------------------
  *  Instantiate the output class
@@ -218,7 +209,7 @@ defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
  *
  */
 	// Load the base controller class
-	require BASEPATH.'core/Controller.php';
+	require_once BASEPATH.'core/Controller.php';
 
 	/**
 	 * Reference to the CI_Controller method.
@@ -234,92 +225,117 @@ defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 	if (file_exists(APPPATH.'core/'.$CFG->config['subclass_prefix'].'Controller.php'))
 	{
-		require APPPATH.'core/'.$CFG->config['subclass_prefix'].'Controller.php';
+		require_once APPPATH.'core/'.$CFG->config['subclass_prefix'].'Controller.php';
 	}
 
-	// Load the local application controller
-	// Note: The Router class automatically validates the controller path using the router->_validate_request().
-	// If this include fails it means that the default controller in the Routes.php file is not resolving to something valid.
-	if ( ! file_exists(APPPATH.'controllers/'.$RTR->directory.$RTR->class.'.php'))
-	{
-		show_error('Unable to load your default controller. Please make sure the controller specified in your Routes.php file is valid.');
-	}
-
-	include(APPPATH.'controllers/'.$RTR->directory.$RTR->class.'.php');
-
 	// Set a mark point for benchmarking
 	$BM->mark('loading_time:_base_classes_end');
 
 /*
  * ------------------------------------------------------
- *  Security check
+ *  Sanity checks
  * ------------------------------------------------------
  *
- *  None of the methods in the app controller or the
- *  loader class can be called via the URI, nor can
- *  controller functions that begin with an underscore.
+ *  The Router class has already validated the request,
+ *  leaving us with 3 options here:
+ *
+ *	1) an empty class name, if we reached the default
+ *	   controller, but it didn't exist;
+ *	2) a query string which doesn't go through a
+ *	   file_exists() check
+ *	3) a regular request for a non-existing page
+ *
+ *  We handle all of these as a 404 error.
+ *
+ *  Furthermore, none of the methods in the app controller
+ *  or the loader class can be called via the URI, nor can
+ *  controller methods that begin with an underscore.
  */
-	$class	= $RTR->class;
-	$method	= $RTR->method;
-
-	if ( ! class_exists($class, FALSE) OR $method[0] === '_' OR method_exists('CI_Controller', $method))
-	{
-		if ( ! empty($RTR->routes['404_override']))
-		{
-			if (sscanf($RTR->routes['404_override'], '%[^/]/%s', $class, $method) !== 2)
-			{
-				$method = 'index';
-			}
-
-			if ( ! class_exists($class, FALSE))
-			{
-				if ( ! file_exists(APPPATH.'controllers/'.$class.'.php'))
-				{
-					show_404($class.'/'.$method);
-				}
 
-				include_once(APPPATH.'controllers/'.$class.'.php');
-			}
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			show_404($class.'/'.$method);
-		}
-	}
+	$e404 = FALSE;
+	$class = ucfirst($RTR->class);
+	$method = $RTR->method;
 
-	if (method_exists($class, '_remap'))
+	if (empty($class) OR ! file_exists(APPPATH.'controllers/'.$RTR->directory.$class.'.php'))
 	{
-		$params = array($method, array_slice($URI->rsegments, 2));
-		$method = '_remap';
+		$e404 = TRUE;
 	}
 	else
 	{
+		require_once(APPPATH.'controllers/'.$RTR->directory.$class.'.php');
+
+		if ( ! class_exists($class, FALSE) OR $method[0] === '_' OR method_exists('CI_Controller', $method))
+		{
+			$e404 = TRUE;
+		}
+		elseif (method_exists($class, '_remap'))
+		{
+			$params = array($method, array_slice($URI->rsegments, 2));
+			$method = '_remap';
+		}
 		// WARNING: It appears that there are issues with is_callable() even in PHP 5.2!
 		// Furthermore, there are bug reports and feature/change requests related to it
 		// that make it unreliable to use in this context. Please, DO NOT change this
 		// work-around until a better alternative is available.
-		if ( ! in_array(strtolower($method), array_map('strtolower', get_class_methods($class)), TRUE))
+		elseif ( ! in_array(strtolower($method), array_map('strtolower', get_class_methods($class)), TRUE))
 		{
-			if (empty($RTR->routes['404_override']))
-			{
-				show_404($class.'/'.$method);
-			}
-			elseif (sscanf($RTR->routes['404_override'], '%[^/]/%s', $class, $method) !== 2)
+			$e404 = TRUE;
+		}
+	}
+
+	if ($e404)
+	{
+		if ( ! empty($RTR->routes['404_override']))
+		{
+			if (sscanf($RTR->routes['404_override'], '%[^/]/%s', $error_class, $error_method) !== 2)
 			{
-				$method = 'index';
+				$error_method = 'index';
 			}
 
-			if ( ! class_exists($class, FALSE))
+			$error_class = ucfirst($error_class);
+
+			if ( ! class_exists($error_class, FALSE))
 			{
-				if ( ! file_exists(APPPATH.'controllers/'.$class.'.php'))
+				if (file_exists(APPPATH.'controllers/'.$RTR->directory.$error_class.'.php'))
 				{
-					show_404($class.'/'.$method);
+					require_once(APPPATH.'controllers/'.$RTR->directory.$error_class.'.php');
+					$e404 = ! class_exists($error_class, FALSE);
 				}
-
-				include_once(APPPATH.'controllers/'.$class.'.php');
+				// Were we in a directory? If so, check for a global override
+				elseif ( ! empty($RTR->directory) && file_exists(APPPATH.'controllers/'.$error_class.'.php'))
+				{
+					require_once(APPPATH.'controllers/'.$error_class.'.php');
+					if (($e404 = ! class_exists($error_class, FALSE)) === FALSE)
+					{
+						$RTR->directory = '';
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				$e404 = FALSE;
 			}
 		}
 
+		// Did we reset the $e404 flag? If so, set the rsegments, starting from index 1
+		if ( ! $e404)
+		{
+			$class = $error_class;
+			$method = $error_method;
+
+			$URI->rsegments = array(
+				1 => $class,
+				2 => $method
+			);
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			show_404($RTR->directory.$class.'/'.$method);
+		}
+	}
+
+	if ($method !== '_remap')
+	{
 		$params = array_slice($URI->rsegments, 2);
 	}
 
diff --git a/system/core/Common.php b/system/core/Common.php
index b95a05db9..00e303098 100644
--- a/system/core/Common.php
+++ b/system/core/Common.php
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ if ( ! function_exists('is_really_writable'))
 	function is_really_writable($file)
 	{
 		// If we're on a Unix server with safe_mode off we call is_writable
-		if (DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR === '/' && (bool) @ini_get('safe_mode') === FALSE)
+		if (DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR === '/' && (is_php('5.4') OR (bool) @ini_get('safe_mode') === FALSE))
 		{
 			return is_writable($file);
 		}
@@ -224,56 +224,51 @@ if ( ! function_exists('get_config'))
 	 * @param	array
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function &get_config($replace = array())
+	function &get_config(Array $replace = array())
 	{
 		static $_config;
 
-		if (isset($_config))
+		if (empty($_config))
 		{
-			return $_config[0];
-		}
+			$file_path = APPPATH.'config/config.php';
+			$found = FALSE;
+			if (file_exists($file_path))
+			{
+				$found = TRUE;
+				require($file_path);
+			}
 
-		$file_path = APPPATH.'config/config.php';
-		$found = FALSE;
-		if (file_exists($file_path))
-		{
-			$found = TRUE;
-			require($file_path);
-		}
+			// Is the config file in the environment folder?
+			if (file_exists($file_path = APPPATH.'config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/config.php'))
+			{
+				require($file_path);
+			}
+			elseif ( ! $found)
+			{
+				set_status_header(503);
+				echo 'The configuration file does not exist.';
+				exit(EXIT_CONFIG);
+			}
 
-		// Is the config file in the environment folder?
-		if (file_exists($file_path = APPPATH.'config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/config.php'))
-		{
-			require($file_path);
-		}
-		elseif ( ! $found)
-		{
-			set_status_header(503);
-			echo 'The configuration file does not exist.';
-			exit(EXIT_CONFIG);
-		}
+			// Does the $config array exist in the file?
+			if ( ! isset($config) OR ! is_array($config))
+			{
+				set_status_header(503);
+				echo 'Your config file does not appear to be formatted correctly.';
+				exit(EXIT_CONFIG);
+			}
 
-		// Does the $config array exist in the file?
-		if ( ! isset($config) OR ! is_array($config))
-		{
-			set_status_header(503);
-			echo 'Your config file does not appear to be formatted correctly.';
-			exit(EXIT_CONFIG);
+			// references cannot be directly assigned to static variables, so we use an array
+			$_config[0] =& $config;
 		}
 
-		// Are any values being dynamically replaced?
-		if (count($replace) > 0)
+		// Are any values being dynamically added or replaced?
+		foreach ($replace as $key => $val)
 		{
-			foreach ($replace as $key => $val)
-			{
-				if (isset($config[$key]))
-				{
-					$config[$key] = $val;
-				}
-			}
+			$_config[0][$key] = $val;
 		}
 
-		return $_config[0] =& $config;
+		return $_config[0];
 	}
 }
 
@@ -360,6 +355,24 @@ if ( ! function_exists('is_https'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
+if ( ! function_exists('is_cli'))
+{
+
+	/**
+	 * Is CLI?
+	 *
+	 * Test to see if a request was made from the command line.
+	 *
+	 * @return 	bool
+	 */
+	function is_cli()
+	{
+		return (PHP_SAPI === 'cli' OR defined('STDIN'));
+	}
+}
+
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 if ( ! function_exists('show_error'))
 {
 	/**
@@ -434,29 +447,19 @@ if ( ! function_exists('log_message'))
 	 *
 	 * @param	string	the error level: 'error', 'debug' or 'info'
 	 * @param	string	the error message
-	 * @param	bool	whether the error is a native PHP error
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function log_message($level, $message, $php_error = FALSE)
+	function log_message($level, $message)
 	{
-		static $_log, $_log_threshold;
-
-		if ($_log_threshold === NULL)
-		{
-			$_log_threshold = config_item('log_threshold');
-		}
-
-		if ($_log_threshold === 0)
-		{
-			return;
-		}
+		static $_log;
 
 		if ($_log === NULL)
 		{
-			$_log =& load_class('Log', 'core');
+			// references cannot be directly assigned to static variables, so we use an array
+			$_log[0] =& load_class('Log', 'core');
 		}
 
-		$_log->write_log($level, $message, $php_error);
+		$_log[0]->write_log($level, $message);
 	}
 }
 
@@ -538,7 +541,7 @@ if ( ! function_exists('set_status_header'))
 
 		$server_protocol = isset($_SERVER['SERVER_PROTOCOL']) ? $_SERVER['SERVER_PROTOCOL'] : FALSE;
 
-		if (strpos(php_sapi_name(), 'cgi') === 0)
+		if (strpos(PHP_SAPI, 'cgi') === 0)
 		{
 			header('Status: '.$code.' '.$text, TRUE);
 		}
@@ -556,22 +559,35 @@ if ( ! function_exists('_exception_handler'))
 	/**
 	 * Exception Handler
 	 *
-	 * This is the custom exception handler that is declaired at the top
-	 * of Codeigniter.php. The main reason we use this is to permit
+	 * This is the custom exception handler that is declared at the top
+	 * of CodeIgniter.php. The main reason we use this is to permit
 	 * PHP errors to be logged in our own log files since the user may
 	 * not have access to server logs. Since this function
 	 * effectively intercepts PHP errors, however, we also need
 	 * to display errors based on the current error_reporting level.
 	 * We do that with the use of a PHP error template.
 	 *
-	 * @param	int
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	int
+	 * @param	int	$severity
+	 * @param	string	$message
+	 * @param	string	$filepath
+	 * @param	int	$line
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	function _exception_handler($severity, $message, $filepath, $line)
 	{
+		$is_error = (((E_ERROR | E_COMPILE_ERROR | E_CORE_ERROR | E_USER_ERROR) & $severity) === $severity);
+
+		// When an error occurred, set the status header to '500 Internal Server Error'
+		// to indicate to the client something went wrong.
+		// This can't be done within the $_error->show_php_error method because
+		// it is only called when the display_errors flag is set (which isn't usually
+		// the case in a production environment) or when errors are ignored because
+		// they are above the error_reporting threshold.
+		if ($is_error)
+		{
+			set_status_header(500);
+		}
+
 		$_error =& load_class('Exceptions', 'core');
 
 		// Should we ignore the error? We'll get the current error_reporting
@@ -588,6 +604,42 @@ if ( ! function_exists('_exception_handler'))
 		}
 
 		$_error->log_exception($severity, $message, $filepath, $line);
+
+		// If the error is fatal, the execution of the script should be stopped because
+		// errors can't be recovered from. Halting the script conforms with PHP's
+		// default error handling. See http://www.php.net/manual/en/errorfunc.constants.php
+		if ($is_error)
+		{
+			exit(EXIT_ERROR);
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+if ( ! function_exists('_shutdown_handler'))
+{
+	/**
+	 * Shutdown Handler
+	 *
+	 * This is the shutdown handler that is declared at the top
+	 * of CodeIgniter.php. The main reason we use this is to simulate
+	 * a complete custom exception handler.
+	 *
+	 * E_STRICT is purposivly neglected because such events may have
+	 * been caught. Duplication or none? None is preferred for now.
+	 *
+	 * @link	http://insomanic.me.uk/post/229851073/php-trick-catching-fatal-errors-e-error-with-a
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	function _shutdown_handler()
+	{
+		$last_error = error_get_last();
+		if (isset($last_error) &&
+			($last_error['type'] & (E_ERROR | E_PARSE | E_CORE_ERROR | E_CORE_WARNING | E_COMPILE_ERROR | E_COMPILE_WARNING)))
+		{
+			_exception_handler($last_error['type'], $last_error['message'], $last_error['file'], $last_error['line']);
+		}
 	}
 }
 
diff --git a/system/core/Config.php b/system/core/Config.php
index 7e64444bc..a0e830abe 100644
--- a/system/core/Config.php
+++ b/system/core/Config.php
@@ -184,16 +184,16 @@ class CI_Config {
 	 *
 	 * @param	string	$item	Config item name
 	 * @param	string	$index	Index name
-	 * @return	string|bool	The configuration item or FALSE on failure
+	 * @return	string|null	The configuration item or NULL if the item doesn't exist
 	 */
 	public function item($item, $index = '')
 	{
 		if ($index == '')
 		{
-			return isset($this->config[$item]) ? $this->config[$item] : FALSE;
+			return isset($this->config[$item]) ? $this->config[$item] : NULL;
 		}
 
-		return isset($this->config[$index], $this->config[$index][$item]) ? $this->config[$index][$item] : FALSE;
+		return isset($this->config[$index], $this->config[$index][$item]) ? $this->config[$index][$item] : NULL;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -202,13 +202,13 @@ class CI_Config {
 	 * Fetch a config file item with slash appended (if not empty)
 	 *
 	 * @param	string		$item	Config item name
-	 * @return	string|bool	The configuration item or FALSE on failure
+	 * @return	string|null	The configuration item or NULL if the item doesn't exist
 	 */
 	public function slash_item($item)
 	{
 		if ( ! isset($this->config[$item]))
 		{
-			return FALSE;
+			return NULL;
 		}
 		elseif (trim($this->config[$item]) === '')
 		{
@@ -228,13 +228,21 @@ class CI_Config {
 	 * @uses	CI_Config::_uri_string()
 	 *
 	 * @param	string|string[]	$uri	URI string or an array of segments
+	 * @param	string	$protocol
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	public function site_url($uri = '')
+	public function site_url($uri = '', $protocol = NULL)
 	{
+		$base_url = $this->slash_item('base_url');
+
+		if (isset($protocol))
+		{
+			$base_url = $protocol.substr($base_url, strpos($base_url, '://'));
+		}
+
 		if (empty($uri))
 		{
-			return $this->slash_item('base_url').$this->item('index_page');
+			return $base_url.$this->item('index_page');
 		}
 
 		$uri = $this->_uri_string($uri);
@@ -255,14 +263,14 @@ class CI_Config {
 				}
 			}
 
-			return $this->slash_item('base_url').$this->slash_item('index_page').$uri;
+			return $base_url.$this->slash_item('index_page').$uri;
 		}
 		elseif (strpos($uri, '?') === FALSE)
 		{
 			$uri = '?'.$uri;
 		}
 
-		return $this->slash_item('base_url').$this->item('index_page').$uri;
+		return $base_url.$this->item('index_page').$uri;
 	}
 
 	// -------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -275,11 +283,19 @@ class CI_Config {
 	 * @uses	CI_Config::_uri_string()
 	 *
 	 * @param	string|string[]	$uri	URI string or an array of segments
+	 * @param	string	$protocol
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	public function base_url($uri = '')
+	public function base_url($uri = '', $protocol = NULL)
 	{
-		return $this->slash_item('base_url').ltrim($this->_uri_string($uri), '/');
+		$base_url = $this->slash_item('base_url');
+
+		if (isset($protocol))
+		{
+			$base_url = $protocol.substr($base_url, strpos($base_url, '://'));
+		}
+
+		return $base_url.ltrim($this->_uri_string($uri), '/');
 	}
 
 	// -------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/system/core/Exceptions.php b/system/core/Exceptions.php
index 9c68d06a5..809dc027a 100644
--- a/system/core/Exceptions.php
+++ b/system/core/Exceptions.php
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ class CI_Exceptions {
 	public function log_exception($severity, $message, $filepath, $line)
 	{
 		$severity = isset($this->levels[$severity]) ? $this->levels[$severity] : $severity;
-		log_message('error', 'Severity: '.$severity.'  --> '.$message. ' '.$filepath.' '.$line, TRUE);
+		log_message('error', 'Severity: '.$severity.' --> '.$message.' '.$filepath.' '.$line);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -107,13 +107,21 @@ class CI_Exceptions {
 	 */
 	public function show_404($page = '', $log_error = TRUE)
 	{
-		$heading = '404 Page Not Found';
-		$message = 'The page you requested was not found.';
+		if (is_cli())
+		{
+			$heading = 'Not Found';
+			$message = 'The controller/method pair you requested was not found.';
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			$heading = '404 Page Not Found';
+			$message = 'The page you requested was not found.';
+		}
 
 		// By default we log this, but allow a dev to skip it
 		if ($log_error)
 		{
-			log_message('error', '404 Page Not Found --> '.$page);
+			log_message('error', $heading.': '.$page);
 		}
 
 		echo $this->show_error($heading, $message, 'error_404', 404);
@@ -137,16 +145,24 @@ class CI_Exceptions {
 	 */
 	public function show_error($heading, $message, $template = 'error_general', $status_code = 500)
 	{
-		set_status_header($status_code);
-
-		$message = '<p>'.implode('</p><p>', is_array($message) ? $message : array($message)).'</p>';
+		if (is_cli())
+		{
+			$message = "\t".(is_array($message) ? implode("\n\t", $message) : $message);
+			$template = 'cli'.DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR.$template;
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			set_status_header($status_code);
+			$message = '<p>'.(is_array($message) ? implode('</p><p>', $message) : $message).'</p>';
+			$template = 'html'.DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR.$template;
+		}
 
 		if (ob_get_level() > $this->ob_level + 1)
 		{
 			ob_end_flush();
 		}
 		ob_start();
-		include(VIEWPATH.'errors/'.$template.'.php');
+		include(VIEWPATH.'errors'.DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR.$template.'.php');
 		$buffer = ob_get_contents();
 		ob_end_clean();
 		return $buffer;
@@ -166,13 +182,22 @@ class CI_Exceptions {
 	public function show_php_error($severity, $message, $filepath, $line)
 	{
 		$severity = isset($this->levels[$severity]) ? $this->levels[$severity] : $severity;
-		$filepath = str_replace('\\', '/', $filepath);
 
-		// For safety reasons we do not show the full file path
-		if (FALSE !== strpos($filepath, '/'))
+		// For safety reasons we don't show the full file path in non-CLI requests
+		if ( ! is_cli())
+		{
+			$filepath = str_replace('\\', '/', $filepath);
+			if (FALSE !== strpos($filepath, '/'))
+			{
+				$x = explode('/', $filepath);
+				$filepath = $x[count($x)-2].'/'.end($x);
+			}
+
+			$template = 'html'.DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR.'error_php';
+		}
+		else
 		{
-			$x = explode('/', $filepath);
-			$filepath = $x[count($x)-2].'/'.end($x);
+			$template = 'cli'.DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR.'error_php';
 		}
 
 		if (ob_get_level() > $this->ob_level + 1)
@@ -180,7 +205,7 @@ class CI_Exceptions {
 			ob_end_flush();
 		}
 		ob_start();
-		include(VIEWPATH.'errors/error_php.php');
+		include(VIEWPATH.'errors'.DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR.$template.'.php');
 		$buffer = ob_get_contents();
 		ob_end_clean();
 		echo $buffer;
diff --git a/system/core/Hooks.php b/system/core/Hooks.php
index b3b111991..9bcc23a65 100644
--- a/system/core/Hooks.php
+++ b/system/core/Hooks.php
@@ -54,6 +54,13 @@ class CI_Hooks {
 	public $hooks =	array();
 
 	/**
+	 * Array with class objects to use hooks methods
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	protected $_objects = array();
+
+	/**
 	 * In progress flag
 	 *
 	 * Determines whether hook is in progress, used to prevent infinte loops
@@ -184,7 +191,7 @@ class CI_Hooks {
 		$function	= empty($data['function']) ? FALSE : $data['function'];
 		$params		= isset($data['params']) ? $data['params'] : '';
 
-		if ($class === FALSE && $function === FALSE)
+		if (empty($function))
 		{
 			return FALSE;
 		}
@@ -195,19 +202,39 @@ class CI_Hooks {
 		// Call the requested class and/or function
 		if ($class !== FALSE)
 		{
-			if ( ! class_exists($class, FALSE))
+			// The object is stored?
+			if (isset($this->_objects[$class]))
 			{
-				require($filepath);
+				if (method_exists($this->_objects[$class], $function))
+				{
+					$this->_objects[$class]->$function($params);
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					return $this->_in_progress = FALSE;
+				}
 			}
+			else
+			{
+				class_exists($class, FALSE) OR require_once($filepath);
+
+				if ( ! class_exists($class, FALSE) OR ! method_exists($class, $function))
+				{
+					return $this->_in_progress = FALSE;
+				}
 
-			$HOOK = new $class();
-			$HOOK->$function($params);
+				// Store the object and execute the method
+				$this->_objects[$class] = new $class();
+				$this->_objects[$class]->$function($params);
+			}
 		}
 		else
 		{
+			function_exists($function) OR require_once($filepath);
+
 			if ( ! function_exists($function))
 			{
-				require($filepath);
+				return $this->_in_progress = FALSE;
 			}
 
 			$function($params);
diff --git a/system/core/Input.php b/system/core/Input.php
index 0ef81128e..ccb70daec 100644
--- a/system/core/Input.php
+++ b/system/core/Input.php
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ class CI_Input {
 	public $ip_address = FALSE;
 
 	/**
-	 * User agent strin
+	 * User agent string
 	 *
 	 * @var	string
 	 */
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ class CI_Input {
 	protected $_allow_get_array = TRUE;
 
 	/**
-	 * Standartize new lines flag
+	 * Standardize new lines flag
 	 *
 	 * If set to TRUE, then newlines are standardized.
 	 *
@@ -121,9 +121,10 @@ class CI_Input {
 	{
 		log_message('debug', 'Input Class Initialized');
 
-		$this->_allow_get_array	= (config_item('allow_get_array') === TRUE);
-		$this->_enable_xss	= (config_item('global_xss_filtering') === TRUE);
-		$this->_enable_csrf	= (config_item('csrf_protection') === TRUE);
+		$this->_allow_get_array		= (config_item('allow_get_array') === TRUE);
+		$this->_enable_xss		= (config_item('global_xss_filtering') === TRUE);
+		$this->_enable_csrf		= (config_item('csrf_protection') === TRUE);
+		$this->_sandardize_newlines	= (bool) config_item('standardize_newlines');
 
 		global $SEC;
 		$this->security =& $SEC;
@@ -151,8 +152,10 @@ class CI_Input {
 	 * @param	bool	$xss_clean	Whether to apply XSS filtering
 	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
-	protected function _fetch_from_array(&$array, $index = '', $xss_clean = FALSE)
+	protected function _fetch_from_array(&$array, $index = '', $xss_clean = NULL)
 	{
+		is_bool($xss_clean) OR $xss_clean = $this->_enable_xss;
+
 		if (isset($array[$index]))
 		{
 			$value = $array[$index];
@@ -197,8 +200,10 @@ class CI_Input {
 	 * @param	bool	$xss_clean	Whether to apply XSS filtering
 	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
-	public function get($index = NULL, $xss_clean = FALSE)
+	public function get($index = NULL, $xss_clean = NULL)
 	{
+		is_bool($xss_clean) OR $xss_clean = $this->_enable_xss;
+
 		// Check if a field has been provided
 		if ($index === NULL)
 		{
@@ -229,8 +234,10 @@ class CI_Input {
 	 * @param	bool	$xss_clean	Whether to apply XSS filtering
 	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
-	public function post($index = NULL, $xss_clean = FALSE)
+	public function post($index = NULL, $xss_clean = NULL)
 	{
+		is_bool($xss_clean) OR $xss_clean = $this->_enable_xss;
+
 		// Check if a field has been provided
 		if ($index === NULL)
 		{
@@ -261,8 +268,10 @@ class CI_Input {
 	 * @param	bool	$xss_clean	Whether to apply XSS filtering
 	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
-	public function get_post($index = '', $xss_clean = FALSE)
+	public function post_get($index = '', $xss_clean = NULL)
 	{
+		is_bool($xss_clean) OR $xss_clean = $this->_enable_xss;
+
 		return isset($_POST[$index])
 			? $this->post($index, $xss_clean)
 			: $this->get($index, $xss_clean);
@@ -271,14 +280,34 @@ class CI_Input {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
+	 * Fetch an item from GET data with fallback to POST
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$index		Index for item to be fetched from $_GET or $_POST
+	 * @param	bool	$xss_clean	Whether to apply XSS filtering
+	 * @return	mixed
+	 */
+	public function get_post($index = '', $xss_clean = NULL)
+	{
+		is_bool($xss_clean) OR $xss_clean = $this->_enable_xss;
+
+		return isset($_GET[$index])
+			? $this->get($index, $xss_clean)
+			: $this->post($index, $xss_clean);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
 	 * Fetch an item from the COOKIE array
 	 *
 	 * @param	string	$index		Index for item to be fetched from $_COOKIE
 	 * @param	bool	$xss_clean	Whether to apply XSS filtering
 	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
-	public function cookie($index = '', $xss_clean = FALSE)
+	public function cookie($index = '', $xss_clean = NULL)
 	{
+		is_bool($xss_clean) OR $xss_clean = $this->_enable_xss;
+
 		return $this->_fetch_from_array($_COOKIE, $index, $xss_clean);
 	}
 
@@ -291,8 +320,10 @@ class CI_Input {
 	 * @param	bool	$xss_clean	Whether to apply XSS filtering
 	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
-	public function server($index = '', $xss_clean = FALSE)
+	public function server($index = '', $xss_clean = NULL)
 	{
+		is_bool($xss_clean) OR $xss_clean = $this->_enable_xss;
+
 		return $this->_fetch_from_array($_SERVER, $index, $xss_clean);
 	}
 
