Merge branch 'refs/heads/develop' into feature/form_error_msgs

Conflicts:
	system/language/english/form_validation_lang.php
	user_guide_src/source/libraries/form_validation.rst

Signed-off-by: Eric Roberts <eric@cryode.com>

173 files changed, 22244 insertions, 12099 deletions

diff --git a/system/.htaccess b/system/.htaccess
index 14249c50b..97c65d2df 100644
--- a/system/.htaccess
+++ b/system/.htaccess
@@ -1 +1,6 @@
-Deny from all
\ No newline at end of file
+<IfModule authz_core_module>
+	Require all denied
+</IfModule>
+<IfModule !authz_core_module>
+	Deny from all
+</IfModule>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/core/Benchmark.php b/system/core/Benchmark.php
index f6b634deb..e80ee54dd 100755..100644
--- a/system/core/Benchmark.php
+++ b/system/core/Benchmark.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,14 +24,13 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
- * CodeIgniter Benchmark Class
+ * Benchmark Class
  *
  * This class enables you to mark points and calculate the time difference
- * between them.  Memory consumption can also be displayed.
+ * between them. Memory consumption can also be displayed.
  *
  * @package		CodeIgniter
  * @subpackage	Libraries
@@ -42,31 +41,31 @@
 class CI_Benchmark {
 
 	/**
-	 * List of all benchmark markers and when they were added
+	 * List of all benchmark markers
 	 *
-	 * @var array
+	 * @var	array
 	 */
 	public $marker = array();
 
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
 	/**
 	 * Set a benchmark marker
 	 *
 	 * Multiple calls to this function can be made so that several
-	 * execution points can be timed
+	 * execution points can be timed.
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	$name	name of the marker
+	 * @param	string	$name	Marker name
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function mark($name)
 	{
-		$this->marker[$name] = microtime();
+		$this->marker[$name] = microtime(TRUE);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
+	 * Elapsed time
+	 *
 	 * Calculates the time difference between two marked points.
 	 *
 	 * If the first parameter is empty this function instead returns the
@@ -74,14 +73,17 @@ class CI_Benchmark {
 	 * execution time to be shown in a template. The output class will
 	 * swap the real value for this variable.
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	a particular marked point
-	 * @param	string	a particular marked point
-	 * @param	integer	the number of decimal places
-	 * @return	mixed
+	 * @param	string	$point1		A particular marked point
+	 * @param	string	$point2		A particular marked point
+	 * @param	int	$decimals	Number of decimal places
+	 *
+	 * @return	string	Calculated elapsed time on success,
+	 *			an '{elapsed_string}' if $point1 is empty
+	 *			or an empty string if $point1 is not found.
 	 */
 	public function elapsed_time($point1 = '', $point2 = '', $decimals = 4)
 	{
-		if ($point1 == '')
+		if ($point1 === '')
 		{
 			return '{elapsed_time}';
 		}
@@ -93,13 +95,10 @@ class CI_Benchmark {
 
 		if ( ! isset($this->marker[$point2]))
 		{
-			$this->marker[$point2] = microtime();
+			$this->marker[$point2] = microtime(TRUE);
 		}
 
-		list($sm, $ss) = explode(' ', $this->marker[$point1]);
-		list($em, $es) = explode(' ', $this->marker[$point2]);
-
-		return number_format(($em + $es) - ($sm + $ss), $decimals);
+		return number_format($this->marker[$point2] - $this->marker[$point1], $decimals);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -107,12 +106,13 @@ class CI_Benchmark {
 	/**
 	 * Memory Usage
 	 *
-	 * This function returns the {memory_usage} pseudo-variable.
+	 * Simply returns the {memory_usage} marker.
+	 *
 	 * This permits it to be put it anywhere in a template
 	 * without the memory being calculated until the end.
 	 * The output class will swap the real value for this variable.
 	 *
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @return	string	'{memory_usage}'
 	 */
 	public function memory_usage()
 	{
@@ -122,4 +122,4 @@ class CI_Benchmark {
 }
 
 /* End of file Benchmark.php */
-/* Location: ./system/core/Benchmark.php */
+/* Location: ./system/core/Benchmark.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/core/CodeIgniter.php b/system/core/CodeIgniter.php
index 4885f310c..89081b572 100755..100644
--- a/system/core/CodeIgniter.php
+++ b/system/core/CodeIgniter.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,8 +24,7 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * System Initialization File
@@ -33,7 +32,7 @@
  * Loads the base classes and executes the request.
  *
  * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @subpackage	codeigniter
+ * @subpackage	CodeIgniter
  * @category	Front-controller
  * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
  * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/
@@ -42,7 +41,7 @@
 /**
  * CodeIgniter Version
  *
- * @var string
+ * @var	string
  *
  */
 	define('CI_VERSION', '3.0-dev');
@@ -52,7 +51,7 @@
  *  Load the global functions
  * ------------------------------------------------------
  */
-	require(BASEPATH.'core/Common.php');
+	require_once(BASEPATH.'core/Common.php');
 
 /*
  * ------------------------------------------------------
@@ -75,9 +74,9 @@
  */
 	set_error_handler('_exception_handler');
 
-	if ( ! is_php('5.3'))
+	if ( ! is_php('5.4'))
 	{
-		@set_magic_quotes_runtime(0); // Kill magic quotes
+		@ini_set('magic_quotes_runtime', 0); // Kill magic quotes
 	}
 
 /*
@@ -96,24 +95,13 @@
  * Note: Since the config file data is cached it doesn't
  * hurt to load it here.
  */
-	if (isset($assign_to_config['subclass_prefix']) && $assign_to_config['subclass_prefix'] != '')
+	if ( ! empty($assign_to_config['subclass_prefix']))
 	{
 		get_config(array('subclass_prefix' => $assign_to_config['subclass_prefix']));
 	}
 
 /*
  * ------------------------------------------------------
- *  Set a liberal script execution time limit
- * ------------------------------------------------------
- */
-	if (function_exists('set_time_limit') && @ini_get('safe_mode') == 0
-		&& php_sapi_name() !== 'cli') // Do not override the Time Limit value if running from Command Line
-	{
-		@set_time_limit(300);
-	}
-
-/*
- * ------------------------------------------------------
  *  Start the timer... tick tock tick tock...
  * ------------------------------------------------------
  */
@@ -143,9 +131,12 @@
 	$CFG =& load_class('Config', 'core');
 
 	// Do we have any manually set config items in the index.php file?
-	if (isset($assign_to_config))
+	if (isset($assign_to_config) && is_array($assign_to_config))
 	{
-		$CFG->_assign_to_config($assign_to_config);
+		foreach ($assign_to_config as $key => $value)
+		{
+			$CFG->set_item($key, $value);
+		}
 	}
 
 /*
@@ -155,7 +146,7 @@
  *
  * Note: Order here is rather important as the UTF-8
  * class needs to be used very early on, but it cannot
- * properly determine if UTf-8 can be supported until
+ * properly determine if UTF-8 can be supported until
  * after the Config class is instantiated.
  *
  */
@@ -195,7 +186,7 @@
  * ------------------------------------------------------
  */
 	if ($EXT->call_hook('cache_override') === FALSE
-		&& $OUT->_display_cache($CFG, $URI) == TRUE)
+		&& $OUT->_display_cache($CFG, $URI) === TRUE)
 	{
 		exit;
 	}
@@ -230,12 +221,18 @@
 	// Load the base controller class
 	require BASEPATH.'core/Controller.php';
 
+	/**
+	 * Reference to the CI_Controller method.
+	 *
+	 * Returns current CI instance object
+	 *
+	 * @return object
+	 */
 	function &get_instance()
 	{
 		return CI_Controller::get_instance();
 	}
 
-
 	if (file_exists(APPPATH.'core/'.$CFG->config['subclass_prefix'].'Controller.php'))
 	{
 		require APPPATH.'core/'.$CFG->config['subclass_prefix'].'Controller.php';
@@ -259,28 +256,27 @@
  *  Security check
  * ------------------------------------------------------
  *
- *  None of the functions in the app controller or the
+ *  None of the methods in the app controller or the
  *  loader class can be called via the URI, nor can
- *  controller functions that begin with an underscore
+ *  controller functions that begin with an underscore.
  */
 	$class  = $RTR->fetch_class();
 	$method = $RTR->fetch_method();
 
-	if ( ! class_exists($class)
-		OR strpos($method, '_') === 0
-		OR in_array(strtolower($method), array_map('strtolower', get_class_methods('CI_Controller')))
-		)
+	if ( ! class_exists($class) OR $method[0] === '_' OR method_exists('CI_Controller', $method))
 	{
 		if ( ! empty($RTR->routes['404_override']))
 		{
-			$x = explode('/', $RTR->routes['404_override'], 2);
-			$class = $x[0];
-			$method = (isset($x[1]) ? $x[1] : 'index');
+			if (sscanf($RTR->routes['404_override'], '%[^/]/%s', $class, $method) !== 2)
+			{
+				$method = 'index';
+			}
+
 			if ( ! class_exists($class))
 			{
 				if ( ! file_exists(APPPATH.'controllers/'.$class.'.php'))
 				{
-					show_404("{$class}/{$method}");
+					show_404($class.'/'.$method);
 				}
 
 				include_once(APPPATH.'controllers/'.$class.'.php');
@@ -288,10 +284,46 @@
 		}
 		else
 		{
-			show_404("{$class}/{$method}");
+			show_404($class.'/'.$method);
 		}
 	}
 
+	if (method_exists($class, '_remap'))
+	{
+		$params = array($method, array_slice($URI->rsegments, 2));
+		$method = '_remap';
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		// WARNING: It appears that there are issues with is_callable() even in PHP 5.2!
+		// Furthermore, there are bug reports and feature/change requests related to it
+		// that make it unreliable to use in this context. Please, DO NOT change this
+		// work-around until a better alternative is available.
+		if ( ! in_array(strtolower($method), array_map('strtolower', get_class_methods($class)), TRUE))
+		{
+			if (empty($RTR->routes['404_override']))
+			{
+				show_404($class.'/'.$method);
+			}
+			elseif (sscanf($RTR->routes['404_override'], '%[^/]/%s', $class, $method) !== 2)
+			{
+				$method = 'index';
+			}
+
+			if ( ! class_exists($class))
+			{
+				if ( ! file_exists(APPPATH.'controllers/'.$class.'.php'))
+				{
+					show_404($class.'/'.$method);
+				}
+
+				include_once(APPPATH.'controllers/'.$class.'.php');
+			}
+		}
+
+		$params = array_slice($URI->rsegments, 2);
+	}
+
 /*
  * ------------------------------------------------------
  *  Is there a "pre_controller" hook?
@@ -321,45 +353,7 @@
  *  Call the requested method
  * ------------------------------------------------------
  */
-	// Is there a "remap" function? If so, we call it instead
-	if (method_exists($CI, '_remap'))
-	{
-		$CI->_remap($method, array_slice($URI->rsegments, 2));
-	}
-	else
-	{
-		// is_callable() returns TRUE on some versions of PHP 5 for private and protected
-		// methods, so we'll use this workaround for consistent behavior
-		if ( ! in_array(strtolower($method), array_map('strtolower', get_class_methods($CI))))
-		{
-			// Check and see if we are using a 404 override and use it.
-			if ( ! empty($RTR->routes['404_override']))
-			{
-				$x = explode('/', $RTR->routes['404_override'], 2);
-				$class = $x[0];
-				$method = (isset($x[1]) ? $x[1] : 'index');
-				if ( ! class_exists($class))
-				{
-					if ( ! file_exists(APPPATH.'controllers/'.$class.'.php'))
-					{
-						show_404("{$class}/{$method}");
-					}
-
-					include_once(APPPATH.'controllers/'.$class.'.php');
-					unset($CI);
-					$CI = new $class();
-				}
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				show_404("{$class}/{$method}");
-			}
-		}
-
-		// Call the requested method.
-		// Any URI segments present (besides the class/function) will be passed to the method for convenience
-		call_user_func_array(array(&$CI, $method), array_slice($URI->rsegments, 2));
-	}
+	call_user_func_array(array(&$CI, $method), $params);
 
 	// Mark a benchmark end point
 	$BM->mark('controller_execution_time_( '.$class.' / '.$method.' )_end');
@@ -388,15 +382,5 @@
  */
 	$EXT->call_hook('post_system');
 
-/*
- * ------------------------------------------------------
- *  Close the DB connection if one exists
- * ------------------------------------------------------
- */
-	if (class_exists('CI_DB') && isset($CI->db))
-	{
-		$CI->db->close();
-	}
-
 /* End of file CodeIgniter.php */
-/* Location: ./system/core/CodeIgniter.php */
+/* Location: ./system/core/CodeIgniter.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/core/Common.php b/system/core/Common.php
index aeb784bbe..7feb16bfd 100644
--- a/system/core/Common.php
+++ b/system/core/Common.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * Common Functions
@@ -31,7 +32,7 @@
  * Loads the base classes and executes the request.
  *
  * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @subpackage	codeigniter
+ * @subpackage	CodeIgniter
  * @category	Common Functions
  * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
  * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/
@@ -39,25 +40,25 @@
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Determines if the current version of PHP is greater then the supplied value
- *
- * Since there are a few places where we conditionally test for PHP > 5
- * we'll set a static variable.
- *
- * @param	string
- * @return	bool	TRUE if the current version is $version or higher
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('is_php'))
 {
-	function is_php($version = '5.0.0')
+	/**
+	 * Determines if the current version of PHP is greater then the supplied value
+	 *
+	 * Since there are a few places where we conditionally test for PHP > 5.3
+	 * we'll set a static variable.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @return	bool	TRUE if the current version is $version or higher
+	 */
+	function is_php($version = '5.3.0')
 	{
 		static $_is_php;
 		$version = (string) $version;
 
 		if ( ! isset($_is_php[$version]))
 		{
-			$_is_php[$version] = (version_compare(PHP_VERSION, $version) < 0) ? FALSE : TRUE;
+			$_is_php[$version] = (version_compare(PHP_VERSION, $version) >= 0);
 		}
 
 		return $_is_php[$version];
@@ -66,18 +67,18 @@ if ( ! function_exists('is_php'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Tests for file writability
- *
- * is_writable() returns TRUE on Windows servers when you really can't write to
- * the file, based on the read-only attribute. is_writable() is also unreliable
- * on Unix servers if safe_mode is on.
- *
- * @param	string
- * @return	void
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('is_really_writable'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Tests for file writability
+	 *
+	 * is_writable() returns TRUE on Windows servers when you really can't write to
+	 * the file, based on the read-only attribute. is_writable() is also unreliable
+	 * on Unix servers if safe_mode is on.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
 	function is_really_writable($file)
 	{
 		// If we're on a Unix server with safe_mode off we call is_writable
@@ -114,20 +115,20 @@ if ( ! function_exists('is_really_writable'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Class registry
- *
- * This function acts as a singleton. If the requested class does not
- * exist it is instantiated and set to a static variable. If it has
- * previously been instantiated the variable is returned.
- *
- * @param	string	the class name being requested
- * @param	string	the directory where the class should be found
- * @param	string	the class name prefix
- * @return	object
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('load_class'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Class registry
+	 *
+	 * This function acts as a singleton. If the requested class does not
+	 * exist it is instantiated and set to a static variable. If it has
+	 * previously been instantiated the variable is returned.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the class name being requested
+	 * @param	string	the directory where the class should be found
+	 * @param	string	the class name prefix
+	 * @return	object
+	 */
 	function &load_class($class, $directory = 'libraries', $prefix = 'CI_')
 	{
 		static $_classes = array();
@@ -150,7 +151,7 @@ if ( ! function_exists('load_class'))
 
 				if (class_exists($name) === FALSE)
 				{
-					require($path.$directory.'/'.$class.'.php');
+					require_once($path.$directory.'/'.$class.'.php');
 				}
 
 				break;
@@ -164,7 +165,7 @@ if ( ! function_exists('load_class'))
 
 			if (class_exists($name) === FALSE)
 			{
-				require(APPPATH.$directory.'/'.config_item('subclass_prefix').$class.'.php');
+				require_once(APPPATH.$directory.'/'.config_item('subclass_prefix').$class.'.php');
 			}
 		}
 
@@ -172,7 +173,7 @@ if ( ! function_exists('load_class'))
 		if ($name === FALSE)
 		{
 			// Note: We use exit() rather then show_error() in order to avoid a
-			// self-referencing loop with the Excptions class
+			// self-referencing loop with the Exceptions class
 			set_status_header(503);
 			exit('Unable to locate the specified class: '.$class.'.php');
 		}
@@ -187,20 +188,20 @@ if ( ! function_exists('load_class'))
 
 // --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Keeps track of which libraries have been loaded. This function is
- * called by the load_class() function above
- *
- * @param	string
- * @return	array
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('is_loaded'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Keeps track of which libraries have been loaded. This function is
+	 * called by the load_class() function above
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
 	function &is_loaded($class = '')
 	{
 		static $_is_loaded = array();
 
-		if ($class != '')
+		if ($class !== '')
 		{
 			$_is_loaded[strtolower($class)] = $class;
 		}
@@ -211,17 +212,17 @@ if ( ! function_exists('is_loaded'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Loads the main config.php file
- *
- * This function lets us grab the config file even if the Config class
- * hasn't been instantiated yet
- *
- * @param	array
- * @return	array
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('get_config'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Loads the main config.php file
+	 *
+	 * This function lets us grab the config file even if the Config class
+	 * hasn't been instantiated yet
+	 *
+	 * @param	array
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
 	function &get_config($replace = array())
 	{
 		static $_config;
@@ -231,21 +232,25 @@ if ( ! function_exists('get_config'))
 			return $_config[0];
 		}
 
-		// Is the config file in the environment folder?
-		if ( ! defined('ENVIRONMENT') OR ! file_exists($file_path = APPPATH.'config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/config.php'))
+		$file_path = APPPATH.'config/config.php';
+		$found = FALSE;
+		if (file_exists($file_path))
 		{
-			$file_path = APPPATH.'config/config.php';
+			$found = TRUE;
+			require($file_path);
 		}
 
-		// Fetch the config file
-		if ( ! file_exists($file_path))
+		// Is the config file in the environment folder?
+		if (defined('ENVIRONMENT') && file_exists($file_path = APPPATH.'config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/config.php'))
+		{
+			require($file_path);
+		}
+		elseif ( ! $found)
 		{
 			set_status_header(503);
 			exit('The configuration file does not exist.');
 		}
 
-		require($file_path);
-
 		// Does the $config array exist in the file?
 		if ( ! isset($config) OR ! is_array($config))
 		{
@@ -271,14 +276,14 @@ if ( ! function_exists('get_config'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Returns the specified config item
- *
- * @param	string
- * @return	mixed
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('config_item'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Returns the specified config item
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @return	mixed
+	 */
 	function config_item($item)
 	{
 		static $_config_item = array();
@@ -300,22 +305,66 @@ if ( ! function_exists('config_item'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Error Handler
- *
- * This function lets us invoke the exception class and
- * display errors using the standard error template located
- * in application/errors/errors.php
- * This function will send the error page directly to the
- * browser and exit.
- *
- * @param	string
- * @param	int
- * @param	string
- * @return	void
- */
+if ( ! function_exists('get_mimes'))
+{
+	/**
+	 * Returns the MIME types array from config/mimes.php
+	 *
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	function &get_mimes()
+	{
+		static $_mimes = array();
+
+		if (defined('ENVIRONMENT') && is_file(APPPATH.'config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/mimes.php'))
+		{
+			$_mimes = include(APPPATH.'config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/mimes.php');
+		}
+		elseif (is_file(APPPATH.'config/mimes.php'))
+		{
+			$_mimes = include(APPPATH.'config/mimes.php');
+		}
+
+		return $_mimes;
+	}
+}
+
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+if ( ! function_exists('is_https'))
+{
+	/**
+	 * Is HTTPS?
+	 *
+	 * Determines if the application is accessed via an encrypted
+	 * (HTTPS) connection.
+	 *
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	function is_https()
+	{
+		return ( ! empty($_SERVER['HTTPS']) && strtolower($_SERVER['HTTPS']) !== 'off');
+	}
+}
+
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 if ( ! function_exists('show_error'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Error Handler
+	 *
+	 * This function lets us invoke the exception class and
+	 * display errors using the standard error template located
+	 * in application/errors/errors.php
+	 * This function will send the error page directly to the
+	 * browser and exit.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	int
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
 	function show_error($message, $status_code = 500, $heading = 'An Error Was Encountered')
 	{
 		$_error =& load_class('Exceptions', 'core');
@@ -326,19 +375,19 @@ if ( ! function_exists('show_error'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * 404 Page Handler
- *
- * This function is similar to the show_error() function above
- * However, instead of the standard error template it displays
- * 404 errors.
- *
- * @param	string
- * @param	bool
- * @return	void
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('show_404'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * 404 Page Handler
+	 *
+	 * This function is similar to the show_error() function above
+	 * However, instead of the standard error template it displays
+	 * 404 errors.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	bool
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
 	function show_404($page = '', $log_error = TRUE)
 	{
 		$_error =& load_class('Exceptions', 'core');
@@ -349,102 +398,107 @@ if ( ! function_exists('show_404'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Error Logging Interface
- *
- * We use this as a simple mechanism to access the logging
- * class and send messages to be logged.
- *
- * @param	string
- * @param	string
- * @param	bool
- * @return	void
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('log_message'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Error Logging Interface
+	 *
+	 * We use this as a simple mechanism to access the logging
+	 * class and send messages to be logged.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	bool
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
 	function log_message($level = 'error', $message, $php_error = FALSE)
 	{
 		static $_log;
 
-		if (config_item('log_threshold') == 0)
+		if (config_item('log_threshold') === 0)
 		{
 			return;
 		}
 
-		$_log =& load_class('Log');
+		$_log =& load_class('Log', 'core');
 		$_log->write_log($level, $message, $php_error);
 	}
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Set HTTP Status Header
- *
- * @param	int	the status code
- * @param	string
- * @return	void
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('set_status_header'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Set HTTP Status Header
+	 *
+	 * @param	int	the status code
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
 	function set_status_header($code = 200, $text = '')
 	{
 		$stati = array(
-					200	=> 'OK',
-					201	=> 'Created',
-					202	=> 'Accepted',
-					203	=> 'Non-Authoritative Information',
-					204	=> 'No Content',
-					205	=> 'Reset Content',
-					206	=> 'Partial Content',
-
-					300	=> 'Multiple Choices',
-					301	=> 'Moved Permanently',
-					302	=> 'Found',
-					304	=> 'Not Modified',
-					305	=> 'Use Proxy',
-					307	=> 'Temporary Redirect',
-
-					400	=> 'Bad Request',
-					401	=> 'Unauthorized',
-					403	=> 'Forbidden',
-					404	=> 'Not Found',
-					405	=> 'Method Not Allowed',
-					406	=> 'Not Acceptable',
-					407	=> 'Proxy Authentication Required',
-					408	=> 'Request Timeout',
-					409	=> 'Conflict',
-					410	=> 'Gone',
-					411	=> 'Length Required',
-					412	=> 'Precondition Failed',
-					413	=> 'Request Entity Too Large',
-					414	=> 'Request-URI Too Long',
-					415	=> 'Unsupported Media Type',
-					416	=> 'Requested Range Not Satisfiable',
-					417	=> 'Expectation Failed',
-					422	=> 'Unprocessable Entity',
-
-					500	=> 'Internal Server Error',
-					501	=> 'Not Implemented',
-					502	=> 'Bad Gateway',
-					503	=> 'Service Unavailable',
-					504	=> 'Gateway Timeout',
-					505	=> 'HTTP Version Not Supported'
-			);
-
-		if ($code == '' OR ! is_numeric($code))
+			200	=> 'OK',
+			201	=> 'Created',
+			202	=> 'Accepted',
+			203	=> 'Non-Authoritative Information',
+			204	=> 'No Content',
+			205	=> 'Reset Content',
+			206	=> 'Partial Content',
+
+			300	=> 'Multiple Choices',
+			301	=> 'Moved Permanently',
+			302	=> 'Found',
+			303	=> 'See Other',
+			304	=> 'Not Modified',
+			305	=> 'Use Proxy',
+			307	=> 'Temporary Redirect',
+
+			400	=> 'Bad Request',
+			401	=> 'Unauthorized',
+			403	=> 'Forbidden',
+			404	=> 'Not Found',
+			405	=> 'Method Not Allowed',
+			406	=> 'Not Acceptable',
+			407	=> 'Proxy Authentication Required',
+			408	=> 'Request Timeout',
+			409	=> 'Conflict',
+			410	=> 'Gone',
+			411	=> 'Length Required',
+			412	=> 'Precondition Failed',
+			413	=> 'Request Entity Too Large',
+			414	=> 'Request-URI Too Long',
+			415	=> 'Unsupported Media Type',
+			416	=> 'Requested Range Not Satisfiable',
+			417	=> 'Expectation Failed',
+			422	=> 'Unprocessable Entity',
+
+			500	=> 'Internal Server Error',
+			501	=> 'Not Implemented',
+			502	=> 'Bad Gateway',
+			503	=> 'Service Unavailable',
+			504	=> 'Gateway Timeout',
+			505	=> 'HTTP Version Not Supported'
+		);
+
+		if (empty($code) OR ! is_numeric($code))
 		{
 			show_error('Status codes must be numeric', 500);
 		}
 
-		if (isset($stati[$code]) && $text == '')
-		{
-			$text = $stati[$code];
-		}
+		is_int($code) OR $code = (int) $code;
 
-		if ($text == '')
+		if (empty($text))
 		{
-			show_error('No status text available. Please check your status code number or supply your own message text.', 500);
+			if (isset($stati[$code]))
+			{
+				$text = $stati[$code];
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				show_error('No status text available. Please check your status code number or supply your own message text.', 500);
+			}
 		}
 
 		$server_protocol = isset($_SERVER['SERVER_PROTOCOL']) ? $_SERVER['SERVER_PROTOCOL'] : FALSE;
@@ -453,63 +507,49 @@ if ( ! function_exists('set_status_header'))
 		{
 			header('Status: '.$code.' '.$text, TRUE);
 		}
-		elseif ($server_protocol === 'HTTP/1.0')
-		{
-			header('HTTP/1.0 '.$code.' '.$text, TRUE, $code);
-		}
 		else
 		{
-			header('HTTP/1.1 '.$code.' '.$text, TRUE, $code);
+			header(($server_protocol ? $server_protocol : 'HTTP/1.1').' '.$code.' '.$text, TRUE, $code);
 		}
 	}
 }
 
 // --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Exception Handler
- *
- * This is the custom exception handler that is declaired at the top
- * of Codeigniter.php. The main reason we use this is to permit
- * PHP errors to be logged in our own log files since the user may
- * not have access to server logs. Since this function
- * effectively intercepts PHP errors, however, we also need
- * to display errors based on the current error_reporting level.
- * We do that with the use of a PHP error template.
- *
- * @param	int
- * @param	string
- * @param	string
- * @param	int
- * @return	void
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('_exception_handler'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Exception Handler
+	 *
+	 * This is the custom exception handler that is declaired at the top
+	 * of Codeigniter.php. The main reason we use this is to permit
+	 * PHP errors to be logged in our own log files since the user may
+	 * not have access to server logs. Since this function
+	 * effectively intercepts PHP errors, however, we also need
+	 * to display errors based on the current error_reporting level.
+	 * We do that with the use of a PHP error template.
+	 *
+	 * @param	int
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	int
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
 	function _exception_handler($severity, $message, $filepath, $line)
 	{
-		 // We don't bother with "strict" notices since they tend to fill up
-		 // the log file with excess information that isn't normally very helpful.
-		 // For example, if you are running PHP 5 and you use version 4 style
-		 // class functions (without prefixes like "public", "private", etc.)
-		 // you'll get notices telling you that these have been deprecated.
-		if ($severity == E_STRICT)
-		{
-			return;
-		}
-
 		$_error =& load_class('Exceptions', 'core');
 
-		// Should we display the error? We'll get the current error_reporting
+		// Should we ignore the error? We'll get the current error_reporting
 		// level and add its bits with the severity bits to find out.
-		if (($severity & error_reporting()) == $severity)
+		if (($severity & error_reporting()) !== $severity)
 		{
-			$_error->show_php_error($severity, $message, $filepath, $line);
+			return;
 		}
 
-		// Should we log the error?  No?  We're done...
-		if (config_item('log_threshold') == 0)
+		// Should we display the error?
+		if ((bool) ini_get('display_errors') === TRUE)
 		{
-			return;
+			$_error->show_php_error($severity, $message, $filepath, $line);
 		}
 
 		$_error->log_exception($severity, $message, $filepath, $line);
@@ -518,18 +558,18 @@ if ( ! function_exists('_exception_handler'))
 
 // --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Remove Invisible Characters
- *
- * This prevents sandwiching null characters
- * between ascii characters, like Java\0script.
- *
- * @param	string
- * @param	bool
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('remove_invisible_characters'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Remove Invisible Characters
+	 *
+	 * This prevents sandwiching null characters
+	 * between ascii characters, like Java\0script.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	bool
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function remove_invisible_characters($str, $url_encoded = TRUE)
 	{
 		$non_displayables = array();
@@ -556,14 +596,14 @@ if ( ! function_exists('remove_invisible_characters'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Returns HTML escaped variable
- *
- * @param	mixed
- * @return	mixed
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('html_escape'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Returns HTML escaped variable
+	 *
+	 * @param	mixed
+	 * @return	mixed
+	 */
 	function html_escape($var)
 	{
 		return is_array($var)
@@ -572,5 +612,91 @@ if ( ! function_exists('html_escape'))
 	}
 }
 
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+if ( ! function_exists('_stringify_attributes'))
+{
+	/**
+	 * Stringify attributes for use in HTML tags.
+	 *
+	 * Helper function used to convert a string, array, or object
+	 * of attributes to a string.
+	 *
+	 * @param	mixed	string, array, object
+	 * @param	bool
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	function _stringify_attributes($attributes, $js = FALSE)
+	{
+		$atts = NULL;
+
+		if (empty($attributes))
+		{
+			return $atts;
+		}
+
+		if (is_string($attributes))
+		{
+			return ' '.$attributes;
+		}
+
+		$attributes = (array) $attributes;
+
+		foreach ($attributes as $key => $val)
+		{
+			$atts .= ($js) ? $key.'='.$val.',' : ' '.$key.'="'.$val.'"';
+		}
+
+		return rtrim($atts, ',');
+	}
+}
+
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+if ( ! function_exists('function_usable'))
+{
+	/**
+	 * Function usable
+	 *
+	 * Executes a function_exists() check, and if the Suhosin PHP
+	 * extension is loaded - checks whether the function that is
+	 * checked might be disabled in there as well.
+	 *
+	 * This is useful as function_exists() will return FALSE for
+	 * functions disabled via the *disable_functions* php.ini
+	 * setting, but not for *suhosin.executor.func.blacklist* and
+	 * *suhosin.executor.disable_eval*. These settings will just
+	 * terminate script execution if a disabled function is executed.
+	 *
+	 * @link	http://www.hardened-php.net/suhosin/
+	 * @param	string	$function_name	Function to check for
+	 * @return	bool	TRUE if the function exists and is safe to call,
+	 *			FALSE otherwise.
+	 */
+	function function_usable($function_name)
+	{
+		static $_suhosin_func_blacklist;
+
+		if (function_exists($function_name))
+		{
+			if ( ! isset($_suhosin_func_blacklist))
+			{
+				$_suhosin_func_blacklist = extension_loaded('suhosin')
+					? array()
+					: explode(',', trim(@ini_get('suhosin.executor.func.blacklist')));
+
+				if ( ! in_array('eval', $_suhosin_func_blacklist, TRUE) && @ini_get('suhosin.executor.disable_eval'))
+				{
+					$_suhosin_func_blacklist[] = 'eval';
+				}
+			}
+
+			return in_array($function_name, $_suhosin_func_blacklist, TRUE);
+		}
+
+		return FALSE;
+	}
+}
+
 /* End of file Common.php */
 /* Location: ./system/core/Common.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/core/Config.php b/system/core/Config.php
index 91826bd41..38bcd5c8f 100755..100644
--- a/system/core/Config.php
+++ b/system/core/Config.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,11 +24,10 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
- * CodeIgniter Config Class
+ * Config Class
  *
  * This class contains functions that enable config files to be managed
  *
@@ -43,32 +42,31 @@ class CI_Config {
 	/**
 	 * List of all loaded config values
 	 *
-	 * @var array
+	 * @var	array
 	 */
 	public $config = array();
+
 	/**
 	 * List of all loaded config files
 	 *
-	 * @var array
+	 * @var	array
 	 */
-	public $is_loaded = array();
+	public $is_loaded =	array();
+
 	/**
 	 * List of paths to search when trying to load a config file.
-	 * This must be public as it's used by the Loader class.
 	 *
-	 * @var array
+	 * @used-by	CI_Loader
+	 * @var		array
 	 */
-	public $_config_paths = array(APPPATH);
+	public $_config_paths =	array(APPPATH);
 
 	/**
-	 * Constructor
+	 * Class constructor
 	 *
-	 * Sets the $config data from the primary config.php file as a class variable
+	 * Sets the $config data from the primary config.php file as a class variable.
 	 *
-	 * @param   string	the config file name
-	 * @param   boolean  if configuration values should be loaded into their own section
-	 * @param   boolean  true if errors should just return false, false if an error message should be displayed
-	 * @return  boolean  if the file was successfully loaded or not
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function __construct()
 	{
@@ -80,9 +78,9 @@ class CI_Config {
 		{
 			if (isset($_SERVER['HTTP_HOST']))
 			{
-				$base_url = ! empty($_SERVER['HTTPS']) && strtolower($_SERVER['HTTPS']) !== 'off' ? 'https' : 'http';
-				$base_url .= '://'. $_SERVER['HTTP_HOST']
-					. str_replace(basename($_SERVER['SCRIPT_NAME']), '', $_SERVER['SCRIPT_NAME']);
+				$base_url = is_https() ? 'https' : 'http';
+				$base_url .= '://'.$_SERVER['HTTP_HOST']
+					.str_replace(basename($_SERVER['SCRIPT_NAME']), '', $_SERVER['SCRIPT_NAME']);
 			}
 			else
 			{
@@ -98,22 +96,22 @@ class CI_Config {
 	/**
 	 * Load Config File
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the config file name
-	 * @param	boolean	if configuration values should be loaded into their own section
-	 * @param	boolean	true if errors should just return false, false if an error message should be displayed
-	 * @return	boolean	if the file was loaded correctly
+	 * @param	string	$file			Configuration file name
+	 * @param	bool	$use_sections		Whether configuration values should be loaded into their own section
+	 * @param	bool	$fail_gracefully	Whether to just return FALSE or display an error message
+	 * @return	bool	TRUE if the file was loaded correctly or FALSE on failure
 	 */
 	public function load($file = '', $use_sections = FALSE, $fail_gracefully = FALSE)
 	{
-		$file = ($file == '') ? 'config' : str_replace('.php', '', $file);
+		$file = ($file === '') ? 'config' : str_replace('.php', '', $file);
 		$found = $loaded = FALSE;
 
+		$check_locations = defined('ENVIRONMENT')
+			? array(ENVIRONMENT.'/'.$file, $file)
+			: array($file);
+
 		foreach ($this->_config_paths as $path)
 		{
-			$check_locations = defined('ENVIRONMENT')
-				? array(ENVIRONMENT.'/'.$file, $file)
-				: array($file);
-
 			foreach ($check_locations as $location)
 			{
 				$file_path = $path.'config/'.$location.'.php';
@@ -177,7 +175,7 @@ class CI_Config {
 			{
 				return FALSE;
 			}
-			show_error('The configuration file '.$file.'.php'.' does not exist.');
+			show_error('The configuration file '.$file.'.php does not exist.');
 		}
 
 		return TRUE;
@@ -188,11 +186,9 @@ class CI_Config {
 	/**
 	 * Fetch a config file item
 	 *
-	 *
-	 * @param	string	the config item name
-	 * @param	string	the index name
-	 * @param	bool
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @param	string	$item	Config item name
+	 * @param	string	$index	Index name
+	 * @return	string|bool	The configuration item or FALSE on failure
 	 */
 	public function item($item, $index = '')
 	{
@@ -207,11 +203,10 @@ class CI_Config {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Fetch a config file item - adds slash after item (if item is not empty)
+	 * Fetch a config file item with slash appended (if not empty)
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the config item name
-	 * @param	bool
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @param	string		$item	Config item name
+	 * @return	string|bool	The configuration item or FALSE on failure
 	 */
 	public function slash_item($item)
 	{
@@ -219,7 +214,7 @@ class CI_Config {
 		{
 			return FALSE;
 		}
-		elseif (trim($this->config[$item]) == '')
+		elseif (trim($this->config[$item]) === '')
 		{
 			return '';
 		}
@@ -231,54 +226,80 @@ class CI_Config {
 
 	/**
 	 * Site URL
+	 *
 	 * Returns base_url . index_page [. uri_string]
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the URI string
+	 * @uses	CI_Config::_uri_string()
+	 *
+	 * @param	string|string[]	$uri	URI string or an array of segments
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	public function site_url($uri = '')
 	{
-		if ($uri == '')
+		if (empty($uri))
 		{
 			return $this->slash_item('base_url').$this->item('index_page');
 		}
 
-		if ($this->item('enable_query_strings') == FALSE)
+		$uri = $this->_uri_string($uri);
+
+		if ($this->item('enable_query_strings') === FALSE)
 		{
-			$suffix = ($this->item('url_suffix') == FALSE) ? '' : $this->item('url_suffix');
-			return $this->slash_item('base_url').$this->slash_item('index_page').$this->_uri_string($uri).$suffix;
+			$suffix = isset($this->config['url_suffix']) ? $this->config['url_suffix'] : '';
+
+			if ($suffix !== '')
+			{
+				if (($offset = strpos($uri, '?')) !== FALSE)
+				{
+					$uri = substr($uri, 0, $offset).$suffix.substr($uri, $offset);
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					$uri .= $suffix;
+				}
+			}
+
+			return $this->slash_item('base_url').$this->slash_item('index_page').$uri;
 		}
-		else
+		elseif (strpos($uri, '?') === FALSE)
 		{
-			return $this->slash_item('base_url').$this->item('index_page').'?'.$this->_uri_string($uri);
+			$uri = '?'.$uri;
 		}
+
+		return $this->slash_item('base_url').$this->item('index_page').$uri;
 	}
 
 	// -------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
 	 * Base URL
+	 *
 	 * Returns base_url [. uri_string]
 	 *
-	 * @param string $uri
-	 * @return string
+	 * @uses	CI_Config::_uri_string()
+	 *
+	 * @param	string|string[]	$uri	URI string or an array of segments
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	public function base_url($uri = '')
 	{
-		return $this->slash_item('base_url').ltrim($this->_uri_string($uri),'/');
+		return $this->slash_item('base_url').ltrim($this->_uri_string($uri), '/');
 	}
 
 	// -------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Build URI string for use in Config::site_url() and Config::base_url()
+	 * Build URI string
+	 *
+	 * @used-by	CI_Config::site_url()
+	 * @used-by	CI_Config::base_url()
 	 *
-	 * @param  mixed $uri
-	 * @return string
+	 * @param	string|string[]	$uri	URI string or an array of segments
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _uri_string($uri)
 	{
-		if ($this->item('enable_query_strings') == FALSE)
+		if ($this->item('enable_query_strings') === FALSE)
 		{
 			if (is_array($uri))
 			{
@@ -288,15 +309,7 @@ class CI_Config {
 		}
 		elseif (is_array($uri))
 		{
-			$i = 0;
-			$str = '';
-			foreach ($uri as $key => $val)
-			{
-				$prefix = ($i === 0) ? '' : '&';
-				$str .= $prefix.$key.'='.$val;
-				$i++;
-			}
-			return $str;
+			return http_build_query($uri);
 		}
 
 		return $uri;
@@ -320,8 +333,8 @@ class CI_Config {
 	/**
 	 * Set a config file item
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the config item key
-	 * @param	string	the config item value
+	 * @param	string	$item	Config item key
+	 * @param	string	$value	Config item value
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function set_item($item, $value)
@@ -329,29 +342,7 @@ class CI_Config {
 		$this->config[$item] = $value;
 	}
 
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Assign to Config
-	 *
-	 * This function is called by the front controller (CodeIgniter.php)
-	 * after the Config class is instantiated. It permits config items
-	 * to be assigned or overriden by variables contained in the index.php file
-	 *
-	 * @param	array
-	 * @return	void
-	 */
-	public function _assign_to_config($items = array())
-	{
-		if (is_array($items))
-		{
-			foreach ($items as $key => $val)
-			{
-				$this->set_item($key, $val);
-			}
-		}
-	}
 }
 
 /* End of file Config.php */
-/* Location: ./system/core/Config.php */
+/* Location: ./system/core/Config.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/core/Controller.php b/system/core/Controller.php
index 05e1bf5bf..ee6fec8d5 100644
--- a/system/core/Controller.php
+++ b/system/core/Controller.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,11 +24,10 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
- * CodeIgniter Application Controller Class
+ * Application Controller Class
  *
  * This class object is the super class that every library in
  * CodeIgniter will be assigned to.
@@ -41,8 +40,18 @@
  */
 class CI_Controller {
 
+	/**
+	 * Reference to the CI singleton
+	 *
+	 * @var	object
+	 */
 	private static $instance;
 
+	/**
+	 * Class constructor
+	 *
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
 	public function __construct()
 	{
 		self::$instance =& $this;
@@ -60,11 +69,20 @@ class CI_Controller {
 		log_message('debug', 'Controller Class Initialized');
 	}
 
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Get the CI singleton
+	 *
+	 * @static
+	 * @return	object
+	 */
 	public static function &get_instance()
 	{
 		return self::$instance;
 	}
+
 }
 
 /* End of file Controller.php */
-/* Location: ./system/core/Controller.php */
+/* Location: ./system/core/Controller.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/core/Exceptions.php b/system/core/Exceptions.php
index f36b31598..ced65ece4 100755..100644
--- a/system/core/Exceptions.php
+++ b/system/core/Exceptions.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * Exceptions Class
@@ -36,39 +37,38 @@
  */
 class CI_Exceptions {
 
-	public $action;
-	public $severity;
-	public $message;
-	public $filename;
-	public $line;
-
 	/**
 	 * Nesting level of the output buffering mechanism
 	 *
-	 * @var int
+	 * @var	int
 	 */
 	public $ob_level;
 
 	/**
 	 * List if available error levels
 	 *
-	 * @var array
+	 * @var	array
 	 */
 	public $levels = array(
-				E_ERROR			=>	'Error',
-				E_WARNING		=>	'Warning',
-				E_PARSE			=>	'Parsing Error',
-				E_NOTICE		=>	'Notice',
-				E_CORE_ERROR		=>	'Core Error',
-				E_CORE_WARNING		=>	'Core Warning',
-				E_COMPILE_ERROR		=>	'Compile Error',
-				E_COMPILE_WARNING	=>	'Compile Warning',
-				E_USER_ERROR		=>	'User Error',
-				E_USER_WARNING		=>	'User Warning',
-				E_USER_NOTICE		=>	'User Notice',
-				E_STRICT		=>	'Runtime Notice'
-			);
+		E_ERROR			=>	'Error',
+		E_WARNING		=>	'Warning',
+		E_PARSE			=>	'Parsing Error',
+		E_NOTICE		=>	'Notice',
+		E_CORE_ERROR		=>	'Core Error',
+		E_CORE_WARNING		=>	'Core Warning',
+		E_COMPILE_ERROR		=>	'Compile Error',
+		E_COMPILE_WARNING	=>	'Compile Warning',
+		E_USER_ERROR		=>	'User Error',
+		E_USER_WARNING		=>	'User Warning',
+		E_USER_NOTICE		=>	'User Notice',
+		E_STRICT		=>	'Runtime Notice'
+	);
 
+	/**
+	 * Class constructor
+	 *
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
 	public function __construct()
 	{
 		$this->ob_level = ob_get_level();
@@ -80,28 +80,30 @@ class CI_Exceptions {
 	/**
 	 * Exception Logger
 	 *
-	 * This function logs PHP generated error messages
+	 * Logs PHP generated error messages
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the error severity
-	 * @param	string	the error string
-	 * @param	string	the error filepath
-	 * @param	string	the error line number
+	 * @param	int	$severity	Log level
+	 * @param	string	$message	Error message
+	 * @param	string	$filepath	File path
+	 * @param	int	$line		Line number
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function log_exception($severity, $message, $filepath, $line)
 	{
-		$severity = ( ! isset($this->levels[$severity])) ? $severity : $this->levels[$severity];
+		$severity = isset($this->levels[$severity]) ? $this->levels[$severity] : $severity;
 		log_message('error', 'Severity: '.$severity.'  --> '.$message. ' '.$filepath.' '.$line, TRUE);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * 404 Page Not Found Handler
+	 * 404 Error Handler
+	 *
+	 * @uses	CI_Exceptions::show_error()
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the page
-	 * @param 	bool	log error yes/no
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @param	string	$page		Page URI
+	 * @param 	bool	$log_error	Whether to log the error
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function show_404($page = '', $log_error = TRUE)
 	{
@@ -123,28 +125,28 @@ class CI_Exceptions {
 	/**
 	 * General Error Page
 	 *
-	 * This function takes an error message as input
-	 * (either as a string or an array) and displays
-	 * it using the specified template.
+	 * Takes an error message as input (either as a string or an array)
+	 * and displays it using the specified template.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string		$heading	Page heading
+	 * @param	string|string[]	$message	Error message
+	 * @param	string		$template	Template name
+	 * @param 	int		$status_code	(default: 500)
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the heading
-	 * @param	string	the message
-	 * @param	string	the template name
-	 * @param 	int		the status code
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @return	string	Error page output
 	 */
 	public function show_error($heading, $message, $template = 'error_general', $status_code = 500)
 	{
 		set_status_header($status_code);
 
-		$message = '<p>'.implode('</p><p>', ( ! is_array($message)) ? array($message) : $message).'</p>';
+		$message = '<p>'.implode('</p><p>', is_array($message) ? $message : array($message)).'</p>';
 
 		if (ob_get_level() > $this->ob_level + 1)
 		{
 			ob_end_flush();
 		}
 		ob_start();
-		include(APPPATH.'errors/'.$template.'.php');
+		include(VIEWPATH.'errors/'.$template.'.php');
 		$buffer = ob_get_contents();
 		ob_end_clean();
 		return $buffer;
@@ -155,15 +157,15 @@ class CI_Exceptions {
 	/**
 	 * Native PHP error handler
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the error severity
-	 * @param	string	the error string
-	 * @param	string	the error filepath
-	 * @param	string	the error line number
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @param	int	$severity	Error level
+	 * @param	string	$message	Error message
+	 * @param	string	$filepath	File path
+	 * @param	int	$line		Line number
+	 * @return	string	Error page output
 	 */
 	public function show_php_error($severity, $message, $filepath, $line)
 	{
-		$severity = ( ! isset($this->levels[$severity])) ? $severity : $this->levels[$severity];
+		$severity = isset($this->levels[$severity]) ? $this->levels[$severity] : $severity;
 		$filepath = str_replace('\\', '/', $filepath);
 
 		// For safety reasons we do not show the full file path
@@ -178,7 +180,7 @@ class CI_Exceptions {
 			ob_end_flush();
 		}
 		ob_start();
-		include(APPPATH.'errors/'.'error_php.php');
+		include(VIEWPATH.'errors/error_php.php');
 		$buffer = ob_get_contents();
 		ob_end_clean();
 		echo $buffer;
diff --git a/system/core/Hooks.php b/system/core/Hooks.php
index 68e30ef0f..3c28ec9ba 100755..100644
--- a/system/core/Hooks.php
+++ b/system/core/Hooks.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,9 +24,10 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
- * CodeIgniter Hooks Class
+ * Hooks Class
  *
  * Provides a mechanism to extend the base system without hacking.
  *
@@ -39,26 +40,30 @@
 class CI_Hooks {
 
 	/**
-	 * Determines wether hooks are enabled
+	 * Determines whether hooks are enabled
 	 *
-	 * @var bool
+	 * @var	bool
 	 */
-	public $enabled		= FALSE;
+	public $enabled = FALSE;
+
 	/**
 	 * List of all hooks set in config/hooks.php
 	 *
-	 * @var array
+	 * @var	array
 	 */
-	public $hooks		= array();
+	public $hooks =	array();
+
 	/**
-	 * Determines wether hook is in progress, used to prevent infinte loops
+	 * In progress flag
+	 *
+	 * Determines whether hook is in progress, used to prevent infinte loops
 	 *
-	 * @var bool
+	 * @var	bool
 	 */
-	public $in_progress	= FALSE;
+	protected $_in_progress = FALSE;
 
 	/**
-	 * Initialize the Hooks Preferences
+	 * Class constructor
 	 *
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
@@ -70,7 +75,7 @@ class CI_Hooks {
 
 		// If hooks are not enabled in the config file
 		// there is nothing else to do
-		if ($CFG->item('enable_hooks') == FALSE)
+		if ($CFG->item('enable_hooks') === FALSE)
 		{
 			return;
 		}
@@ -102,8 +107,10 @@ class CI_Hooks {
 	 *
 	 * Calls a particular hook. Called by CodeIgniter.php.
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the hook name
-	 * @return	mixed
+	 * @uses	CI_Hooks::_run_hook()
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$which	Hook name
+	 * @return	bool	TRUE on success or FALSE on failure
 	 */
 	public function call_hook($which = '')
 	{
@@ -134,8 +141,8 @@ class CI_Hooks {
 	 *
 	 * Runs a particular hook
 	 *
-	 * @param	array	the hook details
-	 * @return	bool
+	 * @param	array	$data	Hook details
+	 * @return	bool	TRUE on success or FALSE on failure
 	 */
 	protected function _run_hook($data)
 	{
@@ -150,7 +157,7 @@ class CI_Hooks {
 
 		// If the script being called happens to have the same
 		// hook call within it a loop can happen
-		if ($this->in_progress == TRUE)
+		if ($this->_in_progress === TRUE)
 		{
 			return;
 		}
@@ -171,44 +178,20 @@ class CI_Hooks {
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		// -----------------------------------
-		// Set class/function name
-		// -----------------------------------
-
-		$class		= FALSE;
-		$function	= FALSE;
-		$params		= '';
-
-		if ( ! empty($data['class']))
-		{
-			$class = $data['class'];
-		}
-
-		if ( ! empty($data['function']))
-		{
-			$function = $data['function'];
-		}
-
-		if (isset($data['params']))
-		{
-			$params = $data['params'];
-		}
+		// Determine and class and/or function names
+		$class		= empty($data['class']) ? FALSE : $data['class'];
+		$function	= empty($data['function']) ? FALSE : $data['function'];
+		$params		= isset($data['params']) ? $data['params'] : '';
 
 		if ($class === FALSE && $function === FALSE)
 		{
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		// -----------------------------------
-		// Set the in_progress flag
-		// -----------------------------------
-
-		$this->in_progress = TRUE;
+		// Set the _in_progress flag
+		$this->_in_progress = TRUE;
 
-		// -----------------------------------
 		// Call the requested class and/or function
-		// -----------------------------------
-
 		if ($class !== FALSE)
 		{
 			if ( ! class_exists($class))
@@ -216,7 +199,7 @@ class CI_Hooks {
 				require($filepath);
 			}
 
-			$HOOK = new $class;
+			$HOOK = new $class();
 			$HOOK->$function($params);
 		}
 		else
@@ -229,7 +212,7 @@ class CI_Hooks {
 			$function($params);
 		}
 
-		$this->in_progress = FALSE;
+		$this->_in_progress = FALSE;
 		return TRUE;
 	}
 
diff --git a/system/core/Input.php b/system/core/Input.php
index 6e6885992..a3ad14e24 100755..100644
--- a/system/core/Input.php
+++ b/system/core/Input.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * Input Class
@@ -41,53 +42,80 @@ class CI_Input {
 	/**
 	 * IP address of the current user
 	 *
-	 * @var string
+	 * @var	string
 	 */
-	public $ip_address				= FALSE;
+	public $ip_address = FALSE;
+
 	/**
-	 * user agent (web browser) being used by the current user
+	 * User agent strin
 	 *
-	 * @var string
+	 * @var	string
 	 */
-	public $user_agent				= FALSE;
+	public $user_agent = FALSE;
+
 	/**
-	 * If FALSE, then $_GET will be set to an empty array
+	 * Allow GET array flag
+	 *
+	 * If set to FALSE, then $_GET will be set to an empty array.
 	 *
-	 * @var bool
+	 * @var	bool
 	 */
-	protected $_allow_get_array		= TRUE;
+	protected $_allow_get_array = TRUE;
+
 	/**
-	 * If TRUE, then newlines are standardized
+	 * Standartize new lines flag
+	 *
+	 * If set to TRUE, then newlines are standardized.
 	 *
-	 * @var bool
+	 * @var	bool
 	 */
-	protected $_standardize_newlines	= TRUE;
+	protected $_standardize_newlines = TRUE;
+
 	/**
-	 * Determines whether the XSS filter is always active when GET, POST or COOKIE data is encountered
-	 * Set automatically based on config setting
+	 * Enable XSS flag
+	 *
+	 * Determines whether the XSS filter is always active when
+	 * GET, POST or COOKIE data is encountered.
+	 * Set automatically based on config setting.
 	 *
-	 * @var bool
+	 * @var	bool
 	 */
-	protected $_enable_xss			= FALSE;
+	protected $_enable_xss = FALSE;
+
 	/**
+	 * Enable CSRF flag
+	 *
 	 * Enables a CSRF cookie token to be set.
-	 * Set automatically based on config setting
+	 * Set automatically based on config setting.
 	 *
-	 * @var bool
+	 * @var	bool
 	 */
-	protected $_enable_csrf			= FALSE;
+	protected $_enable_csrf = FALSE;
+
 	/**
 	 * List of all HTTP request headers
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $headers			= array();
+	protected $headers = array();
 
 	/**
-	 * Constructor
+	 * Input stream data
 	 *
-	 * Sets whether to globally enable the XSS processing
-	 * and whether to allow the $_GET array
+	 * Parsed from php://input at runtime
+	 *
+	 * @see	CI_Input::input_stream()
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $_input_stream = NULL;
+
+	/**
+	 * Class constructor
+	 *
+	 * Determines whether to globally enable the XSS processing
+	 * and whether to allow the $_GET array.
+	 *
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function __construct()
 	{
@@ -116,18 +144,18 @@ class CI_Input {
 	/**
 	 * Fetch from array
 	 *
-	 * This is a helper function to retrieve values from global arrays
+	 * Internal method used to retrieve values from global arrays.
 	 *
-	 * @param	array
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	bool
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @param	array	&$array		$_GET, $_POST, $_COOKIE, $_SERVER, etc.
+	 * @param	string	$index		Index for item to be fetched from $array
+	 * @param	bool	$xss_clean	Whether to apply XSS filtering
+	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
 	protected function _fetch_from_array(&$array, $index = '', $xss_clean = FALSE)
 	{
 		if ( ! isset($array[$index]))
 		{
-			return FALSE;
+			return NULL;
 		}
 
 		if ($xss_clean === TRUE)
@@ -141,17 +169,22 @@ class CI_Input {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	* Fetch an item from the GET array
-	*
-	* @param	string
-	* @param	bool
-	* @return	string
-	*/
+	 * Fetch an item from the GET array
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$index		Index for item to be fetched from $_GET
+	 * @param	bool	$xss_clean	Whether to apply XSS filtering
+	 * @return	mixed
+	 */
 	public function get($index = NULL, $xss_clean = FALSE)
 	{
 		// Check if a field has been provided
-		if ($index === NULL && ! empty($_GET))
+		if ($index === NULL)
 		{
+			if (empty($_GET))
+			{
+				return array();
+			}
+
 			$get = array();
 
 			// loop through the full _GET array
@@ -168,17 +201,22 @@ class CI_Input {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	* Fetch an item from the POST array
-	*
-	* @param	string
-	* @param	bool
-	* @return	string
-	*/
+	 * Fetch an item from the POST array
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$index		Index for item to be fetched from $_POST
+	 * @param	bool	$xss_clean	Whether to apply XSS filtering
+	 * @return	mixed
+	 */
 	public function post($index = NULL, $xss_clean = FALSE)
 	{
 		// Check if a field has been provided
-		if ($index === NULL && ! empty($_POST))
+		if ($index === NULL)
 		{
+			if (empty($_POST))
+			{
+				return array();
+			}
+
 			$post = array();
 
 			// Loop through the full _POST array and return it
@@ -192,16 +230,15 @@ class CI_Input {
 		return $this->_fetch_from_array($_POST, $index, $xss_clean);
 	}
 
-
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	* Fetch an item from either the GET array or the POST
-	*
-	* @param	string	The index key
-	* @param	bool	XSS cleaning
-	* @return	string
-	*/
+	 * Fetch an item from POST data with fallback to GET
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$index		Index for item to be fetched from $_POST or $_GET
+	 * @param	bool	$xss_clean	Whether to apply XSS filtering
+	 * @return	mixed
+	 */
 	public function get_post($index = '', $xss_clean = FALSE)
 	{
 		return isset($_POST[$index])
@@ -212,35 +249,80 @@ class CI_Input {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	* Fetch an item from the COOKIE array
-	*
-	* @param	string
-	* @param	bool
-	* @return	string
-	*/
+	 * Fetch an item from the COOKIE array
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$index		Index for item to be fetched from $_COOKIE
+	 * @param	bool	$xss_clean	Whether to apply XSS filtering
+	 * @return	mixed
+	 */
 	public function cookie($index = '', $xss_clean = FALSE)
 	{
 		return $this->_fetch_from_array($_COOKIE, $index, $xss_clean);
 	}
 
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Fetch an item from the SERVER array
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$index		Index for item to be fetched from $_SERVER
+	 * @param	bool	$xss_clean	Whether to apply XSS filtering
+	 * @return	mixed
+	 */
+	public function server($index = '', $xss_clean = FALSE)
+	{
+		return $this->_fetch_from_array($_SERVER, $index, $xss_clean);
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Fetch an item from the php://input stream
+	 *
+	 * Useful when you need to access PUT, DELETE or PATCH request data.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$index		Index for item to be fetched
+	 * @param	bool	$xss_clean	Whether to apply XSS filtering
+	 * @return	mixed
+	 */
+	public function input_stream($index = '', $xss_clean = FALSE)
+	{
+		// The input stream can only be read once, so we'll need to check
+		// if we have already done that first.
+		if (is_array($this->_input_stream))
+		{
+			return $this->_fetch_from_array($this->_input_stream, $index, $xss_clean);
+		}
+
+		// Parse the input stream in our cache var
+		parse_str(file_get_contents('php://input'), $this->_input_stream);
+		if ( ! is_array($this->_input_stream))
+		{
+			$this->_input_stream = array();
+			return NULL;
+		}
+
+		return $this->_fetch_from_array($this->_input_stream, $index, $xss_clean);
+	}
+
 	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	* Set cookie
-	*
-	* Accepts seven parameters, or you can submit an associative
-	* array in the first parameter containing all the values.
-	*
-	* @param	mixed
-	* @param	string	the value of the cookie
-	* @param	string	the number of seconds until expiration
-	* @param	string	the cookie domain.  Usually:  .yourdomain.com
-	* @param	string	the cookie path
-	* @param	string	the cookie prefix
-	* @param	bool	true makes the cookie secure
-	* @param	bool	true makes the cookie accessible via http(s) only (no javascript)
-	* @return	void
-	*/
+	 * Set cookie
+	 *
+	 * Accepts an arbitrary number of parameters (up to 7) or an associative
+	 * array in the first parameter containing all the values.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string|mixed[]	$name		Cookie name or an array containing parameters
+	 * @param	string		$value		Cookie value
+	 * @param	int		$expire		Cookie expiration time in seconds
+	 * @param	string		$domain		Cookie domain (e.g.: '.yourdomain.com')
+	 * @param	string		$path		Cookie path (default: '/')
+	 * @param	string		$prefix		Cookie name prefix
+	 * @param	bool		$secure		Whether to only transfer cookies via SSL
+	 * @param	bool		$httponly	Whether to only makes the cookie accessible via HTTP (no javascript)
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
 	public function set_cookie($name = '', $value = '', $expire = '', $domain = '', $path = '/', $prefix = '', $secure = FALSE, $httponly = FALSE)
 	{
 		if (is_array($name))
@@ -255,23 +337,27 @@ class CI_Input {
 			}
 		}
 
-		if ($prefix == '' && config_item('cookie_prefix') != '')
+		if ($prefix === '' && config_item('cookie_prefix') !== '')
 		{
 			$prefix = config_item('cookie_prefix');
 		}
+
 		if ($domain == '' && config_item('cookie_domain') != '')
 		{
 			$domain = config_item('cookie_domain');
 		}
-		if ($path == '/' && config_item('cookie_path') !== '/')
+
+		if ($path === '/' && config_item('cookie_path') !== '/')
 		{
 			$path = config_item('cookie_path');
 		}
-		if ($secure == FALSE && config_item('cookie_secure') != FALSE)
+
+		if ($secure === FALSE && config_item('cookie_secure') !== FALSE)
 		{
 			$secure = config_item('cookie_secure');
 		}
-		if ($httponly == FALSE && config_item('cookie_httponly') != FALSE)
+
+		if ($httponly === FALSE && config_item('cookie_httponly') !== FALSE)
 		{
 			$httponly = config_item('cookie_httponly');
 		}
@@ -291,24 +377,12 @@ class CI_Input {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	* Fetch an item from the SERVER array
-	*
-	* @param	string
-	* @param	bool
-	* @return	string
-	*/
-	public function server($index = '', $xss_clean = FALSE)
-	{
-		return $this->_fetch_from_array($_SERVER, $index, $xss_clean);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	* Fetch the IP Address
-	*
-	* @return	string
-	*/
+	 * Fetch the IP Address
+	 *
+	 * Determines and validates the visitor's IP address.
+	 *
+	 * @return	string	IP address
+	 */
 	public function ip_address()
 	{
 		if ($this->ip_address !== FALSE)
@@ -316,39 +390,117 @@ class CI_Input {
 			return $this->ip_address;
 		}
 
-		if (config_item('proxy_ips') != '' && $this->server('HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR') && $this->server('REMOTE_ADDR'))
+		$proxy_ips = config_item('proxy_ips');
+		if ( ! empty($proxy_ips) && ! is_array($proxy_ips))
 		{
-			$proxies = preg_split('/[\s,]/', config_item('proxy_ips'), -1, PREG_SPLIT_NO_EMPTY);
-			$proxies = is_array($proxies) ? $proxies : array($proxies);
-
-			$this->ip_address = in_array($_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR'], $proxies) ? $_SERVER['HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR'] : $_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR'];
-		}
-		elseif ( ! $this->server('HTTP_CLIENT_IP') && $this->server('REMOTE_ADDR'))
-		{
-			$this->ip_address = $_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR'];
-		}
-		elseif ($this->server('REMOTE_ADDR') && $this->server('HTTP_CLIENT_IP'))
-		{
-			$this->ip_address = $_SERVER['HTTP_CLIENT_IP'];
-		}
-		elseif ($this->server('HTTP_CLIENT_IP'))
-		{
-			$this->ip_address = $_SERVER['HTTP_CLIENT_IP'];
-		}
-		elseif ($this->server('HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR'))
-		{
-			$this->ip_address = $_SERVER['HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR'];
+			$proxy_ips = explode(',', str_replace(' ', '', $proxy_ips));
 		}
 
-		if ($this->ip_address === FALSE)
-		{
-			return $this->ip_address = '0.0.0.0';
-		}
+		$this->ip_address = $this->server('REMOTE_ADDR');
 
-		if (strpos($this->ip_address, ',') !== FALSE)
+		if ($proxy_ips)
 		{
-			$x = explode(',', $this->ip_address);
-			$this->ip_address = trim(end($x));
+			foreach (array('HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR', 'HTTP_CLIENT_IP', 'HTTP_X_CLIENT_IP', 'HTTP_X_CLUSTER_CLIENT_IP') as $header)
+			{
+				if (($spoof = $this->server($header)) !== NULL)
+				{
+					// Some proxies typically list the whole chain of IP
+					// addresses through which the client has reached us.
+					// e.g. client_ip, proxy_ip1, proxy_ip2, etc.
+					sscanf($spoof, '%[^,]', $spoof);
+
+					if ( ! $this->valid_ip($spoof))
+					{
+						$spoof = NULL;
+					}
+					else
+					{
+						break;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+
+			if ($spoof)
+			{
+				for ($i = 0, $c = count($proxy_ips); $i < $c; $i++)
+				{
+					// Check if we have an IP address or a subnet
+					if (strpos($proxy_ips[$i], '/') === FALSE)
+					{
+						// An IP address (and not a subnet) is specified.
+						// We can compare right away.
+						if ($proxy_ips[$i] === $this->ip_address)
+						{
+							$this->ip_address = $spoof;
+							break;
+						}
+
+						continue;
+					}
+
+					// We have a subnet ... now the heavy lifting begins
+					isset($separator) OR $separator = $this->valid_ip($this->ip_address, 'ipv6') ? ':' : '.';
+
+					// If the proxy entry doesn't match the IP protocol - skip it
+					if (strpos($proxy_ips[$i], $separator) === FALSE)
+					{
+						continue;
+					}
+
+					// Convert the REMOTE_ADDR IP address to binary, if needed
+					if ( ! isset($ip, $sprintf))
+					{
+						if ($separator === ':')
+						{
+							// Make sure we're have the "full" IPv6 format
+							$ip = explode(':',
+								str_replace('::',
+									str_repeat(':', 9 - substr_count($this->ip_address, ':')),
+									$this->ip_address
+								)
+							);
+
+							for ($i = 0; $i < 8; $i++)
+							{
+								$ip[$i] = intval($ip[$i], 16);
+							}
+
+							$sprintf = '%016b%016b%016b%016b%016b%016b%016b%016b';
+						}
+						else
+						{
+							$ip = explode('.', $this->ip_address);
+							$sprintf = '%08b%08b%08b%08b';
+						}
+
+						$ip = vsprintf($sprintf, $ip);
+					}
+
+					// Split the netmask length off the network address
+					sscanf($proxy_ips[$i], '%[^/]/%d', $netaddr, $masklen);
+
+					// Again, an IPv6 address is most likely in a compressed form
+					if ($separator === ':')
+					{
+						$netaddr = explode(':', str_replace('::', str_repeat(':', 9 - substr_count($netaddr, ':')), $netaddr));
+						for ($i = 0; $i < 8; $i++)
+						{
+							$netaddr[$i] = intval($netaddr[$i], 16);
+						}
+					}
+					else
+					{
+						$netaddr = explode('.', $netaddr);
+					}
+
+					// Convert to binary and finally compare
+					if (strncmp($ip, vsprintf($sprintf, $netaddr), $masklen) === 0)
+					{
+						$this->ip_address = $spoof;
+						break;
+					}
+				}
+			}
 		}
 
 		if ( ! $this->valid_ip($this->ip_address))
@@ -362,25 +514,37 @@ class CI_Input {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	* Validate IP Address
-	*
-	* Updated version suggested by Geert De Deckere
-	*
-	* @param	string
-	* @return	bool
-	*/
-	public function valid_ip($ip)
+	 * Validate IP Address
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$ip	IP address
+	 * @param	string	$which	IP protocol: 'ipv4' or 'ipv6'
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function valid_ip($ip, $which = '')
 	{
-		return (bool) filter_var($ip, FILTER_VALIDATE_IP, FILTER_FLAG_IPV4);
+		switch (strtolower($which))
+		{
+			case 'ipv4':
+				$which = FILTER_FLAG_IPV4;
+				break;
+			case 'ipv6':
+				$which = FILTER_FLAG_IPV6;
+				break;
+			default:
+				$which = NULL;
+				break;
+		}
+
+		return (bool) filter_var($ip, FILTER_VALIDATE_IP, $which);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	* User Agent
-	*
-	* @return	string
-	*/
+	 * Fetch User Agent string
+	 *
+	 * @return	string|null	User Agent string or NULL if it doesn't exist
+	 */
 	public function user_agent()
 	{
 		if ($this->user_agent !== FALSE)
@@ -388,58 +552,75 @@ class CI_Input {
 			return $this->user_agent;
 		}
 
-		return $this->user_agent = isset($_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT']) ? $_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT'] : FALSE;
+		return $this->user_agent = isset($_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT']) ? $_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT'] : NULL;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	* Sanitize Globals
-	*
-	* This function does the following:
-	*
-	* - Unsets $_GET data (if query strings are not enabled)
-	* - Unsets all globals if register_globals is enabled
-	* - Standardizes newline characters to \n
-	*
-	* @return	void
-	*/
+	 * Sanitize Globals
+	 *
+	 * Internal method serving for the following purposes:
+	 *
+	 *	- Unsets $_GET data (if query strings are not enabled)
+	 *	- Unsets all globals if register_globals is enabled
+	 *	- Cleans POST, COOKIE and SERVER data
+	 * 	- Standardizes newline characters to PHP_EOL
+	 *
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
 	protected function _sanitize_globals()
 	{
 		// It would be "wrong" to unset any of these GLOBALS.
-		$protected = array('_SERVER', '_GET', '_POST', '_FILES', '_REQUEST',
-					'_SESSION', '_ENV', 'GLOBALS', 'HTTP_RAW_POST_DATA',
-					'system_folder', 'application_folder', 'BM', 'EXT',
-					'CFG', 'URI', 'RTR', 'OUT', 'IN'
-				);
-
-		// Unset globals for securiy.
+		$protected = array(
+			'_SERVER',
+			'_GET',
+			'_POST',
+			'_FILES',
+			'_REQUEST',
+			'_SESSION',
+			'_ENV',
+			'GLOBALS',
+			'HTTP_RAW_POST_DATA',
+			'system_folder',
+			'application_folder',
+			'BM',
+			'EXT',
+			'CFG',
+			'URI',
+			'RTR',
+			'OUT',
+			'IN'
+		);
+
+		// Unset globals for security.
 		// This is effectively the same as register_globals = off
-		foreach (array($_GET, $_POST, $_COOKIE) as $global)
+		// PHP 5.4 no longer has the register_globals functionality.
+		if ( ! is_php('5.4'))
 		{
-			if ( ! is_array($global))
+			foreach (array($_GET, $_POST, $_COOKIE) as $global)
 			{
-				if ( ! in_array($global, $protected))
+				if (is_array($global))
 				{
-					global $$global;
-					$$global = NULL;
-				}
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				foreach ($global as $key => $val)
-				{
-					if ( ! in_array($key, $protected))
+					foreach ($global as $key => $val)
 					{
-						global $$key;
-						$$key = NULL;
+						if ( ! in_array($key, $protected))
+						{
+							global $$key;
+							$$key = NULL;
+						}
 					}
 				}
+				elseif ( ! in_array($global, $protected))
+				{
+					global $$global;
+					$$global = NULL;
+				}
 			}
 		}
 
 		// Is $_GET data allowed? If not we'll set the $_GET to an empty array
-		if ($this->_allow_get_array == FALSE)
+		if ($this->_allow_get_array === FALSE)
 		{
 			$_GET = array();
 		}
@@ -482,7 +663,7 @@ class CI_Input {
 		$_SERVER['PHP_SELF'] = strip_tags($_SERVER['PHP_SELF']);
 
 		// CSRF Protection check
-		if ($this->_enable_csrf == TRUE)
+		if ($this->_enable_csrf === TRUE && ! $this->is_cli_request())
 		{
 			$this->security->csrf_verify();
 		}
@@ -493,22 +674,22 @@ class CI_Input {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	* Clean Input Data
-	*
-	* This is a helper function. It escapes data and
-	* standardizes newline characters to \n
-	*
-	* @param	string
-	* @return	string
-	*/
+	 * Clean Input Data
+	 *
+	 * Internal method that aids in escaping data and
+	 * standardizing newline characters to PHP_EOL.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string|string[]	$str	Input string(s)
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	protected function _clean_input_data($str)
 	{
 		if (is_array($str))
 		{
 			$new_array = array();
-			foreach ($str as $key => $val)
+			foreach (array_keys($str) as $key)
 			{
-				$new_array[$this->_clean_input_keys($key)] = $this->_clean_input_data($val);
+				$new_array[$this->_clean_input_keys($key)] = $this->_clean_input_data($str[$key]);
 			}
 			return $new_array;
 		}
@@ -539,7 +720,7 @@ class CI_Input {
 		}
 
 		// Standardize newlines if needed
-		if ($this->_standardize_newlines == TRUE && strpos($str, "\r") !== FALSE)
+		if ($this->_standardize_newlines === TRUE && strpos($str, "\r") !== FALSE)
 		{
 			return str_replace(array("\r\n", "\r", "\r\n\n"), PHP_EOL, $str);
 		}
@@ -550,18 +731,18 @@ class CI_Input {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	* Clean Keys
-	*
-	* This is a helper function. To prevent malicious users
-	* from trying to exploit keys we make sure that keys are
-	* only named with alpha-numeric text and a few other items.
-	*
-	* @param	string
-	* @return	string
-	*/
+	 * Clean Keys
+	 *
+	 * Internal method that helps to prevent malicious users
+	 * from trying to exploit keys we make sure that keys are
+	 * only named with alpha-numeric text and a few other items.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$str	Input string
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	protected function _clean_input_keys($str)
 	{
-		if ( ! preg_match('/^[a-z0-9:_\/-]+$/i', $str))
+		if ( ! preg_match('/^[a-z0-9:_\/|-]+$/i', $str))
 		{
 			set_status_header(503);
 			exit('Disallowed Key Characters.');
@@ -581,15 +762,12 @@ class CI_Input {
 	/**
 	 * Request Headers
 	 *
-	 * In Apache, you can simply call apache_request_headers(), however for
-	 * people running other webservers the function is undefined.
-	 *
-	 * @param	bool XSS cleaning
+	 * @param	bool	$xss_clean	Whether to apply XSS filtering
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
 	public function request_headers($xss_clean = FALSE)
 	{
-		// Look at Apache go!
+		// In Apache, you can simply call apache_request_headers()
 		if (function_exists('apache_request_headers'))
 		{
 			$headers = apache_request_headers();
@@ -600,9 +778,9 @@ class CI_Input {
 
 			foreach ($_SERVER as $key => $val)
 			{
-				if (strpos($key, 'HTTP_') === 0)
+				if (sscanf($key, 'HTTP_%s', $header) === 1)
 				{
-					$headers[substr($key, 5)] = $this->_fetch_from_array($_SERVER, $key, $xss_clean);
+					$headers[$header] = $this->_fetch_from_array($_SERVER, $key, $xss_clean);
 				}
 			}
 		}
@@ -626,9 +804,9 @@ class CI_Input {
 	 *
 	 * Returns the value of a single member of the headers class member
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	array key for $this->headers
-	 * @param	bool	XSS Clean or not
-	 * @return	mixed	FALSE on failure, string on success
+	 * @param	string		$index		Header name
+	 * @param	bool		$xss_clean	Whether to apply XSS filtering
+	 * @return	string|bool	The requested header on success or FALSE on failure
 	 */
 	public function get_request_header($index, $xss_clean = FALSE)
 	{
@@ -639,7 +817,7 @@ class CI_Input {
 
 		if ( ! isset($this->headers[$index]))
 		{
-			return FALSE;
+			return NULL;
 		}
 
 		return ($xss_clean === TRUE)
@@ -650,9 +828,9 @@ class CI_Input {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Is ajax Request?
+	 * Is AJAX request?
 	 *
-	 * Test to see if a request contains the HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH header
+	 * Test to see if a request contains the HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH header.
 	 *
 	 * @return 	bool
 	 */
@@ -664,9 +842,9 @@ class CI_Input {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Is cli Request?
+	 * Is CLI request?
 	 *
-	 * Test to see if a request was made from the command line
+	 * Test to see if a request was made from the command line.
 	 *
 	 * @return 	bool
 	 */
@@ -680,10 +858,11 @@ class CI_Input {
 	/**
 	 * Get Request Method
 	 *
-	 * Return the Request Method
+	 * Return the request method
 	 *
-	 * @param	bool	uppercase or lowercase
-	 * @return 	bool
+	 * @param	bool	$upper	Whether to return in upper or lower case
+	 *				(default: FALSE)
+	 * @return 	string
 	 */
 	public function method($upper = FALSE)
 	{
@@ -695,4 +874,4 @@ class CI_Input {
 }
 
 /* End of file Input.php */
-/* Location: ./system/core/Input.php */
+/* Location: ./system/core/Input.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/core/Lang.php b/system/core/Lang.php
index 9ef76f4d6..9e6f43716 100755..100644
--- a/system/core/Lang.php
+++ b/system/core/Lang.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,8 +24,7 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * Language Class
@@ -41,16 +40,22 @@ class CI_Lang {
 	/**
 	 * List of translations
 	 *
-	 * @var array
+	 * @var	array
 	 */
-	public $language	= array();
+	public $language =	array();
+
 	/**
 	 * List of loaded language files
 	 *
-	 * @var array
+	 * @var	array
 	 */
-	public $is_loaded	= array();
+	public $is_loaded =	array();
 
+	/**
+	 * Class constructor
+	 *
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
 	public function __construct()
 	{
 		log_message('debug', 'Language Class Initialized');
@@ -61,77 +66,90 @@ class CI_Lang {
 	/**
 	 * Load a language file
 	 *
-	 * @param	mixed	the name of the language file to be loaded. Can be an array
-	 * @param	string	the language (english, etc.)
-	 * @param	bool	return loaded array of translations
-	 * @param 	bool	add suffix to $langfile
-	 * @param 	string	alternative path to look for language file
-	 * @return	mixed
+	 * @param	mixed	$langfile	Language file name
+	 * @param	string	$idiom		Language name (english, etc.)
+	 * @param	bool	$return		Whether to return the loaded array of translations
+	 * @param 	bool	$add_suffix	Whether to add suffix to $langfile
+	 * @param 	string	$alt_path	Alternative path to look for the language file
+	 *
+	 * @return	void|string[]	Array containing translations, if $return is set to TRUE
 	 */
-	public function load($langfile = '', $idiom = '', $return = FALSE, $add_suffix = TRUE, $alt_path = '')
+	public function load($langfile, $idiom = '', $return = FALSE, $add_suffix = TRUE, $alt_path = '')
 	{
 		$langfile = str_replace('.php', '', $langfile);
 
-		if ($add_suffix == TRUE)
+		if ($add_suffix === TRUE)
 		{
-			$langfile = str_replace('_lang.', '', $langfile).'_lang';
+			$langfile = str_replace('_lang', '', $langfile).'_lang';
 		}
 
 		$langfile .= '.php';
 
-		if (in_array($langfile, $this->is_loaded, TRUE))
+		if (empty($idiom) OR ! ctype_alpha($idiom))
 		{
-			return;
+			$config =& get_config();
+			$idiom = empty($config['language']) ? 'english' : $config['language'];
 		}
 
-		$config =& get_config();
+		if ($return === FALSE && isset($this->is_loaded[$langfile]) && $this->is_loaded[$langfile] === $idiom)
+		{
+			return;
+		}
 
-		if ($idiom == '')
+		// Load the base file, so any others found can override it
+		$basepath = BASEPATH.'language/'.$idiom.'/'.$langfile;
+		if (($found = file_exists($basepath)) === TRUE)
 		{
-			$deft_lang = ( ! isset($config['language'])) ? 'english' : $config['language'];
-			$idiom = ($deft_lang == '') ? 'english' : $deft_lang;
+			include($basepath);
 		}
 
-		// Determine where the language file is and load it
-		if ($alt_path != '' && file_exists($alt_path.'language/'.$idiom.'/'.$langfile))
+		// Do we have an alternative path to look in?
+		if ($alt_path !== '')
 		{
-			include($alt_path.'language/'.$idiom.'/'.$langfile);
+			$alt_path .= 'language/'.$idiom.'/'.$langfile;
+			if (file_exists($alt_path))
+			{
+				include($alt_path);
+				$found = TRUE;
+			}
 		}
 		else
 		{
-			$found = FALSE;
-
 			foreach (get_instance()->load->get_package_paths(TRUE) as $package_path)
 			{
-				if (file_exists($package_path.'language/'.$idiom.'/'.$langfile))
+				$package_path .= 'language/'.$idiom.'/'.$langfile;
+				if ($basepath !== $package_path && file_exists($package_path))
 				{
-					include($package_path.'language/'.$idiom.'/'.$langfile);
+					include($package_path);
 					$found = TRUE;
 					break;
 				}
 			}
-
-			if ($found !== TRUE)
-			{
-				show_error('Unable to load the requested language file: language/'.$idiom.'/'.$langfile);
-			}
 		}
 
+		if ($found !== TRUE)
+		{
+			show_error('Unable to load the requested language file: language/'.$idiom.'/'.$langfile);
+		}
 
 		if ( ! isset($lang) OR ! is_array($lang))
 		{
 			log_message('error', 'Language file contains no data: language/'.$idiom.'/'.$langfile);
+
+			if ($return === TRUE)
+			{
+				return array();
+			}
 			return;
 		}
 
-		if ($return == TRUE)
+		if ($return === TRUE)
 		{
 			return $lang;
 		}
 
-		$this->is_loaded[] = $langfile;
+		$this->is_loaded[$langfile] = $idiom;
 		$this->language = array_merge($this->language, $lang);
-		unset($lang);
 
 		log_message('debug', 'Language file loaded: language/'.$idiom.'/'.$langfile);
 		return TRUE;
@@ -140,17 +158,20 @@ class CI_Lang {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Fetch a single line of text from the language array
+	 * Language line
+	 *
+	 * Fetches a single line of text from the language array
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	$line	the language line
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @param	string	$line		Language line key
+	 * @param	bool	$log_errors	Whether to log an error message if the line is not found
+	 * @return	string	Translation
 	 */
-	public function line($line = '')
+	public function line($line = '', $log_errors = TRUE)
 	{
-		$value = ($line == '' OR ! isset($this->language[$line])) ? FALSE : $this->language[$line];
+		$value = ($line === '' OR ! isset($this->language[$line])) ? FALSE : $this->language[$line];
 
 		// Because killer robots like unicorns!
-		if ($value === FALSE)
+		if ($value === FALSE && $log_errors === TRUE)
 		{
 			log_message('error', 'Could not find the language line "'.$line.'"');
 		}
@@ -161,4 +182,4 @@ class CI_Lang {
 }
 
 /* End of file Lang.php */
-/* Location: ./system/core/Lang.php */
+/* Location: ./system/core/Lang.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/core/Loader.php b/system/core/Loader.php
index 027ed20e5..651507470 100644
--- a/system/core/Loader.php
+++ b/system/core/Loader.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,16 +24,17 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * Loader Class
  *
- * Loads views and files
+ * Loads framework components.
  *
  * @package		CodeIgniter
  * @subpackage	Libraries
- * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
  * @category	Loader
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
  * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/loader.html
  */
 class CI_Loader {
@@ -42,83 +43,96 @@ class CI_Loader {
 	/**
 	 * Nesting level of the output buffering mechanism
 	 *
-	 * @var int
+	 * @var	int
 	 */
 	protected $_ci_ob_level;
+
 	/**
 	 * List of paths to load views from
 	 *
-	 * @var array
+	 * @var	array
 	 */
-	protected $_ci_view_paths		= array();
+	protected $_ci_view_paths =	array();
+
 	/**
 	 * List of paths to load libraries from
 	 *
-	 * @var array
+	 * @var	array
 	 */
-	protected $_ci_library_paths	= array();
+	protected $_ci_library_paths =	array();
+
 	/**
 	 * List of paths to load models from
 	 *
-	 * @var array
+	 * @var	array
 	 */
-	protected $_ci_model_paths		= array();
+	protected $_ci_model_paths =	array();
+
 	/**
 	 * List of paths to load helpers from
 	 *
-	 * @var array
+	 * @var	array
 	 */
-	protected $_ci_helper_paths		= array();
+	protected $_ci_helper_paths =	array();
+
 	/**
 	 * List of loaded base classes
 	 *
-	 * @var array
+	 * @var	array
 	 */
-	protected $_base_classes		= array(); // Set by the controller class
+	protected $_base_classes =	array(); // Set by the controller class
+
 	/**
 	 * List of cached variables
 	 *
-	 * @var array
+	 * @var	array
 	 */
-	protected $_ci_cached_vars		= array();
+	protected $_ci_cached_vars =	array();
+
 	/**
 	 * List of loaded classes
 	 *
-	 * @var array
+	 * @var	array
 	 */
-	protected $_ci_classes			= array();
+	protected $_ci_classes =	array();
+
 	/**
 	 * List of loaded files
 	 *
-	 * @var array
+	 * @var	array
 	 */
-	protected $_ci_loaded_files		= array();
+	protected $_ci_loaded_files =	array();
+
 	/**
 	 * List of loaded models
 	 *
-	 * @var array
+	 * @var	array
 	 */
-	protected $_ci_models			= array();
+	protected $_ci_models =	array();
+
 	/**
 	 * List of loaded helpers
 	 *
-	 * @var array
+	 * @var	array
 	 */
-	protected $_ci_helpers			= array();
+	protected $_ci_helpers =	array();
+
 	/**
 	 * List of class name mappings
 	 *
-	 * @var array
+	 * @var	array
 	 */
-	protected $_ci_varmap			= array(
-							'unit_test' => 'unit',
-							'user_agent' => 'agent'
-							);
+	protected $_ci_varmap =	array(
+		'unit_test' => 'unit',
+		'user_agent' => 'agent'
+	);
 
 	/**
-	 * Constructor
+	 * Class constructor
+	 *
+	 * Sets component load paths, gets the initial output buffering level.
 	 *
-	 * Sets the path to the view files and gets the initial output buffering level
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function __construct()
 	{
@@ -134,22 +148,18 @@ class CI_Loader {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Initialize the Loader
+	 * Initializer
 	 *
-	 * This method is called once in CI_Controller.
-	 *
-	 * @param 	array
-	 * @return 	object
+	 * @todo	Figure out a way to move this to the constructor
+	 *		without breaking *package_path*() methods.
+	 * @uses	CI_Loader::_ci_autoloader()
+	 * @used-by	CI_Controller::__construct()
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function initialize()
 	{
-		$this->_ci_classes = array();
-		$this->_ci_loaded_files = array();
-		$this->_ci_models = array();
 		$this->_base_classes =& is_loaded();
-
 		$this->_ci_autoloader();
-		return $this;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -157,36 +167,29 @@ class CI_Loader {
 	/**
 	 * Is Loaded
 	 *
-	 * A utility function to test if a class is in the self::$_ci_classes array.
-	 * This function returns the object name if the class tested for is loaded,
-	 * and returns FALSE if it isn't.
+	 * A utility method to test if a class is in the self::$_ci_classes array.
 	 *
-	 * It is mainly used in the form_helper -> _get_validation_object()
+	 * @used-by	Mainly used by Form Helper function _get_validation_object().
 	 *
-	 * @param 	string	class being checked for
-	 * @return 	mixed	class object name on the CI SuperObject or FALSE
+	 * @param 	string		$class	Class name to check for
+	 * @return 	string|bool	Class object name if loaded or FALSE
 	 */
 	public function is_loaded($class)
 	{
-		if (isset($this->_ci_classes[$class]))
-		{
-			return $this->_ci_classes[$class];
-		}
-
-		return FALSE;
+		return isset($this->_ci_classes[$class]) ? $this->_ci_classes[$class] : FALSE;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Class Loader
+	 * Library Loader
 	 *
-	 * This function lets users load and instantiate classes.
-	 * It is designed to be called from a user's app controllers.
+	 * Loads and instantiates libraries.
+	 * Designed to be called from application controllers.
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the name of the class
-	 * @param	mixed	the optional parameters
-	 * @param	string	an optional object name
+	 * @param	string	$library	Library name
+	 * @param	array	$params		Optional parameters to pass to the library class constructor
+	 * @param	string	$object_name	An optional object name to assign to
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function library($library = '', $params = NULL, $object_name = NULL)
@@ -201,9 +204,9 @@ class CI_Loader {
 			return;
 		}
 
-		if ($library == '' OR isset($this->_base_classes[$library]))
+		if ($library === '' OR isset($this->_base_classes[$library]))
 		{
-			return FALSE;
+			return;
 		}
 
 		if ( ! is_null($params) && ! is_array($params))
@@ -219,26 +222,25 @@ class CI_Loader {
 	/**
 	 * Model Loader
 	 *
-	 * This function lets users load and instantiate models.
+	 * Loads and instantiates libraries.
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the name of the class
-	 * @param	string	name for the model
-	 * @param	bool	database connection
+	 * @param	string	$model		Model name
+	 * @param	string	$name		An optional object name to assign to
+	 * @param	bool	$db_conn	An optional database connection configuration to initialize
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function model($model, $name = '', $db_conn = FALSE)
 	{
-		if (is_array($model))
+		if (empty($model))
 		{
-			foreach ($model as $babe)
-			{
-				$this->model($babe);
-			}
 			return;
 		}
-
-		if ($model == '')
+		elseif (is_array($model))
 		{
+			foreach ($model as $class)
+			{
+				$this->model($class);
+			}
 			return;
 		}
 
@@ -254,7 +256,7 @@ class CI_Loader {
 			$model = substr($model, $last_slash);
 		}
 
-		if ($name == '')
+		if (empty($name))
 		{
 			$name = $model;
 		}
@@ -311,18 +313,21 @@ class CI_Loader {
 	/**
 	 * Database Loader
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the DB credentials
-	 * @param	bool	whether to return the DB object
-	 * @param	bool	whether to enable active record (this allows us to override the config setting)
-	 * @return	object
+	 * @param	mixed	$params		Database configuration options
+	 * @param	bool	$return 	Whether to return the database object
+	 * @param	bool	$query_builder	Whether to enable Query Builder
+	 *					(overrides the configuration setting)
+	 *
+	 * @return	void|object|bool	Database object if $return is set to TRUE,
+	 *					FALSE on failure, void in any other case
 	 */
-	public function database($params = '', $return = FALSE, $active_record = NULL)
+	public function database($params = '', $return = FALSE, $query_builder = NULL)
 	{
 		// Grab the super object
 		$CI =& get_instance();
 
 		// Do we even need to load the database class?
-		if (class_exists('CI_DB') && $return == FALSE && $active_record == NULL && isset($CI->db) && is_object($CI->db))
+		if ($return === FALSE && $query_builder === NULL && isset($CI->db) && is_object($CI->db) && ! empty($CI->db->conn_id))
 		{
 			return FALSE;
 		}
@@ -331,7 +336,7 @@ class CI_Loader {
 
 		if ($return === TRUE)
 		{
-			return DB($params, $active_record);
+			return DB($params, $query_builder);
 		}
 
 		// Initialize the db variable. Needed to prevent
@@ -339,34 +344,38 @@ class CI_Loader {
 		$CI->db = '';
 
 		// Load the DB class
-		$CI->db =& DB($params, $active_record);
+		$CI->db =& DB($params, $query_builder);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Load the Utilities Class
+	 * Load the Database Utilities Class
 	 *
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @param	object	$db	Database object
+	 * @param	bool	$return	Whether to return the DB Forge class object or not
+	 * @return	void|object
 	 */
-	public function dbutil()
+	public function dbutil($db = NULL, $return = FALSE)
 	{
-		if ( ! class_exists('CI_DB'))
-		{
-			$this->database();
-		}
-
 		$CI =& get_instance();
 
-		// for backwards compatibility, load dbforge so we can extend dbutils off it
-		// this use is deprecated and strongly discouraged
-		$CI->load->dbforge();
+		if ( ! is_object($db) OR ! ($db instanceof CI_DB))
+		{
+			class_exists('CI_DB', FALSE) OR $this->database();
+			$db =& $CI->db;
+		}
 
 		require_once(BASEPATH.'database/DB_utility.php');
-		require_once(BASEPATH.'database/drivers/'.$CI->db->dbdriver.'/'.$CI->db->dbdriver.'_utility.php');
-		$class = 'CI_DB_'.$CI->db->dbdriver.'_utility';
+		require_once(BASEPATH.'database/drivers/'.$db->dbdriver.'/'.$db->dbdriver.'_utility.php');
+		$class = 'CI_DB_'.$db->dbdriver.'_utility';
+
+		if ($return === TRUE)
+		{
+			return new $class($db);
+		}
 
-		$CI->dbutil = new $class();
+		$CI->dbutil = new $class($db);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -374,40 +383,56 @@ class CI_Loader {
 	/**
 	 * Load the Database Forge Class
 	 *
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @param	object	$db	Database object
+	 * @param	bool	$return	Whether to return the DB Forge class object or not
+	 * @return	void|object
 	 */
-	public function dbforge()
+	public function dbforge($db = NULL, $return = FALSE)
 	{
-		if ( ! class_exists('CI_DB'))
+		$CI =& get_instance();
+		if ( ! is_object($db) OR ! ($db instanceof CI_DB))
 		{
-			$this->database();
+			class_exists('CI_DB', FALSE) OR $this->database();
+			$db =& $CI->db;
 		}
 
-		$CI =& get_instance();
-
 		require_once(BASEPATH.'database/DB_forge.php');
-		require_once(BASEPATH.'database/drivers/'.$CI->db->dbdriver.'/'.$CI->db->dbdriver.'_forge.php');
-		$class = 'CI_DB_'.$CI->db->dbdriver.'_forge';
+		require_once(BASEPATH.'database/drivers/'.$db->dbdriver.'/'.$db->dbdriver.'_forge.php');
 
-		$CI->dbforge = new $class();
+		if ( ! empty($db->subdriver))
+		{
+			$driver_path = BASEPATH.'database/drivers/'.$db->dbdriver.'/subdrivers/'.$db->dbdriver.'_'.$db->subdriver.'_forge.php';
+			if (file_exists($driver_path))
+			{
+				require_once($driver_path);
+				$class = 'CI_DB_'.$db->dbdriver.'_'.$db->subdriver.'_forge';
+			}
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			$class = 'CI_DB_'.$db->dbdriver.'_forge';
+		}
+
+		if ($return === TRUE)
+		{
+			return new $class($db);
+		}
+
+		$CI->dbforge = new $class($db);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Load View
-	 *
-	 * This function is used to load a "view" file. It has three parameters:
+	 * View Loader
 	 *
-	 * 1. The name of the "view" file to be included.
-	 * 2. An associative array of data to be extracted for use in the view.
-	 * 3. TRUE/FALSE - whether to return the data or load it. In
-	 *    some cases it's advantageous to be able to return data so that
-	 *    a developer can process it in some way.
+	 * Loads "view" files.
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	array
-	 * @param	bool
+	 * @param	string	$view	View name
+	 * @param	array	$vars	An associative array of data
+	 *				to be extracted for use in the view
+	 * @param	bool	$return	Whether to return the view output
+	 *				or leave it to the Output class
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function view($view, $vars = array(), $return = FALSE)
@@ -418,13 +443,11 @@ class CI_Loader {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Load File
+	 * Generic File Loader
 	 *
-	 * This is a generic file loader
-	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	bool
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @param	string	$path	File path
+	 * @param	bool	$return	Whether to return the file output
+	 * @return	void|string
 	 */
 	public function file($path, $return = FALSE)
 	{
@@ -439,13 +462,15 @@ class CI_Loader {
 	 * Once variables are set they become available within
 	 * the controller class and its "view" files.
 	 *
-	 * @param	array
-	 * @param 	string
+	 * @param	array|object|string	$vars
+	 *					An associative array or object containing values
+	 *					to be set, or a value's name if string
+	 * @param 	string	$val	Value to set, only used if $vars is a string
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function vars($vars = array(), $val = '')
 	{
-		if ($val != '' && is_string($vars))
+		if ($val !== '' && is_string($vars))
 		{
 			$vars = array($vars => $val);
 		}
@@ -468,8 +493,8 @@ class CI_Loader {
 	 *
 	 * Check if a variable is set and retrieve it.
 	 *
-	 * @param	array
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @param	string	$key	Variable name
+	 * @return	mixed	The variable or NULL if not found
 	 */
 	public function get_var($key)
 	{
@@ -481,7 +506,7 @@ class CI_Loader {
 	/**
 	 * Get Variables
 	 *
-	 * Retrieve all loaded variables
+	 * Retrieves all loaded variables.
 	 *
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
@@ -493,11 +518,9 @@ class CI_Loader {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Load Helper
-	 *
-	 * This function loads the specified helper file.
+	 * Helper Loader
 	 *
-	 * @param	mixed
+	 * @param	string|string[]	$helpers	Helper name(s)
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function helper($helpers = array())
@@ -509,27 +532,34 @@ class CI_Loader {
 				continue;
 			}
 
-			$ext_helper = APPPATH.'helpers/'.config_item('subclass_prefix').$helper.'.php';
-
 			// Is this a helper extension request?
-			if (file_exists($ext_helper))
+			$ext_helper = config_item('subclass_prefix').$helper;
+			$ext_loaded = FALSE;
+			foreach ($this->_ci_helper_paths as $path)
 			{
-				$base_helper = BASEPATH.'helpers/'.$helper.'.php';
+				if (file_exists($path.'helpers/'.$ext_helper.'.php'))
+				{
+					include_once($path.'helpers/'.$ext_helper.'.php');
+					$ext_loaded = TRUE;
+				}
+			}
 
+			// If we have loaded extensions - check if the base one is here
+			if ($ext_loaded === TRUE)
+			{
+				$base_helper = BASEPATH.'helpers/'.$helper.'.php';
 				if ( ! file_exists($base_helper))
 				{
 					show_error('Unable to load the requested file: helpers/'.$helper.'.php');
 				}
 
-				include_once($ext_helper);
 				include_once($base_helper);
-
 				$this->_ci_helpers[$helper] = TRUE;
 				log_message('debug', 'Helper loaded: '.$helper);
 				continue;
 			}
 
-			// Try to load the helper
+			// No extensions found ... try loading regular helpers and/or overrides
 			foreach ($this->_ci_helper_paths as $path)
 			{
 				if (file_exists($path.'helpers/'.$helper.'.php'))
@@ -555,10 +585,11 @@ class CI_Loader {
 	/**
 	 * Load Helpers
 	 *
-	 * This is simply an alias to the above function in case the
-	 * user has written the plural form of this function.
+	 * An alias for the helper() method in case the developer has
+	 * written the plural form of it.
 	 *
-	 * @param	array
+	 * @uses	CI_Loader::helper()
+	 * @param	string|string[]	$helpers	Helper name(s)
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function helpers($helpers = array())
@@ -569,22 +600,21 @@ class CI_Loader {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Loads a language file
+	 * Language Loader
 	 *
-	 * @param	array
-	 * @param	string
+	 * Loads language files.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string|string[]	$files	List of language file names to load
+	 * @param	string		Language name
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	public function language($file = array(), $lang = '')
+	public function language($files = array(), $lang = '')
 	{
 		$CI =& get_instance();
 
-		if ( ! is_array($file))
-		{
-			$file = array($file);
-		}
+		is_array($files) OR $files = array($files);
 
-		foreach ($file as $langfile)
+		foreach ($files as $langfile)
 		{
 			$CI->lang->load($langfile, $lang);
 		}
@@ -593,30 +623,35 @@ class CI_Loader {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Loads a config file
+	 * Config Loader
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	bool
-	 * @param 	bool
-	 * @return	void
+	 * Loads a config file (an alias for CI_Config::load()).
+	 *
+	 * @uses	CI_Config::load()
+	 * @param	string	$file			Configuration file name
+	 * @param	bool	$use_sections		Whether configuration values should be loaded into their own section
+	 * @param	bool	$fail_gracefully	Whether to just return FALSE or display an error message
+	 * @return	bool	TRUE if the file was loaded correctly or FALSE on failure
 	 */
 	public function config($file = '', $use_sections = FALSE, $fail_gracefully = FALSE)
 	{
 		$CI =& get_instance();
-		$CI->config->load($file, $use_sections, $fail_gracefully);
+		return $CI->config->load($file, $use_sections, $fail_gracefully);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Driver
+	 * Driver Loader
 	 *
-	 * Loads a driver library
+	 * Loads a driver library.
 	 *
-	 * @param	mixed	the name of the class or array of classes
-	 * @param	mixed	the optional parameters
-	 * @param	string	an optional object name
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @param	string|string[]	$library	Driver name(s)
+	 * @param	array		$params		Optional parameters to pass to the driver
+	 * @param	string		$object_name	An optional object name to assign to
+	 *
+	 * @return	void|object|bool	Object or FALSE on failure if $library is a string
+	 *					and $object_name is set. void otherwise.
 	 */
 	public function driver($library = '', $params = NULL, $object_name = NULL)
 	{
@@ -626,18 +661,18 @@ class CI_Loader {
 			{
 				$this->driver($driver);
 			}
-			return FALSE;
+			return;
 		}
 
-		if ( ! class_exists('CI_Driver_Library'))
+		if ($library === '')
 		{
-			// we aren't instantiating an object here, that'll be done by the Library itself
-			require BASEPATH.'libraries/Driver.php';
+			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		if ($library == '')
+		if ( ! class_exists('CI_Driver_Library'))
 		{
-			return FALSE;
+			// We aren't instantiating an object here, just making the base class available
+			require BASEPATH.'libraries/Driver.php';
 		}
 
 		// We can save the loader some time since Drivers will *always* be in a subfolder,
@@ -655,13 +690,19 @@ class CI_Loader {
 	/**
 	 * Add Package Path
 	 *
-	 * Prepends a parent path to the library, model, helper, and config path arrays
+	 * Prepends a parent path to the library, model, helper and config
+	 * path arrays.
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param 	bool
+	 * @see	CI_Loader::$_ci_library_paths
+	 * @see	CI_Loader::$_ci_model_paths
+	 * @see CI_Loader::$_ci_helper_paths
+	 * @see CI_Config::$_config_paths
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$path		Path to add
+	 * @param 	bool	$view_cascade	(default: TRUE)
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	public function add_package_path($path, $view_cascade=TRUE)
+	public function add_package_path($path, $view_cascade = TRUE)
 	{
 		$path = rtrim($path, '/').'/';
 
@@ -673,7 +714,7 @@ class CI_Loader {
 
 		// Add config file path
 		$config =& $this->_ci_get_component('config');
-		array_unshift($config->_config_paths, $path);
+		array_push($config->_config_paths, $path);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -681,14 +722,14 @@ class CI_Loader {
 	/**
 	 * Get Package Paths
 	 *
-	 * Return a list of all package paths, by default it will ignore BASEPATH.
+	 * Return a list of all package paths.
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @param	bool	$include_base	Whether to include BASEPATH (default: TRUE)
+	 * @return	array
 	 */
 	public function get_package_paths($include_base = FALSE)
 	{
-		return $include_base === TRUE ? $this->_ci_library_paths : $this->_ci_model_paths;
+		return ($include_base === TRUE) ? $this->_ci_library_paths : $this->_ci_model_paths;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -696,24 +737,24 @@ class CI_Loader {
 	/**
 	 * Remove Package Path
 	 *
-	 * Remove a path from the library, model, and helper path arrays if it exists
-	 * If no path is provided, the most recently added path is removed.
+	 * Remove a path from the library, model, helper and/or config
+	 * path arrays if it exists. If no path is provided, the most recently
+	 * added path will be removed removed.
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param 	bool
+	 * @param	string	$path	Path to remove
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	public function remove_package_path($path = '', $remove_config_path = TRUE)
+	public function remove_package_path($path = '')
 	{
 		$config =& $this->_ci_get_component('config');
 
-		if ($path == '')
+		if ($path === '')
 		{
 			array_shift($this->_ci_library_paths);
 			array_shift($this->_ci_model_paths);
 			array_shift($this->_ci_helper_paths);
 			array_shift($this->_ci_view_paths);
-			array_shift($config->_config_paths);
+			array_pop($config->_config_paths);
 		}
 		else
 		{
@@ -748,13 +789,16 @@ class CI_Loader {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Loader
+	 * Internal CI Data Loader
+	 *
+	 * Used to load views and files.
 	 *
-	 * This function is used to load views and files.
 	 * Variables are prefixed with _ci_ to avoid symbol collision with
-	 * variables made available to view files
+	 * variables made available to view files.
 	 *
-	 * @param	array
+	 * @used-by	CI_Loader::view()
+	 * @used-by	CI_Loader::file()
+	 * @param	array	$_ci_data	Data to load
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	protected function _ci_load($_ci_data)
@@ -768,7 +812,7 @@ class CI_Loader {
 		$file_exists = FALSE;
 
 		// Set the path to the requested file
-		if ($_ci_path != '')
+		if (is_string($_ci_path) && $_ci_path !== '')
 		{
 			$_ci_x = explode('/', $_ci_path);
 			$_ci_file = end($_ci_x);
@@ -776,13 +820,13 @@ class CI_Loader {
 		else
 		{
 			$_ci_ext = pathinfo($_ci_view, PATHINFO_EXTENSION);
-			$_ci_file = ($_ci_ext == '') ? $_ci_view.'.php' : $_ci_view;
+			$_ci_file = ($_ci_ext === '') ? $_ci_view.'.php' : $_ci_view;
 
-			foreach ($this->_ci_view_paths as $view_file => $cascade)
+			foreach ($this->_ci_view_paths as $_ci_view_file => $cascade)
 			{
-				if (file_exists($view_file.$_ci_file))
+				if (file_exists($_ci_view_file.$_ci_file))
 				{
-					$_ci_path = $view_file.$_ci_file;
+					$_ci_path = $_ci_view_file.$_ci_file;
 					$file_exists = TRUE;
 					break;
 				}
@@ -813,7 +857,7 @@ class CI_Loader {
 		/*
 		 * Extract and cache variables
 		 *
-		 * You can either set variables using the dedicated $this->load_vars()
+		 * You can either set variables using the dedicated $this->load->vars()
 		 * function or via the second parameter of this function. We'll merge
 		 * the two types and cache them so that views that are embedded within
 		 * other views can have access to these variables.
@@ -830,17 +874,19 @@ class CI_Loader {
 		 * We buffer the output for two reasons:
 		 * 1. Speed. You get a significant speed boost.
 		 * 2. So that the final rendered template can be post-processed by
-		 *    the output class. Why do we need post processing? For one thing,
-		 *    in order to show the elapsed page load time. Unless we can
-		 *    intercept the content right before it's sent to the browser and
-		 *    then stop the timer it won't be accurate.
+		 *	the output class. Why do we need post processing? For one thing,
+		 *	in order to show the elapsed page load time. Unless we can
+		 *	intercept the content right before it's sent to the browser and
+		 *	then stop the timer it won't be accurate.
 		 */
 		ob_start();
 
 		// If the PHP installation does not support short tags we'll
 		// do a little string replacement, changing the short tags
 		// to standard PHP echo statements.
-		if ( ! is_php('5.4') && (bool) @ini_get('short_open_tag') === FALSE && config_item('rewrite_short_tags') == TRUE)
+		if ( ! is_php('5.4') && (bool) @ini_get('short_open_tag') === FALSE
+			&& config_item('rewrite_short_tags') === TRUE && function_usable('eval')
+		)
 		{
 			echo eval('?>'.preg_replace('/;*\s*\?>/', '; ?>', str_replace('<?=', '<?php echo ', file_get_contents($_ci_path))));
 		}
@@ -882,13 +928,14 @@ class CI_Loader {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Load class
+	 * Internal CI Class Loader
 	 *
-	 * This function loads the requested class.
+	 * @used-by	CI_Loader::library()
+	 * @uses	CI_Loader::_ci_init_class()
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the item that is being loaded
-	 * @param	mixed	any additional parameters
-	 * @param	string	an optional object name
+	 * @param	string	$class		Class name to load
+	 * @param	mixed	$params		Optional parameters to pass to the class constructor
+	 * @param	string	$object_name	Optional object name to assign to
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	protected function _ci_load_class($class, $params = NULL, $object_name = NULL)
@@ -989,19 +1036,24 @@ class CI_Loader {
 				$this->_ci_loaded_files[] = $filepath;
 				return $this->_ci_init_class($class, '', $params, $object_name);
 			}
-
 		} // END FOREACH
 
 		// One last attempt. Maybe the library is in a subdirectory, but it wasn't specified?
-		if ($subdir == '')
+		if ($subdir === '')
 		{
 			$path = strtolower($class).'/'.$class;
-			return $this->_ci_load_class($path, $params);
+			return $this->_ci_load_class($path, $params, $object_name);
+		}
+		elseif (ucfirst($subdir) != $subdir)
+		{
+			// Lowercase subdir failed - retry capitalized
+			$path = ucfirst($subdir).$class;
+			return $this->_ci_load_class($path, $params, $object_name);
 		}
 
 		// If we got this far we were unable to find the requested class.
 		// We do not issue errors if the load call failed due to a duplicate request
-		if ($is_duplicate == FALSE)
+		if ($is_duplicate === FALSE)
 		{
 			log_message('error', 'Unable to load the requested class: '.$class);
 			show_error('Unable to load the requested class: '.$class);
@@ -1011,12 +1063,17 @@ class CI_Loader {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Instantiates a class
+	 * Internal CI Class Instantiator
+	 *
+	 * @used-by	CI_Loader::_ci_load_class()
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	bool
-	 * @param	string	an optional object name
+	 * @param	string		$class		Class name
+	 * @param	string		$prefix		Class name prefix
+	 * @param	array|null|bool	$config		Optional configuration to pass to the class constructor:
+	 *						FALSE to skip;
+	 *						NULL to search in config paths;
+	 *						array containing configuration data
+	 * @param	string		$object_name	Optional object name to assign to
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	protected function _ci_init_class($class, $prefix = '', $config = FALSE, $object_name = NULL)
@@ -1060,7 +1117,7 @@ class CI_Loader {
 			}
 		}
 
-		if ($prefix == '')
+		if ($prefix === '')
 		{
 			if (class_exists('CI_'.$class))
 			{
@@ -1084,7 +1141,7 @@ class CI_Loader {
 		if ( ! class_exists($name))
 		{
 			log_message('error', 'Non-existent class: '.$name);
-			show_error('Non-existent class: '.$class);
+			show_error('Non-existent class: '.$name);
 		}
 
 		// Set the variable name we will assign the class to
@@ -1118,12 +1175,11 @@ class CI_Loader {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Autoloader
+	 * CI Autoloader
 	 *
-	 * The config/autoload.php file contains an array that permits sub-systems,
-	 * libraries, and helpers to be loaded automatically.
+	 * Loads component listed in the config/autoload.php file.
 	 *
-	 * @param	array
+	 * @used-by	CI_Loader::initialize()
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	protected function _ci_autoloader()
@@ -1187,6 +1243,15 @@ class CI_Loader {
 			}
 		}
 
+		// Autoload drivers
+		if (isset($autoload['drivers']))
+		{
+			foreach ($autoload['drivers'] as $item)
+			{
+				$this->driver($item);
+			}
+		}
+
 		// Autoload models
 		if (isset($autoload['model']))
 		{
@@ -1197,11 +1262,12 @@ class CI_Loader {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Object to Array
+	 * CI Object to Array translator
 	 *
-	 * Takes an object as input and converts the class variables to array key/vals
+	 * Takes an object as input and converts the class variables to
+	 * an associative array with key/value pairs.
 	 *
-	 * @param	object
+	 * @param	object	$object	Object data to translate
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
 	protected function _ci_object_to_array($object)
@@ -1212,9 +1278,11 @@ class CI_Loader {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Get a reference to a specific library or model
+	 * CI Component getter
+	 *
+	 * Get a reference to a specific library or model.
 	 *
-	 * @param 	string
+	 * @param 	string	$component	Component name
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	protected function &_ci_get_component($component)
@@ -1228,10 +1296,11 @@ class CI_Loader {
 	/**
 	 * Prep filename
 	 *
-	 * This function preps the name of various items to make loading them more reliable.
+	 * This function prepares filenames of various items to
+	 * make their loading more reliable.
 	 *
-	 * @param	mixed
-	 * @param 	string
+	 * @param	string|string[]	$filename	Filename(s)
+	 * @param 	string		$extension	Filename extension
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
 	protected function _ci_prep_filename($filename, $extension)
diff --git a/system/libraries/Log.php b/system/core/Log.php
index 66f9ebff9..718f50587 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Log.php
+++ b/system/core/Log.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * Logging Class
@@ -36,19 +37,65 @@
  */
 class CI_Log {
 
+	/**
+	 * Path to save log files
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
 	protected $_log_path;
+
+	/**
+	 * Level of logging
+	 *
+	 * @var int
+	 */
 	protected $_threshold		= 1;
+
+	/**
+	 * Highest level of logging
+	 *
+	 * @var int
+	 */
 	protected $_threshold_max	= 0;
+
+	/**
+	 * Array of threshold levels to log
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
 	protected $_threshold_array	= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * Format of timestamp for log files
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
 	protected $_date_fmt		= 'Y-m-d H:i:s';
+
+	/**
+	 * Whether or not the logger can write to the log files
+	 *
+	 * @var bool
+	 */
 	protected $_enabled		= TRUE;
-	protected $_levels		= array('ERROR' => 1, 'DEBUG' => 2,  'INFO' => 3, 'ALL' => 4);
 
+	/**
+	 * Predefined logging levels
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	protected $_levels		= array('ERROR' => 1, 'DEBUG' => 2, 'INFO' => 3, 'ALL' => 4);
+
+	/**
+	 * Initialize Logging class
+	 *
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
 	public function __construct()
 	{
 		$config =& get_config();
 
-		$this->_log_path = ($config['log_path'] != '') ? $config['log_path'] : APPPATH.'logs/';
+		$this->_log_path = ($config['log_path'] !== '') ? $config['log_path'] : APPPATH.'logs/';
 
 		if ( ! is_dir($this->_log_path) OR ! is_really_writable($this->_log_path))
 		{
@@ -65,7 +112,7 @@ class CI_Log {
 			$this->_threshold_array = array_flip($config['log_threshold']);
 		}
 
-		if ($config['log_date_format'] != '')
+		if ($config['log_date_format'] !== '')
 		{
 			$this->_date_fmt = $config['log_date_format'];
 		}
@@ -98,14 +145,13 @@ class CI_Log {
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-
 		$filepath = $this->_log_path.'log-'.date('Y-m-d').'.php';
 		$message  = '';
 
 		if ( ! file_exists($filepath))
 		{
 			$newfile = TRUE;
-			$message .= "<"."?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed'); ?".">\n\n";
+			$message .= '<'."?php defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed'); ?".">\n\n";
 		}
 
 		if ( ! $fp = @fopen($filepath, FOPEN_WRITE_CREATE))
@@ -113,7 +159,7 @@ class CI_Log {
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		$message .= $level.' '.(($level == 'INFO') ? ' -' : '-').' '.date($this->_date_fmt). ' --> '.$msg."\n";
+		$message .= $level.' '.($level === 'INFO' ? ' -' : '-').' '.date($this->_date_fmt).' --> '.$msg."\n";
 
 		flock($fp, LOCK_EX);
 		fwrite($fp, $message);
diff --git a/system/core/Model.php b/system/core/Model.php
index 49b8d34e4..28fdfbb69 100755..100644
--- a/system/core/Model.php
+++ b/system/core/Model.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,11 +24,10 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
- * CodeIgniter Model Class
+ * Model Class
  *
  * @package		CodeIgniter
  * @subpackage	Libraries
@@ -38,25 +37,33 @@
  */
 class CI_Model {
 
+	/**
+	 * Class constructor
+	 *
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
 	public function __construct()
 	{
 		log_message('debug', 'Model Class Initialized');
 	}
 
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 	/**
-	 * __get
+	 * __get magic
 	 *
 	 * Allows models to access CI's loaded classes using the same
 	 * syntax as controllers.
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string	$key
 	 */
 	public function __get($key)
 	{
 		$CI =& get_instance();
 		return $CI->$key;
 	}
+
 }
 
 /* End of file Model.php */
-/* Location: ./system/core/Model.php */
+/* Location: ./system/core/Model.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/core/Output.php b/system/core/Output.php
index 3cb40626a..98deff55c 100755..100644
--- a/system/core/Output.php
+++ b/system/core/Output.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,11 +24,12 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * Output Class
  *
- * Responsible for sending final output to browser
+ * Responsible for sending final output to the browser.
  *
  * @package		CodeIgniter
  * @subpackage	Libraries
@@ -39,70 +40,84 @@
 class CI_Output {
 
 	/**
-	 * Current output string
+	 * Final output string
 	 *
-	 * @var string
+	 * @var	string
 	 */
 	public $final_output;
+
 	/**
 	 * Cache expiration time
 	 *
-	 * @var int
+	 * @var	int
 	 */
-	public $cache_expiration	= 0;
+	public $cache_expiration = 0;
+
 	/**
 	 * List of server headers
 	 *
-	 * @var array
+	 * @var	array
 	 */
-	public $headers			= array();
+	public $headers =	array();
+
 	/**
 	 * List of mime types
 	 *
-	 * @var array
+	 * @var	array
 	 */
-	public $mime_types		= array();
+	public $mimes =		array();
+
 	/**
-	 * Determines wether profiler is enabled
+	 * Mime-type for the current page
 	 *
-	 * @var book
+	 * @var	string
 	 */
-	public $enable_profiler		= FALSE;
+	protected $mime_type	= 'text/html';
+
 	/**
-	 * Determines if output compression is enabled
+	 * Enable Profiler flag
 	 *
-	 * @var bool
+	 * @var	bool
 	 */
-	protected $_zlib_oc		= FALSE;
+	public $enable_profiler = FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * zLib output compression flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	protected $_zlib_oc =		FALSE;
+
 	/**
 	 * List of profiler sections
 	 *
-	 * @var array
+	 * @var	array
 	 */
-	protected $_profiler_sections = array();
+	protected $_profiler_sections =	array();
+
 	/**
-	 * Whether or not to parse variables like {elapsed_time} and {memory_usage}
+	 * Parse markers flag
 	 *
-	 * @var bool
+	 * Whether or not to parse variables like {elapsed_time} and {memory_usage}.
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
 	 */
-	public $parse_exec_vars		= TRUE;
+	public $parse_exec_vars =	TRUE;
 
+	/**
+	 * Class constructor
+	 *
+	 * Determines whether zLib output compression will be used.
+	 *
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
 	public function __construct()
 	{
-		$this->_zlib_oc = @ini_get('zlib.output_compression');
+		$this->_zlib_oc = (bool) @ini_get('zlib.output_compression');
 
 		// Get mime types for later
-		if (defined('ENVIRONMENT') && file_exists(APPPATH.'config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/mimes.php'))
-		{
-			include APPPATH.'config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/mimes.php';
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			include APPPATH.'config/mimes.php';
-		}
-
+		$this->mimes =& get_mimes();
 
-		$this->mime_types = $mimes;
 		log_message('debug', 'Output Class Initialized');
 	}
 
@@ -111,7 +126,7 @@ class CI_Output {
 	/**
 	 * Get Output
 	 *
-	 * Returns the current output string
+	 * Returns the current output string.
 	 *
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
@@ -125,10 +140,10 @@ class CI_Output {
 	/**
 	 * Set Output
 	 *
-	 * Sets the output string
+	 * Sets the output string.
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @param	string	$output	Output data
+	 * @return	object	$this
 	 */
 	public function set_output($output)
 	{
@@ -141,14 +156,14 @@ class CI_Output {
 	/**
 	 * Append Output
 	 *
-	 * Appends data onto the output string
+	 * Appends data onto the output string.
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @param	string	$output	Data to append
+	 * @return	object	$this
 	 */
 	public function append_output($output)
 	{
-		if ($this->final_output == '')
+		if (empty($this->final_output))
 		{
 			$this->final_output = $output;
 		}
@@ -165,14 +180,14 @@ class CI_Output {
 	/**
 	 * Set Header
 	 *
-	 * Lets you set a server header which will be outputted with the final display.
+	 * Lets you set a server header which will be sent with the final output.
 	 *
-	 * Note:  If a file is cached, headers will not be sent.  We need to figure out
-	 * how to permit header data to be saved with the cache data...
+	 * Note: If a file is cached, headers will not be sent.
+	 * @todo	We need to figure out how to permit headers to be cached.
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param 	bool
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @param	string	$header		Header
+	 * @param	bool	$replace	Whether to replace the old header value, if already set
+	 * @return	object	$this
 	 */
 	public function set_header($header, $replace = TRUE)
 	{
@@ -180,9 +195,9 @@ class CI_Output {
 		// but it will not modify the content-length header to compensate for
 		// the reduction, causing the browser to hang waiting for more data.
 		// We'll just skip content-length in those cases.
-		if ($this->_zlib_oc && strncasecmp($header, 'content-length', 14) == 0)
+		if ($this->_zlib_oc && strncasecmp($header, 'content-length', 14) === 0)
 		{
-			return;
+			return $this;
 		}
 
 		$this->headers[] = array($header, $replace);
@@ -192,21 +207,22 @@ class CI_Output {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Set Content Type Header
+	 * Set Content-Type Header
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	extension of the file we're outputting
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @param	string	$mime_type	Extension of the file we're outputting
+	 * @param	string	$charset	Character set (default: NULL)
+	 * @return	object	$this
 	 */
-	public function set_content_type($mime_type)
+	public function set_content_type($mime_type, $charset = NULL)
 	{
 		if (strpos($mime_type, '/') === FALSE)
 		{
 			$extension = ltrim($mime_type, '.');
 
 			// Is this extension supported?
-			if (isset($this->mime_types[$extension]))
+			if (isset($this->mimes[$extension]))
 			{
-				$mime_type =& $this->mime_types[$extension];
+				$mime_type =& $this->mimes[$extension];
 
 				if (is_array($mime_type))
 				{
@@ -215,7 +231,15 @@ class CI_Output {
 			}
 		}
 
-		$header = 'Content-Type: '.$mime_type;
+		$this->mime_type = $mime_type;
+
+		if (empty($charset))
+		{
+			$charset = config_item('charset');
+		}
+
+		$header = 'Content-Type: '.$mime_type
+			.(empty($charset) ? NULL : '; charset='.strtolower($charset));
 
 		$this->headers[] = array($header, TRUE);
 		return $this;
@@ -224,7 +248,7 @@ class CI_Output {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Get Current Content Type Header
+	 * Get Current Content-Type Header
 	 *
 	 * @return	string	'text/html', if not already set
 	 */
@@ -232,9 +256,9 @@ class CI_Output {
 	{
 		for ($i = 0, $c = count($this->headers); $i < $c; $i++)
 		{
-			if (preg_match('/^Content-Type:\s(.+)$/', $this->headers[$i][0], $matches))
+			if (sscanf($this->headers[$i][0], 'Content-Type: %[^;]', $content_type) === 1)
 			{
-				return $matches[1];
+				return $content_type;
 			}
 		}
 
@@ -244,12 +268,47 @@ class CI_Output {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
+	 * Get Header
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$header_name
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	public function get_header($header)
+	{
+		// Combine headers already sent with our batched headers
+		$headers = array_merge(
+			// We only need [x][0] from our multi-dimensional array
+			array_map('array_shift', $this->headers),
+			headers_list()
+		);
+
+		if (empty($headers) OR empty($header))
+		{
+			return NULL;
+		}
+
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($headers); $i < $c; $i++)
+		{
+			if (strncasecmp($header, $headers[$i], $l = strlen($header)) === 0)
+			{
+				return trim(substr($headers[$i], $l+1));
+			}
+		}
+
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
 	 * Set HTTP Status Header
-	 * moved to Common procedural functions in 1.7.2
 	 *
-	 * @param	int	the status code
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	void
+	 * As of version 1.7.2, this is an alias for common function
+	 * set_status_header().
+	 *
+	 * @param	int	$code	Status code (default: 200)
+	 * @param	string	$text	Optional message
+	 * @return	object	$this
 	 */
 	public function set_status_header($code = 200, $text = '')
 	{
@@ -262,8 +321,8 @@ class CI_Output {
 	/**
 	 * Enable/disable Profiler
 	 *
-	 * @param	bool
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @param	bool	$val	TRUE to enable or FALSE to disable
+	 * @return	object	$this
 	 */
 	public function enable_profiler($val = TRUE)
 	{
@@ -276,13 +335,20 @@ class CI_Output {
 	/**
 	 * Set Profiler Sections
 	 *
-	 * Allows override of default / config settings for Profiler section display
+	 * Allows override of default/config settings for
+	 * Profiler section display.
 	 *
-	 * @param	array
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @param	array	$sections	Profiler sections
+	 * @return	object	$this
 	 */
 	public function set_profiler_sections($sections)
 	{
+		if (isset($sections['query_toggle_count']))
+		{
+			$this->_profiler_sections['query_toggle_count'] = (int) $sections['query_toggle_count'];
+			unset($sections['query_toggle_count']);
+		}
+
 		foreach ($sections as $section => $enable)
 		{
 			$this->_profiler_sections[$section] = ($enable !== FALSE);
@@ -296,8 +362,8 @@ class CI_Output {
 	/**
 	 * Set Cache
 	 *
-	 * @param	int
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @param	int	$time	Cache expiration time in seconds
+	 * @return	object	$this
 	 */
 	public function cache($time)
 	{
@@ -310,16 +376,16 @@ class CI_Output {
 	/**
 	 * Display Output
 	 *
-	 * All "view" data is automatically put into this variable by the controller class:
-	 *
-	 * $this->final_output
+	 * Processes sends the sends finalized output data to the browser along
+	 * with any server headers and profile data. It also stops benchmark
+	 * timers so the page rendering speed and memory usage can be shown.
 	 *
-	 * This function sends the finalized output data to the browser along
-	 * with any server headers and profile data. It also stops the
-	 * benchmark timer so the page rendering speed and memory usage can be shown.
+	 * Note: All "view" data is automatically put into $this->final_output
+	 *	 by controller class.
 	 *
-	 * @param 	string
-	 * @return	mixed
+	 * @uses	CI_Output::$final_output
+	 * @param	string	$output	Output data override
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function _display($output = '')
 	{
@@ -337,14 +403,22 @@ class CI_Output {
 		// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 		// Set the output data
-		if ($output == '')
+		if ($output === '')
 		{
 			$output =& $this->final_output;
 		}
 
 		// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-		// Do we need to write a cache file?  Only if the controller does not have its
+		// Is minify requested?
+		if ($CFG->item('minify_output') === TRUE)
+		{
+			$output = $this->minify($output, $this->mime_type);
+		}
+
+		// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+		// Do we need to write a cache file? Only if the controller does not have its
 		// own _output() method and we are not dealing with a cache file, which we
 		// can determine by the existence of the $CI object above
 		if ($this->cache_expiration > 0 && isset($CI) && ! method_exists($CI, '_output'))
@@ -361,7 +435,7 @@ class CI_Output {
 
 		if ($this->parse_exec_vars === TRUE)
 		{
-			$memory	= function_exists('memory_get_usage') ? round(memory_get_usage()/1024/1024, 2).'MB' : '0';
+			$memory	= round(memory_get_usage() / 1024 / 1024, 2).'MB';
 
 			$output = str_replace(array('{elapsed_time}', '{memory_usage}'), array($elapsed, $memory), $output);
 		}
@@ -369,7 +443,7 @@ class CI_Output {
 		// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 		// Is compression requested?
-		if ($CFG->item('compress_output') === TRUE && $this->_zlib_oc == FALSE
+		if ($CFG->item('compress_output') === TRUE && $this->_zlib_oc === FALSE
 			&& extension_loaded('zlib')
 			&& isset($_SERVER['HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING']) && strpos($_SERVER['HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING'], 'gzip') !== FALSE)
 		{
@@ -397,14 +471,14 @@ class CI_Output {
 			echo $output;
 			log_message('debug', 'Final output sent to browser');
 			log_message('debug', 'Total execution time: '.$elapsed);
-			return TRUE;
+			return;
 		}
 
 		// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 		// Do we need to generate profile data?
 		// If so, load the Profile class and run it.
-		if ($this->enable_profiler == TRUE)
+		if ($this->enable_profiler === TRUE)
 		{
 			$CI->load->library('profiler');
 			if ( ! empty($this->_profiler_sections))
@@ -439,16 +513,16 @@ class CI_Output {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Write a Cache File
+	 * Write Cache
 	 *
-	 * @param 	string
+	 * @param	string	$output	Output data to cache
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function _write_cache($output)
 	{
 		$CI =& get_instance();
 		$path = $CI->config->item('cache_path');
-		$cache_path = ($path == '') ? APPPATH.'cache/' : $path;
+		$cache_path = ($path === '') ? APPPATH.'cache/' : $path;
 
 		if ( ! is_dir($cache_path) OR ! is_really_writable($cache_path))
 		{
@@ -484,20 +558,26 @@ class CI_Output {
 		@chmod($cache_path, FILE_WRITE_MODE);
 
 		log_message('debug', 'Cache file written: '.$cache_path);
+
+		// Send HTTP cache-control headers to browser to match file cache settings.
+		$this->set_cache_header($_SERVER['REQUEST_TIME'], $expire);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Update/serve a cached file
+	 * Update/serve cached output
 	 *
-	 * @param 	object	config class
-	 * @param 	object	uri class
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @uses	CI_Config
+	 * @uses	CI_URI
+	 *
+	 * @param	object	&$CFG	CI_Config class instance
+	 * @param	object	&$URI	CI_URI class instance
+	 * @return	bool	TRUE on success or FALSE on failure
 	 */
 	public function _display_cache(&$CFG, &$URI)
 	{
-		$cache_path = ($CFG->item('cache_path') == '') ? APPPATH.'cache/' : $CFG->item('cache_path');
+		$cache_path = ($CFG->item('cache_path') === '') ? APPPATH.'cache/' : $CFG->item('cache_path');
 
 		// Build the file path. The file name is an MD5 hash of the full URI
 		$uri =	$CFG->item('base_url').$CFG->item('index_page').$URI->uri_string;
@@ -516,25 +596,211 @@ class CI_Output {
 		fclose($fp);
 
 		// Strip out the embedded timestamp
-		if ( ! preg_match('/(\d+TS--->)/', $cache, $match))
+		if ( ! preg_match('/^(\d+)TS--->/', $cache, $match))
 		{
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		// Has the file expired? If so we'll delete it.
-		if (time() >= trim(str_replace('TS--->', '', $match[1])) && is_really_writable($cache_path))
+		$last_modified = filemtime($cache_path);
+		$expire = $match[1];
+
+		// Has the file expired?
+		if ($_SERVER['REQUEST_TIME'] >= $expire && is_really_writable($cache_path))
 		{
+			// If so we'll delete it.
 			@unlink($filepath);
 			log_message('debug', 'Cache file has expired. File deleted.');
 			return FALSE;
 		}
+		else
+		{
+			// Or else send the HTTP cache control headers.
+			$this->set_cache_header($last_modified, $expire);
+		}
 