@@ -307,8 +338,10 @@ class CI_Input {
 	 * @param	bool	$xss_clean	Whether to apply XSS filtering
 	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
-	public function input_stream($index = '', $xss_clean = FALSE)
+	public function input_stream($index = '', $xss_clean = NULL)
 	{
+		is_bool($xss_clean) OR $xss_clean = $this->_enable_xss;
+
 		// The input stream can only be read once, so we'll need to check
 		// if we have already done that first.
 		if (is_array($this->_input_stream))
@@ -345,7 +378,7 @@ class CI_Input {
 	 * @param	bool		$httponly	Whether to only makes the cookie accessible via HTTP (no javascript)
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	public function set_cookie($name = '', $value = '', $expire = '', $domain = '', $path = '/', $prefix = '', $secure = FALSE, $httponly = FALSE)
+	public function set_cookie($name, $value = '', $expire = '', $domain = '', $path = '/', $prefix = '', $secure = FALSE, $httponly = FALSE)
 	{
 		if (is_array($name))
 		{
@@ -671,13 +704,22 @@ class CI_Input {
 			// but that when present will trip our 'Disallowed Key Characters' alarm
 			// http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2109.txt
 			// note that the key names below are single quoted strings, and are not PHP variables
-			unset($_COOKIE['$Version']);
-			unset($_COOKIE['$Path']);
-			unset($_COOKIE['$Domain']);
+			unset(
+				$_COOKIE['$Version'],
+				$_COOKIE['$Path'],
+				$_COOKIE['$Domain']
+			);
 
 			foreach ($_COOKIE as $key => $val)
 			{
-				$_COOKIE[$this->_clean_input_keys($key)] = $this->_clean_input_data($val);
+				if (($cookie_key = $this->_clean_input_keys($key)) !== FALSE)
+				{
+					$_COOKIE[$cookie_key] = $this->_clean_input_data($val);
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					unset($_COOKIE[$key]);
+				}
 			}
 		}
 
@@ -685,12 +727,12 @@ class CI_Input {
 		$_SERVER['PHP_SELF'] = strip_tags($_SERVER['PHP_SELF']);
 
 		// CSRF Protection check
-		if ($this->_enable_csrf === TRUE && ! $this->is_cli_request())
+		if ($this->_enable_csrf === TRUE && ! is_cli())
 		{
 			$this->security->csrf_verify();
 		}
 
-		log_message('debug', 'Global POST and COOKIE data sanitized');
+		log_message('debug', 'Global POST, GET and COOKIE data sanitized');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -733,13 +775,7 @@ class CI_Input {
 		}
 
 		// Remove control characters
-		$str = remove_invisible_characters($str);
-
-		// Should we filter the input data?
-		if ($this->_enable_xss === TRUE)
-		{
-			$str = $this->security->xss_clean($str);
-		}
+		$str = remove_invisible_characters($str, FALSE);
 
 		// Standardize newlines if needed
 		if ($this->_standardize_newlines === TRUE)
@@ -760,15 +796,25 @@ class CI_Input {
 	 * only named with alpha-numeric text and a few other items.
 	 *
 	 * @param	string	$str	Input string
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @param	string	$fatal	Whether to terminate script exection
+	 *				or to return FALSE if an invalid
+	 *				key is encountered
+	 * @return	string|bool
 	 */
-	protected function _clean_input_keys($str)
+	protected function _clean_input_keys($str, $fatal = TRUE)
 	{
 		if ( ! preg_match('/^[a-z0-9:_\/|-]+$/i', $str))
 		{
-			set_status_header(503);
-			echo 'Disallowed Key Characters.';
-			exit(EXIT_USER_INPUT);
+			if ($fatal === TRUE)
+			{
+				return FALSE;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				set_status_header(503);
+				echo 'Disallowed Key Characters.';
+				exit(EXIT_USER_INPUT);
+			}
 		}
 
 		// Clean UTF-8 if supported
@@ -868,11 +914,12 @@ class CI_Input {
 	 *
 	 * Test to see if a request was made from the command line.
 	 *
-	 * @return 	bool
+	 * @deprecated	3.0.0	Use is_cli() instead
+	 * @return      bool
 	 */
 	public function is_cli_request()
 	{
-		return (php_sapi_name() === 'cli' OR defined('STDIN'));
+		return is_cli();
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/system/core/Lang.php b/system/core/Lang.php
index 3236709f2..290b38bea 100644
--- a/system/core/Lang.php
+++ b/system/core/Lang.php
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ class CI_Lang {
 	 * @param	bool	$log_errors	Whether to log an error message if the line is not found
 	 * @return	string	Translation
 	 */
-	public function line($line = '', $log_errors = TRUE)
+	public function line($line, $log_errors = TRUE)
 	{
 		$value = ($line === '' OR ! isset($this->language[$line])) ? FALSE : $this->language[$line];
 
diff --git a/system/core/Loader.php b/system/core/Loader.php
index 70a6b6fa6..8c8d5a37c 100644
--- a/system/core/Loader.php
+++ b/system/core/Loader.php
@@ -76,13 +76,6 @@ class CI_Loader {
 	protected $_ci_helper_paths =	array(APPPATH, BASEPATH);
 
 	/**
-	 * List of loaded base classes
-	 *
-	 * @var	array
-	 */
-	protected $_base_classes =	array(); // Set by the controller class
-
-	/**
 	 * List of cached variables
 	 *
 	 * @var	array
@@ -120,6 +113,8 @@ class CI_Loader {
 		'user_agent' => 'agent'
 	);
 
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 	/**
 	 * Class constructor
 	 *
@@ -129,7 +124,8 @@ class CI_Loader {
 	 */
 	public function __construct()
 	{
-		$this->_ci_ob_level  = ob_get_level();
+		$this->_ci_ob_level = ob_get_level();
+		$this->_ci_classes =& is_loaded();
 
 		log_message('debug', 'Loader Class Initialized');
 	}
@@ -147,7 +143,6 @@ class CI_Loader {
 	 */
 	public function initialize()
 	{
-		$this->_base_classes =& is_loaded();
 		$this->_ci_autoloader();
 	}
 
@@ -165,7 +160,7 @@ class CI_Loader {
 	 */
 	public function is_loaded($class)
 	{
-		return isset($this->_ci_classes[$class]) ? $this->_ci_classes[$class] : FALSE;
+		return array_search(ucfirst($class), $this->_ci_classes, TRUE);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -179,23 +174,29 @@ class CI_Loader {
 	 * @param	string	$library	Library name
 	 * @param	array	$params		Optional parameters to pass to the library class constructor
 	 * @param	string	$object_name	An optional object name to assign to
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	public function library($library = '', $params = NULL, $object_name = NULL)
+	public function library($library, $params = NULL, $object_name = NULL)
 	{
-		if (is_array($library))
+		if (empty($library))
+		{
+			return $this;
+		}
+		elseif (is_array($library))
 		{
-			foreach ($library as $class)
+			foreach ($library as $key => $value)
 			{
-				$this->library($class, $params);
+				if (is_int($key))
+				{
+					$this->library($value, $params);
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					$this->library($key, $params, $value);
+				}
 			}
 
-			return;
-		}
-
-		if ($library === '' OR isset($this->_base_classes[$library]))
-		{
-			return;
+			return $this;
 		}
 
 		if ($params !== NULL && ! is_array($params))
@@ -204,6 +205,7 @@ class CI_Loader {
 		}
 
 		$this->_ci_load_class($library, $params, $object_name);
+		return $this;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -216,21 +218,22 @@ class CI_Loader {
 	 * @param	string	$model		Model name
 	 * @param	string	$name		An optional object name to assign to
 	 * @param	bool	$db_conn	An optional database connection configuration to initialize
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @return	object
 	 */
 	public function model($model, $name = '', $db_conn = FALSE)
 	{
 		if (empty($model))
 		{
-			return;
+			return $this;
 		}
 		elseif (is_array($model))
 		{
 			foreach ($model as $key => $value)
 			{
-				$this->model(is_int($key) ? $value : $key, $value);
+				is_int($key) ? $this->model($value, '', $db_conn) : $this->model($key, $value, $db_conn);
 			}
-			return;
+
+			return $this;
 		}
 
 		$path = '';
@@ -252,7 +255,7 @@ class CI_Loader {
 
 		if (in_array($name, $this->_ci_models, TRUE))
 		{
-			return;
+			return $this;
 		}
 
 		$CI =& get_instance();
@@ -261,36 +264,35 @@ class CI_Loader {
 			show_error('The model name you are loading is the name of a resource that is already being used: '.$name);
 		}
 
-		$model = strtolower($model);
-
-		foreach ($this->_ci_model_paths as $mod_path)
+		if ($db_conn !== FALSE && ! class_exists('CI_DB', FALSE))
 		{
-			if ( ! file_exists($mod_path.'models/'.$path.$model.'.php'))
+			if ($db_conn === TRUE)
 			{
-				continue;
+				$db_conn = '';
 			}
 
-			if ($db_conn !== FALSE && ! class_exists('CI_DB', FALSE))
-			{
-				if ($db_conn === TRUE)
-				{
-					$db_conn = '';
-				}
+			$CI->load->database($db_conn, FALSE, TRUE);
+		}
 
-				$CI->load->database($db_conn, FALSE, TRUE);
-			}
+		if ( ! class_exists('CI_Model', FALSE))
+		{
+			load_class('Model', 'core');
+		}
 
-			if ( ! class_exists('CI_Model', FALSE))
+		$model = ucfirst(strtolower($model));
+
+		foreach ($this->_ci_model_paths as $mod_path)
+		{
+			if ( ! file_exists($mod_path.'models/'.$path.$model.'.php'))
 			{
-				load_class('Model', 'core');
+				continue;
 			}
 
 			require_once($mod_path.'models/'.$path.$model.'.php');
 
-			$model = ucfirst($model);
 			$CI->$name = new $model();
 			$this->_ci_models[] = $name;
-			return;
+			return $this;
 		}
 
 		// couldn't find the model
@@ -307,8 +309,8 @@ class CI_Loader {
 	 * @param	bool	$query_builder	Whether to enable Query Builder
 	 *					(overrides the configuration setting)
 	 *
-	 * @return	void|object|bool	Database object if $return is set to TRUE,
-	 *					FALSE on failure, void in any other case
+	 * @return	object|bool	Database object if $return is set to TRUE,
+	 *					FALSE on failure, CI_Loader instance in any other case
 	 */
 	public function database($params = '', $return = FALSE, $query_builder = NULL)
 	{
@@ -334,6 +336,7 @@ class CI_Loader {
 
 		// Load the DB class
 		$CI->db =& DB($params, $query_builder);
+		return $this;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -342,8 +345,8 @@ class CI_Loader {
 	 * Load the Database Utilities Class
 	 *
 	 * @param	object	$db	Database object
-	 * @param	bool	$return	Whether to return the DB Forge class object or not
-	 * @return	void|object
+	 * @param	bool	$return	Whether to return the DB Utilities class object or not
+	 * @return	object
 	 */
 	public function dbutil($db = NULL, $return = FALSE)
 	{
@@ -365,6 +368,7 @@ class CI_Loader {
 		}
 
 		$CI->dbutil = new $class($db);
+		return $this;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -374,7 +378,7 @@ class CI_Loader {
 	 *
 	 * @param	object	$db	Database object
 	 * @param	bool	$return	Whether to return the DB Forge class object or not
-	 * @return	void|object
+	 * @return	object
 	 */
 	public function dbforge($db = NULL, $return = FALSE)
 	{
@@ -408,6 +412,7 @@ class CI_Loader {
 		}
 
 		$CI->dbforge = new $class($db);
+		return $this;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -422,7 +427,7 @@ class CI_Loader {
 	 *				to be extracted for use in the view
 	 * @param	bool	$return	Whether to return the view output
 	 *				or leave it to the Output class
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @return	object|string
 	 */
 	public function view($view, $vars = array(), $return = FALSE)
 	{
@@ -436,7 +441,7 @@ class CI_Loader {
 	 *
 	 * @param	string	$path	File path
 	 * @param	bool	$return	Whether to return the file output
-	 * @return	void|string
+	 * @return	object|string
 	 */
 	public function file($path, $return = FALSE)
 	{
@@ -455,9 +460,9 @@ class CI_Loader {
 	 *					An associative array or object containing values
 	 *					to be set, or a value's name if string
 	 * @param 	string	$val	Value to set, only used if $vars is a string
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	public function vars($vars = array(), $val = '')
+	public function vars($vars, $val = '')
 	{
 		if (is_string($vars))
 		{
@@ -473,6 +478,23 @@ class CI_Loader {
 				$this->_ci_cached_vars[$key] = $val;
 			}
 		}
+
+		return $this;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Clear Cached Variables
+	 *
+	 * Clears the cached variables.
+	 *
+	 * @return  object
+	 */
+	public function clear_vars()
+	{
+		$this->_ci_cached_vars = array();
+		return $this;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -510,7 +532,7 @@ class CI_Loader {
 	 * Helper Loader
 	 *
 	 * @param	string|string[]	$helpers	Helper name(s)
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @return	object
 	 */
 	public function helper($helpers = array())
 	{
@@ -567,6 +589,8 @@ class CI_Loader {
 				show_error('Unable to load the requested file: helpers/'.$helper.'.php');
 			}
 		}
+
+		return $this;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -579,11 +603,11 @@ class CI_Loader {
 	 *
 	 * @uses	CI_Loader::helper()
 	 * @param	string|string[]	$helpers	Helper name(s)
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @return	object
 	 */
 	public function helpers($helpers = array())
 	{
-		$this->helper($helpers);
+		return $this->helper($helpers);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -595,18 +619,19 @@ class CI_Loader {
 	 *
 	 * @param	string|string[]	$files	List of language file names to load
 	 * @param	string		Language name
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	public function language($files = array(), $lang = '')
+	public function language($files, $lang = '')
 	{
 		$CI =& get_instance();
-
 		is_array($files) OR $files = array($files);
 
 		foreach ($files as $langfile)
 		{
 			$CI->lang->load($langfile, $lang);
 		}
+
+		return $this;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -622,10 +647,9 @@ class CI_Loader {
 	 * @param	bool	$fail_gracefully	Whether to just return FALSE or display an error message
 	 * @return	bool	TRUE if the file was loaded correctly or FALSE on failure
 	 */
-	public function config($file = '', $use_sections = FALSE, $fail_gracefully = FALSE)
+	public function config($file, $use_sections = FALSE, $fail_gracefully = FALSE)
 	{
-		$CI =& get_instance();
-		return $CI->config->load($file, $use_sections, $fail_gracefully);
+		return get_instance()->config->load($file, $use_sections, $fail_gracefully);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -639,10 +663,10 @@ class CI_Loader {
 	 * @param	array		$params		Optional parameters to pass to the driver
 	 * @param	string		$object_name	An optional object name to assign to
 	 *
-	 * @return	void|object|bool	Object or FALSE on failure if $library is a string
-	 *					and $object_name is set. void otherwise.
+	 * @return	object|bool	Object or FALSE on failure if $library is a string
+	 *				and $object_name is set. CI_Loader instance otherwise.
 	 */
-	public function driver($library = '', $params = NULL, $object_name = NULL)
+	public function driver($library, $params = NULL, $object_name = NULL)
 	{
 		if (is_array($library))
 		{
@@ -650,10 +674,10 @@ class CI_Loader {
 			{
 				$this->driver($driver);
 			}
-			return;
-		}
 
-		if ($library === '')
+			return $this;
+		}
+		elseif (empty($library))
 		{
 			return FALSE;
 		}
@@ -689,7 +713,7 @@ class CI_Loader {
 	 *
 	 * @param	string	$path		Path to add
 	 * @param 	bool	$view_cascade	(default: TRUE)
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @return	object
 	 */
 	public function add_package_path($path, $view_cascade = TRUE)
 	{
@@ -704,6 +728,8 @@ class CI_Loader {
 		// Add config file path
 		$config =& $this->_ci_get_component('config');
 		$config->_config_paths[] = $path;
+
+		return $this;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -731,7 +757,7 @@ class CI_Loader {
 	 * added path will be removed removed.
 	 *
 	 * @param	string	$path	Path to remove
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @return	object
 	 */
 	public function remove_package_path($path = '')
 	{
@@ -773,6 +799,8 @@ class CI_Loader {
 		$this->_ci_model_paths = array_unique(array_merge($this->_ci_model_paths, array(APPPATH)));
 		$this->_ci_view_paths = array_merge($this->_ci_view_paths, array(APPPATH.'views/' => TRUE));
 		$config->_config_paths = array_unique(array_merge($config->_config_paths, array(APPPATH)));
+
+		return $this;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -788,7 +816,7 @@ class CI_Loader {
 	 * @used-by	CI_Loader::view()
 	 * @used-by	CI_Loader::file()
 	 * @param	array	$_ci_data	Data to load
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @return	object
 	 */
 	protected function _ci_load($_ci_data)
 	{
@@ -912,6 +940,8 @@ class CI_Loader {
 			$_ci_CI->output->append_output(ob_get_contents());
 			@ob_end_clean();
 		}
+
+		return $this;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1118,30 +1148,35 @@ class CI_Loader {
 
 		// Set the variable name we will assign the class to
 		// Was a custom class name supplied? If so we'll use it
-		$class = strtolower($class);
-
-		if ($object_name === NULL)
+		if (empty($object_name))
 		{
-			$classvar = isset($this->_ci_varmap[$class]) ? $this->_ci_varmap[$class] : $class;
+			$object_name = strtolower($class);
+			if (isset($this->_ci_varmap[$object_name]))
+			{
+				$object_name = $this->_ci_varmap[$object_name];
+			}
 		}
-		else
+
+		// Don't overwrite existing properties
+		$CI =& get_instance();
+		if (isset($CI->$object_name))
 		{
-			$classvar = $object_name;
+			if ($CI->$object_name instanceof $name)
+			{
+				log_message('debug', $class." has already been instantiated as '".$object_name."'. Second attempt aborted.");
+				return;
+			}
+
+			show_error("Resource '".$object_name."' already exists and is not a ".$class." instance.");
 		}
 
 		// Save the class name and object name
-		$this->_ci_classes[$class] = $classvar;
+		$this->_ci_classes[$object_name] = $class;
 
 		// Instantiate the class
-		$CI =& get_instance();
-		if ($config !== NULL)
-		{
-			$CI->$classvar = new $name($config);
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			$CI->$classvar = new $name();
-		}
+		$CI->$object_name = isset($config)
+			? new $name($config)
+			: new $name();
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1198,6 +1233,15 @@ class CI_Loader {
 			}
 		}
 
+		// Autoload drivers
+		if (isset($autoload['drivers']))
+		{
+			foreach ($autoload['drivers'] as $item)
+			{
+				$this->driver($item);
+			}
+		}
+
 		// Load libraries
 		if (isset($autoload['libraries']) && count($autoload['libraries']) > 0)
 		{
@@ -1215,15 +1259,6 @@ class CI_Loader {
 			}
 		}
 
-		// Autoload drivers
-		if (isset($autoload['drivers']))
-		{
-			foreach ($autoload['drivers'] as $item)
-			{
-				$this->driver($item);
-			}
-		}
-
 		// Autoload models
 		if (isset($autoload['model']))
 		{
diff --git a/system/core/Log.php b/system/core/Log.php
index e4d72b544..63fef2088 100644
--- a/system/core/Log.php
+++ b/system/core/Log.php
@@ -140,10 +140,9 @@ class CI_Log {
 	 *
 	 * @param	string	the error level: 'error', 'debug' or 'info'
 	 * @param	string	the error message
-	 * @param	bool	whether the error is a native PHP error
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	public function write_log($level, $msg, $php_error = FALSE)
+	public function write_log($level, $msg)
 	{
 		if ($this->_enabled === FALSE)
 		{
@@ -176,10 +175,18 @@ class CI_Log {
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		$message .= $level.' '.($level === 'INFO' ? ' -' : '-').' '.date($this->_date_fmt).' --> '.$msg."\n";
+		$message .= $level.' - '.date($this->_date_fmt).' --> '.$msg."\n";
 
 		flock($fp, LOCK_EX);
-		fwrite($fp, $message);
+
+		for ($written = 0, $length = strlen($message); $written < $length; $written += $result)
+		{
+			if (($result = fwrite($fp, substr($message, $written))) === FALSE)
+			{
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+
 		flock($fp, LOCK_UN);
 		fclose($fp);
 
@@ -188,7 +195,7 @@ class CI_Log {
 			@chmod($filepath, FILE_WRITE_MODE);
 		}
 
-		return TRUE;
+		return is_int($result);
 	}
 
 }
diff --git a/system/core/Model.php b/system/core/Model.php
index 1eb6f909b..11e60759b 100644
--- a/system/core/Model.php
+++ b/system/core/Model.php
@@ -59,8 +59,7 @@ class CI_Model {
 	 */
 	public function __get($key)
 	{
-		$CI =& get_instance();
-		return $CI->$key;
+		return get_instance()->$key;
 	}
 
 }
diff --git a/system/core/Output.php b/system/core/Output.php
index 06d7a866b..2ad8e90fa 100644
--- a/system/core/Output.php
+++ b/system/core/Output.php
@@ -58,21 +58,21 @@ class CI_Output {
 	 *
 	 * @var	array
 	 */
-	public $headers =	array();
+	public $headers = array();
 
 	/**
 	 * List of mime types
 	 *
 	 * @var	array
 	 */
-	public $mimes =		array();
+	public $mimes =	array();
 
 	/**
 	 * Mime-type for the current page
 	 *
 	 * @var	string
 	 */
-	protected $mime_type	= 'text/html';
+	protected $mime_type = 'text/html';
 
 	/**
 	 * Enable Profiler flag
@@ -82,11 +82,18 @@ class CI_Output {
 	public $enable_profiler = FALSE;
 
 	/**
-	 * zLib output compression flag
+	 * php.ini zlib.output_compression flag
 	 *
 	 * @var	bool
 	 */
-	protected $_zlib_oc =		FALSE;
+	protected $_zlib_oc = FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * CI output compression flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	protected $_compress_output = FALSE;
 
 	/**
 	 * List of profiler sections
@@ -102,7 +109,7 @@ class CI_Output {
 	 *
 	 * @var	bool
 	 */
-	public $parse_exec_vars =	TRUE;
+	public $parse_exec_vars = TRUE;
 
 	/**
 	 * Class constructor
@@ -114,6 +121,11 @@ class CI_Output {
 	public function __construct()
 	{
 		$this->_zlib_oc = (bool) @ini_get('zlib.output_compression');
+		$this->_compress_output = (
+			$this->_zlib_oc === FALSE
+			&& config_item('compress_output') === TRUE
+			&& extension_loaded('zlib')
+		);
 
 		// Get mime types for later
 		$this->mimes =& get_mimes();
@@ -436,15 +448,14 @@ class CI_Output {
 		if ($this->parse_exec_vars === TRUE)
 		{
 			$memory	= round(memory_get_usage() / 1024 / 1024, 2).'MB';
-
 			$output = str_replace(array('{elapsed_time}', '{memory_usage}'), array($elapsed, $memory), $output);
 		}
 
 		// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 		// Is compression requested?
-		if ($CFG->item('compress_output') === TRUE && $this->_zlib_oc === FALSE
-			&& extension_loaded('zlib')
+		if (isset($CI) // This means that we're not serving a cache file, if we were, it would already be compressed
+			&& $this->_compress_output === TRUE
 			&& isset($_SERVER['HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING']) && strpos($_SERVER['HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING'], 'gzip') !== FALSE)
 		{
 			ob_start('ob_gzhandler');
@@ -468,6 +479,21 @@ class CI_Output {
 		// simply echo out the data and exit.
 		if ( ! isset($CI))
 		{
+			if ($this->_compress_output === TRUE)
+			{
+				if (isset($_SERVER['HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING']) && strpos($_SERVER['HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING'], 'gzip') !== FALSE)
+				{
+					header('Content-Encoding: gzip');
+					header('Content-Length: '.strlen($output));
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					// User agent doesn't support gzip compression,
+					// so we'll have to decompress our cache
+					$output = gzinflate(substr($output, 10, -8));
+				}
+			}
+
 			echo $output;
 			log_message('debug', 'Final output sent to browser');
 			log_message('debug', 'Total execution time: '.$elapsed);
@@ -530,9 +556,9 @@ class CI_Output {
 			return;
 		}
 
-		$uri =	$CI->config->item('base_url').
-				$CI->config->item('index_page').
-				$CI->uri->uri_string();
+		$uri = $CI->config->item('base_url')
+			.$CI->config->item('index_page')
+			.$CI->uri->uri_string();
 
 		$cache_path .= md5($uri);
 
@@ -542,17 +568,39 @@ class CI_Output {
 			return;
 		}
 
-		$expire = time() + ($this->cache_expiration * 60);
-
-		// Put together our serialized info.
-		$cache_info = serialize(array(
-			'expire'	=> $expire,
-			'headers'	=> $this->headers
-		));
-
 		if (flock($fp, LOCK_EX))
 		{
-			fwrite($fp, $cache_info.'ENDCI--->'.$output);
+			// If output compression is enabled, compress the cache
+			// itself, so that we don't have to do that each time
+			// we're serving it
+			if ($this->_compress_output === TRUE)
+			{
+				$output = gzencode($output);
+
+				if ($this->get_header('content-type') === NULL)
+				{
+					$this->set_content_type($this->mime_type);
+				}
+			}
+
+			$expire = time() + ($this->cache_expiration * 60);
+
+			// Put together our serialized info.
+			$cache_info = serialize(array(
+				'expire'	=> $expire,
+				'headers'	=> $this->headers
+			));
+
+			$output = $cache_info.'ENDCI--->'.$output;
+
+			for ($written = 0, $length = strlen($output); $written < $length; $written += $result)
+			{
+				if (($result = fwrite($fp, substr($output, $written))) === FALSE)
+				{
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+
 			flock($fp, LOCK_UN);
 		}
 		else
@@ -560,13 +608,22 @@ class CI_Output {
 			log_message('error', 'Unable to secure a file lock for file at: '.$cache_path);
 			return;
 		}
+
 		fclose($fp);
-		@chmod($cache_path, FILE_WRITE_MODE);
 
-		log_message('debug', 'Cache file written: '.$cache_path);
+		if (is_int($result))
+		{
+			@chmod($cache_path, FILE_WRITE_MODE);
+			log_message('debug', 'Cache file written: '.$cache_path);
 
-		// Send HTTP cache-control headers to browser to match file cache settings.
-		$this->set_cache_header($_SERVER['REQUEST_TIME'], $expire);
+			// Send HTTP cache-control headers to browser to match file cache settings.
+			$this->set_cache_header($_SERVER['REQUEST_TIME'], $expire);
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			@unlink($cache_path);
+			log_message('error', 'Unable to write the complete cache content at: '.$cache_path);
+		}
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -701,7 +758,7 @@ class CI_Output {
 		else
 		{
 			header('Pragma: public');
-			header('Cache-Control: max-age=' . $max_age . ', public');
+			header('Cache-Control: max-age='.$max_age.', public');
 			header('Expires: '.gmdate('D, d M Y H:i:s', $expiration).' GMT');
 			header('Last-modified: '.gmdate('D, d M Y H:i:s', $last_modified).' GMT');
 		}
@@ -740,13 +797,13 @@ class CI_Output {
 				preg_match_all('{<style.+</style>}msU', $output, $style_clean);
 				foreach ($style_clean[0] as $s)
 				{
-					$output = str_replace($s, $this->_minify_script_style($s, TRUE), $output);
+					$output = str_replace($s, $this->_minify_js_css($s, 'css', TRUE), $output);
 				}
 
 				// Minify the javascript in <script> tags.
 				foreach ($javascript_clean[0] as $s)
 				{
-					$javascript_mini[] = $this->_minify_script_style($s, TRUE);
+					$javascript_mini[] = $this->_minify_js_css($s, 'js', TRUE);
 				}
 
 				// Replace multiple spaces with a single space.
@@ -792,13 +849,14 @@ class CI_Output {
 			break;
 
 			case 'text/css':
+
+				return $this->_minify_js_css($output, 'css');
+
 			case 'text/javascript':
 			case 'application/javascript':
 			case 'application/x-javascript':
 