 		// Display the cache
-		$this->_display(str_replace($match[0], '', $cache));
+		$this->_display(substr($cache, strlen($match[0])));
 		log_message('debug', 'Cache file is current. Sending it to browser.');
 		return TRUE;
 	}
 
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Delete cache
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$uri	URI string
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function delete_cache($uri = '')
+	{
+		$CI =& get_instance();
+		$cache_path = $CI->config->item('cache_path');
+		if ($cache_path === '')
+		{
+			$cache_path = APPPATH.'cache/';
+		}
+
+		if ( ! is_dir($cache_path))
+		{
+			log_message('error', 'Unable to find cache path: '.$cache_path);
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		if (empty($uri))
+		{
+			$uri = $CI->uri->uri_string();
+		}
+
+		$cache_path .= md5($CI->config->item('base_url').$CI->config->item('index_page').$uri);
+
+		if ( ! @unlink($cache_path))
+		{
+			log_message('error', 'Unable to delete cache file for '.$uri);
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		return TRUE;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Set Cache Header
+	 *
+	 * Set the HTTP headers to match the server-side file cache settings
+	 * in order to reduce bandwidth.
+	 *
+	 * @param	int	$last_modified	Timestamp of when the page was last modified
+	 * @param	int	$expiration	Timestamp of when should the requested page expire from cache
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function set_cache_header($last_modified, $expiration)
+	{
+		$max_age = $expiration - $_SERVER['REQUEST_TIME'];
+
+		if (isset($_SERVER['HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE']) && $last_modified <= strtotime($_SERVER['HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE']))
+		{
+			$this->set_status_header(304);
+			exit;
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			header('Pragma: public');
+			header('Cache-Control: max-age=' . $max_age . ', public');
+			header('Expires: '.gmdate('D, d M Y H:i:s', $expiration).' GMT');
+			header('Last-modified: '.gmdate('D, d M Y H:i:s', $last_modified).' GMT');
+		}
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Minify
+	 *
+	 * Reduce excessive size of HTML/CSS/JavaScript content.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$output	Output to minify
+	 * @param	string	$type	Output content MIME type
+	 * @return	string	Minified output
+	 */
+	public function minify($output, $type = 'text/html')
+	{
+		switch ($type)
+		{
+			case 'text/html':
+
+				$size_before = strlen($output);
+
+				if ($size_before === 0)
+				{
+					return '';
+				}
+
+				// Find all the <pre>,<code>,<textarea>, and <javascript> tags
+				// We'll want to return them to this unprocessed state later.
+				preg_match_all('{<pre.+</pre>}msU', $output, $pres_clean);
+				preg_match_all('{<code.+</code>}msU', $output, $codes_clean);
+				preg_match_all('{<textarea.+</textarea>}msU', $output, $textareas_clean);
+				preg_match_all('{<script.+</script>}msU', $output, $javascript_clean);
+
+				// Minify the CSS in all the <style> tags.
+				preg_match_all('{<style.+</style>}msU', $output, $style_clean);
+				foreach ($style_clean[0] as $s)
+				{
+					$output = str_replace($s, $this->minify($s, 'text/css'), $output);
+				}
+
+				// Minify the javascript in <script> tags.
+				foreach ($javascript_clean[0] as $s)
+				{
+					$javascript_mini[] = $this->minify($s, 'text/javascript');
+				}
+
+				// Replace multiple spaces with a single space.
+				$output = preg_replace('!\s{2,}!', ' ', $output);
+
+				// Remove comments (non-MSIE conditionals)
+				$output = preg_replace('{\s*<!--[^\[].*-->\s*}msU', '', $output);
+
+				// Remove spaces around block-level elements.
+				$output = preg_replace('/\s*(<\/?(html|head|title|meta|script|link|style|body|h[1-6]|div|p|br)[^>]*>)\s*/is', '$1', $output);
+
+				// Replace mangled <pre> etc. tags with unprocessed ones.
+
+				if ( ! empty($pres_clean))
+				{
+					preg_match_all('{<pre.+</pre>}msU', $output, $pres_messed);
+					$output = str_replace($pres_messed[0], $pres_clean[0], $output);
+				}
+
+				if ( ! empty($codes_clean))
+				{
+					preg_match_all('{<code.+</code>}msU', $output, $codes_messed);
+					$output = str_replace($codes_messed[0], $codes_clean[0], $output);
+				}
+
+				if ( ! empty($codes_clean))
+				{
+					preg_match_all('{<textarea.+</textarea>}msU', $output, $textareas_messed);
+					$output = str_replace($textareas_messed[0], $textareas_clean[0], $output);
+				}
+
+				if (isset($javascript_mini))
+				{
+					preg_match_all('{<script.+</script>}msU', $output, $javascript_messed);
+					$output = str_replace($javascript_messed[0], $javascript_mini, $output);
+				}
+
+				$size_removed = $size_before - strlen($output);
+				$savings_percent = round(($size_removed / $size_before * 100));
+
+				log_message('debug', 'Minifier shaved '.($size_removed / 1000).'KB ('.$savings_percent.'%) off final HTML output.');
+
+			break;
+
+			case 'text/css':
+
+				//Remove CSS comments
+				$output = preg_replace('!/\*[^*]*\*+([^/][^*]*\*+)*/!', '', $output);
+
+				// Remove spaces around curly brackets, colons,
+				// semi-colons, parenthesis, commas
+				$output = preg_replace('!\s*(:|;|,|}|{|\(|\))\s*!', '$1', $output);
+
+			break;
+
+			case 'text/javascript':
+
+				// Currently leaves JavaScript untouched.
+			break;
+
+			default: break;
+		}
+
+		return $output;
+	}
+
 }
 
 /* End of file Output.php */
diff --git a/system/core/Router.php b/system/core/Router.php
index 5477fed5d..76772a0fb 100755..100644
--- a/system/core/Router.php
+++ b/system/core/Router.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * Router Class
@@ -32,59 +33,60 @@
  *
  * @package		CodeIgniter
  * @subpackage	Libraries
- * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
  * @category	Libraries
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
  * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/general/routing.html
  */
 class CI_Router {
 
 	/**
-	 * Config class
+	 * CI_Config class object
 	 *
-	 * @var object
+	 * @var	object
 	 */
 	public $config;
+
 	/**
 	 * List of routes
 	 *
-	 * @var array
+	 * @var	array
 	 */
-	public $routes			= array();
-	/**
-	 * List of error routes
-	 *
-	 * @var array
-	 */
-	public $error_routes	= array();
+	public $routes =	array();
+
 	/**
 	 * Current class name
 	 *
-	 * @var string
+	 * @var	string
 	 */
-	public $class			= '';
+	public $class =		'';
+
 	/**
 	 * Current method name
 	 *
-	 * @var string
+	 * @var	string
 	 */
-	public $method			= 'index';
+	public $method =	'index';
+
 	/**
 	 * Sub-directory that contains the requested controller class
 	 *
-	 * @var string
+	 * @var	string
 	 */
-	public $directory		= '';
+	public $directory =	'';
+
 	/**
 	 * Default controller (and method if specific)
 	 *
-	 * @var string
+	 * @var	string
 	 */
 	public $default_controller;
 
 	/**
-	 * Constructor
+	 * Class constructor
 	 *
 	 * Runs the route mapping function.
+	 *
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function __construct()
 	{
@@ -96,9 +98,9 @@ class CI_Router {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Set the route mapping
+	 * Set route mapping
 	 *
-	 * This function determines what should be served based on the URI request,
+	 * Determines what should be served based on the URI request,
 	 * as well as any "routes" that have been set in the routing config file.
 	 *
 	 * @return	void
@@ -109,21 +111,21 @@ class CI_Router {
 		// since URI segments are more search-engine friendly, but they can optionally be used.
 		// If this feature is enabled, we will gather the directory/class/method a little differently
 		$segments = array();
-		if ($this->config->item('enable_query_strings') === TRUE && isset($_GET[$this->config->item('controller_trigger')]))
+		if ($this->config->item('enable_query_strings') === TRUE
+			&& ! empty($_GET[$this->config->item('controller_trigger')])
+			&& is_string($_GET[$this->config->item('controller_trigger')])
+		)
 		{
-			if (isset($_GET[$this->config->item('directory_trigger')]))
+			if (isset($_GET[$this->config->item('directory_trigger')]) && is_string($_GET[$this->config->item('directory_trigger')]))
 			{
 				$this->set_directory(trim($this->uri->_filter_uri($_GET[$this->config->item('directory_trigger')])));
 				$segments[] = $this->fetch_directory();
 			}
 
-			if (isset($_GET[$this->config->item('controller_trigger')]))
-			{
-				$this->set_class(trim($this->uri->_filter_uri($_GET[$this->config->item('controller_trigger')])));
-				$segments[] = $this->fetch_class();
-			}
+			$this->set_class(trim($this->uri->_filter_uri($_GET[$this->config->item('controller_trigger')])));
+			$segments[] = $this->fetch_class();
 
-			if (isset($_GET[$this->config->item('function_trigger')]))
+			if ( ! empty($_GET[$this->config->item('function_trigger')]) && is_string($_GET[$this->config->item('function_trigger')]))
 			{
 				$this->set_method(trim($this->uri->_filter_uri($_GET[$this->config->item('function_trigger')])));
 				$segments[] = $this->fetch_method();
@@ -140,12 +142,12 @@ class CI_Router {
 			include(APPPATH.'config/routes.php');
 		}
 
-		$this->routes = ( ! isset($route) OR ! is_array($route)) ? array() : $route;
+		$this->routes = (empty($route) OR ! is_array($route)) ? array() : $route;
 		unset($route);
 
 		// Set the default controller so we can display it in the event
 		// the URI doesn't correlated to a valid controller.
-		$this->default_controller = empty($this->routes['default_controller']) ? FALSE : strtolower($this->routes['default_controller']);
+		$this->default_controller = empty($this->routes['default_controller']) ? FALSE : $this->routes['default_controller'];
 
 		// Were there any query string segments? If so, we'll validate them and bail out since we're done.
 		if (count($segments) > 0)
@@ -171,31 +173,27 @@ class CI_Router {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Set the default controller
+	 * Set default controller
 	 *
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	protected function _set_default_controller()
 	{
-		if ($this->default_controller === FALSE)
+		if (empty($this->default_controller))
 		{
 			show_error('Unable to determine what should be displayed. A default route has not been specified in the routing file.');
 		}
+
 		// Is the method being specified?
-		if (strpos($this->default_controller, '/') !== FALSE)
-		{
-			$x = explode('/', $this->default_controller);
-			$this->set_class($x[0]);
-			$this->set_method($x[1]);
-			$this->_set_request($x);
-		}
-		else
+		if (sscanf($this->default_controller, '%[^/]/%s', $class, $method) !== 2)
 		{
-			$this->set_class($this->default_controller);
-			$this->set_method('index');
-			$this->_set_request(array($this->default_controller, 'index'));
+			$method = 'index';
 		}
 
+		$this->set_class($class);
+		$this->set_method($method);
+		$this->_set_request(array($class, $method));
+
 		// re-index the routed segments array so it starts with 1 rather than 0
 		$this->uri->_reindex_segments();
 
@@ -205,13 +203,12 @@ class CI_Router {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Set the Route
+	 * Set request route
 	 *
-	 * This function takes an array of URI segments as
-	 * input, and sets the current class/method
+	 * Takes an array of URI segments as input and sets the class/method
+	 * to be called.
 	 *
-	 * @param	array
-	 * @param	bool
+	 * @param	array	$segments	URI segments
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	protected function _set_request($segments = array())
@@ -225,17 +222,8 @@ class CI_Router {
 
 		$this->set_class($segments[0]);
 
-		if (isset($segments[1]))
-		{
-			// A standard method request
-			$this->set_method($segments[1]);
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			// This lets the "routed" segment array identify that the default
-			// index method is being used.
-			$segments[1] = 'index';
-		}
+		isset($segments[1]) OR $segments[1] = 'index';
+		$this->set_method($segments[1]);
 
 		// Update our "routed" segment array to contain the segments.
 		// Note: If there is no custom routing, this array will be
@@ -246,11 +234,12 @@ class CI_Router {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Validates the supplied segments.
-	 * Attempts to determine the path to the controller.
+	 * Validate request
+	 *
+	 * Attempts validate the URI request and determine the controller path.
 	 *
-	 * @param	array
-	 * @return	array
+	 * @param	array	$segments	URI segments
+	 * @return	array	URI segments
 	 */
 	protected function _validate_request($segments)
 	{
@@ -259,9 +248,13 @@ class CI_Router {
 			return $segments;
 		}
 
+		$temp = str_replace('-', '_', $segments[0]);
+
 		// Does the requested controller exist in the root folder?
-		if (file_exists(APPPATH.'controllers/'.$segments[0].'.php'))
+		if (file_exists(APPPATH.'controllers/'.$temp.'.php'))
 		{
+			$segments[0] = $temp;
+			empty($segments[1]) OR $segments[1] = str_replace('-', '_', $segments[1]);
 			return $segments;
 		}
 
@@ -269,22 +262,19 @@ class CI_Router {
 		if (is_dir(APPPATH.'controllers/'.$segments[0]))
 		{
 			// Set the directory and remove it from the segment array
-			$this->set_directory($segments[0]);
-			$segments = array_slice($segments, 1);
-
+			$this->set_directory(array_shift($segments));
 			if (count($segments) > 0)
 			{
+				$segments[0] = str_replace('-', '_', $segments[0]);
+				empty($segments[1]) OR $segments[1] = str_replace('-', '_', $segments[1]);
+
 				// Does the requested controller exist in the sub-folder?
 				if ( ! file_exists(APPPATH.'controllers/'.$this->fetch_directory().$segments[0].'.php'))
 				{
 					if ( ! empty($this->routes['404_override']))
 					{
-						$x = explode('/', $this->routes['404_override']);
-						$this->set_directory('');
-						$this->set_class($x[0]);
-						$this->set_method(isset($x[1]) ? $x[1] : 'index');
-
-						return $x;
+						$this->directory = '';
+						return explode('/', $this->routes['404_override'], 2);
 					}
 					else
 					{
@@ -295,40 +285,26 @@ class CI_Router {
 			else
 			{
 				// Is the method being specified in the route?
-				if (strpos($this->default_controller, '/') !== FALSE)
-				{
-					$x = explode('/', $this->default_controller);
-					$this->set_class($x[0]);
-					$this->set_method($x[1]);
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					$this->set_class($this->default_controller);
-					$this->set_method('index');
-				}
-
-				// Does the default controller exist in the sub-folder?
-				if ( ! file_exists(APPPATH.'controllers/'.$this->fetch_directory().$this->default_controller.'.php'))
+				$segments = explode('/', $this->default_controller);
+				if ( ! file_exists(APPPATH.'controllers/'.$this->fetch_directory().$segments[0].'.php'))
 				{
 					$this->directory = '';
-					return array();
 				}
-
 			}
 
 			return $segments;
 		}
 
-
 		// If we've gotten this far it means that the URI does not correlate to a valid
 		// controller class. We will now see if there is an override
 		if ( ! empty($this->routes['404_override']))
 		{
-			$x = explode('/', $this->routes['404_override']);
-			$this->set_class($x[0]);
-			$this->set_method(isset($x[1]) ? $x[1] : 'index');
+			if (sscanf($this->routes['404_override'], '%[^/]/%s', $class, $method) !== 2)
+			{
+				$method = 'index';
+			}
 
-			return $x;
+			return array($class, $method);
 		}
 
 		// Nothing else to do at this point but show a 404
@@ -340,9 +316,8 @@ class CI_Router {
 	/**
 	 * Parse Routes
 	 *
-	 * This function matches any routes that may exist in
-	 * the config/routes.php file against the URI to
-	 * determine if the class/method need to be remapped.
+	 * Matches any routes that may exist in the config/routes.php file
+	 * against the URI to determine if the class/method need to be remapped.
 	 *
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
@@ -352,7 +327,7 @@ class CI_Router {
 		$uri = implode('/', $this->uri->segments);
 
 		// Is there a literal match?  If so we're done
-		if (isset($this->routes[$uri]))
+		if (isset($this->routes[$uri]) && is_string($this->routes[$uri]))
 		{
 			return $this->_set_request(explode('/', $this->routes[$uri]));
 		}
@@ -361,13 +336,51 @@ class CI_Router {
 		foreach ($this->routes as $key => $val)
 		{
 			// Convert wild-cards to RegEx
-			$key = str_replace(array(':any', ':num'), array('.+', '[0-9]+'), $key);
+			$key = str_replace(array(':any', ':num'), array('[^/]+', '[0-9]+'), $key);
 
 			// Does the RegEx match?
-			if (preg_match('#^'.$key.'$#', $uri))
+			if (preg_match('#^'.$key.'$#', $uri, $matches))
 			{
-				// Do we have a back-reference?
-				if (strpos($val, '$') !== FALSE && strpos($key, '(') !== FALSE)
+				// Are we using callbacks to process back-references?
+				if ( ! is_string($val) && is_callable($val))
+				{
+					// Remove the original string from the matches array.
+					array_shift($matches);
+
+					// Get the match count.
+					$match_count = count($matches);
+
+					// Determine how many parameters the callback has.
+					$reflection = new ReflectionFunction($val);
+					$param_count = $reflection->getNumberOfParameters();
+
+					// Are there more parameters than matches?
+					if ($param_count > $match_count)
+					{
+						// Any params without matches will be set to an empty string.
+						$matches = array_merge($matches, array_fill($match_count, $param_count - $match_count, ''));
+
+						$match_count = $param_count;
+					}
+
+					// Get the parameters so we can use their default values.
+					$params = $reflection->getParameters();
+
+					for ($m = 0; $m < $match_count; $m++)
+					{
+						// Is the match empty and does a default value exist?
+						if (empty($matches[$m]) && $params[$m]->isDefaultValueAvailable())
+						{
+							// Substitute the empty match for the default value.
+							$matches[$m] = $params[$m]->getDefaultValue();
+						}
+					}
+
+					// Execute the callback using the values in matches as its parameters.
+					$val = call_user_func_array($val, $matches);
+				}
+				// Are we using the default routing method for back-references?
+				elseif (strpos($val, '$') !== FALSE && strpos($key, '(') !== FALSE)
 				{
 					$val = preg_replace('#^'.$key.'$#', $val, $uri);
 				}
@@ -384,9 +397,9 @@ class CI_Router {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Set the class name
+	 * Set class name
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string	$class	Class name
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function set_class($class)
@@ -409,9 +422,9 @@ class CI_Router {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Set the method name
+	 * Set method name
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string	$method	Method name
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function set_method($method)
@@ -428,20 +441,15 @@ class CI_Router {
 	 */
 	public function fetch_method()
 	{
-		if ($this->method == $this->fetch_class())
-		{
-			return 'index';
-		}
-
-		return $this->method;
+		return ($this->method === $this->fetch_class()) ? 'index' : $this->method;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Set the directory name
+	 * Set directory name
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string	$dir	Directory name
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function set_directory($dir)
@@ -452,7 +460,10 @@ class CI_Router {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Fetch the sub-directory (if any) that contains the requested controller class
+	 * Fetch directory
+	 *
+	 * Feches the sub-directory (if any) that contains the requested
+	 * controller class.
 	 *
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
@@ -464,9 +475,9 @@ class CI_Router {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Set the controller overrides
+	 * Set controller overrides
 	 *
-	 * @param	array
+	 * @param	array	$routing	Route overrides
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function _set_overrides($routing)
@@ -481,14 +492,14 @@ class CI_Router {
 			$this->set_directory($routing['directory']);
 		}
 
-		if (isset($routing['controller']) && $routing['controller'] != '')
+		if ( ! empty($routing['controller']))
 		{
 			$this->set_class($routing['controller']);
 		}
 
 		if (isset($routing['function']))
 		{
-			$routing['function'] = ($routing['function'] == '') ? 'index' : $routing['function'];
+			$routing['function'] = empty($routing['function']) ? 'index' : $routing['function'];
 			$this->set_method($routing['function']);
 		}
 	}
diff --git a/system/core/Security.php b/system/core/Security.php
index ac39ce97b..c415544b6 100755..100644
--- a/system/core/Security.php
+++ b/system/core/Security.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * Security Class
@@ -37,71 +38,87 @@
 class CI_Security {
 
 	/**
-	 * Random Hash for protecting URLs
+	 * XSS Hash
 	 *
-	 * @var string
+	 * Random Hash for protecting URLs.
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
 	 */
-	protected $_xss_hash			= '';
+	protected $_xss_hash =	'';
 
 	/**
-	 * Random Hash for Cross Site Request Forgery Protection Cookie
+	 * CSRF Hash
+	 *
+	 * Random hash for Cross Site Request Forgery protection cookie
 	 *
-	 * @var string
+	 * @var	string
 	 */
-	protected $_csrf_hash			= '';
+	protected $_csrf_hash =	'';
 
 	/**
-	 * Expiration time for Cross Site Request Forgery Protection Cookie
-	 * Defaults to two hours (in seconds)
+	 * CSRF Expire time
+	 *
+	 * Expiration time for Cross Site Request Forgery protection cookie.
+	 * Defaults to two hours (in seconds).
 	 *
-	 * @var int
+	 * @var	int
 	 */
-	protected $_csrf_expire			= 7200;
+	protected $_csrf_expire =	7200;
 
 	/**
-	 * Token name for Cross Site Request Forgery Protection Cookie
+	 * CSRF Token name
 	 *
-	 * @var string
+	 * Token name for Cross Site Request Forgery protection cookie.
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
 	 */
-	protected $_csrf_token_name		= 'ci_csrf_token';
+	protected $_csrf_token_name =	'ci_csrf_token';
 
 	/**
-	 * Cookie name for Cross Site Request Forgery Protection Cookie
+	 * CSRF Cookie name
+	 *
+	 * Cookie name for Cross Site Request Forgery protection cookie.
 	 *
-	 * @var string
+	 * @var	string
 	 */
-	protected $_csrf_cookie_name		= 'ci_csrf_token';
+	protected $_csrf_cookie_name =	'ci_csrf_token';
 
 	/**
 	 * List of never allowed strings
 	 *
-	 * @var array
+	 * @var	array
 	 */
-	protected $_never_allowed_str = array(
-						'document.cookie'	=> '[removed]',
-						'document.write'	=> '[removed]',
-						'.parentNode'		=> '[removed]',
-						'.innerHTML'		=> '[removed]',
-						'window.location'	=> '[removed]',
-						'-moz-binding'		=> '[removed]',
-						'<!--'				=> '&lt;!--',
-						'-->'				=> '--&gt;',
-						'<![CDATA['			=> '&lt;![CDATA[',
-						'<comment>'			=> '&lt;comment&gt;'
-					);
+	protected $_never_allowed_str =	array(
+		'document.cookie'	=> '[removed]',
+		'document.write'	=> '[removed]',
+		'.parentNode'		=> '[removed]',
+		'.innerHTML'		=> '[removed]',
+		'window.location'	=> '[removed]',
+		'-moz-binding'		=> '[removed]',
+		'<!--'				=> '&lt;!--',
+		'-->'				=> '--&gt;',
+		'<![CDATA['			=> '&lt;![CDATA[',
+		'<comment>'			=> '&lt;comment&gt;'
+	);
 
 	/**
-	 * List of never allowed regex replacement
+	 * List of never allowed regex replacements
 	 *
-	 * @var array
+	 * @var	array
 	 */
 	protected $_never_allowed_regex = array(
-						'javascript\s*:',
-						'expression\s*(\(|&\#40;)', // CSS and IE
-						'vbscript\s*:', // IE, surprise!
-						'Redirect\s+302'
-					);
+		'javascript\s*:',
+		'expression\s*(\(|&\#40;)', // CSS and IE
+		'vbscript\s*:', // IE, surprise!
+		'Redirect\s+302',
+		"([\"'])?data\s*:[^\\1]*?base64[^\\1]*?,[^\\1]*?\\1?"
+	);
 
+	/**
+	 * Class constructor
+	 *
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
 	public function __construct()
 	{
 		// Is CSRF protection enabled?
@@ -132,7 +149,7 @@ class CI_Security {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Verify Cross Site Request Forgery Protection
+	 * CSRF Verify
 	 *
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
@@ -155,8 +172,8 @@ class CI_Security {
 		}
 
 		// Do the tokens exist in both the _POST and _COOKIE arrays?
-		if ( ! isset($_POST[$this->_csrf_token_name]) OR ! isset($_COOKIE[$this->_csrf_cookie_name])
-			OR $_POST[$this->_csrf_token_name] != $_COOKIE[$this->_csrf_cookie_name]) // Do the tokens match?
+		if ( ! isset($_POST[$this->_csrf_token_name], $_COOKIE[$this->_csrf_cookie_name])
+			OR $_POST[$this->_csrf_token_name] !== $_COOKIE[$this->_csrf_cookie_name]) // Do the tokens match?
 		{
 			$this->csrf_show_error();
 		}
@@ -182,8 +199,9 @@ class CI_Security {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Set Cross Site Request Forgery Protection Cookie
+	 * CSRF Set Cookie
 	 *
+	 * @codeCoverageIgnore
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
 	public function csrf_set_cookie()
@@ -191,17 +209,17 @@ class CI_Security {
 		$expire = time() + $this->_csrf_expire;
 		$secure_cookie = (bool) config_item('cookie_secure');
 
-		if ($secure_cookie && (empty($_SERVER['HTTPS']) OR strtolower($_SERVER['HTTPS']) === 'off'))
+		if ($secure_cookie && ! is_https())
 		{
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
 		setcookie(
-			$this->_csrf_cookie_name, 
-			$this->_csrf_hash, 
-			$expire, 
-			config_item('cookie_path'), 
-			config_item('cookie_domain'), 
+			$this->_csrf_cookie_name,
+			$this->_csrf_hash,
+			$expire,
+			config_item('cookie_path'),
+			config_item('cookie_domain'),
 			$secure_cookie,
 			config_item('cookie_httponly')
 		);
@@ -227,9 +245,8 @@ class CI_Security {
 	/**
 	 * Get CSRF Hash
 	 *
-	 * Getter Method
-	 *
-	 * @return 	string 	self::_csrf_hash
+	 * @see		CI_Security::$_csrf_hash
+	 * @return 	string	CSRF hash
 	 */
 	public function get_csrf_hash()
 	{
@@ -241,9 +258,8 @@ class CI_Security {
 	/**
 	 * Get CSRF Token Name
 	 *
-	 * Getter Method
-	 *
-	 * @return 	string 	self::_csrf_token_name
+	 * @see		CI_Security::$_csrf_token_name
+	 * @return	string	CSRF token name
 	 */
 	public function get_csrf_token_name()
 	{
@@ -256,26 +272,26 @@ class CI_Security {
 	 * XSS Clean
 	 *
 	 * Sanitizes data so that Cross Site Scripting Hacks can be
-	 * prevented.  This function does a fair amount of work but
+	 * prevented.  This method does a fair amount of work but
 	 * it is extremely thorough, designed to prevent even the
 	 * most obscure XSS attempts.  Nothing is ever 100% foolproof,
 	 * of course, but I haven't been able to get anything passed
 	 * the filter.
 	 *
-	 * Note: This function should only be used to deal with data
-	 * upon submission. It's not something that should
-	 * be used for general runtime processing.
+	 * Note: Should only be used to deal with data upon submission.
+	 *	 It's not something that should be used for general
+	 *	 runtime processing.
 	 *
-	 * This function was based in part on some code and ideas I
-	 * got from Bitflux: http://channel.bitflux.ch/wiki/XSS_Prevention
+	 * @link	http://channel.bitflux.ch/wiki/XSS_Prevention
+	 * 		Based in part on some code and ideas from Bitflux.
 	 *
-	 * To help develop this script I used this great list of
-	 * vulnerabilities along with a few other hacks I've
-	 * harvested from examining vulnerabilities in other programs:
-	 * http://ha.ckers.org/xss.html
+	 * @link	http://ha.ckers.org/xss.html
+	 * 		To help develop this script I used this great list of
+	 *		vulnerabilities along with a few other hacks I've
+	 *		harvested from examining vulnerabilities in other programs.
 	 *
-	 * @param	mixed	string or array
-	 * @param 	bool
+	 * @param	string|string[]	$str		Input data
+	 * @param 	bool		$is_image	Whether the input is an image
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	public function xss_clean($str, $is_image = FALSE)
@@ -352,7 +368,7 @@ class CI_Security {
 		}
 		else
 		{
-			$str = str_replace(array('<?', '?'.'>'),  array('&lt;?', '?&gt;'), $str);
+			$str = str_replace(array('<?', '?'.'>'), array('&lt;?', '?&gt;'), $str);
 		}
 
 		/*
@@ -362,9 +378,9 @@ class CI_Security {
 		 * These words are compacted back to their correct state.
 		 */
 		$words = array(
-				'javascript', 'expression', 'vbscript', 'script',
-				'applet', 'alert', 'document', 'write', 'cookie', 'window'
-			);
+			'javascript', 'expression', 'vbscript', 'script', 'base64',
+			'applet', 'alert', 'document', 'write', 'cookie', 'window'
+		);
 
 		foreach ($words as $word)
 		{
@@ -387,20 +403,20 @@ class CI_Security {
 
 			if (preg_match('/<a/i', $str))
 			{
-				$str = preg_replace_callback('#<a\s+([^>]*?)(>|$)#si', array($this, '_js_link_removal'), $str);
+				$str = preg_replace_callback('#<a\s+([^>]*?)(?:>|$)#si', array($this, '_js_link_removal'), $str);
 			}
 
 			if (preg_match('/<img/i', $str))
 			{
-				$str = preg_replace_callback('#<img\s+([^>]*?)(\s?/?>|$)#si', array($this, '_js_img_removal'), $str);
+				$str = preg_replace_callback('#<img\s+([^>]*?)(?:\s?/?>|$)#si', array($this, '_js_img_removal'), $str);
 			}
 
-			if (preg_match('/(script|xss)/i', $str))
+			if (preg_match('/script|xss/i', $str))
 			{
-				$str = preg_replace('#<(/*)(script|xss)(.*?)\>#si', '[removed]', $str);
+				$str = preg_replace('#</*(?:script|xss).*?>#si', '[removed]', $str);
 			}
 		}
-		while($original != $str);
+		while ($original !== $str);
 
 		unset($original);
 
@@ -461,13 +477,16 @@ class CI_Security {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Random Hash for protecting URLs
+	 * XSS Hash
 	 *
-	 * @return	string
+	 * Generates the XSS hash if needed and returns it.
+	 *
+	 * @see		CI_Security::$_xss_hash
+	 * @return	string	XSS hash
 	 */
 	public function xss_hash()
 	{
-		if ($this->_xss_hash == '')
+		if ($this->_xss_hash === '')
 		{
 			mt_srand();
 			$this->_xss_hash = md5(time() + mt_rand(0, 1999999999));
@@ -481,7 +500,7 @@ class CI_Security {
 	/**
 	 * HTML Entities Decode
 	 *
-	 * This function is a replacement for html_entity_decode()
+	 * A replacement for html_entity_decode()
 	 *
 	 * The reason we are not using html_entity_decode() by itself is because
 	 * while it is not technically correct to leave out the semicolon
@@ -489,8 +508,10 @@ class CI_Security {
 	 * correctly. html_entity_decode() does not convert entities without
 	 * semicolons, so we are left with our own little solution here. Bummer.
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	string
+	 * @link	http://php.net/html-entity-decode
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$str		Input
+	 * @param	string	$charset	Character set
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	public function entity_decode($str, $charset = NULL)
@@ -513,32 +534,32 @@ class CI_Security {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Filename Security
+	 * Sanitize Filename
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param 	bool
+	 * @param	string	$str		Input file name
+	 * @param 	bool	$relative_path	Whether to preserve paths
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	public function sanitize_filename($str, $relative_path = FALSE)
 	{
 		$bad = array(
-				'../', '<!--', '-->', '<', '>',
-				"'", '"', '&', '$', '#',
-				'{', '}', '[', ']', '=',
-				';', '?', '%20', '%22',
-				'%3c',		// <
-				'%253c',	// <
-				'%3e',		// >
-				'%0e',		// >
-				'%28',		// (
-				'%29',		// )
-				'%2528',	// (
-				'%26',		// &
-				'%24',		// $
-				'%3f',		// ?
-				'%3b',		// ;
-				'%3d'		// =
-			);
+			'../', '<!--', '-->', '<', '>',
+			"'", '"', '&', '$', '#',
+			'{', '}', '[', ']', '=',
+			';', '?', '%20', '%22',
+			'%3c',		// <
+			'%253c',	// <
+			'%3e',		// >
+			'%0e',		// >
+			'%28',		// (
+			'%29',		// )
+			'%2528',	// (
+			'%26',		// &
+			'%24',		// $
+			'%3f',		// ?
+			'%3b',		// ;
+			'%3d'		// =
+		);
 
 		if ( ! $relative_path)
 		{
@@ -553,13 +574,27 @@ class CI_Security {
 	// ----------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
+	 * Strip Image Tags
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$str
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	public function strip_image_tags($str)
+	{
+		return preg_replace(array('#<img\s+.*?src\s*=\s*["\'](.+?)["\'].*?\>#', '#<img\s+.*?src\s*=\s*(.+?).*?\>#'), '\\1', $str);
+	}
+
+	// ----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
 	 * Compact Exploded Words
 	 *
-	 * Callback function for xss_clean() to remove whitespace from
-	 * things like j a v a s c r i p t
+	 * Callback method for xss_clean() to remove whitespace from
+	 * things like 'j a v a s c r i p t'.
 	 *
-	 * @param	type
-	 * @return	type
+	 * @used-by	CI_Security::xss_clean()
+	 * @param	array	$matches
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _compact_exploded_words($matches)
 	{
@@ -568,20 +603,26 @@ class CI_Security {
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-	/*
-	 * Remove Evil HTML Attributes (like evenhandlers and style)
+	/**
+	 * Remove Evil HTML Attributes (like event handlers and style)
 	 *
 	 * It removes the evil attribute and either:
-	 * 	- Everything up until a space
-	 *		For example, everything between the pipes:
+	 *
+	 *  - Everything up until a space. For example, everything between the pipes:
+	 *
+	 *	<code>
 	 *		<a |style=document.write('hello');alert('world');| class=link>
-	 * 	- Everything inside the quotes
-	 *		For example, everything between the pipes:
+	 *	</code>
+	 *
+	 *  - Everything inside the quotes. For example, everything between the pipes:
+	 *
+	 *	<code>
 	 *		<a |style="document.write('hello'); alert('world');"| class="link">
+	 *	</code>
 	 *
-	 * @param string $str The string to check
-	 * @param boolean $is_image TRUE if this is an image
-	 * @return string The string with the evil attributes removed
+	 * @param	string	$str		The string to check
+	 * @param	bool	$is_image	Whether the input is an image
+	 * @return	string	The string with the evil attributes removed
 	 */
 	protected function _remove_evil_attributes($str, $is_image)
 	{
@@ -602,10 +643,11 @@ class CI_Security {
 			$attribs = array();
 
 			// find occurrences of illegal attribute strings without quotes
-			preg_match_all('/('.implode('|', $evil_attributes).')\s*=\s*([^\s]*)/is', $str, $matches, PREG_SET_ORDER);
+			preg_match_all('/('.implode('|', $evil_attributes).')\s*=\s*([^\s>]*)/is', $str, $matches, PREG_SET_ORDER);
 
 			foreach ($matches as $attr)
 			{
+
 				$attribs[] = preg_quote($attr[0], '/');
 			}
 
@@ -620,7 +662,7 @@ class CI_Security {
 			// replace illegal attribute strings that are inside an html tag
 			if (count($attribs) > 0)
 			{
-				$str = preg_replace('/<(\/?[^><]+?)([^A-Za-z\-])('.implode('|', $attribs).')([\s><])([><]*)/i', '<$1$2$4$5', $str, -1, $count);
+				$str = preg_replace('/<(\/?[^><]+?)([^A-Za-z<>\-])(.*?)('.implode('|', $attribs).')(.*?)([\s><])([><]*)/i', '<$1 $3$5$6$7', $str, -1, $count);
 			}
 
 		} while ($count);
@@ -633,9 +675,10 @@ class CI_Security {
 	/**
 	 * Sanitize Naughty HTML
 	 *
-	 * Callback function for xss_clean() to remove naughty HTML elements
+	 * Callback method for xss_clean() to remove naughty HTML elements.
 	 *
-	 * @param	array
+	 * @used-by	CI_Security::xss_clean()
+	 * @param	array	$matches
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _sanitize_naughty_html($matches)
@@ -650,18 +693,20 @@ class CI_Security {
 	/**
 	 * JS Link Removal
 	 *
-	 * Callback function for xss_clean() to sanitize links
+	 * Callback method for xss_clean() to sanitize links.
+	 *
 	 * This limits the PCRE backtracks, making it more performance friendly
 	 * and prevents PREG_BACKTRACK_LIMIT_ERROR from being triggered in
-	 * PHP 5.2+ on link-heavy strings
+	 * PHP 5.2+ on link-heavy strings.
 	 *
-	 * @param	array
+	 * @used-by	CI_Security::xss_clean()
+	 * @param	array	$match
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _js_link_removal($match)
 	{
 		return str_replace($match[1],
-					preg_replace('#href=.*?(alert\(|alert&\#40;|javascript\:|livescript\:|mocha\:|charset\=|window\.|document\.|\.cookie|<script|<xss|base64\s*,)#si',
+					preg_replace('#href=.*?(?:alert\(|alert&\#40;|javascript:|livescript:|mocha:|charset=|window\.|document\.|\.cookie|<script|<xss|data\s*:)#si',
 							'',
 							$this->_filter_attributes(str_replace(array('<', '>'), '', $match[1]))
 					),
@@ -673,18 +718,20 @@ class CI_Security {
 	/**
 	 * JS Image Removal
 	 *
-	 * Callback function for xss_clean() to sanitize image tags
+	 * Callback method for xss_clean() to sanitize image tags.
+	 *
 	 * This limits the PCRE backtracks, making it more performance friendly
 	 * and prevents PREG_BACKTRACK_LIMIT_ERROR from being triggered in
-	 * PHP 5.2+ on image tag heavy strings
+	 * PHP 5.2+ on image tag heavy strings.
 	 *
-	 * @param	array
+	 * @used-by	CI_Security::xss_clean()
+	 * @param	array	$match
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _js_img_removal($match)
 	{
 		return str_replace($match[1],
-					preg_replace('#src=.*?(alert\(|alert&\#40;|javascript\:|livescript\:|mocha\:|charset\=|window\.|document\.|\.cookie|<script|<xss|base64\s*,)#si',
+					preg_replace('#src=.*?(?:alert\(|alert&\#40;|javascript:|livescript:|mocha:|charset=|window\.|document\.|\.cookie|<script|<xss|base64\s*,)#si',
 							'',
 							$this->_filter_attributes(str_replace(array('<', '>'), '', $match[1]))
 					),
@@ -696,9 +743,8 @@ class CI_Security {
 	/**
 	 * Attribute Conversion
 	 *
-	 * Used as a callback for XSS Clean
-	 *
-	 * @param	array
+	 * @used-by	CI_Security::xss_clean()
+	 * @param	array	$match
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _convert_attribute($match)
@@ -711,9 +757,11 @@ class CI_Security {
 	/**
 	 * Filter Attributes
 	 *
-	 * Filters tag attributes for consistency and safety
+	 * Filters tag attributes for consistency and safety.
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
+	 * @used-by	CI_Security::_js_img_removal()
+	 * @used-by	CI_Security::_js_link_removal()
+	 * @param	string	$str
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _filter_attributes($str)
@@ -735,9 +783,8 @@ class CI_Security {
 	/**
 	 * HTML Entity Decode Callback
 	 *
-	 * Used as a callback for XSS Clean
-	 *
-	 * @param	array
+	 * @used-by	CI_Security::xss_clean()
+	 * @param	array	$match
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _decode_entity($match)
@@ -750,9 +797,8 @@ class CI_Security {
 	/**
 	 * Validate URL entities
 	 *
-	 * Called by xss_clean()
-	 *
-	 * @param 	string
+	 * @used-by	CI_Security::xss_clean()
+	 * @param 	string	$str
 	 * @return 	string
 	 */
 	protected function _validate_entities($str)
@@ -790,8 +836,7 @@ class CI_Security {
 	/**
 	 * Do Never Allowed
 	 *
-	 * A utility function for xss_clean()
-	 *
+	 * @used-by	CI_Security::xss_clean()
 	 * @param 	string
 	 * @return 	string
 	 */
@@ -801,7 +846,7 @@ class CI_Security {
 
 		foreach ($this->_never_allowed_regex as $regex)
 		{
-			$str = preg_replace('#'.$regex.'#i', '[removed]', $str);
+			$str = preg_replace('#'.$regex.'#is', '[removed]', $str);
 		}
 
 		return $str;
@@ -810,20 +855,20 @@ class CI_Security {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Set Cross Site Request Forgery Protection Cookie
+	 * Set CSRF Hash and Cookie
 	 *
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _csrf_set_hash()
 	{
-		if ($this->_csrf_hash == '')
+		if ($this->_csrf_hash === '')
 		{
 			// If the cookie exists we will use it's value.
 			// We don't necessarily want to regenerate it with
 			// each page load since a page could contain embedded
 			// sub-pages causing this feature to fail
 			if (isset($_COOKIE[$this->_csrf_cookie_name]) &&
-				$_COOKIE[$this->_csrf_cookie_name] != '')
+				preg_match('#^[0-9a-f]{32}$#iS', $_COOKIE[$this->_csrf_cookie_name]) === 1)
 			{
 				return $this->_csrf_hash = $_COOKIE[$this->_csrf_cookie_name];
 			}
@@ -838,4 +883,4 @@ class CI_Security {
 }
 
 /* End of file Security.php */
-/* Location: ./system/core/Security.php */
+/* Location: ./system/core/Security.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/core/URI.php b/system/core/URI.php
index 48bb7ae3c..900472b61 100755..100644
--- a/system/core/URI.php
+++ b/system/core/URI.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -22,9 +22,9 @@
  * @license		http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0 Open Software License (OSL 3.0)
  * @link		http://codeigniter.com
  * @since		Version 1.0
+ * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * URI Class
@@ -40,37 +40,43 @@
 class CI_URI {
 
 	/**
-	 * List of cached uri segments
+	 * List of cached URI segments
 	 *
-	 * @var array
+	 * @var	array
 	 */
-	public $keyval		= array();
+	public $keyval =	array();
+
 	/**
-	 * Current uri string
+	 * Current URI string
 	 *
-	 * @var string
+	 * @var	string
 	 */
 	public $uri_string;
+
 	/**
-	 * List of uri segments
+	 * List of URI segments
 	 *
-	 * @var array
+	 * @var	array
 	 */
-	public $segments	= array();
+	public $segments =	array();
+
 	/**
-	 * Re-indexed list of uri segments
-	 * Starts at 1 instead of 0
+	 * Re-indexed list of URI segments
+	 *
+	 * Starts at 1 instead of 0.
 	 *
-	 * @var array
+	 * @var	array
 	 */
-	public $rsegments	= array();
+	public $rsegments =	array();
 
 	/**
-	 * Constructor
+	 * Class constructor
 	 *
 	 * Simply globalizes the $RTR object. The front
 	 * loads the Router class early on so it's not available
 	 * normally as other classes are.
+	 *
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function __construct()
 	{
@@ -81,10 +87,9 @@ class CI_URI {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Get the URI String
-	 *
-	 * Called by CI_Router
+	 * Fetch URI String
 	 *
+	 * @used-by	CI_Router
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function _fetch_uri_string()
@@ -94,36 +99,33 @@ class CI_URI {
 			// Is the request coming from the command line?
 			if ($this->_is_cli_request())
 			{
-				$this->_set_uri_string($this->_parse_cli_args());
+				$this->_set_uri_string($this->_parse_argv());
 				return;
 			}
 
-			// Let's try the REQUEST_URI first, this will work in most situations
-			if ($uri = $this->_detect_uri())
+			// Is there a PATH_INFO variable? This should be the easiest solution.
+			if (isset($_SERVER['PATH_INFO']))
 			{
-				$this->_set_uri_string($uri);
+				$this->_set_uri_string($_SERVER['PATH_INFO']);
 				return;
 			}
 
-			// Is there a PATH_INFO variable?
-			// Note: some servers seem to have trouble with getenv() so we'll test it two ways
-			$path = (isset($_SERVER['PATH_INFO'])) ? $_SERVER['PATH_INFO'] : @getenv('PATH_INFO');
-			if (trim($path, '/') != '' && $path !== '/'.SELF)
+			// Let's try REQUEST_URI then, this will work in most situations
+			if (($uri = $this->_parse_request_uri()) !== '')
 			{
-				$this->_set_uri_string($path);
+				$this->_set_uri_string($uri);
 				return;
 			}
 
-			// No PATH_INFO?... What about QUERY_STRING?
-			$path = (isset($_SERVER['QUERY_STRING'])) ? $_SERVER['QUERY_STRING'] : @getenv('QUERY_STRING');
-			if (trim($path, '/') != '')
+			// No REQUEST_URI either?... What about QUERY_STRING?
+			if (($uri = $this->_parse_query_string()) !== '')
 			{
-				$this->_set_uri_string($path);
+				$this->_set_uri_string($uri);
 				return;
 			}
 
 			// As a last ditch effort lets try using the $_GET array
-			if (is_array($_GET) && count($_GET) === 1 && trim(key($_GET), '/') != '')
+			if (is_array($_GET) && count($_GET) === 1 && trim(key($_GET), '/') !== '')
 			{
 				$this->_set_uri_string(key($_GET));
 				return;
@@ -136,138 +138,191 @@ class CI_URI {
 
 		$uri = strtoupper($this->config->item('uri_protocol'));
 
-		if ($uri === 'REQUEST_URI')
+		if ($uri === 'CLI')
 		{
-			$this->_set_uri_string($this->_detect_uri());
+			$this->_set_uri_string($this->_parse_argv());
 			return;
 		}
-		elseif ($uri === 'CLI')
+		elseif (method_exists($this, ($method = '_parse_'.strtolower($uri))))
 		{
-			$this->_set_uri_string($this->_parse_cli_args());
+			$this->_set_uri_string($this->$method());
 			return;
 		}
 
-		$path = (isset($_SERVER[$uri])) ? $_SERVER[$uri] : @getenv($uri);
-		$this->_set_uri_string($path);
+		$uri = isset($_SERVER[$uri]) ? $_SERVER[$uri] : @getenv($uri);
+		$this->_set_uri_string($uri);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Set the URI String
+	 * Set URI String
 	 *
-	 * @param 	string
+	 * @param 	string	$str
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	public function _set_uri_string($str)
+	protected function _set_uri_string($str)
 	{
-		// Filter out control characters
-		$str = remove_invisible_characters($str, FALSE);
-
-		// If the URI contains only a slash we'll kill it
-		$this->uri_string = ($str === '/') ? '' : $str;
+		// Filter out control characters and trim slashes
+		$this->uri_string = trim(remove_invisible_characters($str, FALSE), '/');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Detects the URI
+	 * Parse REQUEST_URI
 	 *
-	 * This function will detect the URI automatically and fix the query string
-	 * if necessary.
+	 * Will parse REQUEST_URI and automatically detect the URI from it,
+	 * while fixing the query string if necessary.
 	 *
+	 * @used-by	CI_URI::_fetch_uri_string()
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	protected function _detect_uri()
+	protected function _parse_request_uri()
 	{
-		if ( ! isset($_SERVER['REQUEST_URI']) OR ! isset($_SERVER['SCRIPT_NAME']))
+		if ( ! isset($_SERVER['REQUEST_URI'], $_SERVER['SCRIPT_NAME']))
 		{
 			return '';
 		}
 
-		$uri = $_SERVER['REQUEST_URI'];
+		$uri = parse_url($_SERVER['REQUEST_URI']);
+		$query = isset($uri['query']) ? $uri['query'] : '';
+		$uri = isset($uri['path']) ? rawurldecode($uri['path']) : '';
+
 		if (strpos($uri, $_SERVER['SCRIPT_NAME']) === 0)
 		{
-			$uri = substr($uri, strlen($_SERVER['SCRIPT_NAME']));
+			$uri = (string) substr($uri, strlen($_SERVER['SCRIPT_NAME']));
 		}
 		elseif (strpos($uri, dirname($_SERVER['SCRIPT_NAME'])) === 0)
 		{
-			$uri = substr($uri, strlen(dirname($_SERVER['SCRIPT_NAME'])));
+			$uri = (string) substr($uri, strlen(dirname($_SERVER['SCRIPT_NAME'])));
 		}
 
 		// This section ensures that even on servers that require the URI to be in the query string (Nginx) a correct
 		// URI is found, and also fixes the QUERY_STRING server var and $_GET array.
-		if (strncmp($uri, '?/', 2) === 0)
-		{
-			$uri = substr($uri, 2);
-		}
-		$parts = preg_split('#\?#i', $uri, 2);
-		$uri = $parts[0];
-		if (isset($parts[1]))
+		if (trim($uri, '/') === '' && strncmp($query, '/', 1) === 0)
 		{
-			$_SERVER['QUERY_STRING'] = $parts[1];
-			parse_str($_SERVER['QUERY_STRING'], $_GET);
+			$query = explode('?', $query, 2);
+			$uri = rawurldecode($query[0]);
+			$_SERVER['QUERY_STRING'] = isset($query[1]) ? $query[1] : '';
 		}
 		else
 		{
-			$_SERVER['QUERY_STRING'] = '';
-			$_GET = array();
+			$_SERVER['QUERY_STRING'] = $query;
 		}
 
-		if ($uri == '/' OR empty($uri))
+		parse_str($_SERVER['QUERY_STRING'], $_GET);
+
+		if ($uri === '/' OR $uri === '')
 		{
 			return '/';
 		}
 
-		$uri = parse_url($uri, PHP_URL_PATH);
-
 		// Do some final cleaning of the URI and return it
-		return str_replace(array('//', '../'), '/', trim($uri, '/'));
+		return $this->_remove_relative_directory($uri);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Remove relative directory (../) and multi slashes (///)
+	 *
+	 * Do some final cleaning of the URI and return it, currently only used in self::_parse_request_uri()
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$url
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _remove_relative_directory($uri)
+	{
+		$uris = array();
+		$tok = strtok($uri, '/');
+		while ($tok !== FALSE)
+		{
+			if (( ! empty($tok) OR $tok === '0') && $tok !== '..')
+			{
+				$uris[] = $tok;
+			}
+			$tok = strtok('/');
+		}
+		return implode('/', $uris);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Parse QUERY_STRING
+	 *
+	 * Will parse QUERY_STRING and automatically detect the URI from it.
+	 *
+	 * @used-by	CI_URI::_fetch_uri_string()
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _parse_query_string()
+	{
+		$uri = isset($_SERVER['QUERY_STRING']) ? $_SERVER['QUERY_STRING'] : @getenv('QUERY_STRING');
+
+		if (trim($uri, '/') === '')
+		{
+			return '';
+		}
+		elseif (strncmp($uri, '/', 1) === 0)
+		{
+			$uri = explode('?', $uri, 2);
+			$_SERVER['QUERY_STRING'] = isset($uri[1]) ? $uri[1] : '';
+			$uri = rawurldecode($uri[0]);
+		}
+
+		parse_str($_SERVER['QUERY_STRING'], $_GET);
+
+		return $this->_remove_relative_directory($uri);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-	
+
 	/**
-	 * Is cli Request?
+	 * Is CLI Request?
 	 *
-	 * Duplicate of function from the Input class to test to see if a request was made from the command line
+	 * Duplicate of method from the Input class to test to see if
+	 * a request was made from the command line.
 	 *
-	 * @return 	boolean
+	 * @see		CI_Input::is_cli_request()
+	 * @used-by	CI_URI::_fetch_uri_string()
+	 * @return 	bool
 	 */
 	protected function _is_cli_request()
 	{
-		return (php_sapi_name() == 'cli') OR defined('STDIN');
+		return (php_sapi_name() === 'cli') OR defined('STDIN');
 	}
 
-	
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Parse cli arguments
+	 * Parse CLI arguments
 	 *
 	 * Take each command line argument and assume it is a URI segment.
 	 *
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	protected function _parse_cli_args()
+	protected function _parse_argv()
 	{
 		$args = array_slice($_SERVER['argv'], 1);
-		return $args ? '/' . implode('/', $args) : '';
+		return $args ? implode('/', $args) : '';
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Filter segments for malicious characters
+	 * Filter URI
 	 *
-	 * Called by CI_Router
+	 * Filters segments for malicious characters.
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
+	 * @used-by	CI_Router
+	 * @param	string	$str
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	public function _filter_uri($str)
 	{
-		if ($str != '' && $this->config->item('permitted_uri_chars') != '' && $this->config->item('enable_query_strings') == FALSE)
+		if ($str !== '' && $this->config->item('permitted_uri_chars') != '' && $this->config->item('enable_query_strings') === FALSE)
 		{
 			// preg_quote() in PHP 5.3 escapes -, so the str_replace() and addition of - to preg_quote() is to maintain backwards
 			// compatibility as many are unaware of how characters in the permitted_uri_chars will be parsed as a regex pattern
@@ -287,28 +342,32 @@ class CI_URI {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Remove the suffix from the URL if needed
+	 * Remove URL suffix
 	 *
-	 * Called by CI_Router
+	 * Removes the suffix from the URL if needed.
 	 *
+	 * @used-by	CI_Router
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function _remove_url_suffix()
 	{
-		if  ($this->config->item('url_suffix') != '')
+		$suffix = (string) $this->config->item('url_suffix');
+
+		if ($suffix !== '' && ($offset = strrpos($this->uri_string, $suffix)) !== FALSE)
 		{
-			$this->uri_string = preg_replace('|'.preg_quote($this->config->item('url_suffix')).'$|', '', $this->uri_string);
+			$this->uri_string = substr_replace($this->uri_string, '', $offset, strlen($suffix));
 		}
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Explode the URI Segments. The individual segments will
-	 * be stored in the $this->segments array.
+	 * Explode URI segments
 	 *
-	 * Called by CI_Router
+	 * The individual segments will be stored in the $this->segments array.
 	 *
+	 * @see		CI_URI::$segments
+	 * @used-by	CI_Router
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function _explode_segments()
@@ -318,7 +377,7 @@ class CI_URI {
 			// Filter segments for security
 			$val = trim($this->_filter_uri($val));
 
-			if ($val != '')
+			if ($val !== '')
 			{
 				$this->segments[] = $val;
 			}
@@ -326,16 +385,16 @@ class CI_URI {
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 	/**
 	 * Re-index Segments
 	 *
-	 * This function re-indexes the $this->segment array so that it
-	 * starts at 1 rather than 0. Doing so makes it simpler to
-	 * use functions like $this->uri->segment(n) since there is
-	 * a 1:1 relationship between the segment array and the actual segments.
-	 *
-	 * Called by CI_Router
+	 * Re-indexes the CI_URI::$segment array so that it starts at 1 rather
+	 * than 0. Doing so makes it simpler to use methods like
+	 * CI_URI::segment(n) since there is a 1:1 relationship between the
+	 * segment array and the actual segments.
 	 *
+	 * @used-by	CI_Router
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function _reindex_segments()
@@ -349,68 +408,76 @@ class CI_URI {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Fetch a URI Segment
-	 *
-	 * This function returns the URI segment based on the number provided.
+	 * Fetch URI Segment
 	 *
-	 * @param	integer
-	 * @param	bool
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @see		CI_URI::$segments
+	 * @param	int		$n		Index
+	 * @param	mixed		$no_result	What to return if the segment index is not found
+	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
-	public function segment($n, $no_result = FALSE)
+	public function segment($n, $no_result = NULL)
 	{
-		return ( ! isset($this->segments[$n])) ? $no_result : $this->segments[$n];
+		return isset($this->segments[$n]) ? $this->segments[$n] : $no_result;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Fetch a URI "routed" Segment
+	 * Fetch URI "routed" Segment
 	 *
-	 * This function returns the re-routed URI segment (assuming routing rules are used)
-	 * based on the number provided.  If there is no routing this function returns the
-	 * same result as $this->segment()
+	 * Returns the re-routed URI segment (assuming routing rules are used)
+	 * based on the index provided. If there is no routing, will return
+	 * the same result as CI_URI::segment().
 	 *
-	 * @param	integer
-	 * @param	bool
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @see		CI_URI::$rsegments
+	 * @see		CI_URI::segment()
+	 * @param	int		$n		Index
+	 * @param	mixed		$no_result	What to return if the segment index is not found
+	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
-	public function rsegment($n, $no_result = FALSE)
+	public function rsegment($n, $no_result = NULL)
 	{
-		return ( ! isset($this->rsegments[$n])) ? $no_result : $this->rsegments[$n];
+		return isset($this->rsegments[$n]) ? $this->rsegments[$n] : $no_result;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Generate a key value pair from the URI string
+	 * URI to assoc
 	 *
-	 * This function generates and associative array of URI data starting
-	 * at the supplied segment. For example, if this is your URI:
+	 * Generates an associative array of URI data starting at the supplied
+	 * segment index. For example, if this is your URI:
 	 *
 	 *	example.com/user/search/name/joe/location/UK/gender/male
 	 *
-	 * You can use this function to generate an array with this prototype:
+	 * You can use this method to generate an array with this prototype:
 	 *
-	 * array (
-	 *			name => joe
-	 *			location => UK
-	 *			gender => male
-	 *		 )
+	 *	array (
+	 *		name => joe
+	 *		location => UK
+	 *		gender => male
+	 *	 )
 	 *
-	 * @param	integer	the starting segment number
-	 * @param	array	an array of default values
+	 * @param	int	$n		Index (default: 3)
+	 * @param	array	$default	Default values
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
 	public function uri_to_assoc($n = 3, $default = array())
 	{
 		return $this->_uri_to_assoc($n, $default, 'segment');
 	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 	/**
-	 * Identical to above only it uses the re-routed segment array
+	 * Routed URI to assoc
 	 *
-	 * @param 	integer	the starting segment number
-	 * @param 	array	an array of default values
+	 * Identical to CI_URI::uri_to_assoc(), only it uses the re-routed
+	 * segment array.
+	 *
+	 * @see		CI_URI::uri_to_assoc()
+	 * @param 	int	$n		Index (default: 3)
+	 * @param 	array	$default	Default values
 	 * @return 	array
 	 */
 	public function ruri_to_assoc($n = 3, $default = array())
@@ -421,11 +488,15 @@ class CI_URI {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Generate a key value pair from the URI string or Re-routed URI string
+	 * Internal URI-to-assoc
+	 *
+	 * Generates a key/value pair from the URI string or re-routed URI string.
 	 *
-	 * @param	integer	the starting segment number
-	 * @param	array	an array of default values
-	 * @param	string	which array we should use
+	 * @used-by	CI_URI::uri_to_assoc()
+	 * @used-by	CI_URI::ruri_to_assoc()
+	 * @param	int	$n		Index (default: 3)
+	 * @param	array	$default	Default values
+	 * @param	string	$which		Array name ('segment' or 'rsegment')
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
 	protected function _uri_to_assoc($n = 3, $default = array(), $which = 'segment')
@@ -435,9 +506,11 @@ class CI_URI {
 			return $default;
 		}
 
-		if (isset($this->keyval[$n]))
+		in_array($which, array('segment', 'rsegment'), TRUE) OR $which = 'segment';
+
+		if (isset($this->keyval[$which], $this->keyval[$which][$n]))
 		{
-			return $this->keyval[$n];
+			return $this->keyval[$which][$n];
 		}
 
 		if ($which === 'segment')
@@ -453,18 +526,15 @@ class CI_URI {
 
 		if ($this->$total_segments() < $n)
 		{
-			if (count($default) === 0)
-			{
-				return array();
-			}
-
-			return array_fill_keys($default, FALSE);
+			return (count($default) === 0)
+				? array()
+				: array_fill_keys($default, NULL);
 		}
 
 		$segments = array_slice($this->$segment_array(), ($n - 1));
 		$i = 0;
 		$lastval = '';
-		$retval  = array();
+		$retval = array();
 		foreach ($segments as $seg)
 		{
 			if ($i % 2)
@@ -473,7 +543,7 @@ class CI_URI {
 			}
 			else
 			{
-				$retval[$seg] = FALSE;
+				$retval[$seg] = NULL;
 				$lastval = $seg;
 			}
 
@@ -486,29 +556,31 @@ class CI_URI {
 			{
 				if ( ! array_key_exists($val, $retval))
 				{
-					$retval[$val] = FALSE;
+					$retval[$val] = NULL;
 				}
 			}
 		}
 
 		// Cache the array for reuse
-		$this->keyval[$n] = $retval;
+		isset($this->keyval[$which]) OR $this->keyval[$which] = array();
+		$this->keyval[$which][$n] = $retval;
 		return $retval;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Generate a URI string from an associative array
+	 * Assoc to URI
 	 *
+	 * Generates a URI string from an associative array.
 	 *
-	 * @param	array	an associative array of key/values
-	 * @return	array
+	 * @param	array	$array	Input array of key/value pairs
+	 * @return	string	URI string
 	 */
 	public function assoc_to_uri($array)
 	{
 		$temp = array();
-		foreach ((array)$array as $key => $val)
+		foreach ((array) $array as $key => $val)
 		{
 			$temp[] = $key;
 			$temp[] = $val;
@@ -520,10 +592,12 @@ class CI_URI {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Fetch a URI Segment and add a trailing slash
+	 * Slash segment
+	 *
+	 * Fetches an URI segment with a slash.
 	 *
-	 * @param	integer
-	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	int	$n	Index
+	 * @param	string	$where	Where to add the slash ('trailing' or 'leading')
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	public function slash_segment($n, $where = 'trailing')
@@ -534,10 +608,12 @@ class CI_URI {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Fetch a URI Segment and add a trailing slash
+	 * Slash routed segment
 	 *
-	 * @param	integer
-	 * @param	string
+	 * Fetches an URI routed segment with a slash.
+	 *
+	 * @param	int	$n	Index
+	 * @param	string	$where	Where to add the slash ('trailing' or 'leading')
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	public function slash_rsegment($n, $where = 'trailing')
@@ -548,11 +624,16 @@ class CI_URI {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Fetch a URI Segment and add a trailing slash - helper function
+	 * Internal Slash segment
+	 *
+	 * Fetches an URI Segment and adds a slash to it.
 	 *
-	 * @param	integer
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	string
+	 * @used-by	CI_URI::slash_segment()
+	 * @used-by	CI_URI::slash_rsegment()
+	 *
+	 * @param	int	$n	Index
+	 * @param	string	$where	Where to add the slash ('trailing' or 'leading')
+	 * @param	string	$which	Array name ('segment' or 'rsegment')
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _slash_segment($n, $where = 'trailing', $which = 'segment')
@@ -576,7 +657,7 @@ class CI_URI {
 	/**
 	 * Segment Array
 	 *
-	 * @return	array
+	 * @return	array	CI_URI::$segments
 	 */
 	public function segment_array()
 	{
@@ -588,7 +669,7 @@ class CI_URI {
 	/**
 	 * Routed Segment Array
 	 *
-	 * @return	array
+	 * @return	array	CI_URI::$rsegments
 	 */
 	public function rsegment_array()
 	{
@@ -600,7 +681,7 @@ class CI_URI {
 	/**
 	 * Total number of segments
 	 *
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	int
 	 */
 	public function total_segments()
 	{
@@ -612,7 +693,7 @@ class CI_URI {
 	/**
 	 * Total number of routed segments
 	 *
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	int
 	 */
 	public function total_rsegments()
 	{
@@ -622,29 +703,35 @@ class CI_URI {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Fetch the entire URI string
+	 * Fetch URI string
 	 *
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @return	string	CI_URI::$uri_string
 	 */
 	public function uri_string()
 	{
 		return $this->uri_string;
 	}
 
-
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Fetch the entire Re-routed URI string
+	 * Fetch Re-routed URI string
 	 *
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	public function ruri_string()
 	{
-		return '/'.implode('/', $this->rsegment_array());
+		global $RTR;
+
+		if (($dir = $RTR->fetch_directory()) === '/')
+		{
+			$dir = '';
+		}
+
+		return $dir.implode('/', $this->rsegment_array());
 	}
 
 }
 
 /* End of file URI.php */
-/* Location: ./system/core/URI.php */
+/* Location: ./system/core/URI.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/core/Utf8.php b/system/core/Utf8.php
index ba3567453..5bc2dd5c9 100644
--- a/system/core/Utf8.php
+++ b/system/core/Utf8.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,8 +24,7 @@
  * @since		Version 2.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * Utf8 Class
@@ -41,38 +40,40 @@
 class CI_Utf8 {
 
 	/**
-	 * Constructor
+	 * Class constructor
+	 *
+	 * Determines if UTF-8 support is to be enabled.
 	 *
-	 * Determines if UTF-8 support is to be enabled
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function __construct()
 	{
 		log_message('debug', 'Utf8 Class Initialized');
 
-		global $CFG;
+		$charset = strtoupper(config_item('charset'));
+
+		// set internal encoding for multibyte string functions if necessary
+		// and set a flag so we don't have to repeatedly use extension_loaded()
+		// or function_exists()
+		if (extension_loaded('mbstring'))
+		{
+			define('MB_ENABLED', TRUE);
+			mb_internal_encoding($charset);
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			define('MB_ENABLED', FALSE);
+		}
 
 		if (
-			@preg_match('/./u', 'é') === 1		// PCRE must support UTF-8
-			&& function_exists('iconv')			// iconv must be installed
-			&& @ini_get('mbstring.func_overload') != 1	// Multibyte string function overloading cannot be enabled
-			&& $CFG->item('charset') === 'UTF-8'		// Application charset must be UTF-8
+			@preg_match('/./u', 'é') === 1	// PCRE must support UTF-8
+			&& function_exists('iconv')	// iconv must be installed
+			&& MB_ENABLED === TRUE		// mbstring must be enabled
+			&& $charset === 'UTF-8'		// Application charset must be UTF-8
 			)
 		{
 			define('UTF8_ENABLED', TRUE);
 			log_message('debug', 'UTF-8 Support Enabled');
-
-			// set internal encoding for multibyte string functions if necessary
-			// and set a flag so we don't have to repeatedly use extension_loaded()
-			// or function_exists()
-			if (extension_loaded('mbstring'))
-			{
-				define('MB_ENABLED', TRUE);
-				mb_internal_encoding('UTF-8');
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				define('MB_ENABLED', FALSE);
-			}
 		}
 		else
 		{
@@ -86,9 +87,11 @@ class CI_Utf8 {
 	/**
 	 * Clean UTF-8 strings
 	 *
-	 * Ensures strings are UTF-8
+	 * Ensures strings contain only valid UTF-8 characters.
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
+	 * @uses	CI_Utf8::_is_ascii()	Decide whether a conversion is needed
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$str	String to clean
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	public function clean_string($str)
@@ -108,9 +111,9 @@ class CI_Utf8 {
 	 *
 	 * Removes all ASCII control characters except horizontal tabs,
 	 * line feeds, and carriage returns, as all others can cause
-	 * problems in XML
+	 * problems in XML.
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string	$str	String to clean
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	public function safe_ascii_for_xml($str)
@@ -123,11 +126,11 @@ class CI_Utf8 {
 	/**
 	 * Convert to UTF-8
 	 *
-	 * Attempts to convert a string to UTF-8
+	 * Attempts to convert a string to UTF-8.
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	string	- input encoding
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @param	string	$str		Input string
+	 * @param	string	$encoding	Input encoding
+	 * @return	string	$str encoded in UTF-8 or FALSE on failure
 	 */
 	public function convert_to_utf8($str, $encoding)
 	{
@@ -135,7 +138,7 @@ class CI_Utf8 {
 		{
 			return @iconv($encoding, 'UTF-8', $str);
 		}
-		elseif (function_exists('mb_convert_encoding'))
+		elseif (MB_ENABLED === TRUE)
 		{
 			return @mb_convert_encoding($str, 'UTF-8', $encoding);
 		}
@@ -148,9 +151,9 @@ class CI_Utf8 {
 	/**
 	 * Is ASCII?
 	 *
-	 * Tests if a string is standard 7-bit ASCII or not
+	 * Tests if a string is standard 7-bit ASCII or not.
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string	$str	String to check
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	protected function _is_ascii($str)
@@ -161,4 +164,4 @@ class CI_Utf8 {
 }
 
 /* End of file Utf8.php */
-/* Location: ./system/core/Utf8.php */
+/* Location: ./system/core/Utf8.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/DB.php b/system/database/DB.php
index 0d81e40d3..f4062fa73 100755..100644
--- a/system/database/DB.php
+++ b/system/database/DB.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,17 +24,20 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * Initialize the database
  *
  * @category	Database
- * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
- * @param 	string
- * @param 	bool	Determines if active record should be used or not
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link	http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ *
+ * @param 	string|string[]	$params
+ * @param 	bool		$query_builder_override
+ *				Determines if query builder should be used or not
  */
-function &DB($params = '', $active_record_override = NULL)
+function &DB($params = '', $query_builder_override = NULL)
 {
 	// Load the DB config file if a DSN string wasn't passed
 	if (is_string($params) && strpos($params, '://') === FALSE)
@@ -47,13 +50,28 @@ function &DB($params = '', $active_record_override = NULL)
 		}
 
 		include($file_path);
+		// Make packages contain database config files
+		foreach (get_instance()->load->get_package_paths() as $path)
+		{
+			if ($path !== APPPATH)
+			{
+				if (file_exists($file_path = $path.'config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/database.php'))
+				{
+					include($file_path);
+				}
+				elseif (file_exists($file_path = $path.'config/database.php'))
+				{
+					include($file_path);
+				}
+			}
+		}
 
 		if ( ! isset($db) OR count($db) === 0)
 		{
 			show_error('No database connection settings were found in the database config file.');
 		}
 
-		if ($params != '')
+		if ($params !== '')
 		{
 			$active_group = $params;
 		}
@@ -67,12 +85,12 @@ function &DB($params = '', $active_record_override = NULL)
 	}
 	elseif (is_string($params))
 	{
-
-		/* parse the URL from the DSN string
-		 *  Database settings can be passed as discreet
-		 *  parameters or as a data source name in the first
-		 *  parameter. DSNs must have this prototype:
-		 *  $dsn = 'driver://username:password@hostname/database';
+		/**
+		 * Parse the URL from the DSN string
+		 * Database settings can be passed as discreet
+		 * parameters or as a data source name in the first
+		 * parameter. DSNs must have this prototype:
+		 * $dsn = 'driver://username:password@hostname/database';
 		 */
 		if (($dsn = @parse_url($params)) === FALSE)
 		{
@@ -88,7 +106,7 @@ function &DB($params = '', $active_record_override = NULL)
 				'database'	=> isset($dsn['path']) ? rawurldecode(substr($dsn['path'], 1)) : ''
 			);
 
-		// were additional config items set?
+		// Were additional config items set?
 		if (isset($dsn['query']))
 		{
 			parse_str($dsn['query'], $extra);
@@ -106,38 +124,59 @@ function &DB($params = '', $active_record_override = NULL)
 	}
 
 	// No DB specified yet? Beat them senseless...
-	if ( ! isset($params['dbdriver']) OR $params['dbdriver'] == '')
+	if (empty($params['dbdriver']))
 	{
 		show_error('You have not selected a database type to connect to.');
 	}
 
-	// Load the DB classes. Note: Since the active record class is optional
+	// Load the DB classes. Note: Since the query builder class is optional
 	// we need to dynamically create a class that extends proper parent class
-	// based on whether we're using the active record class or not.
-	if ($active_record_override !== NULL)
+	// based on whether we're using the query builder class or not.
+	if ($query_builder_override !== NULL)
 	{
-		$active_record = $active_record_override;
+		$query_builder = $query_builder_override;
+	}
+	// Backwards compatibility work-around for keeping the
+	// $active_record config variable working. Should be
+	// removed in v3.1
+	elseif ( ! isset($query_builder) && isset($active_record))
+	{
+		$query_builder = $active_record;
 	}
 
 	require_once(BASEPATH.'database/DB_driver.php');
 
-	if ( ! isset($active_record) OR $active_record == TRUE)
+	if ( ! isset($query_builder) OR $query_builder === TRUE)
 	{
-		require_once(BASEPATH.'database/DB_active_rec.php');
+		require_once(BASEPATH.'database/DB_query_builder.php');
 		if ( ! class_exists('CI_DB'))
 		{
-			class CI_DB extends CI_DB_active_record { }
+			/**
+			 * CI_DB
+			 *
+			 * Acts as an alias for both CI_DB_driver and CI_DB_query_builder.
+			 *
+			 * @see	CI_DB_query_builder
+			 * @see	CI_DB_driver
+			 */
+			class CI_DB extends CI_DB_query_builder { }
 		}
 	}
 	elseif ( ! class_exists('CI_DB'))
 	{
+		/**
+	 	 * @ignore
+		 */
 		class CI_DB extends CI_DB_driver { }
 	}
 
 	// Load the DB driver
 	$driver_file = BASEPATH.'database/drivers/'.$params['dbdriver'].'/'.$params['dbdriver'].'_driver.php';
 
-	if ( ! file_exists($driver_file)) show_error('Invalid DB driver');
+	if ( ! file_exists($driver_file))
+	{
+		show_error('Invalid DB driver');
+	}
 
 	require_once($driver_file);
 
@@ -145,12 +184,25 @@ function &DB($params = '', $active_record_override = NULL)
 	$driver = 'CI_DB_'.$params['dbdriver'].'_driver';
 	$DB = new $driver($params);
 
-	if ($DB->autoinit == TRUE)
+	// Check for a subdriver
+	if ( ! empty($DB->subdriver))
+	{
+		$driver_file = BASEPATH.'database/drivers/'.$DB->dbdriver.'/subdrivers/'.$DB->dbdriver.'_'.$DB->subdriver.'_driver.php';
+
+		if (file_exists($driver_file))
+		{
+			require_once($driver_file);
+			$driver = 'CI_DB_'.$DB->dbdriver.'_'.$DB->subdriver.'_driver';
+			$DB = new $driver($params);
+		}
+	}
+
+	if ($DB->autoinit === TRUE)
 	{
 		$DB->initialize();
 	}
 
-	if (isset($params['stricton']) && $params['stricton'] == TRUE)
+	if ( ! empty($params['stricton']))
 	{
 		$DB->query('SET SESSION sql_mode="STRICT_ALL_TABLES"');
 	}
diff --git a/system/database/DB_cache.php b/system/database/DB_cache.php
index ff942856b..fd01dc2d8 100644
--- a/system/database/DB_cache.php
+++ b/system/database/DB_cache.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * Database Cache Class
@@ -34,15 +35,39 @@
  */
 class CI_DB_Cache {
 
+	/**
+	 * CI Singleton
+	 *
+	 * @var	object
+	 */
 	public $CI;
-	public $db;	// allows passing of db object so that multiple database connections and returned db objects can be supported
 
+	/**
+	 * Database object
+	 *
+	 * Allows passing of DB object so that multiple database connections
+	 * and returned DB objects can be supported.
+	 *
+	 * @var	object
+	 */
+	public $db;
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Constructor
+	 *
+	 * @param	object	&$db
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
 	public function __construct(&$db)
 	{
 		// Assign the main CI object to $this->CI and load the file helper since we use it a lot
 		$this->CI =& get_instance();
 		$this->db =& $db;
 		$this->CI->load->helper('file');
+
+		$this->check_path();
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -50,14 +75,14 @@ class CI_DB_Cache {
 	/**
 	 * Set Cache Directory Path
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the path to the cache directory
+	 * @param	string	$path	Path to the cache directory
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function check_path($path = '')
 	{
-		if ($path == '')
+		if ($path === '')
 		{
-			if ($this->db->cachedir == '')
+			if ($this->db->cachedir === '')
 			{
 				return $this->db->cache_off();
 			}
@@ -66,14 +91,26 @@ class CI_DB_Cache {
 		}
 
 		// Add a trailing slash to the path if needed
-		$path = preg_replace('/(.+?)\/*$/', '\\1/',  $path);
+		$path = realpath($path)
+			? rtrim(realpath($path), DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR).DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR
+			: rtrim($path, '/').'/';
 
-		if ( ! is_dir($path) OR ! is_really_writable($path))
+		if ( ! is_dir($path))
 		{
+			log_message('debug', 'DB cache path error: '.$path);
+
 			// If the path is wrong we'll turn off caching
 			return $this->db->cache_off();
 		}
 
+		if ( ! is_really_writable($path))
+		{
+			log_message('debug', 'DB cache dir not writable: '.$path);
+
+			// If the path is not really writable we'll turn off caching
+			return $this->db->cache_off();
+		}
+
 		$this->db->cachedir = $path;
 		return TRUE;
 	}
@@ -84,22 +121,18 @@ class CI_DB_Cache {
 	 * Retrieve a cached query
 	 *
 	 * The URI being requested will become the name of the cache sub-folder.
-	 * An MD5 hash of the SQL statement will become the cache file name
+	 * An MD5 hash of the SQL statement will become the cache file name.
 	 *
+	 * @param	string	$sql
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	public function read($sql)
 	{
-		if ( ! $this->check_path())
-		{
-			return $this->db->cache_off();
-		}
-
 		$segment_one = ($this->CI->uri->segment(1) == FALSE) ? 'default' : $this->CI->uri->segment(1);
 		$segment_two = ($this->CI->uri->segment(2) == FALSE) ? 'index' : $this->CI->uri->segment(2);
 		$filepath = $this->db->cachedir.$segment_one.'+'.$segment_two.'/'.md5($sql);
 
-		if (FALSE === ($cachedata = read_file($filepath)))
+		if (FALSE === ($cachedata = @file_get_contents($filepath)))
 		{
 			return FALSE;
 		}
@@ -112,15 +145,12 @@ class CI_DB_Cache {
 	/**
 	 * Write a query to a cache file
 	 *
+	 * @param	string	$sql
+	 * @param	object	$object
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function write($sql, $object)
 	{
-		if ( ! $this->check_path())
-		{
-			return $this->db->cache_off();
-		}
-
 		$segment_one = ($this->CI->uri->segment(1) == FALSE) ? 'default' : $this->CI->uri->segment(1);
 		$segment_two = ($this->CI->uri->segment(2) == FALSE) ? 'index' : $this->CI->uri->segment(2);
 		$dir_path = $this->db->cachedir.$segment_one.'+'.$segment_two.'/';
@@ -150,16 +180,18 @@ class CI_DB_Cache {
 	/**
 	 * Delete cache files within a particular directory
 	 *
-	 * @return	bool
+	 * @param	string	$segment_one
+	 * @param	string	$segment_two
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function delete($segment_one = '', $segment_two = '')
 	{
-		if ($segment_one == '')
+		if ($segment_one === '')
 		{
 			$segment_one  = ($this->CI->uri->segment(1) == FALSE) ? 'default' : $this->CI->uri->segment(1);
 		}
 
-		if ($segment_two == '')
+		if ($segment_two === '')
 		{
 			$segment_two = ($this->CI->uri->segment(2) == FALSE) ? 'index' : $this->CI->uri->segment(2);
 		}
@@ -173,11 +205,11 @@ class CI_DB_Cache {
 	/**
 	 * Delete all existing cache files
 	 *
-	 * @return	bool
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function delete_all()
 	{
-		delete_files($this->db->cachedir, TRUE, 0, TRUE);
+		delete_files($this->db->cachedir, TRUE, TRUE);
 	}
 
 }
diff --git a/system/database/DB_driver.php b/system/database/DB_driver.php
index 61b05d52b..2d5b91541 100644
--- a/system/database/DB_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/DB_driver.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * Database Driver Class
@@ -40,43 +41,316 @@
  */
 abstract class CI_DB_driver {
 
+	/**
+	 * Data Source Name / Connect string
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	public $dsn;
+
+	/**
+	 * Username
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	public $username;
+
+	/**
+	 * Password
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	public $password;
+
+	/**
+	 * Hostname
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	public $hostname;
+
+	/**
+	 * Database name
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	public $database;
-	public $dbdriver		= 'mysql';
+
+	/**
+	 * Database driver
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $dbdriver		= 'mysqli';
+
+	/**
+	 * Sub-driver
+	 *
+	 * @used-by	CI_DB_pdo_driver
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $subdriver;
+
+	/**
+	 * Table prefix
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	public $dbprefix		= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Character set
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	public $char_set		= 'utf8';
+
+	/**
+	 * Collation
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	public $dbcollat		= 'utf8_general_ci';
-	public $autoinit		= TRUE; // Whether to automatically initialize the DB
+
+	/**
+	 * Auto-init flag
+	 *
+	 * Whether to automatically initialize the DB connection.
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	public $autoinit		= TRUE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Encryption flag/data
+	 *
+	 * @var	mixed
+	 */
+	public $encrypt			= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Swap Prefix
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	public $swap_pre		= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Database port
+	 *
+	 * @var	int
+	 */
 	public $port			= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Persistent connection flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
 	public $pconnect		= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Connection ID
+	 *
+	 * @var	object|resource
+	 */
 	public $conn_id			= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Result ID
+	 *
+	 * @var	object|resource
+	 */
 	public $result_id		= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Debug flag
+	 *
+	 * Whether to display error messages.
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
 	public $db_debug		= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Benchmark time
+	 *
+	 * @var	int
+	 */
 	public $benchmark		= 0;
+
+	/**
+	 * Executed queries count
+	 *
+	 * @var	int
+	 */
 	public $query_count		= 0;
+
+	/**
+	 * Bind marker
+	 *
+	 * Character used to identify values in a prepared statement.
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	public $bind_marker		= '?';
+
+	/**
+	 * Save queries flag
+	 *
+	 * Whether to keep an in-memory history of queries for debugging purposes.
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
 	public $save_queries		= TRUE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Queries list
+	 *
+	 * @see	CI_DB_driver::$save_queries
+	 * @var	string[]
+	 */
 	public $queries			= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * Query times
+	 *
+	 * A list of times that queries took to execute.
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
 	public $query_times		= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * Data cache
+	 *
+	 * An internal generic value cache.
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
 	public $data_cache		= array();
 
+	/**
+	 * Transaction enabled flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
 	public $trans_enabled		= TRUE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Strict transaction mode flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
 	public $trans_strict		= TRUE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Transaction depth level
+	 *
+	 * @var	int
+	 */
 	protected $_trans_depth		= 0;
-	protected $_trans_status	= TRUE; // Used with transactions to determine if a rollback should occur
 
+	/**
+	 * Transaction status flag
+	 *
+	 * Used with transactions to determine if a rollback should occur.
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	protected $_trans_status	= TRUE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Cache On flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
 	public $cache_on		= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Cache directory path
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
 	public $cachedir		= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Cache auto-delete flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
 	public $cache_autodel		= FALSE;
-	public $CACHE; // The cache class object
 
+	/**
+	 * DB Cache object
+	 *
+	 * @see	CI_DB_cache
+	 * @var	object
+	 */
+	public $CACHE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Protect identifiers flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
 	protected $_protect_identifiers		= TRUE;
-	protected $_reserved_identifiers	= array('*'); // Identifiers that should NOT be escaped
 
+	/**
+	 * List of reserved identifiers
+	 *
+	 * Identifiers that must NOT be escaped.
+	 *
+	 * @var	string[]
+	 */
+	protected $_reserved_identifiers	= array('*');
+
+	/**
+	 * Identifier escape character
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_escape_char = '"';
+
+	/**
+	 * ESCAPE statement string
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_like_escape_str = " ESCAPE '%s' ";
+
+	/**
+	 * ESCAPE character
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_like_escape_chr = '!';
+
+	/**
+	 * ORDER BY random keyword
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $_random_keyword = array('RAND()', 'RAND(%d)');
+
+	/**
+	 * COUNT string
+	 *
+	 * @used-by	CI_DB_driver::count_all()
+	 * @used-by	CI_DB_query_builder::count_all_results()
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_count_string = 'SELECT COUNT(*) AS ';
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Class constructor
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$params
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
 	public function __construct($params)
 	{
 		if (is_array($params))
@@ -113,7 +387,7 @@ abstract class CI_DB_driver {
 		// ----------------------------------------------------------------
 
 		// Connect to the database and set the connection ID
-		$this->conn_id = ($this->pconnect == FALSE) ? $this->db_connect() : $this->db_pconnect();
+		$this->conn_id = ($this->pconnect === FALSE) ? $this->db_connect() : $this->db_pconnect();
 
 		// No connection resource? Check if there is a failover else throw an error
 		if ( ! $this->conn_id)
@@ -131,7 +405,7 @@ abstract class CI_DB_driver {
 					}
 
 					// Try to connect
-					$this->conn_id = ($this->pconnect == FALSE) ? $this->db_connect() : $this->db_pconnect();
+					$this->conn_id = ($this->pconnect === FALSE) ? $this->db_connect() : $this->db_pconnect();
 
 					// If a connection is made break the foreach loop
 					if ($this->conn_id)
@@ -291,21 +565,26 @@ abstract class CI_DB_driver {
 	 * FALSE upon failure, and if the $db_debug variable is set to TRUE
 	 * will raise an error.
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	An SQL query string
-	 * @param	array	An array of binding data
+	 * @param	string	$sql
+	 * @param	array	$binds = FALSE		An array of binding data
+	 * @param	bool	$return_object = NULL
 	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
-	public function query($sql, $binds = FALSE, $return_object = TRUE)
+	public function query($sql, $binds = FALSE, $return_object = NULL)
 	{
-		if ($sql == '')
+		if ($sql === '')
 		{
 			log_message('error', 'Invalid query: '.$sql);
 
 			return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_invalid_query') : FALSE;
 		}
+		elseif ( ! is_bool($return_object))
+		{
+			$return_object = ! $this->is_write_type($sql);
+		}
 
 		// Verify table prefix and replace if necessary
-		if ($this->dbprefix != '' && $this->swap_pre != '' && $this->dbprefix != $this->swap_pre)
+		if ($this->dbprefix !== '' && $this->swap_pre !== '' && $this->dbprefix !== $this->swap_pre)
 		{
 			$sql = preg_replace('/(\W)'.$this->swap_pre.'(\S+?)/', '\\1'.$this->dbprefix.'\\2', $sql);
 		}
@@ -319,7 +598,7 @@ abstract class CI_DB_driver {
 		// Is query caching enabled? If the query is a "read type"
 		// we will load the caching class and return the previously
 		// cached query if it exists
-		if ($this->cache_on == TRUE && stripos($sql, 'SELECT') !== FALSE && $this->_cache_init())
+		if ($this->cache_on === TRUE && $return_object === TRUE && $this->_cache_init())
 		{
 			$this->load_rdriver();
 			if (FALSE !== ($cache = $this->CACHE->read($sql)))
@@ -328,19 +607,19 @@ abstract class CI_DB_driver {
 			}
 		}
 
-		// Save the  query for debugging
-		if ($this->save_queries == TRUE)
+		// Save the query for debugging
+		if ($this->save_queries === TRUE)
 		{
 			$this->queries[] = $sql;
 		}
 
 		// Start the Query Timer
-		$time_start = list($sm, $ss) = explode(' ', microtime());
+		$time_start = microtime(TRUE);
 
 		// Run the Query
 		if (FALSE === ($this->result_id = $this->simple_query($sql)))
 		{
-			if ($this->save_queries == TRUE)
+			if ($this->save_queries === TRUE)
 			{
 				$this->query_times[] = 0;
 			}
@@ -352,7 +631,7 @@ abstract class CI_DB_driver {
 			$error = $this->error();
 
 			// Log errors
-			log_message('error', 'Query error: '.$error['message']);
+			log_message('error', 'Query error: '.$error['message'].' - Invalid query: '.$sql);
 
 			if ($this->db_debug)
 			{
@@ -370,24 +649,22 @@ abstract class CI_DB_driver {
 		}
 
 		// Stop and aggregate the query time results
-		$time_end = list($em, $es) = explode(' ', microtime());
-		$this->benchmark += ($em + $es) - ($sm + $ss);
+		$time_end = microtime(TRUE);
+		$this->benchmark += $time_end - $time_start;
 
-		if ($this->save_queries == TRUE)
+		if ($this->save_queries === TRUE)
 		{
-			$this->query_times[] = ($em + $es) - ($sm + $ss);
+			$this->query_times[] = $time_end - $time_start;
 		}
 
 		// Increment the query counter
 		$this->query_count++;
 
-		// Was the query a "write" type?
-		// If so we'll simply return true
-		if ($this->is_write_type($sql) === TRUE)
+		// Will we have a result object instantiated? If not - we'll simply return TRUE
+		if ($return_object !== TRUE)
 		{
-			// If caching is enabled we'll auto-cleanup any
-			// existing files related to this particular URI
-			if ($this->cache_on == TRUE && $this->cache_autodel == TRUE && $this->_cache_init())
+			// If caching is enabled we'll auto-cleanup any existing files related to this particular URI
+			if ($this->cache_on === TRUE && $this->cache_autodel === TRUE && $this->_cache_init())
 			{
 				$this->CACHE->delete();
 			}
@@ -396,8 +673,6 @@ abstract class CI_DB_driver {
 		}
 
 		// Return TRUE if we don't need to create a result object
-		// Currently only the Oracle driver uses this when stored
-		// procedures are used
 		if ($return_object !== TRUE)
 		{
 			return TRUE;
@@ -409,7 +684,7 @@ abstract class CI_DB_driver {
 
 		// Is query caching enabled? If so, we'll serialize the
 		// result object and save it to a cache file.
-		if ($this->cache_on == TRUE && $this->_cache_init())
+		if ($this->cache_on === TRUE && $this->_cache_init())
 		{
 			// We'll create a new instance of the result object
 			// only without the platform specific driver since
@@ -417,7 +692,7 @@ abstract class CI_DB_driver {
 			// resource ID won't be any good once we've cached the
 			// result object, so we'll have to compile the data
 			// and save it)
-			$CR = new CI_DB_result();
+			$CR = new CI_DB_result($this);
 			$CR->result_object	= $RES->result_object();
 			$CR->result_array	= $RES->result_array();
 			$CR->num_rows		= $RES->num_rows();
@@ -495,6 +770,7 @@ abstract class CI_DB_driver {
 	 * If strict mode is disabled, each group is treated autonomously, meaning
 	 * a failure of one group will not affect any others
 	 *
+	 * @param	bool	$mode = TRUE
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function trans_strict($mode = TRUE)
@@ -507,6 +783,7 @@ abstract class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Start Transaction
 	 *
+	 * @param	bool	$test_mode = FALSE
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function trans_start($test_mode = FALSE)
@@ -596,35 +873,53 @@ abstract class CI_DB_driver {
 	 */
 	public function compile_binds($sql, $binds)
 	{
-		if (strpos($sql, $this->bind_marker) === FALSE)
+		if (empty($binds) OR empty($this->bind_marker) OR strpos($sql, $this->bind_marker) === FALSE)
 		{
 			return $sql;
 		}
-
-		if ( ! is_array($binds))
+		elseif ( ! is_array($binds))
 		{
 			$binds = array($binds);
+			$bind_count = 1;
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			// Make sure we're using numeric keys
+			$binds = array_values($binds);
+			$bind_count = count($binds);
 		}
 
-		// Get the sql segments around the bind markers
-		$segments = explode($this->bind_marker, $sql);
+		// We'll need the marker length later
+		$ml = strlen($this->bind_marker);
 
-		// The count of bind should be 1 less then the count of segments
-		// If there are more bind arguments trim it down
-		if (count($binds) >= count($segments))
+		// Make sure not to replace a chunk inside a string that happens to match the bind marker
+		if ($c = preg_match_all("/'[^']*'/i", $sql, $matches))
 		{
-			$binds = array_slice($binds, 0, count($segments)-1);
+			$c = preg_match_all('/'.preg_quote($this->bind_marker, '/').'/i',
+				str_replace($matches[0],
+					str_replace($this->bind_marker, str_repeat(' ', $ml), $matches[0]),
+					$sql, $c),
+				$matches, PREG_OFFSET_CAPTURE);
+
+			// Bind values' count must match the count of markers in the query
+			if ($bind_count !== $c)
+			{
+				return $sql;
+			}
+		}
+		elseif (($c = preg_match_all('/'.preg_quote($this->bind_marker, '/').'/i', $sql, $matches, PREG_OFFSET_CAPTURE)) !== $bind_count)
+		{
+			return $sql;
 		}
 
-		// Construct the binded query
-		$result = $segments[0];
-		$i = 0;
-		foreach ($binds as $bind)
+		do
 		{
-			$result .= $this->escape($bind).$segments[++$i];
+			$c--;
+			$sql = substr_replace($sql, $this->escape($binds[$c]), $matches[0][$c][1], $ml);
 		}
+		while ($c !== 0);
 
-		return $result;
+		return $sql;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -637,7 +932,7 @@ abstract class CI_DB_driver {
 	 */
 	public function is_write_type($sql)
 	{
-		return (bool) preg_match('/^\s*"?(SET|INSERT|UPDATE|DELETE|REPLACE|CREATE|DROP|TRUNCATE|LOAD DATA|COPY|ALTER|RENAME|GRANT|REVOKE|LOCK|UNLOCK|REINDEX)\s+/i', $sql);
+		return (bool) preg_match('/^\s*"?(SET|INSERT|UPDATE|DELETE|REPLACE|CREATE|DROP|TRUNCATE|LOAD|COPY|ALTER|RENAME|GRANT|REVOKE|LOCK|UNLOCK|REINDEX)\s+/i', $sql);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -690,7 +985,7 @@ abstract class CI_DB_driver {
 	 */
 	public function escape($str)
 	{
-		if (is_string($str) OR method_exists($str, '__toString'))
+		if (is_string($str) OR (is_object($str) && method_exists($str, '__toString')))
 		{
 			return "'".$this->escape_str($str)."'";
 		}
@@ -742,8 +1037,38 @@ abstract class CI_DB_driver {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
+	 * "Count All" query
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query string that counts all records in
+	 * the specified database
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @return	int
+	 */
+	public function count_all($table = '')
+	{
+		if ($table === '')
+		{
+			return 0;
+		}
+
+		$query = $this->query($this->_count_string.$this->escape_identifiers('numrows').' FROM '.$this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE));
+		if ($query->num_rows() === 0)
+		{
+			return 0;
+		}
+
+		$query = $query->row();
+		$this->_reset_select();
+		return (int) $query->numrows;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
 	 * Returns an array of table names
 	 *
+	 * @param	string	$constrain_by_prefix = FALSE
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
 	public function list_tables($constrain_by_prefix = FALSE)
@@ -798,6 +1123,7 @@ abstract class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Determine if a particular table exists
 	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table_name
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function table_exists($table_name)
@@ -808,7 +1134,7 @@ abstract class CI_DB_driver {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Fetch MySQL Field Names
+	 * Fetch Field Names
 	 *
 	 * @param	string	the table name
 	 * @return	array
@@ -821,7 +1147,7 @@ abstract class CI_DB_driver {
 			return $this->data_cache['field_names'][$table];
 		}
 
-		if ($table == '')
+		if ($table === '')
 		{
 			return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_field_param_missing') : FALSE;
 		}
@@ -889,7 +1215,7 @@ abstract class CI_DB_driver {
 	 */
 	public function field_data($table = '')
 	{
-		if ($table == '')
+		if ($table === '')
 		{
 			return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_field_param_missing') : FALSE;
 		}
@@ -905,34 +1231,57 @@ abstract class CI_DB_driver {
 	 *
 	 * This function escapes column and table names
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @param	mixed
+	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
 	public function escape_identifiers($item)
 	{
-		if ($this->_escape_char == '')
+		if ($this->_escape_char === '' OR empty($item) OR in_array($item, $this->_reserved_identifiers))
 		{
 			return $item;
 		}
-
-		foreach ($this->_reserved_identifiers as $id)
+		elseif (is_array($item))
 		{
-			if (strpos($item, '.'.$id) !== FALSE)
+			foreach ($item as $key => $value)
 			{
-				$item = str_replace('.', $this->_escape_char.'.', $item);
+				$item[$key] = $this->escape_identifiers($value);
+			}
+
+			return $item;
+		}
+		// Avoid breaking functions and literal values inside queries
+		elseif (ctype_digit($item) OR $item[0] === "'" OR ($this->_escape_char !== '"' && $item[0] === '"') OR strpos($item, '(') !== FALSE)
+		{
+			return $item;
+		}
 
-				// remove duplicates if the user already included the escape
-				return preg_replace('/['.$this->_escape_char.']+/', $this->_escape_char, $this->_escape_char.$item);
+		static $preg_ec = array();
+
+		if (empty($preg_ec))
+		{
+			if (is_array($this->_escape_char))
+			{
+				$preg_ec = array(
+						preg_quote($this->_escape_char[0], '/'), preg_quote($this->_escape_char[1], '/'),
+						$this->_escape_char[0], $this->_escape_char[1]
+						);
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				$preg_ec[0] = $preg_ec[1] = preg_quote($this->_escape_char, '/');
+				$preg_ec[2] = $preg_ec[3] = $this->_escape_char;
 			}
 		}
 
-		if (strpos($item, '.') !== FALSE)
+		foreach ($this->_reserved_identifiers as $id)
 		{
-			$item = str_replace('.', $this->_escape_char.'.'.$this->_escape_char, $item);
+			if (strpos($item, '.'.$id) !== FALSE)
+			{
+				return preg_replace('/'.$preg_ec[0].'?([^'.$preg_ec[1].'\.]+)'.$preg_ec[1].'?\./i', $preg_ec[2].'$1'.$preg_ec[3].'.', $item);
+			}
 		}
 
-		// remove duplicates if the user already included the escape
-		return preg_replace('/['.$this->_escape_char.']+/', $this->_escape_char, $this->_escape_char.$item.$this->_escape_char);
+		return preg_replace('/'.$preg_ec[0].'?([^'.$preg_ec[1].'\.]+)'.$preg_ec[1].'?(\.)?/i', $preg_ec[2].'$1'.$preg_ec[3].'$2', $item);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -960,6 +1309,23 @@ abstract class CI_DB_driver {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
+	 * Insert statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific insert string from the supplied data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @param	array	the insert keys
+	 * @param	array	the insert values
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _insert($table, $keys, $values)
+	{
+		return 'INSERT INTO '.$table.' ('.implode(', ', $keys).') VALUES ('.implode(', ', $values).')';
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
 	 * Generate an update string
 	 *
 	 * @param	string	the table upon which the query will be performed
@@ -969,44 +1335,44 @@ abstract class CI_DB_driver {
 	 */
 	public function update_string($table, $data, $where)
 	{
-		if ($where == '')
+		if (empty($where))
 		{
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
+		$this->where($where);
+
 		$fields = array();
 		foreach ($data as $key => $val)
 		{
 			$fields[$this->protect_identifiers($key)] = $this->escape($val);
 		}
 
-		if ( ! is_array($where))
-		{
-			$dest = array($where);
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			$dest = array();
-			foreach ($where as $key => $val)
-			{
-				$prefix = (count($dest) == 0) ? '' : ' AND ';
-				$key = $this->protect_identifiers($key);
-
-				if ($val !== '')
-				{
-					if ( ! $this->_has_operator($key))
-					{
-						$key .= ' =';
-					}
+		return $this->_update($this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE), $fields);
+	}
 
-					$val = ' '.$this->escape($val);
-				}
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-				$dest[] = $prefix.$key.$val;
-			}
+	/**
+	 * Update statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific update string from the supplied data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @param	array	the update data
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _update($table, $values)
+	{
+		foreach ($values as $key => $val)
+		{
+			$valstr[] = $key.' = '.$val;
 		}
 
-		return $this->_update($this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE), $fields, $dest);
+		return 'UPDATE '.$table.' SET '.implode(', ', $valstr)
+			.$this->_compile_wh('qb_where')
+			.$this->_compile_order_by()
+			.($this->qb_limit ? ' LIMIT '.$this->qb_limit : '');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1019,7 +1385,43 @@ abstract class CI_DB_driver {
 	 */
 	protected function _has_operator($str)
 	{
-		return (bool) preg_match('/(\s|<|>|!|=|IS NULL|IS NOT NULL)/i', trim($str));
+		return (bool) preg_match('/(<|>|!|=|\sIS NULL|\sIS NOT NULL|\sBETWEEN|\sLIKE|\sIN\s*\(|\s)/i', trim($str));
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the SQL string operator
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _get_operator($str)
+	{
+		static $_operators;
+
+		if (empty($_operators))
+		{
+			$_les = ($this->_like_escape_str !== '')
+				? '\s+'.preg_quote(trim(sprintf($this->_like_escape_str, $this->_like_escape_chr)), '/')
+				: '';
+			$_operators = array(
+				'\s*(?:<|>|!)?=\s*',		// =, <=, >=, !=
+				'\s*<>?\s*',			// <, <>
+				'\s*>\s*',			// >
+				'\s+IS NULL',			// IS NULL
+				'\s+IS NOT NULL',		// IS NOT NULL
+				'\s+BETWEEN\s+\S+\s+AND\s+\S+',	// BETWEEN value AND value
+				'\s+IN\s*\([^\)]+\)',		// IN(list)
+				'\s+NOT IN\s*\([^\)]+\)',	// NOT IN (list)
+				'\s+LIKE\s+\S+'.$_les,		// LIKE 'expr'[ ESCAPE '%s']
+				'\s+NOT LIKE\s+\S+'.$_les	// NOT LIKE 'expr'[ ESCAPE '%s']
+			);
+
+		}
+
+		return preg_match('/'.implode('|', $_operators).'/i', $str, $match)
+			? $match[0] : FALSE;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1027,13 +1429,12 @@ abstract class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Enables a native PHP function to be run, using a platform agnostic wrapper.
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the function name
-	 * @param	mixed	any parameters needed by the function
+	 * @param	string	$function	Function name
 	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
 	public function call_function($function)
 	{
-		$driver = ($this->dbdriver == 'postgre') ? 'pg_' : $this->dbdriver.'_';
+		$driver = ($this->dbdriver === 'postgre') ? 'pg_' : $this->dbdriver.'_';
 
 		if (FALSE === strpos($driver, $function))
 		{
@@ -1087,12 +1488,13 @@ abstract class CI_DB_driver {
 		return $this->cache_on = FALSE;
 	}
 
-
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
 	 * Delete the cache files associated with a particular URI
 	 *
+	 * @param	string	$segment_one = ''
+	 * @param	string	$segment_two = ''
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function cache_delete($segment_one = '', $segment_two = '')
@@ -1152,7 +1554,7 @@ abstract class CI_DB_driver {
 	{
 		if ($this->conn_id)
 		{
-			$this->_close($this->conn_id);
+			$this->_close();
 			$this->conn_id = FALSE;
 		}
 	}
@@ -1160,6 +1562,20 @@ abstract class CI_DB_driver {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
+	 * Close DB Connection
+	 *
+	 * This method would be overriden by most of the drivers.
+	 *
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _close()
+	{
+		$this->conn_id = FALSE;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
 	 * Display an error message
 	 *
 	 * @param	string	the error message
@@ -1174,13 +1590,13 @@ abstract class CI_DB_driver {
 
 		$heading = $LANG->line('db_error_heading');
 
-		if ($native == TRUE)
+		if ($native === TRUE)
 		{
 			$message = (array) $error;
 		}
 		else
 		{
-			$message = ( ! is_array($error)) ? array(str_replace('%s', $swap, $LANG->line($error))) : $error;
+			$message = is_array($error) ? $error : array(str_replace('%s', $swap, $LANG->line($error)));
 		}
 
 		// Find the most likely culprit of the error by going through
@@ -1189,12 +1605,21 @@ abstract class CI_DB_driver {
 		$trace = debug_backtrace();
 		foreach ($trace as $call)
 		{
-			if (isset($call['file']) && strpos($call['file'], BASEPATH.'database') === FALSE)
+			if (isset($call['file'], $call['class']))
 			{
-				// Found it - use a relative path for safety
-				$message[] = 'Filename: '.str_replace(array(BASEPATH, APPPATH), '', $call['file']);
-				$message[] = 'Line Number: '.$call['line'];
-				break;
+				// We'll need this on Windows, as APPPATH and BASEPATH will always use forward slashes
+				if (DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR !== '/')
+				{
+					$call['file'] = str_replace('\\', '/', $call['file']);
+				}
+
+				if (strpos($call['file'], BASEPATH.'database') === FALSE && strpos($call['class'], 'Loader') === FALSE)
+				{
+					// Found it - use a relative path for safety
+					$message[] = 'Filename: '.str_replace(array(APPPATH, BASEPATH), '', $call['file']);
+					$message[] = 'Line Number: '.$call['line'];
+					break;
+				}
 			}
 		}
 
@@ -1208,7 +1633,7 @@ abstract class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Protect Identifiers
 	 *
-	 * This function is used extensively by the Active Record class, and by
+	 * This function is used extensively by the Query Builder class, and by
 	 * a couple functions in this class.
 	 * It takes a column or table name (optionally with an alias) and inserts
 	 * the table prefix onto it. Some logic is necessary in order to deal with
@@ -1243,34 +1668,43 @@ abstract class CI_DB_driver {
 			$escaped_array = array();
 			foreach ($item as $k => $v)
 			{
-				$escaped_array[$this->protect_identifiers($k)] = $this->protect_identifiers($v);
+				$escaped_array[$this->protect_identifiers($k)] = $this->protect_identifiers($v, $prefix_single, $protect_identifiers, $field_exists);
 			}
 
 			return $escaped_array;
 		}
 
+		// This is basically a bug fix for queries that use MAX, MIN, etc.
+		// If a parenthesis is found we know that we do not need to
+		// escape the data or add a prefix. There's probably a more graceful
+		// way to deal with this, but I'm not thinking of it -- Rick
+		if (strpos($item, '(') !== FALSE)
+		{
+			return $item;
+		}
+
 		// Convert tabs or multiple spaces into single spaces
-		$item = preg_replace('/[\t ]+/', ' ', $item);
+		$item = preg_replace('/\s+/', ' ', $item);
 
 		// If the item has an alias declaration we remove it and set it aside.
-		// Basically we remove everything to the right of the first space
-		if (strpos($item, ' ') !== FALSE)
+		// Note: strripos() is used in order to support spaces in table names
+		if ($offset = strripos($item, ' AS '))
 		{
-			$alias = strstr($item, ' ');
-			$item = substr($item, 0, - strlen($alias));
+			$alias = ($protect_identifiers)
+					? substr($item, $offset, 4).$this->escape_identifiers(substr($item, $offset + 4))
+					: substr($item, $offset);
+			$item = substr($item, 0, $offset);
 		}
-		else
+		elseif ($offset = strrpos($item, ' '))
 		{
-			$alias = '';
+			$alias = ($protect_identifiers)
+					? ' '.$this->escape_identifiers(substr($item, $offset + 1))
+					: substr($item, $offset);
+			$item = substr($item, 0, $offset);
 		}
-
-		// This is basically a bug fix for queries that use MAX, MIN, etc.
-		// If a parenthesis is found we know that we do not need to
-		// escape the data or add a prefix. There's probably a more graceful
-		// way to deal with this, but I'm not thinking of it -- Rick
-		if (strpos($item, '(') !== FALSE)
+		else
 		{
-			return $item.$alias;
+			$alias = '';
 		}
 
 		// Break the string apart if it contains periods, then insert the table prefix
@@ -1283,7 +1717,7 @@ abstract class CI_DB_driver {
 			// Does the first segment of the exploded item match
 			// one of the aliases previously identified? If so,
 			// we have nothing more to do other than escape the item
-			if (in_array($parts[0], $this->ar_aliased_tables))
+			if (in_array($parts[0], $this->qb_aliased_tables))
 			{
 				if ($protect_identifiers === TRUE)
 				{
@@ -1302,7 +1736,7 @@ abstract class CI_DB_driver {
 			}
 
 			// Is there a table prefix defined in the config file? If not, no need to do anything
-			if ($this->dbprefix != '')
+			if ($this->dbprefix !== '')
 			{
 				// We now add the table prefix based on some logic.
 				// Do we have 4 segments (hostname.database.table.column)?
@@ -1326,13 +1760,13 @@ abstract class CI_DB_driver {
 
 				// This flag is set when the supplied $item does not contain a field name.
 				// This can happen when this function is being called from a JOIN.
-				if ($field_exists == FALSE)
+				if ($field_exists === FALSE)
 				{
 					$i++;
 				}
 
 				// Verify table prefix and replace if necessary
-				if ($this->swap_pre != '' && strpos($parts[$i], $this->swap_pre) === 0)
+				if ($this->swap_pre !== '' && strpos($parts[$i], $this->swap_pre) === 0)
 				{
 					$parts[$i] = preg_replace('/^'.$this->swap_pre.'(\S+?)/', $this->dbprefix.'\\1', $parts[$i]);
 				}
@@ -1355,15 +1789,15 @@ abstract class CI_DB_driver {
 		}
 
 		// Is there a table prefix? If not, no need to insert it
-		if ($this->dbprefix != '')
+		if ($this->dbprefix !== '')
 		{
 			// Verify table prefix and replace if necessary
-			if ($this->swap_pre != '' && strpos($item, $this->swap_pre) === 0)
+			if ($this->swap_pre !== '' && strpos($item, $this->swap_pre) === 0)
 			{
 				$item = preg_replace('/^'.$this->swap_pre.'(\S+?)/', $this->dbprefix.'\\1', $item);
 			}
 			// Do we prefix an item with no segments?
-			elseif ($prefix_single == TRUE && strpos($item, $this->dbprefix) !== 0)
+			elseif ($prefix_single === TRUE && strpos($item, $this->dbprefix) !== 0)
 			{
 				$item = $this->dbprefix.$item;
 			}
@@ -1380,9 +1814,8 @@ abstract class CI_DB_driver {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Dummy method that allows Active Record class to be disabled
-	 *
-	 * This function is used extensively by every db driver.
+	 * Dummy method that allows Query Builder class to be disabled
+	 * and keep count_all() working.
 	 *
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
diff --git a/system/database/DB_forge.php b/system/database/DB_forge.php
index a519575f0..59c3baf8b 100644
--- a/system/database/DB_forge.php
+++ b/system/database/DB_forge.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * Database Forge Class
@@ -34,22 +35,127 @@
  */
 abstract class CI_DB_forge {
 
+	/**
+	 * Database object
+	 *
+	 * @var	object
+	 */
+	protected $db;
+
+	/**
+	 * Fields data
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
 	public $fields		= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * Keys data
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
 	public $keys		= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * Primary Keys data
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
 	public $primary_keys	= array();
-	public $db_char_set	=	'';
 
-	// Platform specific SQL strings
+	/**
+	 * Database character set
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $db_char_set	= '';
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * CREATE DATABASE statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	protected $_create_database	= 'CREATE DATABASE %s';
+
+	/**
+	 * DROP DATABASE statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	protected $_drop_database	= 'DROP DATABASE %s';
-	protected $_drop_table		= 'DROP TABLE IF EXISTS %s';
-	protected $_rename_table	= 'ALTER TABLE %s RENAME TO %s';
 
-	public function __construct()
+	/**
+	 * CREATE TABLE statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_create_table	= "%s %s (%s\n)";
+
+	/**
+	 * CREATE TABLE IF statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_create_table_if	= 'CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS';
+
+	/**
+	 * CREATE TABLE keys flag
+	 *
+	 * Whether table keys are created from within the
+	 * CREATE TABLE statement.
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	protected $_create_table_keys	= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * DROP TABLE IF EXISTS statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_drop_table_if	= 'DROP TABLE IF EXISTS';
+
+	/**
+	 * RENAME TABLE statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_rename_table	= 'ALTER TABLE %s RENAME TO %s;';
+
+	/**
+	 * UNSIGNED support
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool|array
+	 */
+	protected $_unsigned		= TRUE;
+
+	/**
+	 * NULL value representatin in CREATE/ALTER TABLE statements
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_null		= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * DEFAULT value representation in CREATE/ALTER TABLE statements
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_default		= ' DEFAULT ';
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Class constructor
+	 *
+	 * @param	object	&$db	Database object
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function __construct(&$db)
 	{
-		// Assign the main database object to $this->db
-		$CI =& get_instance();
-		$this->db =& $CI->db;
+		$this->db =& $db;
 		log_message('debug', 'Database Forge Class Initialized');
 	}
 
@@ -58,20 +164,25 @@ abstract class CI_DB_forge {
 	/**
 	 * Create database
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the database name
+	 * @param	string	$db_name
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function create_database($db_name)
 	{
 		if ($this->_create_database === FALSE)
 		{
-			return ($this->db->db_debug) ? $this->db->display_error('db_unsuported_feature') : FALSE;
+			return ($this->db->db_debug) ? $this->db->display_error('db_unsupported_feature') : FALSE;
 		}
 		elseif ( ! $this->db->query(sprintf($this->_create_database, $db_name, $this->db->char_set, $this->db->dbcollat)))
 		{
 			return ($this->db->db_debug) ? $this->db->display_error('db_unable_to_drop') : FALSE;
 		}
 
+		if ( ! empty($this->db->data_cache['db_names']))
+		{
+			$this->db->data_cache['db_names'][] = $db_name;
+		}
+
 		return TRUE;
 	}
 
@@ -80,25 +191,34 @@ abstract class CI_DB_forge {
 	/**
 	 * Drop database
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the database name
+	 * @param	string	$db_name
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function drop_database($db_name)
 	{
-		if ($db_name == '')
+		if ($db_name === '')
 		{
 			show_error('A table name is required for that operation.');
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 		elseif ($this->_drop_database === FALSE)
 		{
-			return ($this->db->db_debug) ? $this->db->display_error('db_unsuported_feature') : FALSE;
+			return ($this->db->db_debug) ? $this->db->display_error('db_unsupported_feature') : FALSE;
 		}
 		elseif ( ! $this->db->query(sprintf($this->_drop_database, $db_name)))
 		{
 			return ($this->db->db_debug) ? $this->db->display_error('db_unable_to_drop') : FALSE;
 		}
 
+		if ( ! empty($this->db->data_cache['db_names']))
+		{
+			$key = array_search(strtolower($db_name), array_map('strtolower', $this->db->data_cache['db_names']), TRUE);
+			if ($key !== FALSE)
+			{
+				unset($this->db->data_cache['db_names'][$key]);
+			}
+		}
+
 		return TRUE;
 	}
 
@@ -107,25 +227,25 @@ abstract class CI_DB_forge {
 	/**
 	 * Add Key
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	key
-	 * @param	string	type
+	 * @param	string	$key
+	 * @param	bool	$primary
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
 	public function add_key($key = '', $primary = FALSE)
 	{
-		if (is_array($key))
+		if (empty($key))
+		{
+			show_error('Key information is required for that operation.');
+		}
+
+		if ($primary === TRUE && is_array($key))
 		{
 			foreach ($key as $one)
 			{
 				$this->add_key($one, $primary);
 			}
 
-			return;
-		}
-
-		if ($key == '')
-		{
-			show_error('Key information is required for that operation.');
+			return $this;
 		}
 
 		if ($primary === TRUE)
@@ -145,12 +265,12 @@ abstract class CI_DB_forge {
 	/**
 	 * Add Field
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	collation
+	 * @param	array	$field
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
 	public function add_field($field = '')
 	{
-		if ($field == '')
+		if (empty($field))
 		{
 			show_error('Field information is required.');
 		}
@@ -192,24 +312,107 @@ abstract class CI_DB_forge {
 	/**
 	 * Create Table
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @param	string	$table		Table name
+	 * @param	bool	$if_not_exists	Whether to add IF NOT EXISTS condition
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function create_table($table = '', $if_not_exists = FALSE)
 	{
-		if ($table == '')
+		if ($table === '')
 		{
 			show_error('A table name is required for that operation.');
 		}
+		else
+		{
+			$table = $this->db->dbprefix.$table;
+		}
 
 		if (count($this->fields) === 0)
 		{
 			show_error('Field information is required.');
 		}
 
-		$sql = $this->_create_table($this->db->dbprefix.$table, $this->fields, $this->primary_keys, $this->keys, $if_not_exists);
+		$sql = $this->_create_table($table, $if_not_exists);
+
+		if (is_bool($sql))
+		{
+			$this->_reset();
+			if ($sql === FALSE)
+			{
+				return ($this->db->db_debug) ? $this->db->display_error('db_unsupported_feature') : FALSE;
+			}
+		}
+
+		if (($result = $this->db->query($sql)) !== FALSE)
+		{
+			empty($this->db->data_cache['table_names']) OR $this->db->data_cache['table_names'][] = $table;
+
+			// Most databases don't support creating indexes from within the CREATE TABLE statement
+			if ( ! empty($this->keys))
+			{
+				for ($i = 0, $sqls = $this->_process_indexes($table), $c = count($sqls); $i < $c; $i++)
+				{
+					$this->db->query($sqls[$i]);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
 		$this->_reset();
-		return is_bool($sql) ? $sql : $this->db->query($sql);
+		return $result;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Create Table
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table		Table name
+	 * @param	bool	$if_not_exists	Whether to add 'IF NOT EXISTS' condition
+	 * @return	mixed
+	 */
+	protected function _create_table($table, $if_not_exists)
+	{
+		if ($if_not_exists === TRUE && $this->_create_table_if === FALSE)
+		{
+			if ($this->db->table_exists($table))
+			{
+				return TRUE;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				$if_not_exists = FALSE;
+			}
+		}
+
+		$sql = ($if_not_exists)
+			? sprintf($this->_create_table_if, $this->db->escape_identifiers($table))
+			: 'CREATE TABLE';
+
+		$columns = $this->_process_fields(TRUE);
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($columns); $i < $c; $i++)
+		{
+			$columns[$i] = ($columns[$i]['_literal'] !== FALSE)
+					? "\n\t".$columns[$i]['_literal']
+					: "\n\t".$this->_process_column($columns[$i]);
+		}
+
+		$columns = implode(',', $columns)
+				.$this->_process_primary_keys($table);
+
+		// Are indexes created from within the CREATE TABLE statement? (e.g. in MySQL)
+		if ($this->_create_table_keys === TRUE)
+		{
+			$columns .= $this->_process_indexes($table);
+		}
+
+		// _create_table will usually have the following format: "%s %s (%s\n)"
+		$sql = sprintf($this->_create_table.';',
+			$sql,
+			$this->db->escape_identifiers($table),
+			$columns
+		);
+
+		return $sql;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -217,21 +420,73 @@ abstract class CI_DB_forge {
 	/**
 	 * Drop Table
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @param	string	$table_name	Table name
+	 * @param	bool	$if_exists	Whether to add an IF EXISTS condition
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	public function drop_table($table_name)
+	public function drop_table($table_name, $if_exists = FALSE)
 	{
-		if ($table_name == '')
+		if ($table_name === '')
 		{
 			return ($this->db->db_debug) ? $this->db->display_error('db_table_name_required') : FALSE;
 		}
-		elseif ($this->_drop_table === FALSE)
+
+		$query = $this->_drop_table($this->db->dbprefix.$table_name, $if_exists);
+		if ($query === FALSE)
+		{
+			return ($this->db->db_debug) ? $this->db->display_error('db_unsupported_feature') : FALSE;
+		}
+		elseif ($query === TRUE)
+		{
+			return TRUE;
+		}
+
+		$query = $this->db->query($query);
+
+		// Update table list cache
+		if ($query && ! empty($this->db->data_cache['table_names']))
+		{
+			$key = array_search(strtolower($this->db->dbprefix.$table_name), array_map('strtolower', $this->db->data_cache['table_names']), TRUE);
+			if ($key !== FALSE)
+			{
+				unset($this->db->data_cache['table_names'][$key]);
+			}
+		}
+
+		return $query;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Drop Table
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific DROP TABLE string
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table		Table name
+	 * @param	bool	$if_exists	Whether to add an IF EXISTS condition
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _drop_table($table, $if_exists)
+	{
+		$sql = 'DROP TABLE';
+
+		if ($if_exists)
 		{
-			return ($this->db->db_debug) ? $this->db->display_error('db_unsuported_feature') : FALSE;
+			if ($this->_drop_table_if === FALSE)
+			{
+				if ( ! $this->db->table_exists($table))
+				{
+					return TRUE;
+				}
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				$sql = sprintf($this->_drop_table_if, $this->db->escape_identifiers($table));
+			}
 		}
 
-		return $this->db->query(sprintf($this->_drop_table, $this->db->escape_identifiers($this->db->dbprefix.$table_name)));
+		return $sql.' '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($table);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -239,26 +494,37 @@ abstract class CI_DB_forge {
 	/**
 	 * Rename Table
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the old table name
-	 * @param	string	the new table name
+	 * @param	string	$table_name	Old table name
+	 * @param	string	$new_table_name	New table name
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function rename_table($table_name, $new_table_name)
 	{
-		if ($table_name == '' OR $new_table_name == '')
+		if ($table_name === '' OR $new_table_name === '')
 		{
 			show_error('A table name is required for that operation.');
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 		elseif ($this->_rename_table === FALSE)
 		{
-			return ($this->db->db_debug) ? $this->db->display_error('db_unsuported_feature') : FALSE;
+			return ($this->db->db_debug) ? $this->db->display_error('db_unsupported_feature') : FALSE;
 		}
 
-		return $this->db->query(sprintf($this->_rename_table,
+		$result = $this->db->query(sprintf($this->_rename_table,
 						$this->db->escape_identifiers($this->db->dbprefix.$table_name),
 						$this->db->escape_identifiers($this->db->dbprefix.$new_table_name))
 					);
+
+		if ($result && ! empty($this->db->data_cache['table_names']))
+		{
+			$key = array_search(strtolower($this->db->dbprefix.$table_name), array_map('strtolower', $this->db->data_cache['table_names']), TRUE);
+			if ($key !== FALSE)
+			{
+				$this->db->data_cache['table_names'][$key] = $this->db->dbprefix.$new_table_name;
+			}
+		}
+
+		return $result;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -266,33 +532,46 @@ abstract class CI_DB_forge {
 	/**
 	 * Column Add
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	string	the column name
-	 * @param	string	the column definition
+	 * @todo	Remove deprecated $_after option in 3.1+
+	 * @param	string	$table	Table name
+	 * @param	array	$field	Column definition
+	 * @param	string	$_after	Column for AFTER clause (deprecated)
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	public function add_column($table = '', $field = array(), $after_field = '')
+	public function add_column($table = '', $field = array(), $_after = NULL)
 	{
-		if ($table == '')
+		if ($table === '')
 		{
 			show_error('A table name is required for that operation.');
 		}
 
-		// add field info into field array, but we can only do one at a time
-		// so we cycle through
-		foreach (array_keys($field) as $k)
+		// Work-around for literal column definitions
+		if ( ! is_array($field))
 		{
-			$this->add_field(array($k => $field[$k]));
+			$field = array($field);
+		}
 
-			if (count($this->fields) == 0)
+		foreach (array_keys($field) as $k)
+		{
+			// Backwards-compatibility work-around for MySQL/CUBRID AFTER clause (remove in 3.1+)
+			if ($_after !== NULL && is_array($field[$k]) && ! isset($field[$k]['after']))
 			{
-				show_error('Field information is required.');
+				$field[$k]['after'] = $_after;
 			}
 
-			$sql = $this->_alter_table('ADD', $this->db->dbprefix.$table, $this->fields, $after_field);
-			$this->_reset();
+			$this->add_field(array($k => $field[$k]));
+		}
 
-			if ($this->db->query($sql) === FALSE)
+		$sqls = $this->_alter_table('ADD', $this->db->dbprefix.$table, $this->_process_fields());
+		$this->_reset();
+		if ($sqls === FALSE)
+		{
+			return ($this->db->db_debug) ? $this->db->display_error('db_unsupported_feature') : FALSE;
+		}
+
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($sqls); $i < $c; $i++)
+		{
+			if ($this->db->query($sqls[$i]) === FALSE)
 			{
 				return FALSE;
 			}
@@ -306,23 +585,29 @@ abstract class CI_DB_forge {
 	/**
 	 * Column Drop
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	string	the column name
+	 * @param	string	$table		Table name
+	 * @param	string	$column_name	Column name
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function drop_column($table = '', $column_name = '')
 	{
-		if ($table == '')
+		if ($table === '')
 		{
 			show_error('A table name is required for that operation.');
 		}
 
-		if ($column_name == '')
+		if ($column_name === '')
 		{
 			show_error('A column name is required for that operation.');
 		}
 
-		return $this->db->query($this->_alter_table('DROP', $this->db->dbprefix.$table, $column_name));
+		$sql = $this->_alter_table('DROP', $this->db->dbprefix.$table, $column_name);
+		if ($sql === FALSE)
+		{
+			return ($this->db->db_debug) ? $this->db->display_error('db_unsupported_feature') : FALSE;
+		}
+
+		return $this->db->query($sql);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -330,44 +615,385 @@ abstract class CI_DB_forge {
 	/**
 	 * Column Modify
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	string	the column name
-	 * @param	string	the column definition
+	 * @param	string	$table	Table name
+	 * @param	string	$field	Column definition
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function modify_column($table = '', $field = array())
 	{
-		if ($table == '')
+		if ($table === '')
 		{
 			show_error('A table name is required for that operation.');
 		}
 
-		// add field info into field array, but we can only do one at a time
-		// so we cycle through
+		// Work-around for literal column definitions
+		if ( ! is_array($field))
+		{
+			$field = array($field);
+		}
+
 		foreach (array_keys($field) as $k)
 		{
-			// If no name provided, use the current name
-			if ( ! isset($field[$k]['name']))
+			$this->add_field(array($k => $field[$k]));
+		}
+
+		if (count($this->fields) === 0)
+		{
+			show_error('Field information is required.');
+		}
+
+		$sqls = $this->_alter_table('CHANGE', $this->db->dbprefix.$table, $this->_process_fields());
+		$this->_reset();
+		if ($sqls === FALSE)
+		{
+			return ($this->db->db_debug) ? $this->db->display_error('db_unsupported_feature') : FALSE;
+		}
+
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($sqls); $i < $c; $i++)
+		{
+			if ($this->db->query($sqls[$i]) === FALSE)
 			{
-				$field[$k]['name'] = $k;
+				return FALSE;
 			}
+		}
 
-			$this->add_field(array($k => $field[$k]));
-			if (count($this->fields) === 0)
+		return TRUE;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * ALTER TABLE
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$alter_type	ALTER type
+	 * @param	string	$table		Table name
+	 * @param	mixed	$field		Column definition
+	 * @return	string|string[]
+	 */
+	protected function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $field)
+	{
+		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($table).' ';
+
+		// DROP has everything it needs now.
+		if ($alter_type === 'DROP')
+		{
+			return $sql.'DROP COLUMN '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($field);
+		}
+
+		$sqls = array();
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($field), $sql .= $alter_type.' COLUMN '; $i < $c; $i++)
+		{
+			$sqls[] = $sql
+				.($field[$i]['_literal'] !== FALSE ? $field[$i]['_literal'] : $this->_process_column($field[$i]));
+		}
+
+		return $sqls;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Process fields
+	 *
+	 * @param	bool	$create_table
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	protected function _process_fields($create_table = FALSE)
+	{
+		$fields = array();
+
+		foreach ($this->fields as $key => $attributes)
+		{
+			if (is_int($key) && ! is_array($attributes))
 			{
-				show_error('Field information is required.');
+				$fields[] = array('_literal' => $attributes);
+				continue;
 			}
 
-			$sql = $this->_alter_table('CHANGE', $this->db->dbprefix.$table, $this->fields);
-			$this->_reset();
+			$attributes = array_change_key_case($attributes, CASE_UPPER);
 
-			if ($this->db->query($sql) === FALSE)
+			if ($create_table === TRUE && empty($attributes['TYPE']))
 			{
-				return FALSE;
+				continue;
 			}
+
+			if (isset($attributes['TYPE']))
+			{
+				$this->_attr_type($attributes);
+				$this->_attr_unsigned($attributes, $field);
+			}
+
+			$field = array(
+					'name'			=> $key,
+					'new_name'		=> isset($attributes['NAME']) ? $attributes['NAME'] : NULL,
+					'type'			=> isset($attributes['TYPE']) ? $attributes['TYPE'] : NULL,
+					'length'		=> '',
+					'unsigned'		=> '',
+					'null'			=> '',
+					'unique'		=> '',
+					'default'		=> '',
+					'auto_increment'	=> '',
+					'_literal'		=> FALSE
+			);
+
+			$this->_attr_default($attributes, $field);
+
+			if (isset($attributes['NULL']))
+			{
+				if ($attributes['NULL'] === TRUE)
+				{
+					$field['null'] = empty($this->_null) ? '' : ' '.$this->_null;
+				}
+				elseif ($create_table === TRUE)
+				{
+					$field['null'] = ' NOT NULL';
+				}
+			}
+
+			$this->_attr_auto_increment($attributes, $field);
+			$this->_attr_unique($attributes, $field);
+
+			if (isset($attributes['TYPE']) && ! empty($attributes['CONSTRAINT']))
+			{
+				switch (strtoupper($attributes['TYPE']))
+				{
+					case 'ENUM':
+					case 'SET':
+						$attributes['CONSTRAINT'] = $this->db->escape($attributes['CONSTRAINT']);
+					default:
+						$field['length'] = is_array($attributes['CONSTRAINT'])
+								? "('".implode("','", $attributes['CONSTRAINT'])."')"
+								: '('.$attributes['CONSTRAINT'].')';
+						break;
+				}
+			}
+
+			$fields[] = $field;
 		}
 
-		return TRUE;
+		return $fields;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Process column
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$field
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _process_column($field)
+	{
+		return $this->db->escape_identifiers($field['name'])
+			.' '.$field['type'].$field['length']
+			.$field['unsigned']
+			.$field['default']
+			.$field['null']
+			.$field['auto_increment']
+			.$field['unique'];
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Field attribute TYPE
+	 *
+	 * Performs a data type mapping between different databases.
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	&$attributes
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _attr_type(&$attributes)
+	{
+		// Usually overriden by drivers
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Field attribute UNSIGNED
+	 *
+	 * Depending on the _unsigned property value:
+	 *
+	 *	- TRUE will always set $field['unsigned'] to 'UNSIGNED'
+	 *	- FALSE will always set $field['unsigned'] to ''
+	 *	- array(TYPE) will set $field['unsigned'] to 'UNSIGNED',
+	 *		if $attributes['TYPE'] is found in the array
+	 *	- array(TYPE => UTYPE) will change $field['type'],
+	 *		from TYPE to UTYPE in case of a match
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	&$attributes
+	 * @param	array	&$field
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _attr_unsigned(&$attributes, &$field)
+	{
+		if (empty($attributes['UNSIGNED']) OR $attributes['UNSIGNED'] !== TRUE)
+		{
+			return;
+		}
+
+		// Reset the attribute in order to avoid issues if we do type conversion
+		$attributes['UNSIGNED'] = FALSE;
+
+		if (is_array($this->_unsigned))
+		{
+			foreach (array_keys($this->_unsigned) as $key)
+			{
+				if (is_int($key) && strcasecmp($attributes['TYPE'], $this->_unsigned[$key]) === 0)
+				{
+					$field['unsigned'] = ' UNSIGNED';
+					return;
+				}
+				elseif (is_string($key) && strcasecmp($attributes['TYPE'], $key) === 0)
+				{
+					$field['type'] = $key;
+					return;
+				}
+			}
+
+			return;
+		}
+
+		$field['unsigned'] = ($this->_unsigned === TRUE) ? ' UNSIGNED' : '';
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Field attribute DEFAULT
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	&$attributes
+	 * @param	array	&$field
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _attr_default(&$attributes, &$field)
+	{
+		if ($this->_default === FALSE)
+		{
+			return;
+		}
+
+		if (array_key_exists('DEFAULT', $attributes))
+		{
+			if ($attributes['DEFAULT'] === NULL)
+			{
+				$field['default'] = empty($this->_null) ? '' : $this->_default.$this->_null;
+
+				// Override the NULL attribute if that's our default
+				$attributes['NULL'] = NULL;
+				$field['null'] = empty($this->_null) ? '' : ' '.$this->_null;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				$field['default'] = $this->_default.$this->db->escape($attributes['DEFAULT']);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Field attribute UNIQUE
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	&$attributes
+	 * @param	array	&$field
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _attr_unique(&$attributes, &$field)
+	{
+		if ( ! empty($attributes['UNIQUE']) && $attributes['UNIQUE'] === TRUE)
+		{
+			$field['unique'] = ' UNIQUE';
+		}
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Field attribute AUTO_INCREMENT
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	&$attributes
+	 * @param	array	&$field
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _attr_auto_increment(&$attributes, &$field)
+	{
+		if ( ! empty($attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT']) && $attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT'] === TRUE && stripos($field['type'], 'int') !== FALSE)
+		{
+			$field['auto_increment'] = ' AUTO_INCREMENT';
+		}
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Process primary keys
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table	Table name
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _process_primary_keys($table)
+	{
+		$sql = '';
+
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($this->primary_keys); $i < $c; $i++)
+		{
+			if ( ! isset($this->fields[$this->primary_keys[$i]]))
+			{
+				unset($this->primary_keys[$i]);
+			}
+		}
+
+		if (count($this->primary_keys) > 0)
+		{
+			$sql .= ",\n\tCONSTRAINT ".$this->db->escape_identifiers('pk_'.$table)
+				.' PRIMARY KEY('.implode(', ', $this->db->escape_identifiers($this->primary_keys)).')';
+		}
+
+		return $sql;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Process indexes
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _process_indexes($table)
+	{
+		$table = $this->db->escape_identifiers($table);
+		$sqls = array();
+
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($this->keys); $i < $c; $i++)
+		{
+			if (is_array($this->keys[$i]))
+			{
+				for ($i2 = 0, $c2 = count($this->keys[$i]); $i2 < $c2; $i2++)
+				{
+					if ( ! isset($this->fields[$this->keys[$i][$i2]]))
+					{
+						unset($this->keys[$i][$i2]);
+						continue;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			elseif ( ! isset($this->fields[$this->keys[$i]]))
+			{
+				unset($this->keys[$i]);
+				continue;
+			}
+
+			is_array($this->keys[$i]) OR $this->keys[$i] = array($this->keys[$i]);
+
+			$sqls[] = 'CREATE INDEX '.$this->db->escape_identifiers(implode('_', $this->keys[$i]))
+				.' ON '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($table)
+				.' ('.implode(', ', $this->db->escape_identifiers($this->keys[$i])).');';
+		}
+
+		return $sqls;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/system/database/DB_active_rec.php b/system/database/DB_query_builder.php
index a5df7f31a..b0e86ed2c 100644
--- a/system/database/DB_active_rec.php
+++ b/system/database/DB_query_builder.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,11 +24,12 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
- * Active Record Class
+ * Query Builder Class
  *
- * This is the platform-independent base Active Record implementation class.
+ * This is the platform-independent base Query Builder implementation class.
  *
  * @package		CodeIgniter
  * @subpackage	Drivers
@@ -36,46 +37,215 @@
  * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
  * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
  */
-abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 
+abstract class CI_DB_query_builder extends CI_DB_driver {
+
+	/**
+	 * Return DELETE SQL flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
 	protected $return_delete_sql		= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Reset DELETE data flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
 	protected $reset_delete_data		= FALSE;
 
-	protected $ar_select			= array();
-	protected $ar_distinct			= FALSE;
-	protected $ar_from			= array();
-	protected $ar_join			= array();
-	protected $ar_where			= array();
-	protected $ar_like			= array();
-	protected $ar_groupby			= array();
-	protected $ar_having			= array();
-	protected $ar_keys			= array();
-	protected $ar_limit			= FALSE;
-	protected $ar_offset			= FALSE;
-	protected $ar_order			= FALSE;
-	protected $ar_orderby			= array();
-	protected $ar_set			= array();
-	protected $ar_wherein			= array();
-	protected $ar_aliased_tables		= array();
-	protected $ar_store_array		= array();
-	protected $ar_where_group_started	= FALSE;
-	protected $ar_where_group_count		= 0;
-
-	// Active Record Caching variables
-	protected $ar_caching				= FALSE;
-	protected $ar_cache_exists			= array();
-	protected $ar_cache_select			= array();
-	protected $ar_cache_from			= array();
-	protected $ar_cache_join			= array();
-	protected $ar_cache_where			= array();
-	protected $ar_cache_like			= array();
-	protected $ar_cache_groupby			= array();
-	protected $ar_cache_having			= array();
-	protected $ar_cache_orderby			= array();
-	protected $ar_cache_set				= array();
-
-	protected $ar_no_escape 			= array();
-	protected $ar_cache_no_escape			= array();
+	/**
+	 * QB SELECT data
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $qb_select			= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * QB DISTINCT flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	protected $qb_distinct			= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * QB FROM data
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $qb_from			= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * QB JOIN data
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $qb_join			= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * QB WHERE data
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $qb_where			= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * QB GROUP BY data
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $qb_groupby			= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * QB HAVING data
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $qb_having			= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * QB keys
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $qb_keys			= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * QB LIMIT data
+	 *
+	 * @var	int
+	 */
+	protected $qb_limit			= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * QB OFFSET data
+	 *
+	 * @var	int
+	 */
+	protected $qb_offset			= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * QB ORDER BY data
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $qb_orderby			= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * QB data sets
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $qb_set			= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * QB aliased tables list
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $qb_aliased_tables		= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * QB WHERE group started flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	protected $qb_where_group_started	= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * QB WHERE group count
+	 *
+	 * @var	int
+	 */
+	protected $qb_where_group_count		= 0;
+
+	// Query Builder Caching variables
+
+	/**
+	 * QB Caching flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	protected $qb_caching				= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * QB Cache exists list
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $qb_cache_exists			= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * QB Cache SELECT data
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $qb_cache_select			= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * QB Cache FROM data
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $qb_cache_from			= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * QB Cache JOIN data
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $qb_cache_join			= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * QB Cache WHERE data
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $qb_cache_where			= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * QB Cache GROUP BY data
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $qb_cache_groupby			= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * QB Cache HAVING data
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $qb_cache_having			= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * QB Cache ORDER BY data
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $qb_cache_orderby			= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * QB Cache data sets
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $qb_cache_set				= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * QB No Escape data
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $qb_no_escape 			= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * QB Cache No Escape data
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $qb_cache_no_escape			= array();
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
 	 * Select
@@ -83,6 +253,7 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 	 * Generates the SELECT portion of the query
 	 *
 	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	mixed
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
 	public function select($select = '*', $escape = NULL)
@@ -92,20 +263,23 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 			$select = explode(',', $select);
 		}
 
+		// If the escape value was not set will will base it on the global setting
+		is_bool($escape) OR $escape = $this->_protect_identifiers;
+
 		foreach ($select as $val)
 		{
 			$val = trim($val);
 
-			if ($val != '')
+			if ($val !== '')
 			{
-				$this->ar_select[] = $val;
-				$this->ar_no_escape[] = $escape;
+				$this->qb_select[] = $val;
+				$this->qb_no_escape[] = $escape;
 
-				if ($this->ar_caching === TRUE)
+				if ($this->qb_caching === TRUE)
 				{
-					$this->ar_cache_select[] = $val;
-					$this->ar_cache_exists[] = 'select';
-					$this->ar_cache_no_escape[] = $escape;
+					$this->qb_cache_select[] = $val;
+					$this->qb_cache_exists[] = 'select';
+					$this->qb_cache_no_escape[] = $escape;
 				}
 			}
 		}
@@ -180,20 +354,21 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Processing Function for the four functions above:
+	 * SELECT [MAX|MIN|AVG|SUM]()
 	 *
-	 *	select_max()
-	 *	select_min()
-	 *	select_avg()
-	 *	select_sum()
+	 * @used-by	select_max()
+	 * @used-by	select_min()
+	 * @used-by	select_avg()
+	 * @used-by	select_sum()
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the field
-	 * @param	string	an alias
+	 * @param	string	$select	Field name
+	 * @param	string	$alias
+	 * @param	string	$type
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
 	protected function _max_min_avg_sum($select = '', $alias = '', $type = 'MAX')
 	{
-		if ( ! is_string($select) OR $select == '')
+		if ( ! is_string($select) OR $select === '')
 		{
 			$this->display_error('db_invalid_query');
 		}
@@ -205,19 +380,20 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 			show_error('Invalid function type: '.$type);
 		}
 
-		if ($alias == '')
+		if ($alias === '')
 		{
 			$alias = $this->_create_alias_from_table(trim($select));
 		}
 
-		$sql = $this->protect_identifiers($type.'('.trim($select).')').' AS '.$this->protect_identifiers(trim($alias));
-		$this->ar_select[] = $sql;
-		$this->ar_no_escape[] = NULL;
+		$sql = $this->protect_identifiers($type.'('.trim($select).')').' AS '.$this->escape_identifiers(trim($alias));
 
-		if ($this->ar_caching === TRUE)
+		$this->qb_select[] = $sql;
+		$this->qb_no_escape[] = NULL;
+
+		if ($this->qb_caching === TRUE)
 		{
-			$this->ar_cache_select[] = $sql;
-			$this->ar_cache_exists[] = 'select';
+			$this->qb_cache_select[] = $sql;
+			$this->qb_cache_exists[] = 'select';
 		}
 
 		return $this;
@@ -228,7 +404,7 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Determines the alias name based on the table
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string	$item
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _create_alias_from_table($item)
@@ -249,12 +425,12 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 	 *
 	 * Sets a flag which tells the query string compiler to add DISTINCT
 	 *
-	 * @param	bool
+	 * @param	bool	$val
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
 	public function distinct($val = TRUE)
 	{
-		$this->ar_distinct = (is_bool($val)) ? $val : TRUE;
+		$this->qb_distinct = is_bool($val) ? $val : TRUE;
 		return $this;
 	}
 
@@ -265,12 +441,12 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 	 *
 	 * Generates the FROM portion of the query
 	 *
-	 * @param	mixed	can be a string or array
+	 * @param	mixed	$from	can be a string or array
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
 	public function from($from)
 	{
-		foreach ((array)$from as $val)
+		foreach ((array) $from as $val)
 		{
 			if (strpos($val, ',') !== FALSE)
 			{
@@ -278,12 +454,13 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 				{
 					$v = trim($v);
 					$this->_track_aliases($v);
-					$v = $this->ar_from[] = $this->protect_identifiers($v, TRUE, NULL, FALSE);
 
-					if ($this->ar_caching === TRUE)
+					$this->qb_from[] = $v = $this->protect_identifiers($v, TRUE, NULL, FALSE);
+
+					if ($this->qb_caching === TRUE)
 					{
-						$this->ar_cache_from[] = $v;
-						$this->ar_cache_exists[] = 'from';
+						$this->qb_cache_from[] = $v;
+						$this->qb_cache_exists[] = 'from';
 					}
 				}
 			}
@@ -292,14 +469,15 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 				$val = trim($val);
 
 				// Extract any aliases that might exist. We use this information
-				// in the _protect_identifiers to know whether to add a table prefix
+				// in the protect_identifiers to know whether to add a table prefix
 				$this->_track_aliases($val);
-				$this->ar_from[] = $val = $this->protect_identifiers($val, TRUE, NULL, FALSE);
 
-				if ($this->ar_caching === TRUE)
+				$this->qb_from[] = $val = $this->protect_identifiers($val, TRUE, NULL, FALSE);
+
+				if ($this->qb_caching === TRUE)
 				{
-					$this->ar_cache_from[] = $val;
-					$this->ar_cache_exists[] = 'from';
+					$this->qb_cache_from[] = $val;
+					$this->qb_cache_exists[] = 'from';
 				}
 			}
 		}
@@ -310,22 +488,23 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Join
+	 * JOIN
 	 *
 	 * Generates the JOIN portion of the query
 	 *
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @param	string	the join condition
 	 * @param	string	the type of join
+	 * @param	string	whether not to try to escape identifiers
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	public function join($table, $cond, $type = '')
+	public function join($table, $cond, $type = '', $escape = NULL)
 	{
-		if ($type != '')
+		if ($type !== '')
 		{
 			$type = strtoupper(trim($type));
 
-			if ( ! in_array($type, array('LEFT', 'RIGHT', 'OUTER', 'INNER', 'LEFT OUTER', 'RIGHT OUTER')))
+			if ( ! in_array($type, array('LEFT', 'RIGHT', 'OUTER', 'INNER', 'LEFT OUTER', 'RIGHT OUTER'), TRUE))
 			{
 				$type = '';
 			}
@@ -336,22 +515,59 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 		}
 
 		// Extract any aliases that might exist. We use this information
-		// in the _protect_identifiers to know whether to add a table prefix
+		// in the protect_identifiers to know whether to add a table prefix
 		$this->_track_aliases($table);
 
-		// Strip apart the condition and protect the identifiers
-		if (preg_match('/([\[\w\.]+)([\W\s]+)(.+)/', $cond, $match))
+		is_bool($escape) OR $escape = $this->_protect_identifiers;
+
+		// Split multiple conditions
+		if ($escape === TRUE && preg_match_all('/\sAND\s|\sOR\s/i', $cond, $m, PREG_OFFSET_CAPTURE))
 		{
-			$cond = $this->protect_identifiers($match[1]).$match[2].$this->protect_identifiers($match[3]);
+			$newcond = '';
+			$m[0][] = array('', strlen($cond));
+
+			for ($i = 0, $c = count($m[0]), $s = 0;
+				$i < $c;
+				$s = $m[0][$i][1] + strlen($m[0][$i][0]), $i++)
+			{
+				$temp = substr($cond, $s, ($m[0][$i][1] - $s));
+
+				$newcond .= preg_match("/([\[\]\w\.'-]+)(\s*[^\"\[`'\w]+\s*)(.+)/i", $temp, $match)
+						? $this->protect_identifiers($match[1]).$match[2].$this->protect_identifiers($match[3])
+						: $temp;
+
+				$newcond .= $m[0][$i][0];
+			}
+
+			$cond = ' ON '.$newcond;
+		}
+		// Split apart the condition and protect the identifiers
+		elseif ($escape === TRUE && preg_match("/([\[\]\w\.'-]+)(\s*[^\"\[`'\w]+\s*)(.+)/i", $cond, $match))
+		{
+			$cond = ' ON '.$this->protect_identifiers($match[1]).$match[2].$this->protect_identifiers($match[3]);
+		}
+		elseif ( ! $this->_has_operator($cond))
+		{
+			$cond = ' USING ('.($escape ? $this->escape_identifiers($cond) : $cond).')';
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			$cond = ' ON '.$cond;
+		}
+
+		// Do we want to escape the table name?
+		if ($escape === TRUE)
+		{
+			$table = $this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE);
 		}
 
 		// Assemble the JOIN statement
-		$this->ar_join[] = $join = $type.'JOIN '.$this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE).' ON '.$cond;
+		$this->qb_join[] = $join = $type.'JOIN '.$table.$cond;
 
-		if ($this->ar_caching === TRUE)
+		if ($this->qb_caching === TRUE)
 		{
-			$this->ar_cache_join[] = $join;
-			$this->ar_cache_exists[] = 'join';
+			$this->qb_cache_join[] = $join;
+			$this->qb_cache_exists[] = 'join';
 		}
 
 		return $this;
@@ -360,52 +576,59 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Where
+	 * WHERE
 	 *
-	 * Generates the WHERE portion of the query. Separates
-	 * multiple calls with AND
+	 * Generates the WHERE portion of the query.
+	 * Separates multiple calls with 'AND'.
 	 *
 	 * @param	mixed
 	 * @param	mixed
+	 * @param	bool
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	public function where($key, $value = NULL, $escape = TRUE)
+	public function where($key, $value = NULL, $escape = NULL)
 	{
-		return $this->_where($key, $value, 'AND ', $escape);
+		return $this->_wh('qb_where', $key, $value, 'AND ', $escape);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * OR Where
+	 * OR WHERE
 	 *
-	 * Generates the WHERE portion of the query. Separates
-	 * multiple calls with OR
+	 * Generates the WHERE portion of the query.
+	 * Separates multiple calls with 'OR'.
 	 *
 	 * @param	mixed
 	 * @param	mixed
+	 * @param	bool
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	public function or_where($key, $value = NULL, $escape = TRUE)
+	public function or_where($key, $value = NULL, $escape = NULL)
 	{
-		return $this->_where($key, $value, 'OR ', $escape);
+		return $this->_wh('qb_where', $key, $value, 'OR ', $escape);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Where
+	 * WHERE, HAVING
 	 *
-	 * Called by where() or or_where()
+	 * @used-by	where()
+	 * @used-by	or_where()
+	 * @used-by	having()
+	 * @used-by	or_having()
 	 *
-	 * @param	mixed
-	 * @param	mixed
-	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string	$qb_key	'qb_where' or 'qb_having'
+	 * @param	mixed	$key
+	 * @param	mixed	$value
+	 * @param	string	$type
+	 * @param	bool	$escape
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	protected function _where($key, $value = NULL, $type = 'AND ', $escape = NULL)
+	protected function _wh($qb_key, $key, $value = NULL, $type = 'AND ', $escape = NULL)
 	{
-		$type = $this->_group_get_type($type);
+		$qb_cache_key = ($qb_key === 'qb_having') ? 'qb_cache_having' : 'qb_cache_where';
 
 		if ( ! is_array($key))
 		{
@@ -413,26 +636,18 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 		}
 
 		// If the escape value was not set will will base it on the global setting
-		if ( ! is_bool($escape))
-		{
-			$escape = $this->_protect_identifiers;
-		}
+		is_bool($escape) OR $escape = $this->_protect_identifiers;
 
 		foreach ($key as $k => $v)
 		{
-			$prefix = (count($this->ar_where) === 0 && count($this->ar_cache_where) === 0) ? '' : $type;
-
-			if (is_null($v) && ! $this->_has_operator($k))
-			{
-				// value appears not to have been set, assign the test to IS NULL
-				$k .= ' IS NULL';
-			}
+			$prefix = (count($this->$qb_key) === 0 && count($this->$qb_cache_key) === 0)
+				? $this->_group_get_type('')
+				: $this->_group_get_type($type);
 
 			if ( ! is_null($v))
 			{
 				if ($escape === TRUE)
 				{
-					$k = $this->protect_identifiers($k, FALSE, $escape);
 					$v = ' '.$this->escape($v);
 				}
 
@@ -441,16 +656,17 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 					$k .= ' = ';
 				}
 			}
-			else
+			elseif ( ! $this->_has_operator($k))
 			{
-				$k = $this->protect_identifiers($k, FALSE, $escape);
+				// value appears not to have been set, assign the test to IS NULL
+				$k .= ' IS NULL';
 			}
 
-			$this->ar_where[] = $prefix.$k.$v;
-			if ($this->ar_caching === TRUE)
+			$this->{$qb_key}[] = array('condition' => $prefix.$k.$v, 'escape' => $escape);
+			if ($this->qb_caching === TRUE)
 			{
-				$this->ar_cache_where[] = $prefix.$k.$v;
-				$this->ar_cache_exists[] = 'where';
+				$this->{$qb_cache_key}[] = array('condition' => $prefix.$k.$v, 'escape' => $escape);
+				$this->qb_cache_exists[] = substr($qb_key, 3);
 			}
 
 		}
@@ -461,244 +677,269 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Where_in
+	 * WHERE IN
 	 *
-	 * Generates a WHERE field IN ('item', 'item') SQL query joined with
-	 * AND if appropriate
+	 * Generates a WHERE field IN('item', 'item') SQL query,
+	 * joined with 'AND' if appropriate.
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	The field to search
-	 * @param	array	The values searched on
+	 * @param	string	$key	The field to search
+	 * @param	array	$values	The values searched on
+	 * @param	bool	$escape
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	public function where_in($key = NULL, $values = NULL)
+	public function where_in($key = NULL, $values = NULL, $escape = NULL)
 	{
-		return $this->_where_in($key, $values);
+		return $this->_where_in($key, $values, FALSE, 'AND ', $escape);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Where_in_or
+	 * OR WHERE IN
 	 *
-	 * Generates a WHERE field IN ('item', 'item') SQL query joined with
-	 * OR if appropriate
+	 * Generates a WHERE field IN('item', 'item') SQL query,
+	 * joined with 'OR' if appropriate.
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	The field to search
-	 * @param	array	The values searched on
+	 * @param	string	$key	The field to search
+	 * @param	array	$values	The values searched on
+	 * @param	bool	$escape
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	public function or_where_in($key = NULL, $values = NULL)
+	public function or_where_in($key = NULL, $values = NULL, $escape = NULL)
 	{
-		return $this->_where_in($key, $values, FALSE, 'OR ');
+		return $this->_where_in($key, $values, FALSE, 'OR ', $escape);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Where_not_in
+	 * WHERE NOT IN
 	 *
-	 * Generates a WHERE field NOT IN ('item', 'item') SQL query joined
-	 * with AND if appropriate
+	 * Generates a WHERE field NOT IN('item', 'item') SQL query,
+	 * joined with 'AND' if appropriate.
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	The field to search
-	 * @param	array	The values searched on
+	 * @param	string	$key	The field to search
+	 * @param	array	$values	The values searched on
+	 * @param	bool	$escape
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	public function where_not_in($key = NULL, $values = NULL)
+	public function where_not_in($key = NULL, $values = NULL, $escape = NULL)
 	{
-		return $this->_where_in($key, $values, TRUE);
+		return $this->_where_in($key, $values, TRUE, 'AND ', $escape);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Where_not_in_or
+	 * OR WHERE NOT IN
 	 *
-	 * Generates a WHERE field NOT IN ('item', 'item') SQL query joined
-	 * with OR if appropriate
+	 * Generates a WHERE field NOT IN('item', 'item') SQL query,
+	 * joined with 'OR' if appropriate.
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	The field to search
-	 * @param	array	The values searched on
+	 * @param	string	$key	The field to search
+	 * @param	array	$values	The values searched on
+	 * @param	bool	$escape
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	public function or_where_not_in($key = NULL, $values = NULL)
+	public function or_where_not_in($key = NULL, $values = NULL, $escape = NULL)
 	{
-		return $this->_where_in($key, $values, TRUE, 'OR ');
+		return $this->_where_in($key, $values, TRUE, 'OR ', $escape);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Where_in
+	 * Internal WHERE IN
 	 *
-	 * Called by where_in, where_in_or, where_not_in, where_not_in_or
+	 * @used-by	where_in()
+	 * @used-by	or_where_in()
+	 * @used-by	where_not_in()
+	 * @used-by	or_where_not_in()
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	The field to search
-	 * @param	array	The values searched on
-	 * @param	bool	If the statement would be IN or NOT IN
-	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string	$key	The field to search
+	 * @param	array	$values	The values searched on
+	 * @param	bool	$not	If the statement would be IN or NOT IN
+	 * @param	string	$type
+	 * @param	bool	$escape
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	protected function _where_in($key = NULL, $values = NULL, $not = FALSE, $type = 'AND ')
+	protected function _where_in($key = NULL, $values = NULL, $not = FALSE, $type = 'AND ', $escape = NULL)
 	{
 		if ($key === NULL OR $values === NULL)
 		{
-			return;
+			return $this;
 		}
 
-		$type = $this->_group_get_type($type);
-
 		if ( ! is_array($values))
 		{
 			$values = array($values);
 		}
 
+		is_bool($escape) OR $escape = $this->_protect_identifiers;
+
 		$not = ($not) ? ' NOT' : '';
 
+		$where_in = array();
 		foreach ($values as $value)
 		{
-			$this->ar_wherein[] = $this->escape($value);
+			$where_in[] = $this->escape($value);
 		}
 
-		$prefix = (count($this->ar_where) === 0) ? '' : $type;
-		$this->ar_where[] = $where_in = $prefix.$this->protect_identifiers($key).$not.' IN ('.implode(', ', $this->ar_wherein).') ';
+		$prefix = (count($this->qb_where) === 0) ? $this->_group_get_type('') : $this->_group_get_type($type);
+		$where_in = array(
+			'condition' => $prefix.$key.$not.' IN('.implode(', ', $where_in).')',
+			'escape' => $escape
+		);
 
-		if ($this->ar_caching === TRUE)
+		$this->qb_where[] = $where_in;
+		if ($this->qb_caching === TRUE)
 		{
-			$this->ar_cache_where[] = $where_in;
-			$this->ar_cache_exists[] = 'where';
+			$this->qb_cache_where[] = $where_in;
+			$this->qb_cache_exists[] = 'where';
 		}
 
-		// reset the array for multiple calls
-		$this->ar_wherein = array();
 		return $this;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Like
+	 * LIKE
 	 *
-	 * Generates a %LIKE% portion of the query. Separates
-	 * multiple calls with AND
+	 * Generates a %LIKE% portion of the query.
+	 * Separates multiple calls with 'AND'.
 	 *
-	 * @param	mixed
-	 * @param	mixed
+	 * @param	mixed	$field
+	 * @param	string	$match
+	 * @param	string	$side
+	 * @param	bool	$escape
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	public function like($field, $match = '', $side = 'both')
+	public function like($field, $match = '', $side = 'both', $escape = NULL)
 	{
-		return $this->_like($field, $match, 'AND ', $side);
+		return $this->_like($field, $match, 'AND ', $side, '', $escape);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Not Like
+	 * NOT LIKE
 	 *
-	 * Generates a NOT LIKE portion of the query. Separates
-	 * multiple calls with AND
+	 * Generates a NOT LIKE portion of the query.
+	 * Separates multiple calls with 'AND'.
 	 *
-	 * @param	mixed
-	 * @param	mixed
+	 * @param	mixed	$field
+	 * @param	string	$match
+	 * @param	string	$side
+	 * @param	bool	$escape
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	public function not_like($field, $match = '', $side = 'both')
+	public function not_like($field, $match = '', $side = 'both', $escape = NULL)
 	{
-		return $this->_like($field, $match, 'AND ', $side, 'NOT');
+		return $this->_like($field, $match, 'AND ', $side, 'NOT', $escape);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * OR Like
+	 * OR LIKE
 	 *
-	 * Generates a %LIKE% portion of the query. Separates
-	 * multiple calls with OR
+	 * Generates a %LIKE% portion of the query.
+	 * Separates multiple calls with 'OR'.
 	 *
-	 * @param	mixed
-	 * @param	mixed
+	 * @param	mixed	$field
+	 * @param	string	$match
+	 * @param	string	$side
+	 * @param	bool	$escape
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	public function or_like($field, $match = '', $side = 'both')
+	public function or_like($field, $match = '', $side = 'both', $escape = NULL)
 	{
-		return $this->_like($field, $match, 'OR ', $side);
+		return $this->_like($field, $match, 'OR ', $side, '', $escape);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * OR Not Like
+	 * OR NOT LIKE
 	 *
-	 * Generates a NOT LIKE portion of the query. Separates
-	 * multiple calls with OR
+	 * Generates a NOT LIKE portion of the query.
+	 * Separates multiple calls with 'OR'.
 	 *
-	 * @param	mixed
-	 * @param	mixed
+	 * @param	mixed	$field
+	 * @param	string	$match
+	 * @param	string	$side
+	 * @param	bool	$escape
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	public function or_not_like($field, $match = '', $side = 'both')
+	public function or_not_like($field, $match = '', $side = 'both', $escape = NULL)
 	{
-		return $this->_like($field, $match, 'OR ', $side, 'NOT');
+		return $this->_like($field, $match, 'OR ', $side, 'NOT', $escape);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Like
+	 * Internal LIKE
 	 *
-	 * Called by like() or orlike()
+	 * @used-by	like()
+	 * @used-by	or_like()
+	 * @used-by	not_like()
+	 * @used-by	or_not_like()
 	 *
-	 * @param	mixed
-	 * @param	mixed
-	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	mixed	$field
+	 * @param	string	$match
+	 * @param	string	$type
+	 * @param	string	$side
+	 * @param	string	$not
+	 * @param	bool	$escape
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	protected function _like($field, $match = '', $type = 'AND ', $side = 'both', $not = '')
+	protected function _like($field, $match = '', $type = 'AND ', $side = 'both', $not = '', $escape = NULL)
 	{
-		$type = $this->_group_get_type($type);
-
 		if ( ! is_array($field))
 		{
 			$field = array($field => $match);
 		}
 
+		is_bool($escape) OR $escape = $this->_protect_identifiers;
+
 		foreach ($field as $k => $v)
 		{
-			$k = $this->protect_identifiers($k);
-			$prefix = (count($this->ar_like) === 0) ? '' : $type;
+			$prefix = (count($this->qb_where) === 0 && count($this->qb_cache_where) === 0)
+				? $this->_group_get_type('') : $this->_group_get_type($type);
+
 			$v = $this->escape_like_str($v);
 
 			if ($side === 'none')
 			{
-				$like_statement = $prefix." $k $not LIKE '{$v}'";
+				$like_statement = "{$prefix} {$k} {$not} LIKE '{$v}'";
 			}
 			elseif ($side === 'before')
 			{
-				$like_statement = $prefix." $k $not LIKE '%{$v}'";
+				$like_statement = "{$prefix} {$k} {$not} LIKE '%{$v}'";
 			}
 			elseif ($side === 'after')
 			{
-				$like_statement = $prefix." $k $not LIKE '{$v}%'";
+				$like_statement = "{$prefix} {$k} {$not} LIKE '{$v}%'";
 			}
 			else
 			{
-				$like_statement = $prefix." $k $not LIKE '%{$v}%'";
+				$like_statement = "{$prefix} {$k} {$not} LIKE '%{$v}%'";
 			}
 
 			// some platforms require an escape sequence definition for LIKE wildcards
-			if ($this->_like_escape_str != '')
+			if ($this->_like_escape_str !== '')
 			{
-				$like_statement = $like_statement.sprintf($this->_like_escape_str, $this->_like_escape_chr);
+				$like_statement .= sprintf($this->_like_escape_str, $this->_like_escape_chr);
 			}
 
-			$this->ar_like[] = $like_statement;
-			if ($this->ar_caching === TRUE)
+			$this->qb_where[] = array('condition' => $like_statement, 'escape' => $escape);
+			if ($this->qb_caching === TRUE)
 			{
-				$this->ar_cache_like[] = $like_statement;
-				$this->ar_cache_exists[] = 'like';
+				$this->qb_cache_where[] = $like_statement;
+				$this->qb_cache_exists[] = 'where';
 			}
-
 		}
 
 		return $this;
@@ -709,20 +950,25 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Starts a query group.
 	 *
-	 * @param	string (Internal use only)
-	 * @param	string (Internal use only)
+	 * @param	string	$not	(Internal use only)
+	 * @param	string	$type	(Internal use only)
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
 	public function group_start($not = '', $type = 'AND ')
 	{
 		$type = $this->_group_get_type($type);
-		$this->ar_where_group_started = TRUE;
-		$prefix = (count($this->ar_where) === 0 && count($this->ar_cache_where) === 0) ? '' : $type;
-		$this->ar_where[] = $value = $prefix.$not.str_repeat(' ', ++$this->ar_where_group_count).' (';
 
-		if ($this->ar_caching)
+		$this->qb_where_group_started = TRUE;
+		$prefix = (count($this->qb_where) === 0 && count($this->qb_cache_where) === 0) ? '' : $type;
+		$where = array(
+			'condition' => $prefix.$not.str_repeat(' ', ++$this->qb_where_group_count).' (',
+			'escape' => FALSE
+		);
+
+		$this->qb_where[] = $where;
+		if ($this->qb_caching)
 		{
-			$this->ar_cache_where[] = $value;
+			$this->qb_cache_where[] = $where;
 		}
 
 		return $this;
@@ -773,12 +1019,16 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 	 */
 	public function group_end()
 	{
-		$this->ar_where_group_started = FALSE;
-		$this->ar_where[] = $value = str_repeat(' ', $this->ar_where_group_count--) . ')';
+		$this->qb_where_group_started = FALSE;
+		$where = array(
+			'condition' => str_repeat(' ', $this->qb_where_group_count--).')',
+			'escape' => FALSE
+		);
 
-		if ($this->ar_caching)
+		$this->qb_where[] = $where;
+		if ($this->qb_caching)
 		{
-			$this->ar_cache_where[] = $value;
+			$this->qb_cache_where[] = $where;
 		}
 
 		return $this;
@@ -789,17 +1039,20 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Group_get_type
 	 *
-	 * Called by group_start(), _like(), _where() and _where_in()
+	 * @used-by	group_start()
+	 * @used-by	_like()
+	 * @used-by	_wh()
+	 * @used-by	_where_in()
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string	$type
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _group_get_type($type)
 	{
-		if ($this->ar_where_group_started)
+		if ($this->qb_where_group_started)
 		{
 			$type = '';
-			$this->ar_where_group_started = FALSE;
+			$this->qb_where_group_started = FALSE;
 		}
 
 		return $type;
@@ -810,28 +1063,34 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * GROUP BY
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string	$by
+	 * @param	bool	$escape
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	public function group_by($by)
+	public function group_by($by, $escape = NULL)
 	{
+		is_bool($escape) OR $escape = $this->_protect_identifiers;
+
 		if (is_string($by))
 		{
-			$by = explode(',', $by);
+			$by = ($escape === TRUE)
+				? explode(',', $by)
+				: array($by);
 		}
 
 		foreach ($by as $val)
 		{
 			$val = trim($val);
 
-			if ($val != '')
+			if ($val !== '')
 			{
-				$this->ar_groupby[] = $val = $this->protect_identifiers($val);
+				$val = array('field' => $val, 'escape' => $escape);
 
-				if ($this->ar_caching === TRUE)
+				$this->qb_groupby[] = $val;
+				if ($this->qb_caching === TRUE)
 				{
-					$this->ar_cache_groupby[] = $val;
-					$this->ar_cache_exists[] = 'groupby';
+					$this->qb_cache_groupby[] = $val;
+					$this->qb_cache_exists[] = 'groupby';
 				}
 			}
 		}
@@ -842,136 +1101,91 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Sets the HAVING value
+	 * HAVING
 	 *
-	 * Separates multiple calls with AND
+	 * Separates multiple calls with 'AND'.
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string	$key
+	 * @param	string	$value
+	 * @param	bool	$escape
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	public function having($key, $value = '', $escape = TRUE)
+	public function having($key, $value = NULL, $escape = NULL)
 	{
-		return $this->_having($key, $value, 'AND ', $escape);
+		return $this->_wh('qb_having', $key, $value, 'AND ', $escape);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Sets the OR HAVING value
+	 * OR HAVING
 	 *
-	 * Separates multiple calls with OR
+	 * Separates multiple calls with 'OR'.
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string	$key
+	 * @param	string	$value
+	 * @param	bool	$escape
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	public function or_having($key, $value = '', $escape = TRUE)
+	public function or_having($key, $value = NULL, $escape = NULL)
 	{
-		return $this->_having($key, $value, 'OR ', $escape);
+		return $this->_wh('qb_having', $key, $value, 'OR ', $escape);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Sets the HAVING values
+	 * ORDER BY
 	 *
-	 * Called by having() or or_having()
-	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string	$orderby
+	 * @param	string	$direction	ASC or DESC
+	 * @param	bool	$escape
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	protected function _having($key, $value = '', $type = 'AND ', $escape = TRUE)
+	public function order_by($orderby, $direction = '', $escape = NULL)
 	{
-		if ( ! is_array($key))
-		{
-			$key = array($key => $value);
-		}
+		$direction = strtoupper(trim($direction));
 
-		foreach ($key as $k => $v)
+		if ($direction === 'RANDOM')
 		{
-			$prefix = (count($this->ar_having) === 0) ? '' : $type;
+			$direction = '';
 
-			if ($escape === TRUE)
-			{
-				$k = $this->protect_identifiers($k);
-			}
-
-			if ( ! $this->_has_operator($k))
-			{
-				$k .= ' = ';
-			}
-
-			if ($v != '')
-			{
-				$v = ' '.$this->escape($v);
-			}
-
-			$this->ar_having[] = $prefix.$k.$v;
-			if ($this->ar_caching === TRUE)
-			{
-				$this->ar_cache_having[] = $prefix.$k.$v;
-				$this->ar_cache_exists[] = 'having';
-			}
+			// Do we have a seed value?
+			$orderby = ctype_digit((string) $orderby)
+				? $orderby = sprintf($this->_random_keyword[1], $orderby)
+				: $this->_random_keyword[0];
 		}
-
-		return $this;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Sets the ORDER BY value
-	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	string	direction: asc or desc
-	 * @param	bool	enable field name escaping
-	 * @return	object
-	 */
-	public function order_by($orderby, $direction = '', $escape = TRUE)
-	{
-		if (strtolower($direction) === 'random')
+		elseif (empty($orderby))
 		{
-			$orderby = ''; // Random results want or don't need a field name
-			$direction = $this->_random_keyword;
+			return $this;
 		}
-		elseif (trim($direction) != '')
+		elseif ($direction !== '')
 		{
-			$direction = (in_array(strtoupper(trim($direction)), array('ASC', 'DESC'), TRUE)) ? ' '.$direction : ' ASC';
+			$direction = in_array($direction, array('ASC', 'DESC'), TRUE) ? ' '.$direction : '';
 		}
 
+		is_bool($escape) OR $escape = $this->_protect_identifiers;
 
-		if ((strpos($orderby, ',') !== FALSE) && $escape === TRUE)
+		if ($escape === FALSE)
 		{
-			$temp = array();
-			foreach (explode(',', $orderby) as $part)
-			{
-				$part = trim($part);
-				if ( ! in_array($part, $this->ar_aliased_tables))
-				{
-					$part = $this->protect_identifiers(trim($part));
-				}
-
-				$temp[] = $part;
-			}
-
-			$orderby = implode(', ', $temp);
+			$qb_orderby[] = array('field' => $orderby, 'direction' => $direction, 'escape' => FALSE);
 		}
-		elseif ($direction != $this->_random_keyword)
+		else
 		{
-			if ($escape === TRUE)
+			$qb_orderby = array();
+			foreach (explode(',', $orderby) as $field)
 			{
-				$orderby = $this->protect_identifiers($orderby);
+				$qb_orderby[] = ($direction === '' && preg_match('/\s+(ASC|DESC)$/i', rtrim($field), $match, PREG_OFFSET_CAPTURE))
+					? array('field' => ltrim(substr($field, 0, $match[0][1])), 'direction' => ' '.$match[1][0], 'escape' => TRUE)
+					: array('field' => trim($field), 'direction' => $direction, 'escape' => TRUE);
 			}
 		}
 
-		$this->ar_orderby[] = $orderby_statement = $orderby.$direction;
-
-		if ($this->ar_caching === TRUE)
+		$this->qb_orderby = array_merge($this->qb_orderby, $qb_orderby);
+		if ($this->qb_caching === TRUE)
 		{
-			$this->ar_cache_orderby[] = $orderby_statement;
-			$this->ar_cache_exists[] = 'orderby';
+			$this->qb_cache_orderby = array_merge($this->qb_cache_orderby, $qb_orderby);
+			$this->qb_cache_exists[] = 'orderby';
 		}
 
 		return $this;
@@ -980,20 +1194,16 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Sets the LIMIT value
+	 * LIMIT
 	 *
-	 * @param	int	the limit value
-	 * @param	int	the offset value
+	 * @param	int	$value	LIMIT value
+	 * @param	int	$offset	OFFSET value
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	public function limit($value, $offset = NULL)
+	public function limit($value, $offset = FALSE)
 	{
-		$this->ar_limit = (int) $value;
-
-		if ( ! is_null($offset))
-		{
-			$this->ar_offset = (int) $offset;
-		}
+		is_null($value) OR $this->qb_limit = (int) $value;
+		empty($offset) OR $this->qb_offset = (int) $offset;
 
 		return $this;
 	}
@@ -1003,26 +1213,43 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Sets the OFFSET value
 	 *
-	 * @param	int	the offset value
+	 * @param	int	$offset	OFFSET value
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
 	public function offset($offset)
 	{
-		$this->ar_offset = (int) $offset;
+		empty($offset) OR $this->qb_offset = (int) $offset;
 		return $this;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * The "set" function.  Allows key/value pairs to be set for inserting or updating
+	 * LIMIT string
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific LIMIT clause.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$sql	SQL Query
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _limit($sql)
+	{
+		return $sql.' LIMIT '.($this->qb_offset ? $this->qb_offset.', ' : '').$this->qb_limit;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * The "set" function.
+	 *
+	 * Allows key/value pairs to be set for inserting or updating
 	 *
 	 * @param	mixed
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @param	bool
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	public function set($key, $value = '', $escape = TRUE)
+	public function set($key, $value = '', $escape = NULL)
 	{
 		$key = $this->_object_to_array($key);
 
@@ -1031,16 +1258,12 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 			$key = array($key => $value);
 		}
 
+		is_bool($escape) OR $escape = $this->_protect_identifiers;
+
 		foreach ($key as $k => $v)
 		{
-			if ($escape === FALSE)
-			{
-				$this->ar_set[$this->protect_identifiers($k)] = $v;
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				$this->ar_set[$this->protect_identifiers($k, FALSE, TRUE)] = $this->escape($v);
-			}
+			$this->qb_set[$this->protect_identifiers($k, FALSE, $escape)] = ($escape)
+				? $this->escape($v) : $v;
 		}
 
 		return $this;
@@ -1054,18 +1277,18 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 	 * Compiles a SELECT query string and returns the sql.
 	 *
 	 * @param	string	the table name to select from (optional)
-	 * @param	bool	TRUE: resets AR values; FALSE: leave AR vaules alone
+	 * @param	bool	TRUE: resets QB values; FALSE: leave QB vaules alone
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	public function get_compiled_select($table = '', $reset = TRUE)
 	{
-		if ($table != '')
+		if ($table !== '')
 		{
 			$this->_track_aliases($table);
 			$this->from($table);
 		}
 
-		$select =  $this->_compile_select();
+		$select = $this->_compile_select();
 
 		if ($reset === TRUE)
 		{
@@ -1088,15 +1311,15 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 	 * @param	string	the offset clause
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	public function get($table = '', $limit = null, $offset = null)
+	public function get($table = '', $limit = NULL, $offset = NULL)
 	{
-		if ($table != '')
+		if ($table !== '')
 		{
 			$this->_track_aliases($table);
 			$this->from($table);
 		}
 
-		if ( ! is_null($limit))
+		if ( ! empty($limit))
 		{
 			$this->limit($limit, $offset);
 		}
@@ -1106,24 +1329,28 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 		return $result;
 	}
 
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 	/**
 	 * "Count All Results" query
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific query string that counts all records
-	 * returned by an Active Record query.
+	 * returned by an Query Builder query.
 	 *
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	public function count_all_results($table = '')
 	{
-		if ($table != '')
+		if ($table !== '')
 		{
 			$this->_track_aliases($table);
 			$this->from($table);
 		}
 
-		$result = $this->query($this->_compile_select($this->_count_string.$this->protect_identifiers('numrows')));
+		$result = ($this->qb_distinct === TRUE)
+			? $this->query($this->_count_string.$this->protect_identifiers('numrows')."\nFROM (\n".$this->_compile_select()."\n) CI_count_all_results")
+			: $this->query($this->_compile_select($this->_count_string.$this->protect_identifiers('numrows')));
 		$this->_reset_select();
 
 		if ($result->num_rows() === 0)
@@ -1134,6 +1361,7 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 		$row = $result->row();
 		return (int) $row->numrows;
 	}
+
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
@@ -1141,14 +1369,15 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 	 *
 	 * Allows the where clause, limit and offset to be added directly
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the where clause
-	 * @param	string	the limit clause
-	 * @param	string	the offset clause
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @param	string	$where
+	 * @param	int	$limit
+	 * @param	int	$offset
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	public function get_where($table = '', $where = null, $limit = null, $offset = null)
+	public function get_where($table = '', $where = NULL, $limit = NULL, $offset = NULL)
 	{
-		if ($table != '')
+		if ($table !== '')
 		{
 			$this->from($table);
 		}
@@ -1158,7 +1387,7 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 			$this->where($where);
 		}
 
-		if ( ! is_null($limit))
+		if ( ! empty($limit))
 		{
 			$this->limit($limit, $offset);
 		}
@@ -1175,57 +1404,56 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 	 *
 	 * Compiles batch insert strings and runs the queries
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table to retrieve the results from
-	 * @param	array	an associative array of insert values
-	 * @return	object
+	 * @param	string	$table	Table to insert into
+	 * @param	array	$set 	An associative array of insert values
+	 * @param	bool	$escape	Whether to escape values and identifiers
+	 * @return	int	Number of rows inserted or FALSE on failure
 	 */
-	public function insert_batch($table = '', $set = NULL)
+	public function insert_batch($table = '', $set = NULL, $escape = NULL)
 	{
 		if ( ! is_null($set))
 		{
-			$this->set_insert_batch($set);
+			$this->set_insert_batch($set, '', $escape);
 		}
 
-		if (count($this->ar_set) === 0)
+		if (count($this->qb_set) === 0)
 		{
-			if ($this->db_debug)
-			{
-				// No valid data array. Folds in cases where keys and values did not match up
-				return $this->display_error('db_must_use_set');
-			}
-			return FALSE;
+			// No valid data array. Folds in cases where keys and values did not match up
+			return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_must_use_set') : FALSE;
 		}
 
-		if ($table == '')
+		if ($table === '')
 		{
-			if ( ! isset($this->ar_from[0]))
+			if ( ! isset($this->qb_from[0]))
 			{
 				return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_must_set_table') : FALSE;
 			}
 
-			$table = $this->ar_from[0];
+			$table = $this->qb_from[0];
 		}
 
 		// Batch this baby
-		for ($i = 0, $total = count($this->ar_set); $i < $total; $i += 100)
+		$affected_rows = 0;
+		for ($i = 0, $total = count($this->qb_set); $i < $total; $i += 100)
 		{
-			$this->query($this->_insert_batch($this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE), $this->ar_keys, array_slice($this->ar_set, $i, 100)));
+			$this->query($this->_insert_batch($this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, $escape, FALSE), $this->qb_keys, array_slice($this->qb_set, $i, 100)));
+			$affected_rows += $this->affected_rows();
 		}
 
 		$this->_reset_write();
-		return TRUE;
+		return $affected_rows;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Insert_batch statement
+	 * Insert batch statement
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific insert string from the supplied data.
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the insert keys
-	 * @param	array	the insert values
+	 * @param	string	$table	Table name
+	 * @param	array	$keys	INSERT keys
+	 * @param	array	$values	INSERT values
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _insert_batch($table, $keys, $values)
@@ -1243,7 +1471,7 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 	 * @param	bool
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	public function set_insert_batch($key, $value = '', $escape = TRUE)
+	public function set_insert_batch($key, $value = '', $escape = NULL)
 	{
 		$key = $this->_object_to_array_batch($key);
 
@@ -1252,25 +1480,24 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 			$key = array($key => $value);
 		}
 
-		$keys = array_keys(current($key));
+		is_bool($escape) OR $escape = $this->_protect_identifiers;
+
+		$keys = array_keys($this->_object_to_array(current($key)));
 		sort($keys);
 
 		foreach ($key as $row)
 		{
+			$row = $this->_object_to_array($row);
 			if (count(array_diff($keys, array_keys($row))) > 0 OR count(array_diff(array_keys($row), $keys)) > 0)
 			{
 				// batch function above returns an error on an empty array
-				$this->ar_set[] = array();
+				$this->qb_set[] = array();
 				return;
 			}
 
 			ksort($row); // puts $row in the same order as our keys
 
-			if ($escape === FALSE)
-			{
-				$this->ar_set[] =  '('.implode(',', $row).')';
-			}
-			else
+			if ($escape !== FALSE)
 			{
 				$clean = array();
 				foreach ($row as $value)
@@ -1278,13 +1505,15 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 					$clean[] = $this->escape($value);
 				}
 
-				$this->ar_set[] =  '('.implode(',', $clean).')';
+				$row = $clean;
 			}
+
+			$this->qb_set[] = '('.implode(',', $row).')';
 		}
 
 		foreach ($keys as $k)
 		{
-			$this->ar_keys[] = $this->protect_identifiers($k);
+			$this->qb_keys[] = $this->protect_identifiers($k, FALSE, $escape);
 		}
 
 		return $this;
@@ -1298,7 +1527,7 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 	 * Compiles an insert query and returns the sql
 	 *
 	 * @param	string	the table to insert into
-	 * @param	bool	TRUE: reset AR values; FALSE: leave AR values alone
+	 * @param	bool	TRUE: reset QB values; FALSE: leave QB values alone
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	public function get_compiled_insert($table = '', $reset = TRUE)
@@ -1309,9 +1538,11 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 		}
 
 		$sql = $this->_insert(
-			$this->protect_identifiers($this->ar_from[0], TRUE, NULL, FALSE),
-			array_keys($this->ar_set),
-			array_values($this->ar_set)
+			$this->protect_identifiers(
+				$this->qb_from[0], TRUE, NULL, FALSE
+			),
+			array_keys($this->qb_set),
+			array_values($this->qb_set)
 		);
 
 		if ($reset === TRUE)
@@ -1331,13 +1562,14 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 	 *
 	 * @param	string	the table to insert data into
 	 * @param	array	an associative array of insert values
+	 * @param	bool	$escape	Whether to escape values and identifiers
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	public function insert($table = '', $set = NULL)
+	public function insert($table = '', $set = NULL, $escape = NULL)
 	{
 		if ( ! is_null($set))
 		{
-			$this->set($set);
+			$this->set($set, '', $escape);
 		}
 
 		if ($this->_validate_insert($table) === FALSE)
@@ -1346,9 +1578,11 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 		}
 
 		$sql = $this->_insert(
-			$this->protect_identifiers($this->ar_from[0], TRUE, NULL, FALSE),
-			array_keys($this->ar_set),
-			array_values($this->ar_set)
+			$this->protect_identifiers(
+				$this->qb_from[0], TRUE, $escape, FALSE
+			),
+			array_keys($this->qb_set),
+			array_values($this->qb_set)
 		);
 
 		$this->_reset_write();
@@ -1358,23 +1592,6 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Insert statement
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific insert string from the supplied data
-	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the insert keys
-	 * @param	array	the insert values
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	protected function _insert($table, $keys, $values)
-	{
-		return 'INSERT INTO '.$table.' ('.implode(', ', $keys).') VALUES ('.implode(', ', $values).')';
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
 	 * Validate Insert
 	 *
 	 * This method is used by both insert() and get_compiled_insert() to
@@ -1386,21 +1603,18 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 	 */
 	protected function _validate_insert($table = '')
 	{
-		if (count($this->ar_set) === 0)
+		if (count($this->qb_set) === 0)
 		{
 			return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_must_use_set') : FALSE;
 		}
 
-		if ($table == '')
+		if ($table !== '')
 		{
-			if ( ! isset($this->ar_from[0]))
-			{
-				return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_must_set_table') : FALSE;
-			}
+			$this->qb_from[0] = $table;
 		}
-		else
+		elseif ( ! isset($this->qb_from[0]))
 		{
-			$this->ar_from[0] = $table;
+			return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_must_set_table') : FALSE;
 		}
 
 		return TRUE;
@@ -1424,22 +1638,23 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 			$this->set($set);
 		}
 
-		if (count($this->ar_set) === 0)
+		if (count($this->qb_set) === 0)
 		{
 			return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_must_use_set') : FALSE;
 		}
 
-		if ($table == '')
+		if ($table === '')
 		{
-			if ( ! isset($this->ar_from[0]))
+			if ( ! isset($this->qb_from[0]))
 			{
 				return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_must_set_table') : FALSE;
 			}
 
-			$table = $this->ar_from[0];
+			$table = $this->qb_from[0];
 		}
 
-		$sql = $this->_replace($this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE), array_keys($this->ar_set), array_values($this->ar_set));
+		$sql = $this->_replace($this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE), array_keys($this->qb_set), array_values($this->qb_set));
+
 		$this->_reset_write();
 		return $this->query($sql);
 	}
@@ -1464,12 +1679,29 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
+	 * FROM tables
+	 *
+	 * Groups tables in FROM clauses if needed, so there is no confusion
+	 * about operator precedence.
+	 *
+	 * Note: This is only used (and overriden) by MySQL and CUBRID.
+	 *
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _from_tables()
+	{
+		return implode(', ', $this->qb_from);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
 	 * Get UPDATE query string
 	 *
 	 * Compiles an update query and returns the sql
 	 *
 	 * @param	string	the table to update
-	 * @param	bool	TRUE: reset AR values; FALSE: leave AR values alone
+	 * @param	bool	TRUE: reset QB values; FALSE: leave QB values alone
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	public function get_compiled_update($table = '', $reset = TRUE)
@@ -1482,7 +1714,7 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		$sql = $this->_update($this->protect_identifiers($this->ar_from[0], TRUE, NULL, FALSE), $this->ar_set, $this->ar_where, $this->ar_orderby, $this->ar_limit);
+		$sql = $this->_update($this->protect_identifiers($this->qb_from[0], TRUE, NULL, FALSE), $this->qb_set);
 
 		if ($reset === TRUE)
 		{
@@ -1495,13 +1727,14 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Update
+	 * UPDATE
 	 *
-	 * Compiles an update string and runs the query
+	 * Compiles an update string and runs the query.
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table to retrieve the results from
-	 * @param	array	an associative array of update values
-	 * @param	mixed	the where clause
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @param	array	$set	An associative array of update values
+	 * @param	mixed	$where
+	 * @param	int	$limit
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
 	public function update($table = '', $set = NULL, $where = NULL, $limit = NULL)
@@ -1519,17 +1752,17 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		if ($where != NULL)
+		if ($where !== NULL)
 		{
 			$this->where($where);
 		}
 
-		if ($limit != NULL)
+		if ( ! empty($limit))
 		{
 			$this->limit($limit);
 		}
 
-		$sql = $this->_update($this->protect_identifiers($this->ar_from[0], TRUE, NULL, FALSE), $this->ar_set, $this->ar_where, $this->ar_orderby, $this->ar_limit, $this->ar_like);
+		$sql = $this->_update($this->protect_identifiers($this->qb_from[0], TRUE, NULL, FALSE), $this->qb_set);
 		$this->_reset_write();
 		return $this->query($sql);
 	}
@@ -1537,41 +1770,6 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Update statement
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific update string from the supplied data
-	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the update data
-	 * @param	array	the where clause
-	 * @param	array	the orderby clause
-	 * @param	array	the limit clause
-	 * @param	array	the like clause
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	protected function _update($table, $values, $where, $orderby = array(), $limit = FALSE, $like = array())
-	{
-		foreach ($values as $key => $val)
-		{
-			$valstr[] = $key.' = '.$val;
-		}
-
-		$where = empty($where) ? '' : ' WHERE '.implode(' ', $where);
-
-		if ( ! empty($like))
-		{
-			$where .= ($where === '' ? ' WHERE ' : ' AND ').implode(' ', $like);
-		}
-
-		return 'UPDATE '.$table.' SET '.implode(', ', $valstr)
-			.$where
-			.(count($orderby) > 0 ? ' ORDER BY '.implode(', ', $orderby) : '')
-			.($limit ? ' LIMIT '.$limit : '');
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
 	 * Validate Update
 	 *
 	 * This method is used by both update() and get_compiled_update() to
@@ -1583,21 +1781,18 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 	 */
 	protected function _validate_update($table = '')
 	{
-		if (count($this->ar_set) == 0)
+		if (count($this->qb_set) === 0)
 		{
 			return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_must_use_set') : FALSE;
 		}
 
-		if ($table == '')
+		if ($table !== '')
 		{
-			if ( ! isset($this->ar_from[0]))
-			{
-				return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_must_set_table') : FALSE;
-			}
+			$this->qb_from[0] = $table;
 		}
-		else
+		elseif ( ! isset($this->qb_from[0]))
 		{
-			$this->ar_from[0] = $table;
+			return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_must_set_table') : FALSE;
 		}
 
 		return TRUE;
@@ -1613,7 +1808,7 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 	 * @param	string	the table to retrieve the results from
 	 * @param	array	an associative array of update values
 	 * @param	string	the where key
-	 * @return	bool
+	 * @return	int	number of rows affected or FALSE on failure
 	 */
 	public function update_batch($table = '', $set = NULL, $index = NULL)
 	{
@@ -1630,29 +1825,31 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 			$this->set_update_batch($set, $index);
 		}
 
-		if (count($this->ar_set) === 0)
+		if (count($this->qb_set) === 0)
 		{
 			return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_must_use_set') : FALSE;
 		}
 
-		if ($table == '')
+		if ($table === '')
 		{
-			if ( ! isset($this->ar_from[0]))
+			if ( ! isset($this->qb_from[0]))
 			{
 				return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_must_set_table') : FALSE;
 			}
 
-			$table = $this->ar_from[0];
+			$table = $this->qb_from[0];
 		}
 
 		// Batch this baby
-		for ($i = 0, $total = count($this->ar_set); $i < $total; $i += 100)
+		$affected_rows = 0;
+		for ($i = 0, $total = count($this->qb_set); $i < $total; $i += 100)
 		{
-			$this->query($this->_update_batch($this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE), array_slice($this->ar_set, $i, 100), $this->protect_identifiers($index), $this->ar_where));
+			$this->query($this->_update_batch($this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE), array_slice($this->qb_set, $i, 100), $this->protect_identifiers($index)));
+			$affected_rows += $this->affected_rows();
 		}
 
 		$this->_reset_write();
-		return TRUE;
+		return $affected_rows;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1665,7 +1862,7 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 	 * @param	bool
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	public function set_update_batch($key, $index = '', $escape = TRUE)
+	public function set_update_batch($key, $index = '', $escape = NULL)
 	{
 		$key = $this->_object_to_array_batch($key);
 
@@ -1674,30 +1871,28 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 			// @todo error
 		}
 
+		is_bool($escape) OR $escape = $this->_protect_identifiers;
+
 		foreach ($key as $k => $v)
 		{
 			$index_set = FALSE;
 			$clean = array();
 			foreach ($v as $k2 => $v2)
 			{
-				if ($k2 == $index)
+				if ($k2 === $index)
 				{
 					$index_set = TRUE;
 				}
-				else
-				{
-					$not[] = $k.'-'.$v;
-				}
 
-				$clean[$this->protect_identifiers($k2)] = ($escape === FALSE) ? $v2 : $this->escape($v2);
+				$clean[$this->protect_identifiers($k2, FALSE, $escape)] = ($escape === FALSE) ? $v2 : $this->escape($v2);
 			}
 
-			if ($index_set == FALSE)
+			if ($index_set === FALSE)
 			{
 				return $this->display_error('db_batch_missing_index');
 			}
 
-			$this->ar_set[] = $clean;
+			$this->qb_set[] = $clean;
 		}
 
 		return $this;
@@ -1715,14 +1910,14 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 	 */
 	public function empty_table($table = '')
 	{
-		if ($table == '')
+		if ($table === '')
 		{
-			if ( ! isset($this->ar_from[0]))
+			if ( ! isset($this->qb_from[0]))
 			{
 				return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_must_set_table') : FALSE;
 			}
 
-			$table = $this->ar_from[0];
+			$table = $this->qb_from[0];
 		}
 		else
 		{
@@ -1748,14 +1943,14 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 	 */
 	public function truncate($table = '')
 	{
-		if ($table == '')
+		if ($table === '')
 		{
-			if ( ! isset($this->ar_from[0]))
+			if ( ! isset($this->qb_from[0]))
 			{
 				return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_must_set_table') : FALSE;
 			}
 
-			$table = $this->ar_from[0];
+			$table = $this->qb_from[0];
 		}
 		else
 		{
@@ -1793,7 +1988,7 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 	 * Compiles a delete query string and returns the sql
 	 *
 	 * @param	string	the table to delete from
-	 * @param	bool	TRUE: reset AR values; FALSE: leave AR values alone
+	 * @param	bool	TRUE: reset QB values; FALSE: leave QB values alone
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	public function get_compiled_delete($table = '', $reset = TRUE)
@@ -1815,30 +2010,28 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 	 * @param	mixed	the where clause
 	 * @param	mixed	the limit clause
 	 * @param	bool
-	 * @return	object
+	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
 	public function delete($table = '', $where = '', $limit = NULL, $reset_data = TRUE)
 	{
 		// Combine any cached components with the current statements
 		$this->_merge_cache();
 
-		if ($table == '')
+		if ($table === '')
 		{
-			if ( ! isset($this->ar_from[0]))
+			if ( ! isset($this->qb_from[0]))
 			{
 				return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_must_set_table') : FALSE;
 			}
 
-			$table = $this->ar_from[0];
+			$table = $this->qb_from[0];
 		}
 		elseif (is_array($table))
 		{
 			foreach ($table as $single_table)
 			{
-				$this->delete($single_table, $where, $limit, FALSE);
+				$this->delete($single_table, $where, $limit, $reset_data);
 			}
-
-			$this->_reset_write();
 			return;
 		}
 		else
@@ -1846,22 +2039,22 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 			$table = $this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE);
 		}
 
-		if ($where != '')
+		if ($where !== '')
 		{
 			$this->where($where);
 		}
 
-		if ($limit != NULL)
+		if ( ! empty($limit))
 		{
 			$this->limit($limit);
 		}
 
-		if (count($this->ar_where) === 0 && count($this->ar_wherein) === 0 && count($this->ar_like) === 0)
+		if (count($this->qb_where) === 0)
 		{
 			return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_del_must_use_where') : FALSE;
 		}
 
-		$sql = $this->_delete($table, $this->ar_where, $this->ar_like, $this->ar_limit);
+		$sql = $this->_delete($table);
 		if ($reset_data)
 		{
 			$this->_reset_write();
@@ -1878,21 +2071,12 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 	 * Generates a platform-specific delete string from the supplied data
 	 *
 	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the where clause
-	 * @param	array	the like clause
-	 * @param	string	the limit clause
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	protected function _delete($table, $where = array(), $like = array(), $limit = FALSE)
+	protected function _delete($table)
 	{
-		$conditions = array();
-
-		empty($where) OR $conditions[] = implode(' ', $where);
-		empty($like) OR $conditions[] = implode(' ', $like);
-
-		return 'DELETE FROM '.$table
-			.(count($conditions) > 0 ? ' WHERE '.implode(' AND ', $conditions) : '')
-			.($limit ? ' LIMIT '.$limit : '');
+		return 'DELETE FROM '.$table.$this->_compile_wh('qb_where')
+			.($this->qb_limit ? ' LIMIT '.$this->qb_limit : '');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1907,7 +2091,7 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 	 */
 	public function dbprefix($table = '')
 	{
-		if ($table == '')
+		if ($table === '')
 		{
 			$this->display_error('db_table_name_required');
 		}
@@ -1962,15 +2146,15 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 		if (strpos($table, ' ') !== FALSE)
 		{
 			// if the alias is written with the AS keyword, remove it
-			$table = preg_replace('/ AS /i', ' ', $table);
+			$table = preg_replace('/\s+AS\s+/i', ' ', $table);
 
 			// Grab the alias
 			$table = trim(strrchr($table, ' '));
 
 			// Store the alias, if it doesn't already exist
-			if ( ! in_array($table, $this->ar_aliased_tables))
+			if ( ! in_array($table, $this->qb_aliased_tables))
 			{
-				$this->ar_aliased_tables[] = $table;
+				$this->qb_aliased_tables[] = $table;
 			}
 		}
 	}
@@ -1981,8 +2165,9 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 	 * Compile the SELECT statement
 	 *
 	 * Generates a query string based on which functions were used.
-	 * Should not be called directly.  The get() function calls it.
+	 * Should not be called directly.
 	 *
+	 * @param	bool	$select_override
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _compile_select($select_override = FALSE)
@@ -1997,9 +2182,9 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 		}
 		else
 		{
-			$sql = ( ! $this->ar_distinct) ? 'SELECT ' : 'SELECT DISTINCT ';
+			$sql = ( ! $this->qb_distinct) ? 'SELECT ' : 'SELECT DISTINCT ';
 
-			if (count($this->ar_select) === 0)
+			if (count($this->qb_select) === 0)
 			{
 				$sql .= '*';
 			}
@@ -2008,76 +2193,178 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 				// Cycle through the "select" portion of the query and prep each column name.
 				// The reason we protect identifiers here rather then in the select() function
 				// is because until the user calls the from() function we don't know if there are aliases
-				foreach ($this->ar_select as $key => $val)
+				foreach ($this->qb_select as $key => $val)
 				{
-					$no_escape = isset($this->ar_no_escape[$key]) ? $this->ar_no_escape[$key] : NULL;
-					$this->ar_select[$key] = $this->protect_identifiers($val, FALSE, $no_escape);
+					$no_escape = isset($this->qb_no_escape[$key]) ? $this->qb_no_escape[$key] : NULL;
+					$this->qb_select[$key] = $this->protect_identifiers($val, FALSE, $no_escape);
 				}
 
-				$sql .= implode(', ', $this->ar_select);
+				$sql .= implode(', ', $this->qb_select);
 			}
 		}
 
 		// Write the "FROM" portion of the query
-		if (count($this->ar_from) > 0)
+		if (count($this->qb_from) > 0)
 		{
-			$sql .= "\nFROM ".$this->_from_tables($this->ar_from);
+			$sql .= "\nFROM ".$this->_from_tables();
 		}
 
 		// Write the "JOIN" portion of the query
-		if (count($this->ar_join) > 0)
+		if (count($this->qb_join) > 0)
 		{
-			$sql .= "\n".implode("\n", $this->ar_join);
+			$sql .= "\n".implode("\n", $this->qb_join);
 		}
 
-		// Write the "WHERE" portion of the query
-		if (count($this->ar_where) > 0 OR count($this->ar_like) > 0)
+		$sql .= $this->_compile_wh('qb_where')
+			.$this->_compile_group_by()
+			.$this->_compile_wh('qb_having')
+			.$this->_compile_order_by(); // ORDER BY
+
+		// LIMIT
+		if ($this->qb_limit)
 		{
-			$sql .= "\nWHERE ";
+			return $this->_limit($sql."\n");
 		}
 
-		$sql .= implode("\n", $this->ar_where);
+		return $sql;
+	}
 
-		// Write the "LIKE" portion of the query
-		if (count($this->ar_like) > 0)
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Compile WHERE, HAVING statements
+	 *
+	 * Escapes identifiers in WHERE and HAVING statements at execution time.
+	 *
+	 * Required so that aliases are tracked properly, regardless of wether
+	 * where(), or_where(), having(), or_having are called prior to from(),
+	 * join() and dbprefix is added only if needed.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$qb_key	'qb_where' or 'qb_having'
+	 * @return	string	SQL statement
+	 */
+	protected function _compile_wh($qb_key)
+	{
+		if (count($this->$qb_key) > 0)
 		{
-			if (count($this->ar_where) > 0)
+			for ($i = 0, $c = count($this->$qb_key); $i < $c; $i++)
 			{
-				$sql .= "\nAND ";
+				if ($this->{$qb_key}[$i]['escape'] === FALSE)
+				{
+					$this->{$qb_key}[$i] = $this->{$qb_key}[$i]['condition'];
+					continue;
+				}
+
+				// Split multiple conditions
+				$conditions = preg_split(
+					'/(\s*AND\s+|\s*OR\s+)/i',
+					$this->{$qb_key}[$i]['condition'],
+					-1,
+					PREG_SPLIT_DELIM_CAPTURE | PREG_SPLIT_NO_EMPTY
+				);
+
+				for ($ci = 0, $cc = count($conditions); $ci < $cc; $ci++)
+				{
+					if (($op = $this->_get_operator($conditions[$ci])) === FALSE
+						OR ! preg_match('/^(\(?)(.*)('.preg_quote($op, '/').')\s*(.*(?<!\)))?(\)?)$/i', $conditions[$ci], $matches))
+					{
+						continue;
+					}
+
+					// $matches = array(
+					//	0 => '(test <= foo)',	/* the whole thing */
+					//	1 => '(',		/* optional */
+					//	2 => 'test',		/* the field name */
+					//	3 => ' <= ',		/* $op */
+					//	4 => 'foo',		/* optional, if $op is e.g. 'IS NULL' */
+					//	5 => ')'		/* optional */
+					// );
+
+					if ( ! empty($matches[4]))
+					{
+						$this->_is_literal($matches[4]) OR $matches[4] = $this->protect_identifiers(trim($matches[4]));
+						$matches[4] = ' '.$matches[4];
+					}
+
+					$conditions[$ci] = $matches[1].$this->protect_identifiers(trim($matches[2]))
+						.' '.trim($matches[3]).$matches[4].$matches[5];
+				}
+
+				$this->{$qb_key}[$i] = implode('', $conditions);
 			}
 
-			$sql .= implode("\n", $this->ar_like);
+			return ($qb_key === 'qb_having' ? "\nHAVING " : "\nWHERE ")
+				.implode("\n", $this->$qb_key);
 		}
 
-		// Write the "GROUP BY" portion of the query
-		if (count($this->ar_groupby) > 0)
-		{
-			$sql .= "\nGROUP BY ".implode(', ', $this->ar_groupby);
-		}
+		return '';
+	}
 
-		// Write the "HAVING" portion of the query
-		if (count($this->ar_having) > 0)
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Compile GROUP BY
+	 *
+	 * Escapes identifiers in GROUP BY statements at execution time.
+	 *
+	 * Required so that aliases are tracked properly, regardless of wether
+	 * group_by() is called prior to from(), join() and dbprefix is added
+	 * only if needed.
+	 *
+	 * @return	string	SQL statement
+	 */
+	protected function _compile_group_by()
+	{
+		if (count($this->qb_groupby) > 0)
 		{
-			$sql .= "\nHAVING ".implode("\n", $this->ar_having);
+			for ($i = 0, $c = count($this->qb_groupby); $i < $c; $i++)
+			{
+				$this->qb_groupby[$i] = ($this->qb_groupby[$i]['escape'] === FALSE OR $this->_is_literal($this->qb_groupby[$i]['field']))
+					? $this->qb_groupby[$i]['field']
+					: $this->protect_identifiers($this->qb_groupby[$i]['field']);
+			}
+
+			return "\nGROUP BY ".implode(', ', $this->qb_groupby);
 		}
 
-		// Write the "ORDER BY" portion of the query
-		if (count($this->ar_orderby) > 0)
+		return '';
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Compile ORDER BY
+	 *
+	 * Escapes identifiers in ORDER BY statements at execution time.
+	 *
+	 * Required so that aliases are tracked properly, regardless of wether
+	 * order_by() is called prior to from(), join() and dbprefix is added
+	 * only if needed.
+	 *
+	 * @return	string	SQL statement
+	 */
+	protected function _compile_order_by()
+	{
+		if (is_array($this->qb_orderby) && count($this->qb_orderby) > 0)
 		{
-			$sql .= "\nORDER BY ".implode(', ', $this->ar_orderby);
-			if ($this->ar_order !== FALSE)
+			for ($i = 0, $c = count($this->qb_orderby); $i < $c; $i++)
 			{
-				$sql .= ($this->ar_order == 'desc') ? ' DESC' : ' ASC';
+				if ($this->qb_orderby[$i]['escape'] !== FALSE && ! $this->_is_literal($this->qb_orderby[$i]['field']))
+				{
+					$this->qb_orderby[$i]['field'] = $this->protect_identifiers($this->qb_orderby[$i]['field']);
+				}
+
+				$this->qb_orderby[$i] = $this->qb_orderby[$i]['field'].$this->qb_orderby[$i]['direction'];
 			}
-		}
 
-		// Write the "LIMIT" portion of the query
-		if (is_numeric($this->ar_limit))
+			return $this->qb_orderby = "\nORDER BY ".implode(', ', $this->qb_orderby);
+		}
+		elseif (is_string($this->qb_orderby))
 		{
-			return $this->_limit($sql."\n", $this->ar_limit, $this->ar_offset);
+			return $this->qb_orderby;
 		}
 
-		return $sql;
+		return '';
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -2090,7 +2377,7 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 	 * @param	object
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	public function _object_to_array($object)
+	protected function _object_to_array($object)
 	{
 		if ( ! is_object($object))
 		{
@@ -2101,7 +2388,7 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 		foreach (get_object_vars($object) as $key => $val)
 		{
 			// There are some built in keys we need to ignore for this conversion
-			if ( ! is_object($val) && ! is_array($val) && $key != '_parent_name')
+			if ( ! is_object($val) && ! is_array($val) && $key !== '_parent_name')
 			{
 				$array[$key] = $val;
 			}
@@ -2120,7 +2407,7 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 	 * @param	object
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	public function _object_to_array_batch($object)
+	protected function _object_to_array_batch($object)
 	{
 		if ( ! is_object($object))
 		{
@@ -2152,13 +2439,13 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Start Cache
 	 *
-	 * Starts AR caching
+	 * Starts QB caching
 	 *
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function start_cache()
 	{
-		$this->ar_caching = TRUE;
+		$this->qb_caching = TRUE;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -2166,13 +2453,13 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Stop Cache
 	 *
-	 * Stops AR caching
+	 * Stops QB caching
 	 *
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function stop_cache()
 	{
-		$this->ar_caching = FALSE;
+		$this->qb_caching = FALSE;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -2180,24 +2467,23 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Flush Cache
 	 *
-	 * Empties the AR cache
+	 * Empties the QB cache
 	 *
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function flush_cache()
 	{
 		$this->_reset_run(array(
-			'ar_cache_select'		=> array(),
-			'ar_cache_from'			=> array(),
-			'ar_cache_join'			=> array(),
-			'ar_cache_where'		=> array(),
-			'ar_cache_like'			=> array(),
-			'ar_cache_groupby'		=> array(),
-			'ar_cache_having'		=> array(),
-			'ar_cache_orderby'		=> array(),
-			'ar_cache_set'			=> array(),
-			'ar_cache_exists'		=> array(),
-			'ar_cache_no_escape'	=> array()
+			'qb_cache_select'		=> array(),
+			'qb_cache_from'			=> array(),
+			'qb_cache_join'			=> array(),
+			'qb_cache_where'		=> array(),
+			'qb_cache_groupby'		=> array(),
+			'qb_cache_having'		=> array(),
+			'qb_cache_orderby'		=> array(),
+			'qb_cache_set'			=> array(),
+			'qb_cache_exists'		=> array(),
+			'qb_cache_no_escape'	=> array()
 		));
 	}
 
@@ -2206,47 +2492,76 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Merge Cache
 	 *
-	 * When called, this function merges any cached AR arrays with
+	 * When called, this function merges any cached QB arrays with
 	 * locally called ones.
 	 *
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	protected function _merge_cache()
 	{
-		if (count($this->ar_cache_exists) === 0)
+		if (count($this->qb_cache_exists) === 0)
 		{
 			return;
 		}
 
-		foreach ($this->ar_cache_exists as $val)
+		foreach ($this->qb_cache_exists as $val)
 		{
-			$ar_variable	= 'ar_'.$val;
-			$ar_cache_var	= 'ar_cache_'.$val;
+			$qb_variable	= 'qb_'.$val;
+			$qb_cache_var	= 'qb_cache_'.$val;
 
-			if (count($this->$ar_cache_var) === 0)
+			if (count($this->$qb_cache_var) === 0)
 			{
 				continue;
 			}
-
-			$this->$ar_variable = array_unique(array_merge($this->$ar_cache_var, $this->$ar_variable));
+			$this->$qb_variable = array_merge($this->$qb_variable, array_diff($this->$qb_cache_var, $this->$qb_variable));
 		}
 
 		// If we are "protecting identifiers" we need to examine the "from"
 		// portion of the query to determine if there are any aliases
-		if ($this->_protect_identifiers === TRUE && count($this->ar_cache_from) > 0)
+		if ($this->_protect_identifiers === TRUE && count($this->qb_cache_from) > 0)
+		{
+			$this->_track_aliases($this->qb_from);
+		}
+
+		$this->qb_no_escape = array_merge($this->qb_no_escape, array_diff($this->qb_cache_no_escape, $this->qb_no_escape));
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Is literal
+	 *
+	 * Determines if a string represents a literal value or a field name
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$str
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	protected function _is_literal($str)
+	{
+		$str = trim($str);
+
+		if (empty($str) OR ctype_digit($str) OR (string) (float) $str === $str OR in_array(strtoupper($str), array('TRUE', 'FALSE'), TRUE))
 		{
-			$this->_track_aliases($this->ar_from);
+			return TRUE;
 		}
 
-		$this->ar_no_escape = $this->ar_cache_no_escape;
+		static $_str;
+
+		if (empty($_str))
+		{
+			$_str = ($this->_escape_char !== '"')
+				? array('"', "'") : array("'");
+		}
+
+		return in_array($str[0], $_str, TRUE);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Reset Active Record values.
+	 * Reset Query Builder values.
 	 *
-	 * Publicly-visible method to reset the AR values.
+	 * Publicly-visible method to reset the QB values.
 	 *
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
@@ -2259,47 +2574,41 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Resets the active record values.  Called by the get() function
+	 * Resets the query builder values.  Called by the get() function
 	 *
 	 * @param	array	An array of fields to reset
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	protected function _reset_run($ar_reset_items)
+	protected function _reset_run($qb_reset_items)
 	{
-		foreach ($ar_reset_items as $item => $default_value)
+		foreach ($qb_reset_items as $item => $default_value)
 		{
-			if ( ! in_array($item, $this->ar_store_array))
-			{
-				$this->$item = $default_value;
-			}
+			$this->$item = $default_value;
 		}
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Resets the active record values.  Called by the get() function
+	 * Resets the query builder values.  Called by the get() function
 	 *
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	protected function _reset_select()
 	{
 		$this->_reset_run(array(
-					'ar_select'		=> array(),
-					'ar_from'		=> array(),
-					'ar_join'		=> array(),
-					'ar_where'		=> array(),
-					'ar_like'		=> array(),
-					'ar_groupby'		=> array(),
-					'ar_having'		=> array(),
-					'ar_orderby'		=> array(),
-					'ar_wherein'		=> array(),
-					'ar_aliased_tables'	=> array(),
-					'ar_no_escape'		=> array(),
-					'ar_distinct'		=> FALSE,
-					'ar_limit'		=> FALSE,
-					'ar_offset'		=> FALSE,
-					'ar_order'		=> FALSE
+					'qb_select'		=> array(),
+					'qb_from'		=> array(),
+					'qb_join'		=> array(),
+					'qb_where'		=> array(),
+					'qb_groupby'		=> array(),
+					'qb_having'		=> array(),
+					'qb_orderby'		=> array(),
+					'qb_aliased_tables'	=> array(),
+					'qb_no_escape'		=> array(),
+					'qb_distinct'		=> FALSE,
+					'qb_limit'		=> FALSE,
+					'qb_offset'		=> FALSE
 					)
 				);
 	}
@@ -2307,7 +2616,7 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Resets the active record "write" values.
+	 * Resets the query builder "write" values.
 	 *
 	 * Called by the insert() update() insert_batch() update_batch() and delete() functions
 	 *
@@ -2316,19 +2625,17 @@ abstract class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 	protected function _reset_write()
 	{
 		$this->_reset_run(array(
-			'ar_set'	=> array(),
-			'ar_from'	=> array(),
-			'ar_where'	=> array(),
-			'ar_like'	=> array(),
-			'ar_orderby'	=> array(),
-			'ar_keys'	=> array(),
-			'ar_limit'	=> FALSE,
-			'ar_order'	=> FALSE
+			'qb_set'	=> array(),
+			'qb_from'	=> array(),
+			'qb_where'	=> array(),
+			'qb_orderby'	=> array(),
+			'qb_keys'	=> array(),
+			'qb_limit'	=> FALSE
 			)
 		);
 	}
 
 }
 
-/* End of file DB_active_rec.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/DB_active_rec.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+/* End of file DB_query_builder.php */
+/* Location: ./system/database/DB_query_builder.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/DB_result.php b/system/database/DB_result.php
index 196febe2c..e1ef341a5 100644
--- a/system/database/DB_result.php
+++ b/system/database/DB_result.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * Database Result Class
@@ -38,32 +39,123 @@
  */
 class CI_DB_result {
 
-	public $conn_id				= NULL;
-	public $result_id			= NULL;
+	/**
+	 * Connection ID
+	 *
+	 * @var	resource|object
+	 */
+	public $conn_id;
+
+	/**
+	 * Result ID
+	 *
+	 * @var	resource|object
+	 */
+	public $result_id;
+
+	/**
+	 * Result Array
+	 *
+	 * @var	array[]
+	 */
 	public $result_array			= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * Result Object
+	 *
+	 * @var	object[]
+	 */
 	public $result_object			= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * Custom Result Object
+	 *
+	 * @var	object[]
+	 */
 	public $custom_result_object		= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * Current Row index
+	 *
+	 * @var	int
+	 */
 	public $current_row			= 0;
-	public $num_rows			= 0;
-	public $row_data			= NULL;
 
+	/**
+	 * Number of rows
+	 *
+	 * @var	int
+	 */
+	public $num_rows;
+
+	/**
+	 * Row data
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	public $row_data;
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Constructor
+	 *
+	 * @param	object	$driver_object
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
 	public function __construct(&$driver_object)
 	{
 		$this->conn_id = $driver_object->conn_id;
 		$this->result_id = $driver_object->result_id;
 	}
 
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 	/**
-	 * Query result.  Acts as a wrapper function for the following functions.
+	 * Number of rows in the result set
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	can be "object" or "array"
-	 * @return	object
+	 * @return	int
+	 */
+	public function num_rows()
+	{
+		if (is_int($this->num_rows))
+		{
+			return $this->num_rows;
+		}
+		elseif (count($this->result_array) > 0)
+		{
+			return $this->num_rows = count($this->result_array);
+		}
+		elseif (count($this->result_object) > 0)
+		{
+			return $this->num_rows = count($this->result_object);
+		}
+
+		return $this->num_rows = count($this->result_array());
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Query result. Acts as a wrapper function for the following functions.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$type	'object', 'array' or a custom class name
+	 * @return	array
 	 */
 	public function result($type = 'object')
 	{
-		if ($type === 'array') return $this->result_array();
-		elseif ($type === 'object') return $this->result_object();
-		else return $this->custom_result_object($type);
+		if ($type === 'array')
+		{
+			return $this->result_array();
+		}
+		elseif ($type === 'object')
+		{
+			return $this->result_object();
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			return $this->custom_result_object($type);
+		}
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -71,38 +163,55 @@ class CI_DB_result {
 	/**
 	 * Custom query result.
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	A string that represents the type of object you want back
-	 * @return	array	of objects
+	 * @param	string	$class_name
+	 * @return	array
 	 */
 	public function custom_result_object($class_name)
 	{
-		if (array_key_exists($class_name, $this->custom_result_object))
+		if (isset($this->custom_result_object[$class_name]))
 		{
 			return $this->custom_result_object[$class_name];
 		}
-
-		if ($this->result_id === FALSE OR $this->num_rows() == 0)
+		elseif ( ! $this->result_id OR $this->num_rows === 0)
 		{
 			return array();
 		}
 
-		// add the data to the object
-		$this->_data_seek(0);
-		$result_object = array();
+		// Don't fetch the result set again if we already have it
+		$_data = NULL;
+		if (($c = count($this->result_array)) > 0)
+		{
+			$_data = 'result_array';
+		}
+		elseif (($c = count($this->result_object)) > 0)
+		{
+			$_data = 'result_object';
+		}
 
-		while ($row = $this->_fetch_object())
+		if ($_data !== NULL)
 		{
-			$object = new $class_name();
-			foreach ($row as $key => $value)
+			for ($i = 0; $i < $c; $i++)
 			{
-				$object->$key = $value;
+				$this->custom_result_object[$class_name][$i] = new $class_name();
+
+				foreach ($this->{$_data}[$i] as $key => $value)
+				{
+					$this->custom_result_object[$class_name][$i]->$key = $value;
+				}
 			}
 
-			$result_object[] = $object;
+			return $this->custom_result_object[$class_name];
 		}
 
-		// return the array
-		return $this->custom_result_object[$class_name] = $result_object;
+		$this->data_seek(0);
+		$this->custom_result_object[$class_name] = array();
+
+		while ($row = $this->_fetch_object($class_name))
+		{
+			$this->custom_result_object[$class_name][] = $row;
+		}
+
+		return $this->custom_result_object[$class_name];
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -119,15 +228,25 @@ class CI_DB_result {
 			return $this->result_object;
 		}
 
-		// In the event that query caching is on the result_id variable
-		// will return FALSE since there isn't a valid SQL resource so
-		// we'll simply return an empty array.
-		if ($this->result_id === FALSE OR $this->num_rows() == 0)
+		// In the event that query caching is on, the result_id variable
+		// will not be a valid resource so we'll simply return an empty
+		// array.
+		if ( ! $this->result_id OR $this->num_rows === 0)
 		{
 			return array();
 		}
 
-		$this->_data_seek(0);
+		if (($c = count($this->result_array)) > 0)
+		{
+			for ($i = 0; $i < $c; $i++)
+			{
+				$this->result_object[$i] = (object) $this->result_array[$i];
+			}
+
+			return $this->result_object;
+		}
+
+		$this->data_seek(0);
 		while ($row = $this->_fetch_object())
 		{
 			$this->result_object[] = $row;
@@ -139,7 +258,7 @@ class CI_DB_result {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Query result.  "array" version.
+	 * Query result. "array" version.
 	 *
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
@@ -150,15 +269,25 @@ class CI_DB_result {
 			return $this->result_array;
 		}
 
-		// In the event that query caching is on the result_id variable
-		// will return FALSE since there isn't a valid SQL resource so
-		// we'll simply return an empty array.
-		if ($this->result_id === FALSE OR $this->num_rows() == 0)
+		// In the event that query caching is on, the result_id variable
+		// will not be a valid resource so we'll simply return an empty
+		// array.
+		if ( ! $this->result_id OR $this->num_rows === 0)
 		{
 			return array();
 		}
 
-		$this->_data_seek(0);
+		if (($c = count($this->result_object)) > 0)
+		{
+			for ($i = 0; $i < $c; $i++)
+			{
+				$this->result_array[$i] = (array) $this->result_object[$i];
+			}
+
+			return $this->result_array;
+		}
+
+		$this->data_seek(0);
 		while ($row = $this->_fetch_assoc())
 		{
 			$this->result_array[] = $row;
@@ -170,29 +299,28 @@ class CI_DB_result {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Query result.  Acts as a wrapper function for the following functions.
+	 * Row
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	string	can be "object" or "array"
-	 * @return	mixed	either a result object or array
+	 * A wrapper method.
+	 *
+	 * @param	mixed	$n
+	 * @param	string	$type	'object' or 'array'
+	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
 	public function row($n = 0, $type = 'object')
 	{
 		if ( ! is_numeric($n))
 		{
 			// We cache the row data for subsequent uses
-			if ( ! is_array($this->row_data))
-			{
-				$this->row_data = $this->row_array(0);
-			}
+			is_array($this->row_data) OR $this->row_data = $this->row_array(0);
 
-			// array_key_exists() instead of isset() to allow for MySQL NULL values
-			if (array_key_exists($n, $this->row_data))
+			// array_key_exists() instead of isset() to allow for NULL values
+			if (empty($this->row_data) OR ! array_key_exists($n, $this->row_data))
 			{
-				return $this->row_data[$n];
+				return NULL;
 			}
-			// reset the $n variable if the result was not achieved
-			$n = 0;
+
+			return $this->row_data[$n];
 		}
 
 		if ($type === 'object') return $this->row_object($n);
@@ -205,6 +333,8 @@ class CI_DB_result {
 	/**
 	 * Assigns an item into a particular column slot
 	 *
+	 * @param	mixed	$key
+	 * @param	mixed	$value
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function set_row($key, $value = NULL)
@@ -224,7 +354,7 @@ class CI_DB_result {
 			return;
 		}
 
-		if ($key != '' && ! is_null($value))
+		if ($key !== '' && ! is_null($value))
 		{
 			$this->row_data[$key] = $value;
 		}
@@ -235,27 +365,33 @@ class CI_DB_result {
 	/**
 	 * Returns a single result row - custom object version
 	 *
+	 * @param	int	$n
+	 * @param	string	$type
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
 	public function custom_row_object($n, $type)
 	{
-		$result = $this->custom_result_object($type);
-		if (count($result) === 0)
+		isset($this->custom_result_object[$type]) OR $this->custom_result_object($type);
+
+		if (count($this->custom_result_object[$type]) === 0)
 		{
-			return $result;
+			return NULL;
 		}
 
-		if ($n != $this->current_row && isset($result[$n]))
+		if ($n !== $this->current_row && isset($this->custom_result_object[$type][$n]))
 		{
 			$this->current_row = $n;
 		}
 
-		return $result[$this->current_row];
+		return $this->custom_result_object[$type][$this->current_row];
 	}
 
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 	/**
 	 * Returns a single result row - object version
 	 *
+	 * @param	int	$n
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
 	public function row_object($n = 0)
@@ -263,10 +399,10 @@ class CI_DB_result {
 		$result = $this->result_object();
 		if (count($result) === 0)
 		{
-			return $result;
+			return NULL;
 		}
 
-		if ($n != $this->current_row && isset($result[$n]))
+		if ($n !== $this->current_row && isset($result[$n]))
 		{
 			$this->current_row = $n;
 		}
@@ -279,6 +415,7 @@ class CI_DB_result {
 	/**
 	 * Returns a single result row - array version
 	 *
+	 * @param	int	$n
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
 	public function row_array($n = 0)
@@ -286,10 +423,10 @@ class CI_DB_result {
 		$result = $this->result_array();
 		if (count($result) === 0)
 		{
-			return $result;
+			return NULL;
 		}
 
-		if ($n != $this->current_row && isset($result[$n]))
+		if ($n !== $this->current_row && isset($result[$n]))
 		{
 			$this->current_row = $n;
 		}
@@ -302,12 +439,13 @@ class CI_DB_result {
 	/**
 	 * Returns the "first" row
 	 *
-	 * @return	object
+	 * @param	string	$type
+	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
 	public function first_row($type = 'object')
 	{
 		$result = $this->result($type);
-		return (count($result) === 0) ? $result : $result[0];
+		return (count($result) === 0) ? NULL : $result[0];
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -315,12 +453,13 @@ class CI_DB_result {
 	/**
 	 * Returns the "last" row
 	 *
-	 * @return	object
+	 * @param	string	$type
+	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
 	public function last_row($type = 'object')
 	{
 		$result = $this->result($type);
-		return (count($result) === 0) ? $result : $result[count($result) - 1];
+		return (count($result) === 0) ? NULL : $result[count($result) - 1];
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -328,14 +467,15 @@ class CI_DB_result {
 	/**
 	 * Returns the "next" row
 	 *
-	 * @return	object
+	 * @param	string	$type
+	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
 	public function next_row($type = 'object')
 	{
 		$result = $this->result($type);
 		if (count($result) === 0)
 		{
-			return $result;
+			return NULL;
 		}
 
 		if (isset($result[$this->current_row + 1]))
@@ -351,14 +491,15 @@ class CI_DB_result {
 	/**
 	 * Returns the "previous" row
 	 *
-	 * @return	object
+	 * @param	string	$type
+	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
 	public function previous_row($type = 'object')
 	{
 		$result = $this->result($type);
 		if (count($result) === 0)
 		{
-			return $result;
+			return NULL;
 		}
 
 		if (isset($result[$this->current_row - 1]))
@@ -371,7 +512,29 @@ class CI_DB_result {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * The following functions are normally overloaded by the identically named
+	 * Returns an unbuffered row and move pointer to next row
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$type	'array', 'object' or a custom class name
+	 * @return	mixed
+	 */
+	public function unbuffered_row($type = 'object')
+	{
+		if ($type === 'array')
+		{
+			return $this->_fetch_assoc();
+		}
+		elseif ($type === 'object')
+		{
+			return $this->_fetch_object();
+		}
+
+		return $this->_fetch_object($type);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * The following methods are normally overloaded by the identically named
 	 * methods in the platform-specific driver -- except when query caching
 	 * is used. When caching is enabled we do not load the other driver.
 	 * These functions are primarily here to prevent undefined function errors
@@ -379,14 +542,118 @@ class CI_DB_result {
 	 * operational due to the unavailability of the database resource IDs with
 	 * cached results.
 	 */
-	public function num_rows() { return $this->num_rows; }
-	public function num_fields() { return 0; }
-	public function list_fields() { return array(); }
-	public function field_data() { return array(); }
-	public function free_result() { $this->result_id = FALSE; }
-	protected function _data_seek() { return FALSE; }
-	protected function _fetch_assoc() { return array(); }
-	protected function _fetch_object() { return array(); }
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Number of fields in the result set
+	 *
+	 * Overriden by driver result classes.
+	 *
+	 * @return	int
+	 */
+	public function num_fields()
+	{
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Fetch Field Names
+	 *
+	 * Generates an array of column names.
+	 *
+	 * Overriden by driver result classes.
+	 *
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	public function list_fields()
+	{
+		return array();
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Field data
+	 *
+	 * Generates an array of objects containing field meta-data.
+	 *
+	 * Overriden by driver result classes.
+	 *
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	public function field_data()
+	{
+		return array();
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Free the result
+	 *
+	 * Overriden by driver result classes.
+	 *
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function free_result()
+	{
+		$this->result_id = FALSE;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Data Seek
+	 *
+	 * Moves the internal pointer to the desired offset. We call
+	 * this internally before fetching results to make sure the
+	 * result set starts at zero.
+	 *
+	 * Overriden by driver result classes.
+	 *
+	 * @param	int	$n
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function data_seek($n = 0)
+	{
+		return FALSE;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Result - associative array
+	 *
+	 * Returns the result set as an array.
+	 *
+	 * Overriden by driver result classes.
+	 *
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	protected function _fetch_assoc()
+	{
+		return array();
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Result - object
+	 *
+	 * Returns the result set as an object.
+	 *
+	 * Overriden by driver result classes.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$class_name
+	 * @return	object
+	 */
+	protected function _fetch_object($class_name = 'stdClass')
+	{
+		return array();
+	}
 
 }
 
diff --git a/system/database/DB_utility.php b/system/database/DB_utility.php
index 587dfdc01..c4140aef3 100644
--- a/system/database/DB_utility.php
+++ b/system/database/DB_utility.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * Database Utility Class
@@ -32,21 +33,49 @@
  * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
  * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
  */
-abstract class CI_DB_utility extends CI_DB_forge {
+abstract class CI_DB_utility {
 
-	public $db;
-	public $data_cache		= array();
+	/**
+	 * Database object
+	 *
+	 * @var	object
+	 */
+	protected $db;
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * List databases statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_list_databases		= FALSE;
 
-	// Platform specific SQL strings
-	// Just setting those defaults to FALSE as they are mostly MySQL-specific
+	/**
+	 * OPTIMIZE TABLE statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	protected $_optimize_table	= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * REPAIR TABLE statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	protected $_repair_table	= FALSE;
 
-	public function __construct()
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Class constructor
+	 *
+	 * @param	object	&$db	Database object
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function __construct(&$db)
 	{
-		// Assign the main database object to $this->db
-		$CI =& get_instance();
-		$this->db =& $CI->db;
+		$this->db =& $db;
 		log_message('debug', 'Database Utility Class Initialized');
 	}
 
@@ -60,29 +89,29 @@ abstract class CI_DB_utility extends CI_DB_forge {
 	public function list_databases()
 	{
 		// Is there a cached result?
-		if (isset($this->data_cache['db_names']))
+		if (isset($this->db->data_cache['db_names']))
 		{
-			return $this->data_cache['db_names'];
+			return $this->db->data_cache['db_names'];
 		}
 		elseif ($this->_list_databases === FALSE)
 		{
-			return ($this->db->db_debug) ? $this->db->display_error('db_unsuported_feature') : FALSE;
+			return ($this->db->db_debug) ? $this->db->display_error('db_unsupported_feature') : FALSE;
 		}
 
-		$this->data_cache['db_names'] = array();
+		$this->db->data_cache['db_names'] = array();
 
 		$query = $this->db->query($this->_list_databases);
 		if ($query === FALSE)
 		{
-			return $this->data_cache['db_names'];
+			return $this->db->data_cache['db_names'];
 		}
 
-		for ($i = 0, $c = count($query); $i < $c; $i++)
+		for ($i = 0, $query = $query->result_array(), $c = count($query); $i < $c; $i++)
 		{
-			$this->data_cache['db_names'] = current($query[$i]);
+			$this->db->data_cache['db_names'][] = current($query[$i]);
 		}
 
-		return $this->data_cache['db_names'];
+		return $this->db->data_cache['db_names'];
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -90,7 +119,7 @@ abstract class CI_DB_utility extends CI_DB_forge {
 	/**
 	 * Determine if a particular database exists
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string	$database_name
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function database_exists($database_name)
@@ -103,21 +132,21 @@ abstract class CI_DB_utility extends CI_DB_forge {
 	/**
 	 * Optimize Table
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @param	string	$table_name
 	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
 	public function optimize_table($table_name)
 	{
 		if ($this->_optimize_table === FALSE)
 		{
-			return ($this->db->db_debug) ? $this->db->display_error('db_unsuported_feature') : FALSE;
+			return ($this->db->db_debug) ? $this->db->display_error('db_unsupported_feature') : FALSE;
 		}
 
 		$query = $this->db->query(sprintf($this->_optimize_table, $this->db->escape_identifiers($table_name)));
 		if ($query !== FALSE)
 		{
 			$query = $query->result_array();
-			return current($res);
+			return current($query);
 		}
 
 		return FALSE;
@@ -134,7 +163,7 @@ abstract class CI_DB_utility extends CI_DB_forge {
 	{
 		if ($this->_optimize_table === FALSE)
 		{
-			return ($this->db->db_debug) ? $this->db->display_error('db_unsuported_feature') : FALSE;
+			return ($this->db->db_debug) ? $this->db->display_error('db_unsupported_feature') : FALSE;
 		}
 
 		$result = array();
@@ -164,14 +193,14 @@ abstract class CI_DB_utility extends CI_DB_forge {
 	/**
 	 * Repair Table
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @param	string	$table_name
 	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
 	public function repair_table($table_name)
 	{
 		if ($this->_repair_table === FALSE)
 		{
-			return ($this->db->db_debug) ? $this->db->display_error('db_unsuported_feature') : FALSE;
+			return ($this->db->db_debug) ? $this->db->display_error('db_unsupported_feature') : FALSE;
 		}
 
 		$query = $this->db->query(sprintf($this->_repair_table, $this->db->escape_identifiers($table_name)));
@@ -189,10 +218,10 @@ abstract class CI_DB_utility extends CI_DB_forge {
 	/**
 	 * Generate CSV from a query result object
 	 *
-	 * @param	object	The query result object
-	 * @param	string	The delimiter - comma by default
-	 * @param	string	The newline character - \n by default
-	 * @param	string	The enclosure - double quote by default
+	 * @param	object	$query		Query result object
+	 * @param	string	$delim		Delimiter (default: ,)
+	 * @param	string	$newline	Newline character (default: \n)
+	 * @param	string	$enclosure	Enclosure (default: ")
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	public function csv_from_result($query, $delim = ',', $newline = "\n", $enclosure = '"')
@@ -212,7 +241,7 @@ abstract class CI_DB_utility extends CI_DB_forge {
 		$out = rtrim($out).$newline;
 
 		// Next blast through the result array and build out the rows
-		foreach ($query->result_array() as $row)
+		while ($row = $query->unbuffered_row('array'))
 		{
 			foreach ($row as $item)
 			{
@@ -229,8 +258,8 @@ abstract class CI_DB_utility extends CI_DB_forge {
 	/**
 	 * Generate XML data from a query result object
 	 *
-	 * @param	object	The query result object
-	 * @param	array	Any preferences
+	 * @param	object	$query	Query result object
+	 * @param	array	$params	Any preferences
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	public function xml_from_result($query, $params = array())
@@ -258,7 +287,7 @@ abstract class CI_DB_utility extends CI_DB_forge {
 
 		// Generate the result
 		$xml = '<'.$root.'>'.$newline;
-		foreach ($query->result_array() as $row)
+		while ($row = $query->unbuffered_row())
 		{
 			$xml .= $tab.'<'.$element.'>'.$newline;
 			foreach ($row as $key => $val)
@@ -276,6 +305,7 @@ abstract class CI_DB_utility extends CI_DB_forge {
 	/**
 	 * Database Backup
 	 *
+	 * @param	array	$params
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function backup($params = array())
@@ -288,8 +318,6 @@ abstract class CI_DB_utility extends CI_DB_forge {
 			$params = array('tables' => $params);
 		}
 
-		// ------------------------------------------------------
-
 		// Set up our default preferences
 		$prefs = array(
 				'tables'		=> array(),
@@ -333,7 +361,7 @@ abstract class CI_DB_utility extends CI_DB_forge {
 		{
 			if ($this->db->db_debug)
 			{
-				return $this->db->display_error('db_unsuported_compression');
+				return $this->db->display_error('db_unsupported_compression');
 			}
 
 			$prefs['format'] = 'txt';
@@ -343,7 +371,7 @@ abstract class CI_DB_utility extends CI_DB_forge {
 		if ($prefs['format'] === 'zip')
 		{
 			// Set the filename if not provided (only needed with Zip files)
-			if ($prefs['filename'] == '')
+			if ($prefs['filename'] === '')
 			{
 				$prefs['filename'] = (count($prefs['tables']) === 1 ? $prefs['tables'] : $this->db->database)
 							.date('Y-m-d_H-i', time()).'.sql';
@@ -369,7 +397,7 @@ abstract class CI_DB_utility extends CI_DB_forge {
 			$CI->zip->add_data($prefs['filename'], $this->_backup($prefs));
 			return $CI->zip->get_zip();
 		}
-		elseif ($prefs['format'] == 'txt') // Was a text file requested?
+		elseif ($prefs['format'] === 'txt') // Was a text file requested?
 		{
 			return $this->_backup($prefs);
 		}
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/cubrid/cubrid_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/cubrid/cubrid_driver.php
index 7a5c048f9..21994b093 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/cubrid/cubrid_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/cubrid/cubrid_driver.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -21,15 +21,16 @@
  * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2012, EllisLab, Inc. (http://ellislab.com/)
  * @license		http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0 Open Software License (OSL 3.0)
  * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 2.0.2
+ * @since		Version 2.1
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * CUBRID Database Adapter Class
  *
  * Note: _DB is an extender class that the app controller
- * creates dynamically based on whether the active record
+ * creates dynamically based on whether the query builder
  * class is being used or not.
  *
  * @package		CodeIgniter
@@ -40,26 +41,44 @@
  */
 class CI_DB_cubrid_driver extends CI_DB {
 
+	/**
+	 * Database driver
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	public $dbdriver = 'cubrid';
 
-	// The character used for escaping - no need in CUBRID
-	protected $_escape_char = '';
+	/**
+	 * Auto-commit flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	public $auto_commit = TRUE;
 
-	// clause and character used for LIKE escape sequences - not used in CUBRID
-	protected $_like_escape_str = '';
-	protected $_like_escape_chr = '';
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * The syntax to count rows is slightly different across different
-	 * database engines, so this string appears in each driver and is
-	 * used for the count_all() and count_all_results() functions.
+	 * Identifier escape character
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
 	 */
-	protected $_count_string = 'SELECT COUNT(*) AS ';
-	protected $_random_keyword = ' RAND()'; // database specific random keyword
+	protected $_escape_char = '`';
 
-	// CUBRID-specific properties
-	public $auto_commit = TRUE;
+	/**
+	 * ORDER BY random keyword
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $_random_keyword = array('RANDOM()', 'RANDOM(%d)');
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
+	/**
+	 * Class constructor
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$params
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
 	public function __construct($params)
 	{
 		parent::__construct($params);
@@ -74,10 +93,12 @@ class CI_DB_cubrid_driver extends CI_DB {
 		else
 		{
 			// If no port is defined by the user, use the default value
-			$this->port == '' OR $this->port = 33000;
+			empty($this->port) OR $this->port = 33000;
 		}
 	}
 
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 	/**
 	 * Non-persistent database connection
 	 *
@@ -115,7 +136,7 @@ class CI_DB_cubrid_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 * Except for determining if a persistent connection should be used,
 	 * the rest of the logic is the same for db_connect() and db_pconnect().
 	 *
-	 * @param	bool
+	 * @param	bool	$persistent
 	 * @return	resource
 	 */
 	protected function _cubrid_connect($persistent = FALSE)
@@ -165,9 +186,18 @@ class CI_DB_cubrid_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	public function version()
 	{
-		return isset($this->data_cache['version'])
-			? $this->data_cache['version']
-			: $this->data_cache['version'] = cubrid_get_server_info($this->conn_id);
+		if (isset($this->data_cache['version']))
+		{
+			return $this->data_cache['version'];
+		}
+		elseif ( ! $this->conn_id)
+		{
+			$this->initialize();
+		}
+
+		return ( ! $this->conn_id OR ($version = cubrid_get_server_info($this->conn_id)) === FALSE)
+			? FALSE
+			: $this->data_cache['version'] = $version;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -175,7 +205,7 @@ class CI_DB_cubrid_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Execute the query
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	an SQL query
+	 * @param	string	$sql	an SQL query
 	 * @return	resource
 	 */
 	protected function _execute($sql)
@@ -188,17 +218,13 @@ class CI_DB_cubrid_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Begin Transaction
 	 *
+	 * @param	bool	$test_mode
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function trans_begin($test_mode = FALSE)
 	{
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
 		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ($this->_trans_depth > 0)
+		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled OR $this->_trans_depth > 0)
 		{
 			return TRUE;
 		}
@@ -206,7 +232,7 @@ class CI_DB_cubrid_driver extends CI_DB {
 		// Reset the transaction failure flag.
 		// If the $test_mode flag is set to TRUE transactions will be rolled back
 		// even if the queries produce a successful result.
-		$this->_trans_failure = ($test_mode === TRUE) ? TRUE : FALSE;
+		$this->_trans_failure = ($test_mode === TRUE);
 
 		if (cubrid_get_autocommit($this->conn_id))
 		{
@@ -225,13 +251,8 @@ class CI_DB_cubrid_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	public function trans_commit()
 	{
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
 		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ($this->_trans_depth > 0)
+		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled OR $this->_trans_depth > 0)
 		{
 			return TRUE;
 		}
@@ -255,13 +276,8 @@ class CI_DB_cubrid_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	public function trans_rollback()
 	{
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
 		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ($this->_trans_depth > 0)
+		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled OR $this->_trans_depth > 0)
 		{
 			return TRUE;
 		}
@@ -281,8 +297,8 @@ class CI_DB_cubrid_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Escape String
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	bool	whether or not the string will be used in a LIKE condition
+	 * @param	string	$str
+	 * @param	bool	$like	Whether or not the string will be used in a LIKE condition
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	public function escape_str($str, $like = FALSE)
@@ -297,7 +313,9 @@ class CI_DB_cubrid_driver extends CI_DB {
 			return $str;
 		}
 
-		if (function_exists('cubrid_real_escape_string') AND is_resource($this->conn_id))
+		if (function_exists('cubrid_real_escape_string') &&
+			(is_resource($this->conn_id)
+				OR (get_resource_type($this->conn_id) === 'Unknown' && preg_match('/Resource id #/', strval($this->conn_id)))))
 		{
 			$str = cubrid_real_escape_string($str, $this->conn_id);
 		}
@@ -309,7 +327,7 @@ class CI_DB_cubrid_driver extends CI_DB {
 		// escape LIKE condition wildcards
 		if ($like === TRUE)
 		{
-			$str = str_replace(array('%', '_'), array('\\%', '\\_'), $str);
+			return str_replace(array('%', '_'), array('\\%', '\\_'), $str);
 		}
 
 		return $str;
@@ -342,49 +360,20 @@ class CI_DB_cubrid_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * "Count All" query
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query string that counts all records in
-	 * the specified table
-	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	int
-	 */
-	public function count_all($table = '')
-	{
-		if ($table == '')
-		{
-			return 0;
-		}
-
-		$query = $this->query($this->_count_string.$this->protect_identifiers('numrows').' FROM '.$this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE));
-		if ($query->num_rows() == 0)
-		{
-			return 0;
-		}
-
-		$row = $query->row();
-		$this->_reset_select();
-		return (int) $row->numrows;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
 	 * List table query
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the table names can be fetched
 	 *
-	 * @param	bool
+	 * @param	bool	$prefix_limit
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _list_tables($prefix_limit = FALSE)
 	{
-		$sql = "SHOW TABLES";
+		$sql = 'SHOW TABLES';
 
-		if ($prefix_limit !== FALSE AND $this->dbprefix != '')
+		if ($prefix_limit !== FALSE && $this->dbprefix !== '')
 		{
-			$sql .= " LIKE '".$this->escape_like_str($this->dbprefix)."%'";
+			return $sql." LIKE '".$this->escape_like_str($this->dbprefix)."%'";
 		}
 
 		return $sql;
@@ -397,7 +386,7 @@ class CI_DB_cubrid_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the column names can be fetched
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @param	string	$table
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _list_columns($table = '')
@@ -408,16 +397,40 @@ class CI_DB_cubrid_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Field data query
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that the column data can be retrieved
+	 * Returns an object with field data
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	protected function _field_data($table)
+	public function field_data($table = '')
 	{
-		return "SELECT * FROM ".$table." LIMIT 1";
+		if ($table === '')
+		{
+			return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_field_param_missing') : FALSE;
+		}
+
+		if (($query = $this->query('SHOW COLUMNS FROM '.$this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE))) === FALSE)
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+		$query = $query->result_object();
+
+		$retval = array();
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($query); $i < $c; $i++)
+		{
+			$retval[$i]			= new stdClass();
+			$retval[$i]->name		= $query[$i]->Field;
+
+			sscanf($query[$i]->Type, '%[a-z](%d)',
+				$retval[$i]->type,
+				$retval[$i]->max_length
+			);
+
+			$retval[$i]->default		= $query[$i]->Default;
+			$retval[$i]->primary_key	= (int) ($query[$i]->Key === 'PRI');
+		}
+
+		return $retval;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -438,99 +451,62 @@ class CI_DB_cubrid_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * From Tables
-	 *
-	 * This function implicitly groups FROM tables so there is no confusion
-	 * about operator precedence in harmony with SQL standards
-	 *
-	 * @param	array
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	protected function _from_tables($tables)
-	{
-		if ( ! is_array($tables))
-		{
-			$tables = array($tables);
-		}
-
-		return '('.implode(', ', $tables).')';
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
 	 * Update_Batch statement
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific batch update string from the supplied data
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the update data
-	 * @param	array	the where clause
+	 * @param	string	$table	Table name
+	 * @param	array	$values	Update data
+	 * @param	string	$index	WHERE key
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	protected function _update_batch($table, $values, $index, $where = NULL)
+	protected function _update_batch($table, $values, $index)
 	{
 		$ids = array();
-		$where = ($where != '' AND count($where) >=1) ? implode(" ", $where).' AND ' : '';
-
 		foreach ($values as $key => $val)
 		{
 			$ids[] = $val[$index];
 
 			foreach (array_keys($val) as $field)
 			{
-				if ($field != $index)
+				if ($field !== $index)
 				{
 					$final[$field][] = 'WHEN '.$index.' = '.$val[$index].' THEN '.$val[$field];
 				}
 			}
 		}
 
-		$sql = "UPDATE ".$table." SET ";
 		$cases = '';
-
 		foreach ($final as $k => $v)
 		{
-			$cases .= $k.' = CASE '."\n";
-			foreach ($v as $row)
-			{
-				$cases .= $row."\n";
-			}
-
-			$cases .= 'ELSE '.$k.' END, ';
+			$cases .= $k." = CASE \n"
+				.implode("\n", $v)
+				.'ELSE '.$k.' END, ';
 		}
 
-		$sql .= substr($cases, 0, -2);
+		$this->where($index.' IN('.implode(',', $ids).')', NULL, FALSE);
 
-		$sql .= ' WHERE '.$where.$index.' IN ('.implode(',', $ids).')';
-
-		return $sql;
+		return 'UPDATE '.$table.' SET '.substr($cases, 0, -2).$this->_compile_wh('qb_where');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Limit string
+	 * FROM tables
 	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific LIMIT clause
+	 * Groups tables in FROM clauses if needed, so there is no confusion
+	 * about operator precedence.
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the sql query string
-	 * @param	int	the number of rows to limit the query to
-	 * @param	int	the offset value
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	protected function _limit($sql, $limit, $offset)
+	protected function _from_tables()
 	{
-		if ($offset == 0)
-		{
-			$offset = '';
-		}
-		else
+		if ( ! empty($this->qb_join) && count($this->qb_from) > 1)
 		{
-			$offset .= ", ";
+			return '('.implode(', ', $this->qb_from).')';
 		}
 
-		return $sql."LIMIT ".$offset.$limit;
+		return implode(', ', $this->qb_from);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -538,12 +514,11 @@ class CI_DB_cubrid_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Close DB Connection
 	 *
-	 * @param	resource
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	protected function _close($conn_id)
+	protected function _close()
 	{
-		@cubrid_close($conn_id);
+		@cubrid_close($this->conn_id);
 	}
 
 }
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/cubrid/cubrid_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/cubrid/cubrid_forge.php
index 16478ee11..2a737c5ed 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/cubrid/cubrid_forge.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/cubrid/cubrid_forge.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -21,9 +21,10 @@
  * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2012, EllisLab, Inc. (http://ellislab.com/)
  * @license		http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0 Open Software License (OSL 3.0)
  * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * @since		Version 2.1
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * CUBRID Forge Class
@@ -34,195 +35,181 @@
  */
 class CI_DB_cubrid_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 
+	/**
+	 * CREATE DATABASE statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	protected $_create_database	= FALSE;
-	protected $_drop_database	= FALSE;
 
 	/**
-	 * Process Fields
+	 * CREATE TABLE keys flag
 	 *
-	 * @param	mixed	the fields
-	 * @return	string
+	 * Whether table keys are created from within the
+	 * CREATE TABLE statement.
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
 	 */
-	protected function _process_fields($fields)
-	{
-		$current_field_count = 0;
-		$sql = '';
+	protected $_create_table_keys	= TRUE;
 
-		foreach ($fields as $field => $attributes)
-		{
-			// Numeric field names aren't allowed in databases, so if the key is
-			// numeric, we know it was assigned by PHP and the developer manually
-			// entered the field information, so we'll simply add it to the list
-			if (is_numeric($field))
-			{
-				$sql .= "\n\t$attributes";
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				$attributes = array_change_key_case($attributes, CASE_UPPER);
-
-				$sql .= "\n\t\"".$this->db->protect_identifiers($field).'"';
-
-				if (array_key_exists('NAME', $attributes))
-				{
-					$sql .= ' '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($attributes['NAME']).' ';
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('TYPE', $attributes))
-				{
-					$sql .= ' '.$attributes['TYPE'];
-
-					if (array_key_exists('CONSTRAINT', $attributes))
-					{
-						switch ($attributes['TYPE'])
-						{
-							case 'decimal':
-							case 'float':
-							case 'numeric':
-								$sql .= '('.implode(',', $attributes['CONSTRAINT']).')';
-								break;
-							case 'enum': 	// As of version 8.4.0 CUBRID does not support
-											// enum data type.
-											break;
-							case 'set':
-								$sql .= '("'.implode('","', $attributes['CONSTRAINT']).'")';
-								break;
-							default:
-								$sql .= '('.$attributes['CONSTRAINT'].')';
-						}
-					}
-				}
+	/**
+	 * DROP DATABASE statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_drop_database	= FALSE;
 
-				if (array_key_exists('UNSIGNED', $attributes) && $attributes['UNSIGNED'] === TRUE)
-				{
-					//$sql .= ' UNSIGNED';
-					// As of version 8.4.0 CUBRID does not support UNSIGNED INTEGER data type.
-					// Will be supported in the next release as a part of MySQL Compatibility.
-				}
+	/**
+	 * CREATE TABLE IF statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_create_table_if	= FALSE;
 
-				if (array_key_exists('DEFAULT', $attributes))
-				{
-					$sql .= ' DEFAULT \''.$attributes['DEFAULT'].'\'';
-				}
+	/**
+	 * UNSIGNED support
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $_unsigned		= array(
+		'SHORT'		=> 'INTEGER',
+		'SMALLINT'	=> 'INTEGER',
+		'INT'		=> 'BIGINT',
+		'INTEGER'	=> 'BIGINT',
+		'BIGINT'	=> 'NUMERIC',
+		'FLOAT'		=> 'DOUBLE',
+		'REAL'		=> 'DOUBLE'
+	);
 
-				if (array_key_exists('NULL', $attributes) && $attributes['NULL'] === TRUE)
-				{
-					$sql .= ' NULL';
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					$sql .= ' NOT NULL';
-				}
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-				if (array_key_exists('AUTO_INCREMENT', $attributes) && $attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT'] === TRUE)
-				{
-					$sql .= ' AUTO_INCREMENT';
-				}
+	/**
+	 * ALTER TABLE
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$alter_type	ALTER type
+	 * @param	string	$table		Table name
+	 * @param	mixed	$field		Column definition
+	 * @return	string|string[]
+	 */
+	protected function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $field)
+	{
+		if (in_array($alter_type, array('DROP', 'ADD'), TRUE))
+		{
+			return parent::_alter_table($alter_type, $table, $field);
+		}
 
-				if (array_key_exists('UNIQUE', $attributes) && $attributes['UNIQUE'] === TRUE)
-				{
-					$sql .= ' UNIQUE';
-				}
+		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($table);
+		$sqls = array();
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($field); $i < $c; $i++)
+		{
+			if ($field[$i]['_literal'] !== FALSE)
+			{
+				$sqls[] = $sql.' CHANGE '.$field[$i]['_literal'];
 			}
-
-			// don't add a comma on the end of the last field
-			if (++$current_field_count < count($fields))
+			else
 			{
-				$sql .= ',';
+				$alter_type = empty($field[$i]['new_name']) ? ' MODIFY ' : ' CHANGE ';
+				$sqls[] = $sql.$alter_type$this->_process_column($field[$i]);
 			}
 		}
 
-		return $sql;
+		return $sqls;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Create Table
+	 * Process column
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	mixed	the fields
-	 * @param	mixed	primary key(s)
-	 * @param	mixed	key(s)
-	 * @param	bool	should 'IF NOT EXISTS' be added to the SQL
-	 * @return	bool
+	 * @param	array	$field
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	protected function _create_table($table, $fields, $primary_keys, $keys, $if_not_exists)
+	protected function _process_column($field)
 	{
-		$sql = 'CREATE TABLE ';
+		$extra_clause = isset($field['after'])
+			? ' AFTER '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($field['after']) : '';
 
-		if ($if_not_exists === TRUE)
+		if (empty($extra_clause) && isset($field['first']) && $field['first'] === TRUE)
 		{
-			//$sql .= 'IF NOT EXISTS ';
-			// As of version 8.4.0 CUBRID does not support this SQL syntax.
+			$extra_clause = ' FIRST';
 		}
 
-		$sql .= $this->db->escape_identifiers($table).' ('.$this->_process_fields($fields);
-
-		// If there is a PK defined
-		if (count($primary_keys) > 0)
-		{
-			$key_name = 'pk_'.$table.'_'.$this->db->protect_identifiers(implode('_', $primary_keys));
+		return $this->db->escape_identifiers($field['name'])
+			.(empty($field['new_name']) ? '' : ' '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($field['new_name']))
+			.' '.$field['type'].$field['length']
+			.$field['unsigned']
+			.$field['null']
+			.$field['default']
+			.$field['auto_increment']
+			.$field['unique']
+			.$extra_clause;
+	}
 
-			$primary_keys = $this->db->protect_identifiers($primary_keys);
-			$sql .= ",\n\tCONSTRAINT " . $key_name . " PRIMARY KEY(" . implode(', ', $primary_keys) . ")";
-		}
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-		if (is_array($keys) && count($keys) > 0)
+	/**
+	 * Field attribute TYPE
+	 *
+	 * Performs a data type mapping between different databases.
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	&$attributes
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _attr_type(&$attributes)
+	{
+		switch (strtoupper($attributes['TYPE']))
 		{
-			foreach ($keys as $key)
-			{
-				if (is_array($key))
-				{
-					$key_name = $this->db->protect_identifiers(implode('_', $key));
-					$key = $this->db->protect_identifiers($key);
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					$key_name = $this->db->protect_identifiers($key);
-					$key = array($key_name);
-				}
-
-				$sql .= ",\n\tKEY \"{$key_name}\" (" . implode(', ', $key) . ")";
-			}
+			case 'TINYINT':
+				$attributes['TYPE'] = 'SMALLINT';
+				$attributes['UNSIGNED'] = FALSE;
+				return;
+			case 'MEDIUMINT':
+				$attributes['TYPE'] = 'INTEGER';
+				$attributes['UNSIGNED'] = FALSE;
+				return;
+			default: return;
 		}
-
-		$sql .= "\n);";
-
-		return $sql;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Alter table query
+	 * Process indexes
 	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that a table can be altered
-	 * Called by add_column(), drop_column(), and column_alter(),
-	 *
-	 * @param	string	the ALTER type (ADD, DROP, CHANGE)
-	 * @param	string	the column name
-	 * @param	array	fields
-	 * @param	string	the field after which we should add the new field
+	 * @param	string	$table	(ignored)
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	protected function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $fields, $after_field = '')
+	protected function _process_indexes($table)
 	{
-		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table).' '.$alter_type.' ';
+		$sql = '';
 
-		// DROP has everything it needs now.
-		if ($alter_type == 'DROP')
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($this->keys); $i < $c; $i++)
 		{
-			return $sql.$this->db->protect_identifiers($fields);
-		}
+			if (is_array($this->keys[$i]))
+			{
+				for ($i2 = 0, $c2 = count($this->keys[$i]); $i2 < $c2; $i2++)
+				{
+					if ( ! isset($this->fields[$this->keys[$i][$i2]]))
+					{
+						unset($this->keys[$i][$i2]);
+						continue;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			elseif ( ! isset($this->fields[$this->keys[$i]]))
+			{
+				unset($this->keys[$i]);
+				continue;
+			}
 
-		$sql .= $this->_process_fields($fields);
+			is_array($this->keys[$i]) OR $this->keys[$i] = array($this->keys[$i]);
 
-		if ($after_field != '')
-		{
-			return $sql.' AFTER '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($after_field);
+			$sql .= ",\n\tKEY ".$this->db->escape_identifiers(implode('_', $this->keys[$i]))
+				.' ('.implode(', ', $this->db->escape_identifiers($this->keys[$i])).')';
 		}
 
+		$this->keys = array();
+
 		return $sql;
 	}
 
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/cubrid/cubrid_result.php b/system/database/drivers/cubrid/cubrid_result.php
index 58dcff29a..793b35b74 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/cubrid/cubrid_result.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/cubrid/cubrid_result.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -21,9 +21,10 @@
  * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2012, EllisLab, Inc. (http://ellislab.com/)
  * @license		http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0 Open Software License (OSL 3.0)
  * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 2.0.2
+ * @since		Version 2.1
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * CUBRID Result Class
@@ -33,6 +34,7 @@
  * @category	Database
  * @author		Esen Sagynov
  * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ * @since	2.1
  */
 class CI_DB_cubrid_result extends CI_DB_result {
 
@@ -43,7 +45,9 @@ class CI_DB_cubrid_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 */
 	public function num_rows()
 	{
-		return @cubrid_num_rows($this->result_id);
+		return is_int($this->num_rows)
+			? $this->num_rows
+			: $this->num_rows = @cubrid_num_rows($this->result_id);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -85,52 +89,13 @@ class CI_DB_cubrid_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	{
 		$retval = array();
 
-		$tablePrimaryKeys = array();
-
-		while ($field = cubrid_fetch_field($this->result_id))
+		for ($i = 0, $c = $this->num_fields(); $i < $c; $i++)
 		{
-			$F				= new stdClass();
-			$F->name		= $field->name;
-			$F->type		= $field->type;
-			$F->default		= $field->def;
-			$F->max_length	= $field->max_length;
-
-			// At this moment primary_key property is not returned when
-			// cubrid_fetch_field is called. The following code will
-			// provide a patch for it. primary_key property will be added
-			// in the next release.
-
-			// TODO: later version of CUBRID will provide primary_key
-			// property.
-			// When PK is defined in CUBRID, an index is automatically
-			// created in the db_index system table in the form of
-			// pk_tblname_fieldname. So the following will count how many
-			// columns are there which satisfy this format.
-			// The query will search for exact single columns, thus
-			// compound PK is not supported.
-			$res = cubrid_query($this->conn_id,
-				"SELECT COUNT(*) FROM db_index WHERE class_name = '" . $field->table .
-				"' AND is_primary_key = 'YES' AND index_name = 'pk_" .
-				$field->table . "_" . $field->name . "'"
-			);
-
-			if ($res)
-			{
-				$row = cubrid_fetch_array($res, CUBRID_NUM);
-				$F->primary_key = ($row[0] > 0 ? 1 : null);
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				$F->primary_key = null;
-			}
-
-			if (is_resource($res))
-			{
-				cubrid_close_request($res);
-				$this->result_id = FALSE;
-			}
-
-			$retval[] = $F;
+			$retval[$i]			= new stdClass();
+			$retval[$i]->name		= cubrid_field_name($this->result_id, $i);
+			$retval[$i]->type		= cubrid_field_type($this->result_id, $i);
+			$retval[$i]->max_length		= cubrid_field_len($this->result_id, $i);
+			$retval[$i]->primary_key	= (int) (strpos(cubrid_field_flags($this->result_id, $i), 'primary_key') !== FALSE);
 		}
 
 		return $retval;
@@ -145,9 +110,8 @@ class CI_DB_cubrid_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 */
 	public function free_result()
 	{
-		if(is_resource($this->result_id) ||
-			get_resource_type($this->result_id) == "Unknown" &&
-			preg_match('/Resource id #/', strval($this->result_id)))
+		if (is_resource($this->result_id) OR
+			(get_resource_type($this->result_id) === 'Unknown' && preg_match('/Resource id #/', strval($this->result_id))))
 		{
 			cubrid_close_request($this->result_id);
 			$this->result_id = FALSE;
@@ -161,11 +125,12 @@ class CI_DB_cubrid_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 *
 	 * Moves the internal pointer to the desired offset. We call
 	 * this internally before fetching results to make sure the
-	 * result set starts at zero
+	 * result set starts at zero.
 	 *
+	 * @param	int	$n
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	protected function _data_seek($n = 0)
+	public function data_seek($n = 0)
 	{
 		return cubrid_data_seek($this->result_id, $n);
 	}
@@ -191,11 +156,12 @@ class CI_DB_cubrid_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 *
 	 * Returns the result set as an object
 	 *
+	 * @param	string	$class_name
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	protected function _fetch_object()
+	protected function _fetch_object($class_name = 'stdClass')
 	{
-		return cubrid_fetch_object($this->result_id);
+		return cubrid_fetch_object($this->result_id, $class_name);
 	}
 
 }
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/cubrid/cubrid_utility.php b/system/database/drivers/cubrid/cubrid_utility.php
index 274ff6a48..d76eca432 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/cubrid/cubrid_utility.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/cubrid/cubrid_utility.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -21,9 +21,10 @@
  * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2012, EllisLab, Inc. (http://ellislab.com/)
  * @license		http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0 Open Software License (OSL 3.0)
  * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * @since		Version 2.1
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * CUBRID Utility Class
@@ -41,12 +42,12 @@ class CI_DB_cubrid_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 	 */
 	public function list_databases()
 	{
-		if (isset($this->data_cache['db_names']))
+		if (isset($this->db->data_cache['db_names']))
 		{
-			return $this->data_cache['db_names'];
+			return $this->db->data_cache['db_names'];
 		}
 
-		return $this->data_cache['db_names'] = cubrid_list_dbs($this->db->conn_id);
+		return $this->db->data_cache['db_names'] = cubrid_list_dbs($this->db->conn_id);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -62,7 +63,7 @@ class CI_DB_cubrid_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 		// No SQL based support in CUBRID as of version 8.4.0. Database or
 		// table backup can be performed using CUBRID Manager
 		// database administration tool.
-		return $this->db->display_error('db_unsuported_feature');
+		return $this->db->display_error('db_unsupported_feature');
 	}
 }
 
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/interbase/interbase_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/ibase/ibase_driver.php
index 6587d72ff..15c2a4630 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/interbase/interbase_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/ibase/ibase_driver.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,12 +24,13 @@
  * @since		Version 3.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * Firebird/Interbase Database Adapter Class
  *
  * Note: _DB is an extender class that the app controller
- * creates dynamically based on whether the active record
+ * creates dynamically based on whether the query builder
  * class is being used or not.
  *
  * @package		CodeIgniter
@@ -38,27 +39,32 @@
  * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
  * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
  */
-class CI_DB_interbase_driver extends CI_DB {
+class CI_DB_ibase_driver extends CI_DB {
 