-				$output = $this->_minify_script_style($output);
-
-			break;
+				return $this->_minify_js_css($output, 'js');
 
 			default: break;
 		}
@@ -809,134 +867,100 @@ class CI_Output {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Minify Style and Script
-	 *
-	 * Reduce excessive size of CSS/JavaScript content.  To remove spaces this
-	 * script walks the string as an array and determines if the pointer is inside
-	 * a string created by single quotes or double quotes.  spaces inside those
-	 * strings are not stripped.  Opening and closing tags are severed from
-	 * the string initially and saved without stripping whitespace to preserve
-	 * the tags and any associated properties if tags are present
+	 * Minify JavaScript and CSS code
 	 *
-	 * Minification logic/workflow is similar to methods used by Douglas Crockford
-	 * in JSMIN. http://www.crockford.com/javascript/jsmin.html
+	 * Strips comments and excessive whitespace characters
 	 *
-	 * KNOWN ISSUE: ending a line with a closing parenthesis ')' and no semicolon
-	 * where there should be one will break the Javascript. New lines after a
-	 * closing parenthesis are not recognized by the script. For best results
-	 * be sure to terminate lines with a semicolon when appropriate.
-	 *
-	 * @param	string	$output		Output to minify
-	 * @param	bool	$has_tags	Specify if the output has style or script tags
-	 * @return	string	Minified output
+	 * @param	string	$output
+	 * @param	string	$type	'js' or 'css'
+	 * @param	bool	$tags	Whether $output contains the 'script' or 'style' tag
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	protected function _minify_script_style($output, $has_tags = FALSE)
+	protected function _minify_js_css($output, $type, $tags = FALSE)
 	{
-		// We only need this if there are tags in the file
-		if ($has_tags === TRUE)
+		if ($tags === TRUE)
 		{
-			// Remove opening tag and save for later
-			$pos = strpos($output, '>') + 1;
-			$open_tag = substr($output, 0, $pos);
-			$output = substr_replace($output, '', 0, $pos);
+			$tags = array('close' => strrchr($output, '<'));
 
-			// Remove closing tag and save it for later
-			$pos = strpos($output, '</');
-			$closing_tag = substr($output, $pos, strlen($output));
-			$output = substr_replace($output, '', $pos);
-		}
+			$open_length = strpos($output, '>') + 1;
+			$tags['open'] = substr($output, 0, $open_length);
 
-		// Remove CSS comments
-		$output = preg_replace('!/\*[^*]*\*+([^/][^*]*\*+)*/!i', '', $output);
+			$output = substr($output, $open_length, -strlen($tags['close']));
 
-		// Remove spaces around curly brackets, colons,
-		// semi-colons, parenthesis, commas
-		$chunks = preg_split('/([\'|"]).+(?![^\\\]\\1)\\1/iU', $output, -1, PREG_SPLIT_OFFSET_CAPTURE);
-		for ($i = count($chunks) - 1; $i >= 0; $i--)
-		{
-			$output = substr_replace(
-				$output,
-				preg_replace('/\s*(:|;|,|}|{|\(|\))\s*/i', '$1', $chunks[$i][0]),
-				$chunks[$i][1],
-				strlen($chunks[$i][0])
-			);
+			// Strip spaces from the tags
+			$tags = preg_replace('#\s{2,}#', ' ', $tags);
 		}
 
-		// Replace tabs with spaces
-		// Replace carriage returns & multiple new lines with single new line
-		// and trim any leading or trailing whitespace
-		$output = trim(preg_replace(array('/\t+/', '/\r/', '/\n+/'), array(' ', "\n", "\n"), $output));
+		$output = trim($output);
 
-		// Remove spaces when safe to do so.
-		$in_string = $in_dstring = $prev = FALSE;
-		$array_output = str_split($output);
-		foreach ($array_output as $key => $value)
+		if ($type === 'js')
 		{
-			if ($in_string === FALSE && $in_dstring === FALSE)
+			// Catch all string literals and comment blocks
+			if (preg_match_all('#((?:((?<!\\\)\'|")|(/\*)|(//)).*(?(2)(?<!\\\)\2|(?(3)\*/|\n)))#msuUS', $output, $match, PREG_OFFSET_CAPTURE))
 			{
-				if ($value === ' ')
+				$js_literals = $js_code = array();
+				for ($match = $match[0], $c = count($match), $i = $pos = $offset = 0; $i < $c; $i++)
 				{
-					// Get the next element in the array for comparisons
-					$next = $array_output[$key + 1];
-
-					// Strip spaces preceded/followed by a non-ASCII character
-					// or not preceded/followed by an alphanumeric
-					// or not preceded/followed \ $ and _
-					if ((preg_match('/^[\x20-\x7f]*$/D', $next) OR preg_match('/^[\x20-\x7f]*$/D', $prev))
-						&& ( ! ctype_alnum($next) OR ! ctype_alnum($prev))
-						&& ! in_array($next, array('\\', '_', '$'), TRUE)
-						&& ! in_array($prev, array('\\', '_', '$'), TRUE)
-					)
+					$js_code[$pos++] = trim(substr($output, $offset, $match[$i][1] - $offset));
+					$offset = $match[$i][1] + strlen($match[$i][0]);
+
+					// Save only if we haven't matched a comment block
+					if ($match[$i][0][0] !== '/')
 					{
-						unset($array_output[$key]);
+						$js_literals[$pos++] = array_shift($match[$i]);
 					}
 				}
-				else
-				{
-					// Save this value as previous for the next iteration
-					// if it is not a blank space
-					$prev = $value;
-				}
-			}
+				$js_code[$pos] = substr($output, $offset);
 
-			if ($value === "'")
-			{
-				$in_string = ! $in_string;
+				// $match might be quite large, so free it up together with other vars that we no longer need
+				unset($match, $offset, $pos);
 			}
-			elseif ($value === '"')
+			else
 			{
-				$in_dstring = ! $in_dstring;
+				$js_code = array($output);
+				$js_literals = array();
 			}
+
+			$varname = 'js_code';
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			$varname = 'output';
 		}
 
-		// Put the string back together after spaces have been stripped
-		$output = implode($array_output);
+		// Standartize new lines
+		$$varname = str_replace(array("\r\n", "\r"), "\n", $$varname);
 
-		// Remove new line characters unless previous or next character is
-		// printable or Non-ASCII
-		preg_match_all('/[\n]/', $output, $lf, PREG_OFFSET_CAPTURE);
-		$removed_lf = 0;
-		foreach ($lf as $feed_position)
+		if ($type === 'js')
 		{
-			foreach ($feed_position as $position)
-			{
-				$position = $position[1] - $removed_lf;
-				$next = $output[$position + 1];
-				$prev = $output[$position - 1];
-				if ( ! ctype_print($next) && ! ctype_print($prev)
-					&& ! preg_match('/^[\x20-\x7f]*$/D', $next)
-					&& ! preg_match('/^[\x20-\x7f]*$/D', $prev)
-				)
-				{
-					$output = substr_replace($output, '', $position, 1);
-					$removed_lf++;
-				}
-			}
+			$patterns = array(
+				'#\s*([!\#%&()*+,\-./:;<=>?@\[\]^`{|}~])\s*#'	=> '$1',	// Remove spaces following and preceeding JS-wise non-special & non-word characters
+				'#\s{2,}#'					=> ' '		// Reduce the remaining multiple whitespace characters to a single space
+			);
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			$patterns = array(
+				'#/\*.*(?=\*/)\*/#s'	=> '',		// Remove /* block comments */
+				'#\n?//[^\n]*#'		=> '',		// Remove // line comments
+				'#\s*([^\w.\#%])\s*#U'	=> '$1',	// Remove spaces following and preceeding non-word characters, excluding dots, hashes and the percent sign
+				'#\s{2,}#'		=> ' '		// Reduce the remaining multiple space characters to a single space
+			);
+		}
+
+		$$varname = preg_replace(array_keys($patterns), array_values($patterns), $$varname);
+
+		// Glue back JS quoted strings
+		if ($type === 'js')
+		{
+			$js_code += $js_literals;
+			ksort($js_code);
+			$output = implode($js_code);
+			unset($js_code, $js_literals, $varname, $patterns);
 		}
 
-		// Put the opening and closing tags back if applicable
-		return isset($open_tag)
-			? $open_tag.$output.$closing_tag
+		return is_array($tags)
+			? $tags['open'].$output.$tags['close']
 			: $output;
 	}
 
diff --git a/system/core/Router.php b/system/core/Router.php
index cc3916f86..633524023 100644
--- a/system/core/Router.php
+++ b/system/core/Router.php
@@ -91,6 +91,15 @@ class CI_Router {
 	 */
 	public $translate_uri_dashes = FALSE;
 
+	/**
+	 * Enable query strings flag
+	 *
+	 * Determines wether to use GET parameters or segment URIs
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	public $enable_query_strings = FALSE;
+
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
@@ -102,9 +111,34 @@ class CI_Router {
 	 */
 	public function __construct()
 	{
+		global $routing;
+
 		$this->config =& load_class('Config', 'core');
 		$this->uri =& load_class('URI', 'core');
+
+		$this->enable_query_strings = ( ! is_cli() && $this->config->item('enable_query_strings') === TRUE);
 		$this->_set_routing();
+
+		// Set any routing overrides that may exist in the main index file
+		if (isset($routing) && is_array($routing))
+		{
+			if (isset($routing['directory']))
+			{
+				$this->set_directory($routing['directory']);
+			}
+
+			if ( ! empty($routing['controller']))
+			{
+				$this->set_class($routing['controller']);
+			}
+
+			if (isset($routing['function']))
+			{
+				$routing['function'] = empty($routing['function']) ? 'index' : $routing['function'];
+				$this->set_method($routing['function']);
+			}
+		}
+
 		log_message('debug', 'Router Class Initialized');
 	}
 
@@ -123,26 +157,39 @@ class CI_Router {
 		// Are query strings enabled in the config file? Normally CI doesn't utilize query strings
 		// since URI segments are more search-engine friendly, but they can optionally be used.
 		// If this feature is enabled, we will gather the directory/class/method a little differently
-		$segments = array();
-		if ($this->config->item('enable_query_strings') === TRUE
-			&& ! empty($_GET[$this->config->item('controller_trigger')])
-			&& is_string($_GET[$this->config->item('controller_trigger')])
-		)
+		if ($this->enable_query_strings)
 		{
-			if (isset($_GET[$this->config->item('directory_trigger')]) && is_string($_GET[$this->config->item('directory_trigger')]))
+			$_d = $this->config->item('directory_trigger');
+			$_d = isset($_GET[$_d]) ? trim($_GET[$_d], " \t\n\r\0\x0B/") : '';
+			if ($_d !== '')
 			{
-				$this->set_directory(trim($this->uri->_filter_uri($_GET[$this->config->item('directory_trigger')])));
-				$segments[] = $this->directory;
+				$this->set_directory($this->uri->filter_uri($_d));
 			}
 
-			$this->set_class(trim($this->uri->_filter_uri($_GET[$this->config->item('controller_trigger')])));
-			$segments[] = $this->class;
+			$_c = $this->config->item('controller_trigger');
+			if ( ! empty($_GET[$_c]))
+			{
+				$this->set_class(trim($this->uri->filter_uri(trim($_GET[$_c]))));
+
+				$_f = $this->config->item('function_trigger');
+				if ( ! empty($_GET[$_f]))
+				{
+					$this->set_method(trim($this->uri->filter_uri($_GET[$_f])));
+				}
 
-			if ( ! empty($_GET[$this->config->item('function_trigger')]) && is_string($_GET[$this->config->item('function_trigger')]))
+				$this->uri->rsegments = array(
+					1 => $this->class,
+					2 => $this->method
+				);
+			}
+			else
 			{
-				$this->set_method(trim($this->uri->_filter_uri($_GET[$this->config->item('function_trigger')])));
-				$segments[] = $this->method;
+				$this->_set_default_controller();
 			}
+
+			// Routing rules don't apply to query strings and we don't need to detect
+			// directories, so we're done here
+			return;
 		}
 
 		// Load the routes.php file.
@@ -165,53 +212,15 @@ class CI_Router {
 			$this->routes = $route;
 		}
 
-		// Were there any query string segments? If so, we'll validate them and bail out since we're done.
-		if (count($segments) > 0)
+		// Is there anything to parse?
+		if ($this->uri->uri_string !== '')
 		{
-			return $this->_validate_request($segments);
+			$this->_parse_routes();
 		}
-
-		// Fetch the complete URI string
-		$this->uri->_fetch_uri_string();
-
-		// Is there a URI string? If not, the default controller specified in the "routes" file will be shown.
-		if ($this->uri->uri_string == '')
+		else
 		{
-			return $this->_set_default_controller();
+			$this->_set_default_controller();
 		}
-
-		$this->uri->_remove_url_suffix(); // Remove the URL suffix
-		$this->uri->_explode_segments(); // Compile the segments into an array
-		$this->_parse_routes(); // Parse any custom routing that may exist
-		$this->uri->_reindex_segments(); // Re-index the segment array so that it starts with 1 rather than 0
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Set default controller
-	 *
-	 * @return	void
-	 */
-	protected function _set_default_controller()
-	{
-		if (empty($this->default_controller))
-		{
-			show_error('Unable to determine what should be displayed. A default route has not been specified in the routing file.');
-		}
-
-		// Is the method being specified?
-		if (sscanf($this->default_controller, '%[^/]/%s', $class, $method) !== 2)
-		{
-			$method = 'index';
-		}
-
-		$this->_set_request(array($class, $method));
-
-		// re-index the routed segments array so it starts with 1 rather than 0
-		$this->uri->_reindex_segments();
-
-		log_message('debug', 'No URI present. Default controller set.');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -222,16 +231,19 @@ class CI_Router {
 	 * Takes an array of URI segments as input and sets the class/method
 	 * to be called.
 	 *
+	 * @used-by	CI_Router::_parse_routes()
 	 * @param	array	$segments	URI segments
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	protected function _set_request($segments = array())
 	{
 		$segments = $this->_validate_request($segments);
-
-		if (count($segments) === 0)
+		// If we don't have any segments left - try the default controller;
+		// WARNING: Directories get shifted out of the segments array!
+		if (empty($segments))
 		{
-			return $this->_set_default_controller();
+			$this->_set_default_controller();
+			return;
 		}
 
 		if ($this->translate_uri_dashes === TRUE)
@@ -244,92 +256,86 @@ class CI_Router {
 		}
 
 		$this->set_class($segments[0]);
-		isset($segments[1]) OR $segments[1] = 'index';
-		$this->set_method($segments[1]);
+		if (isset($segments[1]))
+		{
+			$this->set_method($segments[1]);
+		}
 
-		// Update our "routed" segment array to contain the segments.
-		// Note: If there is no custom routing, this array will be
-		// identical to $this->uri->segments
+		array_unshift($segments, NULL);
+		unset($segments[0]);
 		$this->uri->rsegments = $segments;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Validate request
-	 *
-	 * Attempts validate the URI request and determine the controller path.
+	 * Set default controller
 	 *
-	 * @param	array	$segments	URI segments
-	 * @return	array	URI segments
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	protected function _validate_request($segments)
+	protected function _set_default_controller()
 	{
-		if (count($segments) === 0)
+		if (empty($this->default_controller))
 		{
-			return $segments;
+			show_error('Unable to determine what should be displayed. A default route has not been specified in the routing file.');
 		}
 
-		$test = ($this->translate_uri_dashes === TRUE)
-			? str_replace('-', '_', $segments[0]) : $segments[0];
-
-		// Does the requested controller exist in the root folder?
-		if (file_exists(APPPATH.'controllers/'.$test.'.php'))
+		// Is the method being specified?
+		if (sscanf($this->default_controller, '%[^/]/%s', $class, $method) !== 2)
 		{
-			return $segments;
+			$method = 'index';
 		}
 
-		// Is the controller in a sub-folder?
-		if (is_dir(APPPATH.'controllers/'.$segments[0]))
+		if ( ! file_exists(APPPATH.'controllers/'.$this->directory.ucfirst($class).'.php'))
 		{
-			// Set the directory and remove it from the segment array
-			$this->set_directory(array_shift($segments));
-			if (count($segments) > 0)
-			{
-				$test = ($this->translate_uri_dashes === TRUE)
-					? str_replace('-', '_', $segments[0]) : $segments[0];
+			// This will trigger 404 later
+			return;
+		}
 
-				// Does the requested controller exist in the sub-directory?
-				if ( ! file_exists(APPPATH.'controllers/'.$this->directory.$test.'.php'))
-				{
-					if ( ! empty($this->routes['404_override']))
-					{
-						$this->directory = '';
-						return explode('/', $this->routes['404_override'], 2);
-					}
-					else
-					{
-						show_404($this->directory.$segments[0]);
-					}
-				}
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				// Is the method being specified in the route?
-				$segments = explode('/', $this->default_controller);
-				if ( ! file_exists(APPPATH.'controllers/'.$this->directory.$segments[0].'.php'))
-				{
-					$this->directory = '';
-				}
-			}
+		$this->set_class($class);
+		$this->set_method($method);
 
-			return $segments;
-		}
+		// Assign routed segments, index starting from 1
+		$this->uri->rsegments = array(
+			1 => $class,
+			2 => $method
+		);
 
-		// If we've gotten this far it means that the URI does not correlate to a valid
-		// controller class. We will now see if there is an override
-		if ( ! empty($this->routes['404_override']))
+		log_message('debug', 'No URI present. Default controller set.');
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Validate request
+	 *
+	 * Attempts validate the URI request and determine the controller path.
+	 *
+	 * @used-by	CI_Router::_set_request()
+	 * @param	array	$segments	URI segments
+	 * @return	mixed	URI segments
+	 */
+	protected function _validate_request($segments)
+	{
+		$c = count($segments);
+		// Loop through our segments and return as soon as a controller
+		// is found or when such a directory doesn't exist
+		while ($c-- > 0)
 		{
-			if (sscanf($this->routes['404_override'], '%[^/]/%s', $class, $method) !== 2)
+			$test = $this->directory
+				.ucfirst($this->translate_uri_dashes === TRUE ? str_replace('-', '_', $segments[0]) : $segments[0]);
+
+			if ( ! file_exists(APPPATH.'controllers/'.$test.'.php') && is_dir(APPPATH.'controllers/'.$this->directory.$segments[0]))
 			{
-				$method = 'index';
+				$this->set_directory(array_shift($segments), TRUE);
+				continue;
 			}
 
-			return array($class, $method);
+			return $segments;
 		}
 
-		// Nothing else to do at this point but show a 404
-		show_404($segments[0]);
+		// This means that all segments were actually directories
+		return $segments;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -347,16 +353,43 @@ class CI_Router {
 		// Turn the segment array into a URI string
 		$uri = implode('/', $this->uri->segments);
 
+		// Get HTTP verb
+		$http_verb = isset($_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD']) ? strtolower($_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD']) : 'cli';
+
 		// Is there a literal match?  If so we're done
-		if (isset($this->routes[$uri]) && is_string($this->routes[$uri]))
+		if (isset($this->routes[$uri]))
 		{
-			return $this->_set_request(explode('/', $this->routes[$uri]));
+			// Check default routes format
+			if (is_string($this->routes[$uri]))
+			{
+				$this->_set_request(explode('/', $this->routes[$uri]));
+				return;
+			}
+			// Is there a matching http verb?
+			elseif (is_array($this->routes[$uri]) && isset($this->routes[$uri][$http_verb]))
+			{
+				$this->_set_request(explode('/', $this->routes[$uri][$http_verb]));
+				return;
+			}
 		}
 
-		// Loop through the route array looking for wild-cards
+		// Loop through the route array looking for wildcards
 		foreach ($this->routes as $key => $val)
 		{
-			// Convert wild-cards to RegEx
+			// Check if route format is using http verb
+			if (is_array($val))
+			{
+				if (isset($val[$http_verb]))
+				{
+					$val = $val[$http_verb];
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					continue;
+				}
+			}
+
+			// Convert wildcards to RegEx
 			$key = str_replace(array(':any', ':num'), array('[^/]+', '[0-9]+'), $key);
 
 			// Does the RegEx match?
@@ -406,13 +439,14 @@ class CI_Router {
 					$val = preg_replace('#^'.$key.'$#', $val, $uri);
 				}
 
-				return $this->_set_request(explode('/', $val));
+				$this->_set_request(explode('/', $val));
+				return;
 			}
 		}
 
 		// If we got this far it means we didn't encounter a
 		// matching route so we'll set the site default route
-		$this->_set_request($this->uri->segments);
+		$this->_set_request(array_values($this->uri->segments));
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -473,11 +507,19 @@ class CI_Router {
 	 * Set directory name
 	 *
 	 * @param	string	$dir	Directory name
+	 * @param	bool	$appent	Whether we're appending rather then setting the full value
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	public function set_directory($dir)
+	public function set_directory($dir, $append = FALSE)
 	{
-		$this->directory = str_replace(array('/', '.'), '', $dir).'/';
+		if ($append !== TRUE OR empty($this->directory))
+		{
+			$this->directory = str_replace('.', '', trim($dir, '/')).'/';
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			$this->directory .= str_replace('.', '', trim($dir, '/')).'/';
+		}
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -496,38 +538,6 @@ class CI_Router {
 		return $this->directory;
 	}
 
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Set controller overrides
-	 *
-	 * @param	array	$routing	Route overrides
-	 * @return	void
-	 */
-	public function _set_overrides($routing)
-	{
-		if ( ! is_array($routing))
-		{
-			return;
-		}
-
-		if (isset($routing['directory']))
-		{
-			$this->set_directory($routing['directory']);
-		}
-
-		if ( ! empty($routing['controller']))
-		{
-			$this->set_class($routing['controller']);
-		}
-
-		if (isset($routing['function']))
-		{
-			$routing['function'] = empty($routing['function']) ? 'index' : $routing['function'];
-			$this->set_method($routing['function']);
-		}
-	}
-
 }
 
 /* End of file Router.php */
diff --git a/system/core/Security.php b/system/core/Security.php
index 196d61144..95957a3d8 100644
--- a/system/core/Security.php
+++ b/system/core/Security.php
@@ -38,6 +38,30 @@ defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 class CI_Security {
 
 	/**
+	 * List of sanitize filename strings
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	public $filename_bad_chars =	array(
+		'../', '<!--', '-->', '<', '>',
+		"'", '"', '&', '$', '#',
+		'{', '}', '[', ']', '=',
+		';', '?', '%20', '%22',
+		'%3c',		// <
+		'%253c',	// <
+		'%3e',		// >
+		'%0e',		// >
+		'%28',		// (
+		'%29',		// )
+		'%2528',	// (
+		'%26',		// &
+		'%24',		// $
+		'%3f',		// ?
+		'%3b',		// ;
+		'%3d'		// =
+	);
+
+	/**
 	 * XSS Hash
 	 *
 	 * Random Hash for protecting URLs.
@@ -93,7 +117,6 @@ class CI_Security {
 		'document.write'	=> '[removed]',
 		'.parentNode'		=> '[removed]',
 		'.innerHTML'		=> '[removed]',
-		'window.location'	=> '[removed]',
 		'-moz-binding'		=> '[removed]',
 		'<!--'				=> '&lt;!--',
 		'-->'				=> '--&gt;',
@@ -108,6 +131,7 @@ class CI_Security {
 	 */
 	protected $_never_allowed_regex = array(
 		'javascript\s*:',
+		'(document|(document\.)?window)\.(location|on\w*)',
 		'expression\s*(\(|&\#40;)', // CSS and IE
 		'vbscript\s*:', // IE, surprise!
 		'Redirect\s+302',
@@ -527,13 +551,13 @@ class CI_Security {
 
 		do
 		{
-			$matches = $matches1 = 0;
+			$m1 = $m2 = 0;
 
+			$str = preg_replace('/(&#x0*[0-9a-f]{2,5})(?![0-9a-f;])/iS', '$1;', $str, -1, $m1);
+			$str = preg_replace('/(&#\d{2,4})(?![0-9;])/S', '$1;', $str, -1, $m2);
 			$str = html_entity_decode($str, ENT_COMPAT, $charset);
-			$str = preg_replace('~&#x(0*[0-9a-f]{2,5})~ei', 'chr(hexdec("\\1"))', $str, -1, $matches);
-			$str = preg_replace('~&#([0-9]{2,4})~e', 'chr(\\1)', $str, -1, $matches1);
 		}
-		while ($matches OR $matches1);
+		while ($m1 OR $m2);
 
 		return $str;
 	}
@@ -549,24 +573,7 @@ class CI_Security {
 	 */
 	public function sanitize_filename($str, $relative_path = FALSE)
 	{
-		$bad = array(
-			'../', '<!--', '-->', '<', '>',
-			"'", '"', '&', '$', '#',
-			'{', '}', '[', ']', '=',
-			';', '?', '%20', '%22',
-			'%3c',		// <
-			'%253c',	// <
-			'%3e',		// >
-			'%0e',		// >
-			'%28',		// (
-			'%29',		// )
-			'%2528',	// (
-			'%26',		// &
-			'%24',		// $
-			'%3f',		// ?
-			'%3b',		// ;
-			'%3d'		// =
-		);
+		$bad = $this->filename_bad_chars;
 
 		if ( ! $relative_path)
 		{
@@ -596,7 +603,7 @@ class CI_Security {
 	 */
 	public function strip_image_tags($str)
 	{
-		return preg_replace(array('#<img\s+.*?src\s*=\s*["\'](.+?)["\'].*?\>#', '#<img\s+.*?src\s*=\s*(.+?).*?\>#'), '\\1', $str);
+		return preg_replace(array('#<img[\s/]+.*?src\s*=\s*["\'](.+?)["\'].*?\>#', '#<img[\s/]+.*?src\s*=\s*(.+?).*?\>#'), '\\1', $str);
 	}
 
 	// ----------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -641,8 +648,8 @@ class CI_Security {
 	 */
 	protected function _remove_evil_attributes($str, $is_image)
 	{
-		// All javascript event handlers (e.g. onload, onclick, onmouseover), style, and xmlns
-		$evil_attributes = array('on\w*', 'style', 'xmlns', 'formaction');
+		// Formaction, style, and xmlns
+		$evil_attributes = array('style', 'xmlns', 'formaction');
 
 		if ($is_image === TRUE)
 		{
@@ -830,14 +837,15 @@ class CI_Security {
 		 * Add a semicolon if missing.  We do this to enable
 		 * the conversion of entities to ASCII later.
 		 */
-		$str = preg_replace('#(&\#?[0-9a-z]{2,})([\x00-\x20])*;?#i', '\\1;\\2', $str);
+		$str = preg_replace('/(&#\d{2,4})(?![0-9;])/', '$1;', $str);
+		$str = preg_replace('/(&[a-z]{2,})(?![a-z;])/i', '$1;', $str);
 
 		/*
 		 * Validate UTF16 two byte encoding (x00)
 		 *
 		 * Just as above, adds a semicolon if missing.
 		 */
-		$str = preg_replace('#(&\#x?)([0-9A-F]+);?#i', '\\1\\2;', $str);
+		$str = preg_replace('/(&#x0*[0-9a-f]{2,5})(?![0-9a-f;])/i', '$1;', $str);
 
 		/*
 		 * Un-Protect GET variables in URLs
@@ -877,7 +885,7 @@ class CI_Security {
 	{
 		if ($this->_csrf_hash === '')
 		{
-			// If the cookie exists we will use it's value.
+			// If the cookie exists we will use its value.
 			// We don't necessarily want to regenerate it with
 			// each page load since a page could contain embedded
 			// sub-pages causing this feature to fail
@@ -887,7 +895,7 @@ class CI_Security {
 				return $this->_csrf_hash = $_COOKIE[$this->_csrf_cookie_name];
 			}
 
-			$this->_csrf_hash = md5(uniqid(rand(), TRUE));
+			$this->_csrf_hash = md5(uniqid(mt_rand(), TRUE));
 			$this->csrf_set_cookie();
 		}
 
diff --git a/system/core/URI.php b/system/core/URI.php
index bc086d223..13682cbee 100644
--- a/system/core/URI.php
+++ b/system/core/URI.php
@@ -44,21 +44,21 @@ class CI_URI {
 	 *
 	 * @var	array
 	 */
-	public $keyval =	array();
+	public $keyval = array();
 
 	/**
 	 * Current URI string
 	 *
 	 * @var	string
 	 */
-	public $uri_string;
+	public $uri_string = '';
 
 	/**
 	 * List of URI segments
 	 *
 	 * @var	array
 	 */
-	public $segments =	array();
+	public $segments = array();
 
 	/**
 	 * Re-indexed list of URI segments
@@ -67,90 +67,67 @@ class CI_URI {
 	 *
 	 * @var	array
 	 */
-	public $rsegments =	array();
+	public $rsegments = array();
 