-	public $dbdriver = 'interbase';
+	/**
+	 * Database driver
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $dbdriver = 'ibase';
 
-	// The character used to escape with
-	protected $_escape_char = '"';
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-	// clause and character used for LIKE escape sequences
-	protected $_like_escape_str = " ESCAPE '%s' ";
-	protected $_like_escape_chr = '!';
+	/**
+	 * ORDER BY random keyword
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $_random_keyword = array('RAND()', 'RAND()');
 
 	/**
-	 * The syntax to count rows is slightly different across different
-	 * database engines, so this string appears in each driver and is
-	 * used for the count_all() and count_all_results() functions.
+	 * IBase Transaction status flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	resource
 	 */
-	protected $_count_string	= 'SELECT COUNT(*) AS ';
-	protected $_random_keyword	= ' Random()'; // database specific random keyword
+	protected $_ibase_trans;
 
-	// Keeps track of the resource for the current transaction
-	protected $trans;
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
 	 * Non-persistent database connection
@@ -113,7 +119,7 @@ class CI_DB_interbase_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Execute the query
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	an SQL query
+	 * @param	string	$sql	an SQL query
 	 * @return	resource
 	 */
 	protected function _execute($sql)
@@ -126,6 +132,7 @@ class CI_DB_interbase_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Begin Transaction
 	 *
+	 * @param	bool	$test_mode
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function trans_begin($test_mode = FALSE)
@@ -141,7 +148,7 @@ class CI_DB_interbase_driver extends CI_DB {
 		// even if the queries produce a successful result.
 		$this->_trans_failure = ($test_mode === TRUE);
 
-		$this->trans = @ibase_trans($this->conn_id);
+		$this->_ibase_trans = @ibase_trans($this->conn_id);
 
 		return TRUE;
 	}
@@ -161,7 +168,7 @@ class CI_DB_interbase_driver extends CI_DB {
 			return TRUE;
 		}
 
-		return @ibase_commit($this->trans);
+		return @ibase_commit($this->_ibase_trans);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -179,7 +186,7 @@ class CI_DB_interbase_driver extends CI_DB {
 			return TRUE;
 		}
 
-		return @ibase_rollback($this->trans);
+		return @ibase_rollback($this->_ibase_trans);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -187,8 +194,8 @@ class CI_DB_interbase_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Escape String
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	bool	whether or not the string will be used in a LIKE condition
+	 * @param	string	$str
+	 * @param	bool	$like	Whether or not the string will be used in a LIKE condition
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	public function escape_str($str, $like = FALSE)
@@ -235,7 +242,7 @@ class CI_DB_interbase_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 * @param	int	$inc_by
 	 * @return	int
 	 */
-	public function insert_id($generator_name, $inc_by=0)
+	public function insert_id($generator_name, $inc_by = 0)
 	{
 		//If a generator hasn't been used before it will return 0
 		return ibase_gen_id('"'.$generator_name.'"', $inc_by);
@@ -244,49 +251,21 @@ class CI_DB_interbase_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * "Count All" query
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query string that counts all records in
-	 * the specified database
-	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	public function count_all($table = '')
-	{
-		if ($table == '')
-		{
-			return 0;
-		}
-
-		$query = $this->query($this->_count_string.$this->protect_identifiers('numrows').' FROM '.$this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE));
-		if ($query->num_rows() == 0)
-		{
-			return 0;
-		}
-
-		$query = $query->row();
-		$this->_reset_select();
-		return (int) $query->numrows;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
 	 * List table query
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the table names can be fetched
 	 *
-	 * @param	bool
+	 * @param	bool	$prefix_limit
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _list_tables($prefix_limit = FALSE)
 	{
 		$sql = 'SELECT "RDB$RELATION_NAME" FROM "RDB$RELATIONS" WHERE "RDB$RELATION_NAME" NOT LIKE \'RDB$%\' AND "RDB$RELATION_NAME" NOT LIKE \'MON$%\'';
 
-		if ($prefix_limit !== FALSE && $this->dbprefix != '')
+		if ($prefix_limit !== FALSE && $this->dbprefix !== '')
 		{
-			return $sql.' AND "RDB$RELATION_NAME" LIKE \''.$this->escape_like_str($this->dbprefix)."%' ".sprintf($this->_like_escape_str, $this->_like_escape_chr);
+			return $sql.' AND "RDB$RELATION_NAME" LIKE \''.$this->escape_like_str($this->dbprefix)."%' "
+				.sprintf($this->_like_escape_str, $this->_like_escape_chr);
 		}
 
 		return $sql;
@@ -299,30 +278,57 @@ class CI_DB_interbase_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the column names can be fetched
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @param	string	$table
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _list_columns($table = '')
 	{
-		return 'SELECT "RDB$FIELD_NAME" FROM "RDB$RELATION_FIELDS" WHERE "RDB$RELATION_NAME" = \''.$this->escape_str($table)."'";
+		return 'SELECT "RDB$FIELD_NAME" FROM "RDB$RELATION_FIELDS" WHERE "RDB$RELATION_NAME" = '.$this->escape($table);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Field data query
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that the column data can be retrieved
+	 * Returns an object with field data
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	protected function _field_data($table)
+	public function field_data($table = '')
 	{
-		// Need to find a more efficient way to do this
-		// but Interbase/Firebird seems to lack the
-		// limit clause
-		return 'SELECT * FROM '.$table;
+		if ($table === '')
+		{
+			return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_field_param_missing') : FALSE;
+		}
+
+		$sql = 'SELECT "rfields"."RDB$FIELD_NAME" AS "name",
+				CASE "fields"."RDB$FIELD_TYPE"
+					WHEN 7 THEN \'SMALLINT\'
+					WHEN 8 THEN \'INTEGER\'
+					WHEN 9 THEN \'QUAD\'
+					WHEN 10 THEN \'FLOAT\'
+					WHEN 11 THEN \'DFLOAT\'
+					WHEN 12 THEN \'DATE\'
+					WHEN 13 THEN \'TIME\'
+					WHEN 14 THEN \'CHAR\'
+					WHEN 16 THEN \'INT64\'
+					WHEN 27 THEN \'DOUBLE\'
+					WHEN 35 THEN \'TIMESTAMP\'
+					WHEN 37 THEN \'VARCHAR\'
+					WHEN 40 THEN \'CSTRING\'
+					WHEN 261 THEN \'BLOB\'
+					ELSE NULL
+				END AS "type",
+				"fields"."RDB$FIELD_LENGTH" AS "max_length",
+				"rfields"."RDB$DEFAULT_VALUE" AS "default"
+			FROM "RDB$RELATION_FIELDS" "rfields"
+				JOIN "RDB$FIELDS" "fields" ON "rfields"."RDB$FIELD_SOURCE" = "fields"."RDB$FIELD_NAME"
+			WHERE "rfields"."RDB$RELATION_NAME" = '.$this->escape($table).'
+			ORDER BY "rfields"."RDB$FIELD_POSITION"';
+
+		return (($query = $this->query($sql)) !== FALSE)
+			? $query->result_object()
+			: FALSE;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -343,60 +349,20 @@ class CI_DB_interbase_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * From Tables
-	 *
-	 * This public function implicitly groups FROM tables so there is no confusion
-	 * about operator precedence in harmony with SQL standards
-	 *
-	 * @param	array
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	protected function _from_tables($tables)
-	{
-		if ( ! is_array($tables))
-		{
-			$tables = array($tables);
-		}
-
-		//Interbase/Firebird doesn't like grouped tables
-		return implode(', ', $tables);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
 	 * Update statement
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific update string from the supplied data
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the update data
-	 * @param	array	the where clause
-	 * @param	array	the orderby clause
-	 * @param	array	the limit clause (ignored)
-	 * @param	array	the like clause
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @param	array	$values
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	protected function _update($table, $values, $where, $orderby = array(), $limit = FALSE, $like = array())
+	protected function _update($table, $values)
 	{
-		foreach ($values as $key => $val)
-		{
-			$valstr[] = $key.' = '.$val;
-		}
-
-		$where = empty($where) ? '' : ' WHERE '.implode(' ', $where);
-
-		if ( ! empty($like))
-		{
-			$where .= ($where === '' ? ' WHERE ' : ' AND ').implode(' ', $like);
-		}
-
-		return 'UPDATE '.$table.' SET '.implode(', ', $valstr)
-			.$where
-			.(count($orderby) > 0 ? ' ORDER BY '.implode(', ', $orderby) : '');
+		$this->qb_limit = FALSE;
+		return parent::_update($table, $values);
 	}
 
-
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
@@ -404,10 +370,10 @@ class CI_DB_interbase_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific truncate string from the supplied data
 	 *
-	 * If the database does not support the truncate() command,
+	 * If the database does not support the TRUNCATE statement,
 	 * then this method maps to 'DELETE FROM table'
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @param	string	$table
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _truncate($table)
@@ -422,46 +388,37 @@ class CI_DB_interbase_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific delete string from the supplied data
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the where clause
-	 * @param	array	the like clause
-	 * @param	string	the limit clause (ignored)
+	 * @param	string	$table
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	protected function _delete($table, $where = array(), $like = array(), $limit = FALSE)
+	protected function _delete($table)
 	{
-		$conditions = array();
-
-		empty($where) OR $conditions[] = implode(' ', $where);
-		empty($like) OR $conditions[] = implode(' ', $like);
-
-		return 'DELETE FROM '.$table.(count($conditions) > 0 ? ' WHERE '.implode(' AND ', $conditions) : '');
+		$this->qb_limit = FALSE;
+		return parent::_delete($table);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Limit string
+	 * LIMIT
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific LIMIT clause
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the sql query string
-	 * @param	int	the number of rows to limit the query to
-	 * @param	int	the offset value
+	 * @param	string	$sql	SQL Query
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	protected function _limit($sql, $limit, $offset)
+	protected function _limit($sql)
 	{
 		// Limit clause depends on if Interbase or Firebird
 		if (stripos($this->version(), 'firebird') !== FALSE)
 		{
-			$select = 'FIRST '. (int) $limit
-				.($offset > 0 ? ' SKIP '. (int) $offset : '');
+			$select = 'FIRST '.$this->qb_limit
+				.($this->qb_offset ? ' SKIP '.$this->qb_offset : '');
 		}
 		else
 		{
 			$select = 'ROWS '
-				.($offset > 0 ? (int) $offset.' TO '.($limit + $offset) : (int) $limit);
+				.($this->qb_offset ? $this->qb_offset.' TO '.($this->qb_limit + $this->qb_offset) : $this->qb_limit);
 		}
 
 		return preg_replace('`SELECT`i', 'SELECT '.$select, $sql);
@@ -472,15 +429,14 @@ class CI_DB_interbase_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Close DB Connection
 	 *
-	 * @param	resource
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	protected function _close($conn_id)
+	protected function _close()
 	{
-		@ibase_close($conn_id);
+		@ibase_close($this->conn_id);
 	}
 
 }
 
-/* End of file interbase_driver.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/interbase/interbase_driver.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+/* End of file ibase_driver.php */
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/ibase/ibase_driver.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/ibase/ibase_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/ibase/ibase_forge.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..39c782816
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/database/drivers/ibase/ibase_forge.php
@@ -0,0 +1,243 @@
+<?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.2.4 or newer
+ *
+ * NOTICE OF LICENSE
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
+ *
+ * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
+ * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
+ * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
+ * http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0
+ * If you did not receive a copy of the license and are unable to obtain it
+ * through the world wide web, please send an email to
+ * licensing@ellislab.com so we can send you a copy immediately.
+ *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2012, EllisLab, Inc. (http://ellislab.com/)
+ * @license		http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0 Open Software License (OSL 3.0)
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com
+ * @since		Version 3.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
+
+/**
+ * Interbase/Firebird Forge Class
+ *
+ * @category	Database
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ */
+class CI_DB_ibase_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
+
+	/**
+	 * CREATE TABLE IF statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_create_table_if	= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * RENAME TABLE statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_rename_table	= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * DROP TABLE IF statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_drop_table_if	= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * UNSIGNED support
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $_unsigned		= array(
+		'SMALLINT'	=> 'INTEGER',
+		'INTEGER'	=> 'INT64',
+		'FLOAT'		=> 'DOUBLE PRECISION'
+	);
+
+	/**
+	 * NULL value representation in CREATE/ALTER TABLE statements
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_null		= 'NULL';
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Create database
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$db_name
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	public function create_database($db_name)
+	{
+		// Firebird databases are flat files, so a path is required
+
+		// Hostname is needed for remote access
+		empty($this->db->hostname) OR $db_name = $this->hostname.':'.$db_name;
+
+		return parent::create_database('"'.$db_name.'"');
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Drop database
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$db_name	(ignored)
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function drop_database($db_name = '')
+	{
+		if ( ! ibase_drop_db($this->conn_id))
+		{
+			return ($this->db->db_debug) ? $this->db->display_error('db_unable_to_drop') : FALSE;
+		}
+		elseif ( ! empty($this->db->data_cache['db_names']))
+		{
+			$key = array_search(strtolower($this->db->database), array_map('strtolower', $this->db->data_cache['db_names']), TRUE);
+			if ($key !== FALSE)
+			{
+				unset($this->db->data_cache['db_names'][$key]);
+			}
+		}
+
+		return TRUE;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * ALTER TABLE
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$alter_type	ALTER type
+	 * @param	string	$table		Table name
+	 * @param	mixed	$field		Column definition
+	 * @return	string|string[]
+	 */
+	protected function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $field)
+ 	{
+		if (in_array($alter_type, array('DROP', 'ADD'), TRUE))
+		{
+			return parent::_alter_table($alter_type, $table, $field);
+		}
+
+		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($table);
+		$sqls = array();
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($field); $i < $c; $i++)
+		{
+			if ($field[$i]['_literal'] !== FALSE)
+			{
+				return FALSE;
+			}
+
+			if (isset($field[$i]['type']))
+			{
+				$sqls[] = $sql.' ALTER COLUMN '.$this->db->escape_identififers($field[$i]['name'])
+					.' TYPE '.$field[$i]['type'].$field[$i]['length'];
+			}
+
+			if ( ! empty($field[$i]['default']))
+			{
+				$sqls[] = $sql.' ALTER COLUMN '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($field[$i]['name'])
+					.' SET DEFAULT '.$field[$i]['default'];
+			}
+
+			if (isset($field[$i]['null']))
+			{
+				$sqls[] = 'UPDATE "RDB$RELATION_FIELDS" SET "RDB$NULL_FLAG" = '
+					.($field[$i]['null'] === TRUE ? 'NULL' : '1')
+					.' WHERE "RDB$FIELD_NAME" = '.$this->db->escape($field[$i]['name'])
+					.' AND "RDB$RELATION_NAME" = '.$this->db->escape($table);
+			}
+
+			if ( ! empty($field[$i]['new_name']))
+			{
+				$sqls[] = $sql.' ALTER COLUMN '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($field[$i]['name'])
+					.' TO '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($field[$i]['new_name']);
+			}
+		}
+
+		return $sqls;
+ 	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Process column
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$field
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _process_column($field)
+	{
+		return $this->db->escape_identifiers($field['name'])
+			.' '.$field['type'].$field['length']
+			.$field['null']
+			.$field['unique']
+			.$field['default'];
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Field attribute TYPE
+	 *
+	 * Performs a data type mapping between different databases.
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	&$attributes
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _attr_type(&$attributes)
+	{
+		switch (strtoupper($attributes['TYPE']))
+		{
+			case 'TINYINT':
+				$attributes['TYPE'] = 'SMALLINT';
+				$attributes['UNSIGNED'] = FALSE;
+				return;
+			case 'MEDIUMINT':
+				$attributes['TYPE'] = 'INTEGER';
+				$attributes['UNSIGNED'] = FALSE;
+				return;
+			case 'INT':
+				$attributes['TYPE'] = 'INTEGER';
+				return;
+			case 'BIGINT':
+				$attributes['TYPE'] = 'INT64';
+				return;
+			default: return;
+		}
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Field attribute AUTO_INCREMENT
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	&$attributes
+	 * @param	array	&$field
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _attr_auto_increment(&$attributes, &$field)
+	{
+		// Not supported
+	}
+
+}
+
+/* End of file ibase_forge.php */
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/ibase/ibase_forge.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/ibase/ibase_result.php b/system/database/drivers/ibase/ibase_result.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4f5637a72
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/database/drivers/ibase/ibase_result.php
@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+<?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.2.4 or newer
+ *
+ * NOTICE OF LICENSE
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
+ *
+ * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
+ * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
+ * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
+ * http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0
+ * If you did not receive a copy of the license and are unable to obtain it
+ * through the world wide web, please send an email to
+ * licensing@ellislab.com so we can send you a copy immediately.
+ *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2012, EllisLab, Inc. (http://ellislab.com/)
+ * @license		http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0 Open Software License (OSL 3.0)
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com
+ * @since		Version 1.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
+
+/**
+ * Interbase/Firebird Result Class
+ *
+ * This class extends the parent result class: CI_DB_result
+ *
+ * @category	Database
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ * @since	3.0
+ */
+class CI_DB_ibase_result extends CI_DB_result {
+
+	/**
+	 * Number of fields in the result set
+	 *
+	 * @return	int
+	 */
+	public function num_fields()
+	{
+		return @ibase_num_fields($this->result_id);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Fetch Field Names
+	 *
+	 * Generates an array of column names
+	 *
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	public function list_fields()
+	{
+		$field_names = array();
+		for ($i = 0, $num_fields = $this->num_fields(); $i < $num_fields; $i++)
+		{
+			$info = ibase_field_info($this->result_id, $i);
+			$field_names[] = $info['name'];
+		}
+
+		return $field_names;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Field data
+	 *
+	 * Generates an array of objects containing field meta-data
+	 *
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	public function field_data()
+	{
+		$retval = array();
+		for ($i = 0, $c = $this->num_fields(); $i < $c; $i++)
+		{
+			$info = ibase_field_info($this->result_id, $i);
+
+			$retval[$i]			= new stdClass();
+			$retval[$i]->name		= $info['name'];
+			$retval[$i]->type		= $info['type'];
+			$retval[$i]->max_length		= $info['length'];
+		}
+
+		return $retval;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Free the result
+	 *
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function free_result()
+	{
+		@ibase_free_result($this->result_id);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Result - associative array
+	 *
+	 * Returns the result set as an array
+	 *
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	protected function _fetch_assoc()
+	{
+		return @ibase_fetch_assoc($this->result_id, IBASE_FETCH_BLOBS);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Result - object
+	 *
+	 * Returns the result set as an object
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$class_name
+	 * @return	object
+	 */
+	protected function _fetch_object($class_name = 'stdClass')
+	{
+		$row = @ibase_fetch_object($this->result_id, IBASE_FETCH_BLOBS);
+
+		if ($class_name === 'stdClass' OR ! $row)
+		{
+			return $row;
+		}
+
+		$class_name = new $class_name();
+		foreach ($row as $key => $value)
+		{
+			$class_name->$key = $value;
+		}
+
+		return $class_name;
+	}
+
+}
+
+/* End of file ibase_result.php */
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/ibase/ibase_result.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/interbase/interbase_utility.php b/system/database/drivers/ibase/ibase_utility.php
index 1b92af9b6..5eb209ae1 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/interbase/interbase_utility.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/ibase/ibase_utility.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
  * @since		Version 3.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * Interbase/Firebird Utility Class
@@ -32,17 +33,15 @@
  * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
  * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
  */
-class CI_DB_interbase_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
-
-	protected $_list_databases	= FALSE;
+class CI_DB_ibase_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 
 	/**
-	 * Interbase/Firebird Export
+	 * Export
 	 *
 	 * @param	string	$filename
 	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
-	protected function backup($filename)
+	protected function _backup($filename)
 	{
 		if ($service = ibase_service_attach($this->db->hostname, $this->db->username, $this->db->password))
 		{
@@ -58,5 +57,5 @@ class CI_DB_interbase_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 
 }
 
-/* End of file interbase_utility.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/interbase/interbase_utility.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+/* End of file ibase_utility.php */
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/ibase/ibase_utility.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/interbase/index.html b/system/database/drivers/ibase/index.html
index c942a79ce..c942a79ce 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/interbase/index.html
+++ b/system/database/drivers/ibase/index.html
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/interbase/interbase_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/interbase/interbase_forge.php
deleted file mode 100644
index c850656a8..000000000
--- a/system/database/drivers/interbase/interbase_forge.php
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,224 +0,0 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
-/**
- * CodeIgniter
- *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.2.4 or newer
- *
- * NOTICE OF LICENSE
- *
- * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
- *
- * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
- * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
- * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
- * http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0
- * If you did not receive a copy of the license and are unable to obtain it
- * through the world wide web, please send an email to
- * licensing@ellislab.com so we can send you a copy immediately.
- *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2012, EllisLab, Inc. (http://ellislab.com/)
- * @license		http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0 Open Software License (OSL 3.0)
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 3.0
- * @filesource
- */
-
-/**
- * Interbase/Firebird Forge Class
- *
- * @category	Database
- * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
- */
-class CI_DB_interbase_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
-
-	protected $_drop_table	= 'DROP TABLE %s';
-
-	/**
-	 * Create database
-	 *
-	 * @param	string	the database name
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	public function create_database($db_name)
-	{
-		// Firebird databases are flat files, so a path is required
-
-		// Hostname is needed for remote access
-		empty($this->db->hostname) OR $db_name = $this->hostname.':'.$db_name;
-
-		return parent::create_database('"'.$db_name.'"');
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Drop database
-	 *
-	 * @param	string	the database name
-	 *		- not used in this driver, the current db is dropped
-	 * @return	bool
-	 */
-	public function drop_database($db_name = '')
-	{
-		if ( ! ibase_drop_db($this->conn_id))
-		{
-			return ($this->db->db_debug) ? $this->db->display_error('db_unable_to_drop') : FALSE;
-		}
-
-		return TRUE;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Create Table
-	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the fields
-	 * @param	mixed	primary key(s)
-	 * @param	mixed	key(s)
-	 * @param	bool	should 'IF NOT EXISTS' be added to the SQL
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	protected function _create_table($table, $fields, $primary_keys, $keys, $if_not_exists)
-	{
-		$sql = 'CREATE TABLE ';
-
-		$sql .= $this->db->protect_identifiers($table)."(";
-		$current_field_count = 0;
-
-		foreach ($fields as $field => $attributes)
-		{
-			// Numeric field names aren't allowed in databases, so if the key is
-			// numeric, we know it was assigned by PHP and the developer manually
-			// entered the field information, so we'll simply add it to the list
-			if (is_numeric($field))
-			{
-				$sql .= "\n\t$attributes";
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				$attributes = array_change_key_case($attributes, CASE_UPPER);
-
-				$sql .= "\n\t".$this->db->protect_identifiers($field);
-
-				$sql .=  ' '.$attributes['TYPE'];
-
-				if (array_key_exists('CONSTRAINT', $attributes))
-				{
-					$sql .= '('.$attributes['CONSTRAINT'].')';
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('UNSIGNED', $attributes) && $attributes['UNSIGNED'] === TRUE)
-				{
-					$sql .= ' UNSIGNED';
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('DEFAULT', $attributes))
-				{
-					$sql .= ' DEFAULT \''.$attributes['DEFAULT'].'\'';
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('NULL', $attributes) && $attributes['NULL'] === TRUE)
-				{
-					$sql .= ' NULL';
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					$sql .= ' NOT NULL';
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('AUTO_INCREMENT', $attributes) && $attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT'] === TRUE)
-				{
-					$sql .= ' AUTO_INCREMENT';
-				}
-			}
-
-			// don't add a comma on the end of the last field
-			if (++$current_field_count < count($fields))
-			{
-				$sql .= ',';
-			}
-		}
-
-		if (count($primary_keys) > 0)
-		{
-			$primary_keys = $this->db->protect_identifiers($primary_keys);
-			$sql .= ",\n\tPRIMARY KEY (" . implode(', ', $primary_keys) . ")";
-		}
-
-		if (is_array($keys) && count($keys) > 0)
-		{
-			foreach ($keys as $key)
-			{
-				if (is_array($key))
-				{
-					$key = $this->db->protect_identifiers($key);
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					$key = array($this->db->protect_identifiers($key));
-				}
-
-				$sql .= ",\n\tUNIQUE (" . implode(', ', $key) . ")";
-			}
-		}
-
-		$sql .= "\n)";
-
-		return $sql;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Alter table query
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that a table can be altered
-	 * Called by add_column(), drop_column(), and column_alter(),
-	 *
-	 * @param	string	the ALTER type (ADD, DROP, CHANGE)
-	 * @param	string	the column name
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	string	the column definition
-	 * @param	string	the default value
-	 * @param	bool	should 'NOT NULL' be added
-	 * @param	string	the field after which we should add the new field
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	protected function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $column_name, $column_definition = '', $default_value = '', $null = '', $after_field = '')
-	{
-		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table)." $alter_type ".$this->db->protect_identifiers($column_name);
-
-		$sql .= " {$column_definition}";
-
-		if ($default_value != '')
-		{
-			$sql .= " DEFAULT \"{$default_value}\"";
-		}
-
-		if ($null === NULL)
-		{
-			$sql .= ' NULL';
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			$sql .= ' NOT NULL';
-		}
-
-		if ($after_field != '')
-		{
-			$sql .= ' AFTER ' . $this->db->protect_identifiers($after_field);
-		}
-
-		return $sql;
-
-	}
-
-}
-
-/* End of file interbase_forge.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/interbase/interbase_forge.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/interbase/interbase_result.php b/system/database/drivers/interbase/interbase_result.php
deleted file mode 100644
index 5ddb6fa47..000000000
--- a/system/database/drivers/interbase/interbase_result.php
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,260 +0,0 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
-/**
- * CodeIgniter
- *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.2.4 or newer
- *
- * NOTICE OF LICENSE
- *
- * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
- *
- * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
- * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
- * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
- * http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0
- * If you did not receive a copy of the license and are unable to obtain it
- * through the world wide web, please send an email to
- * licensing@ellislab.com so we can send you a copy immediately.
- *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2012, EllisLab, Inc. (http://ellislab.com/)
- * @license		http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0 Open Software License (OSL 3.0)
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 3.0
- * @filesource
- */
-
-/**
- * Interbase/Firebird Result Class
- *
- * This class extends the parent result class: CI_DB_result
- *
- * @category	Database
- * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
- */
-class CI_DB_interbase_result extends CI_DB_result {
-
-	public $num_rows;
-
-	/**
-	 * Number of rows in the result set
-	 *
-	 * @return	int
-	 */
-	public function num_rows()
-	{
-		if (is_int($this->num_rows))
-		{
-			return $this->num_rows;
-		}
-
-		// Get the results so that you can get an accurate rowcount
-		$this->result();
-
-		return $this->num_rows;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Number of fields in the result set
-	 *
-	 * @return	int
-	 */
-	public function num_fields()
-	{
-		return @ibase_num_fields($this->result_id);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Fetch Field Names
-	 *
-	 * Generates an array of column names
-	 *
-	 * @return	array
-	 */
-	public function list_fields()
-	{
-		$field_names = array();
-		for ($i = 0, $num_fields = $this->num_fields(); $i < $num_fields; $i++)
-		{
-			$info = ibase_field_info($this->result_id, $i);
-			$field_names[] = $info['name'];
-		}
-
-		return $field_names;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Field data
-	 *
-	 * Generates an array of objects containing field meta-data
-	 *
-	 * @return	array
-	 */
-	public function field_data()
-	{
-		$retval = array();
-		for ($i = 0, $c = $this->num_fields(); $i < $c; $i++)
-		{
-			$info = ibase_field_info($this->result_id, $i);
-
-			$retval[$i]			= new stdClass();
-			$retval[$i]->name		= $info['name'];
-			$retval[$i]->type		= $info['type'];
-			$retval[$i]->max_length		= $info['length'];
-			$retval[$i]->primary_key	= 0;
-			$retval[$i]->default		= '';
-		}
-
-		return $retval;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Free the result
-	 *
-	 * @return	void
-	 */
-	public function free_result()
-	{
-		@ibase_free_result($this->result_id);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Result - associative array
-	 *
-	 * Returns the result set as an array
-	 *
-	 * @return	array
-	 */
-	protected function _fetch_assoc()
-	{
-		if (($row = @ibase_fetch_assoc($this->result_id, IBASE_FETCH_BLOBS)) !== FALSE)
-		{
-			//Increment row count
-			$this->num_rows++;
-		}
-
-		return $row;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Result - object
-	 *
-	 * Returns the result set as an object
-	 *
-	 * @return	object
-	 */
-	protected function _fetch_object()
-	{
-		if (($row = @ibase_fetch_object($this->result_id, IBASE_FETCH_BLOBS)) !== FALSE)
-		{
-			//Increment row count
-			$this->num_rows++;
-		}
-
-		return $row;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Query result.  "object" version.
-	 *
-	 * @return	object
-	 */
-	public function result_object()
-	{
-		if (count($this->result_object) === $this->num_rows)
-		{
-			return $this->result_object;
-		}
-
-		// Convert result array to object so that
-		// We don't have to get the result again
-		if (($c = count($this->result_array)) > 0)
-		{
-			for ($i = 0; $i < $c; $i++)
-			{
-				$this->result_object[$i] = (object) $this->result_array[$i];
-			}
-
-			return $this->result_object;
-		}
-
-		// In the event that query caching is on the result_id variable
-		// will return FALSE since there isn't a valid SQL resource so
-		// we'll simply return an empty array.
-		if ($this->result_id === FALSE)
-		{
-			return array();
-		}
-
-		$this->num_rows = 0;
-		while ($row = $this->_fetch_object())
-		{
-			$this->result_object[] = $row;
-		}
-
-		return $this->result_object;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Query result.  "array" version.
-	 *
-	 * @return	array
-	 */
-	public function result_array()
-	{
-		if (count($this->result_array) === $this->num_rows)
-		{
-			return $this->result_array;
-		}
-
-		// Since the object and array are really similar, just case
-		// the result object to an array  if need be
-		if (($c = count($this->result_object)) > 0)
-		{
-			for ($i = 0; $i < $c; $i++)
-			{
-				$this->result_array[$i] = (array) $this->result_object[$i];
-			}
-
-			return $this->result_array;
-		}
-
-		// In the event that query caching is on the result_id variable
-		// will return FALSE since there isn't a valid SQL resource so
-		// we'll simply return an empty array.
-		if ($this->result_id === FALSE)
-		{
-			return array();
-		}
-
-		$this->num_rows = 0;
-		while ($row = $this->_fetch_assoc())
-		{
-			$this->result_array[] = $row;
-		}
-
-		return $this->result_array;
-	}
-
-}
-
-/* End of file interbase_result.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/interbase/interbase_result.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_driver.php
index 90609a84d..d3e439d69 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_driver.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,12 +24,13 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * MS SQL Database Adapter Class
  *
  * Note: _DB is an extender class that the app controller
- * creates dynamically based on whether the active record
+ * creates dynamically based on whether the query builder
  * class is being used or not.
  *
  * @package		CodeIgniter
@@ -40,36 +41,78 @@
  */
 class CI_DB_mssql_driver extends CI_DB {
 
+	/**
+	 * Database driver
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	public $dbdriver = 'mssql';
 
-	// The character used for escaping
-	protected $_escape_char = '';
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-	// clause and character used for LIKE escape sequences
-	protected $_like_escape_str = " ESCAPE '%s' ";
-	protected $_like_escape_chr = '!';
+	/**
+	 * ORDER BY random keyword
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $_random_keyword = array('NEWID()', 'RAND(%d)');
 
 	/**
-	 * The syntax to count rows is slightly different across different
-	 * database engines, so this string appears in each driver and is
-	 * used for the count_all() and count_all_results() methods.
+	 * Quoted identifier flag
+	 *
+	 * Whether to use SQL-92 standard quoted identifier
+	 * (double quotes) or brackets for identifier escaping.
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
 	 */
-	protected $_count_string = 'SELECT COUNT(*) AS ';
-	protected $_random_keyword = ' NEWID()';
+	protected $_quoted_identifier = TRUE;
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Class constructor
+	 *
+	 * Appends the port number to the hostname, if needed.
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$params
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function __construct($params)
+	{
+		parent::__construct($params);
+
+		if ( ! empty($this->port))
+		{
+			$this->hostname .= (DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR === '\\' ? ',' : ':').$this->port;
+		}
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
 	 * Non-persistent database connection
 	 *
+	 * @param	bool	$persistent
 	 * @return	resource
 	 */
-	public function db_connect()
+	public function db_connect($persistent = FALSE)
 	{
-		if ($this->port != '')
+		$this->conn_id = ($persistent)
+				? @mssql_pconnect($this->hostname, $this->username, $this->password)
+				: @mssql_connect($this->hostname, $this->username, $this->password);
+
+		if ( ! $this->conn_id)
 		{
-			$this->hostname .= ','.$this->port;
+			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		return @mssql_connect($this->hostname, $this->username, $this->password);
+		// Determine how identifiers are escaped
+		$query = $this->query('SELECT CASE WHEN (@@OPTIONS | 256) = @@OPTIONS THEN 1 ELSE 0 END AS qi');
+		$query = $query->row_array();
+		$this->_quoted_identifier = empty($query) ? FALSE : (bool) $query['qi'];
+		$this->_escape_char = ($this->_quoted_identifier) ? '"' : array('[', ']');
+
+		return $this->conn_id;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -81,12 +124,7 @@ class CI_DB_mssql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	public function db_pconnect()
 	{
-		if ($this->port != '')
-		{
-			$this->hostname .= ','.$this->port;
-		}
-
-		return @mssql_pconnect($this->hostname, $this->username, $this->password);
+		return $this->db_connect(TRUE);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -94,7 +132,7 @@ class CI_DB_mssql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Select the database
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	database name
+	 * @param	string	$database
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function db_select($database = '')
@@ -106,7 +144,7 @@ class CI_DB_mssql_driver extends CI_DB {
 
 		// Note: The brackets are required in the event that the DB name
 		// contains reserved characters
-		if (@mssql_select_db('['.$database.']', $this->conn_id))
+		if (@mssql_select_db($this->escape_identifiers($database), $this->conn_id))
 		{
 			$this->database = $database;
 			return TRUE;
@@ -120,8 +158,8 @@ class CI_DB_mssql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Execute the query
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	an SQL query
-	 * @return	resource
+	 * @param	string	$sql	an SQL query
+	 * @return	mixed	resource if rows are returned, bool otherwise
 	 */
 	protected function _execute($sql)
 	{
@@ -133,17 +171,13 @@ class CI_DB_mssql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Begin Transaction
 	 *
+	 * @param	bool	$test_mode
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function trans_begin($test_mode = FALSE)
 	{
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
 		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ($this->_trans_depth > 0)
+		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled OR $this->_trans_depth > 0)
 		{
 			return TRUE;
 		}
@@ -151,10 +185,9 @@ class CI_DB_mssql_driver extends CI_DB {
 		// Reset the transaction failure flag.
 		// If the $test_mode flag is set to TRUE transactions will be rolled back
 		// even if the queries produce a successful result.
-		$this->_trans_failure = ($test_mode === TRUE) ? TRUE : FALSE;
+		$this->_trans_failure = ($test_mode === TRUE);
 
-		$this->simple_query('BEGIN TRAN');
-		return TRUE;
+		return $this->simple_query('BEGIN TRAN');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -166,19 +199,13 @@ class CI_DB_mssql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	public function trans_commit()
 	{
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
 		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ($this->_trans_depth > 0)
+		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled OR $this->_trans_depth > 0)
 		{
 			return TRUE;
 		}
 
-		$this->simple_query('COMMIT TRAN');
-		return TRUE;
+		return $this->simple_query('COMMIT TRAN');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -190,19 +217,13 @@ class CI_DB_mssql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	public function trans_rollback()
 	{
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
 		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ($this->_trans_depth > 0)
+		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled OR $this->_trans_depth > 0)
 		{
 			return TRUE;
 		}
 
-		$this->simple_query('ROLLBACK TRAN');
-		return TRUE;
+		return $this->simple_query('ROLLBACK TRAN');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -210,8 +231,8 @@ class CI_DB_mssql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Escape String
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	bool	whether or not the string will be used in a LIKE condition
+	 * @param	string	$str
+	 * @param	bool	$like	Whether or not the string will be used in a LIKE condition
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	public function escape_str($str, $like = FALSE)
@@ -232,7 +253,7 @@ class CI_DB_mssql_driver extends CI_DB {
 		// escape LIKE condition wildcards
 		if ($like === TRUE)
 		{
-			$str = str_replace(
+			return str_replace(
 				array($this->_like_escape_chr, '%', '_'),
 				array($this->_like_escape_chr.$this->_like_escape_chr, $this->_like_escape_chr.'%', $this->_like_escape_chr.'_'),
 				$str
@@ -265,28 +286,26 @@ class CI_DB_mssql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	public function insert_id()
 	{
-		$ver = self::_parse_major_version($this->version());
-		$sql = ($ver >= 8 ? "SELECT SCOPE_IDENTITY() AS last_id" : "SELECT @@IDENTITY AS last_id");
-		$query = $this->query($sql);
-		$row = $query->row();
-		return $row->last_id;
+		$query = version_compare($this->version(), '8', '>=')
+			? 'SELECT SCOPE_IDENTITY() AS last_id'
+			: 'SELECT @@IDENTITY AS last_id';
+
+		$query = $this->query($query);
+		$query = $query->row();
+		return $query->last_id;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Parse major version
-	 *
-	 * Grabs the major version number from the
-	 * database server version string passed in.
+	 * Set client character set
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	$version
-	 * @return	int	major version number
+	 * @param	string	$charset
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	protected function _parse_major_version($version)
+	protected function _db_set_charset($charset)
 	{
-		preg_match('/([0-9]+)\.([0-9]+)\.([0-9]+)/', $version, $ver_info);
-		return $ver_info[1]; // return the major version b/c that's all we're interested in.
+		return (@ini_set('mssql.charset', $charset) !== FALSE);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -304,54 +323,26 @@ class CI_DB_mssql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * "Count All" query
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query string that counts all records in
-	 * the specified database
-	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	public function count_all($table = '')
-	{
-		if ($table == '')
-		{
-			return 0;
-		}
-
-		$query = $this->query($this->_count_string.$this->protect_identifiers('numrows').' FROM '.$this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE));
-		if ($query->num_rows() == 0)
-		{
-			return 0;
-		}
-
-		$row = $query->row();
-		$this->_reset_select();
-		return (int) $row->numrows;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
 	 * List table query
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the table names can be fetched
 	 *
-	 * @param	bool
+	 * @param	bool	$prefix_limit
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _list_tables($prefix_limit = FALSE)
 	{
-		$sql = "SELECT name FROM sysobjects WHERE type = 'U' ORDER BY name";
+		$sql = 'SELECT '.$this->escape_identifiers('name')
+			.' FROM '.$this->escape_identifiers('sysobjects')
+			.' WHERE '.$this->escape_identifiers('type')." = 'U'";
 
-		// for future compatibility
-		if ($prefix_limit !== FALSE AND $this->dbprefix != '')
+		if ($prefix_limit !== FALSE AND $this->dbprefix !== '')
 		{
-			//$sql .= " LIKE '".$this->escape_like_str($this->dbprefix)."%' ".sprintf($this->_like_escape_str, $this->_like_escape_chr);
-			return FALSE; // not currently supported
+			$sql .= ' AND '.$this->escape_identifiers('name')." LIKE '".$this->escape_like_str($this->dbprefix)."%' "
+				.sprintf($this->_like_escape_str, $this->_like_escape_chr);
 		}
 
-		return $sql;
+		return $sql.' ORDER BY '.$this->escape_identifiers('name');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -361,27 +352,52 @@ class CI_DB_mssql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the column names can be fetched
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @param	string	$table
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _list_columns($table = '')
 	{
-		return "SELECT * FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.Columns WHERE TABLE_NAME = '".$table."'";
+		return 'SELECT COLUMN_NAME
+			FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.Columns
+			WHERE UPPER(TABLE_NAME) = '.$this->escape(strtoupper($table));
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Field data query
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that the column data can be retrieved
+	 * Returns an object with field data
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	protected function _field_data($table)
+	public function field_data($table = '')
 	{
-		return "SELECT TOP 1 * FROM ".$table;
+		if ($table === '')
+		{
+			return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_field_param_missing') : FALSE;
+		}
+
+		$sql = 'SELECT COLUMN_NAME, DATA_TYPE, CHARACTER_MAXIMUM_LENGTH, NUMERIC_PRECISION, COLUMN_DEFAULT
+			FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.Columns
+			WHERE UPPER(TABLE_NAME) = '.$this->escape(strtoupper($table));
+
+		if (($query = $this->query($sql)) === FALSE)
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+		$query = $query->result_object();
+
+		$retval = array();
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($query); $i < $c; $i++)
+		{
+			$retval[$i]			= new stdClass();
+			$retval[$i]->name		= $query[$i]->COLUMN_NAME;
+			$retval[$i]->type		= $query[$i]->DATA_TYPE;
+			$retval[$i]->max_length		= ($query[$i]->CHARACTER_MAXIMUM_LENGTH > 0) ? $query[$i]->CHARACTER_MAXIMUM_LENGTH : $query[$i]->NUMERIC_PRECISION;
+			$retval[$i]->default		= $query[$i]->COLUMN_DEFAULT;
+		}
+
+		return $retval;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -404,54 +420,19 @@ class CI_DB_mssql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * From Tables
-	 *
-	 * This function implicitly groups FROM tables so there is no confusion
-	 * about operator precedence in harmony with SQL standards
-	 *
-	 * @param	array
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	protected function _from_tables($tables)
-	{
-		if ( ! is_array($tables))
-		{
-			$tables = array($tables);
-		}
-
-		return implode(', ', $tables);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
 	 * Update statement
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific update string from the supplied data
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the update data
-	 * @param	array	the where clause
-	 * @param	array	the orderby clause (ignored)
-	 * @param	array	the limit clause (ignored)
-	 * @param	array	the like clause
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @param	array	$values
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	protected function _update($table, $values, $where, $orderby = array(), $limit = FALSE, $like = array())
+	protected function _update($table, $values)
 	{
-		foreach($values as $key => $val)
-		{
-			$valstr[] = $key.' = '.$val;
-		}
-
-		$where = empty($where) ? '' : ' WHERE '.implode(' ', $where);
-
-		if ( ! empty($like))
-		{
-			$where .= ($where === '' ? ' WHERE ' : ' AND ').implode(' ', $like);
-		}
-
-		return 'UPDATE '.$table.' SET '.implode(', ', $valstr).' WHERE '.$where;
+		$this->qb_limit = FALSE;
+		$this->qb_orderby = array();
+		return parent::_update($table, $values);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -461,10 +442,10 @@ class CI_DB_mssql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific truncate string from the supplied data
 	 *
-	 * If the database does not support the truncate() command,
+	 * If the database does not support the TRUNCATE statement,
 	 * then this method maps to 'DELETE FROM table'
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @param	string	$table
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _truncate($table)
@@ -479,43 +460,91 @@ class CI_DB_mssql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific delete string from the supplied data
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the where clause
-	 * @param	array	the like clause
-	 * @param	string	the limit clause
+	 * @param	string	$table
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	protected function _delete($table, $where = array(), $like = array(), $limit = FALSE)
+	protected function _delete($table)
 	{
-		$conditions = array();
-
-		empty($where) OR $conditions[] = implode(' ', $where);
-		empty($like) OR $conditions[] = implode(' ', $like);
-
-		$conditions = (count($conditions) > 0) ? ' WHERE '.implode(' AND ', $conditions) : '';
+		if ($this->qb_limit)
+		{
+			return 'WITH ci_delete AS (SELECT TOP '.$this->qb_limit.' * FROM '.$table.$this->_compile_wh('qb_where').') DELETE FROM ci_delete';
+		}
 
-		return ($limit)
-			? 'WITH ci_delete AS (SELECT TOP '.$limit.' * FROM '.$table.$conditions.') DELETE FROM ci_delete'
-			: 'DELETE FROM '.$table.$conditions;
+		return parent::_delete($table);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Limit string
+	 * LIMIT
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific LIMIT clause
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the sql query string
-	 * @param	int	the number of rows to limit the query to
-	 * @param	int	the offset value
+	 * @param	string	$sql	SQL Query
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	protected function _limit($sql, $limit, $offset)
+	protected function _limit($sql)
+	{
+		$limit = $this->qb_offset + $this->qb_limit;
+
+		// As of SQL Server 2005 (9.0.*) ROW_NUMBER() is supported,
+		// however an ORDER BY clause is required for it to work
+		if (version_compare($this->version(), '9', '>=') && $this->qb_offset && ! empty($this->qb_orderby))
+		{
+			$orderby = $this->_compile_order_by();
+
+			// We have to strip the ORDER BY clause
+			$sql = trim(substr($sql, 0, strrpos($sql, $orderby)));
+
+			// Get the fields to select from our subquery, so that we can avoid CI_rownum appearing in the actual results
+			if (count($this->qb_select) === 0)
+			{
+				$select = '*'; // Inevitable
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				// Use only field names and their aliases, everything else is out of our scope.
+				$select = array();
+				$field_regexp = ($this->_quoted_identifier)
+					? '("[^\"]+")' : '(\[[^\]]+\])';
+				for ($i = 0, $c = count($this->qb_select); $i < $c; $i++)
+				{
+					$select[] = preg_match('/(?:\s|\.)'.$field_regexp.'$/i', $this->qb_select[$i], $m)
+						? $m[1] : $this->qb_select[$i];
+				}
+				$select = implode(', ', $select);
+			}
+
+			return 'SELECT '.$select." FROM (\n\n"
+				.preg_replace('/^(SELECT( DISTINCT)?)/i', '\\1 ROW_NUMBER() OVER('.trim($orderby).') AS '.$this->escape_identifiers('CI_rownum').', ', $sql)
+				."\n\n) ".$this->escape_identifiers('CI_subquery')
+				."\nWHERE ".$this->escape_identifiers('CI_rownum').' BETWEEN '.($this->qb_offset + 1).' AND '.$limit;
+		}
+
+		return preg_replace('/(^\SELECT (DISTINCT)?)/i','\\1 TOP '.$limit.' ', $sql);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Insert batch statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific insert string from the supplied data.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table	Table name
+	 * @param	array	$keys	INSERT keys
+	 * @param	array	$values	INSERT values
+	 * @return	string|bool
+	 */
+	protected function _insert_batch($table, $keys, $values)
 	{
-		$i = $limit + $offset;
+		// Multiple-value inserts are only supported as of SQL Server 2008
+		if (version_compare($this->version(), '10', '>='))
+		{
+			return parent::_insert_batch($table, $keys, $values);
+		}
 
-		return preg_replace('/(^\SELECT (DISTINCT)?)/i','\\1 TOP '.$i.' ', $sql);
+		return ($this->db->db_debug) ? $this->db->display_error('db_unsupported_feature') : FALSE;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -523,12 +552,11 @@ class CI_DB_mssql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Close DB Connection
 	 *
-	 * @param	resource
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	protected function _close($conn_id)
+	protected function _close()
 	{
-		@mssql_close($conn_id);
+		@mssql_close($this->conn_id);
 	}
 
 }
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_forge.php
index 8f8e7c5b9..5eebedbf7 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_forge.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_forge.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * MS SQL Forge Class
@@ -34,162 +35,99 @@
  */
 class CI_DB_mssql_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 
-	protected $_drop_table	= 'DROP TABLE %s';
-
 	/**
-	 * Create Table
+	 * CREATE TABLE IF statement
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the fields
-	 * @param	mixed	primary key(s)
-	 * @param	mixed	key(s)
-	 * @param	bool	should 'IF NOT EXISTS' be added to the SQL
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @var	string
 	 */
-	protected function _create_table($table, $fields, $primary_keys, $keys, $if_not_exists)
-	{
-		$sql = 'CREATE TABLE ';
-
-		if ($if_not_exists === TRUE)
-		{
-			$sql .= 'IF NOT EXISTS ';
-		}
-
-		$sql .= $this->db->escape_identifiers($table).' (';
-		$current_field_count = 0;
-
-		foreach ($fields as $field => $attributes)
-		{
-			// Numeric field names aren't allowed in databases, so if the key is
-			// numeric, we know it was assigned by PHP and the developer manually
-			// entered the field information, so we'll simply add it to the list
-			if (is_numeric($field))
-			{
-				$sql .= "\n\t$attributes";
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				$attributes = array_change_key_case($attributes, CASE_UPPER);
-
-				$sql .= "\n\t".$this->db->protect_identifiers($field);
-
-				$sql .=  ' '.$attributes['TYPE'];
-
-				if (array_key_exists('CONSTRAINT', $attributes))
-				{
-					$sql .= '('.$attributes['CONSTRAINT'].')';
-				}
+	protected $_create_table_if	= "IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM sysobjects WHERE ID = object_id(N'%s') AND OBJECTPROPERTY(id, N'IsUserTable') = 1)\nCREATE TABLE";
 
-				if (array_key_exists('UNSIGNED', $attributes) && $attributes['UNSIGNED'] === TRUE)
-				{
-					$sql .= ' UNSIGNED';
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('DEFAULT', $attributes))
-				{
-					$sql .= ' DEFAULT \''.$attributes['DEFAULT'].'\'';
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('NULL', $attributes) && $attributes['NULL'] === TRUE)
-				{
-					$sql .= ' NULL';
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					$sql .= ' NOT NULL';
-				}
+	/**
+	 * DROP TABLE IF statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_drop_table_if	= "IF EXISTS (SELECT * FROM sysobjects WHERE ID = object_id(N'%s') AND OBJECTPROPERTY(id, N'IsUserTable') = 1)\nDROP TABLE";
 
-				if (array_key_exists('AUTO_INCREMENT', $attributes) && $attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT'] === TRUE)
-				{
-					$sql .= ' AUTO_INCREMENT';
-				}
-			}
+	/**
+	 * UNSIGNED support
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $_unsigned		= array(
+		'TINYINT'	=> 'SMALLINT',
+		'SMALLINT'	=> 'INT',
+		'INT'		=> 'BIGINT',
+		'REAL'		=> 'FLOAT'
+	);
 
-			// don't add a comma on the end of the last field
-			if (++$current_field_count < count($fields))
-			{
-				$sql .= ',';
-			}
-		}
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-		if (count($primary_keys) > 0)
+	/**
+	 * ALTER TABLE
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$alter_type	ALTER type
+	 * @param	string	$table		Table name
+	 * @param	mixed	$field		Column definition
+	 * @return	string|string[]
+	 */
+	protected function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $field)
+	{
+		if (in_array($alter_type, array('ADD', 'DROP'), TRUE))
 		{
-			$primary_keys = $this->db->protect_identifiers($primary_keys);
-			$sql .= ",\n\tPRIMARY KEY (" . implode(', ', $primary_keys) . ")";
+			return parent::_alter_table($alter_type, $table, $field);
 		}
 
-		if (is_array($keys) && count($keys) > 0)
+		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($table).' ALTER COLUMN ';
+		$sqls = array();
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($field); $i < $c; $i++)
 		{
-			foreach ($keys as $key)
-			{
-				if (is_array($key))
-				{
-					$key = $this->db->protect_identifiers($key);
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					$key = array($this->db->protect_identifiers($key));
-				}
-
-				$sql .= ",\n\tFOREIGN KEY (" . implode(', ', $key) . ")";
-			}
+			$sqls[] = $sql.$this->_process_column($field[$i]);
 		}
 
-		$sql .= "\n)";
-
-		return $sql;
+		return $sqls;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Alter table query
+	 * Field attribute TYPE
 	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that a table can be altered
-	 * Called by add_column(), drop_column(), and column_alter(),
+	 * Performs a data type mapping between different databases.
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the ALTER type (ADD, DROP, CHANGE)
-	 * @param	string	the column name
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	string	the column definition
-	 * @param	string	the default value
-	 * @param	bool	should 'NOT NULL' be added
-	 * @param	string	the field after which we should add the new field
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @param	array	&$attributes
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	protected function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $column_name, $column_definition = '', $default_value = '', $null = '', $after_field = '')
+	protected function _attr_type(&$attributes)
 	{
-		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table).' '.$alter_type.' '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($column_name);
-
-		// DROP has everything it needs now.
-		if ($alter_type == 'DROP')
+		switch (strtoupper($attributes['TYPE']))
 		{
-			return $sql;
-		}
-
-		$sql .= " $column_definition";
-
-		if ($default_value != '')
-		{
-			$sql .= " DEFAULT \"$default_value\"";
+			case 'MEDIUMINT':
+				$attributes['TYPE'] = 'INTEGER';
+				$attributes['UNSIGNED'] = FALSE;
+				return;
+			case 'INTEGER':
+				$attributes['TYPE'] = 'INT';
+				return;
+			default: return;
 		}
+	}
 
-		if ($null === NULL)
-		{
-			$sql .= ' NULL';
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			$sql .= ' NOT NULL';
-		}
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-		if ($after_field != '')
+	/**
+	 * Field attribute AUTO_INCREMENT
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	&$attributes
+	 * @param	array	&$field
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _attr_auto_increment(&$attributes, &$field)
+	{
+		if ( ! empty($attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT']) && $attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT'] === TRUE && stripos($field['type'], 'int') !== FALSE)
 		{
-			return $sql.' AFTER '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($after_field);
+			$field['auto_increment'] = ' IDENTITY(1,1)';
 		}
-
-		return $sql;
-
 	}
 
 }
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_result.php b/system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_result.php
index 4cc87f4cf..ca222aed4 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_result.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_result.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,15 +24,17 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
- * MS SQL Result Class
+ * MSSQL Result Class
  *
  * This class extends the parent result class: CI_DB_result
  *
  * @category	Database
  * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
  * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ * @since	1.3
  */
 class CI_DB_mssql_result extends CI_DB_result {
 
@@ -43,7 +45,9 @@ class CI_DB_mssql_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 */
 	public function num_rows()
 	{
-		return @mssql_num_rows($this->result_id);
+		return is_int($this->num_rows)
+			? $this->num_rows
+			: $this->num_rows = @mssql_num_rows($this->result_id);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -90,16 +94,14 @@ class CI_DB_mssql_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	public function field_data()
 	{
 		$retval = array();
-		while ($field = mssql_fetch_field($this->result_id))
+		for ($i = 0, $c = $this->num_field(); $i < $c; $i++)
 		{
-			$F				= new stdClass();
-			$F->name		= $field->name;
-			$F->type		= $field->type;
-			$F->max_length	= $field->max_length;
-			$F->primary_key = 0;
-			$F->default		= '';
-
-			$retval[] = $F;
+			$field = mssql_fetch_field($this->result_id, $i);
+
+			$retval[$i]		= new stdClass();
+			$retval[$i]->name	= $field->name;
+			$retval[$i]->type	= $field->type;
+			$retval[$i]->max_length	= $field->max_length;
 		}
 
 		return $retval;
@@ -128,11 +130,12 @@ class CI_DB_mssql_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 *
 	 * Moves the internal pointer to the desired offset. We call
 	 * this internally before fetching results to make sure the
-	 * result set starts at zero
+	 * result set starts at zero.
 	 *
+	 * @param	int	$n
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	protected function _data_seek($n = 0)
+	public function data_seek($n = 0)
 	{
 		return mssql_data_seek($this->result_id, $n);
 	}
@@ -158,11 +161,25 @@ class CI_DB_mssql_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 *
 	 * Returns the result set as an object
 	 *
+	 * @param	string	$class_name
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	protected function _fetch_object()
+	protected function _fetch_object($class_name = 'stdClass')
 	{
-		return mssql_fetch_object($this->result_id);
+		$row = @mssql_fetch_object($this->result_id);
+
+		if ($class_name === 'stdClass' OR ! $row)
+		{
+			return $row;
+		}
+
+		$class_name = new $class_name();
+		foreach ($row as $key => $value)
+		{
+			$class_name->$key = $value;
+		}
+
+		return $class_name;
 	}
 
 }
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_utility.php b/system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_utility.php
index 6d47618ce..76c7cb9c2 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_utility.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_utility.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * MS SQL Utility Class
@@ -34,19 +35,30 @@
  */
 class CI_DB_mssql_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 
+	/**
+	 * List databases statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	protected $_list_databases	= 'EXEC sp_helpdb'; // Can also be: EXEC sp_databases
+
+	/**
+	 * OPTIMIZE TABLE statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	protected $_optimize_table	= 'ALTER INDEX all ON %s REORGANIZE';
 
 	/**
-	 * MSSQL Export
+	 * Export
 	 *
-	 * @param	array	Preferences
-	 * @return	mixed
+	 * @param	array	$params	Preferences
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	protected function _backup($params = array())
 	{
 		// Currently unsupported
-		return $this->db->display_error('db_unsuported_feature');
+		return $this->db->display_error('db_unsupported_feature');
 	}
 
 }
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_driver.php
index c2fccc1f7..5af44371c 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_driver.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,12 +24,13 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * MySQL Database Adapter Class
  *
  * Note: _DB is an extender class that the app controller
- * creates dynamically based on whether the active record
+ * creates dynamically based on whether the query builder
  * class is being used or not.
  *
  * @package		CodeIgniter
@@ -40,48 +41,78 @@
  */
 class CI_DB_mysql_driver extends CI_DB {
 
+	/**
+	 * Database driver
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	public $dbdriver = 'mysql';
 
-	// The character used for escaping
-	protected $_escape_char = '`';
-
-	// clause and character used for LIKE escape sequences - not used in MySQL
-	protected $_like_escape_str = '';
-	protected $_like_escape_chr = '';
-
 	/**
-	 * The syntax to count rows is slightly different across different
-	 * database engines, so this string appears in each driver and is
-	 * used for the count_all() and count_all_results() functions.
+	 * Compression flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
 	 */
-	protected $_count_string = 'SELECT COUNT(*) AS ';
-	protected $_random_keyword = ' RAND()'; // database specific random keyword
+	public $compress = FALSE;
 
 	/**
+	 * DELETE hack flag
+	 *
 	 * Whether to use the MySQL "delete hack" which allows the number
 	 * of affected rows to be shown. Uses a preg_replace when enabled,
 	 * adding a bit more processing to all queries.
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
 	 */
 	public $delete_hack = TRUE;
 
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Identifier escape character
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_escape_char = '`';
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Class constructor
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$params
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
 	public function __construct($params)
 	{
 		parent::__construct($params);
 
-		if ($this->port != '')
+		if ( ! empty($this->port))
 		{
 			$this->hostname .= ':'.$this->port;
 		}
 	}
 
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 	/**
 	 * Non-persistent database connection
 	 *
+	 * @param	bool	$persistent
 	 * @return	resource
 	 */
-	public function db_connect()
+	public function db_connect($persistent = FALSE)
 	{
-		return @mysql_connect($this->hostname, $this->username, $this->password, TRUE);
+		$client_flags = ($this->compress === FALSE) ? 0 : MYSQL_CLIENT_COMPRESS;
+
+		if ($this->encrypt === TRUE)
+		{
+			$client_flags = $client_flags | MYSQL_CLIENT_SSL;
+		}
+
+		return ($persistent === TRUE)
+			? @mysql_pconnect($this->hostname, $this->username, $this->password, $client_flags)
+			: @mysql_connect($this->hostname, $this->username, $this->password, TRUE, $client_flags);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -93,7 +124,7 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	public function db_pconnect()
 	{
-		return @mysql_pconnect($this->hostname, $this->username, $this->password);
+		return $this->db_connect(TRUE);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -119,7 +150,7 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Select the database
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	database name
+	 * @param	string	$database
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function db_select($database = '')
@@ -143,7 +174,7 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Set client character set
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string	$charset
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	protected function _db_set_charset($charset)
@@ -160,9 +191,21 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	public function version()
 	{
-		return isset($this->data_cache['version'])
-			? $this->data_cache['version']
-			: $this->data_cache['version'] = @mysql_get_server_info($this->conn_id);
+		if (isset($this->data_cache['version']))
+		{
+			return $this->data_cache['version'];
+		}
+		elseif ( ! $this->conn_id)
+		{
+			$this->initialize();
+		}
+
+		if ( ! $this->conn_id OR ($version = @mysql_get_server_info($this->conn_id)) === FALSE)
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		return $this->data_cache['version'] = $version;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -170,7 +213,7 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Execute the query
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	an SQL query
+	 * @param	string	$sql	an SQL query
 	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
 	protected function _execute($sql)
@@ -185,7 +228,7 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * If needed, each database adapter can prep the query string
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	an SQL query
+	 * @param	string	$sql	an SQL query
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _prep_query($sql)
@@ -205,6 +248,7 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Begin Transaction
 	 *
+	 * @param	bool	$test_mode
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function trans_begin($test_mode = FALSE)
@@ -270,8 +314,8 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Escape String
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	bool	whether or not the string will be used in a LIKE condition
+	 * @param	string	$str
+	 * @param	bool	$like	Whether or not the string will be used in a LIKE condition
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	public function escape_str($str, $like = FALSE)
@@ -279,19 +323,21 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_driver extends CI_DB {
 		if (is_array($str))
 		{
 			foreach ($str as $key => $val)
-	   		{
+			{
 				$str[$key] = $this->escape_str($val, $like);
-	   		}
+			}
 
-	   		return $str;
-	   	}
+			return $str;
+		}
 
 		$str = is_resource($this->conn_id) ? mysql_real_escape_string($str, $this->conn_id) : addslashes($str);
 
 		// escape LIKE condition wildcards
 		if ($like === TRUE)
 		{
-			return str_replace(array('%', '_'), array('\\%', '\\_'), $str);
+			return str_replace(array($this->_like_escape_chr, '%', '_'),
+						array($this->_like_escape_chr.$this->_like_escape_chr, $this->_like_escape_chr.'%', $this->_like_escape_chr.'_'),
+						$str);
 		}
 
 		return $str;
@@ -324,47 +370,18 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * "Count All" query
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query string that counts all records in
-	 * the specified database
-	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	public function count_all($table = '')
-	{
-		if ($table == '')
-		{
-			return 0;
-		}
-
-		$query = $this->query($this->_count_string.$this->protect_identifiers('numrows').' FROM '.$this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE));
-		if ($query->num_rows() == 0)
-		{
-			return 0;
-		}
-
-		$query = $query->row();
-		$this->_reset_select();
-		return (int) $query->numrows;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
 	 * List table query
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the table names can be fetched
 	 *
-	 * @param	bool
+	 * @param	bool	$prefix_limit
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _list_tables($prefix_limit = FALSE)
 	{
-		$sql = 'SHOW TABLES FROM '.$this->_escape_char.$this->database.$this->_escape_char;
+		$sql = 'SHOW TABLES FROM '.$this->escape_identifiers($this->database);
 
-		if ($prefix_limit !== FALSE && $this->dbprefix != '')
+		if ($prefix_limit !== FALSE && $this->dbprefix !== '')
 		{
 			return $sql." LIKE '".$this->escape_like_str($this->dbprefix)."%'";
 		}
@@ -379,10 +396,10 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the column names can be fetched
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @param	string	$table
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	public function _list_columns($table = '')
+	protected function _list_columns($table = '')
 	{
 		return 'SHOW COLUMNS FROM '.$this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE);
 	}
@@ -392,29 +409,34 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Returns an object with field data
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	object
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	array
 	 */
 	public function field_data($table = '')
 	{
-		if ($table == '')
+		if ($table === '')
 		{
 			return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_field_param_missing') : FALSE;
 		}
 
-		$query = $this->query('DESCRIBE '.$this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE));
+		if (($query = $this->query('SHOW COLUMNS FROM '.$this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE))) === FALSE)
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
 		$query = $query->result_object();
 
 		$retval = array();
 		for ($i = 0, $c = count($query); $i < $c; $i++)
 		{
-			preg_match('/([a-z]+)(\(\d+\))?/', $query[$i]->Type, $matches);
-
 			$retval[$i]			= new stdClass();
 			$retval[$i]->name		= $query[$i]->Field;
-			$retval[$i]->type		= empty($matches[1]) ? NULL : $matches[1];
+
+			sscanf($query[$i]->Type, '%[a-z](%d)',
+				$retval[$i]->type,
+				$retval[$i]->max_length
+			);
+
 			$retval[$i]->default		= $query[$i]->Default;
-			$retval[$i]->max_length		= empty($matches[2]) ? NULL : preg_replace('/[^\d]/', '', $matches[2]);
 			$retval[$i]->primary_key	= (int) ($query[$i]->Key === 'PRI');
 		}
 
@@ -439,37 +461,16 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * From Tables
-	 *
-	 * This function implicitly groups FROM tables so there is no confusion
-	 * about operator precedence in harmony with SQL standards
-	 *
-	 * @param	string	table name
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	protected function _from_tables($tables)
-	{
-		if ( ! is_array($tables))
-		{
-			$tables = array($tables);
-		}
-
-		return '('.implode(', ', $tables).')';
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
 	 * Update_Batch statement
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific batch update string from the supplied data
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the update data
-	 * @param	array	the where clause
+	 * @param	string	$table	Table name
+	 * @param	array	$values	Update data
+	 * @param	string	$index	WHERE key
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	protected function _update_batch($table, $values, $index, $where = NULL)
+	protected function _update_batch($table, $values, $index)
 	{
 		$ids = array();
 		foreach ($values as $key => $val)
@@ -478,9 +479,9 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_driver extends CI_DB {
 
 			foreach (array_keys($val) as $field)
 			{
-				if ($field != $index)
+				if ($field !== $index)
 				{
-					$final[$field][] =  'WHEN '.$index.' = '.$val[$index].' THEN '.$val[$field];
+					$final[$field][] = 'WHEN '.$index.' = '.$val[$index].' THEN '.$val[$field];
 				}
 			}
 		}
@@ -493,26 +494,29 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_driver extends CI_DB {
 				.'ELSE '.$k.' END, ';
 		}
 
-		return 'UPDATE '.$table.' SET '.substr($cases, 0, -2)
-			.' WHERE '.(($where != '' && count($where) > 0) ? implode(' ', $where).' AND ' : '')
-			.$index.' IN('.implode(',', $ids).')';
+		$this->where($index.' IN('.implode(',', $ids).')', NULL, FALSE);
+
+		return 'UPDATE '.$table.' SET '.substr($cases, 0, -2).$this->_compile_wh('qb_where');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Limit string
+	 * FROM tables
 	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific LIMIT clause
+	 * Groups tables in FROM clauses if needed, so there is no confusion
+	 * about operator precedence.
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the sql query string
-	 * @param	int	the number of rows to limit the query to
-	 * @param	int	the offset value
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	protected function _limit($sql, $limit, $offset)
+	protected function _from_tables()
 	{
-		return $sql.' LIMIT '.($offset == 0 ? '' : $offset.', ').$limit;
+		if ( ! empty($this->qb_join) && count($this->qb_from) > 1)
+		{
+			return '('.implode(', ', $this->qb_from).')';
+		}
+
+		return implode(', ', $this->qb_from);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -520,12 +524,11 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Close DB Connection
 	 *
-	 * @param	resource
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	protected function _close($conn_id)
+	protected function _close()
 	{
-		@mysql_close($conn_id);
+		@mysql_close($this->conn_id);
 	}
 
 }
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_forge.php
index 0e39affa7..f4394c685 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_forge.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_forge.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * MySQL Forge Class
@@ -34,151 +35,178 @@
  */
 class CI_DB_mysql_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 
+	/**
+	 * CREATE DATABASE statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	protected $_create_database	= 'CREATE DATABASE %s CHARACTER SET %s COLLATE %s';
 
 	/**
-	 * Process Fields
+	 * CREATE TABLE keys flag
 	 *
-	 * @param	mixed	the fields
-	 * @return	string
+	 * Whether table keys are created from within the
+	 * CREATE TABLE statement.
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
 	 */
-	protected function _process_fields($fields)
-	{
-		$current_field_count = 0;
-		$sql = '';
-
-		foreach ($fields as $field => $attributes)
-		{
-			// Numeric field names aren't allowed in databases, so if the key is
-			// numeric, we know it was assigned by PHP and the developer manually
-			// entered the field information, so we'll simply add it to the list
-			if (is_numeric($field))
-			{
-				$sql .= "\n\t".$attributes;
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				$attributes = array_change_key_case($attributes, CASE_UPPER);
-
-				$sql .= "\n\t".$this->db->protect_identifiers($field)
-					.( ! empty($attributes['NAME']) ? ' '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($attributes['NAME']).' ' : '');
+	protected $_create_table_keys	= TRUE;
 
-				if ( ! empty($attributes['TYPE']))
-				{
-					$sql .=  ' '.$attributes['TYPE'];
+	/**
+	 * UNSIGNED support
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $_unsigned		= array(
+		'TINYINT',
+		'SMALLINT',
+		'MEDIUMINT',
+		'INT',
+		'INTEGER',
+		'BIGINT',
+		'REAL',
+		'DOUBLE',
+		'DOUBLE PRECISION',
+		'FLOAT',
+		'DECIMAL',
+		'NUMERIC'
+	);
 
-					if ( ! empty($attributes['CONSTRAINT']))
-					{
-						switch (strtolower($attributes['TYPE']))
-						{
-							case 'decimal':
-							case 'float':
-							case 'numeric':
-								$sql .= '('.implode(',', $attributes['CONSTRAINT']).')';
-								break;
-							case 'enum':
-							case 'set':
-								$sql .= '("'.implode('","', $attributes['CONSTRAINT']).'")';
-								break;
-							default:
-								$sql .= '('.$attributes['CONSTRAINT'].')';
-						}
-					}
-				}
+	/**
+	 * NULL value representation in CREATE/ALTER TABLE statements
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_null		= 'NULL';
 
-				$sql .= (( ! empty($attributes['UNSIGNED']) && $attributes['UNSIGNED'] === TRUE) ? ' UNSIGNED' : '')
-					.(isset($attributes['DEFAULT']) ? " DEFAULT '".$attributes['DEFAULT']."'" : '')
-					.(( ! empty($attributes['NULL']) && $attributes['NULL'] === TRUE) ? ' NULL' : ' NOT NULL')
-					.(( ! empty($attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT']) && $attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT'] === TRUE) ? ' AUTO_INCREMENT' : '');
-			}
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-			// don't add a comma on the end of the last field
-			if (++$current_field_count < count($fields))
-			{
-				$sql .= ',';
-			}
-		}
+	/**
+	 * Class constructor
+	 *
+	 * @param	object	&$db	Database object
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function __construct(&$db)
+	{
+		parent::__construct($db);
 
-		return $sql;
+		$this->_create_table .= ' DEFAULT CHARSET '.$this->db->char_set.' COLLATE '.$this->db->dbcollat;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Create Table
+	 * ALTER TABLE
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	mixed	the fields
-	 * @param	mixed	primary key(s)
-	 * @param	mixed	key(s)
-	 * @param	bool	should 'IF NOT EXISTS' be added to the SQL
-	 * @return	bool
+	 * @param	string	$alter_type	ALTER type
+	 * @param	string	$table		Table name
+	 * @param	mixed	$field		Column definition
+	 * @return	string|string[]
 	 */
-	protected function _create_table($table, $fields, $primary_keys, $keys, $if_not_exists)
+	protected function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $field)
 	{
-		$sql = 'CREATE TABLE ';
-
-		if ($if_not_exists === TRUE)
-		{
-			$sql .= 'IF NOT EXISTS ';
-		}
-
-		$sql .= $this->db->protect_identifiers($table).' ('.$this->_process_fields($fields);
-
-		if (count($primary_keys) > 0)
+		if ($alter_type === 'DROP')
 		{
-			$key_name = $this->db->protect_identifiers(implode('_', $primary_keys));
-			$sql .= ",\n\tPRIMARY KEY ".$key_name.' ('.implode(', ', $this->db->protect_identifiers($primary_keys)).')';
+			return parent::_alter_table($alter_type, $table, $field);
 		}
 
-		if (is_array($keys) && count($keys) > 0)
+		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($table);
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($field); $i < $c; $i++)
 		{
-			foreach ($keys as $key)
+			if ($field[$i]['_literal'] !== FALSE)
 			{
-				if (is_array($key))
+				$field[$i] = ($alter_type === 'ADD')
+						? "\n\tADD ".$field[$i]['_literal']
+						: "\n\tMODIFY ".$field[$i]['_literal'];
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				if ($alter_type === 'ADD')
 				{
-					$key_name = $this->db->protect_identifiers(implode('_', $key));
-					$key = $this->db->protect_identifiers($key);
+					$field[$i]['_literal'] = "\n\tADD ";
 				}
 				else
 				{
-					$key_name = $this->db->protect_identifiers($key);
-					$key = array($key_name);
+					$field[$i]['_literal'] = empty($field[$i]['new_name']) ? "\n\tMODIFY " : "\n\tCHANGE ";
 				}
 
-				$sql .= ",\n\tKEY ".$key_name.' ('.implode(', ', $key).')';
+				$field[$i] = $field[$i]['_literal'].$this->_process_column($field[$i]);
 			}
 		}
 
-		return $sql."\n) DEFAULT CHARACTER SET ".$this->db->char_set.' COLLATE '.$this->db->dbcollat.';';
+		return array($sql.implode(',', $field));
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Alter table query
+	 * Process column
 	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that a table can be altered
-	 * Called by add_column(), drop_column() and column_alter()
+	 * @param	array	$field
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _process_column($field)
+	{
+		$extra_clause = isset($field['after'])
+			? ' AFTER '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($field['after']) : '';
+
+		if (empty($extra_clause) && isset($field['first']) && $field['first'] === TRUE)
+		{
+			$extra_clause = ' FIRST';
+		}
+
+		return $this->db->escape_identifiers($field['name'])
+			.(empty($field['new_name']) ? '' : ' '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($field['new_name']))
+			.' '.$field['type'].$field['length']
+			.$field['unsigned']
+			.$field['null']
+			.$field['default']
+			.$field['auto_increment']
+			.$field['unique']
+			.$extra_clause;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Process indexes
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the ALTER type (ADD, DROP, CHANGE)
-	 * @param	string	the column name
-	 * @param	array	fields
-	 * @param	string	the field after which we should add the new field
+	 * @param	string	$table	(ignored)
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	protected function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $fields, $after_field = '')
+	protected function _process_indexes($table)
 	{
-		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table).' '.$alter_type.' ';
+		$sql = '';
 
-		// DROP has everything it needs now.
-		if ($alter_type === 'DROP')
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($this->keys); $i < $c; $i++)
 		{
-			return $sql.$this->db->protect_identifiers($fields);
+			if (is_array($this->keys[$i]))
+			{
+				for ($i2 = 0, $c2 = count($this->keys[$i]); $i2 < $c2; $i2++)
+				{
+					if ( ! isset($this->fields[$this->keys[$i][$i2]]))
+					{
+						unset($this->keys[$i][$i2]);
+						continue;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			elseif ( ! isset($this->fields[$this->keys[$i]]))
+			{
+				unset($this->keys[$i]);
+				continue;
+			}
+
+			is_array($this->keys[$i]) OR $this->keys[$i] = array($this->keys[$i]);
+
+			$sql .= ",\n\tKEY ".$this->db->escape_identifiers(implode('_', $this->keys[$i]))
+				.' ('.implode(', ', $this->db->escape_identifiers($this->keys[$i])).')';
 		}
 
-		return $sql.$this->_process_fields($fields)
-			.($after_field != '' ? ' AFTER '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($after_field) : '');
+		$this->keys = array();
+
+		return $sql;
 	}
 
 }
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_result.php b/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_result.php
index 14d6d072a..293980e97 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_result.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_result.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * MySQL Result Class
@@ -33,17 +34,35 @@
  * @category	Database
  * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
  * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ * @since	1.0
  */
 class CI_DB_mysql_result extends CI_DB_result {
 
 	/**
+	 * Class constructor
+	 *
+	 * @param	object	&$driver_object
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function __construct(&$driver_object)
+	{
+		parent::__construct($driver_object);
+
+		// Required, due to mysql_data_seek() causing nightmares
+		// with empty result sets
+		$this->num_rows = @mysql_num_rows($this->result_id);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
 	 * Number of rows in the result set
 	 *
 	 * @return	int
 	 */
 	public function num_rows()
 	{
-		return @mysql_num_rows($this->result_id);
+		return $this->num_rows;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -96,8 +115,7 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_result extends CI_DB_result {
 			$retval[$i]->name		= mysql_field_name($this->result_id, $i);
 			$retval[$i]->type		= mysql_field_type($this->result_id, $i);
 			$retval[$i]->max_length		= mysql_field_len($this->result_id, $i);
-			$retval[$i]->primary_key	= (strpos(mysql_field_flags($this->result_id, $i), 'primary_key') === FALSE) ? 0 : 1;
-			$retval[$i]->default		= '';
+			$retval[$i]->primary_key	= (int) (strpos(mysql_field_flags($this->result_id, $i), 'primary_key') !== FALSE);
 		}
 
 		return $retval;
@@ -126,13 +144,16 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 *
 	 * Moves the internal pointer to the desired offset. We call
 	 * this internally before fetching results to make sure the
-	 * result set starts at zero
+	 * result set starts at zero.
 	 *
+	 * @param	int	$n
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	protected function _data_seek($n = 0)
+	public function data_seek($n = 0)
 	{
-		return mysql_data_seek($this->result_id, $n);
+		return $this->num_rows
+			? @mysql_data_seek($this->result_id, $n)
+			: FALSE;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -156,11 +177,12 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 *
 	 * Returns the result set as an object
 	 *
+	 * @param	string	$class_name
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	protected function _fetch_object()
+	protected function _fetch_object($class_name = 'stdClass')
 	{
-		return mysql_fetch_object($this->result_id);
+		return mysql_fetch_object($this->result_id, $class_name);
 	}
 
 }
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_utility.php b/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_utility.php
index 642323dbd..8aa051755 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_utility.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_utility.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * MySQL Utility Class
@@ -34,14 +35,33 @@
  */
 class CI_DB_mysql_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 
+	/**
+	 * List databases statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	protected $_list_databases	= 'SHOW DATABASES';
+
+	/**
+	 * OPTIMIZE TABLE statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	protected $_optimize_table	= 'OPTIMIZE TABLE %s';
+
+	/**
+	 * REPAIR TABLE statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	protected $_repair_table	= 'REPAIR TABLE %s';
 
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 	/**
-	 * MySQL Export
+	 * Export
 	 *
-	 * @param	array	Preferences
+	 * @param	array	$params	Preferences
 	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
 	protected function _backup($params = array())
@@ -65,7 +85,7 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 			}
 
 			// Get the table schema
-			$query = $this->db->query('SHOW CREATE TABLE '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($this->db->database).'.'.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table));
+			$query = $this->db->query('SHOW CREATE TABLE '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($this->db->database.'.'.$table));
 
 			// No result means the table name was invalid
 			if ($query === FALSE)
@@ -76,7 +96,7 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 			// Write out the table schema
 			$output .= '#'.$newline.'# TABLE STRUCTURE FOR: '.$table.$newline.'#'.$newline.$newline;
 
-			if ($add_drop == TRUE)
+			if ($add_drop === TRUE)
 			{
 				$output .= 'DROP TABLE IF EXISTS '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table).';'.$newline.$newline;
 			}
@@ -92,7 +112,7 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 			}
 
 			// If inserts are not needed we're done...
-			if ($add_insert == FALSE)
+			if ($add_insert === FALSE)
 			{
 				continue;
 			}
@@ -100,7 +120,7 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 			// Grab all the data from the current table
 			$query = $this->db->query('SELECT * FROM '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table));
 
-			if ($query->num_rows() == 0)
+			if ($query->num_rows() === 0)
 			{
 				continue;
 			}
@@ -120,7 +140,7 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 							TRUE);
 
 				// Create a string of field names
-				$field_str .= $this->db->protect_identifiers($field->name).', ';
+				$field_str .= $this->db->escape_identifiers($field->name).', ';
 				$i++;
 			}
 
@@ -143,7 +163,7 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 					else
 					{
 						// Escape the data if it's not an integer
-						$val_str .= ($is_int[$i] == FALSE) ? $this->db->escape($v) : $v;
+						$val_str .= ($is_int[$i] === FALSE) ? $this->db->escape($v) : $v;
 					}
 
 					// Append a comma
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_driver.php
index a690682be..17f025f61 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_driver.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,12 +24,13 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * MySQLi Database Adapter Class
  *
  * Note: _DB is an extender class that the app controller
- * creates dynamically based on whether the active record
+ * creates dynamically based on whether the query builder
  * class is being used or not.
  *
  * @package		CodeIgniter
@@ -40,40 +41,60 @@
  */
 class CI_DB_mysqli_driver extends CI_DB {
 
+	/**
+	 * Database driver
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	public $dbdriver = 'mysqli';
 
-	// The character used for escaping
-	protected $_escape_char = '`';
-
-	// clause and character used for LIKE escape sequences - not used in MySQL
-	protected $_like_escape_str = '';
-	protected $_like_escape_chr = '';
-
 	/**
-	 * The syntax to count rows is slightly different across different
-	 * database engines, so this string appears in each driver and is
-	 * used for the count_all() and count_all_results() functions.
+	 * Compression flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
 	 */
-	protected $_count_string = 'SELECT COUNT(*) AS ';
-	protected $_random_keyword = ' RAND()'; // database specific random keyword
+	public $compress = FALSE;
 
 	/**
+	 * DELETE hack flag
+	 *
 	 * Whether to use the MySQL "delete hack" which allows the number
 	 * of affected rows to be shown. Uses a preg_replace when enabled,
 	 * adding a bit more processing to all queries.
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
 	 */
 	public $delete_hack = TRUE;
 
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 	/**
-	 * Non-persistent database connection
+	 * Identifier escape character
 	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_escape_char = '`';
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Database connection
+	 *
+	 * @param	bool	$persistent
 	 * @return	object
+	 * @todo	SSL support
 	 */
-	public function db_connect()
+	public function db_connect($persistent = FALSE)
 	{
-		return ($this->port != '')
-			? @new mysqli($this->hostname, $this->username, $this->password, $this->database, $this->port)
-			: @new mysqli($this->hostname, $this->username, $this->password, $this->database);
+		// Persistent connection support was added in PHP 5.3.0
+		$hostname = ($persistent === TRUE && is_php('5.3'))
+			? 'p:'.$this->hostname : $this->hostname;
+		$port = empty($this->port) ? NULL : $this->port;
+		$client_flags = ($this->compress === TRUE) ? MYSQLI_CLIENT_COMPRESS : 0;
+		$mysqli = mysqli_init();
+
+		return @$mysqli->real_connect($hostname, $this->username, $this->password, $this->database, $port, NULL, $client_flags)
+			? $mysqli : FALSE;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -85,15 +106,7 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	public function db_pconnect()
 	{
-		// Persistent connection support was added in PHP 5.3.0
-		if ( ! is_php('5.3'))
-		{
-			return $this->db_connect();
-		}
-
-		return ($this->port != '')
-			? @new mysqli('p:'.$this->hostname, $this->username, $this->password, $this->database, $this->port)
-			: @new mysqli('p:'.$this->hostname, $this->username, $this->password, $this->database);
+		return $this->db_connect(TRUE);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -119,7 +132,7 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Select the database
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	database name
+	 * @param	string	$database
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function db_select($database = '')
@@ -143,7 +156,7 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Set client character set
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string	$charset
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	protected function _db_set_charset($charset)
@@ -160,9 +173,16 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	public function version()
 	{
-		return isset($this->data_cache['version'])
-			? $this->data_cache['version']
-			: $this->data_cache['version'] = $this->conn_id->server_info;
+		if (isset($this->data_cache['version']))
+		{
+			return $this->data_cache['version'];
+		}
+		elseif ( ! $this->conn_id)
+		{
+			$this->initialize();
+		}
+
+		return $this->data_cache['version'] = $this->conn_id->server_info;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -170,7 +190,7 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Execute the query
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	an SQL query
+	 * @param	string	$sql	an SQL query
 	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
 	protected function _execute($sql)
@@ -185,7 +205,7 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * If needed, each database adapter can prep the query string
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	an SQL query
+	 * @param	string	$sql	an SQL query
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _prep_query($sql)
@@ -205,6 +225,7 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Begin Transaction
 	 *
+	 * @param	bool	$test_mode
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function trans_begin($test_mode = FALSE)
@@ -270,8 +291,8 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Escape String
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	bool	whether or not the string will be used in a LIKE condition
+	 * @param	string	$str
+	 * @param	bool	$like	Whether or not the string will be used in a LIKE condition
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	public function escape_str($str, $like = FALSE)
@@ -291,7 +312,9 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_driver extends CI_DB {
 		// escape LIKE condition wildcards
 		if ($like === TRUE)
 		{
-			return str_replace(array('%', '_'), array('\\%', '\\_'), $str);
+			return str_replace(array($this->_like_escape_chr, '%', '_'),
+						array($this->_like_escape_chr.$this->_like_escape_chr, $this->_like_escape_chr.'%', $this->_like_escape_chr.'_'),
+						$str);
 		}
 
 		return $str;
@@ -324,47 +347,18 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * "Count All" query
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query string that counts all records in
-	 * the specified database
-	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	public function count_all($table = '')
-	{
-		if ($table == '')
-		{
-			return 0;
-		}
-
-		$query = $this->query($this->_count_string.$this->protect_identifiers('numrows').' FROM '.$this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE));
-		if ($query->num_rows() == 0)
-		{
-			return 0;
-		}
-
-		$query = $query->row();
-		$this->_reset_select();
-		return (int) $query->numrows;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
 	 * List table query
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the table names can be fetched
 	 *
-	 * @param	bool
+	 * @param	bool	$prefix_limit
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _list_tables($prefix_limit = FALSE)
 	{
-		$sql = 'SHOW TABLES FROM '.$this->_escape_char.$this->database.$this->_escape_char;
+		$sql = 'SHOW TABLES FROM '.$this->escape_identifiers($this->database);
 
-		if ($prefix_limit !== FALSE && $this->dbprefix != '')
+		if ($prefix_limit !== FALSE && $this->dbprefix !== '')
 		{
 			return $sql." LIKE '".$this->escape_like_str($this->dbprefix)."%'";
 		}
@@ -379,7 +373,7 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the column names can be fetched
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @param	string	$table
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _list_columns($table = '')
@@ -392,29 +386,34 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Returns an object with field data
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	object
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	array
 	 */
 	public function field_data($table = '')
 	{
-		if ($table == '')
+		if ($table === '')
 		{
 			return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_field_param_missing') : FALSE;
 		}
 
-		$query = $this->query('DESCRIBE '.$this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE));
+		if (($query = $this->query('SHOW COLUMNS FROM '.$this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE))) === FALSE)
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
 		$query = $query->result_object();
 
 		$retval = array();
 		for ($i = 0, $c = count($query); $i < $c; $i++)
 		{
-			preg_match('/([a-z]+)(\(\d+\))?/', $query[$i]->Type, $matches);
-
 			$retval[$i]			= new stdClass();
 			$retval[$i]->name		= $query[$i]->Field;
-			$retval[$i]->type		= empty($matches[1]) ? NULL : $matches[1];
+
+			sscanf($query[$i]->Type, '%[a-z](%d)',
+				$retval[$i]->type,
+				$retval[$i]->max_length
+			);
+
 			$retval[$i]->default		= $query[$i]->Default;
-			$retval[$i]->max_length		= empty($matches[2]) ? NULL : preg_replace('/[^\d]/', '', $matches[2]);
 			$retval[$i]->primary_key	= (int) ($query[$i]->Key === 'PRI');
 		}
 
@@ -433,28 +432,15 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	public function error()
 	{
-		return array('code' => $this->conn_id->errno, 'message' => $this->conn_id->error);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * From Tables
-	 *
-	 * This function implicitly groups FROM tables so there is no confusion
-	 * about operator precedence in harmony with SQL standards
-	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	protected function _from_tables($tables)
-	{
-		if ( ! is_array($tables))
+		if ( ! empty($this->conn_id->connect_errno))
 		{
-			$tables = array($tables);
+			return array(
+				'code' => $this->conn_id->connect_errno,
+				'message' => is_php('5.2.9') ? $this->conn_id->connect_error : mysqli_connect_error()
+			);
 		}
 
-		return '('.implode(', ', $tables).')';
+		return array('code' => $this->conn_id->errno, 'message' => $this->conn_id->error);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -464,12 +450,12 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific batch update string from the supplied data
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the update data
-	 * @param	array	the where clause
+	 * @param	string	$table	Table name
+	 * @param	array	$values	Update data
+	 * @param	string	$index	WHERE key
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	protected function _update_batch($table, $values, $index, $where = NULL)
+	protected function _update_batch($table, $values, $index)
 	{
 		$ids = array();
 		foreach ($values as $key => $val)
@@ -478,9 +464,9 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_driver extends CI_DB {
 
 			foreach (array_keys($val) as $field)
 			{
-				if ($field != $index)
+				if ($field !== $index)
 				{
-					$final[$field][] =  'WHEN '.$index.' = '.$val[$index].' THEN '.$val[$field];
+					$final[$field][] = 'WHEN '.$index.' = '.$val[$index].' THEN '.$val[$field];
 				}
 			}
 		}
@@ -493,29 +479,29 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_driver extends CI_DB {
 				.'ELSE '.$k.' END, ';
 		}
 
-		$where = ($where != '' && count($where) > 0) ? implode(' ', $where).' AND ' : '';
+		$this->where($index.' IN('.implode(',', $ids).')', NULL, FALSE);
 
-		return 'UPDATE '.$table.' SET '.substr($cases, 0, -2)
-			.' WHERE '.(($where != '' && count($where) > 0) ? implode(' ', $where).' AND ' : '')
-			.$index.' IN('.implode(',', $ids).')';
+		return 'UPDATE '.$table.' SET '.substr($cases, 0, -2).$this->_compile_wh('qb_where');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Limit string
+	 * FROM tables
 	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific LIMIT clause
+	 * Groups tables in FROM clauses if needed, so there is no confusion
+	 * about operator precedence.
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the sql query string
-	 * @param	int	the number of rows to limit the query to
-	 * @param	int	the offset value
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	protected function _limit($sql, $limit, $offset)
+	protected function _from_tables()
 	{
-		return $sql.' LIMIT '.$limit
-			.($offset > 0 ? ' OFFSET '.$offset : '');
+		if ( ! empty($this->qb_join) && count($this->qb_from) > 1)
+		{
+			return '('.implode(', ', $this->qb_from).')';
+		}
+
+		return implode(', ', $this->qb_from);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -523,13 +509,11 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Close DB Connection
 	 *
-	 * @param	object
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	protected function _close($conn_id)
+	protected function _close()
 	{
 		$this->conn_id->close();
-		$this->conn_id = FALSE;
 	}
 
 }
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_forge.php
index 503574dfc..f29ea5ade 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_forge.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_forge.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * MySQLi Forge Class
@@ -34,152 +35,178 @@
  */
 class CI_DB_mysqli_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 
+	/**
+	 * CREATE DATABASE statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	protected $_create_database	= 'CREATE DATABASE %s CHARACTER SET %s COLLATE %s';
 
 	/**
-	 * Process Fields
+	 * CREATE TABLE keys flag
 	 *
-	 * @param	mixed	the fields
-	 * @return	string
+	 * Whether table keys are created from within the
+	 * CREATE TABLE statement.
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
 	 */
-	protected function _process_fields($fields)
-	{
-		$current_field_count = 0;
-		$sql = '';
-
-		foreach ($fields as $field => $attributes)
-		{
-			// Numeric field names aren't allowed in databases, so if the key is
-			// numeric, we know it was assigned by PHP and the developer manually
-			// entered the field information, so we'll simply add it to the list
-			if (is_numeric($field))
-			{
-				$sql .= "\n\t".$attributes;
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				$attributes = array_change_key_case($attributes, CASE_UPPER);
-
-				$sql .= "\n\t".$this->db->protect_identifiers($field)
-					.( ! empty($attributes['NAME']) ? ' '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($attributes['NAME']).' ' : '')
-				;
+	protected $_create_table_keys	= TRUE;
 
-				if ( ! empty($attributes['TYPE']))
-				{
-					$sql .=  ' '.$attributes['TYPE'];
+	/**
+	 * UNSIGNED support
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $_unsigned		= array(
+		'TINYINT',
+		'SMALLINT',
+		'MEDIUMINT',
+		'INT',
+		'INTEGER',
+		'BIGINT',
+		'REAL',
+		'DOUBLE',
+		'DOUBLE PRECISION',
+		'FLOAT',
+		'DECIMAL',
+		'NUMERIC'
+	);
 
-					if ( ! empty($attributes['CONSTRAINT']))
-					{
-						switch (strtolower($attributes['TYPE']))
-						{
-							case 'decimal':
-							case 'float':
-							case 'numeric':
-								$sql .= '('.implode(',', $attributes['CONSTRAINT']).')';
-								break;
-							case 'enum':
-							case 'set':
-								$sql .= '("'.implode('","', $attributes['CONSTRAINT']).'")';
-								break;
-							default:
-								$sql .= '('.$attributes['CONSTRAINT'].')';
-						}
-					}
-				}
+	/**
+	 * NULL value representation in CREATE/ALTER TABLE statements
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_null		= 'NULL';
 
-				$sql .= (( ! empty($attributes['UNSIGNED']) && $attributes['UNSIGNED'] === TRUE) ? ' UNSIGNED' : '')
-					.(isset($attributes['DEFAULT']) ? " DEFAULT '".$attributes['DEFAULT']."'" : '')
-					.(( ! empty($attributes['NULL']) && $attributes['NULL'] === TRUE) ? ' NULL' : ' NOT NULL')
-					.(( ! empty($attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT']) && $attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT'] === TRUE) ? ' AUTO_INCREMENT' : '');
-			}
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-			// don't add a comma on the end of the last field
-			if (++$current_field_count < count($fields))
-			{
-				$sql .= ',';
-			}
-		}
+	/**
+	 * Class constructor
+	 *
+	 * @param	object	&$db	Database object
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function __construct(&$db)
+	{
+		parent::__construct($db);
 
-		return $sql;
+		$this->_create_table .= ' DEFAULT CHARSET '.$this->db->char_set.' COLLATE '.$this->db->dbcollat;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Create Table
+	 * ALTER TABLE
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	mixed	the fields
-	 * @param	mixed	primary key(s)
-	 * @param	mixed	key(s)
-	 * @param	bool	should 'IF NOT EXISTS' be added to the SQL
-	 * @return	bool
+	 * @param	string	$alter_type	ALTER type
+	 * @param	string	$table		Table name
+	 * @param	mixed	$field		Column definition
+	 * @return	string|string[]
 	 */
-	protected function _create_table($table, $fields, $primary_keys, $keys, $if_not_exists)
+	protected function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $field)
 	{
-		$sql = 'CREATE TABLE ';
-
-		if ($if_not_exists === TRUE)
-		{
-			$sql .= 'IF NOT EXISTS ';
-		}
-
-		$sql .= $this->db->escape_identifiers($table).' ('.$this->_process_fields($fields);
-
-		if (count($primary_keys) > 0)
+		if ($alter_type === 'DROP')
 		{
-			$key_name = $this->db->protect_identifiers(implode('_', $primary_keys));
-			$sql .= ",\n\tPRIMARY KEY ".$key_name.' ('.implode(', ', $this->db->protect_identifiers($primary_keys)).')';
+			return parent::_alter_table($alter_type, $table, $field);
 		}
 
-		if (is_array($keys) && count($keys) > 0)
+		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($table);
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($field); $i < $c; $i++)
 		{
-			foreach ($keys as $key)
+			if ($field[$i]['_literal'] !== FALSE)
 			{
-				if (is_array($key))
+				$field[$i] = ($alter_type === 'ADD')
+						? "\n\tADD ".$field[$i]['_literal']
+						: "\n\tMODIFY ".$field[$i]['_literal'];
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				if ($alter_type === 'ADD')
 				{
-					$key_name = $this->db->protect_identifiers(implode('_', $key));
-					$key = $this->db->protect_identifiers($key);
+					$field[$i]['_literal'] = "\n\tADD ";
 				}
 				else
 				{
-					$key_name = $this->db->protect_identifiers($key);
-					$key = array($key_name);
+					$field[$i]['_literal'] = empty($field[$i]['new_name']) ? "\n\tMODIFY " : "\n\tCHANGE ";
 				}
 
-				$sql .= ",\n\tKEY ".$key_name.' ('.implode(', ', $key).')';
+				$field[$i] = $field[$i]['_literal'].$this->_process_column($field[$i]);
 			}
 		}
 
-		return $sql."\n) DEFAULT CHARACTER SET ".$this->db->char_set.' COLLATE '.$this->db->dbcollat.';';
+		return array($sql.implode(',', $field));
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Alter table query
+	 * Process column
 	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that a table can be altered
-	 * Called by add_column(), drop_column(), and column_alter(),
+	 * @param	array	$field
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _process_column($field)
+	{
+		$extra_clause = isset($field['after'])
+			? ' AFTER '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($field['after']) : '';
+
+		if (empty($extra_clause) && isset($field['first']) && $field['first'] === TRUE)
+		{
+			$extra_clause = ' FIRST';
+		}
+
+		return $this->db->escape_identifiers($field['name'])
+			.(empty($field['new_name']) ? '' : ' '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($field['new_name']))
+			.' '.$field['type'].$field['length']
+			.$field['unsigned']
+			.$field['null']
+			.$field['default']
+			.$field['auto_increment']
+			.$field['unique']
+			.$extra_clause;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Process indexes
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the ALTER type (ADD, DROP, CHANGE)
-	 * @param	string	the column name
-	 * @param	array	fields
-	 * @param	string	the field after which we should add the new field
+	 * @param	string	$table	(ignored)
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	protected function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $fields, $after_field = '')
+	protected function _process_indexes($table)
 	{
-		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table).' '.$alter_type.' ';
+		$sql = '';
 
-		// DROP has everything it needs now.
-		if ($alter_type === 'DROP')
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($this->keys); $i < $c; $i++)
 		{
-			return $sql.$this->db->protect_identifiers($fields);
+			if (is_array($this->keys[$i]))
+			{
+				for ($i2 = 0, $c2 = count($this->keys[$i]); $i2 < $c2; $i2++)
+				{
+					if ( ! isset($this->fields[$this->keys[$i][$i2]]))
+					{
+						unset($this->keys[$i][$i2]);
+						continue;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			elseif ( ! isset($this->fields[$this->keys[$i]]))
+			{
+				unset($this->keys[$i]);
+				continue;
+			}
+
+			is_array($this->keys[$i]) OR $this->keys[$i] = array($this->keys[$i]);
+
+			$sql .= ",\n\tKEY ".$this->db->escape_identifiers(implode('_', $this->keys[$i]))
+				.' ('.implode(', ', $this->db->escape_identifiers($this->keys[$i])).')';
 		}
 
-		return $sql.$this->_process_fields($fields)
-			.($after_field != '' ? ' AFTER '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($after_field) : '');
+		$this->keys = array();
+
+		return $sql;
 	}
 
 }
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_result.php b/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_result.php
index 9b4d494d4..ac0f1a8d1 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_result.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_result.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * MySQLi Result Class
@@ -33,6 +34,7 @@
  * @category	Database
  * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
  * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ * @since	1.3
  */
 class CI_DB_mysqli_result extends CI_DB_result {
 
@@ -43,7 +45,9 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 */
 	public function num_rows()
 	{
-		return $this->result_id->num_rows;
+		return is_int($this->num_rows)
+			? $this->num_rows
+			: $this->num_rows = $this->result_id->num_rows;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -98,7 +102,7 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_result extends CI_DB_result {
 			$retval[$i]->type		= $field_data[$i]->type;
 			$retval[$i]->max_length		= $field_data[$i]->max_length;
 			$retval[$i]->primary_key	= (int) ($field_data[$i]->flags & 2);
-			$retval[$i]->default		= '';
+			$retval[$i]->default		= $field_data[$i]->def;
 		}
 
 		return $retval;
@@ -127,11 +131,12 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 *
 	 * Moves the internal pointer to the desired offset. We call
 	 * this internally before fetching results to make sure the
-	 * result set starts at zero
+	 * result set starts at zero.
 	 *
+	 * @param	int	$n
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	protected function _data_seek($n = 0)
+	public function data_seek($n = 0)
 	{
 		return $this->result_id->data_seek($n);
 	}
@@ -157,11 +162,12 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 *
 	 * Returns the result set as an object
 	 *
+	 * @param	string	$class_name
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	protected function _fetch_object()
+	protected function _fetch_object($class_name = 'stdClass')
 	{
-		return $this->result_id->fetch_object();
+		return $this->result_id->fetch_object($class_name);
 	}
 
 }
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_utility.php b/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_utility.php
index 27d4ef817..345691e84 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_utility.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_utility.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * MySQLi Utility Class
@@ -34,21 +35,155 @@
  */
 class CI_DB_mysqli_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 
+	/**
+	 * List databases statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	protected $_list_databases	= 'SHOW DATABASES';
+
+	/**
+	 * OPTIMIZE TABLE statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	protected $_optimize_table	= 'OPTIMIZE TABLE %s';
+
+	/**
+	 * REPAIR TABLE statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	protected $_repair_table	= 'REPAIR TABLE %s';
 
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 	/**
-	 * MySQLi Export
+	 * Export
 	 *
-	 * @param	array	Preferences
+	 * @param	array	$params	Preferences
 	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
 	protected function _backup($params = array())
 	{
-		// Currently unsupported
-		return $this->db->display_error('db_unsuported_feature');
+		if (count($params) === 0)
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		// Extract the prefs for simplicity
+		extract($params);
+
+		// Build the output
+		$output = '';
+		foreach ( (array) $tables as $table)
+		{
+			// Is the table in the "ignore" list?
+			if (in_array($table, (array) $ignore, TRUE))
+			{
+				continue;
+			}
+
+			// Get the table schema
+			$query = $this->db->query('SHOW CREATE TABLE '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($this->db->database.'.'.$table));
+
+			// No result means the table name was invalid
+			if ($query === FALSE)
+			{
+				continue;
+			}
+
+			// Write out the table schema
+			$output .= '#'.$newline.'# TABLE STRUCTURE FOR: '.$table.$newline.'#'.$newline.$newline;
+
+			if ($add_drop === TRUE)
+			{
+				$output .= 'DROP TABLE IF EXISTS '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table).';'.$newline.$newline;
+			}
+
+			$i = 0;
+			$result = $query->result_array();
+			foreach ($result[0] as $val)
+			{
+				if ($i++ % 2)
+				{
+					$output .= $val.';'.$newline.$newline;
+				}
+			}
+
+			// If inserts are not needed we're done...
+			if ($add_insert === FALSE)
+			{
+				continue;
+			}
+
+			// Grab all the data from the current table
+			$query = $this->db->query('SELECT * FROM '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table));
+
+			if ($query->num_rows() === 0)
+			{
+				continue;
+			}
+
+			// Fetch the field names and determine if the field is an
+			// integer type. We use this info to decide whether to
+			// surround the data with quotes or not
+
+			$i = 0;
+			$field_str = '';
+			$is_int = array();
+			while ($field = $query->result_id->fetch_field())
+			{
+				// Most versions of MySQL store timestamp as a string
+				$is_int[$i] = in_array(strtolower($field->type),
+							array('tinyint', 'smallint', 'mediumint', 'int', 'bigint'), //, 'timestamp'),
+							TRUE);
+
+				// Create a string of field names
+				$field_str .= $this->db->escape_identifiers($field->name).', ';
+				$i++;
+			}
+
+			// Trim off the end comma
+			$field_str = preg_replace('/, $/' , '', $field_str);
+
+			// Build the insert string
+			foreach ($query->result_array() as $row)
+			{
+				$val_str = '';
+
+				$i = 0;
+				foreach ($row as $v)
+				{
+					// Is the value NULL?
+					if ($v === NULL)
+					{
+						$val_str .= 'NULL';
+					}
+					else
+					{
+						// Escape the data if it's not an integer
+						$val_str .= ($is_int[$i] === FALSE) ? $this->db->escape($v) : $v;
+					}
+
+					// Append a comma
+					$val_str .= ', ';
+					$i++;
+				}
+
+				// Remove the comma at the end of the string
+				$val_str = preg_replace('/, $/' , '', $val_str);
+
+				// Build the INSERT string
+				$output .= 'INSERT INTO '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table).' ('.$field_str.') VALUES ('.$val_str.');'.$newline;
+			}
+
+			$output .= $newline.$newline;
+		}
+
+		return $output;
 	}
+
 }
 
 /* End of file mysqli_utility.php */
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_driver.php
index 1b66178c6..706211a01 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_driver.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,12 +24,13 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * oci8 Database Adapter Class
  *
  * Note: _DB is an extender class that the app controller
- * creates dynamically based on whether the active record
+ * creates dynamically based on whether the query builder
  * class is being used or not.
  *
  * @package		CodeIgniter
@@ -49,34 +50,80 @@
  */
 class CI_DB_oci8_driver extends CI_DB {
 
+	/**
+	 * Database driver
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	public $dbdriver = 'oci8';
 
-	// The character used for excaping
-	protected $_escape_char = '"';
-
-	// clause and character used for LIKE escape sequences
-	protected $_like_escape_str = " ESCAPE '%s' ";
-	protected $_like_escape_chr = '!';
+	/**
+	 * Statement ID
+	 *
+	 * @var	resource
+	 */
+	public $stmt_id;
 
 	/**
-	 * The syntax to count rows is slightly different across different
-	 * database engines, so this string appears in each driver and is
-	 * used for the count_all() and count_all_results() functions.
+	 * Cursor ID
+	 *
+	 * @var	resource
 	 */
-	protected $_count_string = 'SELECT COUNT(1) AS ';
-	protected $_random_keyword = ' ASC'; // not currently supported
+	public $curs_id;
 
-	// Set "auto commit" by default
+	/**
+	 * Commit mode flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	int
+	 */
 	public $commit_mode = OCI_COMMIT_ON_SUCCESS;
 
-	// need to track statement id and cursor id
-	public $stmt_id;
-	public $curs_id;
-
-	// if we use a limit, we will add a field that will
-	// throw off num_fields later
+	/**
+	 * Limit used flag
+	 *
+	 * If we use LIMIT, we'll add a field that will
+	 * throw off num_fields later.
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
 	public $limit_used;
 
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * List of reserved identifiers
+	 *
+	 * Identifiers that must NOT be escaped.
+	 *
+	 * @var	string[]
+	 */
+	protected $_reserved_identifiers = array('*', 'rownum');
+
+	/**
+	 * ORDER BY random keyword
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $_random_keyword = array('ASC', 'ASC'); // not currently supported
+
+	/**
+	 * COUNT string
+	 *
+	 * @used-by	CI_DB_driver::count_all()
+	 * @used-by	CI_DB_query_builder::count_all_results()
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_count_string = 'SELECT COUNT(1) AS ';
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Class constructor
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$params
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
 	public function __construct($params)
 	{
 		parent::__construct($params);
@@ -156,6 +203,8 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_driver extends CI_DB {
 		$this->dsn = '';
 	}
 
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 	/**
 	 * Non-persistent database connection
 	 *
@@ -177,9 +226,9 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	public function db_pconnect()
 	{
-		return ( ! empty($this->char_set))
-			? @oci_pconnect($this->username, $this->password, $this->dsn, $this->char_set)
-			: @oci_pconnect($this->username, $this->password, $this->dsn);
+		return empty($this->char_set)
+			? @oci_pconnect($this->username, $this->password, $this->dsn)
+			: @oci_pconnect($this->username, $this->password, $this->dsn, $this->char_set);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -191,9 +240,21 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	public function version()
 	{
-		return isset($this->data_cache['version'])
-			? $this->data_cache['version']
-			: $this->data_cache['version'] = oci_server_version($this->conn_id);
+		if (isset($this->data_cache['version']))
+		{
+			return $this->data_cache['version'];
+		}
+		elseif ( ! $this->conn_id)
+		{
+			$this->initialize();
+		}
+
+		if ( ! $this->conn_id OR ($version = oci_server_version($this->conn_id)) === FALSE)
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		return $this->data_cache['version'] = $version;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -201,7 +262,7 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Execute the query
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	an SQL query
+	 * @param	string	$sql	an SQL query
 	 * @return	resource
 	 */
 	protected function _execute($sql)
@@ -215,10 +276,12 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_driver extends CI_DB {
 		return @oci_execute($this->stmt_id, $this->commit_mode);
 	}
 
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 	/**
 	 * Generate a statement ID
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	an SQL query
+	 * @param	string	$sql	an SQL query
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	protected function _set_stmt_id($sql)
@@ -234,7 +297,7 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Get cursor. Returns a cursor from the database
 	 *
-	 * @return	cursor id
+	 * @return	resource
 	 */
 	public function get_cursor()
 	{
@@ -262,7 +325,7 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	public function stored_procedure($package, $procedure, $params)
 	{
-		if ($package == '' OR $procedure == '' OR ! is_array($params))
+		if ($package === '' OR $procedure === '' OR ! is_array($params))
 		{
 			if ($this->db_debug)
 			{
@@ -298,6 +361,7 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Bind parameters
 	 *
+	 * @param	array	$params
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	protected function _bind_params($params)
@@ -326,6 +390,7 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Begin Transaction
 	 *
+	 * @param	bool	$test_mode
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function trans_begin($test_mode = FALSE)
@@ -398,8 +463,8 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Escape String
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	bool	whether or not the string will be used in a LIKE condition
+	 * @param	string	$str
+	 * @param	bool	$like	Whether or not the string will be used in a LIKE condition
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	public function escape_str($str, $like = FALSE)
@@ -455,49 +520,21 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * "Count All" query
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query string that counts all records in
-	 * the specified database
-	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	int
-	 */
-	public function count_all($table = '')
-	{
-		if ($table == '')
-		{
-			return 0;
-		}
-
-		$query = $this->query($this->_count_string.$this->protect_identifiers('numrows').' FROM '.$this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE));
-		if ($query == FALSE)
-		{
-			return 0;
-		}
-
-		$row = $query->row();
-		$this->_reset_select();
-		return (int) $row->numrows;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
 	 * Show table query
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the table names can be fetched
 	 *
-	 * @param	bool
+	 * @param	bool	$prefix_limit
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _list_tables($prefix_limit = FALSE)
 	{
-		$sql = 'SELECT TABLE_NAME FROM ALL_TABLES';
+		$sql = 'SELECT "TABLE_NAME" FROM "ALL_TABLES"';
 
-		if ($prefix_limit !== FALSE && $this->dbprefix != '')
+		if ($prefix_limit !== FALSE && $this->dbprefix !== '')
 		{
-			return $sql." WHERE TABLE_NAME LIKE '".$this->escape_like_str($this->dbprefix)."%' ".sprintf($this->_like_escape_str, $this->_like_escape_chr);
+			return $sql.' WHERE "TABLE_NAME" LIKE \''.$this->escape_like_str($this->dbprefix)."%' "
+				.sprintf($this->_like_escape_str, $this->_like_escape_chr);
 		}
 
 		return $sql;
@@ -510,27 +547,83 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the column names can be fetched
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @param	string	$table
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _list_columns($table = '')
 	{
-		return 'SELECT COLUMN_NAME FROM all_tab_columns WHERE table_name = \''.$table.'\'';
+		if (strpos($table, '.') !== FALSE)
+		{
+			sscanf($table, '%[^.].%s', $owner, $table);
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			$owner = $this->username;
+		}
+
+		return 'SELECT COLUMN_NAME FROM ALL_TAB_COLUMNS
+			WHERE UPPER(OWNER) = '.$this->escape(strtoupper($owner)).'
+				AND UPPER(TABLE_NAME) = '.$this->escape(strtoupper($table));
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Field data query
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that the column data can be retrieved
+	 * Returns an object with field data
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	protected function _field_data($table)
+	public function field_data($table = '')
 	{
-		return 'SELECT * FROM '.$table.' WHERE rownum = 1';
+		if ($table === '')
+		{
+			return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_field_param_missing') : FALSE;
+		}
+		elseif (strpos($table, '.') !== FALSE)
+		{
+			sscanf($table, '%[^.].%s', $owner, $table);
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			$owner = $this->username;
+		}
+
+		$sql = 'SELECT COLUMN_NAME, DATA_TYPE, CHAR_LENGTH, DATA_PRECISION, DATA_LENGTH, DATA_DEFAULT, NULLABLE
+			FROM ALL_TAB_COLUMNS
+			WHERE UPPER(OWNER) = '.$this->escape(strtoupper($owner)).'
+				AND UPPER(TABLE_NAME) = '.$this->escape(strtoupper($table));
+
+		if (($query = $this->query($sql)) === FALSE)
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+		$query = $query->result_object();
+
+		$retval = array();
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($query); $i < $c; $i++)
+		{
+			$retval[$i]			= new stdClass();
+			$retval[$i]->name		= $query[$i]->COLUMN_NAME;
+			$retval[$i]->type		= $query[$i]->DATA_TYPE;
+
+			$length = ($query[$i]->CHAR_LENGTH > 0)
+				? $query[$i]->CHAR_LENGTH : $query[$i]->DATA_PRECISION;
+			if ($length === NULL)
+			{
+				$length = $query[$i]->DATA_LENGTH;
+			}
+			$retval[$i]->max_length		= $length;
+
+			$default = $query[$i]->DATA_DEFAULT;
+			if ($default === NULL && $query[$i]->NULLABLE === 'N')
+			{
+				$default = '';
+			}
+			$retval[$i]->default		= $query[$i]->COLUMN_DEFAULT;
+		}
+
+		return $retval;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -567,29 +660,13 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * From Tables
-	 *
-	 * This function implicitly groups FROM tables so there is no confusion
-	 * about operator precedence in harmony with SQL standards
-	 *
-	 * @param	array
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	protected function _from_tables($tables)
-	{
-		return is_array($tables) ? implode(', ', $tables) : $tables;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Insert_batch statement
+	 * Insert batch statement
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific insert string from the supplied data
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the insert keys
-	 * @param 	array	the insert values
+	 * @param	string	$table	Table name
+	 * @param	array	$keys	INSERT keys
+	 * @param 	array	$values	INSERT values
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _insert_batch($table, $keys, $values)
@@ -612,10 +689,10 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific truncate string from the supplied data
 	 *
-	 * If the database does not support the truncate() command,
+	 * If the database does not support the TRUNCATE statement,
 	 * then this method maps to 'DELETE FROM table'
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @param	string	$table
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _truncate($table)
@@ -630,40 +707,35 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific delete string from the supplied data
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the where clause
-	 * @param	array	the like clause
-	 * @param	string	the limit clause
+	 * @param	string	$table
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	protected function _delete($table, $where = array(), $like = array(), $limit = FALSE)
+	protected function _delete($table)
 	{
-		$conditions = array();
-
-		empty($where) OR $conditions[] = implode(' ', $where);
-		empty($like) OR $conditions[] = implode(' ', $like);
-		empty($limit) OR $conditions[] = 'rownum <= '.$limit;
+		if ($this->qb_limit)
+		{
+			$this->where('rownum <= ',$this->qb_limit, FALSE);
+			$this->qb_limit = FALSE;
+		}
 
-		return 'DELETE FROM '.$table.(count($conditions) > 0 ? ' WHERE '.implode(' AND ', $conditions) : '');
+		return parent::_delete($table);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Limit string
+	 * LIMIT
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific LIMIT clause
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the sql query string
-	 * @param	int	the number of rows to limit the query to
-	 * @param	int	the offset value
+	 * @param	string	$sql	SQL Query
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	protected function _limit($sql, $limit, $offset)
+	protected function _limit($sql)
 	{
 		$this->limit_used = TRUE;
-		return 'SELECT * FROM (SELECT inner_query.*, rownum rnum FROM ('.$sql.') inner_query WHERE rownum < '.($offset + $limit).')'
-			.($offset != 0 ? ' WHERE rnum >= '.$offset : '');
+		return 'SELECT * FROM (SELECT inner_query.*, rownum rnum FROM ('.$sql.') inner_query WHERE rownum < '.($this->qb_offset + $this->qb_limit + 1).')'
+			.($this->qb_offset ? ' WHERE rnum >= '.($this->qb_offset + 1): '');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -671,12 +743,11 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Close DB Connection
 	 *
-	 * @param	resource
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	protected function _close($conn_id)
+	protected function _close()
 	{
-		@oci_close($conn_id);
+		@oci_close($this->conn_id);
 	}
 
 }
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_forge.php
index bd265b6e0..a0efa95ea 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_forge.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_forge.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * Oracle Forge Class
@@ -34,117 +35,96 @@
  */
 class CI_DB_oci8_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 
+	/**
+	 * CREATE DATABASE statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	protected $_create_database	= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * DROP DATABASE statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	protected $_drop_database	= FALSE;
-	protected $_drop_table		= 'DROP TABLE %s';
 
 	/**
-	 * Create Table
+	 * DROP TABLE IF statement
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the fields
-	 * @param	mixed	primary key(s)
-	 * @param	mixed	key(s)
-	 * @param	bool	should 'IF NOT EXISTS' be added to the SQL
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @var	string
 	 */
-	protected function _create_table($table, $fields, $primary_keys, $keys, $if_not_exists)
-	{
-		$sql = 'CREATE TABLE ';
+	protected $_drop_table_if	= FALSE;
 
-		if ($if_not_exists === TRUE)
-		{
-			$sql .= 'IF NOT EXISTS ';
-		}
+	/**
+	 * UNSIGNED support
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool|array
+	 */
+	protected $_unsigned		= FALSE;
 
-		$sql .= $this->db->escape_identifiers($table).' (';
-		$current_field_count = 0;
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-		foreach ($fields as $field => $attributes)
+	/**
+	 * ALTER TABLE
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$alter_type	ALTER type
+	 * @param	string	$table		Table name
+	 * @param	mixed	$field		Column definition
+	 * @return	string|string[]
+	 */
+	protected function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $field)
+	{
+		if ($alter_type === 'DROP')
 		{
-			// Numeric field names aren't allowed in databases, so if the key is
-			// numeric, we know it was assigned by PHP and the developer manually
-			// entered the field information, so we'll simply add it to the list
-			if (is_numeric($field))
-			{
-				$sql .= "\n\t".$attributes;
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				$attributes = array_change_key_case($attributes, CASE_UPPER);
-
-				$sql .= "\n\t".$this->db->protect_identifiers($field).' '.$attributes['TYPE']
-					.((isset($attributes['UNSINGED']) && $attributes['UNSIGNED'] === TRUE) ? ' UNSIGNED' : '')
-					.(isset($attributes['DEFAULT']) ? " DEFAULT '".$attributes['DEFAULT']."'" : '')
-					.((isset($attributes['NULL']) && $attributes['NULL'] === TRUE) ? '' : ' NOT NULL')
-					.(isset($attributes['CONSTRAINT']) ? ' CONSTRAINT '.$attributes['CONSTRAINT'] : '');
-			}
-
-			// don't add a comma on the end of the last field
-			if (++$current_field_count < count($fields))
-			{
-				$sql .= ',';
-			}
+			return parent::_alter_table($alter_type, $table, $field);
 		}
-
-		if (count($primary_keys) > 0)
+		elseif ($alter_type === 'CHANGE')
 		{
-			$primary_keys = $this->db->protect_identifiers($primary_keys);
-			$sql .= ",\n\tCONSTRAINT ".$table.' PRIMARY KEY ('.implode(', ', $primary_keys).')';
+			$alter_type = 'MODIFY';
 		}
 
-		if (is_array($keys) && count($keys) > 0)
+		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($table);
+		$sqls = array();
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($field); $i < $c; $i++)
 		{
-			foreach ($keys as $key)
+			if ($field[$i]['_literal'] !== FALSE)
 			{
-				if (is_array($key))
-				{
-					$key = $this->db->protect_identifiers($key);
-				}
-				else
+				$field[$i] = "\n\t".$field[$i]['_literal'];
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				$field[$i]['_literal'] = "\n\t".$this->_process_column($field[$i]);
+				if ($alter_type === 'MODIFY' && ! empty($field[$i]['new_name']))
 				{
-					$key = array($this->db->protect_identifiers($key));
+					$sqls[] = $sql.' RENAME COLUMN '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($field[$i]['name'])
+						.' '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($field[$i]['new_name']);
 				}
-
-				$sql .= ",\n\tUNIQUE COLUMNS (".implode(', ', $key).')';
 			}
 		}
 
-		return $sql."\n)";
+		$sql .= ' '.$alter_type.' ';
+		$sql .= (count($field) === 1)
+				? $field[0]
+				: '('.implode(',', $field).')';
+
+		// RENAME COLUMN must be executed after MODIFY
+		array_unshift($sqls, $sql);
+		return $sql;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Alter table query
+	 * Field attribute AUTO_INCREMENT
 	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that a table can be altered
-	 * Called by add_column(), drop_column(), and column_alter(),
-	 *
-	 * @param	string	the ALTER type (ADD, DROP, CHANGE)
-	 * @param	string	the column name
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	string	the column definition
-	 * @param	string	the default value
-	 * @param	bool	should 'NOT NULL' be added
-	 * @param	string	the field after which we should add the new field
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @param	array	&$attributes
+	 * @param	array	&$field
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	protected function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $column_name, $column_definition = '', $default_value = '', $null = '', $after_field = '')
+	protected function _attr_auto_increment(&$attributes, &$field)
 	{
-		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table).' '.$alter_type.' '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($column_name);
-
-		// DROP has everything it needs now.
-		if ($alter_type === 'DROP')
-		{
-			return $sql;
-		}
-
-		return $sql.' '.$column_definition
-			.($default_value != '' ? ' DEFAULT "'.$default_value.'"' : '')
-			.($null === NULL ? ' NULL' : ' NOT NULL')
-			.($after_field != '' ? ' AFTER '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($after_field) : '');
-
+		// Not supported - sequences and triggers must be used instead
 	}
 
 }
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_result.php b/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_result.php
index 7b05e0a43..84d46f82a 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_result.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_result.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * oci8 Result Class
@@ -33,22 +34,50 @@
  * @category	Database
  * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
  * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ * @since	1.4.1
  */
 class CI_DB_oci8_result extends CI_DB_result {
 
+	/**
+	 * Statement ID
+	 *
+	 * @var	resource
+	 */
 	public $stmt_id;
+
+	/**
+	 * Cursor ID
+	 *
+	 * @var	resource
+	 */
 	public $curs_id;
+
+	/**
+	 * Limit used flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
 	public $limit_used;
-	public $commit_mode;
 
-	/* Overwriting the parent here, so we have a way to know if it's
-	 * already called or not:
+	/**
+	 * Commit mode flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	int
 	 */
-	public $num_rows;
+	public $commit_mode;
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
+	/**
+	 * Class constructor
+	 *
+	 * @param	object	&$driver_object
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
 	public function __construct(&$driver_object)
 	{
 		parent::__construct($driver_object);
+
 		$this->stmt_id = $driver_object->stmt_id;
 		$this->curs_id = $driver_object->curs_id;
 		$this->limit_used = $driver_object->limit_used;
@@ -56,33 +85,6 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_result extends CI_DB_result {
 		$driver_object->stmt_id = FALSE;
 	}
 
-	/**
-	 * Number of rows in the result set.
-	 *
-	 * Oracle doesn't have a graceful way to return the number of rows
-	 * so we have to use what amounts to a hack.
-	 *
-	 * @return	int
-	 */
-	public function num_rows()
-	{
-		if ( ! is_int($this->num_rows))
-		{
-			if (count($this->result_array) > 0)
-			{
-				return $this->num_rows = count($this->result_array);
-			}
-			elseif (count($this->result_object) > 0)
-			{
-				return $this->num_rows = count($this->result_object);
-			}
-
-			return $this->num_rows = count($this->result_array());
-		}
-
-		return $this->num_rows;
-	}
-
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
@@ -181,7 +183,7 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	protected function _fetch_assoc()
 	{
 		$id = ($this->curs_id) ? $this->curs_id : $this->stmt_id;
-		return oci_fetch_assoc($id);
+		return @oci_fetch_assoc($id);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -191,507 +193,27 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 *
 	 * Returns the result set as an object
 	 *
+	 * @param	string	$class_name
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	protected function _fetch_object()
-	{
-		$id = ($this->curs_id) ? $this->curs_id : $this->stmt_id;
-		return oci_fetch_object($id);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Query result. Array version.
-	 *
-	 * @return	array
-	 */
-	public function result_array()
-	{
-		if (count($this->result_array) > 0)
-		{
-			return $this->result_array;
-		}
-		elseif (count($this->result_object) > 0)
-		{
-			for ($i = 0, $c = count($this->result_object); $i < $c; $i++)
-			{
-				$this->result_array[$i] = (array) $this->result_object[$i];
-			}
-
-			return $this->result_array;
-		}
-		elseif (is_array($this->row_data))
-		{
-			if (count($this->row_data) === 0)
-			{
-				return $this->result_array;
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				$row_index = count($this->row_data);
-			}
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			$row_index = 0;
-			$this->row_data = array();
-		}
-
-		$row = NULL;
-		while ($row = $this->_fetch_assoc())
-		{
-			$this->row_data[$row_index++] = $row;
-		}
-
-		return $this->result_array = $this->row_data;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Query result. "object" version.
-	 *
-	 * @return	array
-	 */
-	public function result_object()
-	{
-		if (count($this->result_object) > 0)
-		{
-			return $this->result_object;
-		}
-		elseif (count($this->result_array) > 0)
-		{
-			for ($i = 0, $c = count($this->result_array); $i < $c; $i++)
-			{
-				$this->result_object[] = (object) $this->result_array[$i];
-			}
-
-			return $this->result_object;
-		}
-		elseif (is_array($this->row_data))
-		{
-			if (count($this->row_data) === 0)
-			{
-				return $this->result_object;
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				$row_index = count($this->row_data);
-				for ($i = 0; $i < $row_index; $i++)
-				{
-					$this->result_object[$i] = (object) $this->row_data[$i];
-				}
-			}
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			$row_index = 0;
-			$this->row_data = array();
-		}
-
-		$row = NULL;
-		while ($row = $this->_fetch_object())
-		{
-			$this->row_data[$row_index] = (array) $row;
-			$this->result_object[$row_index++] = $row;
-		}
-
-		return $this->result_object;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Query result. Custom object version.
-	 *
-	 * @param	string	class name used to instantiate rows to
-	 * @return	array
-	 */
-	public function custom_result_object($class_name)
+	protected function _fetch_object($class_name = 'stdClass')
 	{
-		if (isset($this->custom_result_object[$class_name]))
-		{
-			return $this->custom_result_object[$class_name];
-		}
-
-		if ( ! class_exists($class_name) OR $this->result_id === FALSE OR $this->num_rows() === 0)
-		{
-			return array();
-		}
-
-		/* Even if we didn't have result_array or result_object
-		 * set prior to custom_result_object() being called,
-		 * num_rows() has already done so.
-		 * Pass by reference, as we don't know how
-		 * large it might be and we don't want 1000 row
-		 * sets being copied.
-		 */
-		if (count($this->result_array) > 0)
-		{
-			$data = &$this->result_array;
-		}
-		elseif (count($this->result_object) > 0)
-		{
-			$data = &$this->result_object;
-		}
+		$row = ($this->curs_id)
+			? oci_fetch_object($this->curs_id)
+			: oci_fetch_object($this->stmt_id);
 
-		$this->custom_result_object[$class_name] = array();
-		for ($i = 0, $c = count($data); $i < $c; $i++)
-		{
-			$this->custom_result_object[$class_name][$i] = new $class_name();
-			foreach ($data[$i] as $key => $value)
-			{
-				$this->custom_result_object[$class_name][$i]->$key = $value;
-			}
-		}
-
-		return $this->custom_result_object[$class_name];
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/* Single row result.
-	 *
-	 * Acts as a wrapper for row_object(), row_array()
-	 * and custom_row_object(). Also used by first_row(), next_row()
-	 * and previous_row().
-	 *
-	 * @param	int	row index
-	 * @param	string	('object', 'array' or a custom class name)
-	 * @return	mixed	whatever was passed to the second parameter
-	 */
-	public function row($n = 0, $type = 'object')
-	{
-		if ($type === 'object')
-		{
-			return $this->row_object($n);
-		}
-		elseif ($type === 'array')
-		{
-			return $this->row_array($n);
-		}
-
-		return $this->custom_row_object($n, $type);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/* Single row result. Array version.
-	 *
-	 * @param	int	row index
-	 * @return	array
-	 */
-	public function row_array($n = 0)
-	{
-		// Make sure $n is not a string
-		if ( ! is_int($n))
-		{
-			$n = (int) $n;
-		}
-
-		/* If row_data is initialized, it means that we've already tried
-		 * (at least) to fetch some data, so ... check if we already have
-		 * this row.
-		*/
-		if (is_array($this->row_data))
-		{
-			/* If we already have row_data[$n] - return it.
-			 *
-			 * If we enter the elseif, there's a number of reasons to
-			 * return an empty array:
-			 *
-			 *	- count($this->row_data) === 0 means there are no results
-			 *	- num_rows being set, result_array and/or result_object
-			 *	  having count() > 0 means that we've already fetched all
-			 *	  data and $n is greater than our highest row index available
-			 *	- $n < $this->current_row means that if such row existed,
-			 *	  we would've already returned it, therefore $n is an
-			 *	  invalid index
-			 */
-			if (isset($this->row_data[$n])) // We already have this row
-			{
-				$this->current_row = $n;
-				return $this->row_data[$n];
-			}
-			elseif (count($this->row_data) === 0 OR is_int($this->num_rows)
-				OR count($this->result_array) > 0 OR count($this->result_object) > 0
-				OR $n < $this->current_row)
-			{
-				// No such row exists
-				return array();
-			}
-
-			// Get the next row index that would actually need to be fetched
-			$current_row = ($this->current_row < count($this->row_data)) ? count($this->row_data) : $this->current_row + 1;
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			$current_row = $this->current_row = 0;
-			$this->row_data = array();
-		}
-
-		/* Fetch more data, if available
-		 *
-		 * NOTE: Operator precedence is important here, if you change
-		 *	 'AND' with '&&' - it WILL BREAK the results, as
-		 *	 $row will be assigned the scalar value of both
-		 *	 expressions!
-		 */
-		while ($row = $this->_fetch_assoc() AND $current_row <= $n)
-		{
-			$this->row_data[$current_row++] = $row;
-		}
-
-		// This would mean that there's no (more) data to fetch
-		if ( ! is_array($this->row_data) OR ! isset($this->row_data[$n]))
-		{
-			// Cache what we already have
-			if (is_array($this->row_data))
-			{
-				$this->num_rows = count($this->row_data);
-				/* Usually, row_data could have less elements than result_array,
-				 * but at this point - they should be exactly the same.
-				 */
-				$this->result_array = $this->row_data;
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				$this->num_rows = 0;
-			}
-
-			return array();
-		}
-
-		$this->current_row = $n;
-		return $this->row_data[$n];
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/* Single row result. Object version.
-	 *
-	 * @param	int	row index
-	 * @return	mixed	object if row found; empty array if not
-	 */
-	public function row_object($n = 0)
-	{
-		// Make sure $n is not a string
-		if ( ! is_int($n))
-		{
-			$n = (int) $n;
-		}
-		/* Logic here is exactly the same as in row_array,
-		 * except we have to cast row_data[$n] to an object.
-		 *
-		 * If we already have result_object though - we can
-		 * directly return from it.
-		 */
-		if (isset($this->result_object[$n]))
-		{
-			$this->current_row = $n;
-			// Set this, if not already done.
-			if ( ! is_int($this->num_rows))
-			{
-				$this->num_rows = count($this->result_object);
-			}
-
-			return $this->result_object[$n];
-		}
-
-		$row = $this->row_array($n);
-		// Cast only if the row exists
-		if (count($row) > 0)
-		{
-			$this->current_row = $n;
-			return (object) $row;
-		}
-
-		return array();
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/* Single row result. Custom object version.
-	 *
-	 * @param	int	row index
-	 * @param	string	custom class name
-	 * @return	mixed	custom object if row found; empty array otherwise
-	 */
-	public function custom_row_object($n = 0, $class_name)
-	{
-		// Make sure $n is not a string
-		if ( ! is_int($n))
-		{
-			$n = (int) $n;
-		}
-
-		if (array_key_exists($class_name, $this->custom_result_object))
-		{
-			/* We already have a the whole result set with this class_name,
-			 * return the specified row if it exists, and an empty array if
-			 * it doesn't.
-			 */
-			if (isset($this->custom_result_object[$class_name][$n]))
-			{
-				$this->current_row = $n;
-				return $this->custom_result_object[$class_name][$n];
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				return array();
-			}
-		}
-		elseif ( ! class_exists($class_name)) // No such class exists
-		{
-			return array();
-		}
-
-		$row = $this->row_array($n);
-		// An array would mean that the row doesn't exist
-		if (is_array($row))
+		if ($class_name === 'stdClass' OR ! $row)
 		{
 			return $row;
 		}
 