 	/**
-	 * Class constructor
+	 * Permitted URI chars
 	 *
-	 * Simply globalizes the $RTR object. The front
-	 * loads the Router class early on so it's not available
-	 * normally as other classes are.
+	 * PCRE character group allowed in URI segments
 	 *
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @var	string
 	 */
-	public function __construct()
-	{
-		$this->config =& load_class('Config', 'core');
-		log_message('debug', 'URI Class Initialized');
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+	protected $_permitted_uri_chars;
 
 	/**
-	 * Fetch URI String
+	 * Class constructor
 	 *
-	 * @used-by	CI_Router
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	public function _fetch_uri_string()
+	public function __construct()
 	{
-		$protocol = strtoupper($this->config->item('uri_protocol'));
+		$this->config =& load_class('Config', 'core');
 
-		if ($protocol === 'AUTO')
+		// If query strings are enabled, we don't need to parse any segments.
+		// However, they don't make sense under CLI.
+		if (is_cli() OR $this->config->item('enable_query_strings') !== TRUE)
 		{
-			// Is the request coming from the command line?
-			if ($this->_is_cli_request())
+			$this->_permitted_uri_chars = $this->config->item('permitted_uri_chars');
+
+			// If it's a CLI request, ignore the configuration
+			if (is_cli() OR ($protocol = strtoupper($this->config->item('uri_protocol'))) === 'CLI')
 			{
 				$this->_set_uri_string($this->_parse_argv());
-				return;
 			}
-
-			// Is there a PATH_INFO variable? This should be the easiest solution.
-			if (isset($_SERVER['PATH_INFO']))
+			elseif ($protocol === 'AUTO')
 			{
-				$this->_set_uri_string($_SERVER['PATH_INFO']);
-				return;
+				// Is there a PATH_INFO variable? This should be the easiest solution.
+				if (isset($_SERVER['PATH_INFO']))
+				{
+					$this->_set_uri_string($_SERVER['PATH_INFO']);
+				}
+				// No PATH_INFO? Let's try REQUST_URI or QUERY_STRING then
+				elseif (($uri = $this->_parse_request_uri()) !== '' OR ($uri = $this->_parse_query_string()) !== '')
+				{
+					$this->_set_uri_string($uri);
+				}
+				// As a last ditch effor, let's try using the $_GET array
+				elseif (is_array($_GET) && count($_GET) === 1 && trim(key($_GET), '/') !== '')
+				{
+					$this->_set_uri_string(key($_GET));
+				}
 			}
-
-			// Let's try REQUEST_URI then, this will work in most situations
-			if (($uri = $this->_parse_request_uri()) !== '')
+			elseif (method_exists($this, ($method = '_parse_'.strtolower($protocol))))
 			{
-				$this->_set_uri_string($uri);
-				return;
+				$this->_set_uri_string($this->$method());
 			}
-
-			// No REQUEST_URI either?... What about QUERY_STRING?
-			if (($uri = $this->_parse_query_string()) !== '')
+			else
 			{
+				$uri = isset($_SERVER[$protocol]) ? $_SERVER[$protocol] : @getenv($protocol);
 				$this->_set_uri_string($uri);
-				return;
-			}
-
-			// As a last ditch effort let's try using the $_GET array
-			if (is_array($_GET) && count($_GET) === 1 && trim(key($_GET), '/') !== '')
-			{
-				$this->_set_uri_string(key($_GET));
-				return;
 			}
-
-			// We've exhausted all our options...
-			$this->uri_string = '';
-			return;
 		}
 
-		if ($protocol === 'CLI')
-		{
-			$this->_set_uri_string($this->_parse_argv());
-			return;
-		}
-		elseif (method_exists($this, ($method = '_parse_'.strtolower($protocol))))
-		{
-			$this->_set_uri_string($this->$method());
-			return;
-		}
-
-		$uri = isset($_SERVER[$protocol]) ? $_SERVER[$protocol] : @getenv($protocol);
-		$this->_set_uri_string($uri);
+		log_message('debug', 'URI Class Initialized');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -165,6 +142,35 @@ class CI_URI {
 	{
 		// Filter out control characters and trim slashes
 		$this->uri_string = trim(remove_invisible_characters($str, FALSE), '/');
+
+		if ($this->uri_string !== '')
+		{
+			// Remove the URL suffix, if present
+			if (($suffix = (string) $this->config->item('url_suffix')) !== '')
+			{
+				$slen = strlen($suffix);
+
+				if (substr($this->uri_string, -$slen) === $suffix)
+				{
+					$this->uri_string = substr($this->uri_string, 0, -$slen);
+				}
+			}
+
+			$this->segments[0] = NULL;
+			// Populate the segments array
+			foreach (explode('/', preg_replace('|/*(.+?)/*$|', '\\1', $this->uri_string)) as $val)
+			{
+				// Filter segments for security
+				$val = trim($this->filter_uri($val));
+
+				if ($val !== '')
+				{
+					$this->segments[] = $val;
+				}
+			}
+
+			unset($this->segments[0]);
+		}
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -225,36 +231,10 @@ class CI_URI {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Remove relative directory (../) and multi slashes (///)
-	 *
-	 * Do some final cleaning of the URI and return it, currently only used in self::_parse_request_uri()
-	 *
-	 * @param	string	$url
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	protected function _remove_relative_directory($uri)
-	{
-		$uris = array();
-		$tok = strtok($uri, '/');
-		while ($tok !== FALSE)
-		{
-			if (( ! empty($tok) OR $tok === '0') && $tok !== '..')
-			{
-				$uris[] = $tok;
-			}
-			$tok = strtok('/');
-		}
-		return implode('/', $uris);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
 	 * Parse QUERY_STRING
 	 *
 	 * Will parse QUERY_STRING and automatically detect the URI from it.
 	 *
-	 * @used-by	CI_URI::_fetch_uri_string()
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _parse_query_string()
@@ -280,23 +260,6 @@ class CI_URI {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Is CLI Request?
-	 *
-	 * Duplicate of method from the Input class to test to see if
-	 * a request was made from the command line.
-	 *
-	 * @see		CI_Input::is_cli_request()
-	 * @used-by	CI_URI::_fetch_uri_string()
-	 * @return 	bool
-	 */
-	protected function _is_cli_request()
-	{
-		return (PHP_SAPI === 'cli') OR defined('STDIN');
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
 	 * Parse CLI arguments
 	 *
 	 * Take each command line argument and assume it is a URI segment.
@@ -312,104 +275,52 @@ class CI_URI {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Filter URI
+	 * Remove relative directory (../) and multi slashes (///)
 	 *
-	 * Filters segments for malicious characters.
+	 * Do some final cleaning of the URI and return it, currently only used in self::_parse_request_uri()
 	 *
-	 * @used-by	CI_Router
-	 * @param	string	$str
+	 * @param	string	$url
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	public function _filter_uri($str)
+	protected function _remove_relative_directory($uri)
 	{
-		if ($str !== '' && $this->config->item('permitted_uri_chars') != '' && $this->config->item('enable_query_strings') === FALSE)
+		$uris = array();
+		$tok = strtok($uri, '/');
+		while ($tok !== FALSE)
 		{
-			// preg_quote() in PHP 5.3 escapes -, so the str_replace() and addition of - to preg_quote() is to maintain backwards
-			// compatibility as many are unaware of how characters in the permitted_uri_chars will be parsed as a regex pattern
-			if ( ! preg_match('|^['.str_replace(array('\\-', '\-'), '-', preg_quote($this->config->item('permitted_uri_chars'), '-')).']+$|i', $str))
+			if (( ! empty($tok) OR $tok === '0') && $tok !== '..')
 			{
-				show_error('The URI you submitted has disallowed characters.', 400);
+				$uris[] = $tok;
 			}
+			$tok = strtok('/');
 		}
 
-		// Convert programatic characters to entities and return
-		return str_replace(
-					array('$',     '(',     ')',     '%28',   '%29'), // Bad
-					array('&#36;', '&#40;', '&#41;', '&#40;', '&#41;'), // Good
-					$str);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Remove URL suffix
-	 *
-	 * Removes the suffix from the URL if needed.
-	 *
-	 * @used-by	CI_Router
-	 * @return	void
-	 */
-	public function _remove_url_suffix()
-	{
-		$suffix = (string) $this->config->item('url_suffix');
-
-		if ($suffix === '')
-		{
-			return;
-		}
-
-		$slen = strlen($suffix);
-
-		if (substr($this->uri_string, -$slen) === $suffix)
-		{
-			$this->uri_string = substr($this->uri_string, 0, -$slen);
-		}
+		return implode('/', $uris);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Explode URI segments
+	 * Filter URI
 	 *
-	 * The individual segments will be stored in the $this->segments array.
+	 * Filters segments for malicious characters.
 	 *
-	 * @see		CI_URI::$segments
-	 * @used-by	CI_Router
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @param	string	$str
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	public function _explode_segments()
+	public function filter_uri($str)
 	{
-		foreach (explode('/', preg_replace('|/*(.+?)/*$|', '\\1', $this->uri_string)) as $val)
+		if ( ! empty($str) && ! empty($this->_permitted_uri_chars) && ! preg_match('/^['.$this->_permitted_uri_chars.']+$/i'.(UTF8_ENABLED ? 'u' : ''), $str))
 		{
-			// Filter segments for security
-			$val = trim($this->_filter_uri($val));
-
-			if ($val !== '')
-			{
-				$this->segments[] = $val;
-			}
+			show_error('The URI you submitted has disallowed characters.', 400);
 		}
-	}
 
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Re-index Segments
-	 *
-	 * Re-indexes the CI_URI::$segment array so that it starts at 1 rather
-	 * than 0. Doing so makes it simpler to use methods like
-	 * CI_URI::segment(n) since there is a 1:1 relationship between the
-	 * segment array and the actual segments.
-	 *
-	 * @used-by	CI_Router
-	 * @return	void
-	 */
-	public function _reindex_segments()
-	{
-		array_unshift($this->segments, NULL);
-		array_unshift($this->rsegments, NULL);
-		unset($this->segments[0]);
-		unset($this->rsegments[0]);
+		// Convert programatic characters to entities and return
+		return str_replace(
+			array('$',     '(',     ')',     '%28',   '%29'),	// Bad
+			array('&#36;', '&#40;', '&#41;', '&#40;', '&#41;'),	// Good
+			$str
+		);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -720,12 +631,7 @@ class CI_URI {
 	{
 		global $RTR;
 
-		if (($dir = $RTR->directory) === '/')
-		{
-			$dir = '';
-		}
-
-		return $dir.implode('/', $this->rsegment_array());
+		return ltrim($RTR->directory, '/').implode('/', $this->rsegments);
 	}
 
 }
diff --git a/system/core/Utf8.php b/system/core/Utf8.php
index a78616d40..828a8aeba 100644
--- a/system/core/Utf8.php
+++ b/system/core/Utf8.php
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ class CI_Utf8 {
 		}
 
 		if (
-			@preg_match('/./u', 'é') === 1	// PCRE must support UTF-8
+			defined('PREG_BAD_UTF8_ERROR')	// PCRE must support UTF-8
 			&& function_exists('iconv')	// iconv must be installed
 			&& MB_ENABLED === TRUE		// mbstring must be enabled
 			&& $charset === 'UTF-8'		// Application charset must be UTF-8
diff --git a/system/database/DB.php b/system/database/DB.php
index 8742800c8..96da87c6d 100644
--- a/system/database/DB.php
+++ b/system/database/DB.php
@@ -206,11 +206,6 @@ function &DB($params = '', $query_builder_override = NULL)
 		$DB->initialize();
 	}
 
-	if ( ! empty($params['stricton']))
-	{
-		$DB->query('SET SESSION sql_mode="STRICT_ALL_TABLES"');
-	}
-
 	return $DB;
 }
 
diff --git a/system/database/DB_driver.php b/system/database/DB_driver.php
index 425657e17..f066b58de 100644
--- a/system/database/DB_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/DB_driver.php
@@ -624,7 +624,14 @@ abstract class CI_DB_driver {
 				// if transactions are enabled. If we don't call this here
 				// the error message will trigger an exit, causing the
 				// transactions to remain in limbo.
-				$this->_trans_depth > 0 && $this->trans_complete();
+				if ($this->_trans_depth !== 0)
+				{
+					do
+					{
+						$this->trans_complete();
+					}
+					while ($this->_trans_depth !== 0);
+				}
 
 				// Display errors
 				return $this->display_error(array('Error Number: '.$error['code'], $error['message'], $sql));
@@ -917,7 +924,7 @@ abstract class CI_DB_driver {
 	 */
 	public function is_write_type($sql)
 	{
-		return (bool) preg_match('/^\s*"?(SET|INSERT|UPDATE|DELETE|REPLACE|CREATE|DROP|TRUNCATE|LOAD|COPY|ALTER|RENAME|GRANT|REVOKE|LOCK|UNLOCK|REINDEX)\s+/i', $sql);
+		return (bool) preg_match('/^\s*"?(SET|INSERT|UPDATE|DELETE|REPLACE|CREATE|DROP|TRUNCATE|LOAD|COPY|ALTER|RENAME|GRANT|REVOKE|LOCK|UNLOCK|REINDEX)\s/i', $sql);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1135,7 +1142,7 @@ abstract class CI_DB_driver {
 				else
 				{
 					/* We have no other choice but to just get the first element's key.
-					 * Due to array_shift() accepting it's argument by reference, if
+					 * Due to array_shift() accepting its argument by reference, if
 					 * E_STRICT is on, this would trigger a warning. So we'll have to
 					 * assign it first.
 					 */
@@ -1375,7 +1382,9 @@ abstract class CI_DB_driver {
 			$fields[$this->protect_identifiers($key)] = $this->escape($val);
 		}
 
-		return $this->_update($this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE), $fields);
+		$sql = $this->_update($this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE), $fields);
+		$this->_reset_write();
+		return $sql;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1412,7 +1421,7 @@ abstract class CI_DB_driver {
 	 */
 	protected function _has_operator($str)
 	{
-		return (bool) preg_match('/(<|>|!|=|\sIS NULL|\sIS NOT NULL|\sBETWEEN|\sLIKE|\sIN\s*\(|\s)/i', trim($str));
+		return (bool) preg_match('/(<|>|!|=|\sIS NULL|\sIS NOT NULL|\sEXISTS|\sBETWEEN|\sLIKE|\sIN\s*\(|\s)/i', trim($str));
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1438,6 +1447,8 @@ abstract class CI_DB_driver {
 				'\s*>\s*',			// >
 				'\s+IS NULL',			// IS NULL
 				'\s+IS NOT NULL',		// IS NOT NULL
+				'\s+EXISTS\s*\([^\)]+\)',	// EXISTS(sql)
+				'\s+NOT EXISTS\s*\([^\)]+\)',	// NOT EXISTS(sql)
 				'\s+BETWEEN\s+\S+\s+AND\s+\S+',	// BETWEEN value AND value
 				'\s+IN\s*\([^\)]+\)',		// IN(list)
 				'\s+NOT IN\s*\([^\)]+\)',	// NOT IN (list)
@@ -1474,7 +1485,7 @@ abstract class CI_DB_driver {
 		}
 
 		return (func_num_args() > 1)
-			? call_user_func_array($function, array_splice(func_get_args(), 1))
+			? call_user_func_array($function, array_slice(func_get_args(), 1))
 			: call_user_func($function);
 	}
 
diff --git a/system/database/DB_forge.php b/system/database/DB_forge.php
index d52029ecd..1cebb189c 100644
--- a/system/database/DB_forge.php
+++ b/system/database/DB_forge.php
@@ -740,6 +740,18 @@ abstract class CI_DB_forge {
 					'_literal'		=> FALSE
 			);
 
+			if ($create_table === FALSE)
+			{
+				if (isset($attributes['AFTER']))
+				{
+					$field['after'] = $attributes['AFTER'];
+				}
+				elseif (isset($attributes['FIRST']))
+				{
+					$field['first'] = (bool) $attributes['FIRST'];
+				}
+			}
+
 			$this->_attr_default($attributes, $field);
 
 			if (isset($attributes['NULL']))
@@ -748,11 +760,15 @@ abstract class CI_DB_forge {
 				{
 					$field['null'] = empty($this->_null) ? '' : ' '.$this->_null;
 				}
-				elseif ($create_table === TRUE)
+				else
 				{
 					$field['null'] = ' NOT NULL';
 				}
 			}
+			elseif ($create_table === TRUE)
+			{
+				$field['null'] = ' NOT NULL';
+			}
 
 			$this->_attr_auto_increment($attributes, $field);
 			$this->_attr_unique($attributes, $field);
@@ -968,7 +984,6 @@ abstract class CI_DB_forge {
 	 */
 	protected function _process_indexes($table)
 	{
-		$table = $this->db->escape_identifiers($table);
 		$sqls = array();
 
 		for ($i = 0, $c = count($this->keys); $i < $c; $i++)
@@ -992,7 +1007,7 @@ abstract class CI_DB_forge {
 
 			is_array($this->keys[$i]) OR $this->keys[$i] = array($this->keys[$i]);
 
-			$sqls[] = 'CREATE INDEX '.$this->db->escape_identifiers(implode('_', $this->keys[$i]))
+			$sqls[] = 'CREATE INDEX '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($table.'_'.implode('_', $this->keys[$i]))
 				.' ON '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($table)
 				.' ('.implode(', ', $this->db->escape_identifiers($this->keys[$i])).');';
 		}
diff --git a/system/database/DB_query_builder.php b/system/database/DB_query_builder.php
index 292621b66..c543e1584 100644
--- a/system/database/DB_query_builder.php
+++ b/system/database/DB_query_builder.php
@@ -385,7 +385,7 @@ abstract class CI_DB_query_builder extends CI_DB_driver {
 			$alias = $this->_create_alias_from_table(trim($select));
 		}
 
-		$sql = $this->protect_identifiers($type.'('.trim($select).')').' AS '.$this->escape_identifiers(trim($alias));
+		$sql = $type.'('.$this->protect_identifiers(trim($select)).') AS '.$this->escape_identifiers(trim($alias));
 
 		$this->qb_select[] = $sql;
 		$this->qb_no_escape[] = NULL;
@@ -1138,7 +1138,7 @@ abstract class CI_DB_query_builder extends CI_DB_driver {
 	 * ORDER BY
 	 *
 	 * @param	string	$orderby
-	 * @param	string	$direction	ASC or DESC
+	 * @param	string	$direction	ASC, DESC or RANDOM
 	 * @param	bool	$escape
 	 * @return	CI_DB_query_builder
 	 */
@@ -1152,7 +1152,7 @@ abstract class CI_DB_query_builder extends CI_DB_driver {
 
 			// Do we have a seed value?
 			$orderby = ctype_digit((string) $orderby)
-				? $orderby = sprintf($this->_random_keyword[1], $orderby)
+				? sprintf($this->_random_keyword[1], $orderby)
 				: $this->_random_keyword[0];
 		}
 		elseif (empty($orderby))
@@ -1338,7 +1338,7 @@ abstract class CI_DB_query_builder extends CI_DB_driver {
 	 * returned by an Query Builder query.
 	 *
 	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @return	int
 	 */
 	public function count_all_results($table = '')
 	{
@@ -1846,6 +1846,7 @@ abstract class CI_DB_query_builder extends CI_DB_driver {
 		{
 			$this->query($this->_update_batch($this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE), array_slice($this->qb_set, $i, 100), $this->protect_identifiers($index)));
 			$affected_rows += $this->affected_rows();
+			$this->qb_where = array();
 		}
 
 		$this->_reset_write();
@@ -2290,7 +2291,12 @@ abstract class CI_DB_query_builder extends CI_DB_driver {
 		{
 			for ($i = 0, $c = count($this->$qb_key); $i < $c; $i++)
 			{
-				if ($this->{$qb_key}[$i]['escape'] === FALSE)
+				// Is this condition already compiled?
+				if (is_string($this->{$qb_key}[$i]))
+				{
+					continue;
+				}
+				elseif ($this->{$qb_key}[$i]['escape'] === FALSE)
 				{
 					$this->{$qb_key}[$i] = $this->{$qb_key}[$i]['condition'];
 					continue;
@@ -2360,6 +2366,12 @@ abstract class CI_DB_query_builder extends CI_DB_driver {
 		{
 			for ($i = 0, $c = count($this->qb_groupby); $i < $c; $i++)
 			{
+				// Is it already compiled?
+				if (is_string($this->qb_groupby))
+				{
+					continue;
+				}
+
 				$this->qb_groupby[$i] = ($this->qb_groupby[$i]['escape'] === FALSE OR $this->_is_literal($this->qb_groupby[$i]['field']))
 					? $this->qb_groupby[$i]['field']
 					: $this->protect_identifiers($this->qb_groupby[$i]['field']);
@@ -2544,17 +2556,34 @@ abstract class CI_DB_query_builder extends CI_DB_driver {
 		{
 			return;
 		}
+		elseif (in_array('select', $this->qb_cache_exists, TRUE))
+		{
+			$qb_no_escape = $this->qb_cache_no_escape;
+		}
 
-		foreach ($this->qb_cache_exists as $val)
+		foreach (array_unique($this->qb_cache_exists) as $val) // select, from, etc.
 		{
 			$qb_variable	= 'qb_'.$val;
 			$qb_cache_var	= 'qb_cache_'.$val;
+			$qb_new 	= $this->$qb_cache_var;
 
-			if (count($this->$qb_cache_var) === 0)
+			for ($i = 0, $c = count($this->$qb_variable); $i < $c; $i++)
 			{
-				continue;
+				if ( ! in_array($this->{$qb_variable}[$i], $qb_new, TRUE))
+				{
+					$qb_new[] = $this->{$qb_variable}[$i];
+					if ($val === 'select')
+					{
+						$qb_no_escape[] = $this->qb_no_escape[$i];
+					}
+				}
+			}
+
+			$this->$qb_variable = $qb_new;
+			if ($val === 'select')
+			{
+				$this->qb_no_escape = $qb_no_escape;
 			}
-			$this->$qb_variable = array_merge($this->$qb_variable, array_diff($this->$qb_cache_var, $this->$qb_variable));
 		}
 
 		// If we are "protecting identifiers" we need to examine the "from"
@@ -2563,8 +2592,6 @@ abstract class CI_DB_query_builder extends CI_DB_driver {
 		{
 			$this->_track_aliases($this->qb_from);
 		}
-
-		$this->qb_no_escape = array_merge($this->qb_no_escape, array_diff($this->qb_cache_no_escape, $this->qb_no_escape));
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/system/database/DB_utility.php b/system/database/DB_utility.php
index 9f953d4ac..665615909 100644
--- a/system/database/DB_utility.php
+++ b/system/database/DB_utility.php
@@ -282,8 +282,7 @@ abstract class CI_DB_utility {
 		extract($params);
 
 		// Load the xml helper
-		$CI =& get_instance();
-		$CI->load->helper('xml');
+		get_instance()->load->helper('xml');
 
 		// Generate the result
 		$xml = '<'.$root.'>'.$newline;
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_driver.php
index b94642b35..16b2f6f53 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_driver.php
@@ -66,6 +66,15 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	public $delete_hack = TRUE;
 
+	/**
+	 * Strict ON flag
+	 *
+	 * Whether we're running in strict SQL mode.
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	public $stricton = FALSE;
+
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
@@ -126,6 +135,11 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_driver extends CI_DB {
 				: FALSE;
 		}
 
+		if ($this->stricton && is_resource($this->conn_id))
+		{
+			$this->simple_query('SET SESSION sql_mode="STRICT_ALL_TABLES"');
+		}
+
 		return $this->conn_id;
 	}
 
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_driver.php
index ef2cb8a8d..62ba2c50d 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_driver.php
@@ -66,6 +66,15 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	public $delete_hack = TRUE;
 
+	/**
+	 * Strict ON flag
+	 *
+	 * Whether we're running in strict SQL mode.
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	public $stricton = FALSE;
+
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
@@ -93,6 +102,11 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_driver extends CI_DB {
 		$client_flags = ($this->compress === TRUE) ? MYSQLI_CLIENT_COMPRESS : 0;
 		$mysqli = mysqli_init();
 
+		if ($this->stricton)
+		{
+			$mysqli->options(MYSQLI_INIT_COMMAND, 'SET SESSION sql_mode="STRICT_ALL_TABLES"');
+		}
+
 		return @$mysqli->real_connect($hostname, $this->username, $this->password, $this->database, $port, NULL, $client_flags)
 			? $mysqli : FALSE;
 	}
@@ -241,9 +255,10 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_driver extends CI_DB {
 		// even if the queries produce a successful result.
 		$this->_trans_failure = ($test_mode === TRUE);
 
-		$this->simple_query('SET AUTOCOMMIT=0');
-		$this->simple_query('START TRANSACTION'); // can also be BEGIN or BEGIN WORK
-		return TRUE;
+		$this->conn_id->autocommit(FALSE);
+		return is_php('5.5')
+			? $this->conn_id->begin_transaction()
+			: $this->simple_query('START TRANSACTION'); // can also be BEGIN or BEGIN WORK
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -261,9 +276,13 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_driver extends CI_DB {
 			return TRUE;
 		}
 
-		$this->simple_query('COMMIT');
-		$this->simple_query('SET AUTOCOMMIT=1');
-		return TRUE;
+		if ($this->conn_id->commit())
+		{
+			$this->conn_id->autocommit(TRUE);
+			return TRUE;
+		}
+
+		return FALSE;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -281,9 +300,13 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_driver extends CI_DB {
 			return TRUE;
 		}
 
-		$this->simple_query('ROLLBACK');
-		$this->simple_query('SET AUTOCOMMIT=1');
-		return TRUE;
+		if ($this->conn_id->rollback())
+		{
+			$this->conn_id->autocommit(TRUE);
+			return TRUE;
+		}
+
+		return FALSE;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_driver.php
index 93e62b4dd..d75ed28cc 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_driver.php
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
  *
  * @package		CodeIgniter
  * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
- * @copyright   Copyright (c) 2008 - 2013, EllisLab, Inc. (http://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2013, EllisLab, Inc. (http://ellislab.com/)
  * @license		http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0 Open Software License (OSL 3.0)
  * @link		http://codeigniter.com
  * @since		Version 1.0
@@ -344,7 +344,7 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_driver extends CI_DB {
 				$have_cursor = TRUE;
 			}
 		}
-		$sql = trim($sql, ',') . '); END;';
+		$sql = trim($sql, ',').'); END;';
 
 		$this->stmt_id = FALSE;
 		$this->_set_stmt_id($sql);
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_result.php b/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_result.php
index fd1d28787..ce09b62bc 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_result.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_result.php
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
  *
  * @package		CodeIgniter
  * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
- * @copyright   Copyright (c) 2008 - 2013, EllisLab, Inc. (http://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2013, EllisLab, Inc. (http://ellislab.com/)
  * @license		http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0 Open Software License (OSL 3.0)
  * @link		http://codeigniter.com
  * @since		Version 1.0
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_driver.php
index fa89661b1..184a8df33 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_driver.php
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 	{
 		parent::__construct($params);
 
-		if (preg_match('/([^;]+):/', $this->dsn, $match) && count($match) === 2)
+		if (preg_match('/([^:]+):/', $this->dsn, $match) && count($match) === 2)
 		{
 			// If there is a minimum valid dsn string pattern found, we're done
 			// This is for general PDO users, who tend to have a full DSN string.
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 			return;
 		}
 		// Legacy support for DSN specified in the hostname field
-		elseif (preg_match('/([^;]+):/', $this->hostname, $match) && count($match) === 2)
+		elseif (preg_match('/([^:]+):/', $this->hostname, $match) && count($match) === 2)
 		{
 			$this->dsn = $this->hostname;
 			$this->hostname = NULL;
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_mysql_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_mysql_driver.php
index ff486fc5a..bc92cab83 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_mysql_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_mysql_driver.php
@@ -55,6 +55,15 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_mysql_driver extends CI_DB_pdo_driver {
 	 */
 	public $compress = FALSE;
 
+	/**
+	 * Strict ON flag
+	 *
+	 * Whether we're running in strict SQL mode.
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	public $stricton = FALSE;
+
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
@@ -114,6 +123,18 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_mysql_driver extends CI_DB_pdo_driver {
 				.(empty($this->dbcollat) ? '' : ' COLLATE '.$this->dbcollat);
 		}
 
+		if ($this->stricton)
+		{
+			if (empty($this->options[PDO::MYSQL_ATTR_INIT_COMMAND]))
+			{
+				$this->options[PDO::MYSQL_ATTR_INIT_COMMAND] = 'SET SESSION sql_mode="STRICT_ALL_TABLES"';
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				$this->options[PDO::MYSQL_ATTR_INIT_COMMAND] .= ', @@session.sql_mode = "STRICT_ALL_TABLES"';
+			}
+		}
+
 		if ($this->compress === TRUE)
 		{
 			$this->options[PDO::MYSQL_ATTR_COMPRESS] = TRUE;
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_pgsql_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_pgsql_driver.php
index d0cdde2e2..6ee327bd5 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_pgsql_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_pgsql_driver.php
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_pgsql_driver extends CI_DB_pdo_driver {
 	 */
 	public function is_write_type($sql)
 	{
-		return (bool) preg_match('/^\s*"?(SET|INSERT(?![^\)]+\)\s+RETURNING)|UPDATE|DELETE|REPLACE|CREATE|DROP|TRUNCATE|LOAD|COPY|ALTER|RENAME|GRANT|REVOKE|LOCK|UNLOCK|REINDEX)\s+/i', $sql);
+		return (bool) preg_match('/^\s*"?(SET|INSERT(?![^\)]+\)\s+RETURNING)|UPDATE(?!.*\sRETURNING)|DELETE|CREATE|DROP|TRUNCATE|LOAD|COPY|ALTER|RENAME|GRANT|REVOKE|LOCK|UNLOCK|REINDEX)\s/i', str_replace(array("\r\n", "\r", "\n"), ' ', $sql));
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_pgsql_driver extends CI_DB_pdo_driver {
 	 * ORDER BY
 	 *
 	 * @param	string	$orderby
-	 * @param	string	$direction	ASC or DESC
+	 * @param	string	$direction	ASC, DESC or RANDOM
 	 * @param	bool	$escape
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_driver.php
index ac7345ad6..19404ae55 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_driver.php
@@ -318,7 +318,7 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	public function is_write_type($sql)
 	{
-		return (bool) preg_match('/^\s*"?(SET|INSERT(?![^\)]+\)\s+RETURNING)|UPDATE|DELETE|REPLACE|CREATE|DROP|TRUNCATE|LOAD|COPY|ALTER|RENAME|GRANT|REVOKE|LOCK|UNLOCK|REINDEX)\s+/i', $sql);
+		return (bool) preg_match('/^\s*"?(SET|INSERT(?![^\)]+\)\s+RETURNING)|UPDATE(?!.*\sRETURNING)|DELETE|CREATE|DROP|TRUNCATE|LOAD|COPY|ALTER|RENAME|GRANT|REVOKE|LOCK|UNLOCK|REINDEX)\s/i', str_replace(array("\r\n", "\r", "\n"), ' ', $sql));
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -331,7 +331,7 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	protected function _escape_str($str)
 	{
-		return pg_escape_string($str);
+		return pg_escape_string($this->conn_id, $str);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -346,7 +346,11 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	public function escape($str)
 	{
-		if (is_bool($str))
+		if (is_php('5.4.4') && (is_string($str) OR (is_object($str) && method_exists($str, '__toString'))))
+		{
+			return pg_escape_literal($this->conn_id, $str);
+		}
+		elseif (is_bool($str))
 		{
 			return ($str) ? 'TRUE' : 'FALSE';
 		}
@@ -512,7 +516,7 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 * ORDER BY
 	 *
 	 * @param	string	$orderby
-	 * @param	string	$direction	ASC or DESC
+	 * @param	string	$direction	ASC, DESC or RANDOM
 	 * @param	bool	$escape
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
diff --git a/system/helpers/captcha_helper.php b/system/helpers/captcha_helper.php
index 2d2ae7751..24cd53568 100644
--- a/system/helpers/captcha_helper.php
+++ b/system/helpers/captcha_helper.php
@@ -126,9 +126,9 @@ if ( ! function_exists('create_captcha'))
 		// Determine angle and position
 		// -----------------------------------
 		$length	= strlen($word);
-		$angle	= ($length >= 6) ? rand(-($length-6), ($length-6)) : 0;
-		$x_axis	= rand(6, (360/$length)-16);
-		$y_axis = ($angle >= 0) ? rand($img_height, $img_width) : rand(6, $img_height);
+		$angle	= ($length >= 6) ? mt_rand(-($length-6), ($length-6)) : 0;
+		$x_axis	= mt_rand(6, (360/$length)-16);
+		$y_axis = ($angle >= 0) ? mt_rand($img_height, $img_width) : mt_rand(6, $img_height);
 
 		// Create image
 		// PHP.net recommends imagecreatetruecolor(), but it isn't always available
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ if ( ! function_exists('create_captcha'))
 
 		is_array($colors) OR $colors = $defaults['colors'];
 
-		foreach (array_keys($default['colors']) as $key)
+		foreach (array_keys($defaults['colors']) as $key)
 		{
 			// Check for a possible missing value
 			is_array($colors[$key]) OR $colors[$key] = $defaults['colors'][$key];
@@ -183,13 +183,13 @@ if ( ! function_exists('create_captcha'))
 		if ($use_font === FALSE)
 		{
 			$font_size = 5;
-			$x = rand(0, $img_width / ($length / 3));
+			$x = mt_rand(0, $img_width / ($length / 3));
 			$y = 0;
 		}
 		else
 		{
 			$font_size = 16;
-			$x = rand(0, $img_width / ($length / 1.5));
+			$x = mt_rand(0, $img_width / ($length / 1.5));
 			$y = $font_size + 2;
 		}
 
@@ -197,13 +197,13 @@ if ( ! function_exists('create_captcha'))
 		{
 			if ($use_font === FALSE)
 			{
-				$y = rand(0 , $img_height / 2);
+				$y = mt_rand(0 , $img_height / 2);
 				imagestring($im, $font_size, $x, $y, $word[$i], $colors['text']);
 				$x += ($font_size * 2);
 			}
 			else
 			{
-				$y = rand($img_height / 2, $img_height - 3);
+				$y = mt_rand($img_height / 2, $img_height - 3);
 				imagettftext($im, $font_size, $angle, $x, $y, $colors['text'], $font_path, $word[$i]);
 				$x += $font_size;
 			}
@@ -215,12 +215,12 @@ if ( ! function_exists('create_captcha'))
 		// -----------------------------------
 		//  Generate the image
 		// -----------------------------------
-		$img_name = $now.'.jpg';
-		ImageJPEG($im, $img_path.$img_name);
-		$img = '<img src="'.$img_url.$img_name.'" style="width: '.$img_width.'; height: '.$img_height .'; border: 0;" alt=" " />';
+		$img_filename = $now.'.jpg';
+		ImageJPEG($im, $img_path.$img_filename);
+		$img = '<img src="'.$img_url.$img_filename.'" style="width: '.$img_width.'; height: '.$img_height .'; border: 0;" alt=" " />';
 		ImageDestroy($im);
 
-		return array('word' => $word, 'time' => $now, 'image' => $img);
+		return array('word' => $word, 'time' => $now, 'image' => $img, 'filename' => $img_filename);
 	}
 }
 
diff --git a/system/helpers/cookie_helper.php b/system/helpers/cookie_helper.php
index e5cf6b1d6..a79083a63 100644
--- a/system/helpers/cookie_helper.php
+++ b/system/helpers/cookie_helper.php
@@ -56,11 +56,10 @@ if ( ! function_exists('set_cookie'))
 	 * @param	bool	true makes the cookie accessible via http(s) only (no javascript)
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function set_cookie($name = '', $value = '', $expire = '', $domain = '', $path = '/', $prefix = '', $secure = FALSE, $httponly = FALSE)
+	function set_cookie($name, $value = '', $expire = '', $domain = '', $path = '/', $prefix = '', $secure = FALSE, $httponly = FALSE)
 	{
 		// Set the config file options
-		$CI =& get_instance();
-		$CI->input->set_cookie($name, $value, $expire, $domain, $path, $prefix, $secure, $httponly);
+		get_instance()->input->set_cookie($name, $value, $expire, $domain, $path, $prefix, $secure, $httponly);
 	}
 }
 
@@ -75,11 +74,11 @@ if ( ! function_exists('get_cookie'))
 	 * @param	bool
 	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
-	function get_cookie($index = '', $xss_clean = FALSE)
+	function get_cookie($index, $xss_clean = NULL)
 	{
-		$CI =& get_instance();
+		is_bool($xss_clean) OR $xss_clean = (config_item('global_xss_filtering') === TRUE);
 		$prefix = isset($_COOKIE[$index]) ? '' : config_item('cookie_prefix');
-		return $CI->input->cookie($prefix.$index, $xss_clean);
+		return get_instance()->input->cookie($prefix.$index, $xss_clean);
 	}
 }
 
@@ -96,7 +95,7 @@ if ( ! function_exists('delete_cookie'))
 	 * @param	string	the cookie prefix
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function delete_cookie($name = '', $domain = '', $path = '/', $prefix = '')
+	function delete_cookie($name, $domain = '', $path = '/', $prefix = '')
 	{
 		set_cookie($name, '', '', $domain, $path, $prefix);
 	}
diff --git a/system/helpers/file_helper.php b/system/helpers/file_helper.php
index 4b45a62d0..0587740b1 100644
--- a/system/helpers/file_helper.php
+++ b/system/helpers/file_helper.php
@@ -79,11 +79,19 @@ if ( ! function_exists('write_file'))
 		}
 
 		flock($fp, LOCK_EX);
-		fwrite($fp, $data);
+
+		for ($written = 0, $length = strlen($data); $written < $length; $written += $result)
+		{
+			if (($result = fwrite($fp, substr($data, $written))) === FALSE)
+			{
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+
 		flock($fp, LOCK_UN);
 		fclose($fp);
 
-		return TRUE;
+		return is_int($result);
 	}
 }
 
diff --git a/system/helpers/form_helper.php b/system/helpers/form_helper.php
index 2002d4269..a3d299b0d 100644
--- a/system/helpers/form_helper.php
+++ b/system/helpers/form_helper.php
@@ -50,15 +50,10 @@ if ( ! function_exists('form_open'))
 	 * @param	array	a key/value pair hidden data
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function form_open($action = '', $attributes = '', $hidden = array())
+	function form_open($action = '', $attributes = array(), $hidden = array())
 	{
 		$CI =& get_instance();
 
-		if ($attributes === '')
-		{
-			$attributes = 'method="post"';
-		}
-
 		// If an action is not a full URL then turn it into one
 		if ($action && strpos($action, '://') === FALSE)
 		{
@@ -70,10 +65,22 @@ if ( ! function_exists('form_open'))
 			$action = $CI->config->site_url($CI->uri->uri_string());
 		}
 
-		$form = '<form action="'.$action.'"'._attributes_to_string($attributes, TRUE).">\n";
+		$attributes = _attributes_to_string($attributes);
+
+		if (stripos($attributes, 'method=') === FALSE)
+		{
+			$attributes .= ' method="post"';
+		}
+
+		if (stripos($attributes, 'accept-charset=') === FALSE)
+		{
+			$attributes .= ' accept-charset="'.strtolower(config_item('charset')).'"';
+		}
+
+		$form = '<form action="'.$action.'"'.$attributes.">\n";
 
 		// Add CSRF field if enabled, but leave it out for GET requests and requests to external websites
-		if ($CI->config->item('csrf_protection') === TRUE && ! (strpos($action, $CI->config->base_url()) === FALSE OR strpos($form, 'method="get"')))
+		if ($CI->config->item('csrf_protection') === TRUE && ! (strpos($action, $CI->config->base_url()) === FALSE OR stripos($form, 'method="get"')))
 		{
 			$hidden[$CI->security->get_csrf_token_name()] = $CI->security->get_csrf_hash();
 		}
@@ -309,7 +316,7 @@ if ( ! function_exists('form_dropdown'))
 		{
 			isset($name['options']) OR $name['options'] = array();
 			isset($name['selected']) OR $name['selected'] = array();
-			isset($name['extra']) OR $name['extra'] = array();
+			isset($name['extra']) OR $name['extra'] = '';
 
 			return form_dropdown($name['name'], $name['options'], $name['selected'], $name['extra']);
 		}
@@ -322,10 +329,7 @@ if ( ! function_exists('form_dropdown'))
 			$selected = array($_POST[$name]);
 		}
 
-		if ($extra != '')
-		{
-			$extra = ' '.$extra;
-		}
+		$extra = _attributes_to_string($extra);
 
 		$multiple = (count($selected) > 1 && strpos($extra, 'multiple') === FALSE) ? ' multiple="multiple"' : '';
 
@@ -542,12 +546,12 @@ if ( ! function_exists('form_fieldset'))
 	 * use form_fieldset_close()
 	 *
 	 * @param	string	The legend text
-	 * @param	string	Additional attributes
+	 * @param	array	Additional attributes
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	function form_fieldset($legend_text = '', $attributes = array())
 	{
-		$fieldset = '<fieldset'._attributes_to_string($attributes, FALSE).">\n";
+		$fieldset = '<fieldset'._attributes_to_string($attributes).">\n";
 		if ($legend_text !== '')
 		{
 			return $fieldset.'<legend>'.$legend_text."</legend>\n";
@@ -668,37 +672,33 @@ if ( ! function_exists('set_select'))
 	 */
 	function set_select($field = '', $value = '', $default = FALSE)
 	{
-		$OBJ =& _get_validation_object();
+		$CI =& get_instance();
 
-		if ($OBJ === FALSE)
+		if (isset($CI->form_validation) && is_object($CI->form_validation) && $CI->form_validation->has_rule($field))
 		{
-			if ( ! isset($_POST[$field]))
-			{
-				if (count($_POST) === 0 && $default === TRUE)
-				{
-					return ' selected="selected"';
-				}
-				return '';
-			}
-
-			$field = $_POST[$field];
+			return $CI->form_validation->set_select($field, $value, $default);
+		}
+		elseif (($input = $CI->input->post($field, FALSE)) === NULL)
+		{
+			return ($default === TRUE) ? ' selected="selected"' : '';
+		}
 
-			if (is_array($field))
+		$value = (string) $value;
+		if (is_array($input))
+		{
+			// Note: in_array('', array(0)) returns TRUE, do not use it
+			foreach ($input as &$v)
 			{
-				if ( ! in_array($value, $field))
+				if ($value === $v)
 				{
-					return '';
+					return ' selected="selected"';
 				}
 			}
-			elseif (($field == '' OR $value == '') OR $field !== $value)
-			{
-				return '';
-			}
 
-			return ' selected="selected"';
+			return '';
 		}
 
-		return $OBJ->set_select($field, $value, $default);
+		return ($input === $value) ? ' selected="selected"' : '';
 	}
 }
 
@@ -719,37 +719,33 @@ if ( ! function_exists('set_checkbox'))
 	 */
 	function set_checkbox($field = '', $value = '', $default = FALSE)
 	{
-		$OBJ =& _get_validation_object();
+		$CI =& get_instance();
 
-		if ($OBJ === FALSE)
+		if (isset($CI->form_validation) && is_object($CI->form_validation) && $CI->form_validation->has_rule($field))
 		{
-			if ( ! isset($_POST[$field]))
-			{
-				if (count($_POST) === 0 && $default === TRUE)
-				{
-					return ' checked="checked"';
-				}
-				return '';
-			}
-
-			$field = $_POST[$field];
+			return $CI->form_validation->set_checkbox($field, $value, $default);
+		}
+		elseif (($input = $CI->input->post($field, FALSE)) === NULL)
+		{
+			return ($default === TRUE) ? ' checked="checked"' : '';
+		}
 
-			if (is_array($field))
+		$value = (string) $value;
+		if (is_array($input))
+		{
+			// Note: in_array('', array(0)) returns TRUE, do not use it
+			foreach ($input as &$v)
 			{
-				if ( ! in_array($value, $field))
+				if ($value === $v)
 				{
-					return '';
+					return ' checked="checked"';
 				}
 			}
-			elseif (($field == '' OR $value == '') OR $field !== $value)
-			{
-				return '';
-			}
 
-			return ' checked="checked"';
+			return '';
 		}
 
-		return $OBJ->set_checkbox($field, $value, $default);
+		return ($input === $value) ? ' checked="checked"' : '';
 	}
 }
 
@@ -763,47 +759,25 @@ if ( ! function_exists('set_radio'))
 	 * Let's you set the selected value of a radio field via info in the POST array.
 	 * If Form Validation is active it retrieves the info from the validation class
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	bool
+	 * @param	string	$field
+	 * @param	string	$value
+	 * @param	bool	$default
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	function set_radio($field = '', $value = '', $default = FALSE)
 	{
-		$OBJ =& _get_validation_object();
+		$CI =& get_instance();
 
-		if ($OBJ === FALSE)
+		if (isset($CI->form_validation) && is_object($CI->form_validation) && $CI->form_validation->has_rule($field))
 		{
-			if ( ! isset($_POST[$field]))
-			{
-				if (count($_POST) === 0 && $default === TRUE)
-				{
-					return ' checked="checked"';
-				}
-				return '';
-			}
-
-			$field = $_POST[$field];
-
-			if (is_array($field))
-			{
-				if ( ! in_array($value, $field))
-				{
-					return '';
-				}
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				if (($field == '' OR $value == '') OR $field !== $value)
-				{
-					return '';
-				}
-			}
-
-			return ' checked="checked"';
+			return $CI->form_validation->set_radio($field, $value, $default);
+		}
+		elseif (($input = $CI->input->post($field, FALSE)) === NULL)
+		{
+			return ($default === TRUE) ? ' checked="checked"' : '';
 		}
 
-		return $OBJ->set_radio($field, $value, $default);
+		return ($input === (string) $value) ? ' checked="checked"' : '';
 	}
 }
 
@@ -920,45 +894,24 @@ if ( ! function_exists('_attributes_to_string'))
 	 * Helper function used by some of the form helpers
 	 *
 	 * @param	mixed
-	 * @param	bool
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _attributes_to_string($attributes, $formtag = FALSE)
+	function _attributes_to_string($attributes)
 	{
-		if (is_string($attributes) && strlen($attributes) > 0)
+		if (empty($attributes))
 		{
-			if ($formtag === TRUE && strpos($attributes, 'method=') === FALSE)
-			{
-				$attributes .= ' method="post"';
-			}
-
-			if ($formtag === TRUE && strpos($attributes, 'accept-charset=') === FALSE)
-			{
-				$attributes .= ' accept-charset="'.strtolower(config_item('charset')).'"';
-			}
-
-			return ' '.$attributes;
+			return '';
 		}
 
-		if (is_object($attributes) && count($attributes) > 0)
+		if (is_object($attributes))
 		{
 			$attributes = (array) $attributes;
 		}
 
-		if (is_array($attributes) && ($formtag === TRUE OR count($attributes) > 0))
+		if (is_array($attributes))
 		{
 			$atts = '';
 
-			if ( ! isset($attributes['method']) && $formtag === TRUE)
-			{
-				$atts .= ' method="post"';
-			}
-
-			if ( ! isset($attributes['accept-charset']) && $formtag === TRUE)
-			{
-				$atts .= ' accept-charset="'.strtolower(config_item('charset')).'"';
-			}
-
 			foreach ($attributes as $key => $val)
 			{
 				$atts .= ' '.$key.'="'.$val.'"';
@@ -966,6 +919,13 @@ if ( ! function_exists('_attributes_to_string'))
 
 			return $atts;
 		}
+
+		if (is_string($attributes))
+		{
+			return ' '.$attributes;
+		}
+
+		return FALSE;
 	}
 }
 
@@ -988,7 +948,7 @@ if ( ! function_exists('_get_validation_object'))
 		// We set this as a variable since we're returning by reference.
 		$return = FALSE;
 
-		if (FALSE !== ($object = $CI->load->is_loaded('form_validation')))
+		if (FALSE !== ($object = $CI->load->is_loaded('Form_validation')))
 		{
 			if ( ! isset($CI->$object) OR ! is_object($CI->$object))
 			{
diff --git a/system/helpers/html_helper.php b/system/helpers/html_helper.php
index ece39584b..988eee715 100644
--- a/system/helpers/html_helper.php
+++ b/system/helpers/html_helper.php
@@ -199,15 +199,13 @@ if ( ! function_exists('img'))
 		{
 			if ($k === 'src' && strpos($v, '://') === FALSE)
 			{
-				$CI =& get_instance();
-
 				if ($index_page === TRUE)
 				{
-					$img .= ' src="'.$CI->config->site_url($v).'"';
+					$img .= ' src="'.get_instance()->config->site_url($v).'"';
 				}
 				else
 				{
-					$img .= ' src="'.$CI->config->slash_item('base_url').$v.'"';
+					$img .= ' src="'.get_instance()->config->slash_item('base_url').$v.'"';
 				}
 			}
 			else
diff --git a/system/helpers/language_helper.php b/system/helpers/language_helper.php
index 4d571a71c..d7aa8e638 100644
--- a/system/helpers/language_helper.php
+++ b/system/helpers/language_helper.php
@@ -52,8 +52,7 @@ if ( ! function_exists('lang'))
 	 */
 	function lang($line, $for = '', $attributes = array())
 	{
-		$CI =& get_instance();
-		$line = $CI->lang->line($line);
+		$line = get_instance()->lang->line($line);
 
 		if ($for !== '')
 		{
diff --git a/system/helpers/security_helper.php b/system/helpers/security_helper.php
index 4bb94a201..7a6df5420 100644
--- a/system/helpers/security_helper.php
+++ b/system/helpers/security_helper.php
@@ -49,8 +49,7 @@ if ( ! function_exists('xss_clean'))
 	 */
 	function xss_clean($str, $is_image = FALSE)
 	{
-		$CI =& get_instance();
-		return $CI->security->xss_clean($str, $is_image);
+		return get_instance()->security->xss_clean($str, $is_image);
 	}
 }
 
@@ -66,8 +65,7 @@ if ( ! function_exists('sanitize_filename'))
 	 */
 	function sanitize_filename($filename)
 	{
-		$CI =& get_instance();
-		return $CI->security->sanitize_filename($filename);
+		return get_instance()->security->sanitize_filename($filename);
 	}
 }
 
@@ -107,8 +105,7 @@ if ( ! function_exists('strip_image_tags'))
 	 */
 	function strip_image_tags($str)
 	{
-		$CI =& get_instance();
-		return $CI->security->strip_image_tags($str);
+		return get_instance()->security->strip_image_tags($str);
 	}
 }
 
diff --git a/system/helpers/text_helper.php b/system/helpers/text_helper.php
index b2351db95..bda844630 100644
--- a/system/helpers/text_helper.php
+++ b/system/helpers/text_helper.php
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ if ( ! function_exists('ascii_to_entities'))
 	function ascii_to_entities($str)
 	{
 		$out = '';
-		for ($i = 0, $s = strlen($str), $count = 1, $temp = array(); $i < $s; $i++)
+		for ($i = 0, $s = strlen($str) - 1, $count = 1, $temp = array(); $i <= $s; $i++)
 		{
 			$ordinal = ord($str[$i]);
 
@@ -164,6 +164,11 @@ if ( ! function_exists('ascii_to_entities'))
 					$count = 1;
 					$temp = array();
 				}
+				// If this is the last iteration, just output whatever we have
+				elseif ($i === $s)
+				{
+					$out .= '&#'.implode(';', $temp).';';
+				}
 			}
 		}
 
@@ -329,25 +334,17 @@ if ( ! function_exists('highlight_phrase'))
 	 *
 	 * Highlights a phrase within a text string
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the text string
-	 * @param	string	the phrase you'd like to highlight
-	 * @param	string	the openging tag to precede the phrase with
-	 * @param	string	the closing tag to end the phrase with
+	 * @param	string	$str		the text string
+	 * @param	string	$phrase		the phrase you'd like to highlight
+	 * @param	string	$tag_open	the openging tag to precede the phrase with
+	 * @param	string	$tag_close	the closing tag to end the phrase with
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function highlight_phrase($str, $phrase, $tag_open = '<strong>', $tag_close = '</strong>')
+	function highlight_phrase($str, $phrase, $tag_open = '<mark>', $tag_close = '</mark>')
 	{
-		if ($str === '')
-		{
-			return '';
-		}
-
-		if ($phrase !== '')
-		{
-			return preg_replace('/('.preg_quote($phrase, '/').')/i', $tag_open.'\\1'.$tag_close, $str);
-		}
-
-		return $str;
+		return ($str !== '' && $phrase !== '')
+			? preg_replace('/('.preg_quote($phrase, '/').')/i', $tag_open.'\\1'.$tag_close, $str)
+			: $str;
 	}
 }
 
diff --git a/system/helpers/url_helper.php b/system/helpers/url_helper.php
index fbb4a1b24..f9650cd04 100644
--- a/system/helpers/url_helper.php
+++ b/system/helpers/url_helper.php
@@ -52,14 +52,7 @@ if ( ! function_exists('site_url'))
 	 */
 	function site_url($uri = '', $protocol = NULL)
 	{
-		$uri = get_instance()->config->site_url($uri);
-
-		if (isset($protocol))
-		{
-			return $protocol.substr($uri, strpos($uri, '://'));
-		}
-
-		return $uri;
+		return get_instance()->config->site_url($uri, $protocol);
 	}
 }
 
@@ -80,14 +73,7 @@ if ( ! function_exists('base_url'))
 	 */
 	function base_url($uri = '', $protocol = NULL)
 	{
-		$uri = get_instance()->config->base_url($uri);
-
-		if (isset($protocol))
-		{
-			return $protocol.substr($uri, strpos($uri, '://'));
-		}
-
-		return $uri;
+		return get_instance()->config->base_url($uri, $protocol);
 	}
 }
 
@@ -123,8 +109,7 @@ if ( ! function_exists('uri_string'))
 	 */
 	function uri_string()
 	{
-		$CI =& get_instance();
-		return $CI->uri->uri_string();
+		return get_instance()->uri->uri_string();
 	}
 }
 
@@ -141,8 +126,7 @@ if ( ! function_exists('index_page'))
 	 */
 	function index_page()
 	{
-		$CI =& get_instance();
-		return $CI->config->item('index_page');
+		return get_instance()->config->item('index_page');
 	}
 }
 
@@ -548,11 +532,16 @@ if ( ! function_exists('redirect'))
 		}
 		elseif ($method !== 'refresh' && (empty($code) OR ! is_numeric($code)))
 		{
-			// Reference: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post/Redirect/Get
-			$code = (isset($_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'], $_SERVER['SERVER_PROTOCOL'])
-					&& $_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'] === 'POST'
-					&& $_SERVER['SERVER_PROTOCOL'] === 'HTTP/1.1')
-				? 303 : 302;
+			if (isset($_SERVER['SERVER_PROTOCOL'], $_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD']) && $_SERVER['SERVER_PROTOCOL'] === 'HTTP/1.1')
+			{
+				$code = ($_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'] !== 'GET')
+					? 303	// reference: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post/Redirect/Get
+					: 307;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				$code = 302;
+			}
 		}
 
 		switch ($method)
diff --git a/system/language/english/ftp_lang.php b/system/language/english/ftp_lang.php
index ae4086ff3..042ab55df 100644
--- a/system/language/english/ftp_lang.php
+++ b/system/language/english/ftp_lang.php
@@ -26,18 +26,18 @@
  */
 defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
-$lang['ftp_no_connection']			= 'Unable to locate a valid connection ID. Please make sure you are connected before peforming any file routines.';
+$lang['ftp_no_connection']		= 'Unable to locate a valid connection ID. Please make sure you are connected before peforming any file routines.';
 $lang['ftp_unable_to_connect']		= 'Unable to connect to your FTP server using the supplied hostname.';
 $lang['ftp_unable_to_login']		= 'Unable to login to your FTP server. Please check your username and password.';
-$lang['ftp_unable_to_makdir']		= 'Unable to create the directory you have specified.';
+$lang['ftp_unable_to_mkdir']		= 'Unable to create the directory you have specified.';
 $lang['ftp_unable_to_changedir']	= 'Unable to change directories.';
-$lang['ftp_unable_to_chmod']		= 'Unable to set file permissions. Please check your path. Note: This feature is only available in PHP 5 or higher.';
+$lang['ftp_unable_to_chmod']		= 'Unable to set file permissions. Please check your path.';
 $lang['ftp_unable_to_upload']		= 'Unable to upload the specified file. Please check your path.';
 $lang['ftp_unable_to_download']		= 'Unable to download the specified file. Please check your path.';
-$lang['ftp_no_source_file']			= 'Unable to locate the source file. Please check your path.';
+$lang['ftp_no_source_file']		= 'Unable to locate the source file. Please check your path.';
 $lang['ftp_unable_to_rename']		= 'Unable to rename the file.';
 $lang['ftp_unable_to_delete']		= 'Unable to delete the file.';
-$lang['ftp_unable_to_move']			= 'Unable to move the file. Please make sure the destination directory exists.';
+$lang['ftp_unable_to_move']		= 'Unable to move the file. Please make sure the destination directory exists.';
 