-		// Convert to the desired class and return
-		$row_object = new $class_name();
+		$class_name = new $class_name();
 		foreach ($row as $key => $value)
 		{
-			$row_object->$key = $value;
-		}
-
-		$this->current_row = $n;
-		return $row_object;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/* First row result.
-	 *
-	 * @param	string	('object', 'array' or a custom class name)
-	 * @return	mixed	whatever was passed to the second parameter
-	 */
-	public function first_row($type = 'object')
-	{
-		return $this->row(0, $type);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/* Last row result.
-	 *
-	 * @param	string	('object', 'array' or a custom class name)
-	 * @return	mixed	whatever was passed to the second parameter
-	 */
-	public function last_row($type = 'object')
-	{
-		$result = &$this->result($type);
-		if ( ! isset($this->num_rows))
-		{
-			$this->num_rows = count($result);
-		}
-		$this->current_row = $this->num_rows - 1;
-		return $result[$this->current_row];
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/* Next row result.
-	 *
-	 * @param	string	('object', 'array' or a custom class name)
-	 * @return	mixed	whatever was passed to the second parameter
-	 */
-	public function next_row($type = 'object')
-	{
-		if (is_array($this->row_data))
-		{
-			$count = count($this->row_data);
-			if ($this->current_row > $count OR ($this->current_row === 0 && $count === 0))
-			{
-				$n = $count;
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				$n = $this->current_row + 1;
-			}
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			$n = 0;
-		}
-
-		return $this->row($n, $type);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/* Previous row result.
-	 *
-	 * @param	string	('object', 'array' or a custom class name)
-	 * @return	mixed	whatever was passed to the second parameter
-	 */
-	public function previous_row($type = 'object')
-	{
-		$n = ($this->current_row !== 0) ? $this->current_row - 1 : 0;
-		return $this->row($n, $type);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Data Seek
-	 *
-	 * Moves the internal pointer to the desired offset. We call
-	 * this internally before fetching results to make sure the
-	 * result set starts at zero.
-	 *
-	 * Oracle's PHP extension doesn't have an easy way of doing this
-	 * and the only workaround is to (re)execute the statement or cursor
-	 * in order to go to the first (zero) index of the result set.
-	 * Then, we would need to "dummy" fetch ($n - 1) rows to get to the
-	 * right one.
-	 *
-	 * This is as ridiculous as it sounds and it's the reason why every
-	 * other method that is fetching data tries to use an already "cached"
-	 * result set. Keeping this just in case it becomes needed at
-	 * some point in the future, but it will only work for resetting the
-	 * pointer to zero.
-	 *
-	 * @return	bool
-	 */
-	protected function _data_seek()
-	{
-		/* The PHP manual says that if OCI_NO_AUTO_COMMIT mode
-		 * is used, and oci_rollback() and/or oci_commit() are
-		 * not subsequently called - this will cause an unnecessary
-		 * rollback to be triggered at the end of the script execution.
-		 *
-		 * Therefore we'll try to avoid using that mode flag
-		 * if we're not currently in the middle of a transaction.
-		 */
-		if ($this->commit_mode !== OCI_COMMIT_ON_SUCCESS)
-		{
-			$result = @oci_execute($this->stmt_id, $this->commit_mode);
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			$result = @oci_execute($this->stmt_id);
-		}
-
-		if ($result && $this->curs_id)
-		{
-			if ($this->commit_mode !== OCI_COMMIT_ON_SUCCESS)
-			{
-				return @oci_execute($this->curs_id, $this->commit_mode);
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				return @oci_execute($this->curs_id);
-			}
+			$class_name->$key = $value;
 		}
 
-		return $result;
+		return $class_name;
 	}
 
 }
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_utility.php b/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_utility.php
index 0183eda26..d15537fdf 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_utility.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_utility.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * Oracle Utility Class
@@ -34,18 +35,23 @@
  */
 class CI_DB_oci8_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 
+	/**
+	 * List databases statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	protected $_list_databases	= 'SELECT username FROM dba_users'; // Schemas are actual usernames
 
 	/**
-	 * Oracle Export
+	 * Export
 	 *
-	 * @param	array	Preferences
+	 * @param	array	$params	Preferences
 	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
 	protected function _backup($params = array())
 	{
 		// Currently unsupported
-		return $this->db->display_error('db_unsuported_feature');
+		return $this->db->display_error('db_unsupported_feature');
 	}
 
 }
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_driver.php
index 38416cf90..29b2281cc 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_driver.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,12 +24,13 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * ODBC Database Adapter Class
  *
  * Note: _DB is an extender class that the app controller
- * creates dynamically based on whether the active record
+ * creates dynamically based on whether the query builder
  * class is being used or not.
  *
  * @package		CodeIgniter
@@ -40,36 +41,66 @@
  */
 class CI_DB_odbc_driver extends CI_DB {
 
+	/**
+	 * Database driver
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	public $dbdriver = 'odbc';
 
-	// the character used to excape - not necessary for ODBC
+	/**
+	 * Database schema
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $schema = 'public';
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Identifier escape character
+	 *
+	 * Must be empty for ODBC.
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	protected $_escape_char = '';
 
-	// clause and character used for LIKE escape sequences
+	/**
+	 * ESCAPE statement string
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	protected $_like_escape_str = " {escape '%s'} ";
-	protected $_like_escape_chr = '!';
 
 	/**
-	 * The syntax to count rows is slightly different across different
-	 * database engines, so this string appears in each driver and is
-	 * used for the count_all() and count_all_results() functions.
+	 * ORDER BY random keyword
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
 	 */
-	protected $_count_string = 'SELECT COUNT(*) AS ';
-	protected $_random_keyword;
+	protected $_random_keyword = array('RND()', 'RND(%d)');
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
+	/**
+	 * Class constructor
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$params
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
 	public function __construct($params)
 	{
 		parent::__construct($params);
 
-		$this->_random_keyword = ' RND('.time().')'; // database specific random keyword
-
 		// Legacy support for DSN in the hostname field
-		if ($this->dsn == '')
+		if (empty($this->dsn))
 		{
 			$this->dsn = $this->hostname;
 		}
 	}
 
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 	/**
 	 * Non-persistent database connection
 	 *
@@ -97,7 +128,7 @@ class CI_DB_odbc_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Execute the query
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	an SQL query
+	 * @param	string	$sql	an SQL query
 	 * @return	resource
 	 */
 	protected function _execute($sql)
@@ -110,17 +141,13 @@ class CI_DB_odbc_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Begin Transaction
 	 *
+	 * @param	bool	$test_mode
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function trans_begin($test_mode = FALSE)
 	{
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
 		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ($this->_trans_depth > 0)
+		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled OR $this->_trans_depth > 0)
 		{
 			return TRUE;
 		}
@@ -128,7 +155,7 @@ class CI_DB_odbc_driver extends CI_DB {
 		// Reset the transaction failure flag.
 		// If the $test_mode flag is set to TRUE transactions will be rolled back
 		// even if the queries produce a successful result.
-		$this->_trans_failure = ($test_mode === TRUE) ? TRUE : FALSE;
+		$this->_trans_failure = ($test_mode === TRUE);
 
 		return odbc_autocommit($this->conn_id, FALSE);
 	}
@@ -142,13 +169,8 @@ class CI_DB_odbc_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	public function trans_commit()
 	{
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
 		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ($this->_trans_depth > 0)
+		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled OR $this->_trans_depth > 0)
 		{
 			return TRUE;
 		}
@@ -167,13 +189,8 @@ class CI_DB_odbc_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	public function trans_rollback()
 	{
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
 		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ($this->_trans_depth > 0)
+		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled OR $this->_trans_depth > 0)
 		{
 			return TRUE;
 		}
@@ -188,8 +205,8 @@ class CI_DB_odbc_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Escape String
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	bool	whether or not the string will be used in a LIKE condition
+	 * @param	string	$str
+	 * @param	bool	$like	Whether or not the string will be used in a LIKE condition
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	public function escape_str($str, $like = FALSE)
@@ -204,7 +221,6 @@ class CI_DB_odbc_driver extends CI_DB {
 			return $str;
 		}
 
-		// ODBC doesn't require escaping
 		$str = remove_invisible_characters($str);
 
 		// escape LIKE condition wildcards
@@ -239,37 +255,7 @@ class CI_DB_odbc_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	public function insert_id()
 	{
-		return ($this->db->db_debug) ? $this->db->display_error('db_unsuported_feature') : FALSE;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * "Count All" query
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query string that counts all records in
-	 * the specified database
-	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	public function count_all($table = '')
-	{
-		if ($table == '')
-		{
-			return 0;
-		}
-
-		$query = $this->query($this->_count_string . $this->protect_identifiers('numrows') . " FROM " . $this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE));
-
-		if ($query->num_rows() == 0)
-		{
-			return 0;
-		}
-
-		$row = $query->row();
-		$this->_reset_select();
-		return (int) $row->numrows;
+		return ($this->db->db_debug) ? $this->db->display_error('db_unsupported_feature') : FALSE;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -279,17 +265,17 @@ class CI_DB_odbc_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the table names can be fetched
 	 *
-	 * @param	bool
+	 * @param	bool	$prefix_limit
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _list_tables($prefix_limit = FALSE)
 	{
-		$sql = "SHOW TABLES FROM `".$this->database."`";
+		$sql = "SELECT table_name FROM information_schema.tables WHERE table_schema = '".$this->schema."'";
 
-		if ($prefix_limit !== FALSE AND $this->dbprefix != '')
+		if ($prefix_limit !== FALSE && $this->dbprefix !== '')
 		{
-			//$sql .= " LIKE '".$this->escape_like_str($this->dbprefix)."%' ".sprintf($this->_like_escape_str, $this->_like_escape_chr);
-			return FALSE; // not currently supported
+			return $sql." AND table_name LIKE '".$this->escape_like_str($this->dbprefix)."%' "
+				.sprintf($this->_like_escape_str, $this->_like_escape_chr);
 		}
 
 		return $sql;
@@ -302,12 +288,12 @@ class CI_DB_odbc_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the column names can be fetched
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @param	string	$table
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _list_columns($table = '')
 	{
-		return "SHOW COLUMNS FROM ".$table;
+		return 'SHOW COLUMNS FROM '.$table;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -317,12 +303,12 @@ class CI_DB_odbc_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that the column data can be retrieved
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @param	string	$table
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _field_data($table)
 	{
-		return "SELECT TOP 1 FROM ".$table;
+		return 'SELECT TOP 1 FROM '.$table;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -343,22 +329,19 @@ class CI_DB_odbc_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * From Tables
+	 * Update statement
 	 *
-	 * This function implicitly groups FROM tables so there is no confusion
-	 * about operator precedence in harmony with SQL standards
+	 * Generates a platform-specific update string from the supplied data
 	 *
-	 * @param	array
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @param	array	$values
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	protected function _from_tables($tables)
+	protected function _update($table, $values)
 	{
-		if ( ! is_array($tables))
-		{
-			$tables = array($tables);
-		}
-
-		return '('.implode(', ', $tables).')';
+		$this->qb_limit = FALSE;
+		$this->qb_orderby = array();
+		return parent::_update($table, $values);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -368,10 +351,10 @@ class CI_DB_odbc_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific truncate string from the supplied data
 	 *
-	 * If the database does not support the truncate() command,
+	 * If the database does not support the TRUNCATE statement,
 	 * then this method maps to 'DELETE FROM table'
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @param	string	$table
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _truncate($table)
@@ -382,19 +365,17 @@ class CI_DB_odbc_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Limit string
+	 * Delete statement
 	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific LIMIT clause
+	 * Generates a platform-specific delete string from the supplied data
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the sql query string
-	 * @param	int	the number of rows to limit the query to
-	 * @param	int	the offset value
+	 * @param	string	$table
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	protected function _limit($sql, $limit, $offset)
+	protected function _delete($table)
 	{
-		// Does ODBC doesn't use the LIMIT clause?
-		return $sql;
+		$this->qb_limit = FALSE;
+		return parent::_delete($table);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -402,12 +383,11 @@ class CI_DB_odbc_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Close DB Connection
 	 *
-	 * @param	resource
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	protected function _close($conn_id)
+	protected function _close()
 	{
-		@odbc_close($conn_id);
+		@odbc_close($this->conn_id);
 	}
 
 }
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_forge.php
index d59b8a911..fb16ca5cf 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_forge.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_forge.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * ODBC Forge Class
@@ -34,163 +35,39 @@
  */
 class CI_DB_odbc_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 
-	protected $_drop_database	= 'DROP DATABASE %s';
-	protected $_drop_table		= 'DROP TABLE %s';
-
 	/**
-	 * Create Table
+	 * CREATE TABLE IF statement
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the fields
-	 * @param	mixed	primary key(s)
-	 * @param	mixed	key(s)
-	 * @param	bool	should 'IF NOT EXISTS' be added to the SQL
-	 * @return	bool
+	 * @var	string
 	 */
-	protected function _create_table($table, $fields, $primary_keys, $keys, $if_not_exists)
-	{
-		$sql = 'CREATE TABLE ';
-
-		if ($if_not_exists === TRUE)
-		{
-			$sql .= 'IF NOT EXISTS ';
-		}
-
-		$sql .= $this->db->escape_identifiers($table).' (';
-		$current_field_count = 0;
-
-		foreach ($fields as $field => $attributes)
-		{
-			// Numeric field names aren't allowed in databases, so if the key is
-			// numeric, we know it was assigned by PHP and the developer manually
-			// entered the field information, so we'll simply add it to the list
-			if (is_numeric($field))
-			{
-				$sql .= "\n\t$attributes";
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				$attributes = array_change_key_case($attributes, CASE_UPPER);
-
-				$sql .= "\n\t".$this->db->protect_identifiers($field);
-
-				$sql .=  ' '.$attributes['TYPE'];
-
-				if (array_key_exists('CONSTRAINT', $attributes))
-				{
-					$sql .= '('.$attributes['CONSTRAINT'].')';
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('UNSIGNED', $attributes) && $attributes['UNSIGNED'] === TRUE)
-				{
-					$sql .= ' UNSIGNED';
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('DEFAULT', $attributes))
-				{
-					$sql .= ' DEFAULT \''.$attributes['DEFAULT'].'\'';
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('NULL', $attributes) && $attributes['NULL'] === TRUE)
-				{
-					$sql .= ' NULL';
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					$sql .= ' NOT NULL';
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('AUTO_INCREMENT', $attributes) && $attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT'] === TRUE)
-				{
-					$sql .= ' AUTO_INCREMENT';
-				}
-			}
-
-			// don't add a comma on the end of the last field
-			if (++$current_field_count < count($fields))
-			{
-				$sql .= ',';
-			}
-		}
-
-		if (count($primary_keys) > 0)
-		{
-			$primary_keys = $this->db->protect_identifiers($primary_keys);
-			$sql .= ",\n\tPRIMARY KEY (" . implode(', ', $primary_keys) . ")";
-		}
-
-		if (is_array($keys) && count($keys) > 0)
-		{
-			foreach ($keys as $key)
-			{
-				if (is_array($key))
-				{
-					$key = $this->db->protect_identifiers($key);
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					$key = array($this->db->protect_identifiers($key));
-				}
-
-				$sql .= ",\n\tFOREIGN KEY (" . implode(', ', $key) . ")";
-			}
-		}
+	protected $_create_table_if	= FALSE;
 
-		$sql .= "\n)";
+	/**
+	 * DROP TABLE IF statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_drop_table_if	= FALSE;
 
-		return $sql;
-	}
+	/**
+	 * UNSIGNED support
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool|array
+	 */
+	protected $_unsigned		= FALSE;
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Alter table query
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that a table can be altered
-	 * Called by add_column(), drop_column(), and column_alter(),
+	 * Field attribute AUTO_INCREMENT
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the ALTER type (ADD, DROP, CHANGE)
-	 * @param	string	the column name
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	string	the column definition
-	 * @param	string	the default value
-	 * @param	bool	should 'NOT NULL' be added
-	 * @param	string	the field after which we should add the new field
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @param	array	&$attributes
+	 * @param	array	&$field
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	protected function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $column_name, $column_definition = '', $default_value = '', $null = '', $after_field = '')
+	protected function _attr_auto_increment(&$attributes, &$field)
 	{
-		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table).' '.$alter_type.' '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($column_name);
-
-		// DROP has everything it needs now.
-		if ($alter_type == 'DROP')
-		{
-			return $sql;
-		}
-
-		$sql .= " $column_definition";
-
-		if ($default_value != '')
-		{
-			$sql .= " DEFAULT \"$default_value\"";
-		}
-
-		if ($null === NULL)
-		{
-			$sql .= ' NULL';
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			$sql .= ' NOT NULL';
-		}
-
-		if ($after_field != '')
-		{
-			return $sql.' AFTER '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($after_field);
-		}
-
-		return $sql;
-
+		// Not supported (in most databases at least)
 	}
 
 }
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_result.php b/system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_result.php
index ecba5977e..2c50c255b 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_result.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_result.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * ODBC Result Class
@@ -33,11 +34,10 @@
  * @category	Database
  * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
  * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ * @since	1.3
  */
 class CI_DB_odbc_result extends CI_DB_result {
 
-	public $num_rows;
-
 	/**
 	 * Number of rows in the result set
 	 *
@@ -49,14 +49,22 @@ class CI_DB_odbc_result extends CI_DB_result {
 		{
 			return $this->num_rows;
 		}
+		elseif (($this->num_rows = @odbc_num_rows($this->result_id)) !== -1)
+		{
+			return $this->num_rows;
+		}
 
 		// Work-around for ODBC subdrivers that don't support num_rows()
-		if (($this->num_rows = @odbc_num_rows($this->result_id)) === -1)
+		if (count($this->result_array) > 0)
 		{
-			$this->num_rows = count($this->result_array());
+			return $this->num_rows = count($this->result_array);
+		}
+		elseif (count($this->result_object) > 0)
+		{
+			return $this->num_rows = count($this->result_object);
 		}
 
-		return $this->num_rows;
+		return $this->num_rows = count($this->result_array());
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -148,14 +156,7 @@ class CI_DB_odbc_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 */
 	protected function _fetch_assoc()
 	{
-		if (function_exists('odbc_fetch_array'))
-		{
-			return odbc_fetch_array($this->result_id);
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			return $this->_odbc_fetch_array($this->result_id);
-		}
+		return odbc_fetch_array($this->result_id);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -165,141 +166,93 @@ class CI_DB_odbc_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 *
 	 * Returns the result set as an object
 	 *
+	 * @param	string	$class_name
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	protected function _fetch_object()
+	protected function _fetch_object($class_name = 'stdClass')
 	{
-		if (function_exists('odbc_fetch_object'))
-		{
-			return odbc_fetch_object($this->result_id);
-		}
-		else
+		$row = odbc_fetch_object($this->result_id);
+
+		if ($class_name === 'stdClass' OR ! $row)
 		{
-			return $this->_odbc_fetch_object($this->result_id);
+			return $row;
 		}
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-	/**
-	 * Result - object
-	 *
-	 * subsititutes the odbc_fetch_object function when
-	 * not available (odbc_fetch_object requires unixODBC)
-	 *
-	 * @return	object
-	 */
-	protected function _odbc_fetch_object(& $odbc_result)
-	{
-		$rs = array();
-		$rs_obj = FALSE;
-		if (odbc_fetch_into($odbc_result, $rs))
+		$class_name = new $class_name();
+		foreach ($row as $key => $value)
 		{
-			foreach ($rs as $k => $v)
-			{
-				$field_name = odbc_field_name($odbc_result, $k+1);
-				$rs_obj->$field_name = $v;
-			}
+			$class_name->$key = $value;
 		}
-		return $rs_obj;
+
+		return $class_name;
 	}
 
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+}
+
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
+if ( ! function_exists('odbc_fetch_array'))
+{
 	/**
-	 * Result - array
+	 * ODBC Fetch array
 	 *
-	 * subsititutes the odbc_fetch_array function when
-	 * not available (odbc_fetch_array requires unixODBC)
+	 * Emulates the native odbc_fetch_array() function when
+	 * it is not available (odbc_fetch_array() requires unixODBC)
 	 *
+	 * @param	resource	&$result
+	 * @param	int		$rownumber
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	protected function _odbc_fetch_array(& $odbc_result)
+	function odbc_fetch_array(&$result, $rownumber = 1)
 	{
 		$rs = array();
-		$rs_assoc = FALSE;
-		if (odbc_fetch_into($odbc_result, $rs))
+		if ( ! odbc_fetch_into($result, $rs, $rownumber))
 		{
-			$rs_assoc = array();
-			foreach ($rs as $k => $v)
-			{
-				$field_name = odbc_field_name($odbc_result, $k+1);
-				$rs_assoc[$field_name] = $v;
-			}
+			return FALSE;
 		}
-		return $rs_assoc;
-	}
 
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Query result. Array version.
-	 *
-	 * @return	array
-	 */
-	public function result_array()
-	{
-		if (count($this->result_array) > 0)
-		{
-			return $this->result_array;
-		}
-		elseif (($c = count($this->result_object)) > 0)
-		{
-			for ($i = 0; $i < $c; $i++)
-			{
-				$this->result_array[$i] = (array) $this->result_object[$i];
-			}
-		}
-		elseif ($this->result_id === FALSE)
+		$rs_assoc = array();
+		foreach ($rs as $k => $v)
 		{
-			return array();
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			while ($row = $this->_fetch_assoc())
-			{
-				$this->result_array[] = $row;
-			}
+			$field_name = odbc_field_name($result, $k+1);
+			$rs_assoc[$field_name] = $v;
 		}
 
-		return $this->result_array;
+		return $rs_assoc;
 	}
+}
 
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
+if ( ! function_exists('odbc_fetch_object'))
+{
 	/**
-	 * Query result. Object version.
+	 * ODBC Fetch object
 	 *
-	 * @return	array
+	 * Emulates the native odbc_fetch_object() function when
+	 * it is not available.
+	 *
+	 * @param	resource	&$result
+	 * @param	int		$rownumber
+	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	public function result_object()
+	function odbc_fetch_object(&$result, $rownumber = 1)
 	{
-		if (count($this->result_object) > 0)
-		{
-			return $this->result_object;
-		}
-		elseif (($c = count($this->result_array)) > 0)
-		{
-			for ($i = 0; $i < $c; $i++)
-			{
-				$this->result_object[$i] = (object) $this->result_array[$i];
-			}
-		}
-		elseif ($this->result_id === FALSE)
+		$rs = array();
+		if ( ! odbc_fetch_into($result, $rs, $rownumber))
 		{
-			return array();
+			return FALSE;
 		}
-		else
+
+		$rs_object = new stdClass();
+		foreach ($rs as $k => $v)
 		{
-			while ($row = $this->_fetch_object())
-			{
-				$this->result_object[] = $row;
-			}
+			$field_name = odbc_field_name($result, $k+1);
+			$rs_object->$field_name = $v;
 		}
 
-		return $this->result_object;
+		return $rs_object;
 	}
-
 }
 
 /* End of file odbc_result.php */
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_utility.php b/system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_utility.php
index 224d48d2b..908674a9d 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_utility.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_utility.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * ODBC Utility Class
@@ -34,18 +35,16 @@
  */
 class CI_DB_odbc_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 
-	protected $_list_databases	= FALSE;
-
 	/**
-	 * ODBC Export
+	 * Export
 	 *
-	 * @param	array	Preferences
+	 * @param	array	$params	Preferences
 	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
 	protected function _backup($params = array())
 	{
 		// Currently unsupported
-		return $this->db->display_error('db_unsuported_feature');
+		return $this->db->display_error('db_unsupported_feature');
 	}
 
 }
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_driver.php
index 60151b900..d2dfa8bf0 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_driver.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,12 +24,13 @@
  * @since		Version 2.1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * PDO Database Adapter Class
  *
  * Note: _DB is an extender class that the app controller
- * creates dynamically based on whether the active record
+ * creates dynamically based on whether the query builder
  * class is being used or not.
  *
  * @package		CodeIgniter
@@ -40,159 +41,103 @@
  */
 class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 
+	/**
+	 * Database driver
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	public $dbdriver = 'pdo';
 
-	// the character used to excape - not necessary for PDO
-	protected $_escape_char = '';
-
-	// clause and character used for LIKE escape sequences
-	protected $_like_escape_str = " ESCAPE '%s' ";
-	protected $_like_escape_chr = '!';
-
 	/**
-	 * The syntax to count rows is slightly different across different
-	 * database engines, so this string appears in each driver and is
-	 * used for the count_all() and count_all_results() functions.
+	 * Transaction enabled flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
 	 */
-	protected $_count_string = 'SELECT COUNT(*) AS ';
-	protected $_random_keyword;
+	public $trans_enabled = FALSE;
 
-	// need to track the pdo driver and options
-	public $pdodriver;
+	/**
+	 * PDO Options
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
 	public $options = array();
 
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Class constructor
+	 *
+	 * Validates the DSN string and/or detects the subdriver.
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$params
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
 	public function __construct($params)
 	{
 		parent::__construct($params);
 
-		if (preg_match('/([^;]+):/', $this->dsn, $match) && count($match) == 2)
+		if (preg_match('/([^;]+):/', $this->dsn, $match) && count($match) === 2)
 		{
 			// If there is a minimum valid dsn string pattern found, we're done
 			// This is for general PDO users, who tend to have a full DSN string.
-			$this->pdodriver = end($match);
+			$this->subdriver = $match[1];
+			return;
 		}
-		else
+		// Legacy support for DSN specified in the hostname field
+		elseif (preg_match('/([^;]+):/', $this->hostname, $match) && count($match) === 2)
 		{
-			// Try to build a complete DSN string from params
-			$this->_connect_string($params);
+			$this->dsn = $this->hostname;
+			$this->hostname = NULL;
+			$this->subdriver = $match[1];
+			return;
 		}
-
-		// clause and character used for LIKE escape sequences
-		// this one depends on the driver being used
-		if ($this->pdodriver == 'mysql')
+		elseif (in_array($this->subdriver, array('mssql', 'sybase'), TRUE))
 		{
-			$this->_escape_char = '`';
-			$this->_like_escape_str = '';
-			$this->_like_escape_chr = '';
+			$this->subdriver = 'dblib';
 		}
-		elseif ($this->pdodriver == 'odbc')
+		elseif ($this->subdriver === '4D')
 		{
-			$this->_like_escape_str = " {escape '%s'} ";
+			$this->subdriver = '4d';
 		}
-		elseif ( ! in_array($this->pdodriver, array('sqlsrv', 'mssql', 'dblib', 'sybase')))
+		elseif ( ! in_array($this->subdriver, array('4d', 'cubrid', 'dblib', 'firebird', 'ibm', 'informix', 'mysql', 'oci', 'odbc', 'sqlite', 'sqlsrv'), TRUE))
 		{
-			$this->_escape_char = '"';
+			log_message('error', 'PDO: Invalid or non-existent subdriver');
+
+			if ($this->db_debug)
+			{
+				show_error('Invalid or non-existent PDO subdriver');
+			}
 		}
 
-		$this->trans_enabled = FALSE;
-		$this->_random_keyword = ' RND('.time().')'; // database specific random keyword
+		$this->dsn = NULL;
 	}
 
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 	/**
-	 * Connection String
+	 * Database connection
 	 *
-	 * @param	array
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @param	bool	$persistent
+	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	protected function _connect_string($params)
+	public function db_connect($persistent = FALSE)
 	{
-		if (strpos($this->hostname, ':'))
+		$this->options[PDO::ATTR_PERSISTENT] = $persistent;
+
+		// Connecting...
+		try
 		{
-			// hostname generally would have this prototype
-			// $db['hostname'] = 'pdodriver:host(/Server(/DSN))=hostname(/DSN);';
-			// We need to get the prefix (pdodriver used by PDO).
-			$dsnarray = explode(':', $this->hostname);
-			$this->pdodriver = $dsnarray[0];
-
-			// End dsn with a semicolon for extra backward compability
-			// if database property was not empty.
-			if ( ! empty($this->database))
-			{
-				$this->dsn .= rtrim($this->hostname, ';').';';
-			}
+			return @new PDO($this->dsn, $this->username, $this->password, $this->options);
 		}
-		else
+		catch (PDOException $e)
 		{
-			// Invalid DSN, display an error
-			if ( ! array_key_exists('pdodriver', $params))
-			{
-				show_error('Invalid DB Connection String for PDO');
-			}
-
-			// Assuming that the following DSN string format is used:
-			// $dsn = 'pdo://username:password@hostname:port/database?pdodriver=pgsql';
-			$this->dsn = $this->pdodriver.':';
-
-			// Add hostname to the DSN for databases that need it
-			if ( ! empty($this->hostname)
-				&& strpos($this->hostname, ':') === FALSE
-				&& in_array($this->pdodriver, array('informix', 'mysql', 'pgsql', 'sybase', 'mssql', 'dblib', 'cubrid')))
+			if ($this->db_debug && empty($this->failover))
 			{
-			    $this->dsn .= 'host='.$this->hostname.';';
+				$this->display_error($e->getMessage(), '', TRUE);
 			}
 
-			// Add a port to the DSN for databases that can use it
-			if ( ! empty($this->port) && in_array($this->pdodriver, array('informix', 'mysql', 'pgsql', 'ibm', 'cubrid')))
-			{
-			    $this->dsn .= 'port='.$this->port.';';
-			}
+			return FALSE;
 		}
-
-		// Add the database name to the DSN, if needed
-	    if (stripos($this->dsn, 'dbname') === FALSE
-	       && in_array($this->pdodriver, array('4D', 'pgsql', 'mysql', 'firebird', 'sybase', 'mssql', 'dblib', 'cubrid')))
-	    {
-	        $this->dsn .= 'dbname='.$this->database.';';
-	    }
-	    elseif (stripos($this->dsn, 'database') === FALSE && in_array($this->pdodriver, array('ibm', 'sqlsrv')))
-	    {
-	    	if (stripos($this->dsn, 'dsn') === FALSE)
-	    	{
-		        $this->dsn .= 'database='.$this->database.';';
-	    	}
-	    }
-	    elseif ($this->pdodriver === 'sqlite' && $this->dsn === 'sqlite:')
-	    {
-	        if ($this->database !== ':memory')
-	        {
-	            if ( ! file_exists($this->database))
-	            {
-	                show_error('Invalid DB Connection string for PDO SQLite');
-	            }
-
-	            $this->dsn .= (strpos($this->database, DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR) !== 0) ? DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR : '';
-	        }
-
-	        $this->dsn .= $this->database;
-	    }
-
-	    // Add charset to the DSN, if needed
-	    if ( ! empty($this->char_set) && in_array($this->pdodriver, array('4D', 'mysql', 'sybase', 'mssql', 'dblib', 'oci')))
-	    {
-	        $this->dsn .= 'charset='.$this->char_set.';';
-	    }
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Non-persistent database connection
-	 *
-	 * @return	object
-	 */
-	public function db_connect()
-	{
-		return $this->_pdo_connect();
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -204,69 +149,44 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	public function db_pconnect()
 	{
-		return $this->_pdo_connect(TRUE);
+		return $this->db_connect(TRUE);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * PDO connection
+	 * Database version number
 	 *
-	 * @param	bool
-	 * @return	object
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	protected function _pdo_connect($persistent = FALSE)
+	public function version()
 	{
-		$this->options[PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE] = PDO::ERRMODE_SILENT;
-		$persistent === FALSE OR $this->options[PDO::ATTR_PERSISTENT] = TRUE;
-
-		/* Prior to PHP 5.3.6, even if the charset was supplied in the DSN
-		 * on connect - it was ignored. This is a work-around for the issue.
-		 *
-		 * Reference: http://www.php.net/manual/en/ref.pdo-mysql.connection.php
-		 */
-		if ($this->subdriver === 'mysql' && ! is_php('5.3.6') && ! empty($this->char_set))
+		if (isset($this->data_cache['version']))
+		{
+			return $this->data_cache['version'];
+		}
+		elseif ( ! $this->conn_id)
 		{
-			$this->options[PDO::MYSQL_ATTR_INIT_COMMAND] = 'SET NAMES '.$this->char_set
-					.( ! empty($this->db_collat) ? " COLLATE '".$this->dbcollat."'" : '');
+			$this->initialize();
 		}
 
-		// Connecting...
+		// Not all subdrivers support the getAttribute() method
 		try
 		{
-			return new PDO($this->dsn, $this->username, $this->password, $this->options);
+			return $this->data_cache['version'] = $this->conn_id->getAttribute(PDO::ATTR_SERVER_VERSION);
 		}
 		catch (PDOException $e)
 		{
-			if ($this->db_debug && empty($this->failover))
-			{
-				$this->display_error($e->getMessage(), '', TRUE);
-			}
-
-			return FALSE;
+			return parent::version();
 		}
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Database version number
-	 *
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	public function version()
-	{
-		return isset($this->data_cache['version'])
-			? $this->data_cache['version']
-			: $this->data_cache['version'] = $this->conn_id->getAttribute(PDO::ATTR_SERVER_VERSION);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
 	 * Execute the query
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	an SQL query
+	 * @param	string	$sql	SQL query
 	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
 	protected function _execute($sql)
@@ -279,6 +199,7 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Begin Transaction
 	 *
+	 * @param	bool	$test_mode
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function trans_begin($test_mode = FALSE)
@@ -338,8 +259,8 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Escape String
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	bool	whether or not the string will be used in a LIKE condition
+	 * @param	string	$str
+	 * @param	bool	$like	Whether or not the string will be used in a LIKE condition
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	public function escape_str($str, $like = FALSE)
@@ -358,7 +279,7 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 		$str = $this->conn_id->quote($str);
 
 		// If there are duplicated quotes, trim them away
-		if (strpos($str, "'") === 0)
+		if ($str[0] === "'")
 		{
 			$str = substr($str, 1, -1);
 		}
@@ -391,132 +312,27 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Insert ID
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string	$name
 	 * @return	int
 	 */
 	public function insert_id($name = NULL)
 	{
-		if ($this->pdodriver === 'pgsql' && $name === NULL && $this->version() >= '8.1')
-		{
-			$query = $this->query('SELECT LASTVAL() AS ins_id');
-			$query = $query->row();
-			return $query->ins_id;
-		}
-
 		return $this->conn_id->lastInsertId($name);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * "Count All" query
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query string that counts all records in
-	 * the specified database
-	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	public function count_all($table = '')
-	{
-		if ($table == '')
-		{
-			return 0;
-		}
-
-		$sql = $this->_count_string.$this->protect_identifiers('numrows').' FROM '.$this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE);
-		$query = $this->query($sql);
-
-		if ($query->num_rows() == 0)
-		{
-			return 0;
-		}
-
-		$row = $query->row();
-		$this->_reset_select();
-
-		return (int) $row->numrows;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Show table query
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the table names can be fetched
-	 *
-	 * @param	bool
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	protected function _list_tables($prefix_limit = FALSE)
-	{
-		if ($this->pdodriver == 'pgsql')
-		{
-			// Analog function to show all tables in postgre
-			$sql = "SELECT * FROM information_schema.tables WHERE table_schema = 'public'";
-		}
-		elseif ($this->pdodriver == 'sqlite')
-		{
-			// Analog function to show all tables in sqlite
-			$sql = "SELECT name FROM sqlite_master WHERE type='table' AND name NOT LIKE 'sqlite_%'";
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			$sql = 'SHOW TABLES FROM '.$this->escape_identifiers($this->database);
-		}
-
-		if ($prefix_limit !== FALSE AND $this->dbprefix != '')
-		{
-			return FALSE;
-		}
-
-		return $sql;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Show column query
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the column names can be fetched
-	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	protected function _list_columns($table = '')
-	{
-		return 'SHOW COLUMNS FROM '.$this->escape_identifiers($table);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
 	 * Field data query
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that the column data can be retrieved
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @param	string	$table
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _field_data($table)
 	{
-		if ($this->pdodriver == 'mysql' or $this->pdodriver == 'pgsql')
-		{
-			// Analog function for mysql and postgre
-			return 'SELECT * FROM '.$this->escape_identifiers($table).' LIMIT 1';
-		}
-		elseif ($this->pdodriver == 'oci')
-		{
-			// Analog function for oci
-			return 'SELECT * FROM '.$this->escape_identifiers($table).' WHERE ROWNUM <= 1';
-		}
-		elseif ($this->pdodriver == 'sqlite')
-		{
-			// Analog function for sqlite
-			return 'PRAGMA table_info('.$this->escape_identifiers($table).')';
-		}
-
-		return 'SELECT TOP 1 FROM '.$this->escape_identifiers($table);
+		return 'SELECT TOP 1 * FROM '.$this->protect_identifiers($table);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -551,57 +367,32 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * From Tables
-	 *
-	 * This function implicitly groups FROM tables so there is no confusion
-	 * about operator precedence in harmony with SQL standards
-	 *
-	 * @param	array
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	protected function _from_tables($tables)
-	{
-		if ( ! is_array($tables))
-		{
-			$tables = array($tables);
-		}
-
-		return (count($tables) === 1) ? $tables[0] : '('.implode(', ', $tables).')';
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
 	 * Update_Batch statement
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific batch update string from the supplied data
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the update data
-	 * @param	array	the where clause
+	 * @param	string	$table	Table name
+	 * @param	array	$values	Update data
+	 * @param	string	$index	WHERE key
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	protected function _update_batch($table, $values, $index, $where = NULL)
+	protected function _update_batch($table, $values, $index)
 	{
-		$ids   = array();
-		$where = ($where != '' && count($where) >=1) ? implode(" ", $where).' AND ' : '';
-
+		$ids = array();
 		foreach ($values as $key => $val)
 		{
 			$ids[] = $val[$index];
 
 			foreach (array_keys($val) as $field)
 			{
-				if ($field != $index)
+				if ($field !== $index)
 				{
-					$final[$field][] =  'WHEN '.$index.' = '.$val[$index].' THEN '.$val[$field];
+					$final[$field][] = 'WHEN '.$index.' = '.$val[$index].' THEN '.$val[$field];
 				}
 			}
 		}
 
-		$sql   = 'UPDATE '.$table.' SET ';
 		$cases = '';
-
 		foreach ($final as $k => $v)
 		{
 			$cases .= $k.' = CASE '."\n";
@@ -614,10 +405,9 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 			$cases .= 'ELSE '.$k.' END, ';
 		}
 
-		$sql .= substr($cases, 0, -2);
-		$sql .= ' WHERE '.$where.$index.' IN ('.implode(',', $ids).')';
+		$this->where($index.' IN('.implode(',', $ids).')', NULL, FALSE);
 
-		return $sql;
+		return 'UPDATE '.$table.' SET '.substr($cases, 0, -2).$this->_compile_wh('qb_where');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -627,57 +417,15 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific truncate string from the supplied data
 	 *
-	 * If the database does not support the truncate() command,
+	 * If the database does not support the TRUNCATE statement,
 	 * then this method maps to 'DELETE FROM table'
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @param	string	$table
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _truncate($table)
 	{
-		return 'DELETE FROM '.$table;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Limit string
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific LIMIT clause
-	 *
-	 * @param	string	the sql query string
-	 * @param	int	the number of rows to limit the query to
-	 * @param	int	the offset value
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	protected function _limit($sql, $limit, $offset)
-	{
-		if ($this->pdodriver == 'cubrid' OR $this->pdodriver == 'sqlite')
-		{
-			$offset = ($offset == 0) ? '' : $offset.', ';
-
-			return $sql.'LIMIT '.$offset.$limit;
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			$sql .= 'LIMIT '.$limit;
-			$sql .= ($offset > 0) ? ' OFFSET '.$offset : '';
-
-			return $sql;
-		}
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Close DB Connection
-	 *
-	 * @param	object
-	 * @return	void
-	 */
-	protected function _close($conn_id)
-	{
-		$this->conn_id = NULL;
+		return 'TRUNCATE TABLE '.$table;
 	}
 
 }
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_forge.php
index ca8657a0f..130d3667e 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_forge.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_forge.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
  * @since		Version 2.1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * PDO Forge Class
@@ -34,169 +35,19 @@
  */
 class CI_DB_pdo_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 
-	protected $_drop_database	= 'DROP DATABASE %s';
-	protected $_drop_table		= 'DROP TABLE %s';
-
 	/**
-	 * Create Table
+	 * CREATE TABLE IF statement
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the fields
-	 * @param	mixed	primary key(s)
-	 * @param	mixed	key(s)
-	 * @param	bool	should 'IF NOT EXISTS' be added to the SQL
-	 * @return	bool
+	 * @var	string
 	 */
-	protected function _create_table($table, $fields, $primary_keys, $keys, $if_not_exists)
-	{
-		$sql = 'CREATE TABLE ';
-
-		if ($if_not_exists === TRUE)
-		{
-			$sql .= 'IF NOT EXISTS ';
-		}
-
-		$sql .= $this->db->escape_identifiers($table).' (';
-		$current_field_count = 0;
-
-		foreach ($fields as $field => $attributes)
-		{
-			// Numeric field names aren't allowed in databases, so if the key is
-			// numeric, we know it was assigned by PHP and the developer manually
-			// entered the field information, so we'll simply add it to the list
-			if (is_numeric($field))
-			{
-				$sql .= "\n\t$attributes";
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				$attributes = array_change_key_case($attributes, CASE_UPPER);
-				$numeric    = array('SERIAL', 'INTEGER');
-
-				$sql .= "\n\t".$this->db->protect_identifiers($field);
-
-				$sql .=  ' '.$attributes['TYPE'];
-
-				if (array_key_exists('CONSTRAINT', $attributes))
-				{
-					// Exception for Postgre numeric which not too happy with constraint within those type
-					if ( ! ($this->db->pdodriver == 'pgsql' && in_array($attributes['TYPE'], $numeric)))
-					{
-						$sql .= '('.$attributes['CONSTRAINT'].')';
-					}
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('UNSIGNED', $attributes) && $attributes['UNSIGNED'] === TRUE)
-				{
-					$sql .= ' UNSIGNED';
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('DEFAULT', $attributes))
-				{
-					$sql .= ' DEFAULT \''.$attributes['DEFAULT'].'\'';
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('NULL', $attributes) && $attributes['NULL'] === TRUE)
-				{
-					$sql .= ' NULL';
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					$sql .= ' NOT NULL';
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('AUTO_INCREMENT', $attributes) && $attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT'] === TRUE)
-				{
-					$sql .= ' AUTO_INCREMENT';
-				}
-			}
-
-			// don't add a comma on the end of the last field
-			if (++$current_field_count < count($fields))
-			{
-				$sql .= ',';
-			}
-		}
-
-		if (count($primary_keys) > 0)
-		{
-			$primary_keys = $this->db->protect_identifiers($primary_keys);
-			$sql .= ",\n\tPRIMARY KEY (" . implode(', ', $primary_keys) . ")";
-		}
-
-		if (is_array($keys) && count($keys) > 0)
-		{
-			foreach ($keys as $key)
-			{
-				if (is_array($key))
-				{
-					$key = $this->db->protect_identifiers($key);
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					$key = array($this->db->protect_identifiers($key));
-				}
-
-				$sql .= ",\n\tFOREIGN KEY (" . implode(', ', $key) . ")";
-			}
-		}
-
-		$sql .= "\n)";
-
-		return $sql;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+	protected $_create_table_if	= FALSE;
 
 	/**
-	 * Alter table query
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that a table can be altered
-	 * Called by add_column(), drop_column(), and column_alter(),
+	 * DROP TABLE IF statement
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the ALTER type (ADD, DROP, CHANGE)
-	 * @param	string	the column name
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	string	the column definition
-	 * @param	string	the default value
-	 * @param	bool	should 'NOT NULL' be added
-	 * @param	string	the field after which we should add the new field
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @var	string
 	 */
-	protected function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $column_name, $column_definition = '', $default_value = '', $null = '', $after_field = '')
-	{
-		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE `'.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table).'` '.$alter_type.' '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($column_name);
-
-		// DROP has everything it needs now.
-		if ($alter_type == 'DROP')
-		{
-			return $sql;
-		}
-
-		$sql .= " $column_definition";
-
-		if ($default_value != '')
-		{
-			$sql .= " DEFAULT \"$default_value\"";
-		}
-
-		if ($null === NULL)
-		{
-			$sql .= ' NULL';
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			$sql .= ' NOT NULL';
-		}
-
-		if ($after_field != '')
-		{
-			return $sql.' AFTER '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($after_field);
-		}
-
-		return $sql;
-
-	}
+	protected $_drop_table_if	= FALSE;
 
 }
 
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_result.php b/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_result.php
index 19aee1dfc..25cf87be8 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_result.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_result.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -21,9 +21,10 @@
  * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2012, EllisLab, Inc. (http://ellislab.com/)
  * @license		http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0 Open Software License (OSL 3.0)
  * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 2.1.0
+ * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * PDO Result Class
@@ -33,77 +34,35 @@
  * @category	Database
  * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
  * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ * @since	2.1
  */
 class CI_DB_pdo_result extends CI_DB_result {
 
 	/**
-	 * @var bool  Hold the flag whether a result handler already fetched before
-	 */
-	protected $is_fetched = FALSE;
-
-	/**
-	 * @var mixed Hold the fetched assoc array of a result handler
-	 */
-	protected $result_assoc;
-
-	/**
 	 * Number of rows in the result set
 	 *
 	 * @return	int
 	 */
 	public function num_rows()
 	{
-		if (empty($this->result_id) OR ! is_object($this->result_id))
+		if (is_int($this->num_rows))
 		{
-			// invalid result handler
-			return 0;
+			return $this->num_rows;
 		}
-		elseif (($num_rows = $this->result_id->rowCount()) && $num_rows > 0)
+		elseif (count($this->result_array) > 0)
 		{
-			// If rowCount return something, we're done.
-			return $num_rows;
+			return $this->num_rows = count($this->result_array);
 		}
-
-		// Fetch the result, instead perform another extra query
-		return ($this->is_fetched && is_array($this->result_assoc)) ? count($this->result_assoc) : count($this->result_assoc());
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Fetch the result handler
-	 *
-	 * @return	mixed
-	 */
-	public function result_assoc()
-	{
-		// If the result already fetched before, use that one
-		if (count($this->result_array) > 0 OR $this->is_fetched)
+		elseif (count($this->result_object) > 0)
 		{
-			return $this->result_array();
+			return $this->num_rows = count($this->result_object);
 		}
-
-		// Define the output
-		$output = array('assoc', 'object');
-
-		// Fetch the result
-		foreach ($output as $type)
+		elseif (($num_rows = $this->result_id->rowCount()) > 0)
 		{
-			// Define the method and handler
-			$res_method  = '_fetch_'.$type;
-			$res_handler = 'result_'.$type;
-
-			$this->$res_handler = array();
-
-			while ($row = $this->$res_method())
-			{
-				$this->{$res_handler}[] = $row;
-			}
+			return $this->num_rows = $num_rows;
 		}
 
-		// Save this as buffer and marked the fetch flag
-		$this->result_array = $this->result_assoc;
-		$this->is_fetched = TRUE;
-
-		return $this->result_assoc;
+		return $this->num_rows = count($this->result_array());
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -129,12 +88,14 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 */
 	public function list_fields()
 	{
-		if ($this->db->db_debug)
+		$field_names = array();
+		for ($i = 0, $c = $this->num_fields(); $i < $c; $i++)
 		{
-			return $this->db->display_error('db_unsuported_feature');
+			$field_names[$i] = @$this->result_id->getColumnMeta();
+			$field_names[$i] = $field_names[$i]['name'];
 		}
 
-		return FALSE;
+		return $field_names;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -148,61 +109,28 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 */
 	public function field_data()
 	{
-		$data = array();
-
 		try
 		{
-			if (strpos($this->result_id->queryString, 'PRAGMA') !== FALSE)
-			{
-				foreach ($this->result_array() as $field)
-				{
-					preg_match('/([a-zA-Z]+)(\(\d+\))?/', $field['type'], $matches);
-
-					$F		= new stdClass();
-					$F->name	= $field['name'];
-					$F->type	= ( ! empty($matches[1])) ? $matches[1] : NULL;
-					$F->default	= NULL;
-					$F->max_length	= ( ! empty($matches[2])) ? preg_replace('/[^\d]/', '', $matches[2]) : NULL;
-					$F->primary_key = (int) $field['pk'];
-					$F->pdo_type	= NULL;
+			$retval = array();
 
-					$data[] = $F;
-				}
-			}
-			else
+			for ($i = 0, $c = $this->num_fields(); $i < $c; $i++)
 			{
-				for($i = 0, $max = $this->num_fields(); $i < $max; $i++)
-				{
-					$field = $this->result_id->getColumnMeta($i);
-
-					$F		= new stdClass();
-					$F->name	= $field['name'];
-					$F->type	= $field['native_type'];
-					$F->default	= NULL;
-					$F->pdo_type	= $field['pdo_type'];
-
-					if ($field['precision'] < 0)
-					{
-						$F->max_length	= NULL;
-						$F->primary_key = 0;
-					}
-					else
-					{
-						$F->max_length	= ($field['len'] > 255) ? 0 : $field['len'];
-						$F->primary_key = (int) ( ! empty($field['flags']) && in_array('primary_key', $field['flags']));
-					}
+				$field = $this->result_id->getColumnMeta($i);
 
-					$data[] = $F;
-				}
+				$retval[$i]			= new stdClass();
+				$retval[$i]->name		= $field['name'];
+				$retval[$i]->type		= $field['native_type'];
+				$retval[$i]->max_length		= ($field['len'] > 0) ? $field['len'] : NULL;
+				$retval[$i]->primary_key	= (int) ( ! empty($field['flags']) && in_array('primary_key', $field['flags'], TRUE));
 			}
 
-			return $data;
+			return $retval;
 		}
 		catch (Exception $e)
 		{
 			if ($this->db->db_debug)
 			{
-				return $this->db->display_error('db_unsuported_feature');
+				return $this->db->display_error('db_unsupported_feature');
 			}
 
 			return FALSE;
@@ -245,11 +173,12 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 *
 	 * Returns the result set as an object
 	 *
+	 * @param	string	$class_name
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	protected function _fetch_object()
+	protected function _fetch_object($class_name = 'stdClass')
 	{
-		return $this->result_id->fetchObject();
+		return $this->result_id->fetchObject($class_name);
 	}
 
 }
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_utility.php b/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_utility.php
index 930842118..86f2b120a 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_utility.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_utility.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
  * @since		Version 2.1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * PDO Utility Class
@@ -34,18 +35,16 @@
  */
 class CI_DB_pdo_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 
-	protected $_list_databases = FALSE;
-
 	/**
-	 * PDO Export
+	 * Export
 	 *
-	 * @param	array	Preferences
+	 * @param	array	$params	Preferences
 	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
 	protected function _backup($params = array())
 	{
 		// Currently unsupported
-		return $this->db->display_error('db_unsuported_feature');
+		return $this->db->display_error('db_unsupported_feature');
 	}
 
 }
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/index.html b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/index.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c942a79ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+<html>
+<head>
+	<title>403 Forbidden</title>
+</head>
+<body>
+
+<p>Directory access is forbidden.</p>
+
+</body>
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_4d_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_4d_driver.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6ebd92a9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_4d_driver.php
@@ -0,0 +1,192 @@
+<?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.2.4 or newer
+ *
+ * NOTICE OF LICENSE
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
+ *
+ * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
+ * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
+ * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
+ * http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0
+ * If you did not receive a copy of the license and are unable to obtain it
+ * through the world wide web, please send an email to
+ * licensing@ellislab.com so we can send you a copy immediately.
+ *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2012, EllisLab, Inc. (http://ellislab.com/)
+ * @license		http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0 Open Software License (OSL 3.0)
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com
+ * @since		Version 3.0.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
+
+/**
+ * PDO 4D Database Adapter Class
+ *
+ * Note: _DB is an extender class that the app controller
+ * creates dynamically based on whether the query builder
+ * class is being used or not.
+ *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @subpackage	Drivers
+ * @category	Database
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ */
+class CI_DB_pdo_4d_driver extends CI_DB_pdo_driver {
+
+	/**
+	 * Sub-driver
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $subdriver = '4d';
+
+	/**
+	 * Identifier escape character
+	 *
+	 * @var	string[]
+	 */
+	protected $_escape_char = array('[', ']');
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Class constructor
+	 *
+	 * Builds the DSN if not already set.
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$params
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function __construct($params)
+	{
+		parent::__construct($params);
+
+		if (empty($this->dsn))
+		{
+			$this->dsn = '4D:host='.(empty($this->hostname) ? '127.0.0.1' : $this->hostname);
+
+			empty($this->port) OR $this->dsn .= ';port='.$this->port;
+			empty($this->database) OR $this->dsn .= ';dbname='.$this->database;
+			empty($this->char_set) OR $this->dsn .= ';charset='.$this->char_set;
+		}
+		elseif ( ! empty($this->char_set) && strpos($this->dsn, 'charset=', 3) === FALSE)
+		{
+			$this->dsn .= ';charset='.$this->char_set;
+		}
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Show table query
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the table names can be fetched
+	 *
+	 * @param	bool	$prefix_limit
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _list_tables($prefix_limit = FALSE)
+	{
+		$sql = 'SELECT '.$this->escape_identifiers('TABLE_NAME').' FROM '.$this->escape_identifiers('_USER_TABLES');
+
+		if ($prefix_limit === TRUE && $this->dbprefix !== '')
+		{
+			$sql .= ' WHERE '.$this->escape_identifiers('TABLE_NAME')." LIKE '".$this->escape_like_str($this->dbprefix)."%' "
+				.sprintf($this->_like_escape_str, $this->_like_escape_chr);
+		}
+
+		return $sql;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Show column query
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the column names can be fetched
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _list_columns($table = '')
+	{
+		return 'SELECT '.$this->escape_identifiers('COLUMN_NAME').' FROM '.$this->escape_identifiers('_USER_COLUMNS')
+			.' WHERE '.$this->escape_identifiers('TABLE_NAME').' = '.$this->escape($table);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Field data query
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that the column data can be retrieved
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _field_data($table)
+	{
+		return 'SELECT * FROM '.$this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE).' LIMIT 1';
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Update statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific update string from the supplied data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @param	array	$values
+	 * @return	string
+         */
+	protected function _update($table, $values)
+	{
+		$this->qb_limit = FALSE;
+		$this->qb_orderby = array();
+		return parent::_update($table, $values);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Delete statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific delete string from the supplied data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _delete($table)
+	{
+		$this->qb_limit = FALSE;
+		return parent::_delete($table);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * LIMIT
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific LIMIT clause
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$sql	SQL Query
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _limit($sql)
+	{
+		return $sql.' LIMIT '.$this->qb_limit.($this->qb_offset ? ' OFFSET '.$this->qb_offset : '');
+	}
+
+}
+
+/* End of file pdo_4d_driver.php */
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_4d_driver.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_4d_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_4d_forge.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..231ad53a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_4d_forge.php
@@ -0,0 +1,209 @@
+<?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.2.4 or newer
+ *
+ * NOTICE OF LICENSE
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
+ *
+ * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
+ * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
+ * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
+ * http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0
+ * If you did not receive a copy of the license and are unable to obtain it
+ * through the world wide web, please send an email to
+ * licensing@ellislab.com so we can send you a copy immediately.
+ *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2012, EllisLab, Inc. (http://ellislab.com/)
+ * @license		http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0 Open Software License (OSL 3.0)
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com
+ * @since		Version 2.1.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
+
+/**
+ * PDO 4D Forge Class
+ *
+ * @category	Database
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ */
+class CI_DB_pdo_4d_forge extends CI_DB_4d_forge {
+
+	/**
+	 * CREATE DATABASE statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_create_database	= 'CREATE SCHEMA %s';
+
+	/**
+	 * DROP DATABASE statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_drop_database	= 'DROP SCHEMA %s';
+
+	/**
+	 * CREATE TABLE IF statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_create_table_if	= 'CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS';
+
+	/**
+	 * RENAME TABLE statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_rename_table	= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * DROP TABLE IF statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_drop_table_if	= 'DROP TABLE IF EXISTS';
+
+	/**
+	 * UNSIGNED support
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $_unsigned		= array(
+		'INT16'		=> 'INT',
+		'SMALLINT'	=> 'INT',
+		'INT'		=> 'INT64',
+		'INT32'		=> 'INT64'
+	);
+
+	/**
+	 * DEFAULT value representation in CREATE/ALTER TABLE statements
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_default		= FALSE;
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * ALTER TABLE
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$alter_type	ALTER type
+	 * @param	string	$table		Table name
+	 * @param	mixed	$field		Column definition
+	 * @return	string|string[]
+	 */
+	protected function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $field)
+	{
+		if (in_array($alter_type, array('ADD', 'DROP'), TRUE))
+		{
+			return parent::_alter_table($alter_table, $table, $field);
+		}
+
+		// No method of modifying columns is supported
+		return FALSE;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Process column
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$field
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _process_column($field)
+	{
+		return $this->db->escape_identifiers($field['name'])
+			.' '.$field['type'].$field['length']
+			.$field['null']
+			.$field['unique']
+			.$field['auto_increment'];
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Field attribute TYPE
+	 *
+	 * Performs a data type mapping between different databases.
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	&$attributes
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _attr_type(&$attributes)
+	{
+		switch (strtoupper($attributes['TYPE']))
+		{
+			case 'TINYINT':
+				$attributes['TYPE'] = 'SMALLINT';
+				$attributes['UNSIGNED'] = FALSE;
+				return;
+			case 'MEDIUMINT':
+				$attributes['TYPE'] = 'INTEGER';
+				$attributes['UNSIGNED'] = FALSE;
+				return;
+			case 'INTEGER':
+				$attributes['TYPE'] = 'INT';
+				return;
+			case 'BIGINT':
+				$attribites['TYPE'] = 'INT64';
+				return;
+			default: return;
+		}
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Field attribute UNIQUE
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	&$attributes
+	 * @param	array	&$field
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _attr_unique(&$attributes, &$field)
+	{
+		if ( ! empty($attributes['UNIQUE']) && $attributes['UNIQUE'] === TRUE)
+		{
+			$field['unique'] = ' UNIQUE';
+
+			// UNIQUE must be used with NOT NULL
+			$field['null'] = ' NOT NULL';
+		}
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Field attribute AUTO_INCREMENT
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	&$attributes
+	 * @param	array	&$field
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _attr_auto_increment(&$attributes, &$field)
+	{
+		if ( ! empty($attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT']) && $attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT'] === TRUE)
+		{
+			if (stripos($field['type'], 'int') !== FALSE)
+			{
+				$field['auto_increment'] = ' AUTO_INCREMENT';
+			}
+			elseif (strcasecmp($field['type'], 'UUID') === 0)
+			{
+				$field['auto_increment'] = ' AUTO_GENERATE';
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+}
+
+/* End of file pdo_4d_forge.php */
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_4d_forge.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_cubrid_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_cubrid_driver.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7e703e7b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_cubrid_driver.php
@@ -0,0 +1,247 @@
+<?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.2.4 or newer
+ *
+ * NOTICE OF LICENSE
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
+ *
+ * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
+ * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
+ * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
+ * http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0
+ * If you did not receive a copy of the license and are unable to obtain it
+ * through the world wide web, please send an email to
+ * licensing@ellislab.com so we can send you a copy immediately.
+ *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2012, EllisLab, Inc. (http://ellislab.com/)
+ * @license		http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0 Open Software License (OSL 3.0)
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com
+ * @since		Version 3.0.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
+
+/**
+ * PDO CUBRID Database Adapter Class
+ *
+ * Note: _DB is an extender class that the app controller
+ * creates dynamically based on whether the query builder
+ * class is being used or not.
+ *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @subpackage	Drivers
+ * @category	Database
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ */
+class CI_DB_pdo_cubrid_driver extends CI_DB_pdo_driver {
+
+	/**
+	 * Sub-driver
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $subdriver = 'cubrid';
+
+	/**
+	 * Identifier escape character
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_escape_char = '`';
+
+	/**
+	 * ORDER BY random keyword
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	protected $_random_keyword = array('RANDOM()', 'RANDOM(%d)');
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Class constructor
+	 *
+	 * Builds the DSN if not already set.
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$params
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function __construct($params)
+	{
+		parent::__construct($params);
+
+		if (empty($this->dsn))
+		{
+			$this->dsn = 'cubrid:host='.(empty($this->hostname) ? '127.0.0.1' : $this->hostname);
+
+			empty($this->port) OR $this->dsn .= ';port='.$this->port;
+			empty($this->database) OR $this->dsn .= ';dbname='.$this->database;
+			empty($this->char_set) OR $this->dsn .= ';charset='.$this->char_set;
+		}
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Show table query
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the table names can be fetched
+	 *
+	 * @param	bool	$prefix_limit
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _list_tables($prefix_limit = FALSE)
+	{
+		$sql = 'SHOW TABLES';
+
+		if ($prefix_limit === TRUE && $this->dbprefix !== '')
+		{
+			return $sql." LIKE '".$this->escape_like_str($this->dbprefix)."%'";
+		}
+
+		return $sql;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Show column query
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the column names can be fetched
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _list_columns($table = '')
+	{
+		return 'SHOW COLUMNS FROM '.$this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns an object with field data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	public function field_data($table = '')
+	{
+		if ($table === '')
+		{
+			return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_field_param_missing') : FALSE;
+		}
+
+		if (($query = $this->query('SHOW COLUMNS FROM '.$this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE))) === FALSE)
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+		$query = $query->result_object();
+
+		$retval = array();
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($query); $i < $c; $i++)
+		{
+			$retval[$i]			= new stdClass();
+			$retval[$i]->name		= $query[$i]->Field;
+
+			sscanf($query[$i]->Type, '%[a-z](%d)',
+				$retval[$i]->type,
+				$retval[$i]->max_length
+			);
+
+			$retval[$i]->default		= $query[$i]->Default;
+			$retval[$i]->primary_key	= (int) ($query[$i]->Key === 'PRI');
+		}
+
+		return $retval;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Update_Batch statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific batch update string from the supplied data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table	Table name
+	 * @param	array	$values	Update data
+	 * @param	string	$index	WHERE key
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _update_batch($table, $values, $index)
+	{
+		$ids = array();
+		foreach ($values as $key => $val)
+		{
+			$ids[] = $val[$index];
+
+			foreach (array_keys($val) as $field)
+			{
+				if ($field !== $index)
+				{
+					$final[$field][] = 'WHEN '.$index.' = '.$val[$index].' THEN '.$val[$field];
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		$cases = '';
+		foreach ($final as $k => $v)
+		{
+			$cases .= $k." = CASE \n"
+				.implode("\n", $v)."\n"
+				.'ELSE '.$k.' END), ';
+		}
+
+		$this->where($index.' IN('.implode(',', $ids).')', NULL, FALSE);
+
+		return 'UPDATE '.$table.' SET '.substr($cases, 0, -2).$this->_compile_wh('qb_where');
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Truncate statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific truncate string from the supplied data
+	 *
+	 * If the database does not support the TRUNCATE statement,
+	 * then this method maps to 'DELETE FROM table'
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _truncate($table)
+	{
+		return 'TRUNCATE '.$table;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * FROM tables
+	 *
+	 * Groups tables in FROM clauses if needed, so there is no confusion
+	 * about operator precedence.
+	 *
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _from_tables()
+	{
+		if ( ! empty($this->qb_join) && count($this->qb_from) > 1)
+		{
+			return '('.implode(', ', $this->qb_from).')';
+		}
+
+		return implode(', ', $this->qb_from);
+	}
+
+}
+
+/* End of file pdo_cubrid_driver.php */
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_cubrid_driver.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_cubrid_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_cubrid_forge.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ebf4b15d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_cubrid_forge.php
@@ -0,0 +1,219 @@
+<?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.2.4 or newer
+ *
+ * NOTICE OF LICENSE
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
+ *
+ * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
+ * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
+ * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
+ * http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0
+ * If you did not receive a copy of the license and are unable to obtain it
+ * through the world wide web, please send an email to
+ * licensing@ellislab.com so we can send you a copy immediately.
+ *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2012, EllisLab, Inc. (http://ellislab.com/)
+ * @license		http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0 Open Software License (OSL 3.0)
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com
+ * @since		Version 2.1.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
+
+/**
+ * PDO CUBRID Forge Class
+ *
+ * @category	Database
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ */
+class CI_DB_pdo_cubrid_forge extends CI_DB_pdo_forge {
+
+	/**
+	 * CREATE DATABASE statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_create_database	= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * DROP DATABASE statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_drop_database	= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * CREATE TABLE keys flag
+	 *
+	 * Whether table keys are created from within the
+	 * CREATE TABLE statement.
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	protected $_create_table_keys	= TRUE;
+
+	/**
+	 * DROP TABLE IF statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_drop_table_if	= 'DROP TABLE IF EXISTS';
+
+	/**
+	 * UNSIGNED support
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $_unsigned		= array(
+		'SHORT'		=> 'INTEGER',
+		'SMALLINT'	=> 'INTEGER',
+		'INT'		=> 'BIGINT',
+		'INTEGER'	=> 'BIGINT',
+		'BIGINT'	=> 'NUMERIC',
+		'FLOAT'		=> 'DOUBLE',
+		'REAL'		=> 'DOUBLE'
+	);
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * ALTER TABLE
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$alter_type	ALTER type
+	 * @param	string	$table		Table name
+	 * @param	mixed	$field		Column definition
+	 * @return	string|string[]
+	 */
+	protected function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $field)
+	{
+		if (in_array($alter_type, array('DROP', 'ADD'), TRUE))
+		{
+			return parent::_alter_table($alter_type, $table, $field);
+		}
+
+		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($table);
+		$sqls = array();
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($field); $i < $c; $i++)
+		{
+			if ($field[$i]['_literal'] !== FALSE)
+			{
+				$sqls[] = $sql.' CHANGE '.$field[$i]['_literal'];
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				$alter_type = empty($field[$i]['new_name']) ? ' MODIFY ' : ' CHANGE ';
+				$sqls[] = $sql.$alter_type.$this->_process_column($field[$i]);
+			}
+		}
+
+		return $sqls;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Process column
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$field
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _process_column($field)
+	{
+		$extra_clause = isset($field['after'])
+			? ' AFTER '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($field['after']) : '';
+
+		if (empty($extra_clause) && isset($field['first']) && $field['first'] === TRUE)
+		{
+			$extra_clause = ' FIRST';
+		}
+
+		return $this->db->escape_identifiers($field['name'])
+			.(empty($field['new_name']) ? '' : ' '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($field['new_name']))
+			.' '.$field['type'].$field['length']
+			.$field['unsigned']
+			.$field['null']
+			.$field['default']
+			.$field['auto_increment']
+			.$field['unique']
+			.$extra_clause;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Field attribute TYPE
+	 *
+	 * Performs a data type mapping between different databases.
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	&$attributes
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _attr_type(&$attributes)
+	{
+		switch (strtoupper($attributes['TYPE']))
+		{
+			case 'TINYINT':
+				$attributes['TYPE'] = 'SMALLINT';
+				$attributes['UNSIGNED'] = FALSE;
+				return;
+			case 'MEDIUMINT':
+				$attributes['TYPE'] = 'INTEGER';
+				$attributes['UNSIGNED'] = FALSE;
+				return;
+			default: return;
+		}
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Process indexes
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table	(ignored)
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _process_indexes($table)
+	{
+		$sql = '';
+
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($this->keys); $i < $c; $i++)
+		{
+			if (is_array($this->keys[$i]))
+			{
+				for ($i2 = 0, $c2 = count($this->keys[$i]); $i2 < $c2; $i2++)
+				{
+					if ( ! isset($this->fields[$this->keys[$i][$i2]]))
+					{
+						unset($this->keys[$i][$i2]);
+						continue;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			elseif ( ! isset($this->fields[$this->keys[$i]]))
+			{
+				unset($this->keys[$i]);
+				continue;
+			}
+
+			is_array($this->keys[$i]) OR $this->keys[$i] = array($this->keys[$i]);
+
+			$sql .= ",\n\tKEY ".$this->db->escape_identifiers(implode('_', $this->keys[$i]))
+				.' ('.implode(', ', $this->db->escape_identifiers($this->keys[$i])).')';
+		}
+
+		$this->keys = array();
+
+		return $sql;
+	}
+
+}
+
+/* End of file pdo_cubrid_forge.php */
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_cubrid_forge.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_dblib_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_dblib_driver.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cf049b61d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_dblib_driver.php
@@ -0,0 +1,329 @@
+<?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.2.4 or newer
+ *
+ * NOTICE OF LICENSE
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
+ *
+ * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
+ * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
+ * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
+ * http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0
+ * If you did not receive a copy of the license and are unable to obtain it
+ * through the world wide web, please send an email to
+ * licensing@ellislab.com so we can send you a copy immediately.
+ *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2012, EllisLab, Inc. (http://ellislab.com/)
+ * @license		http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0 Open Software License (OSL 3.0)
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com
+ * @since		Version 3.0.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
+
+/**
+ * PDO DBLIB Database Adapter Class
+ *
+ * Note: _DB is an extender class that the app controller
+ * creates dynamically based on whether the query builder
+ * class is being used or not.
+ *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @subpackage	Drivers
+ * @category	Database
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ */
+class CI_DB_pdo_dblib_driver extends CI_DB_pdo_driver {
+
+	/**
+	 * Sub-driver
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $subdriver = 'dblib';
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * ORDER BY random keyword
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $_random_keyword = array('NEWID()', 'RAND(%d)');
+
+	/**
+	 * Quoted identifier flag
+	 *
+	 * Whether to use SQL-92 standard quoted identifier
+	 * (double quotes) or brackets for identifier escaping.
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	protected $_quoted_identifier;
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Class constructor
+	 *
+	 * Builds the DSN if not already set.
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$params
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function __construct($params)
+	{
+		parent::__construct($params);
+
+		if (empty($this->dsn))
+		{
+			$this->dsn = $params['subdriver'].':host='.(empty($this->hostname) ? '127.0.0.1' : $this->hostname);
+
+			if ( ! empty($this->port))
+			{
+				$this->dsn .= (DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR === '\\' ? ',' : ':').$this->port;
+			}
+
+			empty($this->database) OR $this->dsn .= ';dbname='.$this->database;
+			empty($this->char_set) OR $this->dsn .= ';charset='.$this->char_set;
+			empty($this->appname) OR $this->dsn .= ';appname='.$this->appname;
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			if ( ! empty($this->char_set) && strpos($this->dsn, 'charset=', 6) === FALSE)
+			{
+				$this->dsn .= ';charset='.$this->char_set;
+			}
+
+			$this->subdriver = 'dblib';
+		}
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Database connection
+	 *
+	 * @param	bool	$persistent
+	 * @return	object
+	 */
+	public function db_connect($persistent = FALSE)
+	{
+		$this->conn_id = parent::db_connect($persistent);
+
+		if ( ! is_object($this->conn_id))
+		{
+			return $this->conn_id;
+		}
+
+		// Determine how identifiers are escaped
+		$query = $this->query('SELECT CASE WHEN (@@OPTIONS | 256) = @@OPTIONS THEN 1 ELSE 0 END AS qi');
+		$query = $query->row_array();
+		$this->_quoted_identifier = empty($query) ? FALSE : (bool) $query['qi'];
+		$this->_escape_char = ($this->_quoted_identifier) ? '"' : array('[', ']');
+
+		return $this->conn_id;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Show table query
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the table names can be fetched
+	 *
+	 * @param	bool	$prefix_limit
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _list_tables($prefix_limit = FALSE)
+	{
+		return 'SELECT '.$this->escape_identifiers('name')
+			.' FROM '.$this->escape_identifiers('sysobjects')
+			.' WHERE '.$this->escape_identifiers('type')." = 'U'";
+
+		if ($prefix_limit === TRUE && $this->dbprefix !== '')
+		{
+			$sql .= ' AND '.$this->escape_identifiers('name')." LIKE '".$this->escape_like_str($this->dbprefix)."%' "
+				.sprintf($this->_like_escape_str, $this->_like_escape_chr);
+		}
+
+		return $sql.' ORDER BY '.$this->escape_identifiers('name');
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Show column query
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the column names can be fetched
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _list_columns($table = '')
+	{
+		return 'SELECT COLUMN_NAME
+			FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.Columns
+			WHERE UPPER(TABLE_NAME) = '.$this->escape(strtoupper($table));
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns an object with field data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	public function field_data($table = '')
+	{
+		if ($table === '')
+		{
+			return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_field_param_missing') : FALSE;
+		}
+
+		$sql = 'SELECT COLUMN_NAME, DATA_TYPE, CHARACTER_MAXIMUM_LENGTH, NUMERIC_PRECISION, COLUMN_DEFAULT
+			FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.Columns
+			WHERE UPPER(TABLE_NAME) = '.$this->escape(strtoupper($table));
+
+		if (($query = $this->query($sql)) === FALSE)
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+		$query = $query->result_object();
+
+		$retval = array();
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($query); $i < $c; $i++)
+		{
+			$retval[$i]			= new stdClass();
+			$retval[$i]->name		= $query[$i]->COLUMN_NAME;
+			$retval[$i]->type		= $query[$i]->DATA_TYPE;
+			$retval[$i]->max_length		= ($query[$i]->CHARACTER_MAXIMUM_LENGTH > 0) ? $query[$i]->CHARACTER_MAXIMUM_LENGTH : $query[$i]->NUMERIC_PRECISION;
+			$retval[$i]->default		= $query[$i]->COLUMN_DEFAULT;
+		}
+
+		return $retval;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Update statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific update string from the supplied data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @param	array	$values
+	 * @return	string
+         */
+	protected function _update($table, $values)
+	{
+		$this->qb_limit = FALSE;
+		$this->qb_orderby = array();
+		return parent::_update($table, $values);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Delete statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific delete string from the supplied data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _delete($table)
+	{
+		if ($this->qb_limit)
+		{
+			return 'WITH ci_delete AS (SELECT TOP '.$this->qb_limit.' * FROM '.$table.$this->_compile_wh('qb_where').') DELETE FROM ci_delete';
+		}
+
+		return parent::_delete($table);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * LIMIT
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific LIMIT clause
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$sql	SQL Query
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _limit($sql)
+	{
+		$limit = $this->qb_offset + $this->qb_limit;
+
+		// As of SQL Server 2005 (9.0.*) ROW_NUMBER() is supported,
+		// however an ORDER BY clause is required for it to work
+		if (version_compare($this->version(), '9', '>=') && $this->qb_offset && ! empty($this->qb_orderby))
+		{
+			$orderby = $this->_compile_order_by();
+
+			// We have to strip the ORDER BY clause
+			$sql = trim(substr($sql, 0, strrpos($sql, $orderby)));
+
+			// Get the fields to select from our subquery, so that we can avoid CI_rownum appearing in the actual results
+			if (count($this->qb_select) === 0)
+			{
+				$select = '*'; // Inevitable
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				// Use only field names and their aliases, everything else is out of our scope.
+				$select = array();
+				$field_regexp = ($this->_quoted_identifier)
+					? '("[^\"]+")' : '(\[[^\]]+\])';
+				for ($i = 0, $c = count($this->qb_select); $i < $c; $i++)
+				{
+					$select[] = preg_match('/(?:\s|\.)'.$field_regexp.'$/i', $this->qb_select[$i], $m)
+						? $m[1] : $this->qb_select[$i];
+				}
+				$select = implode(', ', $select);
+			}
+
+			return 'SELECT '.$select." FROM (\n\n"
+				.preg_replace('/^(SELECT( DISTINCT)?)/i', '\\1 ROW_NUMBER() OVER('.trim($orderby).') AS '.$this->escape_identifiers('CI_rownum').', ', $sql)
+				."\n\n) ".$this->escape_identifiers('CI_subquery')
+				."\nWHERE ".$this->escape_identifiers('CI_rownum').' BETWEEN '.($this->qb_offset + 1).' AND '.$limit;
+		}
+
+		return preg_replace('/(^\SELECT (DISTINCT)?)/i','\\1 TOP '.$limit.' ', $sql);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Insert batch statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific insert string from the supplied data.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table	Table name
+	 * @param	array	$keys	INSERT keys
+	 * @param	array	$values	INSERT values
+	 * @return	string|bool
+	 */
+	protected function _insert_batch($table, $keys, $values)
+	{
+		// Multiple-value inserts are only supported as of SQL Server 2008
+		if (version_compare($this->version(), '10', '>='))
+		{
+			return parent::_insert_batch($table, $keys, $values);
+		}
+
+		return ($this->db->db_debug) ? $this->db->display_error('db_unsupported_feature') : FALSE;
+	}
+
+}
+
+/* End of file pdo_dblib_driver.php */
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_dblib_driver.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_dblib_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_dblib_forge.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..236e1cce2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_dblib_forge.php
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+<?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.2.4 or newer
+ *
+ * NOTICE OF LICENSE
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
+ *
+ * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
+ * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
+ * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
+ * http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0
+ * If you did not receive a copy of the license and are unable to obtain it
+ * through the world wide web, please send an email to
+ * licensing@ellislab.com so we can send you a copy immediately.
+ *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2012, EllisLab, Inc. (http://ellislab.com/)
+ * @license		http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0 Open Software License (OSL 3.0)
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com
+ * @since		Version 2.1.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
+
+/**
+ * PDO DBLIB Forge Class
+ *
+ * @category	Database
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ */
+class CI_DB_pdo_dblib_forge extends CI_DB_pdo_forge {
+
+	/**
+	 * CREATE TABLE IF statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_create_table_if	= "IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM sysobjects WHERE ID = object_id(N'%s') AND OBJECTPROPERTY(id, N'IsUserTable') = 1)\nCREATE TABLE";
+
+	/**
+	 * DROP TABLE IF statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_drop_table_if	= "IF EXISTS (SELECT * FROM sysobjects WHERE ID = object_id(N'%s') AND OBJECTPROPERTY(id, N'IsUserTable') = 1)\nDROP TABLE";
+
+	/**
+	 * UNSIGNED support
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $_unsigned		= array(
+		'TINYINT'	=> 'SMALLINT',
+		'SMALLINT'	=> 'INT',
+		'INT'		=> 'BIGINT',
+		'REAL'		=> 'FLOAT'
+	);
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * ALTER TABLE
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$alter_type	ALTER type
+	 * @param	string	$table		Table name
+	 * @param	mixed	$field		Column definition
+	 * @return	string|string[]
+	 */
+	protected function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $field)
+	{
+		if (in_array($alter_type, array('ADD', 'DROP'), TRUE))
+		{
+			return parent::_alter_table($alter_type, $table, $field);
+		}
+
+		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($table).' ALTER COLUMN ';
+		$sqls = array();
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($field); $i < $c; $i++)
+		{
+			$sqls[] = $sql.$this->_process_column($field[$i]);
+		}
+
+		return $sqls;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Field attribute TYPE
+	 *
+	 * Performs a data type mapping between different databases.
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	&$attributes
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _attr_type(&$attributes)
+	{
+		switch (strtoupper($attributes['TYPE']))
+		{
+			case 'MEDIUMINT':
+				$attributes['TYPE'] = 'INTEGER';
+				$attributes['UNSIGNED'] = FALSE;
+				return;
+			case 'INTEGER':
+				$attributes['TYPE'] = 'INT';
+				return;
+			default: return;
+		}
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Field attribute AUTO_INCREMENT
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	&$attributes
+	 * @param	array	&$field
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _attr_auto_increment(&$attributes, &$field)
+	{
+		if ( ! empty($attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT']) && $attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT'] === TRUE && stripos($field['type'], 'int') !== FALSE)
+		{
+			$field['auto_increment'] = ' IDENTITY(1,1)';
+		}
+	}
+
+}
+
+/* End of file pdo_dblib_forge.php */
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_dblib_forge.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_firebird_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_firebird_driver.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..adac03880
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_firebird_driver.php
@@ -0,0 +1,260 @@
+<?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.2.4 or newer
+ *
+ * NOTICE OF LICENSE
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
+ *
+ * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
+ * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
+ * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
+ * http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0
+ * If you did not receive a copy of the license and are unable to obtain it
+ * through the world wide web, please send an email to
+ * licensing@ellislab.com so we can send you a copy immediately.
+ *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2012, EllisLab, Inc. (http://ellislab.com/)
+ * @license		http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0 Open Software License (OSL 3.0)
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com
+ * @since		Version 3.0.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
+
+/**
+ * PDO Firebird Database Adapter Class
+ *
+ * Note: _DB is an extender class that the app controller
+ * creates dynamically based on whether the query builder
+ * class is being used or not.
+ *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @subpackage	Drivers
+ * @category	Database
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ */
+class CI_DB_pdo_firebird_driver extends CI_DB_pdo_driver {
+
+	/**
+	 * Sub-driver
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $subdriver = 'firebird';
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * ORDER BY random keyword
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $_random_keyword = array('RAND()', 'RAND()');
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Class constructor
+	 *
+	 * Builds the DSN if not already set.
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$params
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function __construct($params)
+	{
+		parent::__construct($params);
+
+		if (empty($this->dsn))
+		{
+			$this->dsn = 'firebird:';
+
+			if ( ! empty($this->database))
+			{
+				$this->dsn .= 'dbname='.$this->database;
+			}
+			elseif ( ! empty($this->hostname))
+			{
+				$this->dsn .= 'dbname='.$this->hostname;
+			}
+
+			empty($this->char_set) OR $this->dsn .= ';charset='.$this->char_set;
+			empty($this->role) OR $this->dsn .= ';role='.$this->role;
+		}
+		elseif ( ! empty($this->char_set) && strpos($this->dsn, 'charset=', 9) === FALSE)
+		{
+			$this->dsn .= ';charset='.$this->char_set;
+		}
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Show table query
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the table names can be fetched
+	 *
+	 * @param	bool	$prefix_limit
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _list_tables($prefix_limit = FALSE)
+	{
+		$sql = 'SELECT "RDB$RELATION_NAME" FROM "RDB$RELATIONS" WHERE "RDB$RELATION_NAME" NOT LIKE \'RDB$%\' AND "RDB$RELATION_NAME" NOT LIKE \'MON$%\'';
+
+		if ($prefix_limit === TRUE && $this->dbprefix !== '')
+		{
+			return $sql.' AND "RDB$RELATION_NAME" LIKE \''.$this->escape_like_str($this->dbprefix)."%' "
+				.sprintf($this->_like_escape_str, $this->_like_escape_chr);
+		}
+
+		return $sql;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Show column query
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the column names can be fetched
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _list_columns($table = '')
+	{
+		return 'SELECT "RDB$FIELD_NAME" FROM "RDB$RELATION_FIELDS" WHERE "RDB$RELATION_NAME" = '.$this->escape($table);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns an object with field data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	public function field_data($table = '')
+	{
+		if ($table === '')
+		{
+			return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_field_param_missing') : FALSE;
+		}
+
+		$sql = 'SELECT "rfields"."RDB$FIELD_NAME" AS "name",
+				CASE "fields"."RDB$FIELD_TYPE"
+					WHEN 7 THEN \'SMALLINT\'
+					WHEN 8 THEN \'INTEGER\'
+					WHEN 9 THEN \'QUAD\'
+					WHEN 10 THEN \'FLOAT\'
+					WHEN 11 THEN \'DFLOAT\'
+					WHEN 12 THEN \'DATE\'
+					WHEN 13 THEN \'TIME\'
+					WHEN 14 THEN \'CHAR\'
+					WHEN 16 THEN \'INT64\'
+					WHEN 27 THEN \'DOUBLE\'
+					WHEN 35 THEN \'TIMESTAMP\'
+					WHEN 37 THEN \'VARCHAR\'
+					WHEN 40 THEN \'CSTRING\'
+					WHEN 261 THEN \'BLOB\'
+					ELSE NULL
+				END AS "type",
+				"fields"."RDB$FIELD_LENGTH" AS "max_length",
+				"rfields"."RDB$DEFAULT_VALUE" AS "default"
+			FROM "RDB$RELATION_FIELDS" "rfields"
+				JOIN "RDB$FIELDS" "fields" ON "rfields"."RDB$FIELD_SOURCE" = "fields"."RDB$FIELD_NAME"
+			WHERE "rfields"."RDB$RELATION_NAME" = '.$this->escape($table).'
+			ORDER BY "rfields"."RDB$FIELD_POSITION"';
+
+		return (($query = $this->query($sql)) !== FALSE)
+			? $query->result_object()
+			: FALSE;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Update statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific update string from the supplied data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @param	array	$values
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _update($table, $values)
+	{
+		$this->qb_limit = FALSE;
+		return parent::_update($table, $values);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Truncate statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific truncate string from the supplied data
+	 *
+	 * If the database does not support the TRUNCATE statement,
+	 * then this method maps to 'DELETE FROM table'
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	string
+         */
+	protected function _truncate($table)
+	{
+		return 'DELETE FROM '.$table;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Delete statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific delete string from the supplied data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _delete($table)
+	{
+		$this->qb_limit = FALSE;
+		return parent::_delete($table);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * LIMIT
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific LIMIT clause
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$sql	SQL Query
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _limit($sql)
+	{
+		// Limit clause depends on if Interbase or Firebird
+		if (stripos($this->version(), 'firebird') !== FALSE)
+		{
+			$select = 'FIRST '.$this->qb_limit
+				.($this->qb_offset > 0 ? ' SKIP '.$this->qb_offset : '');
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			$select = 'ROWS '
+				.($this->qb_offset > 0 ? $this->qb_offset.' TO '.($this->qb_limit + $this->qb_offset) : $this->qb_limit);
+		}
+
+		return preg_replace('`SELECT`i', 'SELECT '.$select, $sql);
+	}
+
+}
+
+/* End of file pdo_firebird_driver.php */
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_firebird_driver.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_firebird_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_firebird_forge.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7b86de97f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_firebird_forge.php
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+<?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.2.4 or newer
+ *
+ * NOTICE OF LICENSE
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
+ *
+ * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
+ * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
+ * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
+ * http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0
+ * If you did not receive a copy of the license and are unable to obtain it
+ * through the world wide web, please send an email to
+ * licensing@ellislab.com so we can send you a copy immediately.
+ *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2012, EllisLab, Inc. (http://ellislab.com/)
+ * @license		http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0 Open Software License (OSL 3.0)
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com
+ * @since		Version 2.1.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
+
+/**
+ * PDO Firebird Forge Class
+ *
+ * @category	Database
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ */
+class CI_DB_pdo_firebird_forge extends CI_DB_pdo_forge {
+
+	/**
+	 * RENAME TABLE statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_rename_table	= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * UNSIGNED support
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $_unsigned		= array(
+		'SMALLINT'	=> 'INTEGER',
+		'INTEGER'	=> 'INT64',
+		'FLOAT'		=> 'DOUBLE PRECISION'
+	);
+
+	/**
+	 * NULL value representation in CREATE/ALTER TABLE statements
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_null		= 'NULL';
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Create database
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$db_name
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	public function create_database($db_name)
+	{
+		// Firebird databases are flat files, so a path is required
+
+		// Hostname is needed for remote access
+		empty($this->db->hostname) OR $db_name = $this->hostname.':'.$db_name;
+
+		return parent::create_database('"'.$db_name.'"');
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Drop database
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$db_name	(ignored)
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function drop_database($db_name = '')
+	{
+		if ( ! ibase_drop_db($this->conn_id))
+		{
+			return ($this->db->db_debug) ? $this->db->display_error('db_unable_to_drop') : FALSE;
+		}
+		elseif ( ! empty($this->db->data_cache['db_names']))
+		{
+			$key = array_search(strtolower($this->db->database), array_map('strtolower', $this->db->data_cache['db_names']), TRUE);
+			if ($key !== FALSE)
+			{
+				unset($this->db->data_cache['db_names'][$key]);
+			}
+		}
+
+		return TRUE;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * ALTER TABLE
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$alter_type	ALTER type
+	 * @param	string	$table		Table name
+	 * @param	mixed	$field		Column definition
+	 * @return	string|string[]
+	 */
+	protected function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $field)
+ 	{
+		if (in_array($alter_type, array('DROP', 'ADD'), TRUE))
+		{
+			return parent::_alter_table($alter_type, $table, $field);
+		}
+
+		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($table);
+		$sqls = array();
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($field); $i < $c; $i++)
+		{
+			if ($field[$i]['_literal'] !== FALSE)
+			{
+				return FALSE;
+			}
+
+			if (isset($field[$i]['type']))
+			{
+				$sqls[] = $sql.' ALTER COLUMN '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($field[$i]['name'])
+					.' TYPE '.$field[$i]['type'].$field[$i]['length'];
+			}
+
+			if ( ! empty($field[$i]['default']))
+			{
+				$sqls[] = $sql.' ALTER COLUMN '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($field[$i]['name'])
+					.' SET DEFAULT '.$field[$i]['default'];
+			}
+
+			if (isset($field[$i]['null']))
+			{
+				$sqls[] = 'UPDATE "RDB$RELATION_FIELDS" SET "RDB$NULL_FLAG" = '
+					.($field[$i]['null'] === TRUE ? 'NULL' : '1')
+					.' WHERE "RDB$FIELD_NAME" = '.$this->db->escape($field[$i]['name'])
+					.' AND "RDB$RELATION_NAME" = '.$this->db->escape($table);
+			}
+
+			if ( ! empty($field[$i]['new_name']))
+			{
+				$sqls[] = $sql.' ALTER COLUMN '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($field[$i]['name'])
+					.' TO '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($field[$i]['new_name']);
+			}
+		}
+
+		return $sqls;
+ 	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Process column
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$field
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _process_column($field)
+	{
+		return $this->db->escape_identifiers($field['name'])
+			.' '.$field['type'].$field['length']
+			.$field['null']
+			.$field['unique']
+			.$field['default'];
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Field attribute TYPE
+	 *
+	 * Performs a data type mapping between different databases.
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	&$attributes
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _attr_type(&$attributes)
+	{
+		switch (strtoupper($attributes['TYPE']))
+		{
+			case 'TINYINT':
+				$attributes['TYPE'] = 'SMALLINT';
+				$attributes['UNSIGNED'] = FALSE;
+				return;
+			case 'MEDIUMINT':
+				$attributes['TYPE'] = 'INTEGER';
+				$attributes['UNSIGNED'] = FALSE;
+				return;
+			case 'INT':
+				$attributes['TYPE'] = 'INTEGER';
+				return;
+			case 'BIGINT':
+				$attributes['TYPE'] = 'INT64';
+				return;
+			default: return;
+		}
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Field attribute AUTO_INCREMENT
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	&$attributes
+	 * @param	array	&$field
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _attr_auto_increment(&$attributes, &$field)
+	{
+		// Not supported
+	}
+
+}
+
+/* End of file pdo_firebird_forge.php */
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_firebird_forge.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_ibm_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_ibm_driver.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2ef97cd6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_ibm_driver.php
@@ -0,0 +1,236 @@
+<?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.2.4 or newer
+ *
+ * NOTICE OF LICENSE
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
+ *
+ * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
+ * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
+ * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
+ * http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0
+ * If you did not receive a copy of the license and are unable to obtain it
+ * through the world wide web, please send an email to
+ * licensing@ellislab.com so we can send you a copy immediately.
+ *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2012, EllisLab, Inc. (http://ellislab.com/)
+ * @license		http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0 Open Software License (OSL 3.0)
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com
+ * @since		Version 3.0.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
+
+/**
+ * PDO IBM DB2 Database Adapter Class
+ *
+ * Note: _DB is an extender class that the app controller
+ * creates dynamically based on whether the query builder
+ * class is being used or not.
+ *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @subpackage	Drivers
+ * @category	Database
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ */
+class CI_DB_pdo_ibm_driver extends CI_DB_pdo_driver {
+
+	/**
+	 * Sub-driver
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $subdriver = 'ibm';
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Class constructor
+	 *
+	 * Builds the DSN if not already set.
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$params
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function __construct($params)
+	{
+		parent::__construct($params);
+
+		if (empty($this->dsn))
+		{
+			$this->dsn = 'ibm:';
+
+			// Pre-defined DSN
+			if (empty($this->hostname) && empty($this->HOSTNAME) && empty($this->port) && empty($this->PORT))
+			{
+				if (isset($this->DSN))
+				{
+					$this->dsn .= 'DSN='.$this->DSN;
+				}
+				elseif ( ! empty($this->database))
+				{
+					$this->dsn .= 'DSN='.$this->database;
+				}
+
+				return;
+			}
+
+			$this->dsn .= 'DRIVER='.(isset($this->DRIVER) ? '{'.$this->DRIVER.'}' : '{IBM DB2 ODBC DRIVER}').';';
+
+			if (isset($this->DATABASE))
+			{
+				$this->dsn .= 'DATABASE='.$this->DATABASE.';';
+			}
+			elseif ( ! empty($this->database))
+			{
+				$this->dsn .= 'DATABASE='.$this->database.';';
+			}
+
+			if (isset($this->HOSTNAME))
+			{
+				$this->dsn .= 'HOSTNAME='.$this->HOSTNAME.';';
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				$this->dsn .= 'HOSTNAME='.(empty($this->hostname) ? '127.0.0.1;' : $this->hostname.';');
+			}
+
+			if (isset($this->PORT))
+			{
+				$this->dsn .= 'PORT='.$this->port.';';
+			}
+			elseif ( ! empty($this->port))
+			{
+				$this->dsn .= ';PORT='.$this->port.';';
+			}
+
+			$this->dsn .= 'PROTOCOL='.(isset($this->PROTOCOL) ? $this->PROTOCOL.';' : 'TCPIP;');
+		}
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Show table query
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the table names can be fetched
+	 *
+	 * @param	bool	$prefix_limit
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _list_tables($prefix_limit = FALSE)
+	{
+		$sql = 'SELECT "tabname" FROM "syscat"."tables"
+			WHERE "type" = \'T\' AND LOWER("tabschema") = '.$this->escape(strtolower($this->database));
+
+		if ($prefix_limit === TRUE && $this->dbprefix !== '')
+		{
+			$sql .= ' AND "tabname" LIKE \''.$this->escape_like_str($this->dbprefix)."%' "
+				.sprintf($this->_like_escape_str, $this->_like_escape_chr);
+		}
+
+		return $sql;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Show column query
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the column names can be fetched
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	protected function _list_columns($table = '')
+	{
+		return 'SELECT "colname" FROM "syscat"."columns"
+			WHERE LOWER("tabschema") = '.$this->escape(strtolower($this->database)).'
+				AND LOWER("tabname") = '.$this->escape(strtolower($table));
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns an object with field data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	public function field_data($table = '')
+	{
+		$sql = 'SELECT "colname" AS "name", "typename" AS "type", "default" AS "default", "length" AS "max_length",
+				CASE "keyseq" WHEN NULL THEN 0 ELSE 1 END AS "primary_key"
+			FROM "syscat"."columns"
+			WHERE LOWER("tabschema") = '.$this->escape(strtolower($this->database)).'
+				AND LOWER("tabname") = '.$this->escape(strtolower($table)).'
+			ORDER BY "colno"';
+
+		return (($query = $this->query($sql)) !== FALSE)
+			? $query->result_object()
+			: FALSE;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Update statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific update string from the supplied data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @param	array	$values
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _update($table, $values)
+	{
+		$this->qb_limit = FALSE;
+		$this->qb_orderby = array();
+		return parent::_update($table, $values);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Delete statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific delete string from the supplied data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _delete($table)
+	{
+		$this->qb_limit = FALSE;
+		return parent::_delete($table);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * LIMIT
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific LIMIT clause
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$sql	SQL Query
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _limit($sql)
+	{
+		$sql .= ' FETCH FIRST '.($this->qb_limit + $this->qb_offset).' ROWS ONLY';
+
+		return ($this->qb_offset)
+			? 'SELECT * FROM ('.$sql.') WHERE rownum > '.$this->qb_offset
+			: $sql;
+	}
+
+}
+
+/* End of file pdo_ibm_driver.php */
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_ibm_driver.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_ibm_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_ibm_forge.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f095c717a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_ibm_forge.php
@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+<?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.2.4 or newer
+ *
+ * NOTICE OF LICENSE
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
+ *
+ * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
+ * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
+ * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
+ * http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0
+ * If you did not receive a copy of the license and are unable to obtain it
+ * through the world wide web, please send an email to
+ * licensing@ellislab.com so we can send you a copy immediately.
+ *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2012, EllisLab, Inc. (http://ellislab.com/)
+ * @license		http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0 Open Software License (OSL 3.0)
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com
+ * @since		Version 2.1.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
+
+/**
+ * PDO IBM DB2 Forge Class
+ *
+ * @category	Database
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ */
+class CI_DB_pdo_ibm_forge extends CI_DB_pdo_forge {
+
+	/**
+	 * RENAME TABLE IF statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_rename_table	= 'RENAME TABLE %s TO %s';
+
+	/**
+	 * UNSIGNED support
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $_unsigned		= array(
+		'SMALLINT'	=> 'INTEGER',
+		'INT'		=> 'BIGINT',
+		'INTEGER'	=> 'BIGINT'
+	);
+
+	/**
+	 * DEFAULT value representation in CREATE/ALTER TABLE statements
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_default		= FALSE;
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * ALTER TABLE
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$alter_type	ALTER type
+	 * @param	string	$table		Table name
+	 * @param	mixed	$field		Column definition
+	 * @return	string|string[]
+	 */
+	protected function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $field)
+	{
+		if ($alter_type === 'CHANGE')
+		{
+			$alter_type = 'MODIFY';
+		}
+
+		return parent::_alter_table($alter_type, $table, $field);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Field attribute TYPE
+	 *
+	 * Performs a data type mapping between different databases.
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	&$attributes
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _attr_type(&$attributes)
+	{
+		switch (strtoupper($attributes['TYPE']))
+		{
+			case 'TINYINT':
+				$attributes['TYPE'] = 'SMALLINT';
+				$attributes['UNSIGNED'] = FALSE;
+				return;
+			case 'MEDIUMINT':
+				$attributes['TYPE'] = 'INTEGER';
+				$attributes['UNSIGNED'] = FALSE;
+				return;
+			default: return;
+		}
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Field attribute UNIQUE
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	&$attributes
+	 * @param	array	&$field
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _attr_unique(&$attributes, &$field)
+	{
+		if ( ! empty($attributes['UNIQUE']) && $attributes['UNIQUE'] === TRUE)
+		{
+			$field['unique'] = ' UNIQUE';
+
+			// UNIQUE must be used with NOT NULL
+			$field['null'] = ' NOT NULL';
+		}
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Field attribute AUTO_INCREMENT
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	&$attributes
+	 * @param	array	&$field
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _attr_auto_increment(&$attributes, &$field)
+	{
+		// Not supported
+	}
+
+}
+
+/* End of file pdo_ibm_forge.php */
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_ibm_forge.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_informix_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_informix_driver.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cfb474eec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_informix_driver.php
@@ -0,0 +1,301 @@
+<?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.2.4 or newer
+ *
+ * NOTICE OF LICENSE
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
+ *
+ * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
+ * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
+ * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
+ * http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0
+ * If you did not receive a copy of the license and are unable to obtain it
+ * through the world wide web, please send an email to
+ * licensing@ellislab.com so we can send you a copy immediately.
+ *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2012, EllisLab, Inc. (http://ellislab.com/)
+ * @license		http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0 Open Software License (OSL 3.0)
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com
+ * @since		Version 3.0.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
+
+/**
+ * PDO Informix Database Adapter Class
+ *
+ * Note: _DB is an extender class that the app controller
+ * creates dynamically based on whether the query builder
+ * class is being used or not.
+ *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @subpackage	Drivers
+ * @category	Database
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ */
+class CI_DB_pdo_informix_driver extends CI_DB_pdo_driver {
+
+	/**
+	 * Sub-driver
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $subdriver = 'informix';
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * ORDER BY random keyword
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $_random_keyword = array('ASC', 'ASC'); // Currently not supported
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Class constructor
+	 *
+	 * Builds the DSN if not already set.
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$params
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function __construct($params)
+	{
+		parent::__construct($params);
+
+		if (empty($this->dsn))
+		{
+			$this->dsn = 'informix:';
+
+			// Pre-defined DSN
+			if (empty($this->hostname) && empty($this->host) && empty($this->port) && empty($this->service))
+			{
+				if (isset($this->DSN))
+				{
+					$this->dsn .= 'DSN='.$this->DSN;
+				}
+				elseif ( ! empty($this->database))
+				{
+					$this->dsn .= 'DSN='.$this->database;
+				}
+
+				return;
+			}
+
+			if (isset($this->host))
+			{
+				$this->dsn .= 'host='.$this->host;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				$this->dsn .= 'host='.(empty($this->hostname) ? '127.0.0.1' : $this->hostname);
+			}
+
+			if (isset($this->service))
+			{
+				$this->dsn .= '; service='.$this->service;
+			}
+			elseif ( ! empty($this->port))
+			{
+				$this->dsn .= '; service='.$this->port;
+			}
+
+			empty($this->database) OR $this->dsn .= '; database='.$this->database;
+			empty($this->server) OR $this->dsn .= '; server='.$this->server;
+
+			$this->dsn .= '; protocol='.(isset($this->protocol) ? $this->protocol : 'onsoctcp')
+				.'; EnableScrollableCursors=1';
+		}
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Show table query
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the table names can be fetched
+	 *
+	 * @param	bool	$prefix_limit
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _list_tables($prefix_limit = FALSE)
+	{
+		$sql = 'SELECT "tabname" FROM "systables"
+			WHERE "tabid" > 99 AND "tabtype" = \'T\' AND LOWER("owner") = '.$this->escape(strtolower($this->username));
+
+		if ($prefix_limit === TRUE && $this->dbprefix !== '')
+		{
+			$sql .= ' AND "tabname" LIKE \''.$this->escape_like_str($this->dbprefix)."%' "
+				.sprintf($this->_like_escape_str, $this->_like_escape_chr);
+		}
+
+		return $sql;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Show column query
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the column names can be fetched
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _list_columns($table = '')
+	{
+		if (strpos($table, '.') !== FALSE)
+		{
+			sscanf($table, '%[^.].%s', $owner, $table);
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			$owner = $this->username;
+		}
+
+		return 'SELECT "colname" FROM "systables", "syscolumns"
+			WHERE "systables"."tabid" = "syscolumns"."tabid"
+				AND "systables"."tabtype" = \'T\'
+				AND LOWER("systables"."owner") = '.$this->escape(strtolower($owner)).'
+				AND LOWER("systables"."tabname") = '.$this->escape(strtolower($table));
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns an object with field data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	public function field_data($table = '')
+	{
+		$sql = 'SELECT "syscolumns"."colname" AS "name",
+				CASE "syscolumns"."coltype"
+					WHEN 0 THEN \'CHAR\'
+					WHEN 1 THEN \'SMALLINT\'
+					WHEN 2 THEN \'INTEGER\'
+					WHEN 3 THEN \'FLOAT\'
+					WHEN 4 THEN \'SMALLFLOAT\'
+					WHEN 5 THEN \'DECIMAL\'
+					WHEN 6 THEN \'SERIAL\'
+					WHEN 7 THEN \'DATE\'
+					WHEN 8 THEN \'MONEY\'
+					WHEN 9 THEN \'NULL\'
+					WHEN 10 THEN \'DATETIME\'
+					WHEN 11 THEN \'BYTE\'
+					WHEN 12 THEN \'TEXT\'
+					WHEN 13 THEN \'VARCHAR\'
+					WHEN 14 THEN \'INTERVAL\'
+					WHEN 15 THEN \'NCHAR\'
+					WHEN 16 THEN \'NVARCHAR\'
+					WHEN 17 THEN \'INT8\'
+					WHEN 18 THEN \'SERIAL8\'
+					WHEN 19 THEN \'SET\'
+					WHEN 20 THEN \'MULTISET\'
+					WHEN 21 THEN \'LIST\'
+					WHEN 22 THEN \'Unnamed ROW\'
+					WHEN 40 THEN \'LVARCHAR\'
+					WHEN 41 THEN \'BLOB/CLOB/BOOLEAN\'
+					WHEN 4118 THEN \'Named ROW\'
+					ELSE "syscolumns"."coltype"
+				END AS "type",
+				"syscolumns"."collength" as "max_length",
+				CASE "sysdefaults"."type"
+					WHEN \'L\' THEN "sysdefaults"."default"
+					ELSE NULL
+				END AS "default"
+			FROM "syscolumns", "systables", "sysdefaults"
+			WHERE "syscolumns"."tabid" = "systables"."tabid"
+				AND "systables"."tabid" = "sysdefaults"."tabid"
+				AND "syscolumns"."colno" = "sysdefaults"."colno"
+				AND "systables"."tabtype" = \'T\'
+				AND LOWER("systables"."owner") = '.$this->escape(strtolower($this->username)).'
+				AND LOWER("systables"."tabname") = '.$this->escape(strtolower($table)).'
+			ORDER BY "syscolumns"."colno"';
+
+		return (($query = $this->query($sql)) !== FALSE)
+			? $query->result_object()
+			: FALSE;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Update statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific update string from the supplied data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @param	array	$values
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _update($table, $values)
+	{
+		$this->qb_limit = FALSE;
+		$this->qb_orderby = array();
+		return parent::_update($table, $values);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Truncate statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific truncate string from the supplied data
+	 *
+	 * If the database does not support the TRUNCATE statement,
+	 * then this method maps to 'DELETE FROM table'
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _truncate($table)
+	{
+		return 'TRUNCATE TABLE ONLY '.$table;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Delete statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific delete string from the supplied data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _delete($table)
+	{
+		$this->qb_limit = FALSE;
+		return parent::_delete($table);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * LIMIT
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific LIMIT clause
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$sql	$SQL Query
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _limit($sql)
+	{
+		$select = 'SELECT '.($this->qb_offset ? 'SKIP '.$this->qb_offset : '').'FIRST '.$this->qb_limit.' ';
+		return preg_replace('/^(SELECT\s)/i', $select, $sql, 1);
+	}
+
+}
+
+/* End of file pdo_informix_driver.php */
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_informix_driver.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_informix_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_informix_forge.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8722dd200
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_informix_forge.php
@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+<?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.2.4 or newer
+ *
+ * NOTICE OF LICENSE
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
+ *
+ * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
+ * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
+ * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
+ * http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0
+ * If you did not receive a copy of the license and are unable to obtain it
+ * through the world wide web, please send an email to
+ * licensing@ellislab.com so we can send you a copy immediately.
+ *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2012, EllisLab, Inc. (http://ellislab.com/)
+ * @license		http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0 Open Software License (OSL 3.0)
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com
+ * @since		Version 2.1.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
+
+/**
+ * PDO Informix Forge Class
+ *
+ * @category	Database
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ */
+class CI_DB_pdo_informix_forge extends CI_DB_pdo_forge {
+
+	/**
+	 * RENAME TABLE statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_rename_table	= 'RENAME TABLE %s TO %s';
+
+	/**
+	 * UNSIGNED support
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $_unsigned		= array(
+		'SMALLINT'	=> 'INTEGER',
+		'INT'		=> 'BIGINT',
+		'INTEGER'	=> 'BIGINT',
+		'REAL'		=> 'DOUBLE PRECISION',
+		'SMALLFLOAT'	=> 'DOUBLE PRECISION'
+	);
+
+	/**
+	 * DEFAULT value representation in CREATE/ALTER TABLE statements
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_default		= ', ';
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * ALTER TABLE
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$alter_type	ALTER type
+	 * @param	string	$table		Table name
+	 * @param	mixed	$field		Column definition
+	 * @return	string|string[]
+	 */
+	protected function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $field)
+	{
+		if ($alter_type === 'CHANGE')
+		{
+			$alter_type = 'MODIFY';
+		}
+
+		return parent::_alter_table($alter_type, $table, $field);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Field attribute TYPE
+	 *
+	 * Performs a data type mapping between different databases.
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	&$attributes
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _attr_type(&$attributes)
+	{
+		switch (strtoupper($attributes['TYPE']))
+		{
+			case 'TINYINT':
+				$attributes['TYPE'] = 'SMALLINT';
+				$attributes['UNSIGNED'] = FALSE;
+				return;
+			case 'MEDIUMINT':
+				$attributes['TYPE'] = 'INTEGER';
+				$attributes['UNSIGNED'] = FALSE;
+				return;
+			case 'BYTE':
+			case 'TEXT':
+			case 'BLOB':
+			case 'CLOB':
+				$attributes['UNIQUE'] = FALSE;
+				if (isset($attributes['DEFAULT']))
+				{
+					unset($attributes['DEFAULT']);
+				}
+				return;
+			default: return;
+		}
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Field attribute UNIQUE
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	&$attributes
+	 * @param	array	&$field
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _attr_unique(&$attributes, &$field)
+	{
+		if ( ! empty($attributes['UNIQUE']) && $attributes['UNIQUE'] === TRUE)
+		{
+			$field['unique'] = ' UNIQUE CONSTRAINT '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($field['name']);
+		}
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Field attribute AUTO_INCREMENT
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	&$attributes
+	 * @param	array	&$field
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _attr_auto_increment(&$attributes, &$field)
+	{
+		// Not supported
+	}
+
+}
+
+/* End of file pdo_informix_forge.php */
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_informix_forge.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_mysql_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_mysql_driver.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a29397205
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_mysql_driver.php
@@ -0,0 +1,283 @@
+<?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.2.4 or newer
+ *
+ * NOTICE OF LICENSE
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
+ *
+ * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
+ * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
+ * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
+ * http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0
+ * If you did not receive a copy of the license and are unable to obtain it
+ * through the world wide web, please send an email to
+ * licensing@ellislab.com so we can send you a copy immediately.
+ *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2012, EllisLab, Inc. (http://ellislab.com/)
+ * @license		http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0 Open Software License (OSL 3.0)
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com
+ * @since		Version 3.0.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
+
+/**
+ * PDO MySQL Database Adapter Class
+ *
+ * Note: _DB is an extender class that the app controller
+ * creates dynamically based on whether the query builder
+ * class is being used or not.
+ *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @subpackage	Drivers
+ * @category	Database
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ */
+class CI_DB_pdo_mysql_driver extends CI_DB_pdo_driver {
+
+	/**
+	 * Sub-driver
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $subdriver = 'mysql';
+
+	/**
+	 * Compression flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	public $compress = FALSE;
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Identifier escape character
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_escape_char = '`';
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Class constructor
+	 *
+	 * Builds the DSN if not already set.
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$params
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function __construct($params)
+	{
+		parent::__construct($params);
+
+		if (empty($this->dsn))
+		{
+			$this->dsn = 'mysql:host='.(empty($this->hostname) ? '127.0.0.1' : $this->hostname);
+
+			empty($this->port) OR $this->dsn .= ';port='.$this->port;
+			empty($this->database) OR $this->dsn .= ';dbname='.$this->database;
+			empty($this->char_set) OR $this->dsn .= ';charset='.$this->char_set;
+		}
+		elseif ( ! empty($this->char_set) && strpos($this->dsn, 'charset=', 6) === FALSE && is_php('5.3.6'))
+		{
+			$this->dsn .= ';charset='.$this->char_set;
+		}
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Database connection
+	 *
+	 * @param	bool	$persistent
+	 * @return	object
+	 * @todo	SSL support
+	 */
+	public function db_connect($persistent = FALSE)
+	{
+		/* Prior to PHP 5.3.6, even if the charset was supplied in the DSN
+		 * on connect - it was ignored. This is a work-around for the issue.
+		 *
+		 * Reference: http://www.php.net/manual/en/ref.pdo-mysql.connection.php
+		 */
+		if ( ! is_php('5.3.6') && ! empty($this->char_set))
+		{
+			$this->options[PDO::MYSQL_ATTR_INIT_COMMAND] = 'SET NAMES '.$this->char_set
+				.(empty($this->dbcollat) ? '' : ' COLLATE '.$this->dbcollat);
+		}
+
+		if ($this->compress === TRUE)
+		{
+			$this->options[PDO::MYSQL_ATTR_COMPRESS] = TRUE;
+		}
+
+		return parent::db_connect($persistent);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Show table query
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the table names can be fetched
+	 *
+	 * @param	bool	$prefix_limit
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _list_tables($prefix_limit = FALSE)
+	{
+		$sql = 'SHOW TABLES';
+
+		if ($prefix_limit === TRUE && $this->dbprefix !== '')
+		{
+			return $sql." LIKE '".$this->escape_like_str($this->dbprefix)."%'";
+		}
+
+		return $sql;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Show column query
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the column names can be fetched
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _list_columns($table = '')
+	{
+		return 'SHOW COLUMNS FROM '.$this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns an object with field data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	public function field_data($table = '')
+	{
+		if ($table === '')
+		{
+			return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_field_param_missing') : FALSE;
+		}
+
+		if (($query = $this->query('SHOW COLUMNS FROM '.$this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE))) === FALSE)
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+		$query = $query->result_object();
+
+		$retval = array();
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($query); $i < $c; $i++)
+		{
+			$retval[$i]			= new stdClass();
+			$retval[$i]->name		= $query[$i]->Field;
+
+			sscanf($query[$i]->Type, '%[a-z](%d)',
+				$retval[$i]->type,
+				$retval[$i]->max_length
+			);
+
+			$retval[$i]->default		= $query[$i]->Default;
+			$retval[$i]->primary_key	= (int) ($query[$i]->Key === 'PRI');
+		}
+
+		return $retval;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Update_Batch statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific batch update string from the supplied data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table	Table name
+	 * @param	array	$values	Update data
+	 * @param	string	$index	UPDATE key
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _update_batch($table, $values, $index)
+	{
+		$ids = array();
+		foreach ($values as $key => $val)
+		{
+			$ids[] = $val[$index];
+
+			foreach (array_keys($val) as $field)
+			{
+				if ($field !== $index)
+				{
+					$final[$field][] = 'WHEN '.$index.' = '.$val[$index].' THEN '.$val[$field];
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		$cases = '';
+		foreach ($final as $k => $v)
+		{
+			$cases .= $k." = CASE \n"
+				.implode("\n", $v)."\n"
+				.'ELSE '.$k.' END), ';
+		}
+
+		$this->where($index.' IN('.implode(',', $ids).')', NULL, FALSE);
+
+		return 'UPDATE '.$table.' SET '.substr($cases, 0, -2).$this->_compile_wh('qb_where');
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Truncate statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific truncate string from the supplied data
+	 *
+	 * If the database does not support the TRUNCATE statement,
+	 * then this method maps to 'DELETE FROM table'
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _truncate($table)
+	{
+		return 'TRUNCATE '.$table;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * FROM tables
+	 *
+	 * Groups tables in FROM clauses if needed, so there is no confusion
+	 * about operator precedence.
+	 *
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _from_tables()
+	{
+		if ( ! empty($this->qb_join) && count($this->qb_from) > 1)
+		{
+			return '('.implode(', ', $this->qb_from).')';
+		}
+
+		return implode(', ', $this->qb_from);
+	}
+
+}
+
+/* End of file pdo_mysql_driver.php */
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_mysql_driver.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_mysql_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_mysql_forge.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5a6de6b2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_mysql_forge.php
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+<?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.2.4 or newer
+ *
+ * NOTICE OF LICENSE
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
+ *
+ * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
+ * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
+ * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
+ * http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0
+ * If you did not receive a copy of the license and are unable to obtain it
+ * through the world wide web, please send an email to
+ * licensing@ellislab.com so we can send you a copy immediately.
+ *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2012, EllisLab, Inc. (http://ellislab.com/)
+ * @license		http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0 Open Software License (OSL 3.0)
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com
+ * @since		Version 2.1.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
+
+/**
+ * PDO MySQL Forge Class
+ *
+ * @category	Database
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ */
+class CI_DB_pdo_mysql_forge extends CI_DB_pdo_forge {
+
+	/**
+	 * CREATE DATABASE statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_create_database	= 'CREATE DATABASE %s CHARACTER SET %s COLLATE %s';
+
+	/**
+	 * CREATE TABLE IF statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_create_table_if	= 'CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS';
+
+	/**
+	 * CREATE TABLE keys flag
+	 *
+	 * Whether table keys are created from within the
+	 * CREATE TABLE statement.
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	protected $_create_table_keys	= TRUE;
+
+	/**
+	 * DROP TABLE IF statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_drop_table_if	= 'DROP TABLE IF EXISTS';
+
+	/**
+	 * UNSIGNED support
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $_unsigned		= array(
+		'TINYINT',
+		'SMALLINT',
+		'MEDIUMINT',
+		'INT',
+		'INTEGER',
+		'BIGINT',
+		'REAL',
+		'DOUBLE',
+		'DOUBLE PRECISION',
+		'FLOAT',
+		'DECIMAL',
+		'NUMERIC'
+	);
+
+	/**
+	 * NULL value representation in CREATE/ALTER TABLE statements
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_null		= 'NULL';
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Class constructor
+	 *
+	 * @param	object	&$db	Database object
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function __construct(&$db)
+	{
+		parent::__construct($db);
+
+		$this->_create_table .= ' DEFAULT CHARSET '.$this->db->char_set.' COLLATE '.$this->db->dbcollat;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * ALTER TABLE
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$alter_type	ALTER type
+	 * @param	string	$table		Table name
+	 * @param	mixed	$field		Column definition
+	 * @return	string|string[]
+	 */
+	protected function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $field)
+	{
+		if ($alter_type === 'DROP')
+		{
+			return parent::_alter_table($alter_type, $table, $field);
+		}
+
+		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($table);
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($field); $i < $c; $i++)
+		{
+			if ($field[$i]['_literal'] !== FALSE)
+			{
+				$field[$i] = ($alter_type === 'ADD')
+						? "\n\tADD ".$field[$i]['_literal']
+						: "\n\tMODIFY ".$field[$i]['_literal'];
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				if ($alter_type === 'ADD')
+				{
+					$field[$i]['_literal'] = "\n\tADD ";
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					$field[$i]['_literal'] = empty($field[$i]['new_name']) ? "\n\tMODIFY " : "\n\tCHANGE ";
+				}
+
+				$field[$i] = $field[$i]['_literal'].$this->_process_column($field[$i]);
+			}
+		}
+
+		return array($sql.implode(',', $field));
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Process column
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$field
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _process_column($field)
+	{
+		$extra_clause = isset($field['after'])
+			? ' AFTER '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($field['after']) : '';
+
+		if (empty($extra_clause) && isset($field['first']) && $field['first'] === TRUE)
+		{
+			$extra_clause = ' FIRST';
+		}
+
+		return $this->db->escape_identifiers($field['name'])
+			.(empty($field['new_name']) ? '' : ' '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($field['new_name']))
+			.' '.$field['type'].$field['length']
+			.$field['unsigned']
+			.$field['null']
+			.$field['default']
+			.$field['auto_increment']
+			.$field['unique']
+			.$extra_clause;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Process indexes
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table	(ignored)
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _process_indexes($table)
+	{
+		$sql = '';
+
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($this->keys); $i < $c; $i++)
+		{
+			if (is_array($this->keys[$i]))
+			{
+				for ($i2 = 0, $c2 = count($this->keys[$i]); $i2 < $c2; $i2++)
+				{
+					if ( ! isset($this->fields[$this->keys[$i][$i2]]))
+					{
+						unset($this->keys[$i][$i2]);
+						continue;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			elseif ( ! isset($this->fields[$this->keys[$i]]))
+			{
+				unset($this->keys[$i]);
+				continue;
+			}
+
+			is_array($this->keys[$i]) OR $this->keys[$i] = array($this->keys[$i]);
+
+			$sql .= ",\n\tKEY ".$this->db->escape_identifiers(implode('_', $this->keys[$i]))
+				.' ('.implode(', ', $this->db->escape_identifiers($this->keys[$i])).')';
+		}
+
+		$this->keys = array();
+
+		return $sql;
+	}
+
+}
+
+/* End of file pdo_mysql_forge.php */
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_mysql_forge.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_oci_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_oci_driver.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..57df558ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_oci_driver.php
@@ -0,0 +1,291 @@
+<?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.2.4 or newer
+ *
+ * NOTICE OF LICENSE
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
+ *
+ * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
+ * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
+ * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
+ * http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0
+ * If you did not receive a copy of the license and are unable to obtain it
+ * through the world wide web, please send an email to
+ * licensing@ellislab.com so we can send you a copy immediately.
+ *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2012, EllisLab, Inc. (http://ellislab.com/)
+ * @license		http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0 Open Software License (OSL 3.0)
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com
+ * @since		Version 3.0.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
+
+/**
+ * PDO Oracle Database Adapter Class
+ *
+ * Note: _DB is an extender class that the app controller
+ * creates dynamically based on whether the query builder
+ * class is being used or not.
+ *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @subpackage	Drivers
+ * @category	Database
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ */
+class CI_DB_pdo_oci_driver extends CI_DB_pdo_driver {
+
+	/**
+	 * Sub-driver
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $subdriver = 'oci';
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * List of reserved identifiers
+	 *
+	 * Identifiers that must NOT be escaped.
+	 *
+	 * @var	string[]
+	 */
+	protected $_reserved_identifiers = array('*', 'rownum');
+
+	/**
+	 * ORDER BY random keyword
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $_random_keyword = array('ASC', 'ASC'); // Currently not supported
+
+	/**
+	 * COUNT string
+	 *
+	 * @used-by	CI_DB_driver::count_all()
+	 * @used-by	CI_DB_query_builder::count_all_results()
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_count_string = 'SELECT COUNT(1) AS ';
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Class constructor
+	 *
+	 * Builds the DSN if not already set.
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$params
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function __construct($params)
+	{
+		parent::__construct($params);
+
+		if (empty($this->dsn))
+		{
+			$this->dsn = 'oci:dbname=';
+
+			// Oracle has a slightly different PDO DSN format (Easy Connect),
+			// which also supports pre-defined DSNs.
+			if (empty($this->hostname) && empty($this->port))
+			{
+				$this->dsn .= $this->database;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				$this->dsn .= '//'.(empty($this->hostname) ? '127.0.0.1' : $this->hostname)
+					.(empty($this->port) ? '' : ':'.$this->port).'/';
+
+				empty($this->database) OR $this->dsn .= $this->database;
+			}
+
+			empty($this->char_set) OR $this->dsn .= ';charset='.$this->char_set;
+		}
+		elseif ( ! empty($this->char_set) && strpos($this->dsn, 'charset=', 4) === FALSE)
+		{
+			$this->dsn .= ';charset='.$this->char_set;
+		}
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Show table query
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the table names can be fetched
+	 *
+	 * @param	bool	$prefix_limit
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _list_tables($prefix_limit = FALSE)
+	{
+		$sql = 'SELECT "TABLE_NAME" FROM "ALL_TABLES"';
+
+		if ($prefix_limit === TRUE && $this->dbprefix !== '')
+		{
+			return $sql.' WHERE "TABLE_NAME" LIKE \''.$this->escape_like_str($this->dbprefix)."%' "
+				.sprintf($this->_like_escape_str, $this->_like_escape_chr);
+		}
+
+		return $sql;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Show column query
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the column names can be fetched
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _list_columns($table = '')
+	{
+		if (strpos($table, '.') !== FALSE)
+		{
+			sscanf($table, '%[^.].%s', $owner, $table);
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			$owner = $this->username;
+		}
+
+		return 'SELECT COLUMN_NAME FROM ALL_TAB_COLUMNS
+			WHERE UPPER(OWNER) = '.$this->escape(strtoupper($owner)).'
+				AND UPPER(TABLE_NAME) = '.$this->escape(strtoupper($table));
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns an object with field data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	public function field_data($table = '')
+	{
+		if ($table === '')
+		{
+			return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_field_param_missing') : FALSE;
+		}
+		elseif (strpos($table, '.') !== FALSE)
+		{
+			sscanf($table, '%[^.].%s', $owner, $table);
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			$owner = $this->username;
+		}
+
+		$sql = 'SELECT COLUMN_NAME, DATA_TYPE, CHAR_LENGTH, DATA_PRECISION, DATA_LENGTH, DATA_DEFAULT, NULLABLE
+			FROM ALL_TAB_COLUMNS
+			WHERE UPPER(OWNER) = '.$this->escape(strtoupper($owner)).'
+				AND UPPER(TABLE_NAME) = '.$this->escape(strtoupper($table));
+
+		if (($query = $this->query($sql)) === FALSE)
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+		$query = $query->result_object();
+
+		$retval = array();
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($query); $i < $c; $i++)
+		{
+			$retval[$i]			= new stdClass();
+			$retval[$i]->name		= $query[$i]->COLUMN_NAME;
+			$retval[$i]->type		= $query[$i]->DATA_TYPE;
+
+			$length = ($query[$i]->CHAR_LENGTH > 0)
+				? $query[$i]->CHAR_LENGTH : $query[$i]->DATA_PRECISION;
+			if ($length === NULL)
+			{
+				$length = $query[$i]->DATA_LENGTH;
+			}
+			$retval[$i]->max_length		= $length;
+
+			$default = $query[$i]->DATA_DEFAULT;
+			if ($default === NULL && $query[$i]->NULLABLE === 'N')
+			{
+				$default = '';
+			}
+			$retval[$i]->default		= $query[$i]->COLUMN_DEFAULT;
+		}
+
+		return $retval;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Insert batch statement
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table	Table name
+	 * @param	array	$keys	INSERT keys
+	 * @param	array	$values	INSERT values
+	 * @return 	string
+	 */
+	protected function _insert_batch($table, $keys, $values)
+	{
+		$keys = implode(', ', $keys);
+		$sql = "INSERT ALL\n";
+
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($values); $i < $c; $i++)
+		{
+			$sql .= '	INTO '.$table.' ('.$keys.') VALUES '.$values[$i]."\n";
+		}
+
+		return $sql.'SELECT * FROM dual';
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Delete statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific delete string from the supplied data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _delete($table)
+	{
+		if ($this->qb_limit)
+		{
+			$this->where('rownum <= ',$this->qb_limit, FALSE);
+			$this->qb_limit = FALSE;
+		}
+
+		return parent::_delete($table);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * LIMIT
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific LIMIT clause
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$sql	SQL Query
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _limit($sql)
+	{
+		return 'SELECT * FROM (SELECT inner_query.*, rownum rnum FROM ('.$sql.') inner_query WHERE rownum < '.($this->qb_offset + $this->qb_limit + 1).')'
+			.($this->qb_offset ? ' WHERE rnum >= '.($this->qb_offset + 1): '');
+	}
+
+}
+
+/* End of file pdo_oci_driver.php */
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_oci_driver.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_oci_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_oci_forge.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6d51a14b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_oci_forge.php
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+<?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.2.4 or newer
+ *
+ * NOTICE OF LICENSE
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
+ *
+ * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
+ * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
+ * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
+ * http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0
+ * If you did not receive a copy of the license and are unable to obtain it
+ * through the world wide web, please send an email to
+ * licensing@ellislab.com so we can send you a copy immediately.
+ *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2012, EllisLab, Inc. (http://ellislab.com/)
+ * @license		http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0 Open Software License (OSL 3.0)
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com
+ * @since		Version 2.1.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
+
+/**
+ * PDO Oracle Forge Class
+ *
+ * @category	Database
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ */
+class CI_DB_pdo_oci_forge extends CI_DB_pdo_forge {
+
+	/**
+	 * CREATE DATABASE statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_create_database	= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * DROP DATABASE statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_drop_database	= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * CREATE TABLE IF statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_create_table_if	= 'CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS';
+
+	/**
+	 * UNSIGNED support
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool|array
+	 */
+	protected $_unsigned		= FALSE;
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * ALTER TABLE
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$alter_type	ALTER type
+	 * @param	string	$table		Table name
+	 * @param	mixed	$field		Column definition
+	 * @return	string|string[]
+	 */
+	protected function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $field)
+	{
+		if ($alter_type === 'DROP')
+		{
+			return parent::_alter_table($alter_type, $table, $field);
+		}
+		elseif ($alter_type === 'CHANGE')
+		{
+			$alter_type = 'MODIFY';
+		}
+
+		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($table);
+		$sqls = array();
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($field); $i < $c; $i++)
+		{
+			if ($field[$i]['_literal'] !== FALSE)
+			{
+				$field[$i] = "\n\t".$field[$i]['_literal'];
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				$field[$i]['_literal'] = "\n\t".$this->_process_column($field[$i]);
+				if ($alter_type === 'MODIFY' && ! empty($field[$i]['new_name']))
+				{
+					$sqls[] = $sql.' RENAME COLUMN '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($field[$i]['name'])
+						.' '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($field[$i]['new_name']);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		$sql .= ' '.$alter_type.' ';
+		$sql .= (count($field) === 1)
+				? $field[0]
+				: '('.implode(',', $field).')';
+
+		// RENAME COLUMN must be executed after MODIFY
+		array_unshift($sqls, $sql);
+		return $sql;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Field attribute AUTO_INCREMENT
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	&$attributes
+	 * @param	array	&$field
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _attr_auto_increment(&$attributes, &$field)
+	{
+		// Not supported - sequences and triggers must be used instead
+	}
+
+}
+
+/* End of file pdo_oci_forge.php */
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_oci_forge.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_odbc_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_odbc_driver.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c940a7b1f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_odbc_driver.php
@@ -0,0 +1,258 @@
+<?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.2.4 or newer
+ *
+ * NOTICE OF LICENSE
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
+ *
+ * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
+ * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
+ * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
+ * http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0
+ * If you did not receive a copy of the license and are unable to obtain it
+ * through the world wide web, please send an email to
+ * licensing@ellislab.com so we can send you a copy immediately.
+ *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2012, EllisLab, Inc. (http://ellislab.com/)
+ * @license		http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0 Open Software License (OSL 3.0)
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com
+ * @since		Version 3.0.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
+
+/**
+ * PDO ODBC Database Adapter Class
+ *
+ * Note: _DB is an extender class that the app controller
+ * creates dynamically based on whether the query builder
+ * class is being used or not.
+ *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @subpackage	Drivers
+ * @category	Database
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ */
+class CI_DB_pdo_odbc_driver extends CI_DB_pdo_driver {
+
+	/**
+	 * Sub-driver
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $subdriver = 'odbc';
+
+	/**
+	 * Database schema
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $schema = 'public';
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Identifier escape character
+	 *
+	 * Must be empty for ODBC.
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_escape_char = '';
+
+	/**
+	 * ESCAPE statement string
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_like_escape_str = " {escape '%s'} ";
+
+	/**
+	 * ORDER BY random keyword
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $_random_keyword = array('RND()', 'RND(%d)');
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Class constructor
+	 *
+	 * Builds the DSN if not already set.
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$params
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function __construct($params)
+	{
+		parent::__construct($params);
+
+		if (empty($this->dsn))
+		{
+			$this->dsn = 'odbc:';
+
+			// Pre-defined DSN
+			if (empty($this->hostname) && empty($this->HOSTNAME) && empty($this->port) && empty($this->PORT))
+			{
+				if (isset($this->DSN))
+				{
+					$this->dsn .= 'DSN='.$this->DSN;
+				}
+				elseif ( ! empty($this->database))
+				{
+					$this->dsn .= 'DSN='.$this->database;
+				}
+
+				return;
+			}
+
+			// If the DSN is not pre-configured - try to build an IBM DB2 connection string
+			$this->dsn .= 'DRIVER='.(isset($this->DRIVER) ? '{'.$this->DRIVER.'}' : '{IBM DB2 ODBC DRIVER}').';';
+
+			if (isset($this->DATABASE))
+			{
+				$this->dsn .= 'DATABASE='.$this->DATABASE.';';
+			}
+			elseif ( ! empty($this->database))
+			{
+				$this->dsn .= 'DATABASE='.$this->database.';';
+			}
+
+			if (isset($this->HOSTNAME))
+			{
+				$this->dsn .= 'HOSTNAME='.$this->HOSTNAME.';';
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				$this->dsn .= 'HOSTNAME='.(empty($this->hostname) ? '127.0.0.1;' : $this->hostname.';');
+			}
+
+			if (isset($this->PORT))
+			{
+				$this->dsn .= 'PORT='.$this->port.';';
+			}
+			elseif ( ! empty($this->port))
+			{
+				$this->dsn .= ';PORT='.$this->port.';';
+			}
+
+			$this->dsn .= 'PROTOCOL='.(isset($this->PROTOCOL) ? $this->PROTOCOL.';' : 'TCPIP;');
+		}
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Show table query
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the table names can be fetched
+	 *
+	 * @param	bool	$prefix_limit
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _list_tables($prefix_limit = FALSE)
+	{
+		$sql = "SELECT table_name FROM information_schema.tables WHERE table_schema = '".$this->schema."'";
+
+		if ($prefix_limit !== FALSE && $this->dbprefix !== '')
+		{
+			return $sql." AND table_name LIKE '".$this->escape_like_str($this->dbprefix)."%' "
+				.sprintf($this->_like_escape_str, $this->_like_escape_chr);
+		}
+
+		return $sql;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Show column query
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the column names can be fetched
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _list_columns($table = '')
+	{
+		return 'SELECT column_name FROM information_schema.columns WHERE table_name = '.$this->escape($table);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Update statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific update string from the supplied data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @param	array	$values
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _update($table, $values)
+	{
+		$this->qb_limit = FALSE;
+		$this->qb_orderby = array();
+		return parent::_update($table, $values);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Truncate statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific truncate string from the supplied data
+	 *
+	 * If the database does not support the TRUNCATE statement,
+	 * then this method maps to 'DELETE FROM table'
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _truncate($table)
+	{
+		return 'DELETE FROM '.$table;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Delete statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific delete string from the supplied data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _delete($table)
+	{
+		$this->qb_limit = FALSE;
+		return parent::_delete($table);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * LIMIT
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific LIMIT clause
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$sql	SQL Query
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _limit($sql)
+	{
+		return preg_replace('/(^\SELECT (DISTINCT)?)/i','\\1 TOP '.$this->qb_limit.' ', $sql);
+	}
+
+}
+
+/* End of file pdo_odbc_driver.php */
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_odbc_driver.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_odbc_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_odbc_forge.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ab4d2bf84
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_odbc_forge.php
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+<?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.2.4 or newer
+ *
+ * NOTICE OF LICENSE
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
+ *
+ * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
+ * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
+ * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
+ * http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0
+ * If you did not receive a copy of the license and are unable to obtain it
+ * through the world wide web, please send an email to
+ * licensing@ellislab.com so we can send you a copy immediately.
+ *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2012, EllisLab, Inc. (http://ellislab.com/)
+ * @license		http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0 Open Software License (OSL 3.0)
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com
+ * @since		Version 2.1.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
+
+/**
+ * PDO ODBC Forge Class
+ *
+ * @category	Database
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com/database/
+ */
+class CI_DB_pdo_odbc_forge extends CI_DB_pdo_forge {
+
+	/**
+	 * UNSIGNED support
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool|array
+	 */
+	protected $_unsigned		= FALSE;
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Field attribute AUTO_INCREMENT
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	&$attributes
+	 * @param	array	&$field
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _attr_auto_increment(&$attributes, &$field)
+	{
+		// Not supported (in most databases at least)
+	}
+
+}
+
+/* End of file pdo_odbc_forge.php */
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_odbc_forge.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_pgsql_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_pgsql_driver.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2eb0606b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_pgsql_driver.php
@@ -0,0 +1,357 @@
+<?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.2.4 or newer
+ *
+ * NOTICE OF LICENSE
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
+ *
+ * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
+ * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
+ * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
+ * http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0
+ * If you did not receive a copy of the license and are unable to obtain it
+ * through the world wide web, please send an email to
+ * licensing@ellislab.com so we can send you a copy immediately.
+ *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2012, EllisLab, Inc. (http://ellislab.com/)
+ * @license		http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0 Open Software License (OSL 3.0)
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com
+ * @since		Version 3.0.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
+
+/**
+ * PDO PostgreSQL Database Adapter Class
+ *
+ * Note: _DB is an extender class that the app controller
+ * creates dynamically based on whether the query builder
+ * class is being used or not.
+ *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @subpackage	Drivers
+ * @category	Database
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ */
+class CI_DB_pdo_pgsql_driver extends CI_DB_pdo_driver {
+
+	/**
+	 * Sub-driver
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $subdriver = 'pgsql';
+
+	/**
+	 * Database schema
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $schema = 'public';
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * ORDER BY random keyword
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $_random_keyword = array('RANDOM()', 'RANDOM()');
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Class constructor
+	 *
+	 * Builds the DSN if not already set.
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$params
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function __construct($params)
+	{
+		parent::__construct($params);
+
+		if (empty($this->dsn))
+		{
+			$this->dsn = 'pgsql:host='.(empty($this->hostname) ? '127.0.0.1' : $this->hostname);
+
+			empty($this->port) OR $this->dsn .= ';port='.$this->port;
+			empty($this->database) OR $this->dsn .= ';dbname='.$this->database;
+		}
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Database connection
+	 *
+	 * @param	bool	$persistent
+	 * @return	object
+	 */
+	public function db_connect($persistent = FALSE)
+	{
+		$this->conn_id = parent::db_connect($persistent);
+
+		if (is_object($this->conn_id) && ! empty($this->schema))
+		{
+			$this->simple_query('SET search_path TO '.$this->schema.',public');
+		}
+
+		return $this->conn_id;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Insert ID
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$name
+	 * @return	int
+	 */
+	public function insert_id($name = NULL)
+	{
+		if ($name === NULL && version_compare($this->version(), '8.1', '>='))
+		{
+			$query = $this->query('SELECT LASTVAL() AS ins_id');
+			$query = $query->row();
+			return $query->ins_id;
+		}
+
+		return $this->conn_id->lastInsertId($name);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * "Smart" Escape String
+	 *
+	 * Escapes data based on type
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$str
+	 * @return	mixed
+	 */
+	public function escape($str)
+	{
+		if (is_bool($str))
+		{
+			return ($str) ? 'TRUE' : 'FALSE';
+		}
+
+		return parent::escape($str);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * ORDER BY
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$orderby
+	 * @param	string	$direction	ASC or DESC
+	 * @param	bool	$escape
+	 * @return	object
+	 */
+	public function order_by($orderby, $direction = '', $escape = NULL)
+	{
+		$direction = strtoupper(trim($direction));
+		if ($direction === 'RANDOM')
+		{
+			if ( ! is_float($orderby) && ctype_digit((string) $orderby))
+			{
+				$orderby = ($orderby > 1)
+					? (float) '0.'.$orderby
+					: (float) $orderby;
+			}
+
+			if (is_float($orderby))
+			{
+				$this->simple_query('SET SEED '.$orderby);
+			}
+
+			$orderby = $this->_random_keyword[0];
+			$direction = '';
+			$escape = FALSE;
+		}
+
+		return parent::order_by($orderby, $direction, $escape);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Show table query
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the table names can be fetched
+	 *
+	 * @param	bool	$prefix_limit
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _list_tables($prefix_limit = FALSE)
+	{
+		$sql = 'SELECT "table_name" FROM "information_schema"."tables" WHERE "table_schema" = \''.$this->schema."'";
+
+		if ($prefix_limit === TRUE && $this->dbprefix !== '')
+		{
+			return $sql.' AND "table_name" LIKE \''
+				.$this->escape_like_str($this->dbprefix)."%' "
+				.sprintf($this->_like_escape_str, $this->_like_escape_chr);
+		}
+
+		return $sql;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * List column query
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the column names can be fetched
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _list_columns($table = '')
+	{
+		return 'SELECT "column_name"
+			FROM "information_schema"."columns"
+			WHERE LOWER("table_name") = '.$this->escape(strtolower($table));
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns an object with field data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	public function field_data($table = '')
+	{
+		if ($table === '')
+		{
+			return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_field_param_missing') : FALSE;
+		}
+
+		$sql = 'SELECT "column_name", "data_type", "character_maximum_length", "numeric_precision", "column_default"
+			FROM "information_schema"."columns"
+			WHERE LOWER("table_name") = '.$this->escape(strtolower($table));
+
+		if (($query = $this->query($sql)) === FALSE)
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+		$query = $query->result_object();
+
+		$retval = array();
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($query); $i < $c; $i++)
+		{
+			$retval[$i]			= new stdClass();
+			$retval[$i]->name		= $query[$i]->column_name;
+			$retval[$i]->type		= $query[$i]->data_type;
+			$retval[$i]->max_length		= ($query[$i]->character_maximum_length > 0) ? $query[$i]->character_maximum_length : $query[$i]->numeric_precision;
+			$retval[$i]->default		= $query[$i]->column_default;
+		}
+
+		return $retval;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Update statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific update string from the supplied data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @param	array	$values
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _update($table, $values)
+	{
+		$this->qb_limit = FALSE;
+		$this->qb_orderby = array();
+		return parent::_update($table, $values);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Update_Batch statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific batch update string from the supplied data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table	Table name
+	 * @param	array	$values	Update data
+	 * @param	string	$index	WHERE key
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _update_batch($table, $values, $index)
+	{
+		$ids = array();
+		foreach ($values as $key => $val)
+		{
+			$ids[] = $val[$index];
+
+			foreach (array_keys($val) as $field)
+			{
+				if ($field !== $index)
+				{
+					$final[$field][] = 'WHEN '.$val[$index].' THEN '.$val[$field];
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		$cases = '';
+		foreach ($final as $k => $v)
+		{
+			$cases .= $k.' = (CASE '.$index."\n"
+				.implode("\n", $v)."\n"
+				.'ELSE '.$k.' END), ';
+		}
+
+		$this->where($index.' IN('.implode(',', $ids).')', NULL, FALSE);
+
+		return 'UPDATE '.$table.' SET '.substr($cases, 0, -2).$this->_compile_wh('qb_where');
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Delete statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific delete string from the supplied data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _delete($table)
+	{
+		$this->qb_limit = FALSE;
+		return parent::_delete($table);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * LIMIT
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific LIMIT clause
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$sql	SQL Query
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _limit($sql)
+	{
+		return $sql.' LIMIT '.$this->qb_limit.($this->qb_offset ? ' OFFSET '.$this->qb_offset : '');
+	}
+
+}
+
+/* End of file pdo_pgsql_driver.php */
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_pgsql_driver.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_pgsql_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_pgsql_forge.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a24c898af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_pgsql_forge.php
@@ -0,0 +1,195 @@
+<?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.2.4 or newer
+ *
+ * NOTICE OF LICENSE
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
+ *
+ * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
+ * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
+ * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
+ * http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0
+ * If you did not receive a copy of the license and are unable to obtain it
+ * through the world wide web, please send an email to
+ * licensing@ellislab.com so we can send you a copy immediately.
+ *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2012, EllisLab, Inc. (http://ellislab.com/)
+ * @license		http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0 Open Software License (OSL 3.0)
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com
+ * @since		Version 2.1.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
+
+/**
+ * PDO PostgreSQL Forge Class
+ *
+ * @category	Database
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ */
+class CI_DB_pdo_pgsql_forge extends CI_DB_pdo_forge {
+
+	/**
+	 * DROP TABLE IF statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_drop_table_if	= 'DROP TABLE IF EXISTS';
+
+	/**
+	 * UNSIGNED support
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $_unsigned		= array(
+		'INT2'		=> 'INTEGER',
+		'SMALLINT'	=> 'INTEGER',
+		'INT'		=> 'BIGINT',
+		'INT4'		=> 'BIGINT',
+		'INTEGER'	=> 'BIGINT',
+		'INT8'		=> 'NUMERIC',
+		'BIGINT'	=> 'NUMERIC',
+		'REAL'		=> 'DOUBLE PRECISION',
+		'FLOAT'		=> 'DOUBLE PRECISION'
+	);
+
+	/**
+	 * NULL value representation in CREATE/ALTER TABLE statements
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_null		= 'NULL';
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Class constructor
+	 *
+	 * @param	object	&$db	Database object
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function __construct(&$db)
+	{
+		parent::__construct($db);
+
+		if (version_compare($this->db->version(), '9.0', '>'))
+		{
+			$this->create_table_if = 'CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS';
+		}
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * ALTER TABLE
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$alter_type	ALTER type
+	 * @param	string	$table		Table name
+	 * @param	mixed	$field		Column definition
+	 * @return	string|string[]
+	 */
+	protected function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $field)
+ 	{
+		if (in_array($alter_type, array('DROP', 'ADD'), TRUE))
+		{
+			return parent::_alter_table($alter_type, $table, $field);
+		}
+
+		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($table);
+		$sqls = array();
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($field); $i < $c; $i++)
+		{
+			if ($field[$i]['_literal'] !== FALSE)
+			{
+				return FALSE;
+			}
+
+			if (version_compare($this->db->version(), '8', '>=') && isset($field[$i]['type']))
+			{
+				$sqls[] = $sql.' ALTER COLUMN '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($field[$i]['name'])
+					.' TYPE '.$field[$i]['type'].$field[$i]['length'];
+			}
+
+			if ( ! empty($field[$i]['default']))
+			{
+				$sqls[] = $sql.' ALTER COLUMN '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($field[$i]['name'])
+					.' SET DEFAULT '.$field[$i]['default'];
+			}
+
+			if (isset($field[$i]['null']))
+			{
+				$sqls[] = $sql.' ALTER COLUMN '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($field[$i]['name'])
+					.($field[$i]['null'] === TRUE ? ' DROP NOT NULL' : ' SET NOT NULL');
+			}
+
+			if ( ! empty($field[$i]['new_name']))
+			{
+				$sqls[] = $sql.' RENAME COLUMN '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($field[$i]['name'])
+					.' TO '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($field[$i]['new_name']);
+			}
+		}
+
+		return $sqls;
+ 	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Field attribute TYPE
+	 *
+	 * Performs a data type mapping between different databases.
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	&$attributes
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _attr_type(&$attributes)
+	{
+		// Reset field lenghts for data types that don't support it
+		if (isset($attributes['CONSTRAINT']) && stripos($attributes['TYPE'], 'int') !== FALSE)
+		{
+			$attributes['CONSTRAINT'] = NULL;
+		}
+
+		switch (strtoupper($attributes['TYPE']))
+		{
+			case 'TINYINT':
+				$attributes['TYPE'] = 'SMALLINT';
+				$attributes['UNSIGNED'] = FALSE;
+				return;
+			case 'MEDIUMINT':
+				$attributes['TYPE'] = 'INTEGER';
+				$attributes['UNSIGNED'] = FALSE;
+				return;
+			default: return;
+		}
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Field attribute AUTO_INCREMENT
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	&$attributes
+	 * @param	array	&$field
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _attr_auto_increment(&$attributes, &$field)
+	{
+		if ( ! empty($attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT']) && $attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT'] === TRUE)
+		{
+			$field['type'] = ($field['type'] === 'NUMERIC')
+						? 'BIGSERIAL'
+						: 'SERIAL';
+		}
+	}
+
+}
+
+/* End of file pdo_pgsql_forge.php */
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_pgsql_forge.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_sqlite_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_sqlite_driver.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..568044e2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_sqlite_driver.php
@@ -0,0 +1,202 @@
+<?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.2.4 or newer
+ *
+ * NOTICE OF LICENSE
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
+ *
+ * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
+ * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
+ * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
+ * http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0
+ * If you did not receive a copy of the license and are unable to obtain it
+ * through the world wide web, please send an email to
+ * licensing@ellislab.com so we can send you a copy immediately.
+ *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2012, EllisLab, Inc. (http://ellislab.com/)
+ * @license		http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0 Open Software License (OSL 3.0)
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com
+ * @since		Version 3.0.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
+
+/**
+ * PDO SQLite Database Adapter Class
+ *
+ * Note: _DB is an extender class that the app controller
+ * creates dynamically based on whether the query builder
+ * class is being used or not.
+ *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @subpackage	Drivers
+ * @category	Database
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ */
+class CI_DB_pdo_sqlite_driver extends CI_DB_pdo_driver {
+
+	/**
+	 * Sub-driver
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $subdriver = 'sqlite';
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * ORDER BY random keyword
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $_random_keyword = ' RANDOM()';
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Class constructor
+	 *
+	 * Builds the DSN if not already set.
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$params
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function __construct($params)
+	{
+		parent::__construct($params);
+
+		if (empty($this->dsn))
+		{
+			$this->dsn = 'sqlite:';
+
+			if (empty($this->database) && empty($this->hostname))
+			{
+				$this->database = ':memory:';
+			}
+
+			$this->database = empty($this->database) ? $this->hostname : $this->database;
+		}
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Show table query
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the table names can be fetched
+	 *
+	 * @param	bool	$prefix_limit
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _list_tables($prefix_limit = FALSE)
+	{
+		$sql = 'SELECT "NAME" FROM "SQLITE_MASTER" WHERE "TYPE" = \'table\'';
+
+		if ($prefix_limit === TRUE && $this->dbprefix !== '')
+		{
+			return $sql.' AND "NAME" LIKE \''.$this->escape_like_str($this->dbprefix)."%' "
+				.sprintf($this->_like_escape_str, $this->_like_escape_chr);
+		}
+
+		return $sql;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Show column query
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the column names can be fetched
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _list_columns($table = '')
+	{
+		// Not supported
+		return FALSE;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns an object with field data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	public function field_data($table = '')
+	{
+		if ($table === '')
+		{
+			return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_field_param_missing') : FALSE;
+		}
+
+		if (($query = $this->query('PRAGMA TABLE_INFO('.$this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE).')')) === FALSE)
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		$query = $query->result_array();
+		if (empty($query))
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		$retval = array();
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($query); $i < $c; $i++)
+		{
+			$retval[$i]			= new stdClass();
+			$retval[$i]->name		= $query[$i]['name'];
+			$retval[$i]->type		= $query[$i]['type'];
+			$retval[$i]->max_length		= NULL;
+			$retval[$i]->default		= $query[$i]['dflt_value'];
+			$retval[$i]->primary_key	= isset($query[$i]['pk']) ? (int) $query[$i]['pk'] : 0;
+		}
+
+		return $retval;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Replace statement
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table	Table name
+	 * @param	array	$keys	INSERT keys
+	 * @param	array	$values	INSERT values
+	 * @return 	string
+	 */
+	protected function _replace($table, $keys, $values)
+	{
+		return 'INSERT OR '.parent::_replace($table, $keys, $values);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Truncate statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific truncate string from the supplied data
+	 *
+	 * If the database does not support the TRUNCATE statement,
+	 * then this method maps to 'DELETE FROM table'
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _truncate($table)
+	{
+		return 'DELETE FROM '.$table;
+	}
+
+}
+
+/* End of file pdo_sqlite_driver.php */
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_sqlite_driver.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_sqlite_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_sqlite_forge.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..da098df31
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_sqlite_forge.php
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+<?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ *
+ * NOTICE OF LICENSE
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
+ *
+ * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
+ * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
+ * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
+ * http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0
+ * If you did not receive a copy of the license and are unable to obtain it
+ * through the world wide web, please send an email to
+ * licensing@ellislab.com so we can send you a copy immediately.
+ *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2012, EllisLab, Inc. (http://ellislab.com/)
+ * @license		http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0 Open Software License (OSL 3.0)
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com
+ * @since		Version 2.1.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
+
+/**
+ * PDO SQLite Forge Class
+ *
+ * @category	Database
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ */
+class CI_DB_pdo_sqlite_forge extends CI_DB_pdo_forge {
+
+	/**
+	 * CREATE TABLE IF statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_create_table_if	= 'CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS';
+
+	/**
+	 * DROP TABLE IF statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_drop_table_if	= 'DROP TABLE IF EXISTS';
+
+	/**
+	 * UNSIGNED support
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool|array
+	 */
+	protected $_unsigned		= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * NULL value representation in CREATE/ALTER TABLE statements
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_null		= 'NULL';
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Class constructor
+	 *
+	 * @param	object	&$db	Database object
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function __construct(&$db)
+	{
+		parent::__construct($db);
+
+		if (version_compare($this->db->version(), '3.3', '<'))
+		{
+			$this->_create_table_if = FALSE;
+		}
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Create database
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$db_name	(ignored)
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function create_database($db_name = '')
+	{
+		// In SQLite, a database is created when you connect to the database.
+		// We'll return TRUE so that an error isn't generated
+		return TRUE;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Drop database
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$db_name	(ignored)
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function drop_database($db_name = '')
+	{
+		// In SQLite, a database is dropped when we delete a file
+		if (@file_exists($this->db->database))
+		{
+			// We need to close the pseudo-connection first
+			$this->db->close();
+			if ( ! @unlink($this->db->database))
+			{
+				return $this->db->db_debug ? $this->db->display_error('db_unable_to_drop') : FALSE;
+			}
+			elseif ( ! empty($this->db->data_cache['db_names']))
+			{
+				$key = array_search(strtolower($this->db->database), array_map('strtolower', $this->db->data_cache['db_names']), TRUE);
+				if ($key !== FALSE)
+				{
+					unset($this->db->data_cache['db_names'][$key]);
+				}
+			}
+
+			return TRUE;
+		}
+
+		return $this->db->db_debug ? $this->db->display_error('db_unable_to_drop') : FALSE;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * ALTER TABLE
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$alter_type	ALTER type
+	 * @param	string	$table		Table name
+	 * @param	mixed	$field		Column definition
+	 * @return	string|string[]
+	 */
+	protected function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $field)
+	{
+		if ($alter_type === 'DROP' OR $alter_type === 'CHANGE')
+		{
+			// drop_column():
+			//	BEGIN TRANSACTION;
+			//	CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE t1_backup(a,b);
+			//	INSERT INTO t1_backup SELECT a,b FROM t1;
+			//	DROP TABLE t1;
+			//	CREATE TABLE t1(a,b);
+			//	INSERT INTO t1 SELECT a,b FROM t1_backup;
+			//	DROP TABLE t1_backup;
+			//	COMMIT;
+
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		return parent::_alter_table($alter_type, $table, $field);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Process column
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$field
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _process_column($field)
+	{
+		return $this->db->escape_identifiers($field['name'])
+			.' '.$field['type']
+			.$field['auto_increment']
+			.$field['null']
+			.$field['unique']
+			.$field['default'];
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Field attribute TYPE
+	 *
+	 * Performs a data type mapping between different databases.
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	&$attributes
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _attr_type(&$attributes)
+	{
+		switch (strtoupper($attributes['TYPE']))
+		{
+			case 'ENUM':
+			case 'SET':
+				$attributes['TYPE'] = 'TEXT';
+				return;
+			default: return;
+		}
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Field attribute AUTO_INCREMENT
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	&$attributes
+	 * @param	array	&$field
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _attr_auto_increment(&$attributes, &$field)
+	{
+		if ( ! empty($attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT']) && $attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT'] === TRUE && stripos($field['type'], 'int') !== FALSE)
+		{
+			$field['type'] = 'INTEGER PRIMARY KEY';
+			$field['default'] = '';
+			$field['null'] = '';
+			$field['unique'] = '';
+			$field['auto_increment'] = ' AUTOINCREMENT';
+
+			$this->primary_keys = array();
+		}
+	}
+
+}
+
+/* End of file pdo_sqlite_forge.php */
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_sqlite_forge.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_sqlsrv_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_sqlsrv_driver.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ec0252613
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_sqlsrv_driver.php
@@ -0,0 +1,363 @@
+<?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.2.4 or newer
+ *
+ * NOTICE OF LICENSE
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
+ *
+ * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
+ * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
+ * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
+ * http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0
+ * If you did not receive a copy of the license and are unable to obtain it
+ * through the world wide web, please send an email to
+ * licensing@ellislab.com so we can send you a copy immediately.
+ *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2012, EllisLab, Inc. (http://ellislab.com/)
+ * @license		http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0 Open Software License (OSL 3.0)
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com
+ * @since		Version 3.0.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
+
+/**
+ * PDO SQLSRV Database Adapter Class
+ *
+ * Note: _DB is an extender class that the app controller
+ * creates dynamically based on whether the query builder
+ * class is being used or not.
+ *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @subpackage	Drivers
+ * @category	Database
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ */
+class CI_DB_pdo_sqlsrv_driver extends CI_DB_pdo_driver {
+
+	/**
+	 * Sub-driver
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $subdriver = 'sqlsrv';
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * ORDER BY random keyword
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $_random_keyword = array('NEWID()', 'RAND(%d)');
+
+	/**
+	 * Quoted identifier flag
+	 *
+	 * Whether to use SQL-92 standard quoted identifier
+	 * (double quotes) or brackets for identifier escaping.
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	protected $_quoted_identifier;
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Class constructor
+	 *
+	 * Builds the DSN if not already set.
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$params
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function __construct($params)
+	{
+		parent::__construct($params);
+
+		if (empty($this->dsn))
+		{
+			$this->dsn = 'sqlsrv:Server='.(empty($this->hostname) ? '127.0.0.1' : $this->hostname);
+
+			empty($this->port) OR $this->dsn .= ','.$this->port;
+			empty($this->database) OR $this->dsn .= ';Database='.$this->database;
+
+			// Some custom options
+
+			if (isset($this->QuotedId))
+			{
+				$this->dsn .= ';QuotedId='.$this->QuotedId;
+				$this->_quoted_identifier = (bool) $this->QuotedId;
+			}
+
+			if (isset($this->ConnectionPooling))
+			{
+				$this->dsn .= ';ConnectionPooling='.$this->ConnectionPooling;
+			}
+
+			if ($this->encrypt === TRUE)
+			{
+				$this->dsn .= ';Encrypt=1';
+			}
+
+			if (isset($this->TraceOn))
+			{
+				$this->dsn .= ';TraceOn='.$this->TraceOn;
+			}
+
+			if (isset($this->TrustServerCertificate))
+			{
+				$this->dsn .= ';TrustServerCertificate='.$this->TrustServerCertificate;
+			}
+
+			empty($this->APP) OR $this->dsn .= ';APP='.$this->APP;
+			empty($this->Failover_Partner) OR $this->dsn .= ';Failover_Partner='.$this->Failover_Partner;
+			empty($this->LoginTimeout) OR $this->dsn .= ';LoginTimeout='.$this->LoginTimeout;
+			empty($this->MultipleActiveResultSets) OR $this->dsn .= ';MultipleActiveResultSets='.$this->MultipleActiveResultSets;
+			empty($this->TraceFile) OR $this->dsn .= ';TraceFile='.$this->TraceFile;
+			empty($this->WSID) OR $this->dsn .= ';WSID='.$this->WSID;
+		}
+		elseif (preg_match('/QuotedId=(0|1)/', $this->dsn, $match))
+		{
+			$this->_quoted_identifier = (bool) $match[1];
+		}
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Database connection
+	 *
+	 * @param	bool	$persistent
+	 * @return	object
+	 */
+	public function db_connect($persistent = FALSE)
+	{
+		if ( ! empty($this->char_set) && preg_match('/utf[^8]*8/i', $this->char_set))
+		{
+			$this->options[PDO::SQLSRV_ENCODING_UTF8] = 1;
+		}
+
+		$this->conn_id = parent::db_connect($persistent);
+
+		if ( ! is_object($this->conn_id) OR is_bool($this->_quoted_identifier))
+		{
+			return $this->conn_id;
+		}
+
+		// Determine how identifiers are escaped
+		$query = $this->query('SELECT CASE WHEN (@@OPTIONS | 256) = @@OPTIONS THEN 1 ELSE 0 END AS qi');
+		$query = $query->row_array();
+		$this->_quoted_identifier = empty($query) ? FALSE : (bool) $query['qi'];
+		$this->_escape_char = ($this->_quoted_identifier) ? '"' : array('[', ']');
+
+		return $this->conn_id;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Show table query
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the table names can be fetched
+	 *
+	 * @param	bool	$prefix_limit
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _list_tables($prefix_limit = FALSE)
+	{
+		return 'SELECT '.$this->escape_identifiers('name')
+			.' FROM '.$this->escape_identifiers('sysobjects')
+			.' WHERE '.$this->escape_identifiers('type')." = 'U'";
+
+		if ($prefix_limit === TRUE && $this->dbprefix !== '')
+		{
+			$sql .= ' AND '.$this->escape_identifiers('name')." LIKE '".$this->escape_like_str($this->dbprefix)."%' "
+				.sprintf($this->_like_escape_str, $this->_like_escape_chr);
+		}
+
+		return $sql.' ORDER BY '.$this->escape_identifiers('name');
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Show column query
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the column names can be fetched
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _list_columns($table = '')
+	{
+		return 'SELECT COLUMN_NAME
+			FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.Columns
+			WHERE UPPER(TABLE_NAME) = '.$this->escape(strtoupper($table));
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns an object with field data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	public function field_data($table = '')
+	{
+		if ($table === '')
+		{
+			return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_field_param_missing') : FALSE;
+		}
+
+		$sql = 'SELECT COLUMN_NAME, DATA_TYPE, CHARACTER_MAXIMUM_LENGTH, NUMERIC_PRECISION, COLUMN_DEFAULT
+			FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.Columns
+			WHERE UPPER(TABLE_NAME) = '.$this->escape(strtoupper($table));
+
+		if (($query = $this->query($sql)) === FALSE)
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+		$query = $query->result_object();
+
+		$retval = array();
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($query); $i < $c; $i++)
+		{
+			$retval[$i]			= new stdClass();
+			$retval[$i]->name		= $query[$i]->COLUMN_NAME;
+			$retval[$i]->type		= $query[$i]->DATA_TYPE;
+			$retval[$i]->max_length		= ($query[$i]->CHARACTER_MAXIMUM_LENGTH > 0) ? $query[$i]->CHARACTER_MAXIMUM_LENGTH : $query[$i]->NUMERIC_PRECISION;
+			$retval[$i]->default		= $query[$i]->COLUMN_DEFAULT;
+		}
+
+		return $retval;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Update statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific update string from the supplied data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @param	array	$values
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _update($table, $values)
+	{
+		$this->qb_limit = FALSE;
+		$this->qb_orderby = array();
+		return parent::_update($table, $values);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Delete statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific delete string from the supplied data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _delete($table)
+	{
+		if ($this->qb_limit)
+		{
+			return 'WITH ci_delete AS (SELECT TOP '.$this->qb_limit.' * FROM '.$table.$this->_compile_wh('qb_where').') DELETE FROM ci_delete';
+		}
+
+		return parent::_delete($table);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * LIMIT
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific LIMIT clause
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$sql	SQL Query
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _limit($sql)
+	{
+		// As of SQL Server 2012 (11.0.*) OFFSET is supported
+		if (version_compare($this->version(), '11', '>='))
+		{
+			return $sql.' OFFSET '.(int) $this->qb_offset.' ROWS FETCH NEXT '.$this->qb_limit.' ROWS ONLY';
+		}
+
+		$limit = $this->qb_offset + $this->qb_limit;
+
+		// An ORDER BY clause is required for ROW_NUMBER() to work
+		if ($this->qb_offset && ! empty($this->qb_orderby))
+		{
+			$orderby = $this->_compile_order_by();
+
+			// We have to strip the ORDER BY clause
+			$sql = trim(substr($sql, 0, strrpos($sql, $orderby)));
+
+			// Get the fields to select from our subquery, so that we can avoid CI_rownum appearing in the actual results
+			if (count($this->qb_select) === 0)
+			{
+				$select = '*'; // Inevitable
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				// Use only field names and their aliases, everything else is out of our scope.
+				$select = array();
+				$field_regexp = ($this->_quoted_identifier)
+					? '("[^\"]+")' : '(\[[^\]]+\])';
+				for ($i = 0, $c = count($this->qb_select); $i < $c; $i++)
+				{
+					$select[] = preg_match('/(?:\s|\.)'.$field_regexp.'$/i', $this->qb_select[$i], $m)
+						? $m[1] : $this->qb_select[$i];
+				}
+				$select = implode(', ', $select);
+			}
+
+			return 'SELECT '.$select." FROM (\n\n"
+				.preg_replace('/^(SELECT( DISTINCT)?)/i', '\\1 ROW_NUMBER() OVER('.trim($orderby).') AS '.$this->escape_identifiers('CI_rownum').', ', $sql)
+				."\n\n) ".$this->escape_identifiers('CI_subquery')
+				."\nWHERE ".$this->escape_identifiers('CI_rownum').' BETWEEN '.($this->qb_offset + 1).' AND '.$limit;
+		}
+
+		return preg_replace('/(^\SELECT (DISTINCT)?)/i','\\1 TOP '.$limit.' ', $sql);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Insert batch statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific insert string from the supplied data.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table	Table name
+	 * @param	array	$keys	INSERT keys
+	 * @param	array	$values	INSERT values
+	 * @return	string|bool
+	 */
+	protected function _insert_batch($table, $keys, $values)
+	{
+		// Multiple-value inserts are only supported as of SQL Server 2008
+		if (version_compare($this->version(), '10', '>='))
+		{
+			return parent::_insert_batch($table, $keys, $values);
+		}
+
+		return ($this->db->db_debug) ? $this->db->display_error('db_unsupported_feature') : FALSE;
+	}
+
+}
+
+/* End of file pdo_sqlsrv_driver.php */
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_sqlsrv_driver.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_sqlsrv_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_sqlsrv_forge.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e4b669f6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_sqlsrv_forge.php
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+<?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.2.4 or newer
+ *
+ * NOTICE OF LICENSE
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
+ *
+ * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
+ * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
+ * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
+ * http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0
+ * If you did not receive a copy of the license and are unable to obtain it
+ * through the world wide web, please send an email to
+ * licensing@ellislab.com so we can send you a copy immediately.
+ *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2012, EllisLab, Inc. (http://ellislab.com/)
+ * @license		http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0 Open Software License (OSL 3.0)
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com
+ * @since		Version 2.1.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
+
+/**
+ * PDO SQLSRV Forge Class
+ *
+ * @category	Database
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ */
+class CI_DB_pdo_sqlsrv_forge extends CI_DB_pdo_forge {
+
+	/**
+	 * CREATE TABLE IF statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_create_table_if	= "IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM sysobjects WHERE ID = object_id(N'%s') AND OBJECTPROPERTY(id, N'IsUserTable') = 1)\nCREATE TABLE";
+
+	/**
+	 * DROP TABLE IF statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_drop_table_if	= "IF EXISTS (SELECT * FROM sysobjects WHERE ID = object_id(N'%s') AND OBJECTPROPERTY(id, N'IsUserTable') = 1)\nDROP TABLE";
+
+	/**
+	 * UNSIGNED support
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $_unsigned		= array(
+		'TINYINT'	=> 'SMALLINT',
+		'SMALLINT'	=> 'INT',
+		'INT'		=> 'BIGINT',
+		'REAL'		=> 'FLOAT'
+	);
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * ALTER TABLE
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$alter_type	ALTER type
+	 * @param	string	$table		Table name
+	 * @param	mixed	$field		Column definition
+	 * @return	string|string[]
+	 */
+	protected function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $field)
+	{
+		if (in_array($alter_type, array('ADD', 'DROP'), TRUE))
+		{
+			return parent::_alter_table($alter_type, $table, $field);
+		}
+
+		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($table).' ALTER COLUMN ';
+		$sqls = array();
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($field); $i < $c; $i++)
+		{
+			$sqls[] = $sql.$this->_process_column($field[$i]);
+		}
+
+		return $sqls;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Field attribute TYPE
+	 *
+	 * Performs a data type mapping between different databases.
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	&$attributes
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _attr_type(&$attributes)
+	{
+		switch (strtoupper($attributes['TYPE']))
+		{
+			case 'MEDIUMINT':
+				$attributes['TYPE'] = 'INTEGER';
+				$attributes['UNSIGNED'] = FALSE;
+				return;
+			case 'INTEGER':
+				$attributes['TYPE'] = 'INT';
+				return;
+			default: return;
+		}
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Field attribute AUTO_INCREMENT
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	&$attributes
+	 * @param	array	&$field
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _attr_auto_increment(&$attributes, &$field)
+	{
+		if ( ! empty($attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT']) && $attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT'] === TRUE && stripos($field['type'], 'int') !== FALSE)
+		{
+			$field['auto_increment'] = ' IDENTITY(1,1)';
+		}
+	}
+
+}
+
+/* End of file pdo_sqlsrv_forge.php */
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_sqlsrv_forge.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_driver.php
index 14259be52..44cd0ce9b 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_driver.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,12 +24,13 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * Postgre Database Adapter Class
  *
  * Note: _DB is an extender class that the app controller
- * creates dynamically based on whether the active record
+ * creates dynamically based on whether the query builder
  * class is being used or not.
  *
  * @package		CodeIgniter
@@ -40,27 +41,37 @@
  */
 class CI_DB_postgre_driver extends CI_DB {
 