 /* End of file ftp_lang.php */
 /* Location: ./system/language/english/ftp_lang.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/libraries/Cache/Cache.php b/system/libraries/Cache/Cache.php
index e1089f755..2dffa350c 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Cache/Cache.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Cache/Cache.php
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ class CI_Cache extends CI_Driver_Library {
 
 		isset($config['key_prefix']) && $this->key_prefix = $config['key_prefix'];
 
-		if (isset($config['backup']) && in_array('cache_'.$config['backup'], $this->valid_drivers))
+		if (isset($config['backup']) && in_array($config['backup'], $this->valid_drivers))
 		{
 			$this->_backup_driver = $config['backup'];
 		}
@@ -123,6 +123,7 @@ class CI_Cache extends CI_Driver_Library {
 			else
 			{
 				// Backup is supported. Set it to primary.
+				log_message('debug', 'Cache adapter "'.$this->_adapter.'" is unavailable. Falling back to "'.$this->_backup_driver.'" backup adapter.');
 				$this->_adapter = $this->_backup_driver;
 			}
 		}
@@ -149,14 +150,15 @@ class CI_Cache extends CI_Driver_Library {
 	/**
 	 * Cache Save
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	$id		Cache ID
-	 * @param	mixed	$data		Data to store
-	 * @param	int	$ttl = 60	Cache TTL (in seconds)
+	 * @param	string	$id	Cache ID
+	 * @param	mixed	$data	Data to store
+	 * @param	int	$ttl	Cache TTL (in seconds)
+	 * @param	bool	$raw	Whether to store the raw value
 	 * @return	bool	TRUE on success, FALSE on failure
 	 */
-	public function save($id, $data, $ttl = 60)
+	public function save($id, $data, $ttl = 60, $raw = FALSE)
 	{
-		return $this->{$this->_adapter}->save($this->key_prefix.$id, $data, $ttl);
+		return $this->{$this->_adapter}->save($this->key_prefix.$id, $data, $ttl, $raw);
 	}
 
 	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -175,6 +177,34 @@ class CI_Cache extends CI_Driver_Library {
 	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
+	 * Increment a raw value
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$id	Cache ID
+	 * @param	int	$offset	Step/value to add
+	 * @return	mixed	New value on success or FALSE on failure
+	 */
+	public function increment($id, $offset = 1)
+	{
+		return $this->{$this->_adapter}->increment($id, $offset);
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Decrement a raw value
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$id	Cache ID
+	 * @param	int	$offset	Step/value to reduce by
+	 * @return	mixed	New value on success or FALSE on failure
+	 */
+	public function decrement($id, $offset = 1)
+	{
+		return $this->{$this->_adapter}->decrement($id, $offset);
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
 	 * Clean the cache
 	 *
 	 * @return	bool	TRUE on success, FALSE on failure
diff --git a/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/Cache_apc.php b/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/Cache_apc.php
index 127a220a7..b5381ddaf 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/Cache_apc.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/Cache_apc.php
@@ -51,8 +51,14 @@ class CI_Cache_apc extends CI_Driver {
 		$success = FALSE;
 		$data = apc_fetch($id, $success);
 
-		return ($success === TRUE && is_array($data))
-			? unserialize($data[0]) : FALSE;
+		if ($success === TRUE)
+		{
+			return is_array($data)
+				? unserialize($data[0])
+				: $data;
+		}
+
+		return FALSE;
 	}
 
 	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -60,16 +66,21 @@ class CI_Cache_apc extends CI_Driver {
 	/**
 	 * Cache Save
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	Unique Key
-	 * @param	mixed	Data to store
-	 * @param	int	Length of time (in seconds) to cache the data
-	 *
-	 * @return	bool	true on success/false on failure
+	 * @param	string	$id	Cache ID
+	 * @param	mixed	$data	Data to store
+	 * @param	int	$ttol	Length of time (in seconds) to cache the data
+	 * @param	bool	$raw	Whether to store the raw value
+	 * @return	bool	TRUE on success, FALSE on failure
 	 */
-	public function save($id, $data, $ttl = 60)
+	public function save($id, $data, $ttl = 60, $raw = FALSE)
 	{
 		$ttl = (int) $ttl;
-		return apc_store($id, array(serialize($data), time(), $ttl), $ttl);
+
+		return apc_store(
+			$id,
+			($raw === TRUE ? $data : array(serialize($data), time(), $ttl)),
+			$ttl
+		);
 	}
 
 	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -88,6 +99,34 @@ class CI_Cache_apc extends CI_Driver {
 	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
+	 * Increment a raw value
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$id	Cache ID
+	 * @param	int	$offset	Step/value to add
+	 * @return	mixed	New value on success or FALSE on failure
+	 */
+	public function increment($id, $offset = 1)
+	{
+		return apc_inc($id, $offset);
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Decrement a raw value
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$id	Cache ID
+	 * @param	int	$offset	Step/value to reduce by
+	 * @return	mixed	New value on success or FALSE on failure
+	 */
+	public function decrement($id, $offset = 1)
+	{
+		return apc_dec($id, $offset);
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
 	 * Clean the cache
 	 *
 	 * @return	bool	false on failure/true on success
@@ -150,7 +189,7 @@ class CI_Cache_apc extends CI_Driver {
 	{
 		if ( ! extension_loaded('apc') OR ! (bool) @ini_get('apc.enabled'))
 		{
-			log_message('error', 'The APC PHP extension must be loaded to use APC Cache.');
+			log_message('debug', 'The APC PHP extension must be loaded to use APC Cache.');
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
diff --git a/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/Cache_dummy.php b/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/Cache_dummy.php
index d9af3773b..7e2b907a6 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/Cache_dummy.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/Cache_dummy.php
@@ -58,9 +58,10 @@ class CI_Cache_dummy extends CI_Driver {
 	 * @param	string	Unique Key
 	 * @param	mixed	Data to store
 	 * @param	int	Length of time (in seconds) to cache the data
+	 * @param	bool	Whether to store the raw value
 	 * @return	bool	TRUE, Simulating success
 	 */
-	public function save($id, $data, $ttl = 60)
+	public function save($id, $data, $ttl = 60, $raw = FALSE)
 	{
 		return TRUE;
 	}
@@ -81,6 +82,34 @@ class CI_Cache_dummy extends CI_Driver {
 	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
+	 * Increment a raw value
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$id	Cache ID
+	 * @param	int	$offset	Step/value to add
+	 * @return	mixed	New value on success or FALSE on failure
+	 */
+	public function increment($id, $offset = 1)
+	{
+		return TRUE;
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Decrement a raw value
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$id	Cache ID
+	 * @param	int	$offset	Step/value to reduce by
+	 * @return	mixed	New value on success or FALSE on failure
+	 */
+	public function decrement($id, $offset = 1)
+	{
+		return TRUE;
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
 	 * Clean the cache
 	 *
 	 * @return	bool	TRUE, simulating success
diff --git a/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/Cache_file.php b/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/Cache_file.php
index 769bd5a26..8c99c5ef3 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/Cache_file.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/Cache_file.php
@@ -62,25 +62,13 @@ class CI_Cache_file extends CI_Driver {
 	/**
 	 * Fetch from cache
 	 *
-	 * @param	mixed	unique key id
-	 * @return	mixed	data on success/false on failure
+	 * @param	string	$id	Cache ID
+	 * @return	mixed	Data on success, FALSE on failure
 	 */
 	public function get($id)
 	{
-		if ( ! file_exists($this->_cache_path.$id))
-		{
-			return FALSE;
-		}
-
-		$data = unserialize(file_get_contents($this->_cache_path.$id));
-
-		if ($data['ttl'] > 0 && time() > $data['time'] + $data['ttl'])
-		{
-			unlink($this->_cache_path.$id);
-			return FALSE;
-		}
-
-		return $data['data'];
+		$data = $this->_get($id);
+		return is_array($data) ? $data['data'] : FALSE;
 	}
 
 	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -88,13 +76,13 @@ class CI_Cache_file extends CI_Driver {
 	/**
 	 * Save into cache
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	unique key
-	 * @param	mixed	data to store
-	 * @param	int	length of time (in seconds) the cache is valid
-	 *				- Default is 60 seconds
-	 * @return	bool	true on success/false on failure
+	 * @param	string	$id	Cache ID
+	 * @param	mixed	$data	Data to store
+	 * @param	int	$ttl	Time to live in seconds
+	 * @param	bool	$raw	Whether to store the raw value (unused)
+	 * @return	bool	TRUE on success, FALSE on failure
 	 */
-	public function save($id, $data, $ttl = 60)
+	public function save($id, $data, $ttl = 60, $raw = FALSE)
 	{
 		$contents = array(
 			'time'		=> time(),
@@ -127,6 +115,54 @@ class CI_Cache_file extends CI_Driver {
 	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
+	 * Increment a raw value
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$id	Cache ID
+	 * @param	int	$offset	Step/value to add
+	 * @return	New value on success, FALSE on failure
+	 */
+	public function increment($id, $offset = 1)
+	{
+		$data = $this->_get($id);
+
+		if ($data === FALSE OR ! is_int($data['data']))
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		$new_value = $data['data'] + $offset;
+		return $this->save($id, $new_value, $data['ttl'])
+			? $new_value
+			: FALSE;
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Decrement a raw value
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$id	Cache ID
+	 * @param	int	$offset	Step/value to reduce by
+	 * @return	New value on success, FALSE on failure
+	 */
+	public function decrement($id, $offset = 1)
+	{
+		$data = $this->_get($id);
+
+		if ($data === FALSE OR ! is_int($data['data']))
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		$new_value = $data['data'] - $offset;
+		return $this->save($id, $new_value, $data['ttl'])
+			? $new_value
+			: FALSE;
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
 	 * Clean the Cache
 	 *
 	 * @return	bool	false on failure/true on success
@@ -200,6 +236,34 @@ class CI_Cache_file extends CI_Driver {
 		return is_really_writable($this->_cache_path);
 	}
 
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Get all data
+	 *
+	 * Internal method to get all the relevant data about a cache item
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$id	Cache ID
+	 * @return	mixed	Data array on success or FALSE on failure
+	 */
+	protected function _get($id)
+	{
+		if ( ! file_exists($this->_cache_path.$id))
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		$data = unserialize(file_get_contents($this->_cache_path.$id));
+
+		if ($data['ttl'] > 0 && time() > $data['time'] + $data['ttl'])
+		{
+			unlink($this->_cache_path.$id);
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		return $data;
+	}
+
 }
 
 /* End of file Cache_file.php */
diff --git a/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/Cache_memcached.php b/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/Cache_memcached.php
index 35d91049a..d59847752 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/Cache_memcached.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/Cache_memcached.php
@@ -60,14 +60,14 @@ class CI_Cache_memcached extends CI_Driver {
 	/**
 	 * Fetch from cache
 	 *
-	 * @param	mixed	unique key id
-	 * @return	mixed	data on success/false on failure
+	 * @param	string	$id	Cache ID
+	 * @return	mixed	Data on success, FALSE on failure
 	 */
 	public function get($id)
 	{
 		$data = $this->_memcached->get($id);
 
-		return is_array($data) ? $data[0] : FALSE;
+		return is_array($data) ? $data[0] : $data;
 	}
 
 	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -75,20 +75,26 @@ class CI_Cache_memcached extends CI_Driver {
 	/**
 	 * Save
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	unique identifier
-	 * @param	mixed	data being cached
-	 * @param	int	time to live
-	 * @return	bool	true on success, false on failure
+	 * @param	string	$id	Cache ID
+	 * @param	mixed	$data	Data being cached
+	 * @param	int	$ttl	Time to live
+	 * @param	bool	$raw	Whether to store the raw value
+	 * @return	bool	TRUE on success, FALSE on failure
 	 */
-	public function save($id, $data, $ttl = 60)
+	public function save($id, $data, $ttl = 60, $raw = FALSE)
 	{
+		if ($raw !== TRUE)
+		{
+			$data = array($data, time(), $ttl);
+		}
+
 		if (get_class($this->_memcached) === 'Memcached')
 		{
-			return $this->_memcached->set($id, array($data, time(), $ttl), $ttl);
+			return $this->_memcached->set($id, $data, $ttl);
 		}
 		elseif (get_class($this->_memcached) === 'Memcache')
 		{
-			return $this->_memcached->set($id, array($data, time(), $ttl), 0, $ttl);
+			return $this->_memcached->set($id, $data, 0, $ttl);
 		}
 
 		return FALSE;
@@ -110,6 +116,34 @@ class CI_Cache_memcached extends CI_Driver {
 	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
+	 * Increment a raw value
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$id	Cache ID
+	 * @param	int	$offset	Step/value to add
+	 * @return	mixed	New value on success or FALSE on failure
+	 */
+	public function increment($id, $offset = 1)
+	{
+		return $this->_memcached->increment($id, $offset);
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Decrement a raw value
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$id	Cache ID
+	 * @param	int	$offset	Step/value to reduce by
+	 * @return	mixed	New value on success or FALSE on failure
+	 */
+	public function decrement($id, $offset = 1)
+	{
+		return $this->_memcached->decrement($id, $offset);
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
 	 * Clean the Cache
 	 *
 	 * @return	bool	false on failure/true on success
@@ -240,7 +274,7 @@ class CI_Cache_memcached extends CI_Driver {
 	{
 		if ( ! extension_loaded('memcached') && ! extension_loaded('memcache'))
 		{
-			log_message('error', 'The Memcached Extension must be loaded to use Memcached Cache.');
+			log_message('debug', 'The Memcached Extension must be loaded to use Memcached Cache.');
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
diff --git a/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/Cache_redis.php b/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/Cache_redis.php
index 484f284f1..b6fddf035 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/Cache_redis.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/Cache_redis.php
@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ class CI_Cache_redis extends CI_Driver
 	 * @var	array
 	 */
 	protected static $_default_config = array(
+		'socket_type' => 'tcp',
 		'host' => '127.0.0.1',
 		'password' => NULL,
 		'port' => 6379,
@@ -62,7 +63,7 @@ class CI_Cache_redis extends CI_Driver
 	/**
 	 * Get cache
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	Cache key identifier
+	 * @param	string	Cache ID
 	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
 	public function get($key)
@@ -75,16 +76,17 @@ class CI_Cache_redis extends CI_Driver
 	/**
 	 * Save cache
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	Cache key identifier
-	 * @param	mixed	Data to save
-	 * @param	int	Time to live
-	 * @return	bool
+	 * @param	string	$id	Cache ID
+	 * @param	mixed	$data	Data to save
+	 * @param	int	$ttl	Time to live in seconds
+	 * @param	bool	$raw	Whether to store the raw value (unused)
+	 * @return	bool	TRUE on success, FALSE on failure
 	 */
-	public function save($key, $value, $ttl = NULL)
+	public function save($id, $data, $ttl = 60, $raw = FALSE)
 	{
 		return ($ttl)
-			? $this->_redis->setex($key, $ttl, $value)
-			: $this->_redis->set($key, $value);
+			? $this->_redis->setex($id, $ttl, $data)
+			: $this->_redis->set($id, $data);
 	}
 
 	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -103,6 +105,38 @@ class CI_Cache_redis extends CI_Driver
 	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
+	 * Increment a raw value
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$id	Cache ID
+	 * @param	int	$offset	Step/value to add
+	 * @return	mixed	New value on success or FALSE on failure
+	 */
+	public function increment($id, $offset = 1)
+	{
+		return $this->_redis->exists($id)
+			? $this->_redis->incr($id, $offset)
+			: FALSE;
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Decrement a raw value
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$id	Cache ID
+	 * @param	int	$offset	Step/value to reduce by
+	 * @return	mixed	New value on success or FALSE on failure
+	 */
+	public function decrement($id, $offset = 1)
+	{
+		return $this->_redis->exists($id)
+			? $this->_redis->decr($id, $offset)
+			: FALSE;
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
 	 * Clean cache
 	 *
 	 * @return	bool
@@ -163,12 +197,11 @@ class CI_Cache_redis extends CI_Driver
 	{
 		if (extension_loaded('redis'))
 		{
-			$this->_setup_redis();
-			return TRUE;
+			return $this->_setup_redis();
 		}
 		else
 		{
-			log_message('error', 'The Redis extension must be loaded to use Redis cache.');
+			log_message('debug', 'The Redis extension must be loaded to use Redis cache.');
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 	}
@@ -200,17 +233,33 @@ class CI_Cache_redis extends CI_Driver
 
 		try
 		{
-			$this->_redis->connect($config['host'], $config['port'], $config['timeout']);
+			if ($config['socket_type'] === 'unix')
+			{
+				$success = $this->_redis->connect($config['socket']);
+			}
+			else // tcp socket
+			{
+				$success = $this->_redis->connect($config['host'], $config['port'], $config['timeout']);
+			}
+
+			if ( ! $success)
+			{
+				log_message('debug', 'Cache: Redis connection refused. Check the config.');
+				return FALSE;
+			}
 		}
 		catch (RedisException $e)
 		{
-			show_error('Redis connection refused. ' . $e->getMessage());
+			log_message('debug', 'Cache: Redis connection refused ('.$e->getMessage().')');
+			return FALSE;
 		}
 
 		if (isset($config['password']))
 		{
 			$this->_redis->auth($config['password']);
 		}
+
+		return TRUE;
 	}
 
 	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/Cache_wincache.php b/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/Cache_wincache.php
index d749978f5..25c18ab58 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/Cache_wincache.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/Cache_wincache.php
@@ -46,8 +46,8 @@ class CI_Cache_wincache extends CI_Driver {
 	 * Look for a value in the cache. If it exists, return the data,
 	 * if not, return FALSE
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	mixed	value that is stored/FALSE on failure
+	 * @param	string	$id	Cache Ide
+	 * @return	mixed	Value that is stored/FALSE on failure
 	 */
 	public function get($id)
 	{
@@ -63,12 +63,13 @@ class CI_Cache_wincache extends CI_Driver {
 	/**
 	 * Cache Save
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	Unique Key
-	 * @param	mixed	Data to store
-	 * @param	int	Length of time (in seconds) to cache the data
+	 * @param	string	$id	Cache ID
+	 * @param	mixed	$data	Data to store
+	 * @param	int	$ttl	Time to live (in seconds)
+	 * @param	bool	$raw	Whether to store the raw value (unused)
 	 * @return	bool	true on success/false on failure
 	 */
-	public function save($id, $data, $ttl = 60)
+	public function save($id, $data, $ttl = 60, $raw = FALSE)
 	{
 		return wincache_ucache_set($id, $data, $ttl);
 	}
@@ -89,6 +90,40 @@ class CI_Cache_wincache extends CI_Driver {
 	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
+	 * Increment a raw value
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$id	Cache ID
+	 * @param	int	$offset	Step/value to add
+	 * @return	mixed	New value on success or FALSE on failure
+	 */
+	public function increment($id, $offset = 1)
+	{
+		$success = FALSE;
+		$value = wincache_ucache_inc($id, $offset, $success);
+
+		return ($success === TRUE) ? $value : FALSE;
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Decrement a raw value
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$id	Cache ID
+	 * @param	int	$offset	Step/value to reduce by
+	 * @return	mixed	New value on success or FALSE on failure
+	 */
+	public function decrement($id, $offset = 1)
+	{
+		$success = FALSE;
+		$value = wincache_ucache_dec($id, $offset, $success);
+
+		return ($success === TRUE) ? $value : FALSE;
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
 	 * Clean the cache
 	 *
 	 * @return	bool	false on failure/true on success
@@ -150,7 +185,7 @@ class CI_Cache_wincache extends CI_Driver {
 	{
 		if ( ! extension_loaded('wincache'))
 		{
-			log_message('error', 'The Wincache PHP extension must be loaded to use Wincache Cache.');
+			log_message('debug', 'The Wincache PHP extension must be loaded to use Wincache Cache.');
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
diff --git a/system/libraries/Calendar.php b/system/libraries/Calendar.php
index 9c68c94c1..fc6599931 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Calendar.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Calendar.php
@@ -96,6 +96,13 @@ class CI_Calendar {
 	public $next_prev_url		= '';
 
 	/**
+	 * Show days of other months
+	 *
+	 * @var bool
+	 */
+	public $show_other_days = FALSE;
+
+	/**
 	 * Class constructor
 	 *
 	 * Loads the calendar language file and sets the default time reference.
@@ -143,6 +150,12 @@ class CI_Calendar {
 				$this->$key = $val;
 			}
 		}
+
+		// Set the next_prev_url to the controller if required but not defined
+		if ($this->show_next_prev === TRUE && empty($this->next_prev_url))
+		{
+			$this->next_prev_url = $this->CI->config->site_url($this->CI->router->class.'/'.$this->CI->router->method);
+		}
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -261,10 +274,10 @@ class CI_Calendar {
 
 			for ($i = 0; $i < 7; $i++)
 			{
-				$out .= ($is_current_month === TRUE && $day == $cur_day) ? $this->temp['cal_cell_start_today'] : $this->temp['cal_cell_start'];
-
 				if ($day > 0 && $day <= $total_days)
 				{
+					$out .= ($is_current_month === TRUE && $day == $cur_day) ? $this->temp['cal_cell_start_today'] : $this->temp['cal_cell_start'];
+
 					if (isset($data[$day]))
 					{
 						// Cells with content
@@ -279,14 +292,34 @@ class CI_Calendar {
 								$this->temp['cal_cell_no_content_today'] : $this->temp['cal_cell_no_content'];
 						$out .= str_replace('{day}', $day, $temp);
 					}
+
+					$out .= ($is_current_month === TRUE && $day == $cur_day) ? $this->temp['cal_cell_end_today'] : $this->temp['cal_cell_end'];
+				}
+				elseif ($this->show_other_days === TRUE)
+				{
+					$out .= $this->temp['cal_cell_start_other'];
+
+					if ($day <= 0)
+					{
+						// Day of previous month
+						$prev_month = $this->adjust_date($month - 1, $year);
+						$prev_month_days = $this->get_total_days($prev_month['month'], $prev_month['year']);
+						$out .= str_replace('{day}', $prev_month_days + $day, $this->temp['cal_cell_other']);
+					}
+					else
+					{
+						// Day of next month
+						$out .= str_replace('{day}', $day - $total_days, $this->temp['cal_cell_other']);
+					}
+
+					$out .= $this->temp['cal_cell_end_other'];
 				}
 				else
 				{
 					// Blank cells
-					$out .= $this->temp['cal_cell_blank'];
+					$out .= $this->temp['cal_cell_start'].$this->temp['cal_cell_blank'].$this->temp['cal_cell_end'];
 				}
 
-				$out .= ($is_current_month === TRUE && $day == $cur_day) ? $this->temp['cal_cell_end_today'] : $this->temp['cal_cell_end'];
 				$day++;
 			}
 
@@ -457,13 +490,16 @@ class CI_Calendar {
 			'cal_row_start'				=> '<tr>',
 			'cal_cell_start'			=> '<td>',
 			'cal_cell_start_today'		=> '<td>',
+			'cal_cell_start_other'		=> '<td style="color: #666;">',
 			'cal_cell_content'			=> '<a href="{content}">{day}</a>',
 			'cal_cell_content_today'	=> '<a href="{content}"><strong>{day}</strong></a>',
 			'cal_cell_no_content'		=> '{day}',
 			'cal_cell_no_content_today'	=> '<strong>{day}</strong>',
 			'cal_cell_blank'			=> '&nbsp;',
+			'cal_cell_other'			=> '{day}',
 			'cal_cell_end'				=> '</td>',
 			'cal_cell_end_today'		=> '</td>',
+			'cal_cell_end_other'		=> '</td>',
 			'cal_row_end'				=> '</tr>',
 			'table_close'				=> '</table>'
 		);
@@ -490,7 +526,7 @@ class CI_Calendar {
 
 		$today = array('cal_cell_start_today', 'cal_cell_content_today', 'cal_cell_no_content_today', 'cal_cell_end_today');
 
-		foreach (array('table_open', 'table_close', 'heading_row_start', 'heading_previous_cell', 'heading_title_cell', 'heading_next_cell', 'heading_row_end', 'week_row_start', 'week_day_cell', 'week_row_end', 'cal_row_start', 'cal_cell_start', 'cal_cell_content', 'cal_cell_no_content', 'cal_cell_blank', 'cal_cell_end', 'cal_row_end', 'cal_cell_start_today', 'cal_cell_content_today', 'cal_cell_no_content_today', 'cal_cell_end_today') as $val)
+		foreach (array('table_open', 'table_close', 'heading_row_start', 'heading_previous_cell', 'heading_title_cell', 'heading_next_cell', 'heading_row_end', 'week_row_start', 'week_day_cell', 'week_row_end', 'cal_row_start', 'cal_cell_start', 'cal_cell_content', 'cal_cell_no_content', 'cal_cell_blank', 'cal_cell_end', 'cal_row_end', 'cal_cell_start_today', 'cal_cell_content_today', 'cal_cell_no_content_today', 'cal_cell_end_today', 'cal_cell_start_other', 'cal_cell_other', 'cal_cell_end_other') as $val)
 		{
 			if (preg_match('/\{'.$val.'\}(.*?)\{\/'.$val.'\}/si', $this->template, $match))
 			{
diff --git a/system/libraries/Email.php b/system/libraries/Email.php
index 46ffaa1d4..f4efff882 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Email.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Email.php
@@ -399,9 +399,9 @@ class CI_Email {
 		else
 		{
 			$this->_smtp_auth = ! ($this->smtp_user === '' && $this->smtp_pass === '');
-			$this->_safe_mode = (bool) @ini_get('safe_mode');
 		}
 
+		$this->_safe_mode = ( ! is_php('5.4') && (bool) @ini_get('safe_mode'));
 		$this->charset = strtoupper($this->charset);
 
 		log_message('debug', 'Email Class Initialized');
@@ -451,7 +451,6 @@ class CI_Email {
 		$this->clear();
 
 		$this->_smtp_auth = ! ($this->smtp_user === '' && $this->smtp_pass === '');
-		$this->_safe_mode = (bool) @ini_get('safe_mode');
 
 		return $this;
 	}
@@ -711,18 +710,42 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Assign file attachments
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	$filename
+	 * @param	string	$file	Can be local path, URL or buffered content
 	 * @param	string	$disposition = 'attachment'
 	 * @param	string	$newname = NULL
 	 * @param	string	$mime = ''
 	 * @return	CI_Email
 	 */
-	public function attach($filename, $disposition = '', $newname = NULL, $mime = '')
+	public function attach($file, $disposition = '', $newname = NULL, $mime = '')
 	{
+		if ($mime === '')
+		{
+			if (strpos($file, '://') === FALSE && ! file_exists($file))
+			{
+				$this->_set_error_message('lang:email_attachment_missing', $file);
+				return FALSE;
+			}
+
+			if ( ! $fp = @fopen($file, FOPEN_READ))
+			{
+				$this->_set_error_message('lang:email_attachment_unreadable', $file);
+				return FALSE;
+			}
+
+			$file_content = stream_get_contents($fp);
+			$mime = $this->_mime_types(pathinfo($file, PATHINFO_EXTENSION));
+			fclose($fp);
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			$file_content =& $file; // buffered file
+		}
+
 		$this->_attachments[] = array(
-			'name'		=> array($filename, $newname),
+			'name'		=> array($file, $newname),
 			'disposition'	=> empty($disposition) ? 'attachment' : $disposition,  // Can also be 'inline'  Not sure if it matters
-			'type' 		=> $mime
+			'type'		=> $mime,
+			'content'	=> chunk_split(base64_encode($file_content))
 		);
 
 		return $this;
@@ -731,6 +754,35 @@ class CI_Email {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
+	 * Set and return attachment Content-ID
+	 *
+	 * Useful for attached inline pictures
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$filename
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	public function attachment_cid($filename)
+	{
+		if ($this->multipart !== 'related')
+		{
+			$this->multipart = 'related'; // Thunderbird need this for inline images
+		}
+
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($this->_attachments); $i < $c; $i++)
+		{
+			if ($this->_attachments[$i]['name'][0] === $filename)
+			{
+				$this->_attachments[$i]['cid'] = uniqid(basename($this->_attachments[$i]['name'][0]).'@');
+				return $this->_attachments[$i]['cid'];
+			}
+		}
+
+		return FALSE;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
 	 * Add a Header Item
 	 *
 	 * @param	string
@@ -1265,7 +1317,7 @@ class CI_Email {
 				}
 				else
 				{
-					$this->_finalbody = $hdr . $this->newline . $this->newline . $this->_body;
+					$this->_finalbody = $hdr.$this->newline.$this->newline.$this->_body;
 				}
 
 				return;
@@ -1275,11 +1327,11 @@ class CI_Email {
 				if ($this->send_multipart === FALSE)
 				{
 					$hdr .= 'Content-Type: text/html; charset='.$this->charset.$this->newline
-						.'Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable'.$this->newline.$this->newline;
+						.'Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable';
 				}
 				else
 				{
-					$hdr .= 'Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="'.$this->_alt_boundary.'"'.$this->newline.$this->newline;
+					$hdr .= 'Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="'.$this->_alt_boundary.'"';
 
 					$body .= $this->_get_mime_message().$this->newline.$this->newline
 						.'--'.$this->_alt_boundary.$this->newline
@@ -1300,7 +1352,7 @@ class CI_Email {
 				}
 				else
 				{
-					$this->_finalbody = $hdr.$this->_finalbody;
+					$this->_finalbody = $hdr.$this->newline.$this->newline.$this->_finalbody;
 				}
 
 				if ($this->send_multipart !== FALSE)
@@ -1312,25 +1364,25 @@ class CI_Email {
 
 			case 'plain-attach' :
 
-				$hdr .= 'Content-Type: multipart/'.$this->multipart.'; boundary="'.$this->_atc_boundary.'"'.$this->newline.$this->newline;
+				$hdr .= 'Content-Type: multipart/'.$this->multipart.'; boundary="'.$this->_atc_boundary.'"';
 
 				if ($this->_get_protocol() === 'mail')
 				{
 					$this->_header_str .= $hdr;
 				}
 
-				$body .= $this->_get_mime_message().$this->newline.$this->newline
+				$body .= $this->_get_mime_message().$this->newline
+					.$this->newline
 					.'--'.$this->_atc_boundary.$this->newline
-
 					.'Content-Type: text/plain; charset='.$this->charset.$this->newline
-					.'Content-Transfer-Encoding: '.$this->_get_encoding().$this->newline.$this->newline
-
+					.'Content-Transfer-Encoding: '.$this->_get_encoding().$this->newline
+					.$this->newline
 					.$this->_body.$this->newline.$this->newline;
 
 			break;
 			case 'html-attach' :
 
-				$hdr .= 'Content-Type: multipart/'.$this->multipart.'; boundary="'.$this->_atc_boundary.'"'.$this->newline.$this->newline;
+				$hdr .= 'Content-Type: multipart/'.$this->multipart.'; boundary="'.$this->_atc_boundary.'"';
 
 				if ($this->_get_protocol() === 'mail')
 				{
@@ -1362,45 +1414,22 @@ class CI_Email {
 			$filename = $this->_attachments[$i]['name'][0];
 			$basename = ($this->_attachments[$i]['name'][1] === NULL)
 				? basename($filename) : $this->_attachments[$i]['name'][1];
-			$ctype = $this->_attachments[$i]['type'];
-			$file_content = '';
-
-			if ($ctype === '')
-			{
-				if ( ! file_exists($filename))
-				{
-					$this->_set_error_message('lang:email_attachment_missing', $filename);
-					return FALSE;
-				}
-
-				$file = filesize($filename) +1;
-
-				if ( ! $fp = fopen($filename, FOPEN_READ))
-				{
-					$this->_set_error_message('lang:email_attachment_unreadable', $filename);
-					return FALSE;
-				}
-
-				$ctype = $this->_mime_types(pathinfo($filename, PATHINFO_EXTENSION));
-				$file_content = fread($fp, $file);
-				fclose($fp);
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				$file_content =& $this->_attachments[$i]['name'][0];
-			}
 
 			$attachment[$z++] = '--'.$this->_atc_boundary.$this->newline
-				.'Content-type: '.$ctype.'; '
+				.'Content-type: '.$this->_attachments[$i]['type'].'; '
 				.'name="'.$basename.'"'.$this->newline
 				.'Content-Disposition: '.$this->_attachments[$i]['disposition'].';'.$this->newline
-				.'Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64'.$this->newline;
+				.'Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64'.$this->newline
+				.(empty($this->_attachments[$i]['cid']) ? '' : 'Content-ID: <'.$this->_attachments[$i]['cid'].'>'.$this->newline);
 
-			$attachment[$z++] = chunk_split(base64_encode($file_content));
+			$attachment[$z++] = $this->_attachments[$i]['content'];
 		}
 
 		$body .= implode($this->newline, $attachment).$this->newline.'--'.$this->_atc_boundary.'--';
-		$this->_finalbody = ($this->_get_protocol() === 'mail') ? $body : $hdr.$body;
+		$this->_finalbody = ($this->_get_protocol() === 'mail')
+			? $body
+			: $hdr.$this->newline.$this->newline.$body;
+
 		return TRUE;
 	}
 
@@ -2068,7 +2097,16 @@ class CI_Email {
 	 */
 	protected function _send_data($data)
 	{
-		if ( ! fwrite($this->_smtp_connect, $data.$this->newline))
+		$data .= $this->newline;
+		for ($written = 0, $length = strlen($data); $written < $length; $written += $result)
+		{
+			if (($result = fwrite($this->_smtp_connect, substr($data, $written))) === FALSE)
+			{
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+
+		if ($result === FALSE)
 		{
 			$this->_set_error_message('lang:email_smtp_data_failure', $data);
 			return FALSE;
diff --git a/system/libraries/Form_validation.php b/system/libraries/Form_validation.php
index 40ba01202..58485916c 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Form_validation.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Form_validation.php
@@ -144,14 +144,16 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 	 * Set Rules
 	 *
 	 * This function takes an array of field names and validation
-	 * rules as input, validates the info, and stores it
+	 * rules as input, any custom error messages, validates the info, 
+	 * and stores it
 	 *
 	 * @param	mixed	$field
 	 * @param	string	$label
 	 * @param	mixed	$rules
+	 * @param	array	$errors
 	 * @return	CI_Form_validation
 	 */
-	public function set_rules($field, $label = '', $rules = '')
+	public function set_rules($field, $label = '', $rules = '', $errors = array())
 	{
 		// No reason to set rules if we have no POST data
 		// or a validation array has not been specified
@@ -175,8 +177,11 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 				// If the field label wasn't passed we use the field name
 				$label = isset($row['label']) ? $row['label'] : $row['field'];
 
+				// Add the custom error message array
+				$errors = (isset($row['errors']) && is_array($row['errors'])) ? $row['errors'] : array();
+
 				// Here we go!
-				$this->set_rules($row['field'], $label, $row['rules']);
+				$this->set_rules($row['field'], $label, $row['rules'], $errors);
 			}
 
 			return $this;
@@ -224,6 +229,7 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 			'field'		=> $field,
 			'label'		=> $label,
 			'rules'		=> $rules,
+			'errors'	=> $errors,
 			'is_array'	=> $is_array,
 			'keys'		=> $indexes,
 			'postdata'	=> NULL,
@@ -248,9 +254,9 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 	 * @param	array	$data
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	public function set_data($data = '')
+	public function set_data(array $data)
 	{
-		if ( ! empty($data) && is_array($data))
+		if ( ! empty($data))
 		{
 			$this->validation_data = $data;
 		}
@@ -304,12 +310,12 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 	 *
 	 * Gets the error message associated with a particular field
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the field name
-	 * @param	string	the html start tag
-	 * @param 	strign	the html end tag
+	 * @param	string	$field	Field name
+	 * @param	string	$prefix	HTML start tag
+	 * @param 	string	$suffix	HTML end tag
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	public function error($field = '', $prefix = '', $suffix = '')
+	public function error($field, $prefix = '', $suffix = '')
 	{
 		if (empty($this->_field_data[$field]['error']))
 		{
@@ -414,18 +420,15 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 				return FALSE;
 			}
 
-			// Is there a validation rule for the particular URI being accessed?
-			$uri = ($group === '') ? trim($this->CI->uri->ruri_string(), '/') : $group;
-
-			if ($uri !== '' && isset($this->_config_rules[$uri]))
-			{
-				$this->set_rules($this->_config_rules[$uri]);
-			}
-			else
+			if (empty($group))
 			{
-				$this->set_rules($this->_config_rules);
+				// Is there a validation rule for the particular URI being accessed?
+				$group = trim($this->CI->uri->ruri_string(), '/');
+				isset($this->_config_rules[$group]) OR $group = $this->CI->router->class.'/'.$this->CI->router->method;
 			}
 
+			$this->set_rules(isset($this->_config_rules[$group]) ? $this->_config_rules[$group] : $this->_config_rules);
+
 			// Were we able to set the rules correctly?
 			if (count($this->_field_data) === 0)
 			{
@@ -583,7 +586,7 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 
 		// If the field is blank, but NOT required, no further tests are necessary
 		$callback = FALSE;
-		if ( ! in_array('required', $rules) && $postdata === NULL)
+		if ( ! in_array('required', $rules) && ($postdata === NULL OR $postdata === ''))
 		{
 			// Before we bail out, does the rule contain a callback?
 			if (preg_match('/(callback_\w+(\[.*?\])?)/', implode(' ', $rules), $match))
@@ -598,14 +601,19 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 		}
 
 		// Isset Test. Typically this rule will only apply to checkboxes.
-		if ($postdata === NULL && $callback === FALSE)
+		if (($postdata === NULL OR $postdata === '') && $callback === FALSE)
 		{
 			if (in_array('isset', $rules, TRUE) OR in_array('required', $rules))
 			{
 				// Set the message type
 				$type = in_array('required', $rules) ? 'required' : 'isset';
 
-				if (isset($this->_error_messages[$type]))
+				// Check if a custom message is defined
+				if (isset($this->_field_data[$row['field']]['errors'][$type]))
+				{
+					$line = $this->_field_data[$row['field']]['errors'][$type];
+				}
+				elseif (isset($this->_error_messages[$type]))
 				{
 					$line = $this->_error_messages[$type];
 				}
@@ -749,7 +757,12 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 			// Did the rule test negatively? If so, grab the error.
 			if ($result === FALSE)
 			{
-				if ( ! isset($this->_error_messages[$rule]))
+				// Check if a custom message is defined
+				if (isset($this->_field_data[$row['field']]['errors'][$rule]))
+				{
+					$line = $this->_field_data[$row['field']]['errors'][$rule];
+				}
+				elseif ( ! isset($this->_error_messages[$rule]))
 				{
 					if (FALSE === ($line = $this->CI->lang->line('form_validation_'.$rule))
 						// DEPRECATED support for non-prefixed keys
@@ -898,12 +911,19 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 		}
 
 		$field = $this->_field_data[$field]['postdata'];
+		$value = (string) $value;
 		if (is_array($field))
 		{
-			if ( ! in_array($value, $field))
+			// Note: in_array('', array(0)) returns TRUE, do not use it
+			foreach ($field as &$v)
 			{
-				return '';
+				if ($value === $v)
+				{
+					return ' selected="selected"';
+				}
 			}
+
+			return '';
 		}
 		elseif (($field === '' OR $value === '') OR ($field !== $value))
 		{
@@ -934,12 +954,19 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 		}
 
 		$field = $this->_field_data[$field]['postdata'];
+		$value = (string) $value;
 		if (is_array($field))
 		{
-			if ( ! in_array($value, $field))
+			// Note: in_array('', array(0)) returns TRUE, do not use it
+			foreach ($field as &$v)
 			{
-				return '';
+				if ($value === $v)
+				{
+					return ' checked="checked"';
+				}
 			}
+
+			return '';
 		}
 		elseif (($field === '' OR $value === '') OR ($field !== $value))
 		{
diff --git a/system/libraries/Ftp.php b/system/libraries/Ftp.php
index dc6bbd226..73a68441a 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Ftp.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Ftp.php
@@ -214,12 +214,12 @@ class CI_FTP {
 	 * Internally, this parameter is only used by the "mirror" function below.
 	 *
 	 * @param	string	$path
-	 * @param	bool	$supress_debug
+	 * @param	bool	$suppress_debug
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	public function changedir($path = '', $supress_debug = FALSE)
+	public function changedir($path, $suppress_debug = FALSE)
 	{
-		if ($path === '' OR ! $this->_is_conn())
+		if ( ! $this->_is_conn())
 		{
 			return FALSE;
 		}
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ class CI_FTP {
 
 		if ($result === FALSE)
 		{
-			if ($this->debug === TRUE && $supress_debug === FALSE)
+			if ($this->debug === TRUE && $suppress_debug === FALSE)
 			{
 				$this->_error('ftp_unable_to_changedir');
 			}
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ class CI_FTP {
 	 * @param	int	$permissions
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	public function mkdir($path = '', $permissions = NULL)
+	public function mkdir($path, $permissions = NULL)
 	{
 		if ($path === '' OR ! $this->_is_conn())
 		{
@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ class CI_FTP {
 		{
 			if ($this->debug === TRUE)
 			{
-				$this->_error('ftp_unable_to_makdir');
+				$this->_error('ftp_unable_to_mkdir');
 			}
 			return FALSE;
 		}
@@ -392,7 +392,7 @@ class CI_FTP {
 		{
 			if ($this->debug === TRUE)
 			{
-				$this->_error('ftp_unable_to_' . ($move === FALSE ? 'rename' : 'move'));
+				$this->_error('ftp_unable_to_'.($move === FALSE ? 'rename' : 'move'));
 			}
 			return FALSE;
 		}
diff --git a/system/libraries/Javascript.php b/system/libraries/Javascript.php
index 090f4c90e..26a16850c 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Javascript.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Javascript.php
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ class CI_Javascript {
 	 */
 	public function focus($element = 'this', $js = '')
 	{
-		return $this->js->__add_event($element, $js);
+		return $this->js->_focus($element, $js);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ class CI_Javascript {
 	 */
 	public function hover($element = 'this', $over = '', $out = '')
 	{
-		return $this->js->__hover($element, $over, $out);
+		return $this->js->_hover($element, $over, $out);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/system/libraries/Javascript/Jquery.php b/system/libraries/Javascript/Jquery.php
index f5fa72d30..ab78e8b2e 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Javascript/Jquery.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Javascript/Jquery.php
@@ -923,7 +923,6 @@ class CI_Jquery extends CI_Javascript {
 		if (is_array($js))
 		{
 			$js = implode("\n\t\t", $js);
-
 		}
 
 		$event = "\n\t$(".$this->_prep_element($element).').'.$event."(function(){\n\t\t{$js}\n\t});\n";
@@ -937,7 +936,7 @@ class CI_Jquery extends CI_Javascript {
 	 * Compile
 	 *
 	 * As events are specified, they are stored in an array
-	 * This funciton compiles them all for output on a page
+	 * This function compiles them all for output on a page
 	 *
 	 * @param	string	$view_var
 	 * @param	bool	$script_tags
diff --git a/system/libraries/Pagination.php b/system/libraries/Pagination.php
index 10fb29dbd..c6ffd03d4 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Pagination.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Pagination.php
@@ -354,7 +354,8 @@ class CI_Pagination {
 	public function create_links()
 	{
 		// If our item count or per-page total is zero there is no need to continue.
-		if ($this->total_rows === 0 OR $this->per_page === 0)
+		// Note: DO NOT change the operator to === here!
+		if ($this->total_rows == 0 OR $this->per_page == 0)
 		{
 			return '';
 		}
diff --git a/system/libraries/Parser.php b/system/libraries/Parser.php
index c1f1ad73b..399131cdd 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Parser.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Parser.php
@@ -187,26 +187,34 @@ class CI_Parser {
 	 */
 	protected function _parse_pair($variable, $data, $string)
 	{
-		if (FALSE === ($match = $this->_match_pair($string, $variable)))
+		if (FALSE === ($matches = $this->_match_pair($string, $variable)))
 		{
 			return $string;
 		}
 
 		$str = '';
-		foreach ($data as $row)
+		$search = $replace = array();
+		foreach ($matches as $match)
 		{
-			$temp = $match[1];
-			foreach ($row as $key => $val)
+			$str = '';
+			foreach ($data as $row)
 			{
-				$temp = is_array($val)
+				$temp = $match[1];
+				foreach ($row as $key => $val)
+				{
+					$temp = is_array($val)
 						? $this->_parse_pair($key, $val, $temp)
 						: $this->_parse_single($key, $val, $temp);
+				}
+
+				$str .= $temp;
 			}
 
-			$str .= $temp;
+			$search[] = $match[0];
+			$replace[] = $str;
 		}
 
-		return str_replace($match[0], $str, $string);
+		return str_replace($search, $replace, $string);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -214,14 +222,14 @@ class CI_Parser {
 	/**
 	 * Matches a variable pair
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string	$string
+	 * @param	string	$variable
 	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
 	protected function _match_pair($string, $variable)
 	{
-		return preg_match('|'.preg_quote($this->l_delim).$variable.preg_quote($this->r_delim).'(.+?)'.preg_quote($this->l_delim).'/'.$variable.preg_quote($this->r_delim).'|s',
-					$string, $match)
+		return preg_match_all('|'.preg_quote($this->l_delim).$variable.preg_quote($this->r_delim).'(.+?)'.preg_quote($this->l_delim).'/'.$variable.preg_quote($this->r_delim).'|s',
+					$string, $match, PREG_SET_ORDER)
 			? $match : FALSE;
 	}
 
diff --git a/system/libraries/Profiler.php b/system/libraries/Profiler.php
index 9e9e7d08d..4e556b23d 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Profiler.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Profiler.php
@@ -278,6 +278,7 @@ class CI_Profiler {
 			}
 
 			$output .= "</table>\n</fieldset>";
+			$count++;
 		}
 
 		return $output;
@@ -307,10 +308,7 @@ class CI_Profiler {
 
 			foreach ($_GET as $key => $val)
 			{
-				if ( ! is_numeric($key))
-				{
-					$key = "'".$key."'";
-				}
+				is_int($key) OR $key = "'".$key."'";
 
 				$output .= '<tr><td style="width:50%;color:#000;background-color:#ddd;padding:5px;">&#36;_GET['
 					.$key.']&nbsp;&nbsp; </td><td style="width:50%;padding:5px;color:#cd6e00;font-weight:normal;background-color:#ddd;">'
@@ -338,7 +336,7 @@ class CI_Profiler {
 			."\n"
 			.'<legend style="color:#009900;">&nbsp;&nbsp;'.$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_post_data')."&nbsp;&nbsp;</legend>\n";
 
-		if (count($_POST) === 0)
+		if (count($_POST) === 0 && count($_FILES) === 0)
 		{
 			$output .= '<div style="color:#009900;font-weight:normal;padding:4px 0 4px 0;">'.$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_no_post').'</div>';
 		}
@@ -348,10 +346,7 @@ class CI_Profiler {
 
 			foreach ($_POST as $key => $val)
 			{
-				if ( ! is_numeric($key))
-				{
-					$key = "'".$key."'";
-				}
+				is_int($key) OR $key = "'".$key."'";
 
 				$output .= '<tr><td style="width:50%;padding:5px;color:#000;background-color:#ddd;">&#36;_POST['
 					.$key.']&nbsp;&nbsp; </td><td style="width:50%;padding:5px;color:#009900;font-weight:normal;background-color:#ddd;">';
@@ -368,6 +363,21 @@ class CI_Profiler {
 				$output .= "</td></tr>\n";
 			}
 
+			foreach ($_FILES as $key => $val)
+			{
+				is_int($key) OR $key = "'".$key."'";
+
+				$output .= '<tr><td style="width:50%;padding:5px;color:#000;background-color:#ddd;">&#36;_FILES['
+					.$key.']&nbsp;&nbsp; </td><td style="width:50%;padding:5px;color:#009900;font-weight:normal;background-color:#ddd;">';
+
+				if (is_array($val) OR is_object($val))
+				{
+					$output .= '<pre>'.htmlspecialchars(stripslashes(print_r($val, TRUE))).'</pre>';
+				}
+
+				$output .= "</td></tr>\n";
+			}
+
 			$output .= "</table>\n";
 		}
 
diff --git a/system/libraries/Session/Session.php b/system/libraries/Session/Session.php
index c7f6f828c..ac97b944c 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Session/Session.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Session/Session.php
@@ -60,11 +60,18 @@ class CI_Session extends CI_Driver_Library {
 	public $params = array();
 
 	/**
+	 * Valid drivers list
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	public $valid_drivers = array('native',	'cookie');
+
+	/**
 	 * Current driver in use
 	 *
 	 * @var	string
 	 */
-	protected $current = NULL;
+	public $current = NULL;
 
 	/**
 	 * User data
@@ -95,46 +102,36 @@ class CI_Session extends CI_Driver_Library {
 	 */
 	public function __construct(array $params = array())
 	{
-		$CI =& get_instance();
+		$_config =& get_instance()->config;
 
 		// No sessions under CLI
-		if ($CI->input->is_cli_request())
+		if (is_cli())
 		{
 			return;
 		}
 
 		log_message('debug', 'CI_Session Class Initialized');
 
-		// Get valid drivers list
-		$this->valid_drivers = array(
-			'native',
-			'cookie'
-		);
-		$key = 'sess_valid_drivers';
-		$drivers = isset($params[$key]) ? $params[$key] : $CI->config->item($key);
-		if ($drivers)
+		// Add possible extra entries to our valid drivers list
+		$drivers = isset($params['sess_valid_drivers']) ? $params['sess_valid_drivers'] : $_config->item('sess_valid_drivers');
+		if ( ! empty($drivers))
 		{
-			// Add driver names to valid list
-			foreach ((array) $drivers as $driver)
-			{
-				if ( ! in_array(strtolower($driver), array_map('strtolower', $this->valid_drivers)))
-				{
-					$this->valid_drivers[] = $driver;
-				}
-			}
+			$drivers = array_map('strtolower', (array) $drivers);
+			$this->valid_drivers = array_merge($this->valid_drivers, array_diff($drivers, $this->valid_drivers));
 		}
 
 		// Get driver to load
-		$key = 'sess_driver';
-		$driver = isset($params[$key]) ? $params[$key] : $CI->config->item($key);
+		$driver = isset($params['sess_driver']) ? $params['sess_driver'] : $_config->item('sess_driver');
 		if ( ! $driver)
 		{
+			log_message('debug', "Session: No driver name is configured, defaulting to 'cookie'.");
 			$driver = 'cookie';
 		}
 
-		if ( ! in_array(strtolower($driver), array_map('strtolower', $this->valid_drivers)))
+		if ( ! in_array($driver, $this->valid_drivers))
 		{
-			$this->valid_drivers[] = $driver;
+			log_message('error', 'Session: Configured driver name is not valid, aborting.');
+			return;
 		}
 
 		// Save a copy of parameters in case drivers need access
@@ -291,7 +288,7 @@ class CI_Session extends CI_Driver_Library {
 	 * @param	string	Item value or empty string
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	public function set_userdata($newdata = array(), $newval = '')
+	public function set_userdata($newdata, $newval = '')
 	{
 		// Wrap params as array if singular
 		if (is_string($newdata))
@@ -320,7 +317,7 @@ class CI_Session extends CI_Driver_Library {
 	 * @param	mixed	Item name or array of item names
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	public function unset_userdata($newdata = array())
+	public function unset_userdata($newdata)
 	{
 		// Wrap single name as array
 		if (is_string($newdata))
@@ -363,7 +360,7 @@ class CI_Session extends CI_Driver_Library {
 	 * @param	string	Item value or empty string
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	public function set_flashdata($newdata = array(), $newval = '')
+	public function set_flashdata($newdata, $newval = '')
 	{
 		// Wrap item as array if singular
 		if (is_string($newdata))
@@ -437,7 +434,7 @@ class CI_Session extends CI_Driver_Library {
 	 * @param	int	Item lifetime in seconds or 0 for default
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	public function set_tempdata($newdata = array(), $newval = '', $expire = 0)
+	public function set_tempdata($newdata, $newval = '', $expire = 0)
 	{
 		// Set expiration time
 		$expire = time() + ($expire ? $expire : self::TEMP_EXP_DEF);
@@ -478,7 +475,7 @@ class CI_Session extends CI_Driver_Library {
 	 * @param	mixed	Item name or array of item names
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	public function unset_tempdata($newdata = array())
+	public function unset_tempdata($newdata)
 	{
 		// Get expirations list
 		$expirations = $this->userdata(self::EXPIRATION_KEY);
diff --git a/system/libraries/Session/drivers/Session_cookie.php b/system/libraries/Session/drivers/Session_cookie.php
index d3d22d03a..971dfeabe 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Session/drivers/Session_cookie.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Session/drivers/Session_cookie.php
@@ -165,6 +165,8 @@ class CI_Session_cookie extends CI_Session_driver {
 	 */
 	public $now;
 
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 	/**
 	 * Default userdata keys
 	 *
@@ -185,6 +187,15 @@ class CI_Session_cookie extends CI_Session_driver {
 	protected $data_dirty = FALSE;
 
 	/**
+	 * Standardize newlines flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	protected $_standardize_newlines;
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
 	 * Initialize session driver object
 	 *
 	 * @return	void
@@ -209,9 +220,11 @@ class CI_Session_cookie extends CI_Session_driver {
 			'sess_time_to_update',
 			'time_reference',
 			'cookie_prefix',
-			'encryption_key'
+			'encryption_key',
 		);
 
+		$this->_standardize_newlines = (bool) config_item('standardize_newlines');
+
 		foreach ($prefs as $key)
 		{
 			$this->$key = isset($this->_parent->params[$key])
@@ -397,7 +410,7 @@ class CI_Session_cookie extends CI_Session_driver {
 		}
 
 		// Unserialize the session array
-		$session = $this->_unserialize($session);
+		$session = @unserialize($session);
 
 		// Is the session data we unserialized an array with the correct format?
 		if ( ! is_array($session) OR ! isset($session['session_id'], $session['ip_address'], $session['user_agent'], $session['last_activity']))
@@ -472,7 +485,7 @@ class CI_Session_cookie extends CI_Session_driver {
 			$row = $query->row();
 			if ( ! empty($row->user_data))
 			{
-				$custom_data = $this->_unserialize($row->user_data);
+				$custom_data = unserialize(trim($row->user_data));
 
 				if (is_array($custom_data))
 				{
@@ -608,7 +621,7 @@ class CI_Session_cookie extends CI_Session_driver {
 			if ( ! empty($userdata))
 			{
 				// Serialize the custom data array so we can store it
-				$set['user_data'] = $this->_serialize($userdata);
+				$set['user_data'] = serialize($userdata);
 			}
 
 			// Reset query builder values.
@@ -695,8 +708,18 @@ class CI_Session_cookie extends CI_Session_driver {
 				? array_intersect_key($this->userdata, $this->defaults)
 				: $this->userdata;
 