+	/**
+	 * Database driver
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	public $dbdriver = 'postgre';
 
-	protected $_escape_char = '"';
+	/**
+	 * Database schema
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $schema = 'public';
 
-	// clause and character used for LIKE escape sequences
-	protected $_like_escape_str = " ESCAPE '%s' ";
-	protected $_like_escape_chr = '!';
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * The syntax to count rows is slightly different across different
-	 * database engines, so this string appears in each driver and is
-	 * used for the count_all() and count_all_results() functions.
+	 * ORDER BY random keyword
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
 	 */
-	protected $_count_string = 'SELECT COUNT(*) AS ';
-	protected $_random_keyword = ' RANDOM()'; // database specific random keyword
+	protected $_random_keyword = array('RANDOM()', 'RANDOM()');
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Constructor
+	 * Class constructor
 	 *
 	 * Creates a DSN string to be used for db_connect() and db_pconnect()
 	 *
+	 * @param	array	$params
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function __construct($params)
@@ -120,13 +131,32 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Non-persistent database connection
+	 * Database connection
 	 *
+	 * @param	bool	$persistent
 	 * @return	resource
 	 */
-	public function db_connect()
+	public function db_connect($persistent = FALSE)
 	{
-		return @pg_connect($this->dsn);
+		if ($persistent === TRUE
+			&& ($this->conn_id = @pg_pconnect($this->dsn))
+			&& pg_connection_status($this->conn_id) === PGSQL_CONNECTION_BAD
+			&& pg_ping($this->conn_id) === FALSE
+		)
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			$this->conn_id = @pg_connect($this->dsn);
+		}
+
+		if ($this->conn_id && ! empty($this->schema))
+		{
+			$this->simple_query('SET search_path TO '.$this->schema.',public');
+		}
+
+		return $this->conn_id;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -138,7 +168,7 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	public function db_pconnect()
 	{
-		return @pg_pconnect($this->dsn);
+		return $this->db_connect(TRUE);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -164,8 +194,8 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Set client character set
 	 *
-	 * @param       string
-	 * @return      bool
+	 * @param	string	$charset
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	protected function _db_set_charset($charset)
 	{
@@ -185,8 +215,12 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_driver extends CI_DB {
 		{
 			return $this->data_cache['version'];
 		}
+		elseif ( ! $this->conn_id)
+		{
+			$this->initialize();
+		}
 
-		if (($pg_version = pg_version($this->conn_id)) === FALSE)
+		if ( ! $this->conn_id OR ($pg_version = pg_version($this->conn_id)) === FALSE)
 		{
 			return FALSE;
 		}
@@ -206,7 +240,7 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Execute the query
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	an SQL query
+	 * @param	string	$sql	an SQL query
 	 * @return	resource
 	 */
 	protected function _execute($sql)
@@ -219,6 +253,7 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Begin Transaction
 	 *
+	 * @param	bool	$test_mode
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function trans_begin($test_mode = FALSE)
@@ -234,7 +269,7 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_driver extends CI_DB {
 		// even if the queries produce a successful result.
 		$this->_trans_failure = ($test_mode === TRUE);
 
-		return @pg_query($this->conn_id, 'BEGIN');
+		return (bool) @pg_query($this->conn_id, 'BEGIN');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -252,7 +287,7 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_driver extends CI_DB {
 			return TRUE;
 		}
 
-		return @pg_query($this->conn_id, 'COMMIT');
+		return (bool) @pg_query($this->conn_id, 'COMMIT');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -270,7 +305,7 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_driver extends CI_DB {
 			return TRUE;
 		}
 
-		return @pg_query($this->conn_id, 'ROLLBACK');
+		return (bool) @pg_query($this->conn_id, 'ROLLBACK');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -278,8 +313,8 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Escape String
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	bool	whether or not the string will be used in a LIKE condition
+	 * @param	string	$str
+	 * @param	bool	$like Whether or not the string will be used in a LIKE condition
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	public function escape_str($str, $like = FALSE)
@@ -310,6 +345,26 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
+	 * "Smart" Escape String
+	 *
+	 * Escapes data based on type
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$str
+	 * @return	mixed
+	 */
+	public function escape($str)
+	{
+		if (is_bool($str))
+		{
+			return ($str) ? 'TRUE' : 'FALSE';
+		}
+
+		return parent::escape($str);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
 	 * Affected Rows
 	 *
 	 * @return	int
@@ -328,63 +383,41 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	public function insert_id()
 	{
-		$v = $this->version();
+		$v = pg_version($this->conn_id);
+		$v = isset($v['server']) ? $v['server'] : 0; // 'server' key is only available since PosgreSQL 7.4
 
-		$table	= func_num_args() > 0 ? func_get_arg(0) : NULL;
-		$column	= func_num_args() > 1 ? func_get_arg(1) : NULL;
+		$table	= (func_num_args() > 0) ? func_get_arg(0) : NULL;
+		$column	= (func_num_args() > 1) ? func_get_arg(1) : NULL;
 
-		if ($table == NULL && $v >= '8.1')
-		{
-			$sql='SELECT LASTVAL() as ins_id';
-		}
-		elseif ($table != NULL && $column != NULL && $v >= '8.0')
+		if ($table === NULL && $v >= '8.1')
 		{
-			$sql = sprintf("SELECT pg_get_serial_sequence('%s','%s') as seq", $table, $column);
-			$query = $this->query($sql);
-			$row = $query->row();
-			$sql = sprintf("SELECT CURRVAL('%s') as ins_id", $row->seq);
+			$sql = 'SELECT LASTVAL() AS ins_id';
 		}
-		elseif ($table != NULL)
+		elseif ($table !== NULL)
 		{
-			// seq_name passed in table parameter
-			$sql = sprintf("SELECT CURRVAL('%s') as ins_id", $table);
+			if ($column !== NULL && $v >= '8.0')
+			{
+				$sql = 'SELECT pg_get_serial_sequence(\''.$table."', '".$column."') AS seq";
+				$query = $this->query($sql);
+				$query = $query->row();
+				$seq = $query->seq;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				// seq_name passed in table parameter
+				$seq = $table;
+			}
+
+			$sql = 'SELECT CURRVAL(\''.$seq."') AS ins_id";
 		}
 		else
 		{
 			return pg_last_oid($this->result_id);
 		}
-		$query = $this->query($sql);
-		$row = $query->row();
-		return $row->ins_id;
-	}
 
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * "Count All" query
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query string that counts all records in
-	 * the specified database
-	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	public function count_all($table = '')
-	{
-		if ($table == '')
-		{
-			return 0;
-		}
-
-		$query = $this->query($this->_count_string.$this->protect_identifiers('numrows').' FROM '.$this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE));
-		if ($query->num_rows() == 0)
-		{
-			return 0;
-		}
-
-		$row = $query->row();
-		$this->_reset_select();
-		return (int) $row->numrows;
+		$query = $this->query($sql);
+		$query = $query->row();
+		return (int) $query->ins_id;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -394,16 +427,18 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the table names can be fetched
 	 *
-	 * @param	bool
+	 * @param	bool	$prefix_limit
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _list_tables($prefix_limit = FALSE)
 	{
-		$sql = "SELECT table_name FROM information_schema.tables WHERE table_schema = 'public'";
+		$sql = 'SELECT "table_name" FROM "information_schema"."tables" WHERE "table_schema" = \''.$this->schema."'";
 
-		if ($prefix_limit !== FALSE AND $this->dbprefix != '')
+		if ($prefix_limit !== FALSE && $this->dbprefix !== '')
 		{
-			$sql .= " AND table_name LIKE '".$this->escape_like_str($this->dbprefix)."%' ".sprintf($this->_like_escape_str, $this->_like_escape_chr);
+			return $sql.' AND "table_name" LIKE \''
+				.$this->escape_like_str($this->dbprefix)."%' "
+				.sprintf($this->_like_escape_str, $this->_like_escape_chr);
 		}
 
 		return $sql;
@@ -412,31 +447,56 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Show column query
+	 * List column query
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the column names can be fetched
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @param	string	$table
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _list_columns($table = '')
 	{
-		return "SELECT column_name FROM information_schema.columns WHERE table_name ='".$table."'";
+		return 'SELECT "column_name"
+			FROM "information_schema"."columns"
+			WHERE LOWER("table_name") = '.$this->escape(strtolower($table));
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Field data query
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that the column data can be retrieved
+	 * Returns an object with field data
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	object
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	protected function _field_data($table)
+	public function field_data($table = '')
 	{
-		return "SELECT * FROM ".$table." LIMIT 1";
+		if ($table === '')
+		{
+			return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_field_param_missing') : FALSE;
+		}
+
+		$sql = 'SELECT "column_name", "data_type", "character_maximum_length", "numeric_precision", "column_default"
+			FROM "information_schema"."columns"
+			WHERE LOWER("table_name") = '.$this->escape(strtolower($table));
+
+		if (($query = $this->query($sql)) === FALSE)
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+		$query = $query->result_object();
+
+		$retval = array();
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($query); $i < $c; $i++)
+		{
+			$retval[$i]			= new stdClass();
+			$retval[$i]->name		= $query[$i]->column_name;
+			$retval[$i]->type		= $query[$i]->data_type;
+			$retval[$i]->max_length		= ($query[$i]->character_maximum_length > 0) ? $query[$i]->character_maximum_length : $query[$i]->numeric_precision;
+			$retval[$i]->default		= $query[$i]->column_default;
+		}
+
+		return $retval;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -457,22 +517,36 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * From Tables
+	 * ORDER BY
 	 *
-	 * This function implicitly groups FROM tables so there is no confusion
-	 * about operator precedence in harmony with SQL standards
-	 *
-	 * @param	array
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @param	string	$orderby
+	 * @param	string	$direction	ASC or DESC
+	 * @param	bool	$escape
+	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	protected function _from_tables($tables)
+	public function order_by($orderby, $direction = '', $escape = NULL)
 	{
-		if ( ! is_array($tables))
+		$direction = strtoupper(trim($direction));
+		if ($direction === 'RANDOM')
 		{
-			$tables = array($tables);
+			if ( ! is_float($orderby) && ctype_digit((string) $orderby))
+			{
+				$orderby = ($orderby > 1)
+					? (float) '0.'.$orderby
+					: (float) $orderby;
+			}
+
+			if (is_float($orderby))
+			{
+				$this->simple_query('SET SEED '.$orderby);
+			}
+
+			$orderby = $this->_random_keyword[0];
+			$direction = '';
+			$escape = FALSE;
 		}
 
-		return implode(', ', $tables);
+		return parent::order_by($orderby, $direction, $escape);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -482,29 +556,56 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific update string from the supplied data
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the update data
-	 * @param	array	the where clause
-	 * @param	array	the orderby clause (ignored)
-	 * @param	array	the limit clause (ignored)
-	 * @param	array	the like clause
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @param	array	$values
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _update($table, $values)
+	{
+		$this->qb_limit = FALSE;
+		$this->qb_orderby = array();
+		return parent::_update($table, $values);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Update_Batch statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific batch update string from the supplied data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table	Table name
+	 * @param	array	$values	Update data
+	 * @param	string	$index	WHERE key
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	protected function _update($table, $values, $where, $orderby = array(), $limit = FALSE, $like = array())
+	protected function _update_batch($table, $values, $index)
 	{
+		$ids = array();
 		foreach ($values as $key => $val)
 		{
-			$valstr[] = $key.' = '.$val;
-		}
+			$ids[] = $val[$index];
 
-		$where = empty($where) ? '' : ' WHERE '.implode(' ', $where);
+			foreach (array_keys($val) as $field)
+			{
+				if ($field !== $index)
+				{
+					$final[$field][] = 'WHEN '.$val[$index].' THEN '.$val[$field];
+				}
+			}
+		}
 
-		if ( ! empty($like))
+		$cases = '';
+		foreach ($final as $k => $v)
 		{
-			$where .= ($where === '' ? ' WHERE ' : ' AND ').implode(' ', $like);
+			$cases .= $k.' = (CASE '.$index."\n"
+				.implode("\n", $v)."\n"
+				.'ELSE '.$k.' END), ';
 		}
 
-		return 'UPDATE '.$table.' SET '.implode(', ', $valstr).$where;
+		$this->where($index.' IN('.implode(',', $ids).')', NULL, FALSE);
+
+		return 'UPDATE '.$table.' SET '.substr($cases, 0, -2).$this->_compile_wh('qb_where');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -514,43 +615,28 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific delete string from the supplied data
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the where clause
-	 * @param	array	the like clause
-	 * @param	string	the limit clause (ignored)
+	 * @param	string	$table
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	protected function _delete($table, $where = array(), $like = array(), $limit = FALSE)
+	protected function _delete($table)
 	{
-		$conditions = array();
-
-		empty($where) OR $conditions[] = implode(' ', $where);
-		empty($like) OR $conditions[] = implode(' ', $like);
-
-		return 'DELETE FROM '.$table.(count($conditions) > 0 ? ' WHERE '.implode(' AND ', $conditions) : '');
+		$this->qb_limit = FALSE;
+		return parent::_delete($table);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 	/**
-	 * Limit string
+	 * LIMIT
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific LIMIT clause
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the sql query string
-	 * @param	int	the number of rows to limit the query to
-	 * @param	int	the offset value
+	 * @param	string	$sql	SQL Query
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	protected function _limit($sql, $limit, $offset)
+	protected function _limit($sql)
 	{
-		$sql .= "LIMIT ".$limit;
-
-		if ($offset > 0)
-		{
-			$sql .= " OFFSET ".$offset;
-		}
-
-		return $sql;
+		return $sql.' LIMIT '.$this->qb_limit.($this->qb_offset ? ' OFFSET '.$this->qb_offset : '');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -558,12 +644,11 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Close DB Connection
 	 *
-	 * @param	resource
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	protected function _close($conn_id)
+	protected function _close()
 	{
-		@pg_close($conn_id);
+		@pg_close($this->conn_id);
 	}
 
 }
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_forge.php
index 8b214ebe6..5e378385c 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_forge.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_forge.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * Postgre Forge Class
@@ -34,215 +35,152 @@
  */
 class CI_DB_postgre_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 
-	protected $_drop_table	= 'DROP TABLE IF EXISTS %s CASCADE';
+	/**
+	 * UNSIGNED support
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $_unsigned		= array(
+		'INT2'		=> 'INTEGER',
+		'SMALLINT'	=> 'INTEGER',
+		'INT'		=> 'BIGINT',
+		'INT4'		=> 'BIGINT',
+		'INTEGER'	=> 'BIGINT',
+		'INT8'		=> 'NUMERIC',
+		'BIGINT'	=> 'NUMERIC',
+		'REAL'		=> 'DOUBLE PRECISION',
+		'FLOAT'		=> 'DOUBLE PRECISION'
+	);
 
 	/**
-	 * Process Fields
+	 * NULL value representation in CREATE/ALTER TABLE statements
 	 *
-	 * @param	mixed	the fields
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @var	string
 	 */
-	protected function _process_fields($fields, $primary_keys=array())
+	protected $_null		= 'NULL';
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Class constructor
+	 *
+	 * @param	object	&$db	Database object
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function __construct(&$db)
 	{
-		$sql = '';
-		$current_field_count = 0;
+		parent::__construct($db);
 
-		foreach ($fields as $field => $attributes)
+		if (version_compare($this->db->version(), '9.0', '>'))
 		{
-			// Numeric field names aren't allowed in databases, so if the key is
-			// numeric, we know it was assigned by PHP and the developer manually
-			// entered the field information, so we'll simply add it to the list
-			if (is_numeric($field))
-			{
-				$sql .= "\n\t$attributes";
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				$attributes = array_change_key_case($attributes, CASE_UPPER);
-
-				$sql .= "\n\t".$this->db->protect_identifiers($field);
-
-				$is_unsigned = (array_key_exists('UNSIGNED', $attributes) && $attributes['UNSIGNED'] === TRUE);
-
-				// Convert datatypes to be PostgreSQL-compatible
-				switch (strtoupper($attributes['TYPE']))
-				{
-					case 'TINYINT':
-						$attributes['TYPE'] = 'SMALLINT';
-						break;
-					case 'SMALLINT':
-						$attributes['TYPE'] = ($is_unsigned) ? 'INTEGER' : 'SMALLINT';
-						break;
-					case 'MEDIUMINT':
-						$attributes['TYPE'] = 'INTEGER';
-						break;
-					case 'INT':
-						$attributes['TYPE'] = ($is_unsigned) ? 'BIGINT' : 'INTEGER';
-						break;
-					case 'BIGINT':
-						$attributes['TYPE'] = ($is_unsigned) ? 'NUMERIC' : 'BIGINT';
-						break;
-					case 'DOUBLE':
-						$attributes['TYPE'] = 'DOUBLE PRECISION';
-						break;
-					case 'DATETIME':
-						$attributes['TYPE'] = 'TIMESTAMP';
-						break;
-					case 'LONGTEXT':
-						$attributes['TYPE'] = 'TEXT';
-						break;
-					case 'BLOB':
-						$attributes['TYPE'] = 'BYTEA';
-						break;
-				}
-
-				// If this is an auto-incrementing primary key, use the serial data type instead
-				if (in_array($field, $primary_keys) && array_key_exists('AUTO_INCREMENT', $attributes) 
-					&& $attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT'] === TRUE)
-				{
-					$sql .= ' SERIAL';
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					$sql .=  ' '.$attributes['TYPE'];
-				}
-
-				// Modified to prevent constraints with integer data types
-				if (array_key_exists('CONSTRAINT', $attributes) && strpos($attributes['TYPE'], 'INT') === false)
-				{
-					$sql .= '('.$attributes['CONSTRAINT'].')';
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('DEFAULT', $attributes))
-				{
-					$sql .= ' DEFAULT \''.$attributes['DEFAULT'].'\'';
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('NULL', $attributes) && $attributes['NULL'] === TRUE)
-				{
-					$sql .= ' NULL';
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					$sql .= ' NOT NULL';
-				}
-
-				// Added new attribute to create unqite fields. Also works with MySQL
-				if (array_key_exists('UNIQUE', $attributes) && $attributes['UNIQUE'] === TRUE)
-				{
-					$sql .= ' UNIQUE';
-				}
-			}
-
-			// don't add a comma on the end of the last field
-			if (++$current_field_count < count($fields))
-			{
-				$sql .= ',';
-			}
+			$this->create_table_if = 'CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS';
 		}
-
-		return $sql;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Create Table
+	 * ALTER TABLE
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the fields
-	 * @param	mixed	primary key(s)
-	 * @param	mixed	key(s)
-	 * @param	bool	should 'IF NOT EXISTS' be added to the SQL
-	 * @return	bool
+	 * @param	string	$alter_type	ALTER type
+	 * @param	string	$table		Table name
+	 * @param	mixed	$field		Column definition
+	 * @return	string|string[]
 	 */
-	protected function _create_table($table, $fields, $primary_keys, $keys, $if_not_exists)
-	{
-		$sql = 'CREATE TABLE ';
+	protected function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $field)
+ 	{
+		if (in_array($alter_type, array('DROP', 'ADD'), TRUE))
+		{
+			return parent::_alter_table($alter_type, $table, $field);
+		}
 
-		if ($if_not_exists === TRUE)
+		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($table);
+		$sqls = array();
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($field); $i < $c; $i++)
 		{
-			// PostgreSQL doesn't support IF NOT EXISTS syntax so we check if table exists manually
-			if ($this->db->table_exists($table))
+			if ($field[$i]['_literal'] !== FALSE)
 			{
-				return TRUE;
+				return FALSE;
 			}
-		}
 
-		$sql .= $this->db->escape_identifiers($table).' ('.$this->_process_fields($fields, $primary_keys);
-
-		if (count($primary_keys) > 0)
-		{
-			// Something seems to break when passing an array to protect_identifiers()
-			foreach ($primary_keys as $index => $key)
+			if (version_compare($this->db->version(), '8', '>=') && isset($field[$i]['type']))
 			{
-				$primary_keys[$index] = $this->db->protect_identifiers($key);
+				$sqls[] = $sql.' ALTER COLUMN '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($field[$i]['name'])
+					.' TYPE '.$field[$i]['type'].$field[$i]['length'];
 			}
 
-			$sql .= ",\n\tPRIMARY KEY (" . implode(', ', $primary_keys) . ")";
-		}
+			if ( ! empty($field[$i]['default']))
+			{
+				$sqls[] = $sql.' ALTER COLUMN '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($field[$i]['name'])
+					.' SET DEFAULT '.$field[$i]['default'];
+			}
 
-		$sql .= "\n);";
+			if (isset($field[$i]['null']))
+			{
+				$sqls[] = $sql.' ALTER COLUMN '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($field[$i]['name'])
+					.($field[$i]['null'] === TRUE ? ' DROP NOT NULL' : ' SET NOT NULL');
+			}
 
-		if (is_array($keys) && count($keys) > 0)
-		{
-			foreach ($keys as $key)
+			if ( ! empty($field[$i]['new_name']))
 			{
-				if (is_array($key))
-				{
-					$key = $this->db->protect_identifiers($key);
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					$key = array($this->db->protect_identifiers($key));
-				}
-
-				foreach ($key as $field)
-				{
-					$sql .= "CREATE INDEX " . $table . "_" . str_replace(array('"', "'"), '', $field) . "_index ON $table ($field); ";
-				}
+				$sqls[] = $sql.' RENAME COLUMN '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($field[$i]['name'])
+					.' TO '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($field[$i]['new_name']);
 			}
 		}
 
-		return $sql;
-	}
+		return $sqls;
+ 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Alter table query
+	 * Field attribute TYPE
 	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that a table can be altered
-	 * Called by add_column(), drop_column(), and column_alter(),
+	 * Performs a data type mapping between different databases.
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the ALTER type (ADD, DROP, CHANGE)
-	 * @param	string	the column name
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	string	the column definition
-	 * @param	string	the default value
-	 * @param	boolean	should 'NOT NULL' be added
-	 * @param	string	the field after which we should add the new field
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @param	array	&$attributes
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	protected function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $fields, $after_field = '')
- 	{
- 		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table).' '.$alter_type.' ';
-
- 		// DROP has everything it needs now.
- 		if ($alter_type == 'DROP')
- 		{
- 			return $sql.$this->db->protect_identifiers($fields);
- 		}
+	protected function _attr_type(&$attributes)
+	{
+		// Reset field lenghts for data types that don't support it
+		if (isset($attributes['CONSTRAINT']) && stripos($attributes['TYPE'], 'int') !== FALSE)
+		{
+			$attributes['CONSTRAINT'] = NULL;
+		}
 
- 		$sql .= $this->_process_fields($fields);
+		switch (strtoupper($attributes['TYPE']))
+		{
+			case 'TINYINT':
+				$attributes['TYPE'] = 'SMALLINT';
+				$attributes['UNSIGNED'] = FALSE;
+				return;
+			case 'MEDIUMINT':
+				$attributes['TYPE'] = 'INTEGER';
+				$attributes['UNSIGNED'] = FALSE;
+				return;
+			default: return;
+		}
+	}
 
- 		if ($after_field != '')
- 		{
- 			return $sql.' AFTER '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($after_field);
- 		}
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
- 		return $sql;
- 	}
+	/**
+	 * Field attribute AUTO_INCREMENT
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	&$attributes
+	 * @param	array	&$field
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _attr_auto_increment(&$attributes, &$field)
+	{
+		if ( ! empty($attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT']) && $attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT'] === TRUE)
+		{
+			$field['type'] = ($field['type'] === 'NUMERIC')
+						? 'BIGSERIAL'
+						: 'SERIAL';
+		}
+	}
 
 }
 
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_result.php b/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_result.php
index f913bc9eb..fdaeaef70 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_result.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_result.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * Postgres Result Class
@@ -33,6 +34,7 @@
  * @category	Database
  * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
  * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ * @since	1.3
  */
 class CI_DB_postgre_result extends CI_DB_result {
 
@@ -43,7 +45,9 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 */
 	public function num_rows()
 	{
-		return @pg_num_rows($this->result_id);
+		return is_int($this->num_rows)
+			? $this->num_rows
+			: $this->num_rows = @pg_num_rows($this->result_id);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -96,8 +100,6 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_result extends CI_DB_result {
 			$retval[$i]->name		= pg_field_name($this->result_id, $i);
 			$retval[$i]->type		= pg_field_type($this->result_id, $i);
 			$retval[$i]->max_length		= pg_field_size($this->result_id, $i);
-			$retval[$i]->primary_key	= 0;
-			$retval[$i]->default		= '';
 		}
 
 		return $retval;
@@ -126,11 +128,12 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 *
 	 * Moves the internal pointer to the desired offset. We call
 	 * this internally before fetching results to make sure the
-	 * result set starts at zero
+	 * result set starts at zero.
 	 *
+	 * @param	int	$n
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	protected function _data_seek($n = 0)
+	public function data_seek($n = 0)
 	{
 		return pg_result_seek($this->result_id, $n);
 	}
@@ -156,11 +159,12 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 *
 	 * Returns the result set as an object
 	 *
+	 * @param	string	$class_name
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	protected function _fetch_object()
+	protected function _fetch_object($class_name = 'stdClass')
 	{
-		return pg_fetch_object($this->result_id);
+		return pg_fetch_object($this->result_id, NULL, $class_name);
 	}
 
 }
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_utility.php b/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_utility.php
index c95e6df0c..d3b2b9cdc 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_utility.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_utility.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * Postgre Utility Class
@@ -34,19 +35,32 @@
  */
 class CI_DB_postgre_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 
+	/**
+	 * List databases statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	protected $_list_databases	= 'SELECT datname FROM pg_database';
+
+	/**
+	 * OPTIMIZE TABLE statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	protected $_optimize_table	= 'REINDEX TABLE %s';
 
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 	/**
-	 * Postgre Export
+	 * Export
 	 *
-	 * @param	array	Preferences
+	 * @param	array	$params	Preferences
 	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
 	protected function _backup($params = array())
 	{
 		// Currently unsupported
-		return $this->db->display_error('db_unsuported_feature');
+		return $this->db->display_error('db_unsupported_feature');
 	}
 }
 
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_driver.php
index 5021deb63..8c706c242 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_driver.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,12 +24,13 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * SQLite Database Adapter Class
  *
  * Note: _DB is an extender class that the app controller
- * creates dynamically based on whether the active record
+ * creates dynamically based on whether the query builder
  * class is being used or not.
  *
  * @package		CodeIgniter
@@ -40,22 +41,23 @@
  */
 class CI_DB_sqlite_driver extends CI_DB {
 
+	/**
+	 * Database driver
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	public $dbdriver = 'sqlite';
 
-	// The character used to escape with - not needed for SQLite
-	protected $_escape_char = '';
-
-	// clause and character used for LIKE escape sequences
-	protected $_like_escape_str = " ESCAPE '%s' ";
-	protected $_like_escape_chr = '!';
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * The syntax to count rows is slightly different across different
-	 * database engines, so this string appears in each driver and is
-	 * used for the count_all() and count_all_results() functions.
+	 * ORDER BY random keyword
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
 	 */
-	protected $_count_string = 'SELECT COUNT(*) AS ';
-	protected $_random_keyword = ' Random()'; // database specific random keyword
+	protected $_random_keyword = array('RANDOM()', 'RANDOM()');
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
 	 * Non-persistent database connection
@@ -122,12 +124,14 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Execute the query
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	an SQL query
+	 * @param	string	$sql	an SQL query
 	 * @return	resource
 	 */
 	protected function _execute($sql)
 	{
-		return @sqlite_query($this->conn_id, $sql);
+		return $this->is_write_type($sql)
+			? @sqlite_exec($this->conn_id, $sql)
+			: @sqlite_query($this->conn_id, $sql);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -135,17 +139,13 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Begin Transaction
 	 *
+	 * @param	bool	$test_mode
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function trans_begin($test_mode = FALSE)
 	{
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
 		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ($this->_trans_depth > 0)
+		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled OR $this->_trans_depth > 0)
 		{
 			return TRUE;
 		}
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite_driver extends CI_DB {
 		// Reset the transaction failure flag.
 		// If the $test_mode flag is set to TRUE transactions will be rolled back
 		// even if the queries produce a successful result.
-		$this->_trans_failure = ($test_mode === TRUE) ? TRUE : FALSE;
+		$this->_trans_failure = ($test_mode === TRUE);
 
 		$this->simple_query('BEGIN TRANSACTION');
 		return TRUE;
@@ -168,13 +168,8 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	public function trans_commit()
 	{
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
 		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ($this->_trans_depth > 0)
+		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled OR $this->_trans_depth > 0)
 		{
 			return TRUE;
 		}
@@ -192,13 +187,8 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	public function trans_rollback()
 	{
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
 		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ($this->_trans_depth > 0)
+		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled OR $this->_trans_depth > 0)
 		{
 			return TRUE;
 		}
@@ -212,8 +202,8 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Escape String
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	bool	whether or not the string will be used in a LIKE condition
+	 * @param	string	$str
+	 * @param	bool	$like	Whether or not the string will be used in a LIKE condition
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	public function escape_str($str, $like = FALSE)
@@ -268,50 +258,22 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * "Count All" query
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query string that counts all records in
-	 * the specified database
-	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	public function count_all($table = '')
-	{
-		if ($table == '')
-		{
-			return 0;
-		}
-
-		$query = $this->query($this->_count_string.$this->protect_identifiers('numrows').' FROM '.$this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE));
-		if ($query->num_rows() == 0)
-		{
-			return 0;
-		}
-
-		$row = $query->row();
-		$this->_reset_select();
-		return (int) $row->numrows;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
 	 * List table query
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the table names can be fetched
 	 *
-	 * @param	bool
+	 * @param	bool	$prefix_limit
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _list_tables($prefix_limit = FALSE)
 	{
-		$sql = "SELECT name from sqlite_master WHERE type='table'";
+		$sql = "SELECT name FROM sqlite_master WHERE type='table'";
 
-		if ($prefix_limit !== FALSE AND $this->dbprefix != '')
+		if ($prefix_limit !== FALSE && $this->dbprefix != '')
 		{
-			$sql .= " AND 'name' LIKE '".$this->escape_like_str($this->dbprefix)."%' ".sprintf($this->_like_escape_str, $this->_like_escape_chr);
+			return $sql." AND 'name' LIKE '".$this->escape_like_str($this->dbprefix)."%' ".sprintf($this->_like_escape_str, $this->_like_escape_chr);
 		}
+
 		return $sql;
 	}
 
@@ -322,7 +284,7 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the column names can be fetched
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @param	string	$table
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	protected function _list_columns($table = '')
@@ -334,16 +296,41 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Field data query
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that the column data can be retrieved
+	 * Returns an object with field data
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	protected function _field_data($table)
+	public function field_data($table = '')
 	{
-		return "SELECT * FROM ".$table." LIMIT 1";
+		if ($table === '')
+		{
+			return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_field_param_missing') : FALSE;
+		}
+
+		if (($query = $this->query('PRAGMA TABLE_INFO('.$this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE).')')) === FALSE)
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		$query = $query->result_array();
+		if (empty($query))
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		$retval = array();
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($query); $i < $c; $i++)
+		{
+			$retval[$i]			= new stdClass();
+			$retval[$i]->name		= $query[$i]['name'];
+			$retval[$i]->type		= $query[$i]['type'];
+			$retval[$i]->max_length		= NULL;
+			$retval[$i]->default		= $query[$i]['dflt_value'];
+			$retval[$i]->primary_key	= isset($query[$i]['pk']) ? (int) $query[$i]['pk'] : 0;
+		}
+
+		return $retval;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -366,34 +353,13 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * From Tables
-	 *
-	 * This function implicitly groups FROM tables so there is no confusion
-	 * about operator precedence in harmony with SQL standards
-	 *
-	 * @param	array
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	protected function _from_tables($tables)
-	{
-		if ( ! is_array($tables))
-		{
-			$tables = array($tables);
-		}
-
-		return '('.implode(', ', $tables).')';
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
 	 * Replace statement
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific replace string from the supplied data
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the insert keys
-	 * @param	array	the insert values
+	 * @param	string	$table	Table name
+	 * @param	array	$keys	INSERT keys
+	 * @param	array	$values	INSERT values
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _replace($table, $keys, $values)
@@ -408,10 +374,10 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific truncate string from the supplied data
 	 *
-	 * If the database does not support the truncate() command,
+	 * If the database does not support the TRUNCATE statement,
 	 * then this function maps to 'DELETE FROM table'
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @param	string	$table
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _truncate($table)
@@ -422,40 +388,13 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Limit string
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific LIMIT clause
-	 *
-	 * @param	string	the sql query string
-	 * @param	int	the number of rows to limit the query to
-	 * @param	int	the offset value
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	protected function _limit($sql, $limit, $offset)
-	{
-		if ($offset == 0)
-		{
-			$offset = '';
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			$offset .= ", ";
-		}
-
-		return $sql."LIMIT ".$offset.$limit;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
 	 * Close DB Connection
 	 *
-	 * @param	resource
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	protected function _close($conn_id)
+	protected function _close()
 	{
-		@sqlite_close($conn_id);
+		@sqlite_close($this->conn_id);
 	}
 
 }
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_forge.php
index dd6f0f78d..6ad583560 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_forge.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_forge.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * SQLite Forge Class
@@ -35,9 +36,32 @@
 class CI_DB_sqlite_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 
 	/**
+	 * CREATE TABLE IF statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_create_table_if	= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * UNSIGNED support
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool|array
+	 */
+	protected $_unsigned		= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * NULL value representation in CREATE/ALTER TABLE statements
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_null		= 'NULL';
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
 	 * Create database
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the database name
+	 * @param	string	$db_name	(ignored)
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function create_database($db_name = '')
@@ -52,7 +76,7 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 	/**
 	 * Drop database
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the database name (ignored)
+	 * @param	string	$db_name	(ignored)
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function drop_database($db_name = '')
@@ -61,6 +85,14 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 		{
 			return ($this->db->db_debug) ? $this->db->display_error('db_unable_to_drop') : FALSE;
 		}
+		elseif ( ! empty($this->db->data_cache['db_names']))
+		{
+			$key = array_search(strtolower($this->db->database), array_map('strtolower', $this->db->data_cache['db_names']), TRUE);
+			if ($key !== FALSE)
+			{
+				unset($this->db->data_cache['db_names'][$key]);
+			}
+		}
 
 		return TRUE;
 	}
@@ -68,163 +100,95 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Create Table
+	 * ALTER TABLE
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the fields
-	 * @param	mixed	primary key(s)
-	 * @param	mixed	key(s)
-	 * @param	bool	should 'IF NOT EXISTS' be added to the SQL
-	 * @return	bool
+	 * @todo	implement drop_column(), modify_column()
+	 * @param	string	$alter_type	ALTER type
+	 * @param	string	$table		Table name
+	 * @param	mixed	$field		Column definition
+	 * @return	string|string[]
 	 */
-	protected function _create_table($table, $fields, $primary_keys, $keys, $if_not_exists)
+	protected function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $field)
 	{
-		$sql = 'CREATE TABLE ';
-
-		// IF NOT EXISTS added to SQLite in 3.3.0
-		if ($if_not_exists === TRUE && version_compare($this->db->version(), '3.3.0', '>=') === TRUE)
-		{
-			$sql .= 'IF NOT EXISTS ';
-		}
-
-		$sql .= $this->db->escape_identifiers($table).' (';
-		$current_field_count = 0;
-
-		foreach ($fields as $field => $attributes)
+		if ($alter_type === 'DROP' OR $alter_type === 'CHANGE')
 		{
-			// Numeric field names aren't allowed in databases, so if the key is
-			// numeric, we know it was assigned by PHP and the developer manually
-			// entered the field information, so we'll simply add it to the list
-			if (is_numeric($field))
-			{
-				$sql .= "\n\t$attributes";
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				$attributes = array_change_key_case($attributes, CASE_UPPER);
-
-				$sql .= "\n\t".$this->db->protect_identifiers($field);
-
-				$sql .=  ' '.$attributes['TYPE'];
-
-				if (array_key_exists('CONSTRAINT', $attributes))
-				{
-					$sql .= '('.$attributes['CONSTRAINT'].')';
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('UNSIGNED', $attributes) && $attributes['UNSIGNED'] === TRUE)
-				{
-					$sql .= ' UNSIGNED';
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('DEFAULT', $attributes))
-				{
-					$sql .= ' DEFAULT \''.$attributes['DEFAULT'].'\'';
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('NULL', $attributes) && $attributes['NULL'] === TRUE)
-				{
-					$sql .= ' NULL';
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					$sql .= ' NOT NULL';
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('AUTO_INCREMENT', $attributes) && $attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT'] === TRUE)
-				{
-					$sql .= ' AUTO_INCREMENT';
-				}
-			}
-
-			// don't add a comma on the end of the last field
-			if (++$current_field_count < count($fields))
-			{
-				$sql .= ',';
-			}
-		}
+			// drop_column():
+			//	BEGIN TRANSACTION;
+			//	CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE t1_backup(a,b);
+			//	INSERT INTO t1_backup SELECT a,b FROM t1;
+			//	DROP TABLE t1;
+			//	CREATE TABLE t1(a,b);
+			//	INSERT INTO t1 SELECT a,b FROM t1_backup;
+			//	DROP TABLE t1_backup;
+			//	COMMIT;
 
-		if (count($primary_keys) > 0)
-		{
-			$primary_keys = $this->db->protect_identifiers($primary_keys);
-			$sql .= ",\n\tPRIMARY KEY (" . implode(', ', $primary_keys) . ")";
+			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		if (is_array($keys) && count($keys) > 0)
-		{
-			foreach ($keys as $key)
-			{
-				if (is_array($key))
-				{
-					$key = $this->db->protect_identifiers($key);
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					$key = array($this->db->protect_identifiers($key));
-				}
-
-				$sql .= ",\n\tUNIQUE (" . implode(', ', $key) . ")";
-			}
-		}
+		return parent::_alter_table($alter_type, $table, $field);
+	}
 
-		$sql .= "\n)";
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-		return $sql;
+	/**
+	 * Process column
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$field
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _process_column($field)
+	{
+		return $this->db->escape_identifiers($field['name'])
+			.' '.$field['type']
+			.$field['auto_increment']
+			.$field['null']
+			.$field['unique']
+			.$field['default'];
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Alter table query
+	 * Field attribute TYPE
 	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that a table can be altered
-	 * Called by add_column(), drop_column(), and column_alter(),
+	 * Performs a data type mapping between different databases.
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the ALTER type (ADD, DROP, CHANGE)
-	 * @param	string	the column name
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	string	the column definition
-	 * @param	string	the default value
-	 * @param	bool	should 'NOT NULL' be added
-	 * @param	string	the field after which we should add the new field
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @param	array	&$attributes
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	protected function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $column_name, $column_definition = '', $default_value = '', $null = '', $after_field = '')
+	protected function _attr_type(&$attributes)
 	{
-		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table).' '.$alter_type.' '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($column_name);
-
-		// DROP has everything it needs now.
-		if ($alter_type == 'DROP')
+		switch (strtoupper($attributes['TYPE']))
 		{
-			// SQLite does not support dropping columns
-			// http://www.sqlite.org/omitted.html
-			// http://www.sqlite.org/faq.html#q11
-			return FALSE;
+			case 'ENUM':
+			case 'SET':
+				$attributes['TYPE'] = 'TEXT';
+				return;
+			default: return;
 		}
+	}
 
-		$sql .= " $column_definition";
-
-		if ($default_value != '')
-		{
-			$sql .= " DEFAULT \"$default_value\"";
-		}
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-		if ($null === NULL)
-		{
-			$sql .= ' NULL';
-		}
-		else
+	/**
+	 * Field attribute AUTO_INCREMENT
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	&$attributes
+	 * @param	array	&$field
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _attr_auto_increment(&$attributes, &$field)
+	{
+		if ( ! empty($attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT']) && $attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT'] === TRUE && stripos($field['type'], 'int') !== FALSE)
 		{
-			$sql .= ' NOT NULL';
-		}
+			$field['type'] = 'INTEGER PRIMARY KEY';
+			$field['default'] = '';
+			$field['null'] = '';
+			$field['unique'] = '';
+			$field['auto_increment'] = ' AUTOINCREMENT';
 
-		if ($after_field != '')
-		{
-			return $sql.' AFTER '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($after_field);
+			$this->primary_keys = array();
 		}
-
-		return $sql;
-
 	}
 
 }
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_result.php b/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_result.php
index 741dc9d8d..889757dea 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_result.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_result.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * SQLite Result Class
@@ -33,6 +34,7 @@
  * @category	Database
  * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
  * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ * @since	1.3
  */
 class CI_DB_sqlite_result extends CI_DB_result {
 
@@ -43,7 +45,9 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 */
 	public function num_rows()
 	{
-		return @sqlite_num_rows($this->result_id);
+		return is_int($this->num_rows)
+			? $this->num_rows
+			: $this->num_rows = @sqlite_num_rows($this->result_id);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -94,10 +98,8 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite_result extends CI_DB_result {
 		{
 			$retval[$i]			= new stdClass();
 			$retval[$i]->name		= sqlite_field_name($this->result_id, $i);
-			$retval[$i]->type		= 'varchar';
-			$retval[$i]->max_length		= 0;
-			$retval[$i]->primary_key	= 0;
-			$retval[$i]->default		= '';
+			$retval[$i]->type		= NULL;
+			$retval[$i]->max_length		= NULL;
 		}
 
 		return $retval;
@@ -110,11 +112,12 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 *
 	 * Moves the internal pointer to the desired offset. We call
 	 * this internally before fetching results to make sure the
-	 * result set starts at zero
+	 * result set starts at zero.
 	 *
+	 * @param	int	$n
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	protected function _data_seek($n = 0)
+	public function data_seek($n = 0)
 	{
 		return sqlite_seek($this->result_id, $n);
 	}
@@ -140,17 +143,12 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 *
 	 * Returns the result set as an object
 	 *
+	 * @param	string	$class_name
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	protected function _fetch_object()
+	protected function _fetch_object($class_name = 'stdClass')
 	{
-		if (function_exists('sqlite_fetch_object'))
-		{
-			return sqlite_fetch_object($this->result_id);
-		}
-
-		$arr = sqlite_fetch_array($this->result_id, SQLITE_ASSOC);
-		return is_array($arr) ? (object) $arr : FALSE;
+		return sqlite_fetch_object($this->result_id, $class_name);
 	}
 
 }
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_utility.php b/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_utility.php
index 1bcb42d9f..222d02712 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_utility.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_utility.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * SQLite Utility Class
@@ -34,18 +35,16 @@
  */
 class CI_DB_sqlite_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 
-	protected $_list_databases	= FALSE;
-
 	/**
-	 * SQLite Export
+	 * Export
 	 *
-	 * @param	array	Preferences
+	 * @param	array	$params	Preferences
 	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
 	protected function _backup($params = array())
 	{
 		// Currently unsupported
-		return $this->db->display_error('db_unsuported_feature');
+		return $this->db->display_error('db_unsupported_feature');
 	}
 
 }
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/sqlite3/sqlite3_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/sqlite3/sqlite3_driver.php
index fb45bee9c..e37268aca 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/sqlite3/sqlite3_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/sqlite3/sqlite3_driver.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,12 +24,13 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * SQLite3 Database Adapter Class
  *
  * Note: _DB is an extender class that the app controller
- * creates dynamically based on whether the active record
+ * creates dynamically based on whether the query builder
  * class is being used or not.
  *
  * @package		CodeIgniter
@@ -41,22 +42,23 @@
  */
 class CI_DB_sqlite3_driver extends CI_DB {
 
+	/**
+	 * Database driver
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	public $dbdriver = 'sqlite3';
 
-	// The character used for escaping
-	protected $_escape_char = '"';
-
-	// clause and character used for LIKE escape sequences
-	protected $_like_escape_str = ' ESCAPE \'%s\' ';
-	protected $_like_escape_chr = '!';
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * The syntax to count rows is slightly different across different
-	 * database engines, so this string appears in each driver and is
-	 * used for the count_all() and count_all_results() functions.
+	 * ORDER BY random keyword
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
 	 */
-	protected $_count_string = 'SELECT COUNT(*) AS ';
-	protected $_random_keyword = ' RANDOM()';
+	protected $_random_keyword = array('RANDOM()', 'RANDOM()');
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
 	 * Non-persistent database connection
@@ -87,7 +89,7 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite3_driver extends CI_DB {
 	public function db_pconnect()
 	{
 		log_message('debug', 'SQLite3 doesn\'t support persistent connections');
-		return $this->db_pconnect();
+		return $this->db_connect();
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -104,7 +106,7 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite3_driver extends CI_DB {
 			return $this->data_cache['version'];
 		}
 
-		$version = $this->conn_id->version();
+		$version = SQLite3::version();
 		return $this->data_cache['version'] = $version['versionString'];
 	}
 
@@ -113,13 +115,12 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite3_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Execute the query
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	an SQL query
+	 * @todo	Implement use of SQLite3::querySingle(), if needed
+	 * @param	string	$sql
 	 * @return	mixed	SQLite3Result object or bool
 	 */
 	protected function _execute($sql)
 	{
-		// TODO: Implement use of SQLite3::querySingle(), if needed
-
 		return $this->is_write_type($sql)
 			? $this->conn_id->exec($sql)
 			: $this->conn_id->query($sql);
@@ -130,6 +131,7 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite3_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Begin Transaction
 	 *
+	 * @param	bool	$test_mode
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function trans_begin($test_mode = FALSE)
@@ -189,8 +191,8 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite3_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Escape String
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	bool	whether or not the string will be used in a LIKE condition
+	 * @param	string	$str
+	 * @param	bool	$like	Whether or not the string will be used in a LIKE condition
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	public function escape_str($str, $like = FALSE)
@@ -245,35 +247,11 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite3_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * "Count All" query
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query string that counts all records in
-	 * the specified database
-	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	int
-	 */
-	public function count_all($table = '')
-	{
-		if ($table == '')
-		{
-			return 0;
-		}
-
-		$result = $this->conn_id->querySingle($this->_count_string.$this->protect_identifiers('numrows')
-							.' FROM '.$this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE));
-
-		return empty($result) ? 0 : (int) $result;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
 	 * Show table query
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the table names can be fetched
 	 *
-	 * @param	bool
+	 * @param	bool	$prefix_limit
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _list_tables($prefix_limit = FALSE)
@@ -291,7 +269,7 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite3_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the column names can be fetched
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @param	string	$table
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _list_columns($table = '')
@@ -303,61 +281,56 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite3_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Field data query
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that the column data can be retrieved
+	 * Returns an object with field data
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	protected function _field_data($table)
+	public function field_data($table = '')
 	{
-		return 'SELECT * FROM '.$table.' LIMIT 0,1';
-	}
+		if ($table === '')
+		{
+			return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_field_param_missing') : FALSE;
+		}
 
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+		if (($query = $this->query('PRAGMA TABLE_INFO('.$this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE).')')) === FALSE)
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
 
-	/**
-	 * The error message string
-	 *
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	protected function _error_message()
-	{
-		return $this->conn_id->lastErrorMsg();
-	}
+		$query = $query->result_array();
+		if (empty($query))
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
 
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+		$retval = array();
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($query); $i < $c; $i++)
+		{
+			$retval[$i]			= new stdClass();
+			$retval[$i]->name		= $query[$i]['name'];
+			$retval[$i]->type		= $query[$i]['type'];
+			$retval[$i]->max_length		= NULL;
+			$retval[$i]->default		= $query[$i]['dflt_value'];
+			$retval[$i]->primary_key	= isset($query[$i]['pk']) ? (int) $query[$i]['pk'] : 0;
+		}
 
-	/**
-	 * The error message number
-	 *
-	 * @return	int
-	 */
-	protected function _error_number()
-	{
-		return $this->conn_id->lastErrorCode();
+		return $retval;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * From Tables
+	 * Error
 	 *
-	 * This function implicitly groups FROM tables so there is no confusion
-	 * about operator precedence in harmony with SQL standards
+	 * Returns an array containing code and message of the last
+	 * database error that has occured.
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	protected function _from_tables($tables)
+	public function error()
 	{
-		if ( ! is_array($tables))
-		{
-			$tables = array($tables);
-		}
-
-		return '('.implode(', ', $tables).')';
+		return array('code' => $this->conn_id->lastErrorCode(), 'message' => $this->conn_id->lastErrorMsg());
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -367,9 +340,9 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite3_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific replace string from the supplied data
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the insert keys
-	 * @param	array	the insert values
+	 * @param	string	$table	Table name
+	 * @param	array	$keys	INSERT keys
+	 * @param	array	$values	INSERT values
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _replace($table, $keys, $values)
@@ -384,10 +357,10 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite3_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific truncate string from the supplied data
 	 *
-	 * If the database does not support the truncate() command, then,
+	 * If the database does not support the TRUNCATE statement,
 	 * then this method maps to 'DELETE FROM table'
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @param	string	$table
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _truncate($table)
@@ -398,29 +371,11 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite3_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Limit string
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific LIMIT clause
-	 *
-	 * @param	string	the sql query string
-	 * @param	int	the number of rows to limit the query to
-	 * @param	int	the offset value
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	protected function _limit($sql, $limit, $offset)
-	{
-		return $sql.' LIMIT '.($offset ? $offset.',' : '').$limit;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
 	 * Close DB Connection
 	 *
-	 * @param	object (ignored)
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	protected function _close($conn_id)
+	protected function _close()
 	{
 		$this->conn_id->close();
 	}
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/sqlite3/sqlite3_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/sqlite3/sqlite3_forge.php
index 20f1e6f63..e9b91e972 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/sqlite3/sqlite3_forge.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/sqlite3/sqlite3_forge.php
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.2.4 or newer
  *
  * NOTICE OF LICENSE
  *
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * SQLite3 Forge Class
@@ -35,9 +36,43 @@
 class CI_DB_sqlite3_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 
 	/**
+	 * UNSIGNED support
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool|array
+	 */
+	protected $_unsigned		= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * NULL value representation in CREATE/ALTER TABLE statements
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_null		= 'NULL';
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Class constructor
+	 *
+	 * @param	object	&$db	Database object
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function __construct(&$db)
+	{
+		parent::__construct($db);
+
+		if (version_compare($this->db->version(), '3.3', '<'))
+		{
+			$this->create_table_if = FALSE;
+		}
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
 	 * Create database
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the database name
+	 * @param	string	$db_name
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function create_database($db_name = '')
@@ -52,7 +87,7 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite3_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 	/**
 	 * Drop database
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the database name (ignored)
+	 * @param	string	$db_name	(ignored)
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function drop_database($db_name = '')
@@ -66,6 +101,14 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite3_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 			{
 				return $this->db->db_debug ? $this->db->display_error('db_unable_to_drop') : FALSE;
 			}
+			elseif ( ! empty($this->db->data_cache['db_names']))
+			{
+				$key = array_search(strtolower($this->db->database), array_map('strtolower', $this->db->data_cache['db_names']), TRUE);
+				if ($key !== FALSE)
+				{
+					unset($this->db->data_cache['db_names'][$key]);
+				}
+			}
 
 			return TRUE;
 		}
@@ -76,117 +119,95 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite3_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Create Table
+	 * ALTER TABLE
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the fields
-	 * @param	mixed	primary key(s)
-	 * @param	mixed	key(s)
-	 * @param	bool	should 'IF NOT EXISTS' be added to the SQL
-	 * @return	bool
+	 * @todo	implement drop_column(), modify_column()
+	 * @param	string	$alter_type	ALTER type
+	 * @param	string	$table		Table name
+	 * @param	mixed	$field		Column definition
+	 * @return	string|string[]
 	 */
-	protected function _create_table($table, $fields, $primary_keys, $keys, $if_not_exists)
+	protected function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $field)
 	{
-		$sql = 'CREATE TABLE ';
-
-		// IF NOT EXISTS added to SQLite in 3.3.0
-		if ($if_not_exists === TRUE && version_compare($this->db->version(), '3.3.0', '>=') === TRUE)
+		if ($alter_type === 'DROP' OR $alter_type === 'CHANGE')
 		{
-			$sql .= 'IF NOT EXISTS ';
+			// drop_column():
+			//	BEGIN TRANSACTION;
+			//	CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE t1_backup(a,b);
+			//	INSERT INTO t1_backup SELECT a,b FROM t1;
+			//	DROP TABLE t1;
+			//	CREATE TABLE t1(a,b);
+			//	INSERT INTO t1 SELECT a,b FROM t1_backup;
+			//	DROP TABLE t1_backup;
+			//	COMMIT;
+
+			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		$sql .= $this->db->escape_identifiers($table).' (';
-		$current_field_count = 0;
+		return parent::_alter_table($alter_type, $table, $field);
+	}
 
-		foreach ($fields as $field => $attributes)
-		{
-			// Numeric field names aren't allowed in databases, so if the key is
-			// numeric, we know it was assigned by PHP and the developer manually
-			// entered the field information, so we'll simply add it to the list
-			if (is_numeric($field))
-			{
-				$sql .= "\n\t".$attributes;
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				$attributes = array_change_key_case($attributes, CASE_UPPER);
-
-				$sql .= "\n\t".$this->db->protect_identifiers($field)
-					.' '.$attributes['TYPE']
-					.( ! empty($attributes['CONSTRAINT']) ? '('.$attributes['CONSTRAINT'].')' : '')
-					.(( ! empty($attributes['UNSIGNED']) && $attributes['UNSIGNED'] === TRUE) ? ' UNSIGNED' : '')
-					.(isset($attributes['DEFAULT']) ? ' DEFAULT \''.$attributes['DEFAULT'].'\'' : '')
-					.(( ! empty($attributes['NULL']) && $attributes['NULL'] === TRUE) ? ' NULL' : ' NOT NULL')
-					.(( ! empty($attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT']) && $attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT'] === TRUE) ? ' AUTO_INCREMENT' : '');
-			}
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-			// don't add a comma on the end of the last field
-			if (++$current_field_count < count($fields))
-			{
-				$sql .= ',';
-			}
-		}
+	/**
+	 * Process column
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$field
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _process_column($field)
+	{
+		return $this->db->escape_identifiers($field['name'])
+			.' '.$field['type']
+			.$field['auto_increment']
+			.$field['null']
+			.$field['unique']
+			.$field['default'];
+	}
 
-		if (count($primary_keys) > 0)
-		{
-			$primary_keys = $this->db->protect_identifiers($primary_keys);
-			$sql .= ",\n\tPRIMARY KEY (".implode(', ', $primary_keys).')';
-		}
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-		if (is_array($keys) && count($keys) > 0)
+	/**
+	 * Field attribute TYPE
+	 *
+	 * Performs a data type mapping between different databases.
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	&$attributes
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _attr_type(&$attributes)
+	{
+		switch (strtoupper($attributes['TYPE']))
 		{
-			foreach ($keys as $key)
-			{
-				if (is_array($key))
-				{
-					$key = $this->db->protect_identifiers($key);
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					$key = array($this->db->protect_identifiers($key));
-				}
-
-				$sql .= ",\n\tUNIQUE (".implode(', ', $key).')';
-			}
+			case 'ENUM':
+			case 'SET':
+				$attributes['TYPE'] = 'TEXT';
+				return;
+			default: return;
 		}
-
-		return $sql."\n)";
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Alter table query
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that a table can be altered
-	 * Called by add_column(), drop_column(), and column_alter(),
+	 * Field attribute AUTO_INCREMENT
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the ALTER type (ADD, DROP, CHANGE)
-	 * @param	string	the column name
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	string	the column definition
-	 * @param	string	the default value
-	 * @param	bool	should 'NOT NULL' be added
-	 * @param	string	the field after which we should add the new field
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @param	array	&$attributes
+	 * @param	array	&$field
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	protected function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $column_name, $column_definition = '', $default_value = '', $null = '', $after_field = '')
+	protected function _attr_auto_increment(&$attributes, &$field)
 	{
-		/* SQLite only supports adding new columns and it does
-		 * NOT support the AFTER statement. Each new column will
-		 * be added as the last one in the table.
-		 */
-		if ($alter_type !== 'ADD COLUMN')
+		if ( ! empty($attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT']) && $attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT'] === TRUE && stripos($field['type'], 'int') !== FALSE)
 		{
-			// Not supported
-			return FALSE;
-		}
+			$field['type'] = 'INTEGER PRIMARY KEY';
+			$field['default'] = '';
+			$field['null'] = '';
+			$field['unique'] = '';
+			$field['auto_increment'] = ' AUTOINCREMENT';
 
-		return 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table).' '.$alter_type.' '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($column_name)
-			.' '.$column_definition
-			.($default_value != '' ? ' DEFAULT '.$default_value : '')
-			// If NOT NULL is specified, the field must have a DEFAULT value other than NULL
-			.(($null !== NULL && $default_value !== 'NULL') ? ' NOT NULL' : ' NULL');
+			$this->primary_keys = array();
+		}
 	}
 
 }
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/sqlite3/sqlite3_result.php b/system/database/drivers/sqlite3/sqlite3_result.php
index d83d6b2cd..69c42002c 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/sqlite3/sqlite3_result.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/sqlite3/sqlite3_result.php
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.2.4 or newer
  *
  * NOTICE OF LICENSE
  *
@@ -24,41 +24,20 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
- * SQLite Result Class
+ * SQLite3 Result Class
  *
  * This class extends the parent result class: CI_DB_result
  *
  * @category	Database
- * @author	Andrey Andreev
- * @link	http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ * @author		Andrey Andreev
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ * @since	3.0
  */
 class CI_DB_sqlite3_result extends CI_DB_result {
 
-	// Overwriting the parent here, so we have a way to know if it's already set
-	public $num_rows;
-
-	// num_fields() might be called multiple times, so we'll use this one to cache it's result
-	protected $_num_fields;
-
-	/**
-	 * Number of rows in the result set
-	 *
-	 * @return	int
-	 */
-	public function num_rows()
-	{
-		/* The SQLite3 driver doesn't have a graceful way to do this,
-		 * so we'll have to do it on our own.
-		 */
-		return is_int($this->num_rows)
-			? $this->num_rows
-			: $this->num_rows = count($this->result_array());
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
 	/**
 	 * Number of fields in the result set
 	 *
@@ -66,9 +45,7 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite3_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 */
 	public function num_fields()
 	{
-		return ( ! is_int($this->_num_fields))
-			? $this->_num_fields = $this->result_id->numColumns()
-			: $this->_num_fields;
+		return $this->result_id->numColumns();
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -102,15 +79,24 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite3_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 */
 	public function field_data()
 	{
+		static $data_types = array(
+			SQLITE3_INTEGER	=> 'integer',
+			SQLITE3_FLOAT	=> 'float',
+			SQLITE3_TEXT	=> 'text',
+			SQLITE3_BLOB	=> 'blob',
+			SQLITE3_NULL	=> 'null'
+		);
+
 		$retval = array();
 		for ($i = 0, $c = $this->num_fields(); $i < $this->num_fields(); $i++)
 		{
 			$retval[$i]			= new stdClass();
 			$retval[$i]->name		= $this->result_id->columnName($i);
-			$retval[$i]->type		= 'varchar';
-			$retval[$i]->max_length		= 0;
-			$retval[$i]->primary_key	= 0;
-			$retval[$i]->default		= '';
+
+			$type = $this->result_id->columnType($i);
+			$retval[$i]->type		= isset($data_types[$type]) ? $data_types[$type] : $type;
+
+			$retval[$i]->max_length		= NULL;
 		}
 
 		return $retval;
@@ -153,443 +139,28 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite3_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 *
 	 * Returns the result set as an object
 	 *
+	 * @param	string	$class_name
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	protected function _fetch_object()
-	{
-		// No native support for fetching as an object
-		$row = $this->_fetch_assoc();
-		return ($row !== FALSE) ? (object) $row : FALSE;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Query result. "array" version.
-	 *
-	 * return	array
-	 */
-	public function result_array()
-	{
-		if (count($this->result_array) > 0)
-		{
-			return $this->result_array;
-		}
-		elseif (is_array($this->row_data))
-		{
-			if (count($this->row_data) === 0)
-			{
-				return $this->result_array;
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				$row_index = count($this->row_data);
-			}
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			$row_index = 0;
-			$this->row_data = array();
-		}
-
-		$row = NULL;
-		while ($row = $this->_fetch_assoc())
-		{
-			$this->row_data[$row_index++] = $row;
-		}
-
-		return $this->result_array = $this->row_data;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Query result. "object" version.
-	 *
-	 * @return	array
-	 */
-	public function result_object()
-	{
-		if (count($this->result_object) > 0)
-		{
-			return $this->result_object;
-		}
-		elseif (count($this->result_array) > 0)
-		{
-			for ($i = 0, $c = count($this->result_array); $i < $c; $i++)
-			{
-				$this->result_object[] = (object) $this->result_array[$i];
-			}
-
-			return $this->result_object;
-		}
-		elseif (is_array($this->row_data))
-		{
-			if (count($this->row_data) === 0)
-			{
-				return $this->result_object;
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				$row_index = count($this->row_data);
-				for ($i = 0; $i < $row_index; $i++)
-				{
-					$this->result_object[$i] = (object) $this->row_data[$i];
-				}
-			}
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			$row_index = 0;
-			$this->row_data = array();
-		}
-
-		$row = NULL;
-		while ($row = $this->_fetch_assoc())
-		{
-			$this->row_data[$row_index] = $row;
-			$this->result_object[$row_index++] = (object) $row;
-		}
-
-		$this->result_array = $this->row_data;
-
-		/* As described for the num_rows() method - there's no easy
-		 * way to get the number of rows selected. Our work-around
-		 * solution (as in here as well) first checks if result_array
-		 * exists and returns its count. It doesn't however check for
-		 * custom_object_result, so - do it here.
-		 */
-		if ( ! is_int($this->num_rows))
-		{
-			$this->num_rows = count($this->result_object);
-		}
-
-		return $this->result_object;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Query result. Custom object version.
-	 *
-	 * @param	string	class name used to instantiate rows to
-	 * @return	array
-	 */
-	public function custom_result_object($class_name)
-	{
-		if (array_key_exists($class_name, $this->custom_result_object))
-		{
-			return $this->custom_result_object[$class_name];
-		}
-
-		if ( ! class_exists($class_name) OR ! is_object($this->result_id) OR $this->num_rows() === 0)
-		{
-			return array();
-		}
-
-		/* Even if result_array hasn't been set prior to custom_result_object being called,
-		 * num_rows() has done it.
-		*/
-		$data = &$this->result_array;
-
-		$result_object = array();
-		for ($i = 0, $c = count($data); $i < $c; $i++)
-		{
-			$result_object[$i] = new $class_name();
-			foreach ($data[$i] as $key => $value)
-			{
-				$result_object[$i]->$key = $value;
-			}
-		}
-
-		/* As described for the num_rows() method - there's no easy
-		 * way to get the number of rows selected. Our work-around
-		 * solution (as in here as well) first checks if result_array
-		 * exists and returns its count. It doesn't however check for
-		 * custom_object_result, so - do it here.
-		 */
-		if ( ! is_int($this->num_rows))
-		{
-			$this->num_rows = count($result_object);
-		}
-
-		// Cache and return the array
-		return $this->custom_result_object[$class_name] = $result_object;
-        }
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/* Single row result.
-	 *
-	 * Acts as a wrapper for row_object(), row_array()
-	 * and custom_row_object(). Also used by first_row(), next_row()
-	 * and previous_row().
-	 *
-	 * @param	int	row index
-	 * @param	string	('object', 'array' or a custom class name)
-	 * @return	mixed	whatever was passed to the second parameter
-	 */
-	public function row($n = 0, $type = 'object')
-	{
-		if ($type === 'object')
-		{
-			return $this->row_object($n);
-		}
-		elseif ($type === 'array')
-		{
-			return $this->row_array($n);
-		}
-
-		return $this->custom_row_object($n, $type);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/* Single row result. Array version.
-	 *
-	 * @param	int	row index
-	 * @return	array
-	 */
-	public function row_array($n = 0)
+	protected function _fetch_object($class_name = 'stdClass')
 	{
-		// Make sure $n is not a string
-		if ( ! is_int($n))
+		// No native support for fetching rows as objects
+		if (($row = $this->result_id->fetchArray(SQLITE3_ASSOC)) === FALSE)
 		{
-			$n = (int) $n;
+			return FALSE;
 		}
-
-		/* If row_data is initialized, it means that we've already tried
-		 * (at least) to fetch some data, so ... check if we already have
-		 * this row.
-		*/
-		if (is_array($this->row_data))
+		elseif ($class_name === 'stdClass')
 		{
-			/* If we already have row_data[$n] - return it.
-			 *
-			 * If we enter the elseif, there's a number of reasons to
-			 * return an empty array:
-			 *
-			 *	- count($this->row_data) === 0 means there are no results
-			 *	- num_rows being set or result_array having count() > 0 means
-			 *	  that we've already fetched all data and $n is greater than
-			 *	  our highest row index available
-			 *	- $n < $this->current_row means that if such row existed,
-			 *	  we would've already returned it, therefore $n is an
-			 *	  invalid index
-			 */
-			if (isset($this->row_data[$n])) // We already have this row
-			{
-				$this->current_row = $n;
-				return $this->row_data[$n];
-			}
-			elseif (count($this->row_data) === 0 OR is_int($this->num_rows)
-				OR count($this->result_array) > 0 OR $n < $this->current_row)
-			{
-				// No such row exists
-				return array();
-			}
-
-			// Get the next row index that would actually need to be fetched
-			$current_row = ($this->current_row < count($this->row_data)) ? count($this->row_data) : $this->current_row + 1;
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			$current_row = $this->current_row = 0;
-			$this->row_data = array();
-		}
-
-		/* Fetch more data, if available
-		 *
-		 * NOTE: Operator precedence is important here, if you change
-		 *	 'AND' with '&&' - it WILL BREAK the results, as
-		 *	 $row will be assigned the scalar value of both
-		 *	 expressions!
-		 */
-		while ($row = $this->_fetch_assoc() AND $current_row <= $n)
-		{
-			$this->row_data[$current_row++] = $row;
-		}
-
-		// This would mean that there's no (more) data to fetch
-		if ( ! is_array($this->row_data) OR ! isset($this->row_data[$n]))
-		{
-			// Cache what we already have
-			if (is_array($this->row_data))
-			{
-				$this->num_rows = count($this->row_data);
-				/* Usually, row_data could have less elements than result_array,
-				 * but at this point - they should be exactly the same.
-				 */
-				$this->result_array = $this->row_data;
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				$this->num_rows = 0;
-			}
-
-			return array();
-		}
-
-		$this->current_row = $n;
-		return $this->row_data[$n];
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/* Single row result. Object version.
-	 *
-	 * @param	int	row index
-	 * @return	mixed	object if row found; empty array if not
-	 */
-	public function row_object($n = 0)
-	{
-		// Make sure $n is not a string
-		if ( ! is_int($n))
-		{
-			$n = (int) $n;
-		}
-
-		/* Logic here is exactly the same as in row_array,
-		 * except we have to cast row_data[$n] to an object.
-		 *
-		 * If we already have result_object though - we can
-		 * directly return from it.
-		 */
-		if (isset($this->result_object[$n]))
-		{
-			$this->current_row = $n;
-			return $this->result_object[$n];
-		}
-
-		$row = $this->row_array($n);
-		// Cast only if the row exists
-		if (count($row) > 0)
-		{
-			$this->current_row = $n;
 			return (object) $row;
 		}
 
-		return array();
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/* Single row result. Custom object version.
-	 *
-	 * @param	int	row index
-	 * @param	string	custom class name
-	 * @return	mixed	custom object if row found; empty array otherwise
-	 */
-	public function custom_row_object($n = 0, $class_name)
-	{
-		// Make sure $n is not a string
-		if ( ! is_int($n))
-		{
-			$n = (int) $n;
-		}
-
-		if (array_key_exists($class_name, $this->custom_result_object))
-		{
-			/* We already have a the whole result set with this class_name,
-			 * return the specified row if it exists, and an empty array if
-			 * it doesn't.
-			 */
-			if (isset($this->custom_result_object[$class_name][$n]))
-			{
-				$this->current_row = $n;
-				return $this->custom_result_object[$class_name][$n];
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				return array();
-			}
-		}
-		elseif ( ! class_exists($class_name)) // No such class exists
-		{
-			return array();
-		}
-
-		$row = $this->row_array($n);
-		// An array would mean that the row doesn't exist
-		if (is_array($row))
-		{
-			return $row;
-		}
-
-		// Convert to the desired class and return
-		$row_object = new $class_name();
-		foreach ($row as $key => $value)
+		$class_name = new $class_name();
+		foreach (array_keys($row) as $key)
 		{
-			$row_object->$key = $value;
+			$class_name->$key = $row[$key];
 		}
 
-		$this->current_row = $n;
-		return $row_object;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/* First row result.
-	 *
-	 * @param	string	('object', 'array' or a custom class name)
-	 * @return	mixed	whatever was passed to the second parameter
-	 */
-	public function first_row($type = 'object')
-	{
-		return $this->row(0, $type);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/* Last row result.
-	 *
-	 * @param	string	('object', 'array' or a custom class name)
-	 * @return	mixed	whatever was passed to the second parameter
-	 */
-	public function last_row($type = 'object')
-	{
-		$result = &$this->result($type);
-		if ( ! isset($this->num_rows))
-		{
-			$this->num_rows = count($result);
-		}
-		$this->current_row = $this->num_rows - 1;
-		return $result[$this->current_row];
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/* Next row result.
-	 *
-	 * @param	string	('object', 'array' or a custom class name)
-	 * @return	mixed	whatever was passed to the second parameter
-	 */
-	public function next_row($type = 'object')
-	{
-		if (is_array($this->row_data))
-		{
-			$count = count($this->row_data);
-			$n = ($this->current_row > $count OR ($this->current_row === 0 && $count === 0)) ? $count : $this->current_row + 1;
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			$n = 0;
-		}
-
-		return $this->row($n, $type);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/* Previous row result.
-	 *
-	 * @param	string	('object', 'array' or a custom class name)
-	 * @return	mixed	whatever was passed to the second parameter
-	 */
-	public function previous_row($type = 'object')
-	{
-		$n = ($this->current_row !== 0) ? $this->current_row - 1 : 0;
-		return $this->row($n, $type);
+		return $class_name;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -599,14 +170,15 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite3_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 *
 	 * Moves the internal pointer to the desired offset. We call
 	 * this internally before fetching results to make sure the
-	 * result set starts at zero
+	 * result set starts at zero.
 	 *
+	 * @param	int	$n	(ignored)
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	protected function _data_seek($n = 0)
+	public function data_seek($n = 0)
 	{
 		// Only resetting to the start of the result set is supported
-		return $this->result_id->reset();
+		return ($n > 0) ? FALSE : $this->result_id->reset();
 	}
 
 }
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/sqlite3/sqlite3_utility.php b/system/database/drivers/sqlite3/sqlite3_utility.php
index 965c838e5..c7736cc6d 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/sqlite3/sqlite3_utility.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/sqlite3/sqlite3_utility.php
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.2.4 or newer
  *
  * NOTICE OF LICENSE
  *
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * SQLite3 Utility Class
@@ -34,18 +35,16 @@
  */
 class CI_DB_sqlite3_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 
-	protected $_list_databases	= FALSE;
-
 	/**
-	 * SQLite Export
+	 * Export
 	 *
-	 * @param	array	Preferences
+	 * @param	array	$params	Preferences
 	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
 	protected function _backup($params = array())
 	{
 		// Not supported
-		return $this->db->display_error('db_unsuported_feature');
+		return $this->db->display_error('db_unsupported_feature');
 	}
 
 }
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/sqlsrv/sqlsrv_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/sqlsrv/sqlsrv_driver.php
index 951567033..ee9823ed1 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/sqlsrv/sqlsrv_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/sqlsrv/sqlsrv_driver.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -21,15 +21,16 @@
  * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2012, EllisLab, Inc. (http://ellislab.com/)
  * @license		http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0 Open Software License (OSL 3.0)
  * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * @since		Version 2.0.3
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * SQLSRV Database Adapter Class
  *
  * Note: _DB is an extender class that the app controller
- * creates dynamically based on whether the active record
+ * creates dynamically based on whether the query builder
  * class is being used or not.
  *
  * @package		CodeIgniter
@@ -40,39 +41,52 @@
  */
 class CI_DB_sqlsrv_driver extends CI_DB {
 
+	/**
+	 * Database driver
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	public $dbdriver = 'sqlsrv';
 
-	// The character used for escaping
-	protected $_escape_char = '';
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-	// clause and character used for LIKE escape sequences
-	protected $_like_escape_str = " ESCAPE '%s' ";
-	protected $_like_escape_chr = '!';
+	/**
+	 * ORDER BY random keyword
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $_random_keyword = array('NEWID()', 'RAND(%d)');
 
 	/**
-	 * The syntax to count rows is slightly different across different
-	 * database engines, so this string appears in each driver and is
-	 * used for the count_all() and count_all_results() functions.
+	 * Quoted identifier flag
+	 *
+	 * Whether to use SQL-92 standard quoted identifier
+	 * (double quotes) or brackets for identifier escaping.
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
 	 */
-	protected $_count_string = 'SELECT COUNT(*) AS ';
-	protected $_random_keyword = ' NEWID()'; // not currently supported
+	protected $_quoted_identifier = TRUE;
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Non-persistent database connection
+	 * Database connection
 	 *
+	 * @param	bool	$pooling
 	 * @return	resource
 	 */
 	public function db_connect($pooling = FALSE)
 	{
-		// Check for a UTF-8 charset being passed as CI's default 'utf8'.
-		$character_set = (0 === strcasecmp('utf8', $this->char_set)) ? 'UTF-8' : $this->char_set;
+		$charset = in_array(strtolower($this->char_set), array('utf-8', 'utf8'), TRUE)
+			? 'UTF-8' : SQLSRV_ENC_CHAR;
 
 		$connection = array(
 			'UID'			=> empty($this->username) ? '' : $this->username,
 			'PWD'			=> empty($this->password) ? '' : $this->password,
 			'Database'		=> $this->database,
-			'ConnectionPooling'	=> $pooling ? 1 : 0,
-			'CharacterSet'		=> $character_set,
+			'ConnectionPooling'	=> ($pooling === TRUE) ? 1 : 0,
+			'CharacterSet'		=> $charset,
+			'Encrypt'		=> ($this->encrypt === TRUE) ? 1 : 0,
 			'ReturnDatesAsStrings'	=> 1
 		);
 
@@ -83,7 +97,15 @@ class CI_DB_sqlsrv_driver extends CI_DB {
 			unset($connection['UID'], $connection['PWD']);
 		}
 
-		return sqlsrv_connect($this->hostname, $connection);
+		$this->conn_id = sqlsrv_connect($this->hostname, $connection);
+
+		// Determine how identifiers are escaped
+		$query = $this->query('SELECT CASE WHEN (@@OPTIONS | 256) = @@OPTIONS THEN 1 ELSE 0 END AS qi');
+		$query = $query->row_array();
+		$this->_quoted_identifier = empty($query) ? FALSE : (bool) $query['qi'];
+		$this->_escape_char = ($this->_quoted_identifier) ? '"' : array('[', ']');
+
+		return $this->conn_id;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -103,7 +125,7 @@ class CI_DB_sqlsrv_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Select the database
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	database name
+	 * @param	string	$database
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function db_select($database = '')
@@ -113,7 +135,7 @@ class CI_DB_sqlsrv_driver extends CI_DB {
 			$database = $this->database;
 		}
 
-		if ($this->_execute('USE '.$database))
+		if ($this->_execute('USE '.$this->escape_identifiers($database)))
 		{
 			$this->database = $database;
 			return TRUE;
@@ -127,16 +149,14 @@ class CI_DB_sqlsrv_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Execute the query
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	an SQL query
+	 * @param	string	$sql	an SQL query
 	 * @return	resource
 	 */
 	protected function _execute($sql)
 	{
-		return sqlsrv_query($this->conn_id,
-					$sql,
-					NULL,
-					array('Scrollable'=> SQLSRV_CURSOR_STATIC, 'SendStreamParamsAtExec' => TRUE)
-			);
+		return ($this->is_write_type($sql) && stripos($sql, 'INSERT') === FALSE)
+			? sqlsrv_query($this->conn_id, $sql)
+			: sqlsrv_query($this->conn_id, $sql, NULL, array('Scrollable' => SQLSRV_CURSOR_STATIC));
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -144,17 +164,13 @@ class CI_DB_sqlsrv_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Begin Transaction
 	 *
+	 * @param	bool	$test_mode
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function trans_begin($test_mode = FALSE)
 	{
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
 		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ($this->_trans_depth > 0)
+		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled OR $this->_trans_depth > 0)
 		{
 			return TRUE;
 		}
@@ -162,7 +178,7 @@ class CI_DB_sqlsrv_driver extends CI_DB {
 		// Reset the transaction failure flag.
 		// If the $test_mode flag is set to TRUE transactions will be rolled back
 		// even if the queries produce a successful result.
-		$this->_trans_failure = ($test_mode === TRUE) ? TRUE : FALSE;
+		$this->_trans_failure = ($test_mode === TRUE);
 
 		return sqlsrv_begin_transaction($this->conn_id);
 	}
@@ -176,13 +192,8 @@ class CI_DB_sqlsrv_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	public function trans_commit()
 	{
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
 		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ($this->_trans_depth > 0)
+		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled OR $this->_trans_depth > 0)
 		{
 			return TRUE;
 		}
@@ -199,13 +210,8 @@ class CI_DB_sqlsrv_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	public function trans_rollback()
 	{
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
 		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ($this->_trans_depth > 0)
+		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled OR $this->_trans_depth > 0)
 		{
 			return TRUE;
 		}
@@ -218,8 +224,8 @@ class CI_DB_sqlsrv_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Escape String
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	bool	whether or not the string will be used in a LIKE condition
+	 * @param	string	$str
+	 * @param	bool	$like	Whether or not the string will be used in a LIKE condition
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	public function escape_str($str, $like = FALSE)
@@ -237,7 +243,7 @@ class CI_DB_sqlsrv_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	public function affected_rows()
 	{
-		return @sqlrv_rows_affected($this->conn_id);
+		return sqlsrv_rows_affected($this->result_id);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -269,42 +275,17 @@ class CI_DB_sqlsrv_driver extends CI_DB {
 		{
 			return $this->data_cache['version'];
 		}
-
-		if (($info = sqlsrv_server_info($this->conn_id)) === FALSE)
+		elseif ( ! $this->conn_id)
 		{
-			return FALSE;
+			$this->initialize();
 		}
 
-		return $this->data_cache['version'] = $info['SQLServerVersion'];
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * "Count All" query
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query string that counts all records in
-	 * the specified database
-	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	int
-	 */
-	public function count_all($table = '')
-	{
-		if ($table == '')
-		{
-			return 0;
-		}
-
-		$query = $this->query("SELECT COUNT(*) AS numrows FROM " . $this->dbprefix . $table);
-		if ($query->num_rows() == 0)
+		if ( ! $this->conn_id OR ($info = sqlsrv_server_info($this->conn_id)) === FALSE)
 		{
-			return 0;
+			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		$row = $query->row();
-		$this->_reset_select();
-		return (int) $row->numrows;
+		return $this->data_cache['version'] = $info['SQLServerVersion'];
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -315,11 +296,21 @@ class CI_DB_sqlsrv_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the table names can be fetched
 	 *
 	 * @param	bool
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @return	string	$prefix_limit
 	 */
 	protected function _list_tables($prefix_limit = FALSE)
 	{
-		return "SELECT name FROM sysobjects WHERE type = 'U' ORDER BY name";
+		$sql = 'SELECT '.$this->escape_identifiers('name')
+			.' FROM '.$this->escape_identifiers('sysobjects')
+			.' WHERE '.$this->escape_identifiers('type')." = 'U'";
+
+		if ($prefix_limit === TRUE && $this->dbprefix !== '')
+		{
+			$sql .= ' AND '.$this->escape_identifiers('name')." LIKE '".$this->escape_like_str($this->dbprefix)."%' "
+				.sprintf($this->_escape_like_str, $this->_escape_like_chr);
+		}
+
+		return $sql.' ORDER BY '.$this->escape_identifiers('name');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -329,27 +320,52 @@ class CI_DB_sqlsrv_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the column names can be fetched
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @param	string	$table
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _list_columns($table = '')
 	{
-		return "SELECT * FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.Columns WHERE TABLE_NAME = '".$table."'";
+		return 'SELECT COLUMN_NAME
+			FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.Columns
+			WHERE UPPER(TABLE_NAME) = '.$this->escape(strtoupper($table));
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Field data query
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that the column data can be retrieved
+	 * Returns an object with field data
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	protected function _field_data($table)
+	public function field_data($table = '')
 	{
-		return 'SELECT TOP 1 * FROM '.$table;
+		if ($table === '')
+		{
+			return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_field_param_missing') : FALSE;
+		}
+
+		$sql = 'SELECT COLUMN_NAME, DATA_TYPE, CHARACTER_MAXIMUM_LENGTH, NUMERIC_PRECISION, COLUMN_DEFAULT
+			FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.Columns
+			WHERE UPPER(TABLE_NAME) = '.$this->escape(strtoupper($table));
+
+		if (($query = $this->query($sql)) === FALSE)
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+		$query = $query->result_object();
+
+		$retval = array();
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($query); $i < $c; $i++)
+		{
+			$retval[$i]			= new stdClass();
+			$retval[$i]->name		= $query[$i]->COLUMN_NAME;
+			$retval[$i]->type		= $query[$i]->DATA_TYPE;
+			$retval[$i]->max_length		= ($query[$i]->CHARACTER_MAXIMUM_LENGTH > 0) ? $query[$i]->CHARACTER_MAXIMUM_LENGTH : $query[$i]->NUMERIC_PRECISION;
+			$retval[$i]->default		= $query[$i]->COLUMN_DEFAULT;
+		}
+
+		return $retval;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -393,54 +409,19 @@ class CI_DB_sqlsrv_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * From Tables
-	 *
-	 * This function implicitly groups FROM tables so there is no confusion
-	 * about operator precedence in harmony with SQL standards
-	 *
-	 * @param	array
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	protected function _from_tables($tables)
-	{
-		if ( ! is_array($tables))
-		{
-			$tables = array($tables);
-		}
-
-		return implode(', ', $tables);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
 	 * Update statement
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific update string from the supplied data
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the update data
-	 * @param	array	the where clause
-	 * @param	array	the orderby clause (ignored)
-	 * @param	array	the limit clause (ignored)
-	 * @param	array	the like clause
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @param	array	$values
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	protected function _update($table, $values, $where, $orderby = array(), $limit = FALSE, $like = array())
+	protected function _update($table, $values)
 	{
-		foreach($values as $key => $val)
-		{
-			$valstr[] = $key.' = '.$val;
-		}
-
-		$where = empty($where) ? '' : ' WHERE '.implode(' ', $where);
-
-		if ( ! empty($like))
-		{
-			$where .= ($where === '' ? ' WHERE ' : ' AND ').implode(' ', $like);
-		}
-
-		return 'UPDATE '.$table.' SET '.implode(', ', $valstr).' WHERE '.$where;
+		$this->qb_limit = FALSE;
+		$this->qb_orderby = array();
+		return parent::_update($table, $values);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -450,10 +431,10 @@ class CI_DB_sqlsrv_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific truncate string from the supplied data
 	 *
-	 * If the database does not support the truncate() command,
+	 * If the database does not support the TRUNCATE statement,
 	 * then this method maps to 'DELETE FROM table'
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @param	string	$table
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _truncate($table)
@@ -468,41 +449,96 @@ class CI_DB_sqlsrv_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific delete string from the supplied data
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the where clause
-	 * @param	array	the like clause
-	 * @param	string	the limit clause
+	 * @param	string	$table
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	protected function _delete($table, $where = array(), $like = array(), $limit = FALSE)
+	protected function _delete($table)
 	{
-		$conditions = array();
-
-		empty($where) OR $conditions[] = implode(' ', $where);
-		empty($like) OR $conditions[] = implode(' ', $like);
-
-		$conditions = (count($conditions) > 0) ? ' WHERE '.implode(' AND ', $conditions) : '';
+		if ($this->qb_limit)
+		{
+			return 'WITH ci_delete AS (SELECT TOP '.$this->qb_limit.' * FROM '.$table.$this->_compile_wh('qb_where').') DELETE FROM ci_delete';
+		}
 
-		return ($limit)
-			? 'WITH ci_delete AS (SELECT TOP '.$limit.' * FROM '.$table.$conditions.') DELETE FROM ci_delete'
-			: 'DELETE FROM '.$table.$conditions;
+		return parent::_delete($table);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Limit string
+	 * LIMIT
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific LIMIT clause
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the sql query string
-	 * @param	int	the number of rows to limit the query to
-	 * @param	int	the offset value
+	 * @param	string	$sql	SQL Query
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	protected function _limit($sql, $limit, $offset)
+	protected function _limit($sql)
+	{
+		// As of SQL Server 2012 (11.0.*) OFFSET is supported
+		if (version_compare($this->version(), '11', '>='))
+		{
+			return $sql.' OFFSET '.(int) $this->qb_offset.' ROWS FETCH NEXT '.$this->qb_limit.' ROWS ONLY';
+		}
+
+		$limit = $this->qb_offset + $this->qb_limit;
+
+		// An ORDER BY clause is required for ROW_NUMBER() to work
+		if ($this->qb_offset && ! empty($this->qb_orderby))
+		{
+			$orderby = $this->_compile_order_by();
+
+			// We have to strip the ORDER BY clause
+			$sql = trim(substr($sql, 0, strrpos($sql, $orderby)));
+
+			// Get the fields to select from our subquery, so that we can avoid CI_rownum appearing in the actual results
+			if (count($this->qb_select) === 0)
+			{
+				$select = '*'; // Inevitable
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				// Use only field names and their aliases, everything else is out of our scope.
+				$select = array();
+				$field_regexp = ($this->_quoted_identifier)
+					? '("[^\"]+")' : '(\[[^\]]+\])';
+				for ($i = 0, $c = count($this->qb_select); $i < $c; $i++)
+				{
+					$select[] = preg_match('/(?:\s|\.)'.$field_regexp.'$/i', $this->qb_select[$i], $m)
+						? $m[1] : $this->qb_select[$i];
+				}
+				$select = implode(', ', $select);
+			}
+
+			return 'SELECT '.$select." FROM (\n\n"
+				.preg_replace('/^(SELECT( DISTINCT)?)/i', '\\1 ROW_NUMBER() OVER('.trim($orderby).') AS '.$this->escape_identifiers('CI_rownum').', ', $sql)
+				."\n\n) ".$this->escape_identifiers('CI_subquery')
+				."\nWHERE ".$this->escape_identifiers('CI_rownum').' BETWEEN '.($this->qb_offset + 1).' AND '.$limit;
+		}
+
+		return preg_replace('/(^\SELECT (DISTINCT)?)/i','\\1 TOP '.$limit.' ', $sql);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Insert batch statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific insert string from the supplied data.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table	Table name
+	 * @param	array	$keys	INSERT keys
+	 * @param	array	$values	INSERT values
+	 * @return	string|bool
+	 */
+	protected function _insert_batch($table, $keys, $values)
 	{
-		return preg_replace('/(^\SELECT (DISTINCT)?)/i','\\1 TOP '.($limit + $offset).' ', $sql);
+		// Multiple-value inserts are only supported as of SQL Server 2008
+		if (version_compare($this->version(), '10', '>='))
+		{
+			return parent::_insert_batch($table, $keys, $values);
+		}
+
+		return ($this->db->db_debug) ? $this->db->display_error('db_unsupported_feature') : FALSE;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -510,12 +546,11 @@ class CI_DB_sqlsrv_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Close DB Connection
 	 *
-	 * @param	resource
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	protected function _close($conn_id)
+	protected function _close()
 	{
-		@sqlsrv_close($conn_id);
+		@sqlsrv_close($this->conn_id);
 	}
 
 }
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/sqlsrv/sqlsrv_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/sqlsrv/sqlsrv_forge.php
index e9143b269..da8f68c56 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/sqlsrv/sqlsrv_forge.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/sqlsrv/sqlsrv_forge.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -21,9 +21,10 @@
  * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2012, EllisLab, Inc. (http://ellislab.com/)
  * @license		http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0 Open Software License (OSL 3.0)
  * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * @since		Version 2.0.3
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * SQLSRV Forge Class
@@ -34,162 +35,99 @@
  */
 class CI_DB_sqlsrv_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 
-	protected $_drop_table	= 'DROP TABLE %s';
-
 	/**
-	 * Create Table
+	 * CREATE TABLE IF statement
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the fields
-	 * @param	mixed	primary key(s)
-	 * @param	mixed	key(s)
-	 * @param	bool	should 'IF NOT EXISTS' be added to the SQL
-	 * @return	bool
+	 * @var	string
 	 */
-	protected function _create_table($table, $fields, $primary_keys, $keys, $if_not_exists)
-	{
-		$sql = 'CREATE TABLE ';
-
-		if ($if_not_exists === TRUE)
-		{
-			$sql .= 'IF NOT EXISTS ';
-		}
-
-		$sql .= $this->db->escape_identifiers($table).' (';
-		$current_field_count = 0;
-
-		foreach ($fields as $field => $attributes)
-		{
-			// Numeric field names aren't allowed in databases, so if the key is
-			// numeric, we know it was assigned by PHP and the developer manually
-			// entered the field information, so we'll simply add it to the list
-			if (is_numeric($field))
-			{
-				$sql .= "\n\t$attributes";
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				$attributes = array_change_key_case($attributes, CASE_UPPER);
-
-				$sql .= "\n\t".$this->db->protect_identifiers($field);
-
-				$sql .=  ' '.$attributes['TYPE'];
-
-				if (array_key_exists('CONSTRAINT', $attributes))
-				{
-					$sql .= '('.$attributes['CONSTRAINT'].')';
-				}
+	protected $_create_table_if	= "IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM sysobjects WHERE ID = object_id(N'%s') AND OBJECTPROPERTY(id, N'IsUserTable') = 1)\nCREATE TABLE";
 
-				if (array_key_exists('UNSIGNED', $attributes) && $attributes['UNSIGNED'] === TRUE)
-				{
-					$sql .= ' UNSIGNED';
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('DEFAULT', $attributes))
-				{
-					$sql .= ' DEFAULT \''.$attributes['DEFAULT'].'\'';
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('NULL', $attributes) && $attributes['NULL'] === TRUE)
-				{
-					$sql .= ' NULL';
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					$sql .= ' NOT NULL';
-				}
+	/**
+	 * DROP TABLE IF statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_drop_table_if	= "IF EXISTS (SELECT * FROM sysobjects WHERE ID = object_id(N'%s') AND OBJECTPROPERTY(id, N'IsUserTable') = 1)\nDROP TABLE";
 
-				if (array_key_exists('AUTO_INCREMENT', $attributes) && $attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT'] === TRUE)
-				{
-					$sql .= ' AUTO_INCREMENT';
-				}
-			}
+	/**
+	 * UNSIGNED support
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $_unsigned		= array(
+		'TINYINT'	=> 'SMALLINT',
+		'SMALLINT'	=> 'INT',
+		'INT'		=> 'BIGINT',
+		'REAL'		=> 'FLOAT'
+	);
 
-			// don't add a comma on the end of the last field
-			if (++$current_field_count < count($fields))
-			{
-				$sql .= ',';
-			}
-		}
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-		if (count($primary_keys) > 0)
+	/**
+	 * ALTER TABLE
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$alter_type	ALTER type
+	 * @param	string	$table		Table name
+	 * @param	mixed	$field		Column definition
+	 * @return	string|string[]
+	 */
+	protected function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $field)
+	{
+		if (in_array($alter_type, array('ADD', 'DROP'), TRUE))
 		{
-			$primary_keys = $this->db->protect_identifiers($primary_keys);
-			$sql .= ",\n\tPRIMARY KEY (" . implode(', ', $primary_keys) . ")";
+			return parent::_alter_table($alter_type, $table, $field);
 		}
 
-		if (is_array($keys) && count($keys) > 0)
+		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($table).' ALTER COLUMN ';
+		$sqls = array();
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($field); $i < $c; $i++)
 		{
-			foreach ($keys as $key)
-			{
-				if (is_array($key))
-				{
-					$key = $this->db->protect_identifiers($key);
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					$key = array($this->db->protect_identifiers($key));
-				}
-
-				$sql .= ",\n\tFOREIGN KEY (" . implode(', ', $key) . ")";
-			}
+			$sqls[] = $sql.$this->_process_column($field[$i]);
 		}
 
-		$sql .= "\n)";
-
-		return $sql;
+		return $sqls;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Alter table query
+	 * Field attribute TYPE
 	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that a table can be altered
-	 * Called by add_column(), drop_column(), and column_alter(),
+	 * Performs a data type mapping between different databases.
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the ALTER type (ADD, DROP, CHANGE)
-	 * @param	string	the column name
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	string	the column definition
-	 * @param	string	the default value
-	 * @param	bool	should 'NOT NULL' be added
-	 * @param	string	the field after which we should add the new field
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @param	array	&$attributes
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	protected function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $column_name, $column_definition = '', $default_value = '', $null = '', $after_field = '')
+	protected function _attr_type(&$attributes)
 	{
-		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table).' '.$alter_type.' '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($column_name);
-
-		// DROP has everything it needs now.
-		if ($alter_type == 'DROP')
+		switch (strtoupper($attributes['TYPE']))
 		{
-			return $sql;
-		}
-
-		$sql .= " $column_definition";
-
-		if ($default_value != '')
-		{
-			$sql .= " DEFAULT \"$default_value\"";
+			case 'MEDIUMINT':
+				$attributes['TYPE'] = 'INTEGER';
+				$attributes['UNSIGNED'] = FALSE;
+				return;
+			case 'INTEGER':
+				$attributes['TYPE'] = 'INT';
+				return;
+			default: return;
 		}
+	}
 
-		if ($null === NULL)
-		{
-			$sql .= ' NULL';
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			$sql .= ' NOT NULL';
-		}
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-		if ($after_field != '')
+	/**
+	 * Field attribute AUTO_INCREMENT
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	&$attributes
+	 * @param	array	&$field
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _attr_auto_increment(&$attributes, &$field)
+	{
+		if ( ! empty($attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT']) && $attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT'] === TRUE && stripos($field['type'], 'int') !== FALSE)
 		{
-			return $sql.' AFTER '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($after_field);
+			$field['auto_increment'] = ' IDENTITY(1,1)';
 		}
-
-		return $sql;
-
 	}
 
 }
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/sqlsrv/sqlsrv_result.php b/system/database/drivers/sqlsrv/sqlsrv_result.php
index 0802677fc..b084b84cd 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/sqlsrv/sqlsrv_result.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/sqlsrv/sqlsrv_result.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * SQLSRV Result Class
@@ -33,6 +34,7 @@
  * @category	Database
  * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
  * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ * @since	2.0.3
  */
 class CI_DB_sqlsrv_result extends CI_DB_result {
 
@@ -43,7 +45,9 @@ class CI_DB_sqlsrv_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 */
 	public function num_rows()
 	{
-		return @sqlsrv_num_rows($this->result_id);
+		return is_int($this->num_rows)
+			? $this->num_rows
+			: $this->num_rows = @sqlsrv_num_rows($this->result_id);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -90,16 +94,12 @@ class CI_DB_sqlsrv_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	public function field_data()
 	{
 		$retval = array();
-		foreach (sqlsrv_field_metadata($this->result_id) as $offset => $field)
+		foreach (sqlsrv_field_metadata($this->result_id) as $i => $field)
 		{
-			$F 				= new stdClass();
-			$F->name 		= $field['Name'];
-			$F->type 		= $field['Type'];
-			$F->max_length	= $field['Size'];
-			$F->primary_key = 0;
-			$F->default		= '';
-
-			$retval[] = $F;
+			$retval[$i]		= new stdClass();
+			$retval[$i]->name	= $field['Name'];
+			$retval[$i]->type	= $field['Type'];
+			$retval[$i]->max_length	= $field['Size'];
 		}
 
 		return $retval;
@@ -142,11 +142,12 @@ class CI_DB_sqlsrv_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 *
 	 * Returns the result set as an object
 	 *
+	 * @param	string	$class_name
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	protected function _fetch_object()
+	protected function _fetch_object($class_name = 'stdClass')
 	{
-		return sqlsrv_fetch_object($this->result_id);
+		return sqlsrv_fetch_object($this->result_id, $class_name);
 	}
 
 }
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/sqlsrv/sqlsrv_utility.php b/system/database/drivers/sqlsrv/sqlsrv_utility.php
index 394964b6a..2bc7f9e03 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/sqlsrv/sqlsrv_utility.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/sqlsrv/sqlsrv_utility.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -21,9 +21,10 @@
  * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2012, EllisLab, Inc. (http://ellislab.com/)
  * @license		http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0 Open Software License (OSL 3.0)
  * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * @since		Version 2.0.3
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * SQLSRV Utility Class
@@ -34,19 +35,32 @@
  */
 class CI_DB_sqlsrv_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 
+	/**
+	 * List databases statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	protected $_list_databases	= 'EXEC sp_helpdb'; // Can also be: EXEC sp_databases
+
+	/**
+	 * OPTIMIZE TABLE statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	protected $_optimize_table	= 'ALTER INDEX all ON %s REORGANIZE';
 
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 	/**
-	 * SQLSRV Export
+	 * Export
 	 *
-	 * @param	array	Preferences
-	 * @return	mixed
+	 * @param	array	$params	Preferences
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	protected function _backup($params = array())
 	{
 		// Currently unsupported
-		return $this->db->display_error('db_unsuported_feature');
+		return $this->db->display_error('db_unsupported_feature');
 	}
 
 }
diff --git a/system/helpers/array_helper.php b/system/helpers/array_helper.php
index 6f56d9db9..0e66e4b77 100644
--- a/system/helpers/array_helper.php
+++ b/system/helpers/array_helper.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * CodeIgniter Array Helpers
@@ -37,35 +38,35 @@
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Element
- *
- * Lets you determine whether an array index is set and whether it has a value.
- * If the element is empty it returns FALSE (or whatever you specify as the default value.)
- *
- * @param	string
- * @param	array
- * @param	mixed
- * @return	mixed	depends on what the array contains
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('element'))
 {
-	function element($item, $array, $default = FALSE)
+	/**
+	 * Element
+	 *
+	 * Lets you determine whether an array index is set and whether it has a value.
+	 * If the element is empty it returns NULL (or whatever you specify as the default value.)
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	array
+	 * @param	mixed
+	 * @return	mixed	depends on what the array contains
+	 */
+	function element($item, $array, $default = NULL)
 	{
-		return empty($array[$item]) ? $default : $array[$item];
+		return array_key_exists($item, $array) ? $array[$item] : $default;
 	}
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Random Element - Takes an array as input and returns a random element
- *
- * @param	array
- * @return	mixed	depends on what the array contains
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('random_element'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Random Element - Takes an array as input and returns a random element
+	 *
+	 * @param	array
+	 * @return	mixed	depends on what the array contains
+	 */
 	function random_element($array)
 	{
 		return is_array($array) ? $array[array_rand($array)] : $array;
@@ -74,20 +75,20 @@ if ( ! function_exists('random_element'))
 
 // --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Elements
- *
- * Returns only the array items specified. Will return a default value if
- * it is not set.
- *
- * @param	array
- * @param	array
- * @param	mixed
- * @return	mixed	depends on what the array contains
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('elements'))
 {
-	function elements($items, $array, $default = FALSE)
+	/**
+	 * Elements
+	 *
+	 * Returns only the array items specified. Will return a default value if
+	 * it is not set.
+	 *
+	 * @param	array
+	 * @param	array
+	 * @param	mixed
+	 * @return	mixed	depends on what the array contains
+	 */
+	function elements($items, $array, $default = NULL)
 	{
 		$return = array();
 
@@ -95,7 +96,7 @@ if ( ! function_exists('elements'))
 
 		foreach ($items as $item)
 		{
-			$return[$item] = isset($array[$item]) ? $array[$item] : $default;
+			$return[$item] = array_key_exists($item, $array) ? $array[$item] : $default;
 		}
 
 		return $return;
diff --git a/system/helpers/captcha_helper.php b/system/helpers/captcha_helper.php
index bdbc62097..e9b167fa9 100644
--- a/system/helpers/captcha_helper.php
+++ b/system/helpers/captcha_helper.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * CodeIgniter CAPTCHA Helper
@@ -32,22 +33,22 @@
  * @subpackage	Helpers
  * @category	Helpers
  * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/helpers/xml_helper.html
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/helpers/captcha_helper.html
  */
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Create CAPTCHA
- *
- * @param	array	array of data for the CAPTCHA
- * @param	string	path to create the image in
- * @param	string	URL to the CAPTCHA image folder
- * @param	string	server path to font
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('create_captcha'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Create CAPTCHA
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	array of data for the CAPTCHA
+	 * @param	string	path to create the image in
+	 * @param	string	URL to the CAPTCHA image folder
+	 * @param	string	server path to font
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function create_captcha($data = '', $img_path = '', $img_url = '', $font_path = '')
 	{
 		$defaults = array('word' => '', 'img_path' => '', 'img_url' => '', 'img_width' => '150', 'img_height' => '30', 'font_path' => '', 'expiration' => 7200);
@@ -64,7 +65,7 @@ if ( ! function_exists('create_captcha'))
 			}
 		}
 
-		if ($img_path == '' OR $img_url == ''
+		if ($img_path === '' OR $img_url === ''
 			OR ! @is_dir($img_path) OR ! is_writeable($img_path)
 			OR ! extension_loaded('gd'))
 		{
@@ -80,8 +81,7 @@ if ( ! function_exists('create_captcha'))
 		$current_dir = @opendir($img_path);
 		while ($filename = @readdir($current_dir))
 		{
-			if ($filename !== '.' && $filename !== '..' && $filename !== 'index.html'
-				&& (str_replace('.jpg', '', $filename) + $expiration) < $now)
+			if (substr($filename, -4) === '.jpg' && (str_replace('.jpg', '', $filename) + $expiration) < $now)
 			{
 				@unlink($img_path.$filename);
 			}
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ if ( ! function_exists('create_captcha'))
 		// Do we have a "word" yet?
 		// -----------------------------------
 
-		if ($word == '')
+		if ($word === '')
 		{
 			$pool = '0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ';
 			$word = '';
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ if ( ! function_exists('create_captcha'))
 		//  Write the text
 		// -----------------------------------
 
-		$use_font = ($font_path != '' && file_exists($font_path) && function_exists('imagettftext'));
+		$use_font = ($font_path !== '' && file_exists($font_path) && function_exists('imagettftext'));
 		if ($use_font === FALSE)
 		{
 			$font_size = 5;
@@ -186,7 +186,6 @@ if ( ! function_exists('create_captcha'))
 			}
 		}
 
-
 		// Create the border
 		imagerectangle($im, 0, 0, $img_width - 1, $img_height - 1, $border_color);
 
diff --git a/system/helpers/cookie_helper.php b/system/helpers/cookie_helper.php
index 06560e723..02841409d 100644
--- a/system/helpers/cookie_helper.php
+++ b/system/helpers/cookie_helper.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * CodeIgniter Cookie Helpers
@@ -37,24 +38,24 @@
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Set cookie
- *
- * Accepts seven parameters, or you can submit an associative
- * array in the first parameter containing all the values.
- *
- * @param	mixed
- * @param	string	the value of the cookie
- * @param	string	the number of seconds until expiration
- * @param	string	the cookie domain.  Usually:  .yourdomain.com
- * @param	string	the cookie path
- * @param	string	the cookie prefix
- * @param	bool	true makes the cookie secure
- * @param	bool	true makes the cookie accessible via http(s) only (no javascript)
- * @return	void
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('set_cookie'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Set cookie
+	 *
+	 * Accepts seven parameters, or you can submit an associative
+	 * array in the first parameter containing all the values.
+	 *
+	 * @param	mixed
+	 * @param	string	the value of the cookie
+	 * @param	string	the number of seconds until expiration
+	 * @param	string	the cookie domain.  Usually:  .yourdomain.com
+	 * @param	string	the cookie path
+	 * @param	string	the cookie prefix
+	 * @param	bool	true makes the cookie secure
+	 * @param	bool	true makes the cookie accessible via http(s) only (no javascript)
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
 	function set_cookie($name = '', $value = '', $expire = '', $domain = '', $path = '/', $prefix = '', $secure = FALSE, $httponly = FALSE)
 	{
 		// Set the config file options
@@ -65,15 +66,15 @@ if ( ! function_exists('set_cookie'))
 
 // --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Fetch an item from the COOKIE array
- *
- * @param	string
- * @param	bool
- * @return	mixed
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('get_cookie'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Fetch an item from the COOKIE array
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	bool
+	 * @return	mixed
+	 */
 	function get_cookie($index = '', $xss_clean = FALSE)
 	{
 		$CI =& get_instance();
@@ -84,17 +85,17 @@ if ( ! function_exists('get_cookie'))
 
 // --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Delete a COOKIE
- *
- * @param	mixed
- * @param	string	the cookie domain. Usually: .yourdomain.com
- * @param	string	the cookie path
- * @param	string	the cookie prefix
- * @return	void
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('delete_cookie'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Delete a COOKIE
+	 *
+	 * @param	mixed
+	 * @param	string	the cookie domain. Usually: .yourdomain.com
+	 * @param	string	the cookie path
+	 * @param	string	the cookie prefix
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
 	function delete_cookie($name = '', $domain = '', $path = '/', $prefix = '')
 	{
 		set_cookie($name, '', '', $domain, $path, $prefix);
diff --git a/system/helpers/date_helper.php b/system/helpers/date_helper.php
index f1ba364f5..d54e01968 100644
--- a/system/helpers/date_helper.php
+++ b/system/helpers/date_helper.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * CodeIgniter Date Helpers
@@ -37,70 +38,71 @@
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Get "now" time
- *
- * Returns time() or its GMT equivalent based on the config file preference
- *
- * @return	int
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('now'))
 {
-	function now()
+	/**
+	 * Get "now" time
+	 *
+	 * Returns time() based on the timezone parameter or on the
+	 * "time_reference" setting
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @return	int
+	 */
+	function now($timezone = NULL)
 	{
-		$CI =& get_instance();
-
-		if (strtolower($CI->config->item('time_reference')) == 'gmt')
+		if (empty($timezone))
 		{
-			$now = time();
-			$system_time = mktime(gmdate("H", $now), gmdate("i", $now), gmdate("s", $now), gmdate("m", $now), gmdate("d", $now), gmdate("Y", $now));
-
-			if (strlen($system_time) < 10)
-			{
-				$system_time = time();
-				log_message('error', 'The Date class could not set a proper GMT timestamp so the local time() value was used.');
-			}
+			$timezone = config_item('time_reference');
+		}
 
-			return $system_time;
+		if ($timezone === 'local' OR $timezone === date_default_timezone_get())
+		{
+			return time();
 		}
 
-		return time();
+		$datetime = new DateTime('now', new DateTimeZone($timezone));
+		sscanf($datetime->format('j-n-Y G:i:s'), '%d-%d-%d %d:%d:%d', $day, $month, $year, $hour, $minute, $second);
+
+		return mktime($hour, $minute, $second, $month, $day, $year);
 	}
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Convert MySQL Style Datecodes
- *
- * This function is identical to PHPs date() function,
- * except that it allows date codes to be formatted using
- * the MySQL style, where each code letter is preceded
- * with a percent sign:  %Y %m %d etc...
- *
- * The benefit of doing dates this way is that you don't
- * have to worry about escaping your text letters that
- * match the date codes.
- *
- * @param	string
- * @param	int
- * @return	int
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('mdate'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Convert MySQL Style Datecodes
+	 *
+	 * This function is identical to PHPs date() function,
+	 * except that it allows date codes to be formatted using
+	 * the MySQL style, where each code letter is preceded
+	 * with a percent sign:  %Y %m %d etc...
+	 *
+	 * The benefit of doing dates this way is that you don't
+	 * have to worry about escaping your text letters that
+	 * match the date codes.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	int
+	 * @return	int
+	 */
 	function mdate($datestr = '', $time = '')
 	{
-		if ($datestr == '')
+		if ($datestr === '')
 		{
 			return '';
 		}
-
-		$time = ($time == '') ? now() : $time;
+		elseif (empty($time))
+		{
+			$time = now();
+		}
 
 		$datestr = str_replace(
 			'%\\',
 			'',
-			preg_replace("/([a-z]+?){1}/i", "\\\\\\1", $datestr)
+			preg_replace('/([a-z]+?){1}/i', '\\\\\\1', $datestr)
 		);
 
 		return date($datestr, $time);
@@ -109,75 +111,67 @@ if ( ! function_exists('mdate'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Standard Date
- *
- * Returns a date formatted according to the submitted standard.
- *
- * @param	string	the chosen format
- * @param	int	Unix timestamp
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('standard_date'))
 {
-	function standard_date($fmt = 'DATE_RFC822', $time = '')
+	/**
+	 * Standard Date
+	 *
+	 * Returns a date formatted according to the submitted standard.
+	 *
+	 * As of PHP 5.2, the DateTime extension provides constants that
+	 * serve for the exact same purpose and are used with date().
+	 *
+	 * @todo	Remove in version 3.1+.
+	 * @deprecated	3.0.0	Use PHP's native date() instead.
+	 * @link	http://www.php.net/manual/en/class.datetime.php#datetime.constants.types
+	 *
+	 * @example	date(DATE_RFC822, now()); // default
+	 * @example	date(DATE_W3C, $time); // a different format and time
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$fmt = 'DATE_RFC822'	the chosen format
+	 * @param	int	$time = NULL		Unix timestamp
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	function standard_date($fmt = 'DATE_RFC822', $time = NULL)
 	{
-		$formats = array(
-						'DATE_ATOM'		=>	'%Y-%m-%dT%H:%i:%s%O',
-						'DATE_COOKIE'	=>	'%l, %d-%M-%y %H:%i:%s UTC',
-						'DATE_ISO8601'	=>	'%Y-%m-%dT%H:%i:%s%O',
-						'DATE_RFC822'	=>	'%D, %d %M %y %H:%i:%s %O',
-						'DATE_RFC850'	=>	'%l, %d-%M-%y %H:%i:%s UTC',
-						'DATE_RFC1036'	=>	'%D, %d %M %y %H:%i:%s %O',
-						'DATE_RFC1123'	=>	'%D, %d %M %Y %H:%i:%s %O',
-						'DATE_RFC2822'	=>	'%D, %d %M %Y %H:%i:%s %O',
-						'DATE_RSS'		=>	'%D, %d %M %Y %H:%i:%s %O',
-						'DATE_W3C'		=>	'%Y-%m-%dT%H:%i:%s%O'
-						);
-
-		if ( ! isset($formats[$fmt]))
+		if (empty($time))
+		{
+			$time = now();
+		}
+
+		// Procedural style pre-defined constants from the DateTime extension
+		if (strpos($fmt, 'DATE_') !== 0 OR defined($fmt) === FALSE)
 		{
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		return mdate($formats[$fmt], $time);
+		return date(constant($fmt), $time);
 	}
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Timespan
- *
- * Returns a span of seconds in this format:
- *	10 days 14 hours 36 minutes 47 seconds
- *
- * @param	int	a number of seconds
- * @param	int	Unix timestamp
- * @param	int	a number of display units
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('timespan'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Timespan
+	 *
+	 * Returns a span of seconds in this format:
+	 *	10 days 14 hours 36 minutes 47 seconds
+	 *
+	 * @param	int	a number of seconds
+	 * @param	int	Unix timestamp
+	 * @param	int	a number of display units
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function timespan($seconds = 1, $time = '', $units = 7)
 	{
 		$CI =& get_instance();
 		$CI->lang->load('date');
 
-		if ( ! is_numeric($seconds))
-		{
-			$seconds = 1;
-		}
-
-		if ( ! is_numeric($time))
-		{
-			$time = time();
-		}
-
-		if ( ! is_numeric($units))
-		{
-			$units = 7;
-		}
+		is_numeric($seconds) OR $seconds = 1;
+		is_numeric($time) OR $time = time();
+		is_numeric($units) OR $units = 7;
 
 		$seconds = ($time <= $seconds) ? 1 : $time - $seconds;
 
@@ -186,7 +180,7 @@ if ( ! function_exists('timespan'))
 
 		if ($years > 0)
 		{
-			$str[] = $years.' '.$CI->lang->line((($years	> 1) ? 'date_years' : 'date_year'));
+			$str[] = $years.' '.$CI->lang->line($years > 1 ? 'date_years' : 'date_year');
 		}
 
 		$seconds -= $years * 31557600;
@@ -196,7 +190,7 @@ if ( ! function_exists('timespan'))
 		{
 			if ($months > 0)
 			{
-				$str[] = $months.' '.$CI->lang->line((($months	> 1) ? 'date_months' : 'date_month'));
+				$str[] = $months.' '.$CI->lang->line($months > 1 ? 'date_months' : 'date_month');
 			}
 
 			$seconds -= $months * 2629743;
@@ -208,7 +202,7 @@ if ( ! function_exists('timespan'))
 		{
 			if ($weeks > 0)
 			{
-				$str[] = $weeks.' '.$CI->lang->line((($weeks	> 1) ? 'date_weeks' : 'date_week'));
+				$str[] = $weeks.' '.$CI->lang->line($weeks > 1 ? 'date_weeks' : 'date_week');
 			}
 
 			$seconds -= $weeks * 604800;
@@ -220,7 +214,7 @@ if ( ! function_exists('timespan'))
 		{
 			if ($days > 0)
 			{
-				$str[] = $days.' '.$CI->lang->line((($days	> 1) ? 'date_days' : 'date_day'));
+				$str[] = $days.' '.$CI->lang->line($days > 1 ? 'date_days' : 'date_day');
 			}
 
 			$seconds -= $days * 86400;
@@ -232,7 +226,7 @@ if ( ! function_exists('timespan'))
 		{
 			if ($hours > 0)
 			{
-				$str[] = $hours.' '.$CI->lang->line((($hours	> 1) ? 'date_hours' : 'date_hour'));
+				$str[] = $hours.' '.$CI->lang->line($hours > 1 ? 'date_hours' : 'date_hour');
 			}
 
 			$seconds -= $hours * 3600;
@@ -244,7 +238,7 @@ if ( ! function_exists('timespan'))
 		{
 			if ($minutes > 0)
 			{
-				$str[] = $minutes.' '.$CI->lang->line((($minutes	> 1) ? 'date_minutes' : 'date_minute'));
+				$str[] = $minutes.' '.$CI->lang->line($minutes > 1 ? 'date_minutes' : 'date_minute');
 			}
 
 			$seconds -= $minutes * 60;
@@ -252,7 +246,7 @@ if ( ! function_exists('timespan'))
 
 		if (count($str) === 0)
 		{
-			$str[] = $seconds.' '.$CI->lang->line((($seconds	> 1) ? 'date_seconds' : 'date_second'));
+			$str[] = $seconds.' '.$CI->lang->line($seconds > 1 ? 'date_seconds' : 'date_second');
 		}
 
 		return implode(', ', $str);
@@ -261,33 +255,37 @@ if ( ! function_exists('timespan'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Number of days in a month
- *
- * Takes a month/year as input and returns the number of days
- * for the given month/year. Takes leap years into consideration.
- *
- * @param	int	a numeric month
- * @param	int	a numeric year
- * @return	int
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('days_in_month'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Number of days in a month
+	 *
+	 * Takes a month/year as input and returns the number of days
+	 * for the given month/year. Takes leap years into consideration.
+	 *
+	 * @param	int	a numeric month
+	 * @param	int	a numeric year
+	 * @return	int
+	 */
 	function days_in_month($month = 0, $year = '')
 	{
 		if ($month < 1 OR $month > 12)
 		{
 			return 0;
 		}
-
-		if ( ! is_numeric($year) OR strlen($year) != 4)
+		elseif ( ! is_numeric($year) OR strlen($year) !== 4)
 		{
 			$year = date('Y');
 		}
 
+		if ($year >= 1970)
+		{
+			return (int) date('t', mktime(12, 0, 0, $month, 1, $year));
+		}
+
 		if ($month == 2)
 		{
-			if ($year % 400 == 0 OR ($year % 4 == 0 && $year % 100 != 0))
+			if ($year % 400 === 0 OR ($year % 4 === 0 && $year % 100 !== 0))
 			{
 				return 29;
 			}
@@ -300,85 +298,78 @@ if ( ! function_exists('days_in_month'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Converts a local Unix timestamp to GMT
- *
- * @param	int	Unix timestamp
- * @return	int
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('local_to_gmt'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Converts a local Unix timestamp to GMT
+	 *
+	 * @param	int	Unix timestamp
+	 * @return	int
+	 */
 	function local_to_gmt($time = '')
 	{
-		if ($time == '')
+		if ($time === '')
 		{
 			$time = time();
 		}
 
 		return mktime(
-			gmdate("H", $time),
-			gmdate("i", $time),
-			gmdate("s", $time),
-			gmdate("m", $time),
-			gmdate("d", $time),
-			gmdate("Y", $time)
+			gmdate('G', $time),
+			gmdate('i', $time),
+			gmdate('s', $time),
+			gmdate('n', $time),
+			gmdate('j', $time),
+			gmdate('Y', $time)
 		);
 	}
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Converts GMT time to a localized value
- *
- * Takes a Unix timestamp (in GMT) as input, and returns
- * at the local value based on the timezone and DST setting
- * submitted
- *
- * @param	int	Unix timestamp
- * @param	string	timezone
- * @param	bool	whether DST is active
- * @return	int
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('gmt_to_local'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Converts GMT time to a localized value
+	 *
+	 * Takes a Unix timestamp (in GMT) as input, and returns
+	 * at the local value based on the timezone and DST setting
+	 * submitted
+	 *
+	 * @param	int	Unix timestamp
+	 * @param	string	timezone
+	 * @param	bool	whether DST is active
+	 * @return	int
+	 */
 	function gmt_to_local($time = '', $timezone = 'UTC', $dst = FALSE)
 	{
-		if ($time == '')
+		if ($time === '')
 		{
 			return now();
 		}
 
 		$time += timezones($timezone) * 3600;
 
-		if ($dst == TRUE)
-		{
-			$time += 3600;
-		}
-
-		return $time;
+		return ($dst === TRUE) ? $time + 3600 : $time;
 	}
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Converts a MySQL Timestamp to Unix
- *
- * @param	int	Unix timestamp
- * @return	int
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('mysql_to_unix'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Converts a MySQL Timestamp to Unix
+	 *
+	 * @param	int	MySQL timestamp YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS
+	 * @return	int	Unix timstamp
+	 */
 	function mysql_to_unix($time = '')
 	{
 		// We'll remove certain characters for backward compatibility
 		// since the formatting changed with MySQL 4.1
 		// YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS
 
-		$time = str_replace('-', '', $time);
-		$time = str_replace(':', '', $time);
-		$time = str_replace(' ', '', $time);
+		$time = str_replace(array('-', ':', ' '), '', $time);
 
 		// YYYYMMDDHHMMSS
 		return mktime(
@@ -394,23 +385,23 @@ if ( ! function_exists('mysql_to_unix'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Unix to "Human"
- *
- * Formats Unix timestamp to the following prototype: 2006-08-21 11:35 PM
- *
- * @param	int	Unix timestamp
- * @param	bool	whether to show seconds
- * @param	string	format: us or euro
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('unix_to_human'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Unix to "Human"
+	 *
+	 * Formats Unix timestamp to the following prototype: 2006-08-21 11:35 PM
+	 *
+	 * @param	int	Unix timestamp
+	 * @param	bool	whether to show seconds
+	 * @param	string	format: us or euro
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function unix_to_human($time = '', $seconds = FALSE, $fmt = 'us')
 	{
-		$r  = date('Y', $time).'-'.date('m', $time).'-'.date('d', $time).' ';
+		$r = date('Y', $time).'-'.date('m', $time).'-'.date('d', $time).' ';
 
-		if ($fmt == 'us')
+		if ($fmt === 'us')
 		{
 			$r .= date('h', $time).':'.date('i', $time);
 		}
@@ -424,9 +415,9 @@ if ( ! function_exists('unix_to_human'))
 			$r .= ':'.date('s', $time);
 		}
 
-		if ($fmt == 'us')
+		if ($fmt === 'us')
 		{
-			$r .= ' '.date('A', $time);
+			return $r.' '.date('A', $time);
 		}
 
 		return $r;
@@ -435,71 +426,45 @@ if ( ! function_exists('unix_to_human'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Convert "human" date to GMT
- *
- * Reverses the above process
- *
- * @param	string	format: us or euro
- * @return	int
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('human_to_unix'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Convert "human" date to GMT
+	 *
+	 * Reverses the above process
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	format: us or euro
+	 * @return	int
+	 */
 	function human_to_unix($datestr = '')
 	{
-		if ($datestr == '')
+		if ($datestr === '')
 		{
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		$datestr = trim($datestr);
-		$datestr = preg_replace("/\040+/", ' ', $datestr);
+		$datestr = preg_replace('/\040+/', ' ', trim($datestr));
 
-		if ( ! preg_match('/^[0-9]{2,4}\-[0-9]{1,2}\-[0-9]{1,2}\s[0-9]{1,2}:[0-9]{1,2}(?::[0-9]{1,2})?(?:\s[AP]M)?$/i', $datestr))
+		if ( ! preg_match('/^(\d{2}|\d{4})\-[0-9]{1,2}\-[0-9]{1,2}\s[0-9]{1,2}:[0-9]{1,2}(?::[0-9]{1,2})?(?:\s[AP]M)?$/i', $datestr))
 		{
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		$split = explode(' ', $datestr);
-
-		$ex = explode("-", $split['0']);
-
-		$year  = (strlen($ex['0']) == 2) ? '20'.$ex['0'] : $ex['0'];
-		$month = (strlen($ex['1']) == 1) ? '0'.$ex['1']  : $ex['1'];
-		$day   = (strlen($ex['2']) == 1) ? '0'.$ex['2']  : $ex['2'];
-
-		$ex = explode(":", $split['1']);
+		sscanf($datestr, '%d-%d-%d %s %s', $year, $month, $day, $time, $ampm);
+		sscanf($time, '%d:%d:%d', $hour, $min, $sec);
+		isset($sec) OR $sec = 0;
 
-		$hour = (strlen($ex['0']) == 1) ? '0'.$ex['0'] : $ex['0'];
-		$min  = (strlen($ex['1']) == 1) ? '0'.$ex['1'] : $ex['1'];
-
-		if (isset($ex['2']) && preg_match('/[0-9]{1,2}/', $ex['2']))
-		{
-			$sec  = (strlen($ex['2']) == 1) ? '0'.$ex['2'] : $ex['2'];
-		}
-		else
+		if (isset($ampm))
 		{
-			// Unless specified, seconds get set to zero.
-			$sec = '00';
-		}
-
-		if (isset($split['2']))
-		{
-			$ampm = strtolower($split['2']);
-
-			if (substr($ampm, 0, 1) === 'p' && $hour < 12)
-			{
-				$hour = $hour + 12;
-			}
+			$ampm = strtolower($ampm);
 
-			if (substr($ampm, 0, 1) === 'a' && $hour == 12)
+			if ($ampm[0] === 'p' && $hour < 12)
 			{
-				$hour =  '00';
+				$hour += 12;
 			}
-
-			if (strlen($hour) == 1)
+			elseif ($ampm[0] === 'a' && $hour === 12)
 			{
-				$hour = '0'.$hour;
+				$hour = 0;
 			}
 		}
 
@@ -509,27 +474,31 @@ if ( ! function_exists('human_to_unix'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Turns many "reasonably-date-like" strings into something
- * that is actually useful. This only works for dates after unix epoch.
- *
- * @param	string	The terribly formatted date-like string
- * @param	string	Date format to return (same as php date function)
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('nice_date'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Turns many "reasonably-date-like" strings into something
+	 * that is actually useful. This only works for dates after unix epoch.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	The terribly formatted date-like string
+	 * @param	string	Date format to return (same as php date function)
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function nice_date($bad_date = '', $format = FALSE)
 	{
 		if (empty($bad_date))
 		{
 			return 'Unknown';
 		}
+		elseif (empty($format))
+		{
+			$format = 'U';
+		}
 
 		// Date like: YYYYMM
-		if (preg_match('/^\d{6}$/', $bad_date))
+		if (preg_match('/^\d{6}$/i', $bad_date))
 		{
-			if (in_array(substr($bad_date, 0, 2),array('19', '20')))
+			if (in_array(substr($bad_date, 0, 2), array('19', '20')))
 			{
 				$year  = substr($bad_date, 0, 4);
 				$month = substr($bad_date, 4, 2);
@@ -540,32 +509,27 @@ if ( ! function_exists('nice_date'))
 				$year   = substr($bad_date, 2, 4);
 			}
 
-			return date($format, strtotime($year . '-' . $month . '-01'));
+			return date($format, strtotime($year.'-'.$month.'-01'));
 		}
 
 		// Date Like: YYYYMMDD
-		if (preg_match('/^\d{8}$/',$bad_date))
+		if (preg_match('/^(\d{2})\d{2}(\d{4})$/i', $bad_date, $matches))
 		{
-			$month = substr($bad_date, 0, 2);
-			$day   = substr($bad_date, 2, 2);
-			$year  = substr($bad_date, 4, 4);
-
-			return date($format, strtotime($month . '/01/' . $year));
+			return date($format, strtotime($matches[1].'/01/'.$matches[2]));
 		}
 
 		// Date Like: MM-DD-YYYY __or__ M-D-YYYY (or anything in between)
-		if (preg_match('/^\d{1,2}-\d{1,2}-\d{4}$/',$bad_date))
+		if (preg_match('/^(\d{1,2})-(\d{1,2})-(\d{4})$/i', $bad_date, $matches))
 		{
-			list($m, $d, $y) = explode('-', $bad_date);
-			return date($format, strtotime("{$y}-{$m}-{$d}"));
+			return date($format, strtotime($matches[3].'-'.$matches[1].'-'.$matches[2]));
 		}
 
 		// Any other kind of string, when converted into UNIX time,
 		// produces "0 seconds after epoc..." is probably bad...
 		// return "Invalid Date".
-		if (date('U', strtotime($bad_date)) == '0')
+		if (date('U', strtotime($bad_date)) === '0')
 		{
-			return "Invalid Date";
+			return 'Invalid Date';
 		}
 
 		// It's probably a valid-ish date format already
@@ -575,59 +539,58 @@ if ( ! function_exists('nice_date'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Timezone Menu
- *
- * Generates a drop-down menu of timezones.
- *
- * @param	string	timezone
- * @param	string	classname
- * @param	string	menu name
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('timezone_menu'))
 {
-	function timezone_menu($default = 'UTC', $class = "", $name = 'timezones')
+	/**
+	 * Timezone Menu
+	 *
+	 * Generates a drop-down menu of timezones.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	timezone
+	 * @param	string	classname
+	 * @param	string	menu name
+	 * @param	mixed	attributes
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	function timezone_menu($default = 'UTC', $class = '', $name = 'timezones', $attributes = '')
 	{
 		$CI =& get_instance();
 		$CI->lang->load('date');
 
-		$default = ($default == 'GMT') ? 'UTC' : $default;
+		$default = ($default === 'GMT') ? 'UTC' : $default;
 
 		$menu = '<select name="'.$name.'"';
 
-		if ($class != '')
+		if ($class !== '')
 		{
 			$menu .= ' class="'.$class.'"';
 		}
 
-		$menu .= ">\n";
+		$menu .= _stringify_attributes($attributes).">\n";
 
 		foreach (timezones() as $key => $val)
 		{
-			$selected = ($default == $key) ? " selected='selected'" : '';
-			$menu .= "<option value='{$key}'{$selected}>".$CI->lang->line($key)."</option>\n";
+			$selected = ($default === $key) ? ' selected="selected"' : '';
+			$menu .= '<option value="'.$key.'"'.$selected.'>'.$CI->lang->line($key)."</option>\n";
 		}
 
-		$menu .= "</select>";
-
-		return $menu;
+		return $menu.'</select>';
 	}
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Timezones
- *
- * Returns an array of timezones. This is a helper function
- * for various other ones in this library
- *
- * @param	string	timezone
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('timezones'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Timezones
+	 *
+	 * Returns an array of timezones. This is a helper function
+	 * for various other ones in this library
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	timezone
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function timezones($tz = '')
 	{
 		// Note: Don't change the order of these even though
@@ -676,16 +639,145 @@ if ( ! function_exists('timezones'))
 			'UP14'		=> +14
 		);
 
-		if ($tz == '')
+		if ($tz === '')
 		{
 			return $zones;
 		}
 
-		$tz = ($tz == 'GMT') ? 'UTC' : $tz;
-
 		return isset($zones[$tz]) ? $zones[$tz] : 0;
 	}
 }
 
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+if ( ! function_exists('date_range'))
+{
+	/**
+	 * Date range
+	 *
+	 * Returns a list of dates within a specified period.
+	 *
+	 * @param	int	unix_start	UNIX timestamp of period start date
+	 * @param	int	unix_end|days	UNIX timestamp of period end date
+	 *					or interval in days.
+	 * @param	mixed	is_unix		Specifies whether the second parameter
+	 *					is a UNIX timestamp or a day interval
+	 *					 - TRUE or 'unix' for a timestamp
+	 *					 - FALSE or 'days' for an interval
+	 * @param	string  date_format	Output date format, same as in date()
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	function date_range($unix_start = '', $mixed = '', $is_unix = TRUE, $format = 'Y-m-d')
+	{
+		if ($unix_start == '' OR $mixed == '' OR $format == '')
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		$is_unix = ! ( ! $is_unix OR $is_unix === 'days');
+
+		// Validate input and try strtotime() on invalid timestamps/intervals, just in case
+		if ( ( ! ctype_digit((string) $unix_start) && ($unix_start = @strtotime($unix_time)) === FALSE)
+			OR ( ! ctype_digit((string) $mixed) && ($is_unix === FALSE OR ($mixed = @strtotime($mixed)) === FALSE))
+			OR ($is_unix === TRUE && $mixed < $unix_start))
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		if ($is_unix && ($unix_start == $mixed OR date($format, $unix_start) === date($format, $mixed)))
+		{
+			return array($start_date);
+		}
+
+		$range = array();
+
+		/* NOTE: Even though the DateTime object has many useful features, it appears that
+		 *	 it doesn't always handle properly timezones, when timestamps are passed
+		 *	 directly to its constructor. Neither of the following gave proper results:
+		 *
+		 *		new DateTime('<timestamp>')
+		 *		new DateTime('<timestamp>', '<timezone>')
+		 *
+		 *	 --- available in PHP 5.3:
+		 *
+		 *		DateTime::createFromFormat('<format>', '<timestamp>')
+		 *		DateTime::createFromFormat('<format>', '<timestamp>', '<timezone')
+		 *
+		 *	 ... so we'll have to set the timestamp after the object is instantiated.
+		 *	 Furthermore, in PHP 5.3 we can use DateTime::setTimestamp() to do that and
+		 *	 given that we have UNIX timestamps - we should use it.
+		*/
+		$from = new DateTime();
+
+		if (is_php('5.3'))
+		{
+			$from->setTimestamp($unix_start);
+			if ($is_unix)
+			{
+				$arg = new DateTime();
+				$arg->setTimestamp($mixed);
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				$arg = (int) $mixed;
+			}
+
+			$period = new DatePeriod($from, new DateInterval('P1D'), $arg);
+			foreach ($period as $date)
+			{
+				$range[] = $date->format($format);
+			}
+
+			/* If a period end date was passed to the DatePeriod constructor, it might not
+			 * be in our results. Not sure if this is a bug or it's just possible because
+			 * the end date might actually be less than 24 hours away from the previously
+			 * generated DateTime object, but either way - we have to append it manually.
+			 */
+			if ( ! is_int($arg) && $range[count($range) - 1] !== $arg->format($format))
+			{
+				$range[] = $arg->format($format);
+			}
+
+			return $range;
+		}
+
+		$from->setDate(date('Y', $unix_start), date('n', $unix_start), date('j', $unix_start));
+		$from->setTime(date('G', $unix_start), date('i', $unix_start), date('s', $unix_start));
+		if ($is_unix)
+		{
+			$arg = new DateTime();
+			$arg->setDate(date('Y', $mixed), date('n', $mixed), date('j', $mixed));
+			$arg->setTime(date('G', $mixed), date('i', $mixed), date('s', $mixed));
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			$arg = (int) $mixed;
+		}
+		$range[] = $from->format($format);
+
+		if (is_int($arg)) // Day intervals
+		{
+			do
+			{
+				$from->modify('+1 day');
+				$range[] = $from->format($format);
+			}
+			while (--$arg > 0);
+		}
+		else // end date UNIX timestamp
+		{
+			for ($from->modify('+1 day'), $end_check = $arg->format('Ymd'); $from->format('Ymd') < $end_check; $from->modify('+1 day'))
+			{
+				$range[] = $from->format($format);
+			}
+
+			// Our loop only appended dates prior to our end date
+			$range[] = $arg->format($format);
+		}
+
+		return $range;
+	}
+}
+
 /* End of file date_helper.php */
 /* Location: ./system/helpers/date_helper.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/helpers/directory_helper.php b/system/helpers/directory_helper.php
index 4044ace11..49dcfc8a9 100644
--- a/system/helpers/directory_helper.php
+++ b/system/helpers/directory_helper.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * CodeIgniter Directory Helpers
@@ -37,19 +38,21 @@
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Create a Directory Map
- *
- * Reads the specified directory and builds an array
- * representation of it. Sub-folders contained with the
- * directory will be mapped as well.
- *
- * @param	string	path to source
- * @param	int	depth of directories to traverse (0 = fully recursive, 1 = current dir, etc)
- * @return	array
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('directory_map'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Create a Directory Map
+	 *
+	 * Reads the specified directory and builds an array
+	 * representation of it. Sub-folders contained with the
+	 * directory will be mapped as well.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$source_dir		Path to source
+	 * @param	int	$directory_depth	Depth of directories to traverse
+	 *						(0 = fully recursive, 1 = current dir, etc)
+	 * @param	bool	$hidden			Whether to show hidden files
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
 	function directory_map($source_dir, $directory_depth = 0, $hidden = FALSE)
 	{
 		if ($fp = @opendir($source_dir))
@@ -61,14 +64,16 @@ if ( ! function_exists('directory_map'))
 			while (FALSE !== ($file = readdir($fp)))
 			{
 				// Remove '.', '..', and hidden files [optional]
-				if ( ! trim($file, '.') OR ($hidden == FALSE && $file[0] === '.'))
+				if ($file === '.' OR $file === '..' OR ($hidden === FALSE && $file[0] === '.'))
 				{
 					continue;
 				}
 
+				@is_dir($source_dir.$file) AND $file .= DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR;
+
 				if (($directory_depth < 1 OR $new_depth > 0) && @is_dir($source_dir.$file))
 				{
-					$filedata[$file] = directory_map($source_dir.$file.DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR, $new_depth, $hidden);
+					$filedata[$file] = directory_map($source_dir.$file, $new_depth, $hidden);
 				}
 				else
 				{
diff --git a/system/helpers/download_helper.php b/system/helpers/download_helper.php
index 19192a147..31652d53e 100644
--- a/system/helpers/download_helper.php
+++ b/system/helpers/download_helper.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * CodeIgniter Download Helpers
@@ -37,24 +38,41 @@
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Force Download
- *
- * Generates headers that force a download to happen
- *
- * @param	string	filename
- * @param	mixed	the data to be downloaded
- * @param	bool	wether to try and send the actual file MIME type
- * @return	void
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('force_download'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Force Download
+	 *
+	 * Generates headers that force a download to happen
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	filename
+	 * @param	mixed	the data to be downloaded
+	 * @param	bool	whether to try and send the actual file MIME type
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
 	function force_download($filename = '', $data = '', $set_mime = FALSE)
 	{
-		if ($filename == '' OR $data == '')
+		if ($filename === '' OR $data === '')
 		{
 			return FALSE;
 		}
+		elseif ($data === NULL)
+		{
+			if (@is_file($filename) && @file_exists($filename) && ($filesize = @filesize($filename)) !== FALSE)
+			{
+				$filepath = $filename;
+				$filename = explode('/', str_replace(DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR, '/', $filename));
+				$filename = end($filename);
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				return FALSE;
+			}
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			$filesize = strlen($data);
+		}
 
 		// Set the default MIME type to send
 		$mime = 'application/octet-stream';
@@ -73,14 +91,7 @@ if ( ! function_exists('force_download'))
 			}
 
 			// Load the mime types
-			if (defined('ENVIRONMENT') && is_file(APPPATH.'config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/mimes.php'))
-			{
-				include(APPPATH.'config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/mimes.php');
-			}
-			elseif (is_file(APPPATH.'config/mimes.php'))
-			{
-				include(APPPATH.'config/mimes.php');
-			}
+			$mimes =& get_mimes();
 
 			// Only change the default MIME if we can find one
 			if (isset($mimes[$extension]))
@@ -101,25 +112,46 @@ if ( ! function_exists('force_download'))
 			$filename = implode('.', $x);
 		}
 
+		if ($data === NULL && ($fp = @fopen($filepath, 'rb')) === FALSE)
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		// Clean output buffer
+		if (ob_get_level() !== 0 && @ob_end_clean() === FALSE)
+		{
+			ob_clean();
+		}
+
 		// Generate the server headers
 		header('Content-Type: '.$mime);
 		header('Content-Disposition: attachment; filename="'.$filename.'"');
 		header('Expires: 0');
 		header('Content-Transfer-Encoding: binary');
-		header('Content-Length: '.strlen($data));
+		header('Content-Length: '.$filesize);
 
 		// Internet Explorer-specific headers
 		if (isset($_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT']) && strpos($_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT'], 'MSIE') !== FALSE)
 		{
-			header('Cache-Control: must-revalidate, post-check=0, pre-check=0');
-			header('Pragma: public');
+			header('Cache-Control: no-cache, no-store, must-revalidate');
 		}
-		else
+
+		header('Pragma: no-cache');
+
+		// If we have raw data - just dump it
+		if ($data !== NULL)
+		{
+			exit($data);
+		}
+
+		// Flush 1MB chunks of data
+		while ( ! feof($fp) && ($data = fread($fp, 1048576)) !== FALSE)
 		{
-			header('Pragma: no-cache');
+			echo $data;
 		}
 
-		exit($data);
+		fclose($fp);
+		exit;
 	}
 }
 
diff --git a/system/helpers/email_helper.php b/system/helpers/email_helper.php
index 497625c10..dfb166a5a 100644
--- a/system/helpers/email_helper.php
+++ b/system/helpers/email_helper.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * CodeIgniter Email Helpers
@@ -37,33 +38,35 @@
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Validate email address
- *
- * @param	string
- * @return	bool
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('valid_email'))
 {
-	function valid_email($address)
+	/**
+	 * Validate email address
+	 *
+	 * @deprecated	3.0.0	Use PHP's filter_var() instead
+	 * @param	string	$email
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	function valid_email($email)
 	{
-		return (bool) preg_match('/^([a-z0-9\+_\-]+)(\.[a-z0-9\+_\-]+)*@([a-z0-9\-]+\.)+[a-z]{2,6}$/ix', $address);
+		return (bool) filter_var($email, FILTER_VALIDATE_EMAIL);
 	}
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Send an email
- *
- * @param	string
- * @param	string
- * @param	string
- * @return	bool
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('send_email'))
 {
-	function send_email($recipient, $subject = 'Test email', $message = 'Hello World')
+	/**
+	 * Send an email
+	 *
+	 * @deprecated	3.0.0	Use PHP's mail() instead
+	 * @param	string	$recipient
+	 * @param	string	$subject
+	 * @param	string	$message
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	function send_email($recipient, $subject, $message)
 	{
 		return mail($recipient, $subject, $message);
 	}
diff --git a/system/helpers/file_helper.php b/system/helpers/file_helper.php
index 3a373efd3..aebb6e47a 100644
--- a/system/helpers/file_helper.php
+++ b/system/helpers/file_helper.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * CodeIgniter File Helpers
@@ -32,68 +33,45 @@
  * @subpackage	Helpers
  * @category	Helpers
  * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/helpers/file_helpers.html
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/helpers/file_helper.html
  */
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Read File
- *
- * Opens the file specfied in the path and returns it as a string.
- *
- * @param	string	path to file
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('read_file'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Read File
+	 *
+	 * Opens the file specfied in the path and returns it as a string.
+	 *
+	 * @todo	Remove in version 3.1+.
+	 * @deprecated	3.0.0	It is now just an alias for PHP's native file_get_contents().
+	 * @param	string	$file	Path to file
+	 * @return	string	File contents
+	 */
 	function read_file($file)
 	{
-		if ( ! file_exists($file))
-		{
-			return FALSE;
-		}
-
-		if (function_exists('file_get_contents'))
-		{
-			return file_get_contents($file);
-		}
-
-		if ( ! $fp = @fopen($file, FOPEN_READ))
-		{
-			return FALSE;
-		}
-
-		flock($fp, LOCK_SH);
-
-		$data = '';
-		if (filesize($file) > 0)
-		{
-			$data =& fread($fp, filesize($file));
-		}
-
-		flock($fp, LOCK_UN);
-		fclose($fp);
-
-		return $data;
+		return @file_get_contents($file);
 	}
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Write File
- *
- * Writes data to the file specified in the path.
- * Creates a new file if non-existent.
- *
- * @param	string	path to file
- * @param	string	file data
- * @return	bool
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('write_file'))
 {
-	function write_file($path, $data, $mode = FOPEN_WRITE_CREATE_DESTRUCTIVE)
+	/**
+	 * Write File
+	 *
+	 * Writes data to the file specified in the path.
+	 * Creates a new file if non-existent.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$path	File path
+	 * @param	string	$data	Data to write
+	 * @param	string	$mode	fopen() mode (default: 'wb')
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	function write_file($path, $data, $mode = 'wb')
 	{
 		if ( ! $fp = @fopen($path, $mode))
 		{
@@ -111,26 +89,26 @@ if ( ! function_exists('write_file'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Delete Files
- *
- * Deletes all files contained in the supplied directory path.
- * Files must be writable or owned by the system in order to be deleted.
- * If the second parameter is set to TRUE, any directories contained
- * within the supplied base directory will be nuked as well.
- *
- * @param	string	path to file
- * @param	bool	whether to delete any directories found in the path
- * @param	int
- * @param	bool	whether to skip deleting .htaccess and index page files
- * @return	bool
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('delete_files'))
 {
-	function delete_files($path, $del_dir = FALSE, $level = 0, $htdocs = FALSE)
+	/**
+	 * Delete Files
+	 *
+	 * Deletes all files contained in the supplied directory path.
+	 * Files must be writable or owned by the system in order to be deleted.
+	 * If the second parameter is set to TRUE, any directories contained
+	 * within the supplied base directory will be nuked as well.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$path		File path
+	 * @param	bool	$del_dir	Whether to delete any directories found in the path
+	 * @param	bool	$htdocs		Whether to skip deleting .htaccess and index page files
+	 * @param	int	$_level		Current directory depth level (default: 0; internal use only)
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	function delete_files($path, $del_dir = FALSE, $htdocs = FALSE, $_level = 0)
 	{
 		// Trim the trailing slash
-		$path = rtrim($path, DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR);
+		$path = rtrim($path, '/\\');
 
 		if ( ! $current_dir = @opendir($path))
 		{
@@ -143,9 +121,9 @@ if ( ! function_exists('delete_files'))
 			{
 				if (is_dir($path.DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR.$filename) && $filename[0] !== '.')
 				{
-					delete_files($path.DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR.$filename, $del_dir, $level + 1, $htdocs);
+					delete_files($path.DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR.$filename, $del_dir, $htdocs, $_level + 1);
 				}
-				elseif ($htdocs === TRUE && ! preg_match('/^(\.htaccess|index\.(html|htm|php))$/', $filename))
+				elseif ($htdocs !== TRUE OR ! preg_match('/^(\.htaccess|index\.(html|htm|php)|web\.config)$/i', $filename))
 				{
 					@unlink($path.DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR.$filename);
 				}
@@ -153,7 +131,7 @@ if ( ! function_exists('delete_files'))
 		}
 		@closedir($current_dir);
 
-		if ($del_dir == TRUE && $level > 0)
+		if ($del_dir === TRUE && $_level > 0)
 		{
 			return @rmdir($path);
 		}
@@ -164,19 +142,19 @@ if ( ! function_exists('delete_files'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Get Filenames
- *
- * Reads the specified directory and builds an array containing the filenames.
- * Any sub-folders contained within the specified path are read as well.
- *
- * @param	string	path to source
- * @param	bool	whether to include the path as part of the filename
- * @param	bool	internal variable to determine recursion status - do not use in calls
- * @return	array
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('get_filenames'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Get Filenames
+	 *
+	 * Reads the specified directory and builds an array containing the filenames.
+	 * Any sub-folders contained within the specified path are read as well.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	path to source
+	 * @param	bool	whether to include the path as part of the filename
+	 * @param	bool	internal variable to determine recursion status - do not use in calls
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
 	function get_filenames($source_dir, $include_path = FALSE, $_recursion = FALSE)
 	{
 		static $_filedata = array();
@@ -198,7 +176,7 @@ if ( ! function_exists('get_filenames'))
 				}
 				elseif ($file[0] !== '.')
 				{
-					$_filedata[] = ($include_path == TRUE) ? $source_dir.$file : $file;
+					$_filedata[] = ($include_path === TRUE) ? $source_dir.$file : $file;
 				}
 			}
 			closedir($fp);
@@ -212,21 +190,21 @@ if ( ! function_exists('get_filenames'))
 
 // --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Get Directory File Information
- *
- * Reads the specified directory and builds an array containing the filenames,
- * filesize, dates, and permissions
- *
- * Any sub-folders contained within the specified path are read as well.
- *
- * @param	string	path to source
- * @param	bool	Look only at the top level directory specified?
- * @param	bool	internal variable to determine recursion status - do not use in calls
- * @return	array
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('get_dir_file_info'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Get Directory File Information
+	 *
+	 * Reads the specified directory and builds an array containing the filenames,
+	 * filesize, dates, and permissions
+	 *
+	 * Any sub-folders contained within the specified path are read as well.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	path to source
+	 * @param	bool	Look only at the top level directory specified?
+	 * @param	bool	internal variable to determine recursion status - do not use in calls
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
 	function get_dir_file_info($source_dir, $top_level_only = TRUE, $_recursion = FALSE)
 	{
 		static $_filedata = array();
@@ -265,20 +243,20 @@ if ( ! function_exists('get_dir_file_info'))
 
 // --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
-* Get File Info
-*
-* Given a file and path, returns the name, path, size, date modified
-* Second parameter allows you to explicitly declare what information you want returned
-* Options are: name, server_path, size, date, readable, writable, executable, fileperms
-* Returns FALSE if the file cannot be found.
-*
-* @param	string	path to file
-* @param	mixed	array or comma separated string of information returned
-* @return	array
-*/
 if ( ! function_exists('get_file_info'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Get File Info
+	 *
+	 * Given a file and path, returns the name, path, size, date modified
+	 * Second parameter allows you to explicitly declare what information you want returned
+	 * Options are: name, server_path, size, date, readable, writable, executable, fileperms
+	 * Returns FALSE if the file cannot be found.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	path to file
+	 * @param	mixed	array or comma separated string of information returned
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
 	function get_file_info($file, $returned_values = array('name', 'server_path', 'size', 'date'))
 	{
 
@@ -330,54 +308,41 @@ if ( ! function_exists('get_file_info'))
 
 // --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Get Mime by Extension
- *
- * Translates a file extension into a mime type based on config/mimes.php.
- * Returns FALSE if it can't determine the type, or open the mime config file
- *
- * Note: this is NOT an accurate way of determining file mime types, and is here strictly as a convenience
- * It should NOT be trusted, and should certainly NOT be used for security
- *
- * @param	string	path to file
- * @return	mixed
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('get_mime_by_extension'))
 {
-	function get_mime_by_extension($file)
+	/**
+	 * Get Mime by Extension
+	 *
+	 * Translates a file extension into a mime type based on config/mimes.php.
+	 * Returns FALSE if it can't determine the type, or open the mime config file
+	 *
+	 * Note: this is NOT an accurate way of determining file mime types, and is here strictly as a convenience
+	 * It should NOT be trusted, and should certainly NOT be used for security
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$filename	File name
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	function get_mime_by_extension($filename)
 	{
-		$extension = strtolower(substr(strrchr($file, '.'), 1));
+		$extension = strtolower(substr(strrchr($filename, '.'), 1));
 
-		global $mimes;
+		static $mimes;
 
 		if ( ! is_array($mimes))
 		{
-			if (defined('ENVIRONMENT') && is_file(APPPATH.'config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/mimes.php'))
-			{
-				include(APPPATH.'config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/mimes.php');
-			}
-			elseif (is_file(APPPATH.'config/mimes.php'))
-			{
-				include(APPPATH.'config/mimes.php');
-			}
+			$mimes =& get_mimes();
 
-			if ( ! is_array($mimes))
+			if (empty($mimes))
 			{
 				return FALSE;
 			}
 		}
 
-		if (array_key_exists($extension, $mimes))
+		if (isset($mimes[$extension]))
 		{
-			if (is_array($mimes[$extension]))
-			{
-				// Multiple mime types, just give the first one
-				return current($mimes[$extension]);
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				return $mimes[$extension];
-			}
+			return is_array($mimes[$extension])
+				? current($mimes[$extension]) // Multiple mime types, just give the first one
+				: $mimes[$extension];
 		}
 
 		return FALSE;
@@ -386,17 +351,17 @@ if ( ! function_exists('get_mime_by_extension'))
 
 // --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Symbolic Permissions
- *
- * Takes a numeric value representing a file's permissions and returns
- * standard symbolic notation representing that value
- *
- * @param	int
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('symbolic_permissions'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Symbolic Permissions
+	 *
+	 * Takes a numeric value representing a file's permissions and returns
+	 * standard symbolic notation representing that value
+	 *
+	 * @param	int	$perms	Permissions
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function symbolic_permissions($perms)
 	{
 		if (($perms & 0xC000) === 0xC000)
@@ -453,17 +418,17 @@ if ( ! function_exists('symbolic_permissions'))
 
 // --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Octal Permissions
- *
- * Takes a numeric value representing a file's permissions and returns
- * a three character string representing the file's octal permissions
- *
- * @param	int
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('octal_permissions'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Octal Permissions
+	 *
+	 * Takes a numeric value representing a file's permissions and returns
+	 * a three character string representing the file's octal permissions
+	 *
+	 * @param	int	$perms	Permissions
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function octal_permissions($perms)
 	{
 		return substr(sprintf('%o', $perms), -3);
diff --git a/system/helpers/form_helper.php b/system/helpers/form_helper.php
index e5b487608..c7e6d4933 100644
--- a/system/helpers/form_helper.php
+++ b/system/helpers/form_helper.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -22,7 +22,9 @@
  * @license		http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0 Open Software License (OSL 3.0)
  * @link		http://codeigniter.com
  * @since		Version 1.0
+ * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * CodeIgniter Form Helpers
@@ -36,23 +38,23 @@
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Form Declaration
- *
- * Creates the opening portion of the form.
- *
- * @param	string	the URI segments of the form destination
- * @param	array	a key/value pair of attributes
- * @param	array	a key/value pair hidden data
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('form_open'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Form Declaration
+	 *
+	 * Creates the opening portion of the form.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the URI segments of the form destination
+	 * @param	array	a key/value pair of attributes
+	 * @param	array	a key/value pair hidden data
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function form_open($action = '', $attributes = '', $hidden = array())
 	{
 		$CI =& get_instance();
 
-		if ($attributes == '')
+		if ($attributes === '')
 		{
 			$attributes = 'method="post"';
 		}
@@ -62,9 +64,11 @@ if ( ! function_exists('form_open'))
 		{
 			$action = $CI->config->site_url($action);
 		}
-
-		// If no action is provided then set to the current url
-		$action OR $action = $CI->config->site_url($CI->uri->uri_string());
+		elseif ( ! $action)
+		{
+			// If no action is provided then set to the current url
+			$action = $CI->config->site_url($CI->uri->uri_string());
+		}
 
 		$form = '<form action="'.$action.'"'._attributes_to_string($attributes, TRUE).">\n";
 
@@ -76,7 +80,7 @@ if ( ! function_exists('form_open'))
 
 		if (is_array($hidden) && count($hidden) > 0)
 		{
-			$form .= sprintf('<div style="display:none;">%s</div>', form_hidden($hidden));
+			$form .= '<div style="display:none;">'.form_hidden($hidden).'</div>';
 		}
 
 		return $form;
@@ -85,18 +89,18 @@ if ( ! function_exists('form_open'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Form Declaration - Multipart type
- *
- * Creates the opening portion of the form, but with "multipart/form-data".
- *
- * @param	string	the URI segments of the form destination
- * @param	array	a key/value pair of attributes
- * @param	array	a key/value pair hidden data
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('form_open_multipart'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Form Declaration - Multipart type
+	 *
+	 * Creates the opening portion of the form, but with "multipart/form-data".
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the URI segments of the form destination
+	 * @param	array	a key/value pair of attributes
+	 * @param	array	a key/value pair hidden data
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function form_open_multipart($action = '', $attributes = array(), $hidden = array())
 	{
 		if (is_string($attributes))
@@ -114,18 +118,19 @@ if ( ! function_exists('form_open_multipart'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Hidden Input Field
- *
- * Generates hidden fields. You can pass a simple key/value string or
- * an associative array with multiple values.
- *
- * @param	mixed
- * @param	string
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('form_hidden'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Hidden Input Field
+	 *
+	 * Generates hidden fields. You can pass a simple key/value string or
+	 * an associative array with multiple values.
+	 *
+	 * @param	mixed	$name		Field name
+	 * @param	string	$value		Field value
+	 * @param	bool	$recursing
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function form_hidden($name, $value = '', $recursing = FALSE)
 	{
 		static $form;
@@ -146,7 +151,7 @@ if ( ! function_exists('form_hidden'))
 
 		if ( ! is_array($value))
 		{
-			$form .= '<input type="hidden" name="'.$name.'" value="'.form_prep($value, $name)."\" />\n";
+			$form .= '<input type="hidden" name="'.$name.'" value="'.form_prep($value)."\" />\n";
 		}
 		else
 		{
@@ -163,16 +168,16 @@ if ( ! function_exists('form_hidden'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Text Input Field
- *
- * @param	mixed
- * @param	string
- * @param	string
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('form_input'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Text Input Field
+	 *
+	 * @param	mixed
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function form_input($data = '', $value = '', $extra = '')
 	{
 		$defaults = array('type' => 'text', 'name' => ( ! is_array($data) ? $data : ''), 'value' => $value);
@@ -183,18 +188,18 @@ if ( ! function_exists('form_input'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Password Field
- *
- * Identical to the input function but adds the "password" type
- *
- * @param	mixed
- * @param	string
- * @param	string
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('form_password'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Password Field
+	 *
+	 * Identical to the input function but adds the "password" type
+	 *
+	 * @param	mixed
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function form_password($data = '', $value = '', $extra = '')
 	{
 		if ( ! is_array($data))
@@ -209,18 +214,18 @@ if ( ! function_exists('form_password'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Upload Field
- *
- * Identical to the input function but adds the "file" type
- *
- * @param	mixed
- * @param	string
- * @param	string
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('form_upload'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Upload Field
+	 *
+	 * Identical to the input function but adds the "file" type
+	 *
+	 * @param	mixed
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function form_upload($data = '', $value = '', $extra = '')
 	{
 		if ( ! is_array($data))
@@ -235,16 +240,16 @@ if ( ! function_exists('form_upload'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Textarea field
- *
- * @param	mixed
- * @param	string
- * @param	string
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('form_textarea'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Textarea field
+	 *
+	 * @param	mixed	$data
+	 * @param	string	$value
+	 * @param	string	$extra
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function form_textarea($data = '', $value = '', $extra = '')
 	{
 		$defaults = array('name' => ( ! is_array($data) ? $data : ''), 'cols' => '40', 'rows' => '10');
@@ -260,23 +265,23 @@ if ( ! function_exists('form_textarea'))
 		}
 
 		$name = is_array($data) ? $data['name'] : $data;
-		return '<textarea '._parse_form_attributes($data, $defaults).$extra.'>'.form_prep($val, $name)."</textarea>\n";
+		return '<textarea '._parse_form_attributes($data, $defaults).$extra.'>'.form_prep($val, TRUE)."</textarea>\n";
 	}
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Multi-select menu
- *
- * @param	string
- * @param	array
- * @param	mixed
- * @param	string
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('form_multiselect'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Multi-select menu
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	array
+	 * @param	mixed
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function form_multiselect($name = '', $options = array(), $selected = array(), $extra = '')
 	{
 		if ( ! strpos($extra, 'multiple'))
@@ -290,17 +295,17 @@ if ( ! function_exists('form_multiselect'))
 
 // --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Drop-down Menu
- *
- * @param	string
- * @param	array
- * @param	string
- * @param	string
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('form_dropdown'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Drop-down Menu
+	 *
+	 * @param	mixed	$name
+	 * @param	mixed	$options
+	 * @param	mixed	$selected
+	 * @param	mixed	$extra
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function form_dropdown($name = '', $options = array(), $selected = array(), $extra = '')
 	{
 		// If name is really an array then we'll call the function again using the array
@@ -313,10 +318,7 @@ if ( ! function_exists('form_dropdown'))
 			return form_dropdown($name['name'], $name['options'], $name['selected'], $name['extra']);
 		}
 
-		if ( ! is_array($selected))
-		{
-			$selected = array($selected);
-		}
+		is_array($selected) OR $selected = array($selected);
 
 		// If no selected state was submitted we will attempt to set it automatically
 		if (count($selected) === 0 && isset($_POST[$name]))
@@ -324,7 +326,10 @@ if ( ! function_exists('form_dropdown'))
 			$selected = array($_POST[$name]);
 		}
 
-		if ($extra != '') $extra = ' '.$extra;
+		if ($extra != '')
+		{
+			$extra = ' '.$extra;
+		}
 
 		$multiple = (count($selected) > 1 && strpos($extra, 'multiple') === FALSE) ? ' multiple="multiple"' : '';
 
@@ -334,21 +339,29 @@ if ( ! function_exists('form_dropdown'))
 		{
 			$key = (string) $key;
 
-			if (is_array($val) && ! empty($val))
+			if (is_array($val))
 			{
+				if (empty($val))
+				{
+					continue;
+				}
+
 				$form .= '<optgroup label="'.$key."\">\n";
 
 				foreach ($val as $optgroup_key => $optgroup_val)
 				{
 					$sel = in_array($optgroup_key, $selected) ? ' selected="selected"' : '';
-					$form .= '<option value="'.$optgroup_key.'"'.$sel.'>'.(string) $optgroup_val."</option>\n";
+					$form .= '<option value="'.form_prep($optgroup_key).'"'.$sel.'>'
+						.(string) $optgroup_val."</option>\n";
 				}
 
 				$form .= "</optgroup>\n";
 			}
 			else
 			{
-				$form .= '<option value="'.$key.'"'.(in_array($key, $selected) ? ' selected="selected"' : '').'>'.(string) $val."</option>\n";
+				$form .= '<option value="'.form_prep($key).'"'
+					.(in_array($key, $selected) ? ' selected="selected"' : '').'>'
+					.(string) $val."</option>\n";
 			}
 		}
 
@@ -358,17 +371,17 @@ if ( ! function_exists('form_dropdown'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Checkbox Field
- *
- * @param	mixed
- * @param	string
- * @param	bool
- * @param	string
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('form_checkbox'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Checkbox Field
+	 *
+	 * @param	mixed
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	bool
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function form_checkbox($data = '', $value = '', $checked = FALSE, $extra = '')
 	{
 		$defaults = array('type' => 'checkbox', 'name' => ( ! is_array($data) ? $data : ''), 'value' => $value);
@@ -402,17 +415,17 @@ if ( ! function_exists('form_checkbox'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Radio Button
- *
- * @param	mixed
- * @param	string
- * @param	bool
- * @param	string
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('form_radio'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Radio Button
+	 *
+	 * @param	mixed
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	bool
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function form_radio($data = '', $value = '', $checked = FALSE, $extra = '')
 	{
 		if ( ! is_array($data))
@@ -427,16 +440,16 @@ if ( ! function_exists('form_radio'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Submit Button
- *
- * @param	mixed
- * @param	string
- * @param	string
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('form_submit'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Submit Button
+	 *
+	 * @param	mixed
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function form_submit($data = '', $value = '', $extra = '')
 	{
 		$defaults = array('type' => 'submit', 'name' => ( ! is_array($data) ? $data : ''), 'value' => $value);
@@ -446,16 +459,16 @@ if ( ! function_exists('form_submit'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Reset Button
- *
- * @param	mixed
- * @param	string
- * @param	string
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('form_reset'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Reset Button
+	 *
+	 * @param	mixed
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function form_reset($data = '', $value = '', $extra = '')
 	{
 		$defaults = array('type' => 'reset', 'name' => ( ! is_array($data) ? $data : ''), 'value' => $value);
@@ -465,16 +478,16 @@ if ( ! function_exists('form_reset'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Form Button
- *
- * @param	mixed
- * @param	string
- * @param	string
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('form_button'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Form Button
+	 *
+	 * @param	mixed
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function form_button($data = '', $content = '', $extra = '')
 	{
 		$defaults = array('name' => ( ! is_array($data) ? $data : ''), 'type' => 'button');
@@ -490,22 +503,22 @@ if ( ! function_exists('form_button'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Form Label Tag
- *
- * @param	string	The text to appear onscreen
- * @param	string	The id the label applies to
- * @param	string	Additional attributes
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('form_label'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Form Label Tag
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	The text to appear onscreen
+	 * @param	string	The id the label applies to
+	 * @param	string	Additional attributes
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function form_label($label_text = '', $id = '', $attributes = array())
 	{
 
 		$label = '<label';
 
-		if ($id != '')
+		if ($id !== '')
 		{
 			$label .= ' for="'.$id.'"';
 		}
@@ -523,22 +536,23 @@ if ( ! function_exists('form_label'))
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-/**
- * Fieldset Tag
- *
- * Used to produce <fieldset><legend>text</legend>.  To close fieldset
- * use form_fieldset_close()
- *
- * @param	string	The legend text
- * @param	string	Additional attributes
- * @return	string
- */
+
 if ( ! function_exists('form_fieldset'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Fieldset Tag
+	 *
+	 * Used to produce <fieldset><legend>text</legend>.  To close fieldset
+	 * use form_fieldset_close()
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	The legend text
+	 * @param	string	Additional attributes
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function form_fieldset($legend_text = '', $attributes = array())
 	{
 		$fieldset = '<fieldset'._attributes_to_string($attributes, FALSE).">\n";
-		if ($legend_text != '')
+		if ($legend_text !== '')
 		{
 			return $fieldset.'<legend>'.$legend_text."</legend>\n";
 		}
@@ -549,14 +563,14 @@ if ( ! function_exists('form_fieldset'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Fieldset Close Tag
- *
- * @param	string
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('form_fieldset_close'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Fieldset Close Tag
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function form_fieldset_close($extra = '')
 	{
 		return '</fieldset>'.$extra;
@@ -565,14 +579,14 @@ if ( ! function_exists('form_fieldset_close'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Form Close Tag
- *
- * @param	string
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('form_close'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Form Close Tag
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function form_close($extra = '')
 	{
 		return '</form>'.$extra;
@@ -581,99 +595,82 @@ if ( ! function_exists('form_close'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Form Prep
- *
- * Formats text so that it can be safely placed in a form field in the event it has HTML tags.
- *
- * @param	string
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('form_prep'))
 {
-	function form_prep($str = '', $field_name = '')
+	/**
+	 * Form Prep
+	 *
+	 * Formats text so that it can be safely placed in a form field in the event it has HTML tags.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string|string[]	$str		Value to escape
+	 * @param	bool		$is_textarea	Whether we're escaping for a textarea element
+	 * @return	string|string[]	Escaped values
+	 */
+	function form_prep($str = '', $is_textarea = FALSE)
 	{
-		static $prepped_fields = array();
-
-		// if the field name is an array we do this recursively
 		if (is_array($str))
 		{
-			foreach ($str as $key => $val)
+			foreach (array_keys($str) as $key)
 			{
-				$str[$key] = form_prep($val);
+				$str[$key] = form_prep($str[$key], $is_textarea);
 			}
 
 			return $str;
 		}
 
-		if ($str === '')
-		{
-			return '';
-		}
-
-		// we've already prepped a field with this name
-		// @todo need to figure out a way to namespace this so
-		// that we know the *exact* field and not just one with
-		// the same name
-		if (isset($prepped_fields[$field_name]))
-		{
-			return $str;
-		}
-
-		if ($field_name != '')
+		if ($is_textarea === TRUE)
 		{
-			$prepped_fields[$field_name] = $field_name;
+			return str_replace(array('<', '>'), array('&lt;', '&gt;'), stripslashes($str));
 		}
 
-		return html_escape($str);
+		return str_replace(array("'", '"'), array('&#39;', '&quot;'), stripslashes($str));
 	}
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Form Value
- *
- * Grabs a value from the POST array for the specified field so you can
- * re-populate an input field or textarea. If Form Validation
- * is active it retrieves the info from the validation class
- *
- * @param	string
- * @return	mixed
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('set_value'))
 {
-	function set_value($field = '', $default = '')
+	/**
+	 * Form Value
+	 *
+	 * Grabs a value from the POST array for the specified field so you can
+	 * re-populate an input field or textarea. If Form Validation
+	 * is active it retrieves the info from the validation class
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$field		Field name
+	 * @param	string	$default	Default value
+	 * @param	bool	$is_textarea	Whether the field is a textarea element
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	function set_value($field = '', $default = '', $is_textarea = FALSE)
 	{
 		if (FALSE === ($OBJ =& _get_validation_object()))
 		{
-			if ( ! isset($_POST[$field]))
-			{
-				return $default;
-			}
-
-			return form_prep($_POST[$field], $field);
+			return isset($_POST[$field])
+				? form_prep($_POST[$field], $is_textarea)
+				: form_prep($default, $is_textarea);
 		}
 
-		return form_prep($OBJ->set_value($field, $default), $field);
+		return form_prep($OBJ->set_value($field, $default), $is_textarea);
 	}
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Set Select
- *
- * Let's you set the selected value of a <select> menu via data in the POST array.
- * If Form Validation is active it retrieves the info from the validation class
- *
- * @param	string
- * @param	string
- * @param	bool
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('set_select'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Set Select
+	 *
+	 * Let's you set the selected value of a <select> menu via data in the POST array.
+	 * If Form Validation is active it retrieves the info from the validation class
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	bool
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function set_select($field = '', $value = '', $default = FALSE)
 	{
 		$OBJ =& _get_validation_object();
@@ -682,7 +679,7 @@ if ( ! function_exists('set_select'))
 		{
 			if ( ! isset($_POST[$field]))
 			{
-				if (count($_POST) === 0 && $default == TRUE)
+				if (count($_POST) === 0 && $default === TRUE)
 				{
 					return ' selected="selected"';
 				}
@@ -698,7 +695,7 @@ if ( ! function_exists('set_select'))
 					return '';
 				}
 			}
-			elseif (($field == '' OR $value == '') OR ($field != $value))
+			elseif (($field == '' OR $value == '') OR $field !== $value)
 			{
 				return '';
 			}
@@ -712,19 +709,19 @@ if ( ! function_exists('set_select'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Set Checkbox
- *
- * Let's you set the selected value of a checkbox via the value in the POST array.
- * If Form Validation is active it retrieves the info from the validation class
- *
- * @param	string
- * @param	string
- * @param	bool
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('set_checkbox'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Set Checkbox
+	 *
+	 * Let's you set the selected value of a checkbox via the value in the POST array.
+	 * If Form Validation is active it retrieves the info from the validation class
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	bool
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function set_checkbox($field = '', $value = '', $default = FALSE)
 	{
 		$OBJ =& _get_validation_object();
@@ -733,7 +730,7 @@ if ( ! function_exists('set_checkbox'))
 		{
 			if ( ! isset($_POST[$field]))
 			{
-				if (count($_POST) === 0 && $default == TRUE)
+				if (count($_POST) === 0 && $default === TRUE)
 				{
 					return ' checked="checked"';
 				}
@@ -749,7 +746,7 @@ if ( ! function_exists('set_checkbox'))
 					return '';
 				}
 			}
-			elseif (($field == '' OR $value == '') OR ($field != $value))
+			elseif (($field == '' OR $value == '') OR $field !== $value)
 			{
 				return '';
 			}
@@ -763,19 +760,19 @@ if ( ! function_exists('set_checkbox'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Set Radio
- *
- * Let's you set the selected value of a radio field via info in the POST array.
- * If Form Validation is active it retrieves the info from the validation class
- *
- * @param	string
- * @param	string
- * @param	bool
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('set_radio'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Set Radio
+	 *
+	 * Let's you set the selected value of a radio field via info in the POST array.
+	 * If Form Validation is active it retrieves the info from the validation class
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	bool
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function set_radio($field = '', $value = '', $default = FALSE)
 	{
 		$OBJ =& _get_validation_object();
@@ -784,7 +781,7 @@ if ( ! function_exists('set_radio'))
 		{
 			if ( ! isset($_POST[$field]))
 			{
-				if (count($_POST) === 0 && $default == TRUE)
+				if (count($_POST) === 0 && $default === TRUE)
 				{
 					return ' checked="checked"';
 				}
@@ -802,7 +799,7 @@ if ( ! function_exists('set_radio'))
 			}
 			else
 			{
-				if (($field == '' OR $value == '') OR ($field != $value))
+				if (($field == '' OR $value == '') OR $field !== $value)
 				{
 					return '';
 				}
@@ -817,19 +814,19 @@ if ( ! function_exists('set_radio'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Form Error
- *
- * Returns the error for a specific form field. This is a helper for the
- * form validation class.
- *
- * @param	string
- * @param	string
- * @param	string
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('form_error'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Form Error
+	 *
+	 * Returns the error for a specific form field. This is a helper for the
+	 * form validation class.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function form_error($field = '', $prefix = '', $suffix = '')
 	{
 		if (FALSE === ($OBJ =& _get_validation_object()))
@@ -843,18 +840,18 @@ if ( ! function_exists('form_error'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Validation Error String
- *
- * Returns all the errors associated with a form submission. This is a helper
- * function for the form validation class.
- *
- * @param	string
- * @param	string
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('validation_errors'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Validation Error String
+	 *
+	 * Returns all the errors associated with a form submission. This is a helper
+	 * function for the form validation class.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function validation_errors($prefix = '', $suffix = '')
 	{
 		if (FALSE === ($OBJ =& _get_validation_object()))
@@ -868,17 +865,17 @@ if ( ! function_exists('validation_errors'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Parse the form attributes
- *
- * Helper function used by some of the form helpers
- *
- * @param	array
- * @param	array
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('_parse_form_attributes'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Parse the form attributes
+	 *
+	 * Helper function used by some of the form helpers
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$attributes	List of attributes
+	 * @param	array	$default	Default values
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function _parse_form_attributes($attributes, $default)
 	{
 		if (is_array($attributes))
@@ -902,9 +899,13 @@ if ( ! function_exists('_parse_form_attributes'))
 
 		foreach ($default as $key => $val)
 		{
-			if ($key == 'value')
+			if ($key === 'value')
+			{
+				$val = form_prep($val);
+			}
+			elseif ($key === 'name' && ! strlen($default['name']))
 			{
-				$val = form_prep($val, $default['name']);
+				continue;
 			}
 
 			$att .= $key.'="'.$val.'" ';
@@ -916,27 +917,27 @@ if ( ! function_exists('_parse_form_attributes'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Attributes To String
- *
- * Helper function used by some of the form helpers
- *
- * @param	mixed
- * @param	bool
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('_attributes_to_string'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Attributes To String
+	 *
+	 * Helper function used by some of the form helpers
+	 *
+	 * @param	mixed
+	 * @param	bool
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function _attributes_to_string($attributes, $formtag = FALSE)
 	{
 		if (is_string($attributes) && strlen($attributes) > 0)
 		{
-			if ($formtag == TRUE && strpos($attributes, 'method=') === FALSE)
+			if ($formtag === TRUE && strpos($attributes, 'method=') === FALSE)
 			{
 				$attributes .= ' method="post"';
 			}
 
-			if ($formtag == TRUE && strpos($attributes, 'accept-charset=') === FALSE)
+			if ($formtag === TRUE && strpos($attributes, 'accept-charset=') === FALSE)
 			{
 				$attributes .= ' accept-charset="'.strtolower(config_item('charset')).'"';
 			}
@@ -975,16 +976,16 @@ if ( ! function_exists('_attributes_to_string'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Validation Object
- *
- * Determines what the form validation class was instantiated as, fetches
- * the object and returns it.
- *
- * @return	mixed
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('_get_validation_object'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Validation Object
+	 *
+	 * Determines what the form validation class was instantiated as, fetches
+	 * the object and returns it.
+	 *
+	 * @return	mixed
+	 */
 	function &_get_validation_object()
 	{
 		$CI =& get_instance();
diff --git a/system/helpers/html_helper.php b/system/helpers/html_helper.php
index 0417bd253..fa49f7d75 100644
--- a/system/helpers/html_helper.php
+++ b/system/helpers/html_helper.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * CodeIgniter HTML Helpers
@@ -37,36 +38,37 @@
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Heading
- *
- * Generates an HTML heading tag.
- *
- * @param	string	content
- * @param	int	heading level
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('heading'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Heading
+	 *
+	 * Generates an HTML heading tag.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	content
+	 * @param	int	heading level
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function heading($data = '', $h = '1', $attributes = '')
 	{
-		return '<h'.$h.($attributes != '' ? ' ' : '').$attributes.'>'.$data.'</h'.$h.'>';
+		return '<h'.$h._stringify_attributes($attributes).'>'.$data.'</h'.$h.'>';
 	}
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Unordered List
- *
- * Generates an HTML unordered list from an single or multi-dimensional array.
- *
- * @param	array
- * @param	mixed
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('ul'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Unordered List
+	 *
+	 * Generates an HTML unordered list from an single or multi-dimensional array.
+	 *
+	 * @param	array
+	 * @param	mixed
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function ul($list, $attributes = '')
 	{
 		return _list('ul', $list, $attributes);
@@ -75,17 +77,17 @@ if ( ! function_exists('ul'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Ordered List
- *
- * Generates an HTML ordered list from an single or multi-dimensional array.
- *
- * @param	array
- * @param	mixed
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('ol'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Ordered List
+	 *
+	 * Generates an HTML ordered list from an single or multi-dimensional array.
+	 *
+	 * @param	array
+	 * @param	mixed
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function ol($list, $attributes = '')
 	{
 		return _list('ol', $list, $attributes);
@@ -94,19 +96,19 @@ if ( ! function_exists('ol'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Generates the list
- *
- * Generates an HTML ordered list from an single or multi-dimensional array.
- *
- * @param	string
- * @param	mixed
- * @param	mixed
- * @param	int
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('_list'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Generates the list
+	 *
+	 * Generates an HTML ordered list from an single or multi-dimensional array.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	mixed
+	 * @param	mixed
+	 * @param	int
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function _list($type = 'ul', $list, $attributes = '', $depth = 0)
 	{
 		// If an array wasn't submitted there's nothing to do...
@@ -118,23 +120,8 @@ if ( ! function_exists('_list'))
 		// Set the indentation based on the depth
 		$out = str_repeat(' ', $depth);
 
-		// Were any attributes submitted?  If so generate a string
-		if (is_array($attributes))
-		{
-			$atts = '';
-			foreach ($attributes as $key => $val)
-			{
-				$atts .= ' '.$key.'="'.$val.'"';
-			}
-			$attributes = $atts;
-		}
-		elseif (is_string($attributes) && strlen($attributes) > 0)
-		{
-			$attributes = ' '.$attributes;
-		}
-
 		// Write the opening list tag
-		$out .= '<'.$type.$attributes.">\n";
+		$out .= '<'.$type._stringify_attributes($attributes).">\n";
 
 		// Cycle through the list elements.  If an array is
 		// encountered we will recursively call _list()
@@ -165,34 +152,35 @@ if ( ! function_exists('_list'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Generates HTML BR tags based on number supplied
- *
- * @param	int
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('br'))
 {
-	function br($num = 1)
+	/**
+	 * Generates HTML BR tags based on number supplied
+	 *
+	 * @param	int	$count	Number of times to repeat the tag
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	function br($count = 1)
 	{
-		return str_repeat('<br />', $num);
+		return str_repeat('<br />', $count);
 	}
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Image
- *
- * Generates an <img /> element
- *
- * @param	mixed
- * @param	bool
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('img'))
 {
-	function img($src = '', $index_page = FALSE)
+	/**
+	 * Image
+	 *
+	 * Generates an <img /> element
+	 *
+	 * @param	mixed
+	 * @param	bool
+	 * @param	mixed
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	function img($src = '', $index_page = FALSE, $attributes = '')
 	{
 		if ( ! is_array($src) )
 		{
@@ -228,26 +216,26 @@ if ( ! function_exists('img'))
 			}
 		}
 
-		return $img.'/>';
+		return $img._stringify_attributes($attributes).' />';
 	}
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Doctype
- *
- * Generates a page document type declaration
- *
- * Valid options are xhtml-11, xhtml-strict, xhtml-trans, xhtml-frame,
- * html4-strict, html4-trans, and html4-frame. Values are saved in the
- * doctypes config file.
- *
- * @param	string	type	The doctype to be generated
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('doctype'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Doctype
+	 *
+	 * Generates a page document type declaration
+	 *
+	 * Examples of valid options: html5, xhtml-11, xhtml-strict, xhtml-trans,
+	 * xhtml-frame, html4-strict, html4-trans, and html4-frame.
+	 * All values are saved in the doctypes config file.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	type	The doctype to be generated
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function doctype($type = 'xhtml1-strict')
 	{
 		global $_doctypes;
@@ -275,21 +263,21 @@ if ( ! function_exists('doctype'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Link
- *
- * Generates link to a CSS file
- *
- * @param	mixed	stylesheet hrefs or an array
- * @param	string	rel
- * @param	string	type
- * @param	string	title
- * @param	string	media
- * @param	bool	should index_page be added to the css path
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('link_tag'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Link
+	 *
+	 * Generates link to a CSS file
+	 *
+	 * @param	mixed	stylesheet hrefs or an array
+	 * @param	string	rel
+	 * @param	string	type
+	 * @param	string	title
+	 * @param	string	media
+	 * @param	bool	should index_page be added to the css path
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function link_tag($href = '', $rel = 'stylesheet', $type = 'text/css', $title = '', $media = '', $index_page = FALSE)
 	{
 		$CI =& get_instance();
@@ -333,12 +321,12 @@ if ( ! function_exists('link_tag'))
 
 			$link .= 'rel="'.$rel.'" type="'.$type.'" ';
 
-			if ($media != '')
+			if ($media !== '')
 			{
 				$link .= 'media="'.$media.'" ';
 			}
 
-			if ($title != '')
+			if ($title !== '')
 			{
 				$link .= 'title="'.$title.'" ';
 			}
@@ -350,17 +338,17 @@ if ( ! function_exists('link_tag'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Generates meta tags from an array of key/values
- *
- * @param	array
- * @param	string
- * @param	string
- * @param	string
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('meta'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Generates meta tags from an array of key/values
+	 *
+	 * @param	array
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function meta($name = '', $content = '', $type = 'name', $newline = "\n")
 	{
 		// Since we allow the data to be passes as a string, a simple array
@@ -378,10 +366,10 @@ if ( ! function_exists('meta'))
 		$str = '';
 		foreach ($name as $meta)
 		{
-			$type		= ( ! isset($meta['type']) OR $meta['type'] == 'name') ? 'name' : 'http-equiv';
-			$name		= ( ! isset($meta['name']))		? ''	: $meta['name'];
-			$content	= ( ! isset($meta['content']))	? ''	: $meta['content'];
-			$newline	= ( ! isset($meta['newline']))	? "\n"	: $meta['newline'];
+			$type		= ( ! isset($meta['type']) OR $meta['type'] === 'name') ? 'name' : 'http-equiv';
+			$name		= isset($meta['name'])					? $meta['name'] : '';
+			$content	= isset($meta['content'])				? $meta['content'] : '';
+			$newline	= isset($meta['newline'])				? $meta['newline'] : "\n";
 
 			$str .= '<meta '.$type.'="'.$name.'" content="'.$content.'" />'.$newline;
 		}
@@ -392,14 +380,14 @@ if ( ! function_exists('meta'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Generates non-breaking space entities based on number supplied
- *
- * @param	int
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('nbs'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Generates non-breaking space entities based on number supplied
+	 *
+	 * @param	int
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function nbs($num = 1)
 	{
 		return str_repeat('&nbsp;', $num);
diff --git a/system/helpers/inflector_helper.php b/system/helpers/inflector_helper.php
index feeaf57d7..68af820c5 100644
--- a/system/helpers/inflector_helper.php
+++ b/system/helpers/inflector_helper.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * CodeIgniter Inflector Helpers
@@ -37,16 +38,16 @@
 
 // --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Singular
- *
- * Takes a plural word and makes it singular
- *
- * @param	string
- * @return	str
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('singular'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Singular
+	 *
+	 * Takes a plural word and makes it singular
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$str	Input string
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function singular($str)
 	{
 		$result = strval($str);
@@ -57,33 +58,33 @@ if ( ! function_exists('singular'))
 		}
 
 		$singular_rules = array(
-			'/(matr)ices$/'         => '\1ix',
-			'/(vert|ind)ices$/'     => '\1ex',
-			'/^(ox)en/'             => '\1',
-			'/(alias)es$/'          => '\1',
-			'/([octop|vir])i$/'     => '\1us',
-			'/(cris|ax|test)es$/'   => '\1is',
-			'/(shoe)s$/'            => '\1',
-			'/(o)es$/'              => '\1',
-			'/(bus|campus)es$/'     => '\1',
-			'/([m|l])ice$/'         => '\1ouse',
-			'/(x|ch|ss|sh)es$/'     => '\1',
-			'/(m)ovies$/'           => '\1\2ovie',
-			'/(s)eries$/'           => '\1\2eries',
-			'/([^aeiouy]|qu)ies$/'  => '\1y',
-			'/([lr])ves$/'          => '\1f',
-			'/(tive)s$/'            => '\1',
-			'/(hive)s$/'            => '\1',
-			'/([^f])ves$/'          => '\1fe',
-			'/(^analy)ses$/'        => '\1sis',
+			'/(matr)ices$/'		=> '\1ix',
+			'/(vert|ind)ices$/'	=> '\1ex',
+			'/^(ox)en/'		=> '\1',
+			'/(alias)es$/'		=> '\1',
+			'/([octop|vir])i$/'	=> '\1us',
+			'/(cris|ax|test)es$/'	=> '\1is',
+			'/(shoe)s$/'		=> '\1',
+			'/(o)es$/'		=> '\1',
+			'/(bus|campus)es$/'	=> '\1',
+			'/([m|l])ice$/'		=> '\1ouse',
+			'/(x|ch|ss|sh)es$/'	=> '\1',
+			'/(m)ovies$/'		=> '\1\2ovie',
+			'/(s)eries$/'		=> '\1\2eries',
+			'/([^aeiouy]|qu)ies$/'	=> '\1y',
+			'/([lr])ves$/'		=> '\1f',
+			'/(tive)s$/'		=> '\1',
+			'/(hive)s$/'		=> '\1',
+			'/([^f])ves$/'		=> '\1fe',
+			'/(^analy)ses$/'	=> '\1sis',
 			'/((a)naly|(b)a|(d)iagno|(p)arenthe|(p)rogno|(s)ynop|(t)he)ses$/' => '\1\2sis',
-			'/([ti])a$/'            => '\1um',
-			'/(p)eople$/'           => '\1\2erson',
-			'/(m)en$/'              => '\1an',
-			'/(s)tatuses$/'         => '\1\2tatus',
-			'/(c)hildren$/'         => '\1\2hild',
-			'/(n)ews$/'             => '\1\2ews',
-			'/([^us])s$/'           => '\1',
+			'/([ti])a$/'		=> '\1um',
+			'/(p)eople$/'		=> '\1\2erson',
+			'/(m)en$/'		=> '\1an',
+			'/(s)tatuses$/'		=> '\1\2tatus',
+			'/(c)hildren$/'		=> '\1\2hild',
+			'/(n)ews$/'		=> '\1\2ews',
+			'/([^us])s$/'		=> '\1'
 		);
 
 		foreach ($singular_rules as $rule => $replacement)
@@ -101,18 +102,17 @@ if ( ! function_exists('singular'))
 
 // --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Plural
- *
- * Takes a singular word and makes it plural
- *
- * @param	string
- * @param	bool
- * @return	str
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('plural'))
 {
-	function plural($str, $force = FALSE)
+	/**
+	 * Plural
+	 *
+	 * Takes a singular word and makes it plural
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$str	Input string
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	function plural($str)
 	{
 		$result = strval($str);
 
@@ -158,16 +158,16 @@ if ( ! function_exists('plural'))
 
 // --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Camelize
- *
- * Takes multiple words separated by spaces or underscores and camelizes them
- *
- * @param	string
- * @return	str
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('camelize'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Camelize
+	 *
+	 * Takes multiple words separated by spaces or underscores and camelizes them
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$str	Input string
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function camelize($str)
 	{
 		return strtolower($str[0]).substr(str_replace(' ', '', ucwords(preg_replace('/[\s_]+/', ' ', $str))), 1);
@@ -176,16 +176,16 @@ if ( ! function_exists('camelize'))
 
 // --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Underscore
- *
- * Takes multiple words separated by spaces and underscores them
- *
- * @param	string
- * @return	str
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('underscore'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Underscore
+	 *
+	 * Takes multiple words separated by spaces and underscores them
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$str	Input string
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function underscore($str)
 	{
 		return preg_replace('/[\s]+/', '_', strtolower(trim($str)));
@@ -194,34 +194,36 @@ if ( ! function_exists('underscore'))
 
 // --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Humanize
- *
- * Takes multiple words separated by the separator and changes them to spaces
- *
- * @param	string	$str
- * @param 	string	$separator
- * @return	str
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('humanize'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Humanize
+	 *
+	 * Takes multiple words separated by the separator and changes them to spaces
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$str		Input string
+	 * @param 	string	$separator	Input separator
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function humanize($str, $separator = '_')
 	{
 		return ucwords(preg_replace('/['.$separator.']+/', ' ', strtolower(trim($str))));
 	}
 }
 
-/**
- * Checks if the given word has a plural version.
- *
- * @param	string	the word to check
- * @return	bool	if the word is countable
- */
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 if ( ! function_exists('is_countable'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Checks if the given word has a plural version.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$word	Word to check
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
 	function is_countable($word)
 	{
-		return ! in_array(strtolower(strval($word)),
+		return ! in_array(strtolower($word),
 					array(
 						'equipment', 'information', 'rice', 'money',
 						'species', 'series', 'fish', 'meta'
diff --git a/system/helpers/language_helper.php b/system/helpers/language_helper.php
index b31c97107..6d24a9ca6 100644
--- a/system/helpers/language_helper.php
+++ b/system/helpers/language_helper.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * CodeIgniter Language Helpers
@@ -37,25 +38,26 @@
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Lang
- *
- * Fetches a language variable and optionally outputs a form label
- *
- * @param	string	the language line
- * @param	string	the id of the form element
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('lang'))
 {
-	function lang($line, $id = '')
+	/**
+	 * Lang
+	 *
+	 * Fetches a language variable and optionally outputs a form label
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$line		The language line
+	 * @param	string	$for		The "for" value (id of the form element)
+	 * @param	array	$attributes	Any additional HTML attributes
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	function lang($line, $for = '', $attributes = array())
 	{
 		$CI =& get_instance();
 		$line = $CI->lang->line($line);
 
-		if ($id != '')
+		if ($for !== '')
 		{
-			$line = '<label for="'.$id.'">'.$line.'</label>';
+			$line = '<label for="'.$for.'"'._stringify_attributes($attributes).'>'.$line.'</label>';
 		}
 
 		return $line;
diff --git a/system/helpers/number_helper.php b/system/helpers/number_helper.php
index 40da6e7bf..b93096543 100644
--- a/system/helpers/number_helper.php
+++ b/system/helpers/number_helper.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * CodeIgniter Number Helpers
@@ -37,14 +38,15 @@
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Formats a numbers as bytes, based on size, and adds the appropriate suffix
- *
- * @param	mixed	// will be cast as int
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('byte_format'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Formats a numbers as bytes, based on size, and adds the appropriate suffix
+	 *
+	 * @param	mixed	will be cast as int
+	 * @param	int
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function byte_format($num, $precision = 1)
 	{
 		$CI =& get_instance();
diff --git a/system/helpers/path_helper.php b/system/helpers/path_helper.php
index 6ee99072c..5a798b118 100644
--- a/system/helpers/path_helper.php
+++ b/system/helpers/path_helper.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * CodeIgniter Path Helpers
@@ -32,20 +33,20 @@
  * @subpackage	Helpers
  * @category	Helpers
  * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/helpers/xml_helper.html
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/helpers/path_helper.html
  */
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Set Realpath
- *
- * @param	string
- * @param	bool	checks to see if the path exists
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('set_realpath'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Set Realpath
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	bool	checks to see if the path exists
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function set_realpath($path, $check_existance = FALSE)
 	{
 		// Security check to make sure the path is NOT a URL. No remote file inclusion!
@@ -55,7 +56,7 @@ if ( ! function_exists('set_realpath'))
 		}
 
 		// Resolve the path
-		if (function_exists('realpath') && @realpath($path) !== FALSE)
+		if (@realpath($path) !== FALSE)
 		{
 			$path = realpath($path);
 		}
diff --git a/system/helpers/security_helper.php b/system/helpers/security_helper.php
index d6f134c9f..898a49c80 100644
--- a/system/helpers/security_helper.php
+++ b/system/helpers/security_helper.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * CodeIgniter Security Helpers
@@ -37,15 +38,15 @@
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * XSS Filtering
- *
- * @param	string
- * @param	bool	whether or not the content is an image file
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('xss_clean'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * XSS Filtering
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	bool	whether or not the content is an image file
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function xss_clean($str, $is_image = FALSE)
 	{
 		$CI =& get_instance();
@@ -55,14 +56,14 @@ if ( ! function_exists('xss_clean'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Sanitize Filename
- *
- * @param	string
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('sanitize_filename'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Sanitize Filename
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function sanitize_filename($filename)
 	{
 		$CI =& get_instance();
@@ -72,14 +73,17 @@ if ( ! function_exists('sanitize_filename'))
 
 // --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Hash encode a string
- *
- * @param	string
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('do_hash'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Hash encode a string
+	 *
+	 * @todo	Remove in version 3.1+.
+	 * @deprecated	3.0.0	Use PHP's native hash() instead.
+	 * @param	string	$str
+	 * @param	string	$type = 'sha1'
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function do_hash($str, $type = 'sha1')
 	{
 		if ( ! in_array(strtolower($type), hash_algos()))
@@ -93,33 +97,34 @@ if ( ! function_exists('do_hash'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Strip Image Tags
- *
- * @param	string
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('strip_image_tags'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Strip Image Tags
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function strip_image_tags($str)
 	{
-		return preg_replace(array('#<img\s+.*?src\s*=\s*["\'](.+?)["\'].*?\>#', '#<img\s+.*?src\s*=\s*(.+?).*?\>#'), '\\1', $str);
+		$CI =& get_instance();
+		return $CI->security->strip_image_tags($str);
 	}
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Convert PHP tags to entities
- *
- * @param	string
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('encode_php_tags'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Convert PHP tags to entities
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function encode_php_tags($str)
 	{
-		return str_replace(array('<?php', '<?PHP', '<?', '?>'),  array('&lt;?php', '&lt;?PHP', '&lt;?', '?&gt;'), $str);
+		return str_replace(array('<?', '?>'), array('&lt;?', '?&gt;'), $str);
 	}
 }
 
diff --git a/system/helpers/smiley_helper.php b/system/helpers/smiley_helper.php
index 8dba74e73..7293999fe 100644
--- a/system/helpers/smiley_helper.php
+++ b/system/helpers/smiley_helper.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * CodeIgniter Smiley Helpers
@@ -37,125 +38,110 @@
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Smiley Javascript
- *
- * Returns the javascript required for the smiley insertion.  Optionally takes
- * an array of aliases to loosely couple the smiley array to the view.
- *
- * @param	mixed	alias name or array of alias->field_id pairs
- * @param	string	field_id if alias name was passed in
- * @return	array
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('smiley_js'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Smiley Javascript
+	 *
+	 * Returns the javascript required for the smiley insertion.  Optionally takes
+	 * an array of aliases to loosely couple the smiley array to the view.
+	 *
+	 * @param	mixed	alias name or array of alias->field_id pairs
+	 * @param	string	field_id if alias name was passed in
+	 * @param	bool
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
 	function smiley_js($alias = '', $field_id = '', $inline = TRUE)
 	{
 		static $do_setup = TRUE;
-
 		$r = '';
 
-		if ($alias != '' && ! is_array($alias))
+		if ($alias !== '' && ! is_array($alias))
 		{
 			$alias = array($alias => $field_id);
 		}
 
 		if ($do_setup === TRUE)
 		{
-				$do_setup = FALSE;
-
-				$m = array();
+			$do_setup = FALSE;
+			$m = array();
 
-				if (is_array($alias))
+			if (is_array($alias))
+			{
+				foreach ($alias as $name => $id)
 				{
-					foreach ($alias as $name => $id)
-					{
-						$m[] = '"'.$name.'" : "'.$id.'"';
-					}
+					$m[] = '"'.$name.'" : "'.$id.'"';
 				}
+			}
 
-				$m = '{'.implode(',', $m).'}';
+			$m = '{'.implode(',', $m).'}';
 
-				$r .= <<<EOF
-				var smiley_map = {$m};
+			$r .= <<<EOF
+			var smiley_map = {$m};
 
-				function insert_smiley(smiley, field_id) {
-					var el = document.getElementById(field_id), newStart;
+			function insert_smiley(smiley, field_id) {
+				var el = document.getElementById(field_id), newStart;
 
-					if ( ! el && smiley_map[field_id]) {
-						el = document.getElementById(smiley_map[field_id]);
+				if ( ! el && smiley_map[field_id]) {
+					el = document.getElementById(smiley_map[field_id]);
 
-						if ( ! el)
-							return false;
-					}
+					if ( ! el)
+						return false;
+				}
 
-					el.focus();
-					smiley = " " + smiley;
+				el.focus();
+				smiley = " " + smiley;
 
-					if ('selectionStart' in el) {
-						newStart = el.selectionStart + smiley.length;
+				if ('selectionStart' in el) {
+					newStart = el.selectionStart + smiley.length;
 
-						el.value = el.value.substr(0, el.selectionStart) +
-										smiley +
-										el.value.substr(el.selectionEnd, el.value.length);
-						el.setSelectionRange(newStart, newStart);
-					}
-					else if (document.selection) {
-						document.selection.createRange().text = smiley;
-					}
+					el.value = el.value.substr(0, el.selectionStart) +
+									smiley +
+									el.value.substr(el.selectionEnd, el.value.length);
+					el.setSelectionRange(newStart, newStart);
+				}
+				else if (document.selection) {
+					document.selection.createRange().text = smiley;
 				}
+			}
 EOF;
 		}
-		else
+		elseif (is_array($alias))
 		{
-			if (is_array($alias))
+			foreach ($alias as $name => $id)
 			{
-				foreach ($alias as $name => $id)
-				{
-					$r .= 'smiley_map["'.$name.'"] = "'.$id.'";'."\n";
-				}
+				$r .= 'smiley_map["'.$name.'"] = "'.$id."\";\n";
 			}
 		}
 
-		if ($inline)
-		{
-			return '<script type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8">/*<![CDATA[ */'.$r.'// ]]></script>';
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			return $r;
-		}
+		return ($inline) ? '<script type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8">/*<![CDATA[ */'.$r.'// ]]></script>' : $r;
 	}
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Get Clickable Smileys
- *
- * Returns an array of image tag links that can be clicked to be inserted
- * into a form field.
- *
- * @param	string	the URL to the folder containing the smiley images
- * @return	array
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('get_clickable_smileys'))
 {
-	function get_clickable_smileys($image_url, $alias = '', $smileys = NULL)
+	/**
+	 * Get Clickable Smileys
+	 *
+	 * Returns an array of image tag links that can be clicked to be inserted
+	 * into a form field.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the URL to the folder containing the smiley images
+	 * @param	array
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	function get_clickable_smileys($image_url, $alias = '')
 	{
 		// For backward compatibility with js_insert_smiley
-
 		if (is_array($alias))
 		{
 			$smileys = $alias;
 		}
-
-		if ( ! is_array($smileys))
+		elseif (FALSE === ($smileys = _get_smiley_array()))
 		{
-			if (FALSE === ($smileys = _get_smiley_array()))
-			{
-				return $smileys;
-			}
+			return FALSE;
 		}
 
 		// Add a trailing slash to the file path if needed
@@ -165,7 +151,7 @@ if ( ! function_exists('get_clickable_smileys'))
 		foreach ($smileys as $key => $val)
 		{
 			// Keep duplicates from being used, which can happen if the
-			// mapping array contains multiple identical replacements.  For example:
+			// mapping array contains multiple identical replacements. For example:
 			// :-) and :) might be replaced with the same image so both smileys
 			// will be in the array.
 			if (isset($used[$smileys[$key][0]]))
@@ -173,8 +159,7 @@ if ( ! function_exists('get_clickable_smileys'))
 				continue;
 			}
 
-			$link[] = "<a href=\"javascript:void(0);\" onclick=\"insert_smiley('".$key."', '".$alias."')\"><img src=\"".$image_url.$smileys[$key][0]."\" width=\"".$smileys[$key][1]."\" height=\"".$smileys[$key][2]."\" alt=\"".$smileys[$key][3]."\" style=\"border:0;\" /></a>";
-
+			$link[] = '<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="insert_smiley(\''.$key.'\', \''.$alias.'\')"><img src="'.$image_url.$smileys[$key][0].'" alt="'.$smileys[$key][3].'" style="width: '.$smileys[$key][1].'; height: '.$smileys[$key][2].'; border: 0;" /></a>';
 			$used[$smileys[$key][0]] = TRUE;
 		}
 
@@ -184,38 +169,31 @@ if ( ! function_exists('get_clickable_smileys'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Parse Smileys
- *
- * Takes a string as input and swaps any contained smileys for the actual image
- *
- * @param	string	the text to be parsed
- * @param	string	the URL to the folder containing the smiley images
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('parse_smileys'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Parse Smileys
+	 *
+	 * Takes a string as input and swaps any contained smileys for the actual image
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the text to be parsed
+	 * @param	string	the URL to the folder containing the smiley images
+	 * @param	array
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function parse_smileys($str = '', $image_url = '', $smileys = NULL)
 	{
-		if ($image_url == '')
+		if ($image_url === '' OR ( ! is_array($smileys) && FALSE === ($smileys = _get_smiley_array())))
 		{
 			return $str;
 		}
 
-		if ( ! is_array($smileys))
-		{
-			if (FALSE === ($smileys = _get_smiley_array()))
-			{
-				return $str;
-			}
-		}
-
 		// Add a trailing slash to the file path if needed
-		$image_url = preg_replace("/(.+?)\/*$/", "\\1/",  $image_url);
+		$image_url = rtrim($image_url, '/').'/';
 
 		foreach ($smileys as $key => $val)
 		{
-			$str = str_replace($key, "<img src=\"".$image_url.$smileys[$key][0]."\" width=\"".$smileys[$key][1]."\" height=\"".$smileys[$key][2]."\" alt=\"".$smileys[$key][3]."\" style=\"border:0;\" />", $str);
+			$str = str_replace($key, '<img src="'.$image_url.$smileys[$key][0].'" alt="'.$smileys[$key][3].'" style="width: '.$smileys[$key][1].'; height: '.$smileys[$key][2].'; border: 0;" />', $str);
 		}
 
 		return $str;
@@ -224,15 +202,15 @@ if ( ! function_exists('parse_smileys'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Get Smiley Array
- *
- * Fetches the config/smiley.php file
- *
- * @return	mixed
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('_get_smiley_array'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Get Smiley Array
+	 *
+	 * Fetches the config/smiley.php file
+	 *
+	 * @return	mixed
+	 */
 	function _get_smiley_array()
 	{
 		if (defined('ENVIRONMENT') && file_exists(APPPATH.'config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/smileys.php'))
@@ -244,40 +222,7 @@ if ( ! function_exists('_get_smiley_array'))
 			include(APPPATH.'config/smileys.php');
 		}
 
-		if (isset($smileys) && is_array($smileys))
-		{
-			return $smileys;
-		}
-
-		return FALSE;
-	}
-}
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-/**
- * JS Insert Smiley
- *
- * Generates the javascript function needed to insert smileys into a form field
- *
- * DEPRECATED as of version 1.7.2, use smiley_js instead
- *
- * @param	string	form name
- * @param	string	field name
- * @return	string
- */
-if ( ! function_exists('js_insert_smiley'))
-{
-	function js_insert_smiley($form_name = '', $form_field = '')
-	{
-		return <<<EOF
-<script type="text/javascript">
-	function insert_smiley(smiley)
-	{
-		document.{$form_name}.{$form_field}.value += " " + smiley;
-	}
-</script>
-EOF;
+		return (isset($smileys) && is_array($smileys)) ? $smileys : FALSE;
 	}
 }
 
diff --git a/system/helpers/string_helper.php b/system/helpers/string_helper.php
index aed35c157..9fc24559a 100644
--- a/system/helpers/string_helper.php
+++ b/system/helpers/string_helper.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * CodeIgniter String Helpers
@@ -37,22 +38,25 @@
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Trim Slashes
- *
- * Removes any leading/trailing slashes from a string:
- *
- * /this/that/theother/
- *
- * becomes:
- *
- * this/that/theother
- *
- * @param	string
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('trim_slashes'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Trim Slashes
+	 *
+	 * Removes any leading/trailing slashes from a string:
+	 *
+	 * /this/that/theother/
+	 *
+	 * becomes:
+	 *
+	 * this/that/theother
+	 *
+	 * @todo	Remove in version 3.1+.
+	 * @deprecated	3.0.0	This is just an alias for PHP's native trim()
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function trim_slashes($str)
 	{
 		return trim($str, '/');
@@ -61,28 +65,26 @@ if ( ! function_exists('trim_slashes'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Strip Slashes
- *
- * Removes slashes contained in a string or in an array
- *
- * @param	mixed	string or array
- * @return	mixed	string or array
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('strip_slashes'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Strip Slashes
+	 *
+	 * Removes slashes contained in a string or in an array
+	 *
+	 * @param	mixed	string or array
+	 * @return	mixed	string or array
+	 */
 	function strip_slashes($str)
 	{
-		if (is_array($str))
+		if ( ! is_array($str))
 		{
-			foreach ($str as $key => $val)
-			{
-				$str[$key] = strip_slashes($val);
-			}
+			return stripslashes($str);
 		}
-		else
+
+		foreach ($str as $key => $val)
 		{
-			$str = stripslashes($str);
+			$str[$key] = strip_slashes($val);
 		}
 
 		return $str;
@@ -91,16 +93,16 @@ if ( ! function_exists('strip_slashes'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Strip Quotes
- *
- * Removes single and double quotes from a string
- *
- * @param	string
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('strip_quotes'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Strip Quotes
+	 *
+	 * Removes single and double quotes from a string
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function strip_quotes($str)
 	{
 		return str_replace(array('"', "'"), '', $str);
@@ -109,16 +111,16 @@ if ( ! function_exists('strip_quotes'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Quotes to Entities
- *
- * Converts single and double quotes to entities
- *
- * @param	string
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('quotes_to_entities'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Quotes to Entities
+	 *
+	 * Converts single and double quotes to entities
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function quotes_to_entities($str)
 	{
 		return str_replace(array("\'","\"","'",'"'), array("&#39;","&quot;","&#39;","&quot;"), $str);
@@ -127,23 +129,23 @@ if ( ! function_exists('quotes_to_entities'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Reduce Double Slashes
- *
- * Converts double slashes in a string to a single slash,
- * except those found in http://
- *
- * http://www.some-site.com//index.php
- *
- * becomes:
- *
- * http://www.some-site.com/index.php
- *
- * @param	string
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('reduce_double_slashes'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Reduce Double Slashes
+	 *
+	 * Converts double slashes in a string to a single slash,
+	 * except those found in http://
+	 *
+	 * http://www.some-site.com//index.php
+	 *
+	 * becomes:
+	 *
+	 * http://www.some-site.com/index.php
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function reduce_double_slashes($str)
 	{
 		return preg_replace('#(^|[^:])//+#', '\\1/', $str);
@@ -152,131 +154,116 @@ if ( ! function_exists('reduce_double_slashes'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Reduce Multiples
- *
- * Reduces multiple instances of a particular character.  Example:
- *
- * Fred, Bill,, Joe, Jimmy
- *
- * becomes:
- *
- * Fred, Bill, Joe, Jimmy
- *
- * @param	string
- * @param	string	the character you wish to reduce
- * @param	bool	TRUE/FALSE - whether to trim the character from the beginning/end
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('reduce_multiples'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Reduce Multiples
+	 *
+	 * Reduces multiple instances of a particular character.  Example:
+	 *
+	 * Fred, Bill,, Joe, Jimmy
+	 *
+	 * becomes:
+	 *
+	 * Fred, Bill, Joe, Jimmy
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string	the character you wish to reduce
+	 * @param	bool	TRUE/FALSE - whether to trim the character from the beginning/end
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function reduce_multiples($str, $character = ',', $trim = FALSE)
 	{
 		$str = preg_replace('#'.preg_quote($character, '#').'{2,}#', $character, $str);
-
-		if ($trim === TRUE)
-		{
-			return trim($str, $character);
-		}
-
-		return $str;
+		return ($trim === TRUE) ? trim($str, $character) : $str;
 	}
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Create a Random String
- *
- * Useful for generating passwords or hashes.
- *
- * @param	string	type of random string.  basic, alpha, alunum, numeric, nozero, unique, md5, encrypt and sha1
- * @param	int	number of characters
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('random_string'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Create a Random String
+	 *
+	 * Useful for generating passwords or hashes.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	type of random string.  basic, alpha, alunum, numeric, nozero, unique, md5, encrypt and sha1
+	 * @param	int	number of characters
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function random_string($type = 'alnum', $len = 8)
 	{
-		switch($type)
+		switch ($type)
 		{
-			case 'basic'	: return mt_rand();
-				break;
-			case 'alnum'	:
-			case 'numeric'	:
-			case 'nozero'	:
-			case 'alpha'	:
-
-					switch ($type)
-					{
-						case 'alpha'	:	$pool = 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ';
-							break;
-						case 'alnum'	:	$pool = '0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ';
-							break;
-						case 'numeric'	:	$pool = '0123456789';
-							break;
-						case 'nozero'	:	$pool = '123456789';
-							break;
-					}
-
-					$str = substr(str_shuffle(str_repeat($pool, ceil($len/strlen($pool)))),0,$len);
-
-					return $str;
-				break;
-			case 'unique'	:
-			case 'md5'		:
-
-						return md5(uniqid(mt_rand()));
-				break;
-			case 'encrypt'	:
-			case 'sha1'	:
-
-						$CI =& get_instance();
-						$CI->load->helper('security');
-
-						return do_hash(uniqid(mt_rand(), TRUE), 'sha1');
-				break;
+			case 'basic':
+				return mt_rand();
+			case 'alnum':
+			case 'numeric':
+			case 'nozero':
+			case 'alpha':
+				switch ($type)
+				{
+					case 'alpha':
+						$pool = 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ';
+						break;
+					case 'alnum':
+						$pool = '0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ';
+						break;
+					case 'numeric':
+						$pool = '0123456789';
+						break;
+					case 'nozero':
+						$pool = '123456789';
+						break;
+				}
+				return substr(str_shuffle(str_repeat($pool, ceil($len / strlen($pool)))), 0, $len);
+			case 'unique': // todo: remove in 3.1+
+			case 'md5':
+				return md5(uniqid(mt_rand()));
+			case 'encrypt': // todo: remove in 3.1+
+			case 'sha1':
+				return sha1(uniqid(mt_rand(), TRUE));
 		}
 	}
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Add's _1 to a string or increment the ending number to allow _2, _3, etc
- *
- * @param	string	required
- * @param	string	What should the duplicate number be appended with
- * @param	string	Which number should be used for the first dupe increment
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('increment_string'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Add's _1 to a string or increment the ending number to allow _2, _3, etc
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	required
+	 * @param	string	What should the duplicate number be appended with
+	 * @param	string	Which number should be used for the first dupe increment
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function increment_string($str, $separator = '_', $first = 1)
 	{
 		preg_match('/(.+)'.$separator.'([0-9]+)$/', $str, $match);
-
 		return isset($match[2]) ? $match[1].$separator.($match[2] + 1) : $str.$separator.$first;
 	}
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Alternator
- *
- * Allows strings to be alternated. See docs...
- *
- * @param	string (as many parameters as needed)
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('alternator'))
 {
-	function alternator()
+	/**
+	 * Alternator
+	 *
+	 * Allows strings to be alternated. See docs...
+	 *
+	 * @param	string (as many parameters as needed)
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	function alternator($args)
 	{
 		static $i;
 
-		if (func_num_args() == 0)
+		if (func_num_args() === 0)
 		{
 			$i = 0;
 			return '';
@@ -288,15 +275,18 @@ if ( ! function_exists('alternator'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Repeater function
- *
- * @param	string
- * @param	int	number of repeats
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('repeater'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Repeater function
+	 *
+	 * @todo	Remove in version 3.1+.
+	 * @deprecated	3.0.0	This is just an alias for PHP's native str_repeat()
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$data	String to repeat
+	 * @param	int	$num	Number of repeats
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function repeater($data, $num = 1)
 	{
 		return ($num > 0) ? str_repeat($data, $num) : '';
diff --git a/system/helpers/text_helper.php b/system/helpers/text_helper.php
index cc501c334..705238704 100644
--- a/system/helpers/text_helper.php
+++ b/system/helpers/text_helper.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * CodeIgniter Text Helpers
@@ -37,28 +38,28 @@
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Word Limiter
- *
- * Limits a string to X number of words.
- *
- * @param	string
- * @param	int
- * @param	string	the end character. Usually an ellipsis
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('word_limiter'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Word Limiter
+	 *
+	 * Limits a string to X number of words.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	int
+	 * @param	string	the end character. Usually an ellipsis
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function word_limiter($str, $limit = 100, $end_char = '&#8230;')
 	{
-		if (trim($str) == '')
+		if (trim($str) === '')
 		{
 			return $str;
 		}
 
 		preg_match('/^\s*+(?:\S++\s*+){1,'.(int) $limit.'}/', $str, $matches);
 
-		if (strlen($str) == strlen($matches[0]))
+		if (strlen($str) === strlen($matches[0]))
 		{
 			$end_char = '';
 		}
@@ -69,19 +70,19 @@ if ( ! function_exists('word_limiter'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Character Limiter
- *
- * Limits the string based on the character count.  Preserves complete words
- * so the character count may not be exactly as specified.
- *
- * @param	string
- * @param	int
- * @param	string	the end character. Usually an ellipsis
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('character_limiter'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Character Limiter
+	 *
+	 * Limits the string based on the character count.  Preserves complete words
+	 * so the character count may not be exactly as specified.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	int
+	 * @param	string	the end character. Usually an ellipsis
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function character_limiter($str, $n = 500, $end_char = '&#8230;')
 	{
 		if (strlen($str) < $n)
@@ -89,14 +90,15 @@ if ( ! function_exists('character_limiter'))
 			return $str;
 		}
 
-		$str = preg_replace("/\s+/", ' ', str_replace(array("\r\n", "\r", "\n"), ' ', $str));
+		// a bit complicated, but faster than preg_replace with \s+
+		$str = preg_replace('/ {2,}/', ' ', str_replace(array("\r", "\n", "\t", "\x0B", "\x0C"), ' ', $str));
 
 		if (strlen($str) <= $n)
 		{
 			return $str;
 		}
 
-		$out = "";
+		$out = '';
 		foreach (explode(' ', trim($str)) as $val)
 		{
 			$out .= $val.' ';
@@ -104,7 +106,7 @@ if ( ! function_exists('character_limiter'))
 			if (strlen($out) >= $n)
 			{
 				$out = trim($out);
-				return (strlen($out) == strlen($str)) ? $out : $out.$end_char;
+				return (strlen($out) === strlen($str)) ? $out : $out.$end_char;
 			}
 		}
 	}
@@ -112,23 +114,20 @@ if ( ! function_exists('character_limiter'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * High ASCII to Entities
- *
- * Converts High ascii text and MS Word special characters to character entities
- *
- * @param	string
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('ascii_to_entities'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * High ASCII to Entities
+	 *
+	 * Converts high ASCII text and MS Word special characters to character entities
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$str
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function ascii_to_entities($str)
 	{
-		$count	= 1;
-		$out	= '';
-		$temp	= array();
-
-		for ($i = 0, $s = strlen($str); $i < $s; $i++)
+		$out = '';
+		for ($i = 0, $s = strlen($str), $count = 1, $temp = array(); $i < $s; $i++)
 		{
 			$ordinal = ord($str[$i]);
 
@@ -138,9 +137,9 @@ if ( ! function_exists('ascii_to_entities'))
 					If the $temp array has a value but we have moved on, then it seems only
 					fair that we output that entity and restart $temp before continuing. -Paul
 				*/
-				if (count($temp) == 1)
+				if (count($temp) === 1)
 				{
-					$out  .= '&#'.array_shift($temp).';';
+					$out .= '&#'.array_shift($temp).';';
 					$count = 1;
 				}
 
@@ -148,16 +147,18 @@ if ( ! function_exists('ascii_to_entities'))
 			}
 			else
 			{
-				if (count($temp) == 0)
+				if (count($temp) === 0)
 				{
 					$count = ($ordinal < 224) ? 2 : 3;
 				}
 
 				$temp[] = $ordinal;
 
-				if (count($temp) == $count)
+				if (count($temp) === $count)
 				{
-					$number = ($count == 3) ? (($temp['0'] % 16) * 4096) + (($temp['1'] % 64) * 64) + ($temp['2'] % 64) : (($temp['0'] % 32) * 64) + ($temp['1'] % 64);
+					$number = ($count === 3)
+							? (($temp[0] % 16) * 4096) + (($temp[1] % 64) * 64) + ($temp[2] % 64)
+							: (($temp[0] % 32) * 64) + ($temp[1] % 64);
 
 					$out .= '&#'.$number.';';
 					$count = 1;
@@ -172,25 +173,24 @@ if ( ! function_exists('ascii_to_entities'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Entities to ASCII
- *
- * Converts character entities back to ASCII
- *
- * @param	string
- * @param	bool
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('entities_to_ascii'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Entities to ASCII
+	 *
+	 * Converts character entities back to ASCII
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	bool
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function entities_to_ascii($str, $all = TRUE)
 	{
 		if (preg_match_all('/\&#(\d+)\;/', $str, $matches))
 		{
-			for ($i = 0, $s = count($matches['0']); $i < $s; $i++)
+			for ($i = 0, $s = count($matches[0]); $i < $s; $i++)
 			{
-				$digits = $matches['1'][$i];
-
+				$digits = $matches[1][$i];
 				$out = '';
 
 				if ($digits < 128)
@@ -200,25 +200,24 @@ if ( ! function_exists('entities_to_ascii'))
 				}
 				elseif ($digits < 2048)
 				{
-					$out .= chr(192 + (($digits - ($digits % 64)) / 64));
-					$out .= chr(128 + ($digits % 64));
+					$out .= chr(192 + (($digits - ($digits % 64)) / 64)).chr(128 + ($digits % 64));
 				}
 				else
 				{
-					$out .= chr(224 + (($digits - ($digits % 4096)) / 4096));
-					$out .= chr(128 + ((($digits % 4096) - ($digits % 64)) / 64));
-					$out .= chr(128 + ($digits % 64));
+					$out .= chr(224 + (($digits - ($digits % 4096)) / 4096))
+						.chr(128 + ((($digits % 4096) - ($digits % 64)) / 64))
+						.chr(128 + ($digits % 64));
 				}
 
-				$str = str_replace($matches['0'][$i], $out, $str);
+				$str = str_replace($matches[0][$i], $out, $str);
 			}
 		}
 
 		if ($all)
 		{
-			$str = str_replace(array("&amp;", "&lt;", "&gt;", "&quot;", "&apos;", "&#45;"),
-								array("&","<",">","\"", "'", "-"),
-								$str);
+			return str_replace(array('&amp;', '&lt;', '&gt;', '&quot;', '&apos;', '&#45;'),
+						array('&', '<', '>', '"', "'", '-'),
+						$str);
 		}
 
 		return $str;
@@ -227,20 +226,20 @@ if ( ! function_exists('entities_to_ascii'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Word Censoring Function
- *
- * Supply a string and an array of disallowed words and any
- * matched words will be converted to #### or to the replacement
- * word you've submitted.
- *
- * @param	string	the text string
- * @param	string	the array of censoered words
- * @param	string	the optional replacement value
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('word_censor'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Word Censoring Function
+	 *
+	 * Supply a string and an array of disallowed words and any
+	 * matched words will be converted to #### or to the replacement
+	 * word you've submitted.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the text string
+	 * @param	string	the array of censoered words
+	 * @param	string	the optional replacement value
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function word_censor($str, $censored, $replacement = '')
 	{
 		if ( ! is_array($censored))
@@ -258,7 +257,7 @@ if ( ! function_exists('word_censor'))
 
 		foreach ($censored as $badword)
 		{
-			if ($replacement != '')
+			if ($replacement !== '')
 			{
 				$str = preg_replace("/({$delim})(".str_replace('\*', '\w*?', preg_quote($badword, '/')).")({$delim})/i", "\\1{$replacement}\\3", $str);
 			}
@@ -274,39 +273,45 @@ if ( ! function_exists('word_censor'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Code Highlighter
- *
- * Colorizes code strings
- *
- * @param	string	the text string
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('highlight_code'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Code Highlighter
+	 *
+	 * Colorizes code strings
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the text string
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function highlight_code($str)
 	{
-		// The highlight string function encodes and highlights
-		// brackets so we need them to start raw
-		$str = str_replace(array('&lt;', '&gt;'), array('<', '>'), $str);
-
-		// Replace any existing PHP tags to temporary markers so they don't accidentally
-		// break the string out of PHP, and thus, thwart the highlighting.
-		$str = str_replace(array('<?', '?>', '<%', '%>', '\\', '</script>'),
-					array('phptagopen', 'phptagclose', 'asptagopen', 'asptagclose', 'backslashtmp', 'scriptclose'),
+		/* The highlight string function encodes and highlights
+		 * brackets so we need them to start raw.
+		 *
+		 * Also replace any existing PHP tags to temporary markers
+		 * so they don't accidentally break the string out of PHP,
+		 * and thus, thwart the highlighting.
+		 */
+		$str = str_replace(array('&lt;', '&gt;', '<?', '?>', '<%', '%>', '\\', '</script>'),
+					array('<', '>', 'phptagopen', 'phptagclose', 'asptagopen', 'asptagclose', 'backslashtmp', 'scriptclose'),
 					$str);
 
 		// The highlight_string function requires that the text be surrounded
 		// by PHP tags, which we will remove later
-		$str = '<?php '.$str.' ?>'; // <?
-
-		// All the magic happens here, baby!
-		$str = highlight_string($str, TRUE);
+		$str = highlight_string('<?php '.$str.' ?>', TRUE);
 
 		// Remove our artificially added PHP, and the syntax highlighting that came with it
-		$str = preg_replace('/<span style="color: #([A-Z0-9]+)">&lt;\?php(&nbsp;| )/i', '<span style="color: #$1">', $str);
-		$str = preg_replace('/(<span style="color: #[A-Z0-9]+">.*?)\?&gt;<\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/code>/is', "$1</span>\n</span>\n</code>", $str);
-		$str = preg_replace('/<span style="color: #[A-Z0-9]+"\><\/span>/i', '', $str);
+		$str = preg_replace(array(
+						'/<span style="color: #([A-Z0-9]+)">&lt;\?php(&nbsp;| )/i',
+						'/(<span style="color: #[A-Z0-9]+">.*?)\?&gt;<\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/code>/is',
+						'/<span style="color: #[A-Z0-9]+"\><\/span>/i'
+					),
+					array(
+						'<span style="color: #$1">',
+						"$1</span>\n</span>\n</code>",
+						''
+					),
+					$str);
 