+		// The Input class will do this and since we use HMAC verification,
+		// unless we standardize here as well, the hash won't match.
+		if ($this->_standardize_newlines)
+		{
+			foreach (array_keys($this->userdata) as $key)
+			{
+				$this->userdata[$key] = preg_replace('/(?:\r\n|[\r\n])/', PHP_EOL, $this->userdata[$key]);
+			}
+		}
+
 		// Serialize the userdata for the cookie
-		$cookie_data = $this->_serialize($cookie_data);
+		$cookie_data = serialize($cookie_data);
 
 		if ($this->sess_encrypt_cookie === TRUE)
 		{
@@ -737,93 +760,6 @@ class CI_Session_cookie extends CI_Session_driver {
 	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Serialize an array
-	 *
-	 * This function first converts any slashes found in the array to a temporary
-	 * marker, so when it gets unserialized the slashes will be preserved
-	 *
-	 * @param	mixed	Data to serialize
-	 * @return	string	Serialized data
-	 */
-	protected function _serialize($data)
-	{
-		if (is_array($data))
-		{
-			array_walk_recursive($data, array(&$this, '_escape_slashes'));
-		}
-		elseif (is_string($data))
-		{
-			$data = str_replace('\\', '{{slash}}', $data);
-		}
-
-		return serialize($data);
-	}
-
-	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Escape slashes
-	 *
-	 * This function converts any slashes found into a temporary marker
-	 *
-	 * @param	string	Value
-	 * @param	string	Key
-	 * @return	void
-	 */
-	protected function _escape_slashes(&$val, $key)
-	{
-		if (is_string($val))
-		{
-			$val = str_replace('\\', '{{slash}}', $val);
-		}
-	}
-
-	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Unserialize
-	 *
-	 * This function unserializes a data string, then converts any
-	 * temporary slash markers back to actual slashes
-	 *
-	 * @param	mixed	Data to unserialize
-	 * @return	mixed	Unserialized data
-	 */
-	protected function _unserialize($data)
-	{
-		$data = @unserialize(trim($data));
-
-		if (is_array($data))
-		{
-			array_walk_recursive($data, array(&$this, '_unescape_slashes'));
-			return $data;
-		}
-
-		return is_string($data) ? str_replace('{{slash}}', '\\', $data) : $data;
-	}
-
-	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Unescape slashes
-	 *
-	 * This function converts any slash markers back into actual slashes
-	 *
-	 * @param	string	Value
-	 * @param	string	Key
-	 * @return	void
-	 */
-	protected function _unescape_slashes(&$val, $key)
-	{
-		if (is_string($val))
-		{
-	 		$val = str_replace('{{slash}}', '\\', $val);
-		}
-	}
-
-	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
 	 * Garbage collection
 	 *
 	 * This deletes expired session rows from database
@@ -841,7 +777,7 @@ class CI_Session_cookie extends CI_Session_driver {
 		$probability = ini_get('session.gc_probability');
 		$divisor = ini_get('session.gc_divisor');
 
-		if ((mt_rand(0, $divisor) / $divisor) < $probability)
+		if (mt_rand(1, $divisor) <= $probability)
 		{
 			$expire = $this->now - $this->sess_expiration;
 			$this->CI->db->delete($this->sess_table_name, 'last_activity < '.$expire);
diff --git a/system/libraries/Unit_test.php b/system/libraries/Unit_test.php
index 7a67c7276..e412b9858 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Unit_test.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Unit_test.php
@@ -81,7 +81,15 @@ class CI_Unit_test {
 	 *
 	 * @var	array
 	 */
-	protected $_test_items_visible	= array();
+	protected $_test_items_visible	= array(
+			'test_name',
+			'test_datatype',
+			'res_datatype',
+			'result',
+			'file',
+			'line',
+			'notes'
+	);
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
@@ -92,17 +100,6 @@ class CI_Unit_test {
 	 */
 	public function __construct()
 	{
-		// These are the default items visible when a test is run.
-		$this->_test_items_visible = array (
-							'test_name',
-							'test_datatype',
-							'res_datatype',
-							'result',
-							'file',
-							'line',
-							'notes'
-						);
-
 		log_message('debug', 'Unit Testing Class Initialized');
 	}
 
@@ -113,10 +110,10 @@ class CI_Unit_test {
 	 *
 	 * Runs the supplied tests
 	 *
-	 * @param	array
+	 * @param	array	$items
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	public function set_test_items($items = array())
+	public function set_test_items($items)
 	{
 		if ( ! empty($items) && is_array($items))
 		{
@@ -230,7 +227,7 @@ class CI_Unit_test {
 	 *
 	 * Causes the evaluation to use === rather than ==
 	 *
-	 * @param	bool
+	 * @param	bool	$state
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function use_strict($state = TRUE)
@@ -288,6 +285,7 @@ class CI_Unit_test {
 				{
 					$val = $line;
 				}
+
 				$temp[$CI->lang->line('ut_'.$key, FALSE)] = $val;
 			}
 
@@ -396,4 +394,4 @@ function is_false($test)
 }
 
 /* End of file Unit_test.php */
-/* Location: ./system/libraries/Unit_test.php */
+/* Location: ./system/libraries/Unit_test.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/libraries/Upload.php b/system/libraries/Upload.php
index 85428044d..525880f62 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Upload.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Upload.php
@@ -234,6 +234,13 @@ class CI_Upload {
 	public $xss_clean		= FALSE;
 
 	/**
+	 * Apache mod_mime fix flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	public $mod_mime_fix		= TRUE;
+
+	/**
 	 * Temporary filename prefix
 	 *
 	 * @var	string
@@ -256,6 +263,13 @@ class CI_Upload {
 	 */
 	protected $_file_name_override	= '';
 
+	/**
+	 * CI Singleton
+	 *
+	 * @var	object
+	 */
+	protected $CI;
+
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
@@ -272,6 +286,7 @@ class CI_Upload {
 		}
 
 		$this->mimes =& get_mimes();
+		$this->CI =& get_instance();
 
 		log_message('debug', 'Upload Class Initialized');
 	}
@@ -314,6 +329,7 @@ class CI_Upload {
 					'remove_spaces'			=> TRUE,
 					'detect_mime'			=> TRUE,
 					'xss_clean'			=> FALSE,
+					'mod_mime_fix'			=> TRUE,
 					'temp_prefix'			=> 'temp_file_',
 					'client_name'			=> ''
 				);
@@ -463,7 +479,7 @@ class CI_Upload {
 		}
 
 		// Are the image dimensions within the allowed size?
-		// Note: This can fail if the server has an open_basdir restriction.
+		// Note: This can fail if the server has an open_basedir restriction.
 		if ( ! $this->is_allowed_dimensions())
 		{
 			$this->set_error('upload_invalid_dimensions');
@@ -471,8 +487,7 @@ class CI_Upload {
 		}
 
 		// Sanitize the file name for security
-		$CI =& get_instance();
-		$this->file_name = $CI->security->sanitize_filename($this->file_name);
+		$this->file_name = $this->CI->security->sanitize_filename($this->file_name);
 
 		// Truncate the file name if it's too long
 		if ($this->max_filename > 0)
@@ -1073,8 +1088,7 @@ class CI_Upload {
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		$CI =& get_instance();
-		return $CI->security->xss_clean($data, TRUE);
+		return $this->CI->security->xss_clean($data, TRUE);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1087,17 +1101,13 @@ class CI_Upload {
 	 */
 	public function set_error($msg)
 	{
-		$CI =& get_instance();
-		$CI->lang->load('upload');
+		$this->CI->lang->load('upload');
 
-		if ( ! is_array($msg))
-		{
-			$msg = array($msg);
-		}
+		is_array($msg) OR $msg = array($msg);
 
 		foreach ($msg as $val)
 		{
-			$msg = ($CI->lang->line($val) === FALSE) ? $val : $CI->lang->line($val);
+			$msg = ($this->CI->lang->line($val) === FALSE) ? $val : $this->CI->lang->line($val);
 			$this->error_msg[] = $msg;
 			log_message('error', $msg);
 		}
@@ -1148,7 +1158,7 @@ class CI_Upload {
 	 */
 	protected function _prep_filename($filename)
 	{
-		if (strpos($filename, '.') === FALSE OR $this->allowed_types === '*')
+		if ($this->mod_mime_fix === FALSE OR $this->allowed_types === '*' OR strpos($filename, '.') === FALSE)
 		{
 			return $filename;
 		}
@@ -1245,7 +1255,7 @@ class CI_Upload {
 				}
 			}
 
-			if ( (bool) @ini_get('safe_mode') === FALSE && function_usable('shell_exec'))
+			if ((bool) @ini_get('safe_mode') === FALSE && function_usable('shell_exec'))
 			{
 				$mime = @shell_exec($cmd);
 				if (strlen($mime) > 0)
diff --git a/system/libraries/User_agent.php b/system/libraries/User_agent.php
index 2f6f81909..1dfa3e72d 100644
--- a/system/libraries/User_agent.php
+++ b/system/libraries/User_agent.php
@@ -145,6 +145,15 @@ class CI_User_agent {
 	public $robot = '';
 
 	/**
+	 * HTTP Referer
+	 *
+	 * @var	mixed
+	 */
+	public $referer;
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
 	 * Constructor
 	 *
 	 * Sets the User Agent and runs the compilation routine
@@ -282,7 +291,7 @@ class CI_User_agent {
 		{
 			foreach ($this->browsers as $key => $val)
 			{
-				if (preg_match('|'.preg_quote($key).'.*?([0-9\.]+)|i', $this->agent, $match))
+				if (preg_match('|'.$key.'.*?([0-9\.]+)|i', $this->agent, $match))
 				{
 					$this->is_browser = TRUE;
 					$this->version = $match[1];
@@ -358,7 +367,7 @@ class CI_User_agent {
 	{
 		if ((count($this->languages) === 0) && ! empty($_SERVER['HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE']))
 		{
-			$this->languages = explode(',', preg_replace('/(;q=[0-9\.]+)/i', '', strtolower(trim($_SERVER['HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE']))));
+			$this->languages = explode(',', preg_replace('/(;\s?q=[0-9\.]+)|\s/i', '', strtolower(trim($_SERVER['HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE']))));
 		}
 
 		if (count($this->languages) === 0)
@@ -378,7 +387,7 @@ class CI_User_agent {
 	{
 		if ((count($this->charsets) === 0) && ! empty($_SERVER['HTTP_ACCEPT_CHARSET']))
 		{
-			$this->charsets = explode(',', preg_replace('/(;q=.+)/i', '', strtolower(trim($_SERVER['HTTP_ACCEPT_CHARSET']))));
+			$this->charsets = explode(',', preg_replace('/(;\s?q=.+)|\s/i', '', strtolower(trim($_SERVER['HTTP_ACCEPT_CHARSET']))));
 		}
 
 		if (count($this->charsets) === 0)
@@ -471,13 +480,22 @@ class CI_User_agent {
 	 */
 	public function is_referral()
 	{
-		if (empty($_SERVER['HTTP_REFERER']))
+		if ( ! isset($this->referer))
 		{
-			return FALSE;
+			if (empty($_SERVER['HTTP_REFERER']))
+			{
+				$this->referer = FALSE;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				$referer_host = @parse_url($_SERVER['HTTP_REFERER'], PHP_URL_HOST);
+				$own_host = parse_url(config_item('base_url'), PHP_URL_HOST);
+
+				$this->referer = ($referer_host && $referer_host !== $own_host);
+			}
 		}
 
-		$referer = parse_url($_SERVER['HTTP_REFERER']);
-		return ! (empty($referer['host']) && strpos(config_item('base_url'), $referer['host']) !== FALSE);
+		return $this->referer;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -623,6 +641,34 @@ class CI_User_agent {
 		return in_array(strtolower($charset), $this->charsets(), TRUE);
 	}
 
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Parse a custom user-agent string
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$string
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function parse($string)
+	{
+		// Reset values
+		$this->is_browser = FALSE;
+		$this->is_robot = FALSE;
+		$this->is_mobile = FALSE;
+		$this->browser = '';
+		$this->version = '';
+		$this->mobile = '';
+		$this->robot = '';
+
+		// Set the new user-agent string and parse it, unless empty
+		$this->agent = $string;
+
+		if ( ! empty($string))
+		{
+			$this->_compile_data();
+		}
+	}
+
 }
 
 /* End of file User_agent.php */
diff --git a/system/libraries/Xmlrpc.php b/system/libraries/Xmlrpc.php
index 16c5b0ed8..d0f6d83b3 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Xmlrpc.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Xmlrpc.php
@@ -348,6 +348,11 @@ class CI_Xmlrpc {
 
 		$parts = parse_url($url);
 
+		if (isset($parts['user'], $parts['pass']))
+		{
+			$parts['host'] = $parts['user'].':'.$parts['pass'].'@'.$parts['host'];
+		}
+
 		$path = isset($parts['path']) ? $parts['path'] : '/';
 
 		if ( ! empty($parts['query']))
@@ -569,6 +574,21 @@ class XML_RPC_Client extends CI_Xmlrpc
 	public $port			= 80;
 
 	/**
+	 *
+	 * Server username
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $username;
+
+	/**
+	 * Server password
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $password;
+
+	/**
 	 * Proxy hostname
 	 *
 	 * @var	string
@@ -626,8 +646,16 @@ class XML_RPC_Client extends CI_Xmlrpc
 	{
 		parent::__construct();
 
+		$url = parse_url('http://'.$server);
+
+		if (isset($url['user'], $url['pass']))
+		{
+			$this->username = $url['user'];
+			$this->password = $url['pass'];
+		}
+
 		$this->port = $port;
-		$this->server = $server;
+		$this->server = $url['host'];
 		$this->path = $path;
 		$this->proxy = $proxy;
 		$this->proxy_port = $proxy_port;
@@ -691,11 +719,20 @@ class XML_RPC_Client extends CI_Xmlrpc
 		$op = 'POST '.$this->path.' HTTP/1.0'.$r
 			.'Host: '.$this->server.$r
 			.'Content-Type: text/xml'.$r
+			.(isset($this->username, $this->password) ? 'Authorization: Basic '.base64_encode($this->username.':'.$this->password).$r : '')
 			.'User-Agent: '.$this->xmlrpcName.$r
 			.'Content-Length: '.strlen($msg->payload).$r.$r
 			.$msg->payload;
 
-		if ( ! fwrite($fp, $op, strlen($op)))
+		for ($written = 0, $length = strlen($op); $written < $length; $written += $result)
+		{
+			if (($result = fwrite($fp, substr($op, $written))) === FALSE)
+			{
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+
+		if ($result === FALSE)
 		{
 			error_log($this->xmlrpcstr['http_error']);
 			return new XML_RPC_Response(0, $this->xmlrpcerr['http_error'], $this->xmlrpcstr['http_error']);
@@ -855,10 +892,10 @@ class XML_RPC_Response
 	/**
 	 * Decode
 	 *
-	 * @param	mixed
+	 * @param	mixed	$array
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	public function decode($array = FALSE)
+	public function decode($array = NULL)
 	{
 		$CI =& get_instance();
 
@@ -870,9 +907,9 @@ class XML_RPC_Response
 				{
 					$array[$key] = $this->decode($array[$key]);
 				}
-				else
+				elseif ($this->xss_clean)
 				{
-					$array[$key] = ($this->xss_clean) ? $CI->security->xss_clean($array[$key]) : $array[$key];
+					$array[$key] = $CI->security->xss_clean($array[$key]);
 				}
 			}
 
@@ -885,9 +922,9 @@ class XML_RPC_Response
 		{
 			$result = $this->decode($result);
 		}
-		else
+		elseif ($this->xss_clean)
 		{
-			$result = ($this->xss_clean) ? $CI->security->xss_clean($result) : $result;
+			$result = $CI->security->xss_clean($result);
 		}
 
 		return $result;
@@ -1084,15 +1121,15 @@ class XML_RPC_Message extends CI_Xmlrpc
 		//-------------------------------------
 
 		$parser = xml_parser_create($this->xmlrpc_defencoding);
-
-		$this->xh[$parser] = array(
-						'isf'		=> 0,
-						'ac'		=> '',
-						'headers'	=> array(),
-						'stack'		=> array(),
-						'valuestack'	=> array(),
-						'isf_reason'	=> 0
-					);
+		$pname = (string) $parser;
+		$this->xh[$pname] = array(
+			'isf'		=> 0,
+			'ac'		=> '',
+			'headers'	=> array(),
+			'stack'		=> array(),
+			'valuestack'	=> array(),
+			'isf_reason'	=> 0
+		);
 
 		xml_set_object($parser, $this);
 		xml_parser_set_option($parser, XML_OPTION_CASE_FOLDING, TRUE);
@@ -1108,7 +1145,7 @@ class XML_RPC_Message extends CI_Xmlrpc
 			{
 				break;
 			}
-			$this->xh[$parser]['headers'][] = $line;
+			$this->xh[$pname]['headers'][] = $line;
 		}
 		$data = implode("\r\n", $lines);
 
@@ -1126,18 +1163,18 @@ class XML_RPC_Message extends CI_Xmlrpc
 		xml_parser_free($parser);
 
 		// Got ourselves some badness, it seems
-		if ($this->xh[$parser]['isf'] > 1)
+		if ($this->xh[$pname]['isf'] > 1)
 		{
 			if ($this->debug === TRUE)
 			{
-				echo "---Invalid Return---\n".$this->xh[$parser]['isf_reason']."---Invalid Return---\n\n";
+				echo "---Invalid Return---\n".$this->xh[$pname]['isf_reason']."---Invalid Return---\n\n";
 			}
 
-			return new XML_RPC_Response(0, $this->xmlrpcerr['invalid_return'], $this->xmlrpcstr['invalid_return'].' '.$this->xh[$parser]['isf_reason']);
+			return new XML_RPC_Response(0, $this->xmlrpcerr['invalid_return'], $this->xmlrpcstr['invalid_return'].' '.$this->xh[$pname]['isf_reason']);
 		}
-		elseif ( ! is_object($this->xh[$parser]['value']))
+		elseif ( ! is_object($this->xh[$pname]['value']))
 		{
-			return new XML_RPC_Response(0, $this->xmlrpcerr['invalid_return'], $this->xmlrpcstr['invalid_return'].' '.$this->xh[$parser]['isf_reason']);
+			return new XML_RPC_Response(0, $this->xmlrpcerr['invalid_return'], $this->xmlrpcstr['invalid_return'].' '.$this->xh[$pname]['isf_reason']);
 		}
 
 		// Display XML content for debugging
@@ -1145,10 +1182,10 @@ class XML_RPC_Message extends CI_Xmlrpc
 		{
 			echo '<pre>';
 
-			if (count($this->xh[$parser]['headers'] > 0))
+			if (count($this->xh[$pname]['headers'] > 0))
 			{
 				echo "---HEADERS---\n";
-				foreach ($this->xh[$parser]['headers'] as $header)
+				foreach ($this->xh[$pname]['headers'] as $header)
 				{
 					echo $header."\n";
 				}
@@ -1156,13 +1193,13 @@ class XML_RPC_Message extends CI_Xmlrpc
 			}
 
 			echo "---DATA---\n".htmlspecialchars($data)."\n---END DATA---\n\n---PARSED---\n";
-			var_dump($this->xh[$parser]['value']);
+			var_dump($this->xh[$pname]['value']);
 			echo "\n---END PARSED---</pre>";
 		}
 
 		// Send response
-		$v = $this->xh[$parser]['value'];
-		if ($this->xh[$parser]['isf'])
+		$v = $this->xh[$pname]['value'];
+		if ($this->xh[$pname]['isf'])
 		{
 			$errno_v = $v->me['struct']['faultCode'];
 			$errstr_v = $v->me['struct']['faultString'];
@@ -1181,7 +1218,7 @@ class XML_RPC_Message extends CI_Xmlrpc
 			$r = new XML_RPC_Response($v);
 		}
 
-		$r->headers = $this->xh[$parser]['headers'];
+		$r->headers = $this->xh[$pname]['headers'];
 		return $r;
 	}
 
@@ -1212,6 +1249,8 @@ class XML_RPC_Message extends CI_Xmlrpc
 	 */
 	public function open_tag($the_parser, $name)
 	{
+		$the_parser = (string) $the_parser;
+
 		// If invalid nesting, then return
 		if ($this->xh[$the_parser]['isf'] > 1) return;
 
@@ -1311,6 +1350,8 @@ class XML_RPC_Message extends CI_Xmlrpc
 	 */
 	public function closing_tag($the_parser, $name)
 	{
+		$the_parser = (string) $the_parser;
+
 		if ($this->xh[$the_parser]['isf'] > 1) return;
 
 		// Remove current element from stack and set variable
@@ -1443,6 +1484,8 @@ class XML_RPC_Message extends CI_Xmlrpc
 	 */
 	public function character_data($the_parser, $data)
 	{
+		$the_parser = (string) $the_parser;
+
 		if ($this->xh[$the_parser]['isf'] > 1) return; // XML Fault found already
 
 		// If a value has not been found
@@ -1480,14 +1523,14 @@ class XML_RPC_Message extends CI_Xmlrpc
 	/**
 	 * Output parameters
 	 *
-	 * @param	array
+	 * @param	array	$array
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	public function output_parameters($array = FALSE)
+	public function output_parameters(array $array = array())
 	{
 		$CI =& get_instance();
 
-		if (is_array($array))
+		if ( ! empty($array))
 		{
 			while (list($key) = each($array))
 			{
@@ -1495,11 +1538,11 @@ class XML_RPC_Message extends CI_Xmlrpc
 				{
 					$array[$key] = $this->output_parameters($array[$key]);
 				}
-				else
+				elseif ($key !== 'bits' && $this->xss_clean)
 				{
 					// 'bits' is for the MetaWeblog API image bits
 					// @todo - this needs to be made more general purpose
-					$array[$key] = ($key === 'bits' OR $this->xss_clean === FALSE) ? $array[$key] : $CI->security->xss_clean($array[$key]);
+					$array[$key] = $CI->security->xss_clean($array[$key]);
 				}
 			}
 
@@ -1684,7 +1727,7 @@ class XML_RPC_Values extends CI_Xmlrpc
 	{
 		if ($this->mytype !== 0)
 		{
-			echo '<strong>XML_RPC_Values</strong>: already initialized as a [' . $this->kindOf() . ']<br />';
+			echo '<strong>XML_RPC_Values</strong>: already initialized as a ['.$this->kindOf().']<br />';
 			return 0;
 		}
 
@@ -1705,7 +1748,7 @@ class XML_RPC_Values extends CI_Xmlrpc
 	{
 		if ($this->mytype !== 0)
 		{
-			echo '<strong>XML_RPC_Values</strong>: already initialized as a [' . $this->kindOf() . ']<br />';
+			echo '<strong>XML_RPC_Values</strong>: already initialized as a ['.$this->kindOf().']<br />';
 			return 0;
 		}
 		$this->mytype = $this->xmlrpcTypes['struct'];
diff --git a/system/libraries/Xmlrpcs.php b/system/libraries/Xmlrpcs.php
index d263d789d..50ff423f2 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Xmlrpcs.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Xmlrpcs.php
@@ -384,17 +384,13 @@ class CI_Xmlrpcs extends CI_Xmlrpc {
 			{
 				return call_user_func(array($this, $method_parts[1]), $m);
 			}
+			elseif ($this->object === FALSE)
+			{
+				return get_instance()->$method_parts[1]($m);
+			}
 			else
 			{
-				if ($this->object === FALSE)
-				{
-					$CI =& get_instance();
-					return $CI->$method_parts[1]($m);
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					return $this->object->$method_parts[1]($m);
-				}
+				return $this->object->$method_parts[1]($m);
 			}
 		}
 		else
diff --git a/system/libraries/Zip.php b/system/libraries/Zip.php
index 6608f050e..b10b0bb0f 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Zip.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Zip.php
@@ -103,12 +103,12 @@ class CI_Zip {
 	 *
 	 * Lets you add a virtual directory into which you can place files.
 	 *
-	 * @param	mixed	the directory name. Can be string or array
+	 * @param	mixed	$directory	the directory name. Can be string or array
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function add_dir($directory)
 	{
-		foreach ( (array) $directory as $dir)
+		foreach ((array) $directory as $dir)
 		{
 			if ( ! preg_match('|.+/$|', $dir))
 			{
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ class CI_Zip {
 	 *
 	 * If this is a newly created file/dir, we will set the time to 'now'
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	path to file
+	 * @param	string	$dir	path to file
 	 * @return	array	filemtime/filemdate
 	 */
 	protected function _get_mod_time($dir)
@@ -146,9 +146,9 @@ class CI_Zip {
 	/**
 	 * Add Directory
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the directory name
-	 * @param	int
-	 * @param	int
+	 * @param	string	$dir	the directory name
+	 * @param	int	$file_mtime
+	 * @param	int	$file_mdate
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	protected function _add_dir($dir, $file_mtime, $file_mdate)
@@ -199,8 +199,8 @@ class CI_Zip {
 	 * in the filename it will be placed within a directory. Make
 	 * sure you use add_dir() first to create the folder.
 	 *
-	 * @param	mixed
-	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	mixed	$filepath	A single filepath or an array of file => data pairs
+	 * @param	string	$data		Single file contents
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function add_data($filepath, $data = NULL)
@@ -225,10 +225,10 @@ class CI_Zip {
 	/**
 	 * Add Data to Zip
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the file name/path
-	 * @param	string	the data to be encoded
-	 * @param	int
-	 * @param	int
+	 * @param	string	$filepath	the file name/path
+	 * @param	string	$data	the data to be encoded
+	 * @param	int	$file_mtime
+	 * @param	int	$file_mdate
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	protected function _add_data($filepath, $data, $file_mtime, $file_mdate)
@@ -278,23 +278,26 @@ class CI_Zip {
 	/**
 	 * Read the contents of a file and add it to the zip
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	bool
+	 * @param	string	$path
+	 * @param	bool	$archive_filepath
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	public function read_file($path, $preserve_filepath = FALSE)
+	public function read_file($path, $archive_filepath = FALSE)
 	{
-		if ( ! file_exists($path))
+		if (file_exists($path) && FALSE !== ($data = file_get_contents($path)))
 		{
-			return FALSE;
-		}
-
-		if (FALSE !== ($data = file_get_contents($path)))
-		{
-			$name = str_replace('\\', '/', $path);
-			if ($preserve_filepath === FALSE)
+			if (is_string($archive_filepath))
 			{
-				$name = preg_replace('|.*/(.+)|', '\\1', $name);
+				$name = str_replace('\\', '/', $archive_filepath);
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				$name = str_replace('\\', '/', $path);
+
+				if ($preserve_filepath === FALSE)
+				{
+					$name = preg_replace('|.*/(.+)|', '\\1', $name);
+				}
 			}
 
 			$this->add_data($name, $data);
@@ -313,9 +316,9 @@ class CI_Zip {
 	 * sub-folders) and creates a zip based on it. Whatever directory structure
 	 * is in the original file path will be recreated in the zip file.
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	path to source
-	 * @param	bool
-	 * @param	bool
+	 * @param	string	$path	path to source directory
+	 * @param	bool	$preserve_filepath
+	 * @param	string	$root_path
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function read_dir($path, $preserve_filepath = TRUE, $root_path = NULL)
@@ -389,7 +392,7 @@ class CI_Zip {
 	 *
 	 * Lets you write a file
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the file name
+	 * @param	string	$filepath	the file name
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function archive($filepath)
@@ -400,11 +403,19 @@ class CI_Zip {
 		}
 
 		flock($fp, LOCK_EX);
-		fwrite($fp, $this->get_zip());
+
+		for ($written = 0, $data = $this->get_zip(), $length = strlen($data); $written < $length; $written += $result)
+		{
+			if (($result = fwrite($fp, substr($data, $written))) === FALSE)
+			{
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+
 		flock($fp, LOCK_UN);
 		fclose($fp);
 
-		return TRUE;
+		return is_int($result);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -412,7 +423,7 @@ class CI_Zip {
 	/**
 	 * Download
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the file name
+	 * @param	string	$filename	the file name
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function download($filename = 'backup.zip')
@@ -422,8 +433,7 @@ class CI_Zip {
 			$filename .= '.zip';
 		}
 
-		$CI =& get_instance();
-		$CI->load->helper('download');
+		get_instance()->load->helper('download');
 		$get_zip = $this->get_zip();
 		$zip_content =& $get_zip;