 		// Replace our markers back to PHP tags.
 		return str_replace(array('phptagopen', 'phptagclose', 'asptagopen', 'asptagclose', 'backslashtmp', 'scriptclose'),
@@ -317,29 +322,29 @@ if ( ! function_exists('highlight_code'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Phrase Highlighter
- *
- * Highlights a phrase within a text string
- *
- * @param	string	the text string
- * @param	string	the phrase you'd like to highlight
- * @param	string	the openging tag to precede the phrase with
- * @param	string	the closing tag to end the phrase with
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('highlight_phrase'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Phrase Highlighter
+	 *
+	 * Highlights a phrase within a text string
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the text string
+	 * @param	string	the phrase you'd like to highlight
+	 * @param	string	the openging tag to precede the phrase with
+	 * @param	string	the closing tag to end the phrase with
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function highlight_phrase($str, $phrase, $tag_open = '<strong>', $tag_close = '</strong>')
 	{
-		if ($str == '')
+		if ($str === '')
 		{
 			return '';
 		}
 
-		if ($phrase != '')
+		if ($phrase !== '')
 		{
-			return preg_replace('/('.preg_quote($phrase, '/').')/i', $tag_open."\\1".$tag_close, $str);
+			return preg_replace('/('.preg_quote($phrase, '/').')/i', $tag_open.'\\1'.$tag_close, $str);
 		}
 
 		return $str;
@@ -348,28 +353,33 @@ if ( ! function_exists('highlight_phrase'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Convert Accented Foreign Characters to ASCII
- *
- * @param	string	the text string
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('convert_accented_characters'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Convert Accented Foreign Characters to ASCII
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the text string
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function convert_accented_characters($str)
 	{
-		if (defined('ENVIRONMENT') && is_file(APPPATH.'config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/foreign_chars.php'))
-		{
-			include(APPPATH.'config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/foreign_chars.php');
-		}
-		elseif (is_file(APPPATH.'config/foreign_chars.php'))
-		{
-			include(APPPATH.'config/foreign_chars.php');
-		}
+		global $foreign_characters;
 
-		if ( ! isset($foreign_characters))
+		if ( ! isset($foreign_characters) OR ! is_array($foreign_characters))
 		{
-			return $str;
+			if (defined('ENVIRONMENT') && is_file(APPPATH.'config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/foreign_chars.php'))
+			{
+				include(APPPATH.'config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/foreign_chars.php');
+			}
+			elseif (is_file(APPPATH.'config/foreign_chars.php'))
+			{
+				include(APPPATH.'config/foreign_chars.php');
+			}
+
+			if ( ! isset($foreign_characters) OR ! is_array($foreign_characters))
+			{
+				return $str;
+			}
 		}
 
 		return preg_replace(array_keys($foreign_characters), array_values($foreign_characters), $str);
@@ -378,27 +388,29 @@ if ( ! function_exists('convert_accented_characters'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Word Wrap
- *
- * Wraps text at the specified character.  Maintains the integrity of words.
- * Anything placed between {unwrap}{/unwrap} will not be word wrapped, nor
- * will URLs.
- *
- * @param	string	the text string
- * @param	int	the number of characters to wrap at
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('word_wrap'))
 {
-	function word_wrap($str, $charlim = '76')
+	/**
+	 * Word Wrap
+	 *
+	 * Wraps text at the specified character. Maintains the integrity of words.
+	 * Anything placed between {unwrap}{/unwrap} will not be word wrapped, nor
+	 * will URLs.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$str		the text string
+	 * @param	int	$charlim = 76	the number of characters to wrap at
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	function word_wrap($str, $charlim = 76)
 	{
-		// Se the character limit
+		// Set the character limit
 		if ( ! is_numeric($charlim))
+		{
 			$charlim = 76;
+		}
 
 		// Reduce multiple spaces
-		$str = preg_replace("| +|", " ", $str);
+		$str = preg_replace('| +|', ' ', $str);
 
 		// Standardize newlines
 		if (strpos($str, "\r") !== FALSE)
@@ -409,22 +421,22 @@ if ( ! function_exists('word_wrap'))
 		// If the current word is surrounded by {unwrap} tags we'll
 		// strip the entire chunk and replace it with a marker.
 		$unwrap = array();
-		if (preg_match_all("|(\{unwrap\}.+?\{/unwrap\})|s", $str, $matches))
+		if (preg_match_all('|(\{unwrap\}.+?\{/unwrap\})|s', $str, $matches))
 		{
-			for ($i = 0; $i < count($matches['0']); $i++)
+			for ($i = 0, $c = count($matches[0]); $i < $c; $i++)
 			{
-				$unwrap[] = $matches['1'][$i];
-				$str = str_replace($matches['1'][$i], "{{unwrapped".$i."}}", $str);
+				$unwrap[] = $matches[1][$i];
+				$str = str_replace($matches[1][$i], '{{unwrapped'.$i.'}}', $str);
 			}
 		}
 
 		// Use PHP's native function to do the initial wordwrap.
 		// We set the cut flag to FALSE so that any individual words that are
-		// too long get left alone.  In the next step we'll deal with them.
+		// too long get left alone. In the next step we'll deal with them.
 		$str = wordwrap($str, $charlim, "\n", FALSE);
 
 		// Split the string into individual lines of text and cycle through them
-		$output = "";
+		$output = '';
 		foreach (explode("\n", $str) as $line)
 		{
 			// Is the line within the allowed character count?
@@ -439,28 +451,26 @@ if ( ! function_exists('word_wrap'))
 			while ((strlen($line)) > $charlim)
 			{
 				// If the over-length word is a URL we won't wrap it
-				if (preg_match("!\[url.+\]|://|wwww.!", $line))
+				if (preg_match('!\[url.+\]|://|wwww.!', $line))
 				{
 					break;
 				}
 
 				// Trim the word down
-				$temp .= substr($line, 0, $charlim-1);
-				$line = substr($line, $charlim-1);
+				$temp .= substr($line, 0, $charlim - 1);
+				$line = substr($line, $charlim - 1);
 			}
 
 			// If $temp contains data it means we had to split up an over-length
 			// word into smaller chunks so we'll add it back to our current line
-			if ($temp != '')
+			if ($temp !== '')
 			{
-				$output .= $temp."\n".$line;
+				$output .= $temp."\n".$line."\n";
 			}
 			else
 			{
-				$output .= $line;
+				$output .= $line."\n";
 			}
-
-			$output .= "\n";
 		}
 
 		// Put our markers back
@@ -468,32 +478,30 @@ if ( ! function_exists('word_wrap'))
 		{
 			foreach ($unwrap as $key => $val)
 			{
-				$output = str_replace("{{unwrapped".$key."}}", $val, $output);
+				$output = str_replace('{{unwrapped'.$key.'}}', $val, $output);
 			}
 		}
 
-		// Remove the unwrap tags
-		$output = str_replace(array('{unwrap}', '{/unwrap}'), '', $output);
-
-		return $output;
+		// Remove the unwrap tags and return
+		return str_replace(array('{unwrap}', '{/unwrap}'), '', $output);
 	}
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Ellipsize String
- *
- * This function will strip tags from a string, split it at its max_length and ellipsize
- *
- * @param	string	string to ellipsize
- * @param	int	max length of string
- * @param	mixed	int (1|0) or float, .5, .2, etc for position to split
- * @param	string	ellipsis ; Default '...'
- * @return	string	ellipsized string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('ellipsize'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Ellipsize String
+	 *
+	 * This function will strip tags from a string, split it at its max_length and ellipsize
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	string to ellipsize
+	 * @param	int	max length of string
+	 * @param	mixed	int (1|0) or float, .5, .2, etc for position to split
+	 * @param	string	ellipsis ; Default '...'
+	 * @return	string	ellipsized string
+	 */
 	function ellipsize($str, $max_length, $position = 1, $ellipsis = '&hellip;')
 	{
 		// Strip tags
@@ -506,7 +514,6 @@ if ( ! function_exists('ellipsize'))
 		}
 
 		$beg = substr($str, 0, floor($max_length * $position));
-
 		$position = ($position > 1) ? 1 : $position;
 
 		if ($position === 1)
diff --git a/system/helpers/typography_helper.php b/system/helpers/typography_helper.php
index 7a3db5d6b..48f1f1147 100644
--- a/system/helpers/typography_helper.php
+++ b/system/helpers/typography_helper.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * CodeIgniter Typography Helpers
@@ -37,14 +38,14 @@
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Convert newlines to HTML line breaks except within PRE tags
- *
- * @param	string
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('nl2br_except_pre'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Convert newlines to HTML line breaks except within PRE tags
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function nl2br_except_pre($str)
 	{
 		$CI =& get_instance();
@@ -55,38 +56,36 @@ if ( ! function_exists('nl2br_except_pre'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Auto Typography Wrapper Function
- *
- * @param	string
- * @param	bool	whether to allow javascript event handlers
- * @param	bool	whether to reduce multiple instances of double newlines to two
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('auto_typography'))
 {
-	function auto_typography($str, $strip_js_event_handlers = TRUE, $reduce_linebreaks = FALSE)
+	/**
+	 * Auto Typography Wrapper Function
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$str
+	 * @param	bool	$reduce_linebreaks = FALSE	whether to reduce multiple instances of double newlines to two
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	function auto_typography($str, $reduce_linebreaks = FALSE)
 	{
 		$CI =& get_instance();
 		$CI->load->library('typography');
-		return $CI->typography->auto_typography($str, $strip_js_event_handlers, $reduce_linebreaks);
+		return $CI->typography->auto_typography($str, $reduce_linebreaks);
 	}
 }
 
-
 // --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * HTML Entities Decode
- *
- * This function is a replacement for html_entity_decode()
- *
- * @param	string
- * @param	string
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('entity_decode'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * HTML Entities Decode
+	 *
+	 * This function is a replacement for html_entity_decode()
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function entity_decode($str, $charset = NULL)
 	{
 		global $SEC;
diff --git a/system/helpers/url_helper.php b/system/helpers/url_helper.php
index 5576c2748..36ff0ff2c 100644
--- a/system/helpers/url_helper.php
+++ b/system/helpers/url_helper.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * CodeIgniter URL Helpers
@@ -37,17 +38,17 @@
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Site URL
- *
- * Create a local URL based on your basepath. Segments can be passed via the
- * first parameter either as a string or an array.
- *
- * @param	string
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('site_url'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Site URL
+	 *
+	 * Create a local URL based on your basepath. Segments can be passed via the
+	 * first parameter either as a string or an array.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function site_url($uri = '')
 	{
 		$CI =& get_instance();
@@ -57,18 +58,18 @@ if ( ! function_exists('site_url'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Base URL
- *
- * Create a local URL based on your basepath.
- * Segments can be passed in as a string or an array, same as site_url
- * or a URL to a file can be passed in, e.g. to an image file.
- *
- * @param	string
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('base_url'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Base URL
+	 *
+	 * Create a local URL based on your basepath.
+	 * Segments can be passed in as a string or an array, same as site_url
+	 * or a URL to a file can be passed in, e.g. to an image file.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function base_url($uri = '')
 	{
 		$CI =& get_instance();
@@ -78,16 +79,16 @@ if ( ! function_exists('base_url'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Current URL
- *
- * Returns the full URL (including segments) of the page where this
- * function is placed
- *
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('current_url'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Current URL
+	 *
+	 * Returns the full URL (including segments) of the page where this
+	 * function is placed
+	 *
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function current_url()
 	{
 		$CI =& get_instance();
@@ -96,15 +97,16 @@ if ( ! function_exists('current_url'))
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-/**
- * URL String
- *
- * Returns the URI segments.
- *
- * @return	string
- */
+
 if ( ! function_exists('uri_string'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * URL String
+	 *
+	 * Returns the URI segments.
+	 *
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function uri_string()
 	{
 		$CI =& get_instance();
@@ -114,15 +116,15 @@ if ( ! function_exists('uri_string'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Index page
- *
- * Returns the "index_page" from your config file
- *
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('index_page'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Index page
+	 *
+	 * Returns the "index_page" from your config file
+	 *
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function index_page()
 	{
 		$CI =& get_instance();
@@ -132,39 +134,39 @@ if ( ! function_exists('index_page'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Anchor Link
- *
- * Creates an anchor based on the local URL.
- *
- * @param	string	the URL
- * @param	string	the link title
- * @param	mixed	any attributes
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('anchor'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Anchor Link
+	 *
+	 * Creates an anchor based on the local URL.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the URL
+	 * @param	string	the link title
+	 * @param	mixed	any attributes
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function anchor($uri = '', $title = '', $attributes = '')
 	{
 		$title = (string) $title;
 
 		if ( ! is_array($uri))
 		{
-			$site_url = preg_match('!^\w+://! i', $uri) ? $uri : site_url($uri);
+			$site_url = preg_match('#^(\w+:)?//#i', $uri) ? $uri : site_url($uri);
 		}
 		else
 		{
 			$site_url = site_url($uri);
 		}
 
-		if ($title == '')
+		if ($title === '')
 		{
 			$title = $site_url;
 		}
 
-		if ($attributes != '')
+		if ($attributes !== '')
 		{
-			$attributes = _parse_attributes($attributes);
+			$attributes = _stringify_attributes($attributes);
 		}
 
 		return '<a href="'.$site_url.'"'.$attributes.'>'.$title.'</a>';
@@ -173,98 +175,105 @@ if ( ! function_exists('anchor'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Anchor Link - Pop-up version
- *
- * Creates an anchor based on the local URL. The link
- * opens a new window based on the attributes specified.
- *
- * @param	string	the URL
- * @param	string	the link title
- * @param	mixed	any attributes
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('anchor_popup'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Anchor Link - Pop-up version
+	 *
+	 * Creates an anchor based on the local URL. The link
+	 * opens a new window based on the attributes specified.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the URL
+	 * @param	string	the link title
+	 * @param	mixed	any attributes
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function anchor_popup($uri = '', $title = '', $attributes = FALSE)
 	{
 		$title = (string) $title;
-		$site_url = preg_match('!^\w+://! i', $uri) ? $uri : site_url($uri);
+		$site_url = preg_match('#^(\w+:)?//#i', $uri) ? $uri : site_url($uri);
 
-		if ($title == '')
+		if ($title === '')
 		{
 			$title = $site_url;
 		}
 
 		if ($attributes === FALSE)
 		{
-			return "<a href='javascript:void(0);' onclick=\"window.open('".$site_url."', '_blank');\">".$title.'</a>';
+			return '<a href="'.$site_url.'" onclick="window.open(\''.$site_url."', '_blank'); return false;\">".$title.'</a>';
 		}
 
 		if ( ! is_array($attributes))
 		{
-			$attributes = array();
+			$attributes = array($attributes);
+
+			// Ref: http://www.w3schools.com/jsref/met_win_open.asp
+			$window_name = '_blank';
+		}
+		elseif ( ! empty($attributes['window_name']))
+		{
+			$window_name = $attributes['window_name'];
+			unset($attributes['window_name']);
 		}
 
-		foreach (array('width' => '800', 'height' => '600', 'scrollbars' => 'yes', 'status' => 'yes', 'resizable' => 'yes', 'screenx' => '0', 'screeny' => '0', ) as $key => $val)
+		foreach (array('width' => '800', 'height' => '600', 'scrollbars' => 'yes', 'status' => 'yes', 'resizable' => 'yes', 'screenx' => '0', 'screeny' => '0') as $key => $val)
 		{
 			$atts[$key] = isset($attributes[$key]) ? $attributes[$key] : $val;
 			unset($attributes[$key]);
 		}
 
-		if ($attributes != '')
-		{
-			$attributes = _parse_attributes($attributes);
-		}
+		$attributes = _stringify_attributes($attributes);
 
-		return "<a href='javascript:void(0);' onclick=\"window.open('".$site_url."', '_blank', '"._parse_attributes($atts, TRUE)."');\"".$attributes.'>'.$title.'</a>';
+		return '<a href="'.$site_url
+			.'" onclick="window.open(\''.$site_url."', '".$window_name."', '"._stringify_attributes($atts, TRUE)."'); return false;\""
+			.$attributes.'>'.$title.'</a>';
 	}
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Mailto Link
- *
- * @param	string	the email address
- * @param	string	the link title
- * @param	mixed	any attributes
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('mailto'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Mailto Link
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the email address
+	 * @param	string	the link title
+	 * @param	mixed	any attributes
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function mailto($email, $title = '', $attributes = '')
 	{
 		$title = (string) $title;
 
-		if ($title == '')
+		if ($title === '')
 		{
 			$title = $email;
 		}
 
-		return '<a href="mailto:'.$email.'"'._parse_attributes($attributes).'>'.$title.'</a>';
+		return '<a href="mailto:'.$email.'"'._stringify_attributes($attributes).'>'.$title.'</a>';
 	}
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Encoded Mailto Link
- *
- * Create a spam-protected mailto link written in Javascript
- *
- * @param	string	the email address
- * @param	string	the link title
- * @param	mixed	any attributes
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('safe_mailto'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Encoded Mailto Link
+	 *
+	 * Create a spam-protected mailto link written in Javascript
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the email address
+	 * @param	string	the link title
+	 * @param	mixed	any attributes
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function safe_mailto($email, $title = '', $attributes = '')
 	{
 		$title = (string) $title;
 
-		if ($title == '')
+		if ($title === '')
 		{
 			$title = $email;
 		}
@@ -278,13 +287,13 @@ if ( ! function_exists('safe_mailto'))
 
 		$x[] = '"';
 
-		if ($attributes != '')
+		if ($attributes !== '')
 		{
 			if (is_array($attributes))
 			{
 				foreach ($attributes as $key => $val)
 				{
-					$x[] =  ' '.$key.'="';
+					$x[] = ' '.$key.'="';
 					for ($i = 0, $l = strlen($val); $i < $l; $i++)
 					{
 						$x[] = '|'.ord($val[$i]);
@@ -344,7 +353,7 @@ if ( ! function_exists('safe_mailto'))
 	for ($i = 0, $c = count($x); $i < $c; $i++) { ?>l[<?php echo $i; ?>]='<?php echo $x[$i]; ?>';<?php } ?>
 
 	for (var i = l.length-1; i >= 0; i=i-1){
-	if (l[i].substring(0, 1) == '|') document.write("&#"+unescape(l[i].substring(1))+";");
+	if (l[i].substring(0, 1) === '|') document.write("&#"+unescape(l[i].substring(1))+";");
 	else document.write(unescape(l[i]));}
 	//]]>
 	</script><?php
@@ -357,21 +366,21 @@ if ( ! function_exists('safe_mailto'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Auto-linker
- *
- * Automatically links URL and Email addresses.
- * Note: There's a bit of extra code here to deal with
- * URLs or emails that end in a period. We'll strip these
- * off and add them after the link.
- *
- * @param	string	the string
- * @param	string	the type: email, url, or both
- * @param	bool	whether to create pop-up links
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('auto_link'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Auto-linker
+	 *
+	 * Automatically links URL and Email addresses.
+	 * Note: There's a bit of extra code here to deal with
+	 * URLs or emails that end in a period. We'll strip these
+	 * off and add them after the link.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the string
+	 * @param	string	the type: email, url, or both
+	 * @param	bool	whether to create pop-up links
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function auto_link($str, $type = 'both', $popup = FALSE)
 	{
 		if ($type !== 'email' && preg_match_all('#(^|\s|\(|\b)((http(s?)://)|(www\.))(\w+[^\s\)\<]+)#i', $str, $matches))
@@ -380,40 +389,43 @@ if ( ! function_exists('auto_link'))
 
 			for ($i = 0, $c = count($matches[0]); $i < $c; $i++)
 			{
-				if (preg_match('|\.$|', $matches[6][$i]))
+				if (preg_match('/(\.|\,)$/i', $matches[6][$i], $m))
 				{
-					$period = '.';
+					$punct = $m[1];
 					$matches[6][$i] = substr($matches[6][$i], 0, -1);
 				}
 				else
 				{
-					$period = '';
+					$punct = '';
 				}
 
 				$str = str_replace($matches[0][$i],
 							$matches[1][$i].'<a href="http'.$matches[4][$i].'://'
 								.$matches[5][$i].$matches[6][$i].'"'.$pop.'>http'
 								.$matches[4][$i].'://'.$matches[5][$i]
-								.$matches[6][$i].'</a>'.$period,
+								.$matches[6][$i].'</a>'.$punct,
 							$str);
 			}
 		}
 
-		if ($type !== 'url' && preg_match_all('/([a-zA-Z0-9_\.\-\+]+)@([a-zA-Z0-9\-]+)\.([a-zA-Z0-9\-\.]*)/i', $str, $matches))
+		if ($type !== 'url' && preg_match_all('/([a-zA-Z0-9_\.\-\+]+)@([a-zA-Z0-9\-]+)\.([a-zA-Z0-9\-\.]+)/i', $str, $matches))
 		{
 			for ($i = 0, $c = count($matches); $i < $c; $i++)
 			{
-				if (preg_match('|\.$|', $matches[3][$i]))
+				if (preg_match('/(\.|\,)$/i', $matches[3][$i], $m))
 				{
-					$period = '.';
+					$punct = $m[1];
 					$matches[3][$i] = substr($matches[3][$i], 0, -1);
 				}
 				else
 				{
-					$period = '';
+					$punct = '';
 				}
 
-				$str = str_replace($matches[0][$i], safe_mailto($matches[1][$i].'@'.$matches[2][$i].'.'.$matches[3][$i]).$period, $str);
+				if (filter_var(($m = $matches[1][$i].'@'.$matches[2][$i].'.'.$matches[3][$i]), FILTER_VALIDATE_EMAIL) !== FALSE)
+				{
+					$str = str_replace($matches[0][$i], safe_mailto($m).$punct, $str);
+				}
 			}
 		}
 
@@ -423,19 +435,19 @@ if ( ! function_exists('auto_link'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Prep URL
- *
- * Simply adds the http:// part if no scheme is included
- *
- * @param	string	the URL
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('prep_url'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Prep URL
+	 *
+	 * Simply adds the http:// part if no scheme is included
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the URL
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function prep_url($str = '')
 	{
-		if ($str === 'http://' OR $str == '')
+		if ($str === 'http://' OR $str === '')
 		{
 			return '';
 		}
@@ -453,20 +465,22 @@ if ( ! function_exists('prep_url'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Create URL Title
- *
- * Takes a "title" string as input and creates a
- * human-friendly URL string with a "separator" string
- * as the word separator.
- *
- * @param	string	the string
- * @param	string	the separator
- * @param	bool
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('url_title'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Create URL Title
+	 *
+	 * Takes a "title" string as input and creates a
+	 * human-friendly URL string with a "separator" string
+	 * as the word separator.
+	 *
+	 * @todo	Remove old 'dash' and 'underscore' usage in 3.1+.
+	 * @param	string	$str		Input string
+	 * @param	string	$separator	Word separator
+	 *			(usually '-' or '_')
+	 * @param	bool	$lowercase	Wether to transform the output string to lowercase
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function url_title($str, $separator = '-', $lowercase = FALSE)
 	{
 		if ($separator === 'dash')
@@ -478,7 +492,7 @@ if ( ! function_exists('url_title'))
 			$separator = '_';
 		}
 
-		$q_separator = preg_quote($separator);
+		$q_separator = preg_quote($separator, '#');
 
 		$trans = array(
 				'&.+?;'			=> '',
@@ -504,86 +518,54 @@ if ( ! function_exists('url_title'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Header Redirect
- *
- * Header redirect in two flavors
- * For very fine grained control over headers, you could use the Output
- * Library's set_header() function.
- *
- * @param	string	the URL
- * @param	string	the method: location or refresh
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('redirect'))
 {
-	function redirect($uri = '', $method = 'auto', $http_response_code = 302)
+	/**
+	 * Header Redirect
+	 *
+	 * Header redirect in two flavors
+	 * For very fine grained control over headers, you could use the Output
+	 * Library's set_header() function.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$uri	URL
+	 * @param	string	$method	Redirect method
+	 *			'auto', 'location' or 'refresh'
+	 * @param	int	$code	HTTP Response status code
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	function redirect($uri = '', $method = 'auto', $code = NULL)
 	{
-		if ( ! preg_match('#^https?://#i', $uri))
+		if ( ! preg_match('#^(\w+:)?//#i', $uri))
 		{
 			$uri = site_url($uri);
 		}
 
 		// IIS environment likely? Use 'refresh' for better compatibility
-		if (DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR !== '/' && $method === 'auto')
+		if ($method === 'auto' && isset($_SERVER['SERVER_SOFTWARE']) && strpos($_SERVER['SERVER_SOFTWARE'], 'Microsoft-IIS') !== FALSE)
 		{
 			$method = 'refresh';
 		}
+		elseif ($method !== 'refresh' && (empty($code) OR ! is_numeric($code)))
+		{
+			// Reference: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post/Redirect/Get
+			$code = (isset($_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'], $_SERVER['SERVER_PROTOCOL'])
+					&& $_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'] === 'POST'
+					&& $_SERVER['SERVER_PROTOCOL'] === 'HTTP/1.1')
+				? 303 : 302;
+		}
 
-		switch($method)
+		switch ($method)
 		{
 			case 'refresh':
 				header('Refresh:0;url='.$uri);
 				break;
 			default:
-				header('Location: '.$uri, TRUE, $http_response_code);
+				header('Location: '.$uri, TRUE, $code);
 				break;
 		}
 		exit;
 	}
 }
 
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-/**
- * Parse out the attributes
- *
- * Some of the functions use this
- *
- * @param	array
- * @param	bool
- * @return	string
- */
-if ( ! function_exists('_parse_attributes'))
-{
-	function _parse_attributes($attributes, $javascript = FALSE)
-	{
-		if (is_string($attributes))
-		{
-			return ($attributes != '') ? ' '.$attributes : '';
-		}
-
-		$att = '';
-		foreach ($attributes as $key => $val)
-		{
-			if ($javascript == TRUE)
-			{
-				$att .= $key.'='.$val.',';
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				$att .= ' '.$key.'="'.$val.'"';
-			}
-		}
-
-		if ($javascript == TRUE && $att != '')
-		{
-			return substr($att, 0, -1);
-		}
-
-		return $att;
-	}
-}
-
 /* End of file url_helper.php */
 /* Location: ./system/helpers/url_helper.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/helpers/xml_helper.php b/system/helpers/xml_helper.php
index 67fd34b97..c3dfdcddb 100644
--- a/system/helpers/xml_helper.php
+++ b/system/helpers/xml_helper.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * CodeIgniter XML Helpers
@@ -37,15 +38,15 @@
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Convert Reserved XML characters to Entities
- *
- * @param	string
- * @param	bool
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('xml_convert'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Convert Reserved XML characters to Entities
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	bool
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function xml_convert($str, $protect_all = FALSE)
 	{
 		$temp = '__TEMP_AMPERSANDS__';
@@ -54,7 +55,7 @@ if ( ! function_exists('xml_convert'))
 		// ampersands won't get messed up
 		$str = preg_replace('/&#(\d+);/', $temp.'\\1;', $str);
 
-		if ($protect_all == TRUE)
+		if ($protect_all === TRUE)
 		{
 			$str = preg_replace('/&(\w+);/', $temp.'\\1;', $str);
 		}
@@ -66,7 +67,7 @@ if ( ! function_exists('xml_convert'))
 		// Decode the temp markers back to entities
 		$str = preg_replace('/'.$temp.'(\d+);/', '&#\\1;', $str);
 
-		if ($protect_all == TRUE)
+		if ($protect_all === TRUE)
 		{
 			return preg_replace('/'.$temp.'(\w+);/', '&\\1;', $str);
 		}
diff --git a/system/language/english/calendar_lang.php b/system/language/english/calendar_lang.php
index 2d477e6c8..288eb91d8 100644
--- a/system/language/english/calendar_lang.php
+++ b/system/language/english/calendar_lang.php
@@ -5,9 +5,9 @@
  * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.2.4 or newer
  *
  * NOTICE OF LICENSE
- * 
+ *
  * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
- * 
+ *
  * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
  * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
  * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
@@ -24,53 +24,53 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
-$lang['cal_su']			= "Su";
-$lang['cal_mo']			= "Mo";
-$lang['cal_tu']			= "Tu";
-$lang['cal_we']			= "We";
-$lang['cal_th']			= "Th";
-$lang['cal_fr']			= "Fr";
-$lang['cal_sa']			= "Sa";
-$lang['cal_sun']		= "Sun";
-$lang['cal_mon']		= "Mon";
-$lang['cal_tue']		= "Tue";
-$lang['cal_wed']		= "Wed";
-$lang['cal_thu']		= "Thu";
-$lang['cal_fri']		= "Fri";
-$lang['cal_sat']		= "Sat";
-$lang['cal_sunday']		= "Sunday";
-$lang['cal_monday']		= "Monday";
-$lang['cal_tuesday']	= "Tuesday";
-$lang['cal_wednesday']	= "Wednesday";
-$lang['cal_thursday']	= "Thursday";
-$lang['cal_friday']		= "Friday";
-$lang['cal_saturday']	= "Saturday";
-$lang['cal_jan']		= "Jan";
-$lang['cal_feb']		= "Feb";
-$lang['cal_mar']		= "Mar";
-$lang['cal_apr']		= "Apr";
-$lang['cal_may']		= "May";
-$lang['cal_jun']		= "Jun";
-$lang['cal_jul']		= "Jul";
-$lang['cal_aug']		= "Aug";
-$lang['cal_sep']		= "Sep";
-$lang['cal_oct']		= "Oct";
-$lang['cal_nov']		= "Nov";
-$lang['cal_dec']		= "Dec";
-$lang['cal_january']	= "January";
-$lang['cal_february']	= "February";
-$lang['cal_march']		= "March";
-$lang['cal_april']		= "April";
-$lang['cal_mayl']		= "May";
-$lang['cal_june']		= "June";
-$lang['cal_july']		= "July";
-$lang['cal_august']		= "August";
-$lang['cal_september']	= "September";
-$lang['cal_october']	= "October";
-$lang['cal_november']	= "November";
-$lang['cal_december']	= "December";
-
+$lang['cal_su']			= 'Su';
+$lang['cal_mo']			= 'Mo';
+$lang['cal_tu']			= 'Tu';
+$lang['cal_we']			= 'We';
+$lang['cal_th']			= 'Th';
+$lang['cal_fr']			= 'Fr';
+$lang['cal_sa']			= 'Sa';
+$lang['cal_sun']		= 'Sun';
+$lang['cal_mon']		= 'Mon';
+$lang['cal_tue']		= 'Tue';
+$lang['cal_wed']		= 'Wed';
+$lang['cal_thu']		= 'Thu';
+$lang['cal_fri']		= 'Fri';
+$lang['cal_sat']		= 'Sat';
+$lang['cal_sunday']		= 'Sunday';
+$lang['cal_monday']		= 'Monday';
+$lang['cal_tuesday']	= 'Tuesday';
+$lang['cal_wednesday']	= 'Wednesday';
+$lang['cal_thursday']	= 'Thursday';
+$lang['cal_friday']		= 'Friday';
+$lang['cal_saturday']	= 'Saturday';
+$lang['cal_jan']		= 'Jan';
+$lang['cal_feb']		= 'Feb';
+$lang['cal_mar']		= 'Mar';
+$lang['cal_apr']		= 'Apr';
+$lang['cal_may']		= 'May';
+$lang['cal_jun']		= 'Jun';
+$lang['cal_jul']		= 'Jul';
+$lang['cal_aug']		= 'Aug';
+$lang['cal_sep']		= 'Sep';
+$lang['cal_oct']		= 'Oct';
+$lang['cal_nov']		= 'Nov';
+$lang['cal_dec']		= 'Dec';
+$lang['cal_january']	= 'January';
+$lang['cal_february']	= 'February';
+$lang['cal_march']		= 'March';
+$lang['cal_april']		= 'April';
+$lang['cal_mayl']		= 'May';
+$lang['cal_june']		= 'June';
+$lang['cal_july']		= 'July';
+$lang['cal_august']		= 'August';
+$lang['cal_september']	= 'September';
+$lang['cal_october']	= 'October';
+$lang['cal_november']	= 'November';
+$lang['cal_december']	= 'December';
 
 /* End of file calendar_lang.php */
 /* Location: ./system/language/english/calendar_lang.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/language/english/date_lang.php b/system/language/english/date_lang.php
index 533563700..db1e9e0ff 100644
--- a/system/language/english/date_lang.php
+++ b/system/language/english/date_lang.php
@@ -5,9 +5,9 @@
  * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.2.4 or newer
  *
  * NOTICE OF LICENSE
- * 
+ *
  * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
- * 
+ *
  * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
  * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
  * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
@@ -24,21 +24,22 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
-$lang['date_year'] = "Year";
-$lang['date_years'] = "Years";
-$lang['date_month'] = "Month";
-$lang['date_months'] = "Months";
-$lang['date_week'] = "Week";
-$lang['date_weeks'] = "Weeks";
-$lang['date_day'] = "Day";
-$lang['date_days'] = "Days";
-$lang['date_hour'] = "Hour";
-$lang['date_hours'] = "Hours";
-$lang['date_minute'] = "Minute";
-$lang['date_minutes'] = "Minutes";
-$lang['date_second'] = "Second";
-$lang['date_seconds'] = "Seconds";
+$lang['date_year'] = 'Year';
+$lang['date_years'] = 'Years';
+$lang['date_month'] = 'Month';
+$lang['date_months'] = 'Months';
+$lang['date_week'] = 'Week';
+$lang['date_weeks'] = 'Weeks';
+$lang['date_day'] = 'Day';
+$lang['date_days'] = 'Days';
+$lang['date_hour'] = 'Hour';
+$lang['date_hours'] = 'Hours';
+$lang['date_minute'] = 'Minute';
+$lang['date_minutes'] = 'Minutes';
+$lang['date_second'] = 'Second';
+$lang['date_seconds'] = 'Seconds';
 
 $lang['UM12']	= '(UTC -12:00) Baker/Howland Island';
 $lang['UM11']	= '(UTC -11:00) Niue';
@@ -81,6 +82,5 @@ $lang['UP1275']	= '(UTC +12:45) Chatham Islands Standard Time';
 $lang['UP13']	= '(UTC +13:00) Samoa Time Zone, Phoenix Islands Time, Tonga';
 $lang['UP14']	= '(UTC +14:00) Line Islands';
 
-
 /* End of file date_lang.php */
 /* Location: ./system/language/english/date_lang.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/language/english/db_lang.php b/system/language/english/db_lang.php
index a135d1aac..50ce6bbd6 100644
--- a/system/language/english/db_lang.php
+++ b/system/language/english/db_lang.php
@@ -5,9 +5,9 @@
  * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.2.4 or newer
  *
  * NOTICE OF LICENSE
- * 
+ *
  * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
- * 
+ *
  * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
  * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
  * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 $lang['db_invalid_connection_str'] = 'Unable to determine the database settings based on the connection string you submitted.';
 $lang['db_unable_to_connect'] = 'Unable to connect to your database server using the provided settings.';
@@ -40,8 +41,8 @@ $lang['db_field_param_missing'] = 'To fetch fields requires the name of the tabl
 $lang['db_unsupported_function'] = 'This feature is not available for the database you are using.';
 $lang['db_transaction_failure'] = 'Transaction failure: Rollback performed.';
 $lang['db_unable_to_drop'] = 'Unable to drop the specified database.';
-$lang['db_unsuported_feature'] = 'Unsupported feature of the database platform you are using.';
-$lang['db_unsuported_compression'] = 'The file compression format you chose is not supported by your server.';
+$lang['db_unsupported_feature'] = 'Unsupported feature of the database platform you are using.';
+$lang['db_unsupported_compression'] = 'The file compression format you chose is not supported by your server.';
 $lang['db_filepath_error'] = 'Unable to write data to the file path you have submitted.';
 $lang['db_invalid_cache_path'] = 'The cache path you submitted is not valid or writable.';
 $lang['db_table_name_required'] = 'A table name is required for that operation.';
diff --git a/system/language/english/email_lang.php b/system/language/english/email_lang.php
index 23296a244..646a49647 100644
--- a/system/language/english/email_lang.php
+++ b/system/language/english/email_lang.php
@@ -5,9 +5,9 @@
  * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.2.4 or newer
  *
  * NOTICE OF LICENSE
- * 
+ *
  * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
- * 
+ *
  * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
  * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
  * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
@@ -24,26 +24,26 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
-$lang['email_must_be_array'] = "The email validation method must be passed an array.";
-$lang['email_invalid_address'] = "Invalid email address: %s";
-$lang['email_attachment_missing'] = "Unable to locate the following email attachment: %s";
-$lang['email_attachment_unreadable'] = "Unable to open this attachment: %s";
-$lang['email_no_recipients'] = "You must include recipients: To, Cc, or Bcc";
-$lang['email_send_failure_phpmail'] = "Unable to send email using PHP mail().  Your server might not be configured to send mail using this method.";
-$lang['email_send_failure_sendmail'] = "Unable to send email using PHP Sendmail.  Your server might not be configured to send mail using this method.";
-$lang['email_send_failure_smtp'] = "Unable to send email using PHP SMTP.  Your server might not be configured to send mail using this method.";
-$lang['email_sent'] = "Your message has been successfully sent using the following protocol: %s";
-$lang['email_no_socket'] = "Unable to open a socket to Sendmail. Please check settings.";
-$lang['email_no_hostname'] = "You did not specify a SMTP hostname.";
-$lang['email_smtp_error'] = "The following SMTP error was encountered: %s";
-$lang['email_no_smtp_unpw'] = "Error: You must assign a SMTP username and password.";
-$lang['email_failed_smtp_login'] = "Failed to send AUTH LOGIN command. Error: %s";
-$lang['email_smtp_auth_un'] = "Failed to authenticate username. Error: %s";
-$lang['email_smtp_auth_pw'] = "Failed to authenticate password. Error: %s";
-$lang['email_smtp_data_failure'] = "Unable to send data: %s";
-$lang['email_exit_status'] = "Exit status code: %s";
-
+$lang['email_must_be_array'] = 'The email validation method must be passed an array.';
+$lang['email_invalid_address'] = 'Invalid email address: %s';
+$lang['email_attachment_missing'] = 'Unable to locate the following email attachment: %s';
+$lang['email_attachment_unreadable'] = 'Unable to open this attachment: %s';
+$lang['email_no_recipients'] = 'You must include recipients: To, Cc, or Bcc';
+$lang['email_send_failure_phpmail'] = 'Unable to send email using PHP mail(). Your server might not be configured to send mail using this method.';
+$lang['email_send_failure_sendmail'] = 'Unable to send email using PHP Sendmail. Your server might not be configured to send mail using this method.';
+$lang['email_send_failure_smtp'] = 'Unable to send email using PHP SMTP. Your server might not be configured to send mail using this method.';
+$lang['email_sent'] = 'Your message has been successfully sent using the following protocol: %s';
+$lang['email_no_socket'] = 'Unable to open a socket to Sendmail. Please check settings.';
+$lang['email_no_hostname'] = 'You did not specify a SMTP hostname.';
+$lang['email_smtp_error'] = 'The following SMTP error was encountered: %s';
+$lang['email_no_smtp_unpw'] = 'Error: You must assign a SMTP username and password.';
+$lang['email_failed_smtp_login'] = 'Failed to send AUTH LOGIN command. Error: %s';
+$lang['email_smtp_auth_un'] = 'Failed to authenticate username. Error: %s';
+$lang['email_smtp_auth_pw'] = 'Failed to authenticate password. Error: %s';
+$lang['email_smtp_data_failure'] = 'Unable to send data: %s';
+$lang['email_exit_status'] = 'Exit status code: %s';
 
 /* End of file email_lang.php */
 /* Location: ./system/language/english/email_lang.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/language/english/form_validation_lang.php b/system/language/english/form_validation_lang.php
index 3d77e5eda..47c6bbd76 100644
--- a/system/language/english/form_validation_lang.php
+++ b/system/language/english/form_validation_lang.php
@@ -5,9 +5,9 @@
  * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.2.4 or newer
  *
  * NOTICE OF LICENSE
- * 
+ *
  * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
- * 
+ *
  * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
  * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
  * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
@@ -24,31 +24,34 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
-$lang['required']			= 'The {field} field is required.';
-$lang['isset']				= 'The {field} field must have a value.';
-$lang['valid_email']		= 'The {field} field must contain a valid email address.';
-$lang['valid_emails']		= 'The {field} field must contain all valid email addresses.';
-$lang['valid_url']			= 'The {field} field must contain a valid URL.';
-$lang['valid_ip']			= 'The {field} field must contain a valid IP.';
-$lang['min_length']			= 'The {field} field must be at least {param} characters in length.';
-$lang['max_length']			= 'The {field} field cannot exceed {param} characters in length.';
-$lang['exact_length']		= 'The {field} field must be exactly {param} characters in length.';
-$lang['alpha']				= 'The {field} field may only contain alphabetical characters.';
-$lang['alpha_numeric']		= 'The {field} field may only contain alpha-numeric characters.';
-$lang['alpha_dash']			= 'The {field} field may only contain alpha-numeric characters, underscores, and dashes.';
-$lang['numeric']			= 'The {field} field must contain only numbers.';
-$lang['is_numeric']			= 'The {field} field must contain only numeric characters.';
-$lang['integer']			= 'The {field} field must contain an integer.';
-$lang['regex_match']		= 'The {field} field is not in the correct format.';
-$lang['matches']			= 'The {field} field does not match the {param} field.';
-$lang['is_unique'] 			= 'The {field} field must contain a unique value.';
-$lang['is_natural']			= 'The {field} field must contain an ordinary number greater or equal to zero.';
-$lang['is_natural_no_zero']	= 'The {field} field must contain an ordinary number greater than zero.';
-$lang['decimal']			= 'The {field} field must contain a decimal number.';
-$lang['less_than']			= 'The {field} field must contain a number less than {param}.';
-$lang['greater_than']		= 'The {field} field must contain a number greater than {param}.';
-
+$lang['required']				= 'The {field} field is required.';
+$lang['isset']					= 'The {field} field must have a value.';
+$lang['valid_email']			= 'The {field} field must contain a valid email address.';
+$lang['valid_emails']			= 'The {field} field must contain all valid email addresses.';
+$lang['valid_url']				= 'The {field} field must contain a valid URL.';
+$lang['valid_ip']				= 'The {field} field must contain a valid IP.';
+$lang['min_length']				= 'The {field} field must be at least {param} characters in length.';
+$lang['max_length']				= 'The {field} field cannot exceed {param} characters in length.';
+$lang['exact_length']			= 'The {field} field must be exactly {param} characters in length.';
+$lang['alpha']					= 'The {field} field may only contain alphabetical characters.';
+$lang['alpha_numeric']			= 'The {field} field may only contain alpha-numeric characters.';
+$lang['alpha_dash']				= 'The {field} field may only contain alpha-numeric characters, underscores, and dashes.';
+$lang['numeric']				= 'The {field} field must contain only numbers.';
+$lang['is_numeric']				= 'The {field} field must contain only numeric characters.';
+$lang['integer']				= 'The {field} field must contain an integer.';
+$lang['regex_match']			= 'The {field} field is not in the correct format.';
+$lang['matches']				= 'The {field} field does not match The {field} field.';
+$lang['differs']				= 'The {field} field must differ from The {field} field.';
+$lang['is_unique'] 				= 'The {field} field must contain a unique value.';
+$lang['is_natural']				= 'The {field} field must only contain digits.';
+$lang['is_natural_no_zero']		= 'The {field} field must only contain digits and must be greater than zero.';
+$lang['decimal']				= 'The {field} field must contain a decimal number.';
+$lang['less_than']				= 'The {field} field must contain a number less than {param}.';
+$lang['less_than_equal_to']		= 'The {field} field must contain a number less than or equal to {param}.';
+$lang['greater_than']			= 'The {field} field must contain a number greater than {param}.';
+$lang['greater_than_equal_to']	= 'The {field} field must contain a number greater than or equal to {param}.';
 
 /* End of file form_validation_lang.php */
-/* Location: ./system/language/english/form_validation_lang.php */
+/* Location: ./system/language/english/form_validation_lang.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/language/english/ftp_lang.php b/system/language/english/ftp_lang.php
index 4e39e43bf..090a88c28 100644
--- a/system/language/english/ftp_lang.php
+++ b/system/language/english/ftp_lang.php
@@ -5,9 +5,9 @@
  * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.2.4 or newer
  *
  * NOTICE OF LICENSE
- * 
+ *
  * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
- * 
+ *
  * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
  * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
  * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
@@ -24,20 +24,20 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
-$lang['ftp_no_connection']			= "Unable to locate a valid connection ID. Please make sure you are connected before peforming any file routines.";
-$lang['ftp_unable_to_connect']		= "Unable to connect to your FTP server using the supplied hostname.";
-$lang['ftp_unable_to_login']		= "Unable to login to your FTP server. Please check your username and password.";
-$lang['ftp_unable_to_makdir']		= "Unable to create the directory you have specified.";
-$lang['ftp_unable_to_changedir']	= "Unable to change directories.";
-$lang['ftp_unable_to_chmod']		= "Unable to set file permissions. Please check your path. Note: This feature is only available in PHP 5 or higher.";
-$lang['ftp_unable_to_upload']		= "Unable to upload the specified file. Please check your path.";
-$lang['ftp_unable_to_download']		= "Unable to download the specified file. Please check your path.";
-$lang['ftp_no_source_file']			= "Unable to locate the source file. Please check your path.";
-$lang['ftp_unable_to_rename']		= "Unable to rename the file.";
-$lang['ftp_unable_to_delete']		= "Unable to delete the file.";
-$lang['ftp_unable_to_move']			= "Unable to move the file. Please make sure the destination directory exists.";
-
+$lang['ftp_no_connection']			= 'Unable to locate a valid connection ID. Please make sure you are connected before peforming any file routines.';
+$lang['ftp_unable_to_connect']		= 'Unable to connect to your FTP server using the supplied hostname.';
+$lang['ftp_unable_to_login']		= 'Unable to login to your FTP server. Please check your username and password.';
+$lang['ftp_unable_to_makdir']		= 'Unable to create the directory you have specified.';
+$lang['ftp_unable_to_changedir']	= 'Unable to change directories.';
+$lang['ftp_unable_to_chmod']		= 'Unable to set file permissions. Please check your path. Note: This feature is only available in PHP 5 or higher.';
+$lang['ftp_unable_to_upload']		= 'Unable to upload the specified file. Please check your path.';
+$lang['ftp_unable_to_download']		= 'Unable to download the specified file. Please check your path.';
+$lang['ftp_no_source_file']			= 'Unable to locate the source file. Please check your path.';
+$lang['ftp_unable_to_rename']		= 'Unable to rename the file.';
+$lang['ftp_unable_to_delete']		= 'Unable to delete the file.';
+$lang['ftp_unable_to_move']			= 'Unable to move the file. Please make sure the destination directory exists.';
 
 /* End of file ftp_lang.php */
 /* Location: ./system/language/english/ftp_lang.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/language/english/imglib_lang.php b/system/language/english/imglib_lang.php
index 67ca94277..296c4af68 100644
--- a/system/language/english/imglib_lang.php
+++ b/system/language/english/imglib_lang.php
@@ -5,9 +5,9 @@
  * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.2.4 or newer
  *
  * NOTICE OF LICENSE
- * 
+ *
  * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
- * 
+ *
  * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
  * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
  * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
@@ -24,26 +24,26 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
-$lang['imglib_source_image_required'] = "You must specify a source image in your preferences.";
-$lang['imglib_gd_required'] = "The GD image library is required for this feature.";
-$lang['imglib_gd_required_for_props'] = "Your server must support the GD image library in order to determine the image properties.";
-$lang['imglib_unsupported_imagecreate'] = "Your server does not support the GD function required to process this type of image.";
-$lang['imglib_gif_not_supported'] = "GIF images are often not supported due to licensing restrictions.  You may have to use JPG or PNG images instead.";
-$lang['imglib_jpg_not_supported'] = "JPG images are not supported.";
-$lang['imglib_png_not_supported'] = "PNG images are not supported.";
-$lang['imglib_jpg_or_png_required'] = "The image resize protocol specified in your preferences only works with JPEG or PNG image types.";
-$lang['imglib_copy_error'] = "An error was encountered while attempting to replace the file.  Please make sure your file directory is writable.";
-$lang['imglib_rotate_unsupported'] = "Image rotation does not appear to be supported by your server.";
-$lang['imglib_libpath_invalid'] = "The path to your image library is not correct.  Please set the correct path in your image preferences.";
-$lang['imglib_image_process_failed'] = "Image processing failed.  Please verify that your server supports the chosen protocol and that the path to your image library is correct.";
-$lang['imglib_rotation_angle_required'] = "An angle of rotation is required to rotate the image.";
-$lang['imglib_writing_failed_gif'] = "GIF image.";
-$lang['imglib_invalid_path'] = "The path to the image is not correct.";
-$lang['imglib_copy_failed'] = "The image copy routine failed.";
-$lang['imglib_missing_font'] = "Unable to find a font to use.";
-$lang['imglib_save_failed'] = "Unable to save the image.  Please make sure the image and file directory are writable.";
-
+$lang['imglib_source_image_required'] = 'You must specify a source image in your preferences.';
+$lang['imglib_gd_required'] = 'The GD image library is required for this feature.';
+$lang['imglib_gd_required_for_props'] = 'Your server must support the GD image library in order to determine the image properties.';
+$lang['imglib_unsupported_imagecreate'] = 'Your server does not support the GD function required to process this type of image.';
+$lang['imglib_gif_not_supported'] = 'GIF images are often not supported due to licensing restrictions. You may have to use JPG or PNG images instead.';
+$lang['imglib_jpg_not_supported'] = 'JPG images are not supported.';
+$lang['imglib_png_not_supported'] = 'PNG images are not supported.';
+$lang['imglib_jpg_or_png_required'] = 'The image resize protocol specified in your preferences only works with JPEG or PNG image types.';
+$lang['imglib_copy_error'] = 'An error was encountered while attempting to replace the file. Please make sure your file directory is writable.';
+$lang['imglib_rotate_unsupported'] = 'Image rotation does not appear to be supported by your server.';
+$lang['imglib_libpath_invalid'] = 'The path to your image library is not correct. Please set the correct path in your image preferences.';
+$lang['imglib_image_process_failed'] = 'Image processing failed. Please verify that your server supports the chosen protocol and that the path to your image library is correct.';
+$lang['imglib_rotation_angle_required'] = 'An angle of rotation is required to rotate the image.';
+$lang['imglib_writing_failed_gif'] = 'GIF image.';
+$lang['imglib_invalid_path'] = 'The path to the image is not correct.';
+$lang['imglib_copy_failed'] = 'The image copy routine failed.';
+$lang['imglib_missing_font'] = 'Unable to find a font to use.';
+$lang['imglib_save_failed'] = 'Unable to save the image. Please make sure the image and file directory are writable.';
 
 /* End of file imglib_lang.php */
 /* Location: ./system/language/english/imglib_lang.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/language/english/migration_lang.php b/system/language/english/migration_lang.php
index 2085cee2a..33bd02620 100644
--- a/system/language/english/migration_lang.php
+++ b/system/language/english/migration_lang.php
@@ -5,9 +5,9 @@
  * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.2.4 or newer
  *
  * NOTICE OF LICENSE
- * 
+ *
  * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
- * 
+ *
  * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
  * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
  * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
@@ -24,15 +24,16 @@
  * @since		Version 3.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
-$lang['migration_none_found']			= "No migrations were found.";
-$lang['migration_not_found']			= "This migration could not be found.";
-$lang['migration_multiple_version']		= "This are multiple migrations with the same version number: %d.";
-$lang['migration_class_doesnt_exist']	= "The migration class \"%s\" could not be found.";
-$lang['migration_missing_up_method']	= "The migration class \"%s\" is missing an 'up' method.";
-$lang['migration_missing_down_method']	= "The migration class \"%s\" is missing a 'down' method.";
-$lang['migration_invalid_filename']		= "Migration \"%s\" has an invalid filename.";
-
+$lang['migration_none_found']		= 'No migrations were found.';
+$lang['migration_not_found']		= 'No migration could be found with the version number: %d.';
+$lang['migration_sequence_gap']		= 'There is a gap in the migration sequence near version number: %d.';
+$lang['migration_multiple_version']	= 'There are multiple migrations with the same version number: %d.';
+$lang['migration_class_doesnt_exist']	= 'The migration class "%s" could not be found.';
+$lang['migration_missing_up_method']	= 'The migration class "%s" is missing an "up" method.';
+$lang['migration_missing_down_method']	= 'The migration class "%s" is missing a "down" method.';
+$lang['migration_invalid_filename']	= 'Migration "%s" has an invalid filename.';
 
 /* End of file migration_lang.php */
 /* Location: ./system/language/english/migration_lang.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/language/english/number_lang.php b/system/language/english/number_lang.php
index 0c19ec614..019013a49 100644
--- a/system/language/english/number_lang.php
+++ b/system/language/english/number_lang.php
@@ -5,9 +5,9 @@
  * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.2.4 or newer
  *
  * NOTICE OF LICENSE
- * 
+ *
  * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
- * 
+ *
  * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
  * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
  * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
@@ -24,12 +24,13 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
-$lang['terabyte_abbr'] = "TB";
-$lang['gigabyte_abbr'] = "GB";
-$lang['megabyte_abbr'] = "MB";
-$lang['kilobyte_abbr'] = "KB";
-$lang['bytes'] = "Bytes";
+$lang['terabyte_abbr'] = 'TB';
+$lang['gigabyte_abbr'] = 'GB';
+$lang['megabyte_abbr'] = 'MB';
+$lang['kilobyte_abbr'] = 'KB';
+$lang['bytes'] = 'Bytes';
 
 /* End of file number_lang.php */
 /* Location: ./system/language/english/number_lang.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/language/english/profiler_lang.php b/system/language/english/profiler_lang.php
index 11d791272..6ffcd9349 100644
--- a/system/language/english/profiler_lang.php
+++ b/system/language/english/profiler_lang.php
@@ -5,9 +5,9 @@
  * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.2.4 or newer
  *
  * NOTICE OF LICENSE
- * 
+ *
  * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
- * 
+ *
  * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
  * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
  * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 $lang['profiler_database']		= 'DATABASE';
 $lang['profiler_controller_info'] = 'CLASS/METHOD';
diff --git a/system/language/english/unit_test_lang.php b/system/language/english/unit_test_lang.php
index 3a8e14403..ed452615f 100644
--- a/system/language/english/unit_test_lang.php
+++ b/system/language/english/unit_test_lang.php
@@ -5,9 +5,9 @@
  * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.2.4 or newer
  *
  * NOTICE OF LICENSE
- * 
+ *
  * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
- * 
+ *
  * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
  * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
  * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 $lang['ut_test_name']		= 'Test Name';
 $lang['ut_test_datatype']	= 'Test Datatype';
@@ -45,6 +46,5 @@ $lang['ut_resource']		= 'Resource';
 $lang['ut_null']			= 'Null';
 $lang['ut_notes']			= 'Notes';
 
-
 /* End of file unit_test_lang.php */
 /* Location: ./system/language/english/unit_test_lang.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/language/english/upload_lang.php b/system/language/english/upload_lang.php
index 4fa8394ec..26a5c545c 100644
--- a/system/language/english/upload_lang.php
+++ b/system/language/english/upload_lang.php
@@ -5,9 +5,9 @@
  * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.2.4 or newer
  *
  * NOTICE OF LICENSE
- * 
+ *
  * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
- * 
+ *
  * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
  * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
  * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
@@ -24,24 +24,24 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
-$lang['upload_userfile_not_set'] = "Unable to find a post variable called userfile.";
-$lang['upload_file_exceeds_limit'] = "The uploaded file exceeds the maximum allowed size in your PHP configuration file.";
-$lang['upload_file_exceeds_form_limit'] = "The uploaded file exceeds the maximum size allowed by the submission form.";
-$lang['upload_file_partial'] = "The file was only partially uploaded.";
-$lang['upload_no_temp_directory'] = "The temporary folder is missing.";
-$lang['upload_unable_to_write_file'] = "The file could not be written to disk.";
-$lang['upload_stopped_by_extension'] = "The file upload was stopped by extension.";
-$lang['upload_no_file_selected'] = "You did not select a file to upload.";
-$lang['upload_invalid_filetype'] = "The filetype you are attempting to upload is not allowed.";
-$lang['upload_invalid_filesize'] = "The file you are attempting to upload is larger than the permitted size.";
-$lang['upload_invalid_dimensions'] = "The image you are attempting to upload exceeds the maximum height or width.";
-$lang['upload_destination_error'] = "A problem was encountered while attempting to move the uploaded file to the final destination.";
-$lang['upload_no_filepath'] = "The upload path does not appear to be valid.";
-$lang['upload_no_file_types'] = "You have not specified any allowed file types.";
-$lang['upload_bad_filename'] = "The file name you submitted already exists on the server.";
-$lang['upload_not_writable'] = "The upload destination folder does not appear to be writable.";
-
+$lang['upload_userfile_not_set'] = 'Unable to find a post variable called userfile.';
+$lang['upload_file_exceeds_limit'] = 'The uploaded file exceeds the maximum allowed size in your PHP configuration file.';
+$lang['upload_file_exceeds_form_limit'] = 'The uploaded file exceeds the maximum size allowed by the submission form.';
+$lang['upload_file_partial'] = 'The file was only partially uploaded.';
+$lang['upload_no_temp_directory'] = 'The temporary folder is missing.';
+$lang['upload_unable_to_write_file'] = 'The file could not be written to disk.';
+$lang['upload_stopped_by_extension'] = 'The file upload was stopped by extension.';
+$lang['upload_no_file_selected'] = 'You did not select a file to upload.';
+$lang['upload_invalid_filetype'] = 'The filetype you are attempting to upload is not allowed.';
+$lang['upload_invalid_filesize'] = 'The file you are attempting to upload is larger than the permitted size.';
+$lang['upload_invalid_dimensions'] = 'The image you are attempting to upload doesn\'t fit into the allowed dimensions.';
+$lang['upload_destination_error'] = 'A problem was encountered while attempting to move the uploaded file to the final destination.';
+$lang['upload_no_filepath'] = 'The upload path does not appear to be valid.';
+$lang['upload_no_file_types'] = 'You have not specified any allowed file types.';
+$lang['upload_bad_filename'] = 'The file name you submitted already exists on the server.';
+$lang['upload_not_writable'] = 'The upload destination folder does not appear to be writable.';
 
 /* End of file upload_lang.php */
 /* Location: ./system/language/english/upload_lang.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/libraries/Cache/Cache.php b/system/libraries/Cache/Cache.php
index f98241617..48bd9581a 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Cache/Cache.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Cache/Cache.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -18,12 +18,13 @@
  *
  * @package		CodeIgniter
  * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2006 - 2012 EllisLab, Inc.
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2012, EllisLab, Inc. (http://ellislab.com/)
  * @license		http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0 Open Software License (OSL 3.0)
  * @link		http://codeigniter.com
  * @since		Version 2.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * CodeIgniter Caching Class
@@ -36,32 +37,62 @@
  */
 class CI_Cache extends CI_Driver_Library {
 
-	protected $valid_drivers 	= array(
-						'cache_apc',
-						'cache_file',
-						'cache_memcached',
-						'cache_dummy',
-						'cache_wincache'
-					);
+	/**
+	 * Valid cache drivers
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	protected $valid_drivers = array(
+		'apc',
+		'dummy',
+		'file',
+		'memcached',
+		'redis',
+		'wincache'
+	);
+
+	/**
+	 * Path of cache files (if file-based cache)
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	protected $_cache_path = NULL;
+
+	/**
+	 * Reference to the driver
+	 *
+	 * @var mixed
+	 */
+	protected $_adapter = 'dummy';
 
-	protected $_cache_path		= NULL;	// Path of cache files (if file-based cache)
-	protected $_adapter		= 'dummy';
-	protected $_backup_driver;
+	/**
+	 * Fallback driver
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	protected $_backup_driver = 'dummy';
+
+	/**
+	 * Cache key prefix
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $key_prefix = '';
 
 	/**
 	 * Constructor
 	 *
 	 * Initialize class properties based on the configuration array.
 	 *
-	 * @param	array
+	 * @param	array	$config = array()
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function __construct($config = array())
 	{
 		$default_config = array(
-				'adapter',
-				'memcached'
-			);
+			'adapter',
+			'memcached'
+		);
 
 		foreach ($default_config as $key)
 		{
@@ -73,11 +104,26 @@ class CI_Cache extends CI_Driver_Library {
 			}
 		}
 
-		if (isset($config['backup']))
+		isset($config['key_prefix']) && $this->key_prefix = $config['key_prefix'];
+
+		if (isset($config['backup']) && in_array('cache_'.$config['backup'], $this->valid_drivers))
 		{
-			if (in_array('cache_'.$config['backup'], $this->valid_drivers))
+			$this->_backup_driver = $config['backup'];
+		}
+
+		// If the specified adapter isn't available, check the backup.
+		if ( ! $this->is_supported($this->_adapter))
+		{
+			if ( ! $this->is_supported($this->_backup_driver))
 			{
-				$this->_backup_driver = $config['backup'];
+				// Backup isn't supported either. Default to 'Dummy' driver.
+				log_message('error', 'Cache adapter "'.$this->_adapter.'" and backup "'.$this->_backup_driver.'" are both unavailable. Cache is now using "Dummy" adapter.');
+				$this->_adapter = 'dummy';
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				// Backup is supported. Set it to primary.
+				$this->_adapter = $this->_backup_driver;
 			}
 		}
 	}
@@ -90,12 +136,12 @@ class CI_Cache extends CI_Driver_Library {
 	 * Look for a value in the cache. If it exists, return the data
 	 * if not, return FALSE
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	mixed	value that is stored/FALSE on failure
+	 * @param	string	$id
+	 * @return	mixed	value matching $id or FALSE on failure
 	 */
 	public function get($id)
 	{
-		return $this->{$this->_adapter}->get($id);
+		return $this->{$this->_adapter}->get($this->key_prefix.$id);
 	}
 
 	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -103,14 +149,14 @@ class CI_Cache extends CI_Driver_Library {
 	/**
 	 * Cache Save
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	Unique Key
-	 * @param	mixed	Data to store
-	 * @param	int	Length of time (in seconds) to cache the data
-	 * @return	bool	true on success/false on failure
+	 * @param	string	$id		Cache ID
+	 * @param	mixed	$data		Data to store
+	 * @param	int	$ttl = 60	Cache TTL (in seconds)
+	 * @return	bool	TRUE on success, FALSE on failure
 	 */
 	public function save($id, $data, $ttl = 60)
 	{
-		return $this->{$this->_adapter}->save($id, $data, $ttl);
+		return $this->{$this->_adapter}->save($this->key_prefix.$id, $data, $ttl);
 	}
 
 	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -118,12 +164,12 @@ class CI_Cache extends CI_Driver_Library {
 	/**
 	 * Delete from Cache
 	 *
-	 * @param	mixed	unique identifier of the item in the cache
-	 * @return	bool	true on success/false on failure
+	 * @param	string	$id	Cache ID
+	 * @return	bool	TRUE on success, FALSE on failure
 	 */
 	public function delete($id)
 	{
-		return $this->{$this->_adapter}->delete($id);
+		return $this->{$this->_adapter}->delete($this->key_prefix.$id);
 	}
 
 	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -131,7 +177,7 @@ class CI_Cache extends CI_Driver_Library {
 	/**
 	 * Clean the cache
 	 *
-	 * @return	bool	false on failure/true on success
+	 * @return	bool	TRUE on success, FALSE on failure
 	 */
 	public function clean()
 	{
@@ -143,8 +189,8 @@ class CI_Cache extends CI_Driver_Library {
 	/**
 	 * Cache Info
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	user/filehits
-	 * @return	mixed	array on success, false on failure
+	 * @param	string	$type = 'user'	user/filehits
+	 * @return	mixed	array containing cache info on success OR FALSE on failure
 	 */
 	public function cache_info($type = 'user')
 	{
@@ -156,12 +202,12 @@ class CI_Cache extends CI_Driver_Library {
 	/**
 	 * Get Cache Metadata
 	 *
-	 * @param	mixed	key to get cache metadata on
-	 * @return	mixed	return value from child method
+	 * @param	string	$id	key to get cache metadata on
+	 * @return	mixed	cache item metadata
 	 */
 	public function get_metadata($id)
 	{
-		return $this->{$this->_adapter}->get_metadata($id);
+		return $this->{$this->_adapter}->get_metadata($this->key_prefix.$id);
 	}
 
 	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -169,7 +215,7 @@ class CI_Cache extends CI_Driver_Library {
 	/**
 	 * Is the requested driver supported in this environment?
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	The driver to test.
+	 * @param	string	$driver	The driver to test
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
 	public function is_supported($driver)
@@ -184,26 +230,6 @@ class CI_Cache extends CI_Driver_Library {
 		return $support[$driver];
 	}
 
-	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * __get()
-	 *
-	 * @param	child
-	 * @return	object
-	 */
-	public function __get($child)
-	{
-		$obj = parent::__get($child);
-
-		if ( ! $this->is_supported($child))
-		{
-			$this->_adapter = $this->_backup_driver;
-		}
-
-		return $obj;
-	}
-
 }
 
 /* End of file Cache.php */
diff --git a/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/Cache_apc.php b/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/Cache_apc.php
index 59ab67533..a9ad6ed19 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/Cache_apc.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/Cache_apc.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -18,12 +18,13 @@
  *
  * @package		CodeIgniter
  * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2006 - 2012 EllisLab, Inc.
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2012, EllisLab, Inc. (http://ellislab.com/)
  * @license		http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0 Open Software License (OSL 3.0)
  * @link		http://codeigniter.com
  * @since		Version 2.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * CodeIgniter APC Caching Class
@@ -47,9 +48,11 @@ class CI_Cache_apc extends CI_Driver {
 	 */
 	public function get($id)
 	{
-		$data = apc_fetch($id);
+		$success = FALSE;
+		$data = apc_fetch($id, $success);
 
-		return is_array($data) ? $data[0] : FALSE;
+		return ($success === TRUE && is_array($data))
+			? unserialize($data[0]) : FALSE;
 	}
 
 	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -66,7 +69,7 @@ class CI_Cache_apc extends CI_Driver {
 	public function save($id, $data, $ttl = 60)
 	{
 		$ttl = (int) $ttl;
-		return apc_store($id, array($data, time(), $ttl), $ttl);
+		return apc_store($id, array(serialize($data), time(), $ttl), $ttl);
 	}
 
 	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -75,7 +78,7 @@ class CI_Cache_apc extends CI_Driver {
 	 * Delete from Cache
 	 *
 	 * @param	mixed	unique identifier of the item in the cache
-	 * @param	bool	true on success/false on failure
+	 * @return	bool	true on success/false on failure
 	 */
 	public function delete($id)
 	{
@@ -117,9 +120,10 @@ class CI_Cache_apc extends CI_Driver {
 	 */
 	public function get_metadata($id)
 	{
-		$stored = apc_fetch($id);
+		$success = FALSE;
+		$stored = apc_fetch($id, $success);
 
-		if (count($stored) !== 3)
+		if ($success === FALSE OR count($stored) !== 3)
 		{
 			return FALSE;
 		}
@@ -129,7 +133,7 @@ class CI_Cache_apc extends CI_Driver {
 		return array(
 			'expire'	=> $time + $ttl,
 			'mtime'		=> $time,
-			'data'		=> $data
+			'data'		=> unserialize($data)
 		);
 	}
 
diff --git a/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/Cache_dummy.php b/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/Cache_dummy.php
index e8b791c5b..a3bdc3c80 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/Cache_dummy.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/Cache_dummy.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -18,12 +18,13 @@
  *
  * @package		CodeIgniter
  * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2006 - 2012 EllisLab, Inc.
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2012, EllisLab, Inc. (http://ellislab.com/)
  * @license		http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0 Open Software License (OSL 3.0)
  * @link		http://codeigniter.com
  * @since		Version 2.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * CodeIgniter Dummy Caching Class
@@ -70,7 +71,7 @@ class CI_Cache_dummy extends CI_Driver {
 	 * Delete from Cache
 	 *
 	 * @param	mixed	unique identifier of the item in the cache
-	 * @param	bool	TRUE, simulating success
+	 * @return	bool	TRUE, simulating success
 	 */
 	public function delete($id)
 	{
diff --git a/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/Cache_file.php b/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/Cache_file.php
index dd27aa90e..9fd053362 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/Cache_file.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/Cache_file.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -18,15 +18,16 @@
  *
  * @package		CodeIgniter
  * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2006 - 2012 EllisLab, Inc.
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2012, EllisLab, Inc. (http://ellislab.com/)
  * @license		http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0 Open Software License (OSL 3.0)
  * @link		http://codeigniter.com
  * @since		Version 2.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
- * CodeIgniter Memcached Caching Class
+ * CodeIgniter File Caching Class
  *
  * @package		CodeIgniter
  * @subpackage	Libraries
@@ -36,14 +37,24 @@
  */
 class CI_Cache_file extends CI_Driver {
 
+	/**
+	 * Directory in which to save cache files
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
 	protected $_cache_path;
 
+	/**
+	 * Initialize file-based cache
+	 *
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
 	public function __construct()
 	{
 		$CI =& get_instance();
 		$CI->load->helper('file');
 		$path = $CI->config->item('cache_path');
-		$this->_cache_path = ($path == '') ? APPPATH.'cache/' : $path;
+		$this->_cache_path = ($path === '') ? APPPATH.'cache/' : $path;
 	}
 
 	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -61,9 +72,9 @@ class CI_Cache_file extends CI_Driver {
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		$data = unserialize(read_file($this->_cache_path.$id));
+		$data = unserialize(file_get_contents($this->_cache_path.$id));
 
-		if (time() >  $data['time'] + $data['ttl'])
+		if ($data['ttl'] > 0 && time() > $data['time'] + $data['ttl'])
 		{
 			unlink($this->_cache_path.$id);
 			return FALSE;
@@ -86,10 +97,10 @@ class CI_Cache_file extends CI_Driver {
 	public function save($id, $data, $ttl = 60)
 	{
 		$contents = array(
-				'time'		=> time(),
-				'ttl'		=> $ttl,
-				'data'		=> $data
-			);
+			'time'		=> time(),
+			'ttl'		=> $ttl,
+			'data'		=> $data
+		);
 
 		if (write_file($this->_cache_path.$id, serialize($contents)))
 		{
@@ -155,19 +166,19 @@ class CI_Cache_file extends CI_Driver {
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		$data = unserialize(read_file($this->_cache_path.$id));
+		$data = unserialize(file_get_contents($this->_cache_path.$id));
 
 		if (is_array($data))
 		{
 			$mtime = filemtime($this->_cache_path.$id);
 
-			if ( ! isset($data['data']['ttl']))
+			if ( ! isset($data['ttl']))
 			{
 				return FALSE;
 			}
 
 			return array(
-				'expire' => $mtime + $data['data']['ttl'],
+				'expire' => $mtime + $data['ttl'],
 				'mtime'	 => $mtime
 			);
 		}
diff --git a/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/Cache_memcached.php b/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/Cache_memcached.php
index 4cd5f3d6f..fae002347 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/Cache_memcached.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/Cache_memcached.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -18,12 +18,13 @@
  *
  * @package		CodeIgniter
  * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2006 - 2012 EllisLab, Inc.
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2012, EllisLab, Inc. (http://ellislab.com/)
  * @license		http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0 Open Software License (OSL 3.0)
  * @link		http://codeigniter.com
  * @since		Version 2.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * CodeIgniter Memcached Caching Class
@@ -36,15 +37,25 @@
  */
 class CI_Cache_memcached extends CI_Driver {
 
-	protected $_memcached;	// Holds the memcached object
+	/**
+	 * Holds the memcached object
+	 *
+	 * @var object
+	 */
+	protected $_memcached;
 
+	/**
+	 * Memcached configuration
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
 	protected $_memcache_conf	= array(
-					'default' => array(
-						'default_host'		=> '127.0.0.1',
-						'default_port'		=> 11211,
-						'default_weight'	=> 1
-					)
-				);
+		'default' => array(
+			'default_host'		=> '127.0.0.1',
+			'default_port'		=> 11211,
+			'default_weight'	=> 1
+		)
+	);
 
 	/**
 	 * Fetch from cache
@@ -67,7 +78,7 @@ class CI_Cache_memcached extends CI_Driver {
 	 * @param	string	unique identifier
 	 * @param	mixed	data being cached
 	 * @param	int	time to live
-	 * @return	bool true on success, false on failure
+	 * @return	bool	true on success, false on failure
 	 */
 	public function save($id, $data, $ttl = 60)
 	{
@@ -89,7 +100,7 @@ class CI_Cache_memcached extends CI_Driver {
 	 * Delete from Cache
 	 *
 	 * @param	mixed	key to be deleted.
-	 * @return	bool true on success, false on failure
+	 * @return	bool	true on success, false on failure
 	 */
 	public function delete($id)
 	{
@@ -202,7 +213,7 @@ class CI_Cache_memcached extends CI_Driver {
 				$cache_server['weight'] = $this->_memcache_conf['default']['default_weight'];
 			}
 
-			if (get_class($this->_memcached) == 'Memcache')
+			if (get_class($this->_memcached) === 'Memcache')
 			{
 				// Third parameter is persistance and defaults to TRUE.
 				$this->_memcached->addServer(
diff --git a/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/Cache_redis.php b/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/Cache_redis.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..60033344b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/Cache_redis.php
@@ -0,0 +1,237 @@
+<?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.2.4 or newer
+ *
+ * NOTICE OF LICENSE
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
+ *
+ * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
+ * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
+ * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
+ * http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0
+ * If you did not receive a copy of the license and are unable to obtain it
+ * through the world wide web, please send an email to
+ * licensing@ellislab.com so we can send you a copy immediately.
+ *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2012, EllisLab, Inc. (http://ellislab.com/)
+ * @license		http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0 Open Software License (OSL 3.0)
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com
+ * @since		Version 3.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
+
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter Redis Caching Class
+ *
+ * @package	   CodeIgniter
+ * @subpackage Libraries
+ * @category   Core
+ * @author	   Anton Lindqvist <anton@qvister.se>
+ * @link
+ */
+class CI_Cache_redis extends CI_Driver
+{
+	/**
+	 * Default config
+	 *
+	 * @static
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected static $_default_config = array(
+		'host' => '127.0.0.1',
+		'password' => NULL,
+		'port' => 6379,
+		'timeout' => 0
+	);
+
+	/**
+	 * Redis connection
+	 *
+	 * @var	Redis
+	 */
+	protected $_redis;
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Get cache
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	Cache key identifier
+	 * @return	mixed
+	 */
+	public function get($key)
+	{
+		return $this->_redis->get($key);
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Save cache
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	Cache key identifier
+	 * @param	mixed	Data to save
+	 * @param	int	Time to live
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function save($key, $value, $ttl = NULL)
+	{
+		return ($ttl)
+			? $this->_redis->setex($key, $ttl, $value)
+			: $this->_redis->set($key, $value);
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Delete from cache
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	Cache key
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function delete($key)
+	{
+		return ($this->_redis->delete($key) === 1);
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Clean cache
+	 *
+	 * @return	bool
+	 * @see		Redis::flushDB()
+	 */
+	public function clean()
+	{
+		return $this->_redis->flushDB();
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Get cache driver info
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	Not supported in Redis.
+	 *			Only included in order to offer a
+	 *			consistent cache API.
+	 * @return	array
+	 * @see		Redis::info()
+	 */
+	public function cache_info($type = NULL)
+	{
+		return $this->_redis->info();
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Get cache metadata
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	Cache key
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	public function get_metadata($key)
+	{
+		$value = $this->get($key);
+
+		if ($value)
+		{
+			return array(
+				'expire' => time() + $this->_redis->ttl($key),
+				'data' => $value
+			);
+		}
+
+		return FALSE;
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Check if Redis driver is supported
+	 *
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function is_supported()
+	{
+		if (extension_loaded('redis'))
+		{
+			$this->_setup_redis();
+			return TRUE;
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			log_message('error', 'The Redis extension must be loaded to use Redis cache.');
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Setup Redis config and connection
+	 *
+	 * Loads Redis config file if present. Will halt execution
+	 * if a Redis connection can't be established.
+	 *
+	 * @return	bool
+	 * @see		Redis::connect()
+	 */
+	protected function _setup_redis()
+	{
+		$config = array();
+		$CI =& get_instance();
+
+		if ($CI->config->load('redis', TRUE, TRUE))
+		{
+			$config += $CI->config->item('redis');
+		}
+
+		$config = array_merge(self::$_default_config, $config);
+
+		$this->_redis = new Redis();
+
+		try
+		{
+			$this->_redis->connect($config['host'], $config['port'], $config['timeout']);
+		}
+		catch (RedisException $e)
+		{
+			show_error('Redis connection refused. ' . $e->getMessage());
+		}
+
+		if (isset($config['password']))
+		{
+			$this->_redis->auth($config['password']);
+		}
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+
+	 * Class destructor
+	 *
+	 * Closes the connection to Redis if present.
+	 *
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function __destruct()
+	{
+		if ($this->_redis)
+		{
+			$this->_redis->close();
+		}
+	}
+
+}
+
+/* End of file Cache_redis.php */
+/* Location: ./system/libraries/Cache/drivers/Cache_redis.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/Cache_wincache.php b/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/Cache_wincache.php
index b32e66a46..9154f3fce 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/Cache_wincache.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/Cache_wincache.php
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.2.4 or newer
  *
  * NOTICE OF LICENSE
  *
@@ -18,12 +18,13 @@
  *
  * @package		CodeIgniter
  * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2006 - 2012 EllisLab, Inc.
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2012, EllisLab, Inc. (http://ellislab.com/)
  * @license		http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0 Open Software License (OSL 3.0)
  * @link		http://codeigniter.com
  * @since		Version 3.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * CodeIgniter Wincache Caching Class
@@ -78,7 +79,7 @@ class CI_Cache_wincache extends CI_Driver {
 	 * Delete from Cache
 	 *
 	 * @param	mixed	unique identifier of the item in the cache
-	 * @param	bool	true on success/false on failure
+	 * @return	bool	true on success/false on failure
 	 */
 	public function delete($id)
 	{
@@ -126,10 +127,10 @@ class CI_Cache_wincache extends CI_Driver {
 			$hitcount = $stored['ucache_entries'][1]['hitcount'];
 
 			return array(
-				'expire'    => $ttl - $age,
-				'hitcount'  => $hitcount,
-				'age'       => $age,
-				'ttl'       => $ttl
+				'expire'	=> $ttl - $age,
+				'hitcount'	=> $hitcount,
+				'age'		=> $age,
+				'ttl'		=> $ttl
 			);
 		}
 
diff --git a/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/index.html b/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/index.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c942a79ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+<html>
+<head>
+	<title>403 Forbidden</title>
+</head>
+<body>
+
+<p>Directory access is forbidden.</p>
+
+</body>
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/libraries/Cache/index.html b/system/libraries/Cache/index.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c942a79ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/libraries/Cache/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+<html>
+<head>
+	<title>403 Forbidden</title>
+</head>
+<body>
+
+<p>Directory access is forbidden.</p>
+
+</body>
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/libraries/Calendar.php b/system/libraries/Calendar.php
index b6f145d95..ec2b7bcc1 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Calendar.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Calendar.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * CodeIgniter Calendar Class
@@ -38,22 +39,70 @@
  */
 class CI_Calendar {
 
+	/**
+	 * Reference to CodeIgniter instance
+	 *
+	 * @var object
+	 */
 	protected $CI;
-	public $lang;
+
+	/**
+	 * Current local time
+	 *
+	 * @var int
+	 */
 	public $local_time;
+
+	/**
+	 * Calendar layout template
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
 	public $template		= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Day of the week to start the calendar on
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
 	public $start_day		= 'sunday';
+
+	/**
+	 * How to display months
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
 	public $month_type		= 'long';
+
+	/**
+	 * How to display names of days
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
 	public $day_type		= 'abr';
-	public $show_next_prev	= FALSE;
-	public $next_prev_url	= '';
 
 	/**
-	 * Constructor
+	 * Whether to show next/prev month links
+	 *
+	 * @var bool
+	 */
+	public $show_next_prev		= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Url base to use for next/prev month links
+	 *
+	 * @var bool
+	 */
+	public $next_prev_url		= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Class constructor
 	 *
-	 * Loads the calendar language file and sets the default time reference
+	 * Loads the calendar language file and sets the default time reference.
 	 *
-	 * @param	array
+	 * @uses	CI_Lang::$is_loaded
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$config	Calendar options
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function __construct($config = array())
@@ -109,9 +158,9 @@ class CI_Calendar {
 	public function generate($year = '', $month = '', $data = array())
 	{
 		// Set and validate the supplied month/year
-		if ($year == '')
+		if (empty($year))
 		{
-			$year  = date('Y', $this->local_time);
+			$year = date('Y', $this->local_time);
 		}
 		elseif (strlen($year) === 1)
 		{
@@ -122,7 +171,7 @@ class CI_Calendar {
 			$year = '20'.$year;
 		}
 
-		if ($month == '')
+		if (empty($month))
 		{
 			$month = date('m', $this->local_time);
 		}
@@ -141,7 +190,7 @@ class CI_Calendar {
 
 		// Set the starting day of the week
 		$start_days	= array('sunday' => 0, 'monday' => 1, 'tuesday' => 2, 'wednesday' => 3, 'thursday' => 4, 'friday' => 5, 'saturday' => 6);
-		$start_day = ( ! isset($start_days[$this->start_day])) ? 0 : $start_days[$this->start_day];
+		$start_day	= isset($start_days[$this->start_day]) ? $start_days[$this->start_day] : 0;
 
 		// Set the starting day number
 		$local_date = mktime(12, 0, 0, $month, 1, $year);
@@ -168,17 +217,17 @@ class CI_Calendar {
 		$out = $this->temp['table_open']."\n\n".$this->temp['heading_row_start']."\n";
 
 		// "previous" month link
-		if ($this->show_next_prev == TRUE)
+		if ($this->show_next_prev === TRUE)
 		{
-			// Add a trailing slash to the  URL if needed
-			$this->next_prev_url = preg_replace('/(.+?)\/*$/', '\\1/',  $this->next_prev_url);
+			// Add a trailing slash to the URL if needed
+			$this->next_prev_url = preg_replace('/(.+?)\/*$/', '\\1/', $this->next_prev_url);
 
 			$adjusted_date = $this->adjust_date($month - 1, $year);
 			$out .= str_replace('{previous_url}', $this->next_prev_url.$adjusted_date['year'].'/'.$adjusted_date['month'], $this->temp['heading_previous_cell'])."\n";
 		}
 
 		// Heading containing the month/year
-		$colspan = ($this->show_next_prev == TRUE) ? 5 : 7;
+		$colspan = ($this->show_next_prev === TRUE) ? 5 : 7;
 
 		$this->temp['heading_title_cell'] = str_replace('{colspan}', $colspan,
 								str_replace('{heading}', $this->get_month_name($month).'&nbsp;'.$year, $this->temp['heading_title_cell']));
@@ -186,7 +235,7 @@ class CI_Calendar {
 		$out .= $this->temp['heading_title_cell']."\n";
 
 		// "next" month link
-		if ($this->show_next_prev == TRUE)
+		if ($this->show_next_prev === TRUE)
 		{
 			$adjusted_date = $this->adjust_date($month + 1, $year);
 			$out .= str_replace('{next_url}', $this->next_prev_url.$adjusted_date['year'].'/'.$adjusted_date['month'], $this->temp['heading_next_cell']);
@@ -244,9 +293,7 @@ class CI_Calendar {
 			$out .= "\n".$this->temp['cal_row_end']."\n";
 		}
 
-		$out .= "\n".$this->temp['table_close'];
-
-		return $out;
+		return $out .= "\n".$this->temp['table_close'];
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -262,7 +309,7 @@ class CI_Calendar {
 	 */
 	public function get_month_name($month)
 	{
-		if ($this->month_type == 'short')
+		if ($this->month_type === 'short')
 		{
 			$month_names = array('01' => 'cal_jan', '02' => 'cal_feb', '03' => 'cal_mar', '04' => 'cal_apr', '05' => 'cal_may', '06' => 'cal_jun', '07' => 'cal_jul', '08' => 'cal_aug', '09' => 'cal_sep', '10' => 'cal_oct', '11' => 'cal_nov', '12' => 'cal_dec');
 		}
@@ -271,14 +318,9 @@ class CI_Calendar {
 			$month_names = array('01' => 'cal_january', '02' => 'cal_february', '03' => 'cal_march', '04' => 'cal_april', '05' => 'cal_mayl', '06' => 'cal_june', '07' => 'cal_july', '08' => 'cal_august', '09' => 'cal_september', '10' => 'cal_october', '11' => 'cal_november', '12' => 'cal_december');
 		}
 
-		$month = $month_names[$month];
-
-		if ($this->CI->lang->line($month) === FALSE)
-		{
-			return ucfirst(substr($month, 4));
-		}
-
-		return $this->CI->lang->line($month);
+		return ($this->CI->lang->line($month_names[$month]) === FALSE)
+			? ucfirst(substr($month_names[$month], 4))
+			: $this->CI->lang->line($month_names[$month]);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -294,16 +336,16 @@ class CI_Calendar {
 	 */
 	public function get_day_names($day_type = '')
 	{
-		if ($day_type != '')
+		if ($day_type !== '')
 		{
 			$this->day_type = $day_type;
 		}
 
-		if ($this->day_type == 'long')
+		if ($this->day_type === 'long')
 		{
 			$day_names = array('sunday', 'monday', 'tuesday', 'wednesday', 'thursday', 'friday', 'saturday');
 		}
-		elseif ($this->day_type == 'short')
+		elseif ($this->day_type === 'short')
 		{
 			$day_names = array('sun', 'mon', 'tue', 'wed', 'thu', 'fri', 'sat');
 		}
@@ -382,7 +424,7 @@ class CI_Calendar {
 		// Is the year a leap year?
 		if ($month == 2)
 		{
-			if ($year % 400 == 0 OR ($year % 4 == 0 && $year % 100 != 0))
+			if ($year % 400 === 0 OR ($year % 4 === 0 && $year % 100 !== 0))
 			{
 				return 29;
 			}
@@ -402,29 +444,29 @@ class CI_Calendar {
 	 */
 	public function default_template()
 	{
-		return  array (
-						'table_open'				=> '<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0">',
-						'heading_row_start'			=> '<tr>',
-						'heading_previous_cell'		=> '<th><a href="{previous_url}">&lt;&lt;</a></th>',
-						'heading_title_cell'		=> '<th colspan="{colspan}">{heading}</th>',
-						'heading_next_cell'			=> '<th><a href="{next_url}">&gt;&gt;</a></th>',
-						'heading_row_end'			=> '</tr>',
-						'week_row_start'			=> '<tr>',
-						'week_day_cell'				=> '<td>{week_day}</td>',
-						'week_row_end'				=> '</tr>',
-						'cal_row_start'				=> '<tr>',
-						'cal_cell_start'			=> '<td>',
-						'cal_cell_start_today'		=> '<td>',
-						'cal_cell_content'			=> '<a href="{content}">{day}</a>',
-						'cal_cell_content_today'	=> '<a href="{content}"><strong>{day}</strong></a>',
-						'cal_cell_no_content'		=> '{day}',
-						'cal_cell_no_content_today'	=> '<strong>{day}</strong>',
-						'cal_cell_blank'			=> '&nbsp;',
-						'cal_cell_end'				=> '</td>',
-						'cal_cell_end_today'		=> '</td>',
-						'cal_row_end'				=> '</tr>',
-						'table_close'				=> '</table>'
-					);
+		return array(
+			'table_open'				=> '<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0">',
+			'heading_row_start'			=> '<tr>',
+			'heading_previous_cell'		=> '<th><a href="{previous_url}">&lt;&lt;</a></th>',
+			'heading_title_cell'		=> '<th colspan="{colspan}">{heading}</th>',
+			'heading_next_cell'			=> '<th><a href="{next_url}">&gt;&gt;</a></th>',
+			'heading_row_end'			=> '</tr>',
+			'week_row_start'			=> '<tr>',
+			'week_day_cell'				=> '<td>{week_day}</td>',
+			'week_row_end'				=> '</tr>',
+			'cal_row_start'				=> '<tr>',
+			'cal_cell_start'			=> '<td>',
+			'cal_cell_start_today'		=> '<td>',
+			'cal_cell_content'			=> '<a href="{content}">{day}</a>',
+			'cal_cell_content_today'	=> '<a href="{content}"><strong>{day}</strong></a>',
+			'cal_cell_no_content'		=> '{day}',
+			'cal_cell_no_content_today'	=> '<strong>{day}</strong>',
+			'cal_cell_blank'			=> '&nbsp;',
+			'cal_cell_end'				=> '</td>',
+			'cal_cell_end_today'		=> '</td>',
+			'cal_row_end'				=> '</tr>',
+			'table_close'				=> '</table>'
+		);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -441,14 +483,14 @@ class CI_Calendar {
 	{
 		$this->temp = $this->default_template();
 
-		if ($this->template == '')
+		if ($this->template === '')
 		{
 			return;
 		}
 
 		$today = array('cal_cell_start_today', 'cal_cell_content_today', 'cal_cell_no_content_today', 'cal_cell_end_today');
 
-		foreach (array('table_open', 'table_close', 'heading_row_start', 'heading_previous_cell', 'heading_title_cell', 'heading_next_cell', 'heading_row_end', 'week_row_start', 'week_day_cell', 'week_row_end', 'cal_row_start', 'cal_cell_start', 'cal_cell_content', 'cal_cell_no_content',  'cal_cell_blank', 'cal_cell_end', 'cal_row_end', 'cal_cell_start_today', 'cal_cell_content_today', 'cal_cell_no_content_today', 'cal_cell_end_today') as $val)
+		foreach (array('table_open', 'table_close', 'heading_row_start', 'heading_previous_cell', 'heading_title_cell', 'heading_next_cell', 'heading_row_end', 'week_row_start', 'week_day_cell', 'week_row_end', 'cal_row_start', 'cal_cell_start', 'cal_cell_content', 'cal_cell_no_content', 'cal_cell_blank', 'cal_cell_end', 'cal_row_end', 'cal_cell_start_today', 'cal_cell_content_today', 'cal_cell_no_content_today', 'cal_cell_end_today') as $val)
 		{
 			if (preg_match('/\{'.$val.'\}(.*?)\{\/'.$val.'\}/si', $this->template, $match))
 			{
diff --git a/system/libraries/Cart.php b/system/libraries/Cart.php
index ca7be555e..79c2b8cdc 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Cart.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Cart.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * Shopping Cart Class
@@ -36,19 +37,54 @@
  */
 class CI_Cart {
 
-	// These are the regular expression rules that we use to validate the product ID and product name
-	public $product_id_rules	= '\.a-z0-9_-'; // alpha-numeric, dashes, underscores, or periods
-	public $product_name_rules	= '\.\:\-_ a-z0-9'; // alpha-numeric, dashes, underscores, colons or periods
-	public $product_name_safe	= TRUE; // only allow safe product names
+	/**
+	 * These are the regular expression rules that we use to validate the product ID and product name
+	 * alpha-numeric, dashes, underscores, or periods
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	public $product_id_rules	= '\.a-z0-9_-';
+
+	/**
+	 * These are the regular expression rules that we use to validate the product ID and product name
+	 * alpha-numeric, dashes, underscores, colons or periods
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	public $product_name_rules	= '\.\:\-_ a-z0-9';
 
+	/**
+	 * only allow safe product names
+	 *
+	 * @var bool
+	 */
+	public $product_name_safe	= TRUE;
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------------
 	// Protected variables. Do not change!
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Reference to CodeIgniter instance
+	 *
+	 * @var object
+	 */
 	protected $CI;
+
+	/**
+	 * Contents of the cart
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
 	protected $_cart_contents	= array();
 
 	/**
 	 * Shopping Class Constructor
 	 *
 	 * The constructor loads the Session class, used to store the shopping cart contents.
+	 *
+	 * @param	array
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function __construct($params = array())
 	{
@@ -63,7 +99,7 @@ class CI_Cart {
 
 		// Grab the shopping cart array from the session table
 		$this->_cart_contents = $this->CI->session->userdata('cart_contents');
-		if ($this->_cart_contents === FALSE)
+		if ($this->_cart_contents === NULL)
 		{
 			// No cart exists so we'll set some base values
 			$this->_cart_contents = array('cart_total' => 0, 'total_items' => 0);
@@ -146,7 +182,7 @@ class CI_Cart {
 		// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 		// Does the $items array contain an id, quantity, price, and name?  These are required
-		if ( ! isset($items['id']) OR ! isset($items['qty']) OR ! isset($items['price']) OR ! isset($items['name']))
+		if ( ! isset($items['id'], $items['qty'], $items['price'], $items['name']))
 		{
 			log_message('error', 'The cart array must contain a product ID, quantity, price, and name.');
 			return FALSE;
@@ -158,7 +194,7 @@ class CI_Cart {
 		$items['qty'] = (float) $items['qty'];
 
 		// If the quantity is zero or blank there's nothing for us to do
-		if ( ! is_numeric($items['qty']) OR $items['qty'] == 0)
+		if ($items['qty'] == 0)
 		{
 			return FALSE;
 		}
@@ -189,15 +225,6 @@ class CI_Cart {
 		// Prep the price. Remove leading zeros and anything that isn't a number or decimal point.
 		$items['price'] = (float) $items['price'];
 
-		// Is the price a valid number?
-		if ( ! is_numeric($items['price']))
-		{
-			log_message('error', 'An invalid price was submitted for product ID: '.$items['id']);
-			return FALSE;
-		}
-
-		// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
 		// We now need to create a unique identifier for the item being inserted into the cart.
 		// Every time something is added to the cart it is stored in the master cart array.
 		// Each row in the cart array, however, must have a unique index that identifies not only
@@ -210,7 +237,7 @@ class CI_Cart {
 		// This becomes the unique "row ID"
 		if (isset($items['options']) && count($items['options']) > 0)
 		{
-			$rowid = md5($items['id'].implode('', $items['options']));
+			$rowid = md5($items['id'].serialize($items['options']));
 		}
 		else
 		{
@@ -245,7 +272,6 @@ class CI_Cart {
 	 * product ID and quantity for each item.
 	 *
 	 * @param	array
-	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function update($items = array())
@@ -308,7 +334,7 @@ class CI_Cart {
 	protected function _update($items = array())
 	{
 		// Without these array indexes there is nothing we can do
-		if ( ! isset($items['qty']) OR ! isset($items['rowid']) OR ! isset($this->_cart_contents[$items['rowid']]))
+		if ( ! isset($items['qty'], $items['rowid'], $this->_cart_contents[$items['rowid']]))
 		{
 			return FALSE;
 		}
@@ -316,12 +342,6 @@ class CI_Cart {
 		// Prep the quantity
 		$items['qty'] = (float) $items['qty'];
 
-		// Is the quantity a number?
-		if ( ! is_numeric($items['qty']))
-		{
-			return FALSE;
-		}
-
 		// Is the quantity zero?  If so we will remove the item from the cart.
 		// If the quantity is greater than zero we are updating
 		if ($items['qty'] == 0)
@@ -350,7 +370,7 @@ class CI_Cart {
 		foreach ($this->_cart_contents as $key => $val)
 		{
 			// We make sure the array contains the proper indexes
-			if ( ! is_array($val) OR ! isset($val['price']) OR ! isset($val['qty']))
+			if ( ! is_array($val) OR ! isset($val['price'], $val['qty']))
 			{
 				continue;
 			}
@@ -360,7 +380,7 @@ class CI_Cart {
 			$this->_cart_contents[$key]['subtotal'] = ($this->_cart_contents[$key]['price'] * $this->_cart_contents[$key]['qty']);
 		}
 
-		// Is our cart empty?  If so we delete it from the session
+		// Is our cart empty? If so we delete it from the session
 		if (count($this->_cart_contents) <= 2)
 		{
 			$this->CI->session->unset_userdata('cart_contents');
@@ -396,6 +416,7 @@ class CI_Cart {
 	 *
 	 * Removes an item from the cart
 	 *
+	 * @param	int
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	 public function remove($rowid)
@@ -427,6 +448,7 @@ class CI_Cart {
 	 *
 	 * Returns the entire cart array
 	 *
+	 * @param	bool
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
 	public function contents($newest_first = FALSE)
@@ -444,16 +466,34 @@ class CI_Cart {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
+	 * Get cart item
+	 *
+	 * Returns the details of a specific item in the cart
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$row_id
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	public function get_item($row_id)
+	{
+		return (in_array($row_id, array('total_items', 'cart_total'), TRUE) OR ! isset($this->_cart_contents[$row_id]))
+			? FALSE
+			: $this->_cart_contents[$row_id];
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
 	 * Has options
 	 *
 	 * Returns TRUE if the rowid passed to this function correlates to an item
 	 * that has options associated with it.
 	 *
+	 * @param	string	$row_id = ''
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	public function has_options($rowid = '')
+	public function has_options($row_id = '')
 	{
-		return (isset($this->_cart_contents[$rowid]['options']) && count($this->_cart_contents[$rowid]['options']) !== 0) ? TRUE : FALSE;
+		return (isset($this->_cart_contents[$row_id]['options']) && count($this->_cart_contents[$row_id]['options']) !== 0);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -463,12 +503,12 @@ class CI_Cart {
 	 *
 	 * Returns the an array of options, for a particular product row ID
 	 *
-	 * @param	int
+	 * @param	string	$row_id = ''
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	public function product_options($rowid = '')
+	public function product_options($row_id = '')
 	{
-		return isset($this->_cart_contents[$rowid]['options']) ? $this->_cart_contents[$rowid]['options'] : array();
+		return isset($this->_cart_contents[$row_id]['options']) ? $this->_cart_contents[$row_id]['options'] : array();
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -483,15 +523,7 @@ class CI_Cart {
 	 */
 	public function format_number($n = '')
 	{
-		if ($n == '')
-		{
-			return '';
-		}
-
-		// Remove anything that isn't a number or decimal point.
-		$n = (float) $n;
-
-		return number_format($n, 2, '.', ',');
+		return ($n === '') ? '' : number_format( (float) $n, 2, '.', ',');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/system/libraries/Driver.php b/system/libraries/Driver.php
index f409f47d4..8323e8f01 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Driver.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Driver.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * CodeIgniter Driver Library Class
@@ -39,67 +40,149 @@
  */
 class CI_Driver_Library {
 
-	protected $valid_drivers	= array();
-	protected static $lib_name;
+	/**
+	 * Array of drivers that are available to use with the driver class
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	protected $valid_drivers = array();
+
+	/**
+	 * Name of the current class - usually the driver class
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	protected $lib_name;
 
-	// The first time a child is used it won't exist, so we instantiate it
-	// subsequents calls will go straight to the proper child.
+	/**
+	 * Get magic method
+	 *
+	 * The first time a child is used it won't exist, so we instantiate it
+	 * subsequents calls will go straight to the proper child.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	Child class name
+	 * @return	object	Child class
+	 */
 	public function __get($child)
 	{
+		// Try to load the driver
+		return $this->load_driver($child);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Load driver
+	 *
+	 * Separate load_driver call to support explicit driver load by library or user
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	Driver name (w/o parent prefix)
+	 * @return	object	Child class
+	 */
+	public function load_driver($child)
+	{
+		// Get CodeIgniter instance and subclass prefix
+		$CI = get_instance();
+		$prefix = (string) $CI->config->item('subclass_prefix');
+
 		if ( ! isset($this->lib_name))
 		{
-			$this->lib_name = get_class($this);
+			// Get library name without any prefix
+			$this->lib_name = str_replace(array('CI_', $prefix), '', get_class($this));
 		}
 
-		// The class will be prefixed with the parent lib
-		$child_class = $this->lib_name.'_'.$child;
+		// The child will be prefixed with the parent lib
+		$child_name = $this->lib_name.'_'.$child;
 
-		// Remove the CI_ prefix and lowercase
-		$lib_name = ucfirst(strtolower(str_replace('CI_', '', $this->lib_name)));
-		$driver_name = strtolower(str_replace('CI_', '', $child_class));
+		// See if requested child is a valid driver
+		if ( ! in_array($child, $this->valid_drivers))
+		{
+			// The requested driver isn't valid!
+			$msg = 'Invalid driver requested: '.$child_name;
+			log_message('error', $msg);
+			show_error($msg);
+		}
+
+		// Get package paths and filename case variations to search
+		$paths = $CI->load->get_package_paths(TRUE);
 
-		if (in_array($driver_name, array_map('strtolower', $this->valid_drivers)))
+		// Is there an extension?
+		$class_name = $prefix.$child_name;
+		$found = class_exists($class_name);
+		if ( ! $found)
 		{
-			// check and see if the driver is in a separate file
-			if ( ! class_exists($child_class))
+			// Check for subclass file
+			foreach ($paths as $path)
 			{
-				// check application path first
-				foreach (get_instance()->load->get_package_paths(TRUE) as $path)
+				// Does the file exist?
+				$file = $path.'libraries/'.$this->lib_name.'/drivers/'.$prefix.$child_name.'.php';
+				if (file_exists($file))
 				{
-					// loves me some nesting!
-					foreach (array(ucfirst($driver_name), $driver_name) as $class)
+					// Yes - require base class from BASEPATH
+					$basepath = BASEPATH.'libraries/'.$this->lib_name.'/drivers/'.$child_name.'.php';
+					if ( ! file_exists($basepath))
 					{
-						$filepath = $path.'libraries/'.$lib_name.'/drivers/'.$class.'.php';
-
-						if (file_exists($filepath))
-						{
-							include_once $filepath;
-							break 2;
-						}
+						$msg = 'Unable to load the requested class: CI_'.$child_name;
+						log_message('error', $msg);
+						show_error($msg);
 					}
+
+					// Include both sources and mark found
+					include($basepath);
+					include($file);
+					$found = TRUE;
+					break;
 				}
+			}
+		}
 
-				// it's a valid driver, but the file simply can't be found
-				if ( ! class_exists($child_class))
+		// Do we need to search for the class?
+		if ( ! $found)
+		{
+			// Use standard class name
+			$class_name = 'CI_'.$child_name;
+			$found = class_exists($class_name);
+			if ( ! $found)
+			{
+				// Check package paths
+				foreach ($paths as $path)
 				{
-					log_message('error', 'Unable to load the requested driver: '.$child_class);
-					show_error('Unable to load the requested driver: '.$child_class);
+					// Does the file exist?
+					$file = $path.'libraries/'.$this->lib_name.'/drivers/'.$child_name.'.php';
+					if (file_exists($file))
+					{
+						// Include source
+						include($file);
+						break;
+					}
 				}
 			}
+		}
 
-			$obj = new $child_class;
-			$obj->decorate($this);
-			$this->$child = $obj;
-			return $this->$child;
+		// Did we finally find the class?
+		if ( ! class_exists($class_name))
+		{
+			if (class_exists($child_name))
+			{
+				$class_name = $child_name;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				$msg = 'Unable to load the requested driver: '.$class_name;
+				log_message('error', $msg);
+				show_error($msg);
+			}
 		}
 
-		// The requested driver isn't valid!
-		log_message('error', 'Invalid driver requested: '.$child_class);
-		show_error('Invalid driver requested: '.$child_class);
+		// Instantiate, decorate and add child
+		$obj = new $class_name();
+		$obj->decorate($this);
+		$this->$child = $obj;
+		return $this->$child;
 	}
 
 }
 
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 /**
  * CodeIgniter Driver Class
  *
@@ -114,11 +197,33 @@ class CI_Driver_Library {
  */
 class CI_Driver {
 
+	/**
+	 * Instance of the parent class
+	 *
+	 * @var object
+	 */
 	protected $_parent;
 
+	/**
+	 * List of methods in the parent class
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
 	protected $_methods = array();
+
+	/**
+	 * List of properties in the parent class
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
 	protected $_properties = array();
 
+	/**
+	 * Array of methods and properties for the parent class(es)
+	 *
+	 * @static
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
 	protected static $_reflections = array();
 
 	/**
diff --git a/system/libraries/Email.php b/system/libraries/Email.php
index 48c3bf3ab..5d8fc8aea 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Email.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Email.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * CodeIgniter Email Class
@@ -38,74 +39,364 @@
  */
 class CI_Email {
 
+	/**
+	 * Used as the User-Agent and X-Mailer headers' value.
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	public $useragent	= 'CodeIgniter';
+
+	/**
+	 * Path to the Sendmail binary.
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	public $mailpath	= '/usr/sbin/sendmail';	// Sendmail path
+
+	/**
+	 * Which method to use for sending e-mails.
+	 *
+	 * @var	string	'mail', 'sendmail' or 'smtp'
+	 */
 	public $protocol	= 'mail';		// mail/sendmail/smtp
-	public $smtp_host	= '';			// SMTP Server. Example: mail.earthlink.net
-	public $smtp_user	= '';			// SMTP Username
-	public $smtp_pass	= '';			// SMTP Password
-	public $smtp_port	= 25;			// SMTP Port
-	public $smtp_timeout	= 5;			// SMTP Timeout in seconds
-	public $smtp_crypto	= '';			// SMTP Encryption. Can be null, tls or ssl.
-	public $wordwrap	= TRUE;			// TRUE/FALSE  Turns word-wrap on/off
-	public $wrapchars	= 76;			// Number of characters to wrap at.
-	public $mailtype	= 'text';		// text/html  Defines email formatting
-	public $charset		= 'utf-8';		// Default char set: iso-8859-1 or us-ascii
+
+	/**
+	 * STMP Server host
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $smtp_host	= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * SMTP Username
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $smtp_user	= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * SMTP Password
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $smtp_pass	= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * SMTP Server port
+	 *
+	 * @var	int
+	 */
+	public $smtp_port	= 25;
+
+	/**
+	 * SMTP connection timeout in seconds
+	 *
+	 * @var	int
+	 */
+	public $smtp_timeout	= 5;
+
+	/**
+	 * SMTP Encryption
+	 *
+	 * @var	string	NULL, 'tls' or 'ssl'
+	 */
+	public $smtp_crypto	= NULL;
+
+	/**
+	 * Whether to apply word-wrapping to the message body.
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	public $wordwrap	= TRUE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Number of characters to wrap at.
+	 *
+	 * @see	CI_Email::$wordwrap
+	 * @var	int
+	 */
+	public $wrapchars	= 76;
+
+	/**
+	 * Message format.
+	 *
+	 * @var	string	'text' or 'html'
+	 */
+	public $mailtype	= 'text';
+
+	/**
+	 * Character set (default: utf-8)
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $charset		= 'utf-8';
+
+	/**
+	 * Multipart message
+	 *
+	 * @var	string	'mixed' (in the body) or 'related' (separate)
+	 */
 	public $multipart	= 'mixed';		// "mixed" (in the body) or "related" (separate)
-	public $alt_message	= '';			// Alternative message for HTML emails
-	public $validate	= FALSE;		// TRUE/FALSE.  Enables email validation
+
+	/**
+	 * Alternative message (for HTML messages only)
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $alt_message	= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Whether to validate e-mail addresses.
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	public $validate	= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * X-Priority header value.
+	 *
+	 * @var	int	1-5
+	 */
 	public $priority	= 3;			// Default priority (1 - 5)
+
+	/**
+	 * Newline character sequence.
+	 * Use "\r\n" to comply with RFC 822.
+	 *
+	 * @link	http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc822.txt
+	 * @var	string	"\r\n" or "\n"
+	 */
 	public $newline		= "\n";			// Default newline. "\r\n" or "\n" (Use "\r\n" to comply with RFC 822)
-	public $crlf		= "\n";			// The RFC 2045 compliant CRLF for quoted-printable is "\r\n".  Apparently some servers,
-									// even on the receiving end think they need to muck with CRLFs, so using "\n", while
-									// distasteful, is the only thing that seems to work for all environments.
-	public $dsn		= FALSE;		// Delivery Status Notification
-	public $send_multipart	= TRUE;		// TRUE/FALSE - Yahoo does not like multipart alternative, so this is an override.  Set to FALSE for Yahoo.
-	public $bcc_batch_mode	= FALSE;	// TRUE/FALSE - Turns on/off Bcc batch feature
-	public $bcc_batch_size	= 200;		// If bcc_batch_mode = TRUE, sets max number of Bccs in each batch
 
+	/**
+	 * CRLF character sequence
+	 *
+	 * RFC 2045 specifies that for 'quoted-printable' encoding,
+	 * "\r\n" must be used. However, it appears that some servers
+	 * (even on the receiving end) don't handle it properly and
+	 * switching to "\n", while improper, is the only solution
+	 * that seems to work for all environments.
+	 *
+	 * @link	http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc822.txt
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $crlf		= "\n";
+
+	/**
+	 * Whether to use Delivery Status Notification.
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	public $dsn		= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Whether to send multipart alternatives.
+	 * Yahoo! doesn't seem to like these.
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	public $send_multipart	= TRUE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Whether to send messages to BCC recipients in batches.
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	public $bcc_batch_mode	= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * BCC Batch max number size.
+	 *
+	 * @see	CI_Email::$bcc_batch_mode
+	 * @var	int
+	 */
+	public $bcc_batch_size	= 200;
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Whether PHP is running in safe mode. Initialized by the class constructor.
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
 	protected $_safe_mode		= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Subject header
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	protected $_subject		= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Message body
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	protected $_body		= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Final message body to be sent.
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	protected $_finalbody		= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * multipart/alternative boundary
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	protected $_alt_boundary	= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Attachment boundary
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	protected $_atc_boundary	= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Final headers to send
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	protected $_header_str		= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * SMTP Connection socket placeholder
+	 *
+	 * @var	resource
+	 */
 	protected $_smtp_connect	= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Mail encoding
+	 *
+	 * @var	string	'8bit' or '7bit'
+	 */
 	protected $_encoding		= '8bit';
-	protected $_IP			= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Whether to perform SMTP authentication
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
 	protected $_smtp_auth		= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Whether to send a Reply-To header
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
 	protected $_replyto_flag	= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Debug messages
+	 *
+	 * @see	CI_Email::print_debugger()
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	protected $_debug_msg		= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * Recipients
+	 *
+	 * @var	string[]
+	 */
 	protected $_recipients		= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * CC Recipients
+	 *
+	 * @var	string[]
+	 */
 	protected $_cc_array		= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * BCC Recipients
+	 *
+	 * @var	string[]
+	 */
 	protected $_bcc_array		= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * Message headers
+	 *
+	 * @var	string[]
+	 */
 	protected $_headers		= array();
-	protected $_attach_name		= array();
-	protected $_attach_type		= array();
-	protected $_attach_disp		= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * Attachment data
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $_attachments		= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * Valid $protocol values
+	 *
+	 * @see	CI_Email::$protocol
+	 * @var	string[]
+	 */
 	protected $_protocols		= array('mail', 'sendmail', 'smtp');
-	protected $_base_charsets	= array('us-ascii', 'iso-2022-');	// 7-bit charsets (excluding language suffix)
+
+	/**
+	 * Base charsets
+	 *
+	 * Character sets valid for 7-bit encoding,
+	 * excluding language suffix.
+	 *
+	 * @var	string[]
+	 */
+	protected $_base_charsets	= array('us-ascii', 'iso-2022-');
+
+	/**
+	 * Bit depths
+	 *
+	 * Valid mail encodings
+	 *
+	 * @see	CI_Email::$_encoding
+	 * @var	string[]
+	 */
 	protected $_bit_depths		= array('7bit', '8bit');
+
+	/**
+	 * $priority translations
+	 *
+	 * Actual values to send with the X-Priority header
+	 *
+	 * @var	string[]
+	 */
 	protected $_priorities		= array('1 (Highest)', '2 (High)', '3 (Normal)', '4 (Low)', '5 (Lowest)');
 
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 	/**
 	 * Constructor - Sets Email Preferences
 	 *
 	 * The constructor can be passed an array of config values
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$config = array()
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function __construct($config = array())
 	{
+		$this->charset = config_item('charset');
+
 		if (count($config) > 0)
 		{
 			$this->initialize($config);
 		}
 		else
 		{
-			$this->_smtp_auth = ! ($this->smtp_user == '' && $this->smtp_pass == '');
+			$this->_smtp_auth = ! ($this->smtp_user === '' && $this->smtp_pass === '');
 			$this->_safe_mode = (bool) @ini_get('safe_mode');
 		}
 
+		$this->charset = strtoupper($this->charset);
+
 		log_message('debug', 'Email Class Initialized');
 	}
 
@@ -137,7 +428,7 @@ class CI_Email {
 		}
 		$this->clear();
 
-		$this->_smtp_auth = ! ($this->smtp_user == '' && $this->smtp_pass == '');
+		$this->_smtp_auth = ! ($this->smtp_user === '' && $this->smtp_pass === '');
 		$this->_safe_mode = (bool) @ini_get('safe_mode');
 
 		return $this;
@@ -164,14 +455,12 @@ class CI_Email {
 		$this->_headers		= array();
 		$this->_debug_msg	= array();
 
-		$this->_set_header('User-Agent', $this->useragent);
-		$this->_set_header('Date', $this->_set_date());
+		$this->set_header('User-Agent', $this->useragent);
+		$this->set_header('Date', $this->_set_date());
 
 		if ($clear_attachments !== FALSE)
 		{
-			$this->_attach_name = array();
-			$this->_attach_type = array();
-			$this->_attach_disp = array();
+			$this->_attachments = array();
 		}
 
 		return $this;
@@ -182,11 +471,12 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Set FROM
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string	$from
+	 * @param	string	$name
+	 * @param	string	$return_path = NULL	Return-Path
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	public function from($from, $name = '')
+	public function from($from, $name = '', $return_path = NULL)
 	{
 		if (preg_match('/\<(.*)\>/', $from, $match))
 		{
@@ -196,10 +486,14 @@ class CI_Email {
 		if ($this->validate)
 		{
 			$this->validate_email($this->_str_to_array($from));
+			if ($return_path)
+			{
+				$this->validate_email($this->_str_to_array($return_path));
+			}
 		}
 
 		// prepare the display name
-		if ($name != '')
+		if ($name !== '')
 		{
 			// only use Q encoding if there are characters that would require it
 			if ( ! preg_match('/[\200-\377]/', $name))
@@ -209,12 +503,14 @@ class CI_Email {
 			}
 			else
 			{
-				$name = $this->_prep_q_encoding($name, TRUE);
+				$name = $this->_prep_q_encoding($name);
 			}
 		}
 
-		$this->_set_header('From', $name.' <'.$from.'>');
-		$this->_set_header('Return-Path', '<'.$from.'>');
+		$this->set_header('From', $name.' <'.$from.'>');
+
+		isset($return_path) OR $return_path = $from;
+		$this->set_header('Return-Path', '<'.$return_path.'>');
 
 		return $this;
 	}
@@ -240,17 +536,17 @@ class CI_Email {
 			$this->validate_email($this->_str_to_array($replyto));
 		}
 
-		if ($name == '')
+		if ($name === '')
 		{
 			$name = $replyto;
 		}
 
-		if (strncmp($name, '"', 1) !== 0)
+		if (strpos($name, '"') !== 0)
 		{
 			$name = '"'.$name.'"';
 		}
 
-		$this->_set_header('Reply-To', $name.' <'.$replyto.'>');
+		$this->set_header('Reply-To', $name.' <'.$replyto.'>');
 		$this->_replyto_flag = TRUE;
 
 		return $this;
@@ -276,19 +572,10 @@ class CI_Email {
 
 		if ($this->_get_protocol() !== 'mail')
 		{
-			$this->_set_header('To', implode(', ', $to));
+			$this->set_header('To', implode(', ', $to));
 		}
 
-		switch ($this->_get_protocol())
-		{
-			case 'smtp':
-				$this->_recipients = $to;
-			break;
-			case 'sendmail':
-			case 'mail':
-				$this->_recipients = implode(', ', $to);
-			break;
-		}
+		$this->_recipients = $to;
 
 		return $this;
 	}
@@ -303,15 +590,14 @@ class CI_Email {
 	 */
 	public function cc($cc)
 	{
-		$cc = $this->_str_to_array($cc);
-		$cc = $this->clean_email($cc);
+		$cc = $this->clean_email($this->_str_to_array($cc));
 
 		if ($this->validate)
 		{
 			$this->validate_email($cc);
 		}
 
-		$this->_set_header('Cc', implode(', ', $cc));
+		$this->set_header('Cc', implode(', ', $cc));
 
 		if ($this->_get_protocol() === 'smtp')
 		{
@@ -332,14 +618,13 @@ class CI_Email {
 	 */
 	public function bcc($bcc, $limit = '')
 	{
-		if ($limit != '' && is_numeric($limit))
+		if ($limit !== '' && is_numeric($limit))
 		{
 			$this->bcc_batch_mode = TRUE;
 			$this->bcc_batch_size = $limit;
 		}
 
-		$bcc = $this->_str_to_array($bcc);
-		$bcc = $this->clean_email($bcc);
+		$bcc = $this->clean_email($this->_str_to_array($bcc));
 
 		if ($this->validate)
 		{
@@ -352,7 +637,7 @@ class CI_Email {
 		}
 		else
 		{
-			$this->_set_header('Bcc', implode(', ', $bcc));
+			$this->set_header('Bcc', implode(', ', $bcc));
 		}
 
 		return $this;
@@ -369,7 +654,7 @@ class CI_Email {
 	public function subject($subject)
 	{
 		$subject = $this->_prep_q_encoding($subject);
-		$this->_set_header('Subject', $subject);
+		$this->set_header('Subject', $subject);
 		return $this;
 	}
 
@@ -404,14 +689,20 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Assign file attachments
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string	$filename
+	 * @param	string	$disposition = 'attachment'
+	 * @param	string	$newname = NULL
+	 * @param	string	$mime = ''
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
 	public function attach($filename, $disposition = '', $newname = NULL, $mime = '')
 	{
-		$this->_attach_name[] = array($filename, $newname);
-		$this->_attach_disp[] = empty($disposition) ? 'attachment' : $disposition; // Can also be 'inline'  Not sure if it matters
-		$this->_attach_type[] = $mime;
+		$this->_attachments[] = array(
+			'name'		=> array($filename, $newname),
+			'disposition'	=> empty($disposition) ? 'attachment' : $disposition,  // Can also be 'inline'  Not sure if it matters
+			'type' 		=> $mime
+		);
+
 		return $this;
 	}
 
@@ -424,7 +715,7 @@ class CI_Email {
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	protected function _set_header($header, $value)
+	public function set_header($header, $value)
 	{
 		$this->_headers[$header] = $value;
 	}
@@ -441,15 +732,11 @@ class CI_Email {
 	{
 		if ( ! is_array($email))
 		{
-			if (strpos($email, ',') !== FALSE)
-			{
-				$email = preg_split('/[\s,]/', $email, -1, PREG_SPLIT_NO_EMPTY);
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				$email = (array) trim($email);
-			}
+			return (strpos($email, ',') !== FALSE)
+				? preg_split('/[\s,]/', $email, -1, PREG_SPLIT_NO_EMPTY)
+				: (array) trim($email);
 		}
+
 		return $email;
 	}
 
@@ -477,7 +764,7 @@ class CI_Email {
 	 */
 	public function set_mailtype($type = 'text')
 	{
-		$this->mailtype = ($type == 'html') ? 'html' : 'text';
+		$this->mailtype = ($type === 'html') ? 'html' : 'text';
 		return $this;
 	}
 
@@ -574,7 +861,7 @@ class CI_Email {
 	protected function _get_message_id()
 	{
 		$from = str_replace(array('>', '<'), '', $this->_headers['Return-Path']);
-		return  '<'.uniqid('').strstr($from, '@').'>';
+		return '<'.uniqid('').strstr($from, '@').'>';
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -590,7 +877,7 @@ class CI_Email {
 		$this->protocol = strtolower($this->protocol);
 		in_array($this->protocol, $this->_protocols, TRUE) OR $this->protocol = 'mail';
 
-		if ($return == TRUE)
+		if ($return === TRUE)
 		{
 			return $this->protocol;
 		}
@@ -610,13 +897,13 @@ class CI_Email {
 
 		foreach ($this->_base_charsets as $charset)
 		{
-			if (strncmp($charset, $this->charset, strlen($charset)) === 0)
+			if (strpos($charset, $this->charset) === 0)
 			{
 				$this->_encoding = '7bit';
 			}
 		}
 
-		if ($return == TRUE)
+		if ($return === TRUE)
 		{
 			return $this->_encoding;
 		}
@@ -631,15 +918,11 @@ class CI_Email {
 	 */
 	protected function _get_content_type()
 	{
-		if ($this->mailtype === 'html' && count($this->_attach_name) === 0)
-		{
-			return 'html';
-		}
-		elseif	($this->mailtype === 'html' && count($this->_attach_name) > 0)
+		if ($this->mailtype === 'html')
 		{
-			return 'html-attach';
+			return (count($this->_attachments) === 0) ? 'html' : 'html-attach';
 		}
-		elseif	($this->mailtype === 'text' && count($this->_attach_name) > 0)
+		elseif	($this->mailtype === 'text' && count($this->_attachments) > 0)
 		{
 			return 'plain-attach';
 		}
@@ -659,7 +942,7 @@ class CI_Email {
 	protected function _set_date()
 	{
 		$timezone = date('Z');
-		$operator = (strncmp($timezone, '-', 1) === 0) ? '-' : '+';
+		$operator = ($timezone[0] === '-') ? '-' : '+';
 		$timezone = abs($timezone);
 		$timezone = floor($timezone/3600) * 100 + ($timezone % 3600) / 60;
 
@@ -714,9 +997,9 @@ class CI_Email {
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	public function valid_email($address)
+	public function valid_email($email)
 	{
-		return (bool) preg_match('/^([a-z0-9\+_\-]+)(\.[a-z0-9\+_\-]+)*@([a-z0-9\-]+\.)+[a-z]{2,6}$/ix', $address);
+		return (bool) filter_var($email, FILTER_VALIDATE_EMAIL);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -731,7 +1014,7 @@ class CI_Email {
 	{
 		if ( ! is_array($email))
 		{
-			return (preg_match('/\<(.*)\>/', $email, $match)) ? $match[1] : $email;
+			return preg_match('/\<(.*)\>/', $email, $match) ? $match[1] : $email;
 		}
 
 		$clean_email = array();
@@ -749,8 +1032,8 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Build alternative plain text message
 	 *
-	 * This public function provides the raw message for use
-	 * in plain-text headers of HTML-formatted emails.
+	 * Provides the raw message for use in plain-text headers of
+	 * HTML-formatted emails.
 	 * If the user hasn't specified his own alternative message
 	 * it creates one by stripping the HTML
 	 *
@@ -758,12 +1041,14 @@ class CI_Email {
 	 */
 	protected function _get_alt_message()
 	{
-		if ($this->alt_message != '')
+		if ( ! empty($this->alt_message))
 		{
-			return $this->word_wrap($this->alt_message, '76');
+			return ($this->wordwrap)
+				? $this->word_wrap($this->alt_message, 76)
+				: $this->alt_message;
 		}
 
-		$body = (preg_match('/\<body.*?\>(.*)\<\/body\>/si', $this->_body, $match)) ? $match[1] : $this->_body;
+		$body = preg_match('/\<body.*?\>(.*)\<\/body\>/si', $this->_body, $match) ? $match[1] : $this->_body;
 		$body = str_replace("\t", '', preg_replace('#<!--(.*)--\>#', '', trim(strip_tags($body))));
 
 		for ($i = 20; $i >= 3; $i--)
@@ -771,7 +1056,12 @@ class CI_Email {
 			$body = str_replace(str_repeat("\n", $i), "\n\n", $body);
 		}
 
-		return $this->word_wrap($body, 76);
+		// Reduce multiple spaces
+		$body = preg_replace('| +|', ' ', $body);
+
+		return ($this->wordwrap)
+			? $this->word_wrap($body, 76)
+			: $body;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -780,45 +1070,45 @@ class CI_Email {
 	 * Word Wrap
 	 *
 	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	int
+	 * @param	int	line-length limit
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	public function word_wrap($str, $charlim = '')
+	public function word_wrap($str, $charlim = NULL)
 	{
-		// Se the character limit
-		if ($charlim == '')
+		// Set the character limit, if not already present
+		if (empty($charlim))
 		{
-			$charlim = ($this->wrapchars == "") ? 76 : $this->wrapchars;
+			$charlim = empty($this->wrapchars) ? 76 : $this->wrapchars;
 		}
 
-		// Reduce multiple spaces
-		$str = preg_replace("| +|", " ", $str);
-
 		// Standardize newlines
 		if (strpos($str, "\r") !== FALSE)
 		{
 			$str = str_replace(array("\r\n", "\r"), "\n", $str);
 		}
 
+		// Reduce multiple spaces at end of line
+		$str = preg_replace('| +\n|', "\n", $str);
+
 		// If the current word is surrounded by {unwrap} tags we'll
 		// strip the entire chunk and replace it with a marker.
 		$unwrap = array();
-		if (preg_match_all("|(\{unwrap\}.+?\{/unwrap\})|s", $str, $matches))
+		if (preg_match_all('|(\{unwrap\}.+?\{/unwrap\})|s', $str, $matches))
 		{
 			for ($i = 0, $c = count($matches[0]); $i < $c; $i++)
 			{
 				$unwrap[] = $matches[1][$i];
-				$str = str_replace($matches[1][$i], "{{unwrapped".$i."}}", $str);
+				$str = str_replace($matches[1][$i], '{{unwrapped'.$i.'}}', $str);
 			}
 		}
 
 		// Use PHP's native public function to do the initial wordwrap.
 		// We set the cut flag to FALSE so that any individual words that are
-		// too long get left alone.  In the next step we'll deal with them.
+		// too long get left alone. In the next step we'll deal with them.
 		$str = wordwrap($str, $charlim, "\n", FALSE);
 
 		// Split the string into individual lines of text and cycle through them
-		$output = "";
+		$output = '';
 		foreach (explode("\n", $str) as $line)
 		{
 			// Is the line within the allowed character count?
@@ -833,7 +1123,7 @@ class CI_Email {
 			do
 			{
 				// If the over-length word is a URL we won't wrap it
-				if (preg_match("!\[url.+\]|://|wwww.!", $line))
+				if (preg_match('!\[url.+\]|://|wwww.!', $line))
 				{
 					break;
 				}
@@ -846,7 +1136,7 @@ class CI_Email {
 
 			// If $temp contains data it means we had to split up an over-length
 			// word into smaller chunks so we'll add it back to our current line
-			if ($temp != '')
+			if ($temp !== '')
 			{
 				$output .= $temp.$this->newline;
 			}
@@ -859,7 +1149,7 @@ class CI_Email {
 		{
 			foreach ($unwrap as $key => $val)
 			{
-				$output = str_replace("{{unwrapped".$key."}}", $val, $output);
+				$output = str_replace('{{unwrapped'.$key.'}}', $val, $output);
 			}
 		}
 
@@ -875,11 +1165,11 @@ class CI_Email {
 	 */
 	protected function _build_headers()
 	{
-		$this->_set_header('X-Sender', $this->clean_email($this->_headers['From']));
-		$this->_set_header('X-Mailer', $this->useragent);
-		$this->_set_header('X-Priority', $this->_priorities[$this->priority - 1]);
-		$this->_set_header('Message-ID', $this->_get_message_id());
-		$this->_set_header('Mime-Version', '1.0');
+		$this->set_header('X-Sender', $this->clean_email($this->_headers['From']));
+		$this->set_header('X-Mailer', $this->useragent);
+		$this->set_header('X-Priority', $this->_priorities[$this->priority - 1]);
+		$this->set_header('Message-ID', $this->_get_message_id());
+		$this->set_header('Mime-Version', '1.0');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -898,15 +1188,15 @@ class CI_Email {
 		}
 
 		reset($this->_headers);
-		$this->_header_str = "";
+		$this->_header_str = '';
 
 		foreach ($this->_headers as $key => $val)
 		{
 			$val = trim($val);
 
-			if ($val != "")
+			if ($val !== '')
 			{
-				$this->_header_str .= $key.": ".$val.$this->newline;
+				$this->_header_str .= $key.': '.$val.$this->newline;
 			}
 		}
 
@@ -940,8 +1230,8 @@ class CI_Email {
 		{
 			case 'plain' :
 
-				$hdr .= "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=" . $this->charset . $this->newline
-					. "Content-Transfer-Encoding: " . $this->_get_encoding();
+				$hdr .= 'Content-Type: text/plain; charset='.$this->charset.$this->newline
+					.'Content-Transfer-Encoding: '.$this->_get_encoding();
 
 				if ($this->_get_protocol() === 'mail')
 				{
@@ -959,26 +1249,25 @@ class CI_Email {
 
 				if ($this->send_multipart === FALSE)
 				{
-					$hdr .= "Content-Type: text/html; charset=" . $this->charset . $this->newline
-						. "Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable";
+					$hdr .= 'Content-Type: text/html; charset='.$this->charset.$this->newline
+						.'Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable';
 				}
 				else
 				{
-					$hdr .= "Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary=\"" . $this->_alt_boundary . "\"" . $this->newline . $this->newline;
+					$hdr .= 'Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="'.$this->_alt_boundary.'"'.$this->newline.$this->newline;
 
-					$body .= $this->_get_mime_message() . $this->newline . $this->newline
-						. "--" . $this->_alt_boundary . $this->newline
+					$body .= $this->_get_mime_message().$this->newline.$this->newline
+						.'--'.$this->_alt_boundary.$this->newline
 
-						. "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=" . $this->charset . $this->newline
-						. "Content-Transfer-Encoding: " . $this->_get_encoding() . $this->newline . $this->newline
-						. $this->_get_alt_message() . $this->newline . $this->newline . "--" . $this->_alt_boundary . $this->newline
+						.'Content-Type: text/plain; charset='.$this->charset.$this->newline
+						.'Content-Transfer-Encoding: '.$this->_get_encoding().$this->newline.$this->newline
+						.$this->_get_alt_message().$this->newline.$this->newline.'--'.$this->_alt_boundary.$this->newline
 
-						. "Content-Type: text/html; charset=" . $this->charset . $this->newline
-						. "Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable" . $this->newline . $this->newline;
+						.'Content-Type: text/html; charset='.$this->charset.$this->newline
+						.'Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable'.$this->newline.$this->newline;
 				}
 
-				$this->_finalbody = $body . $this->_prep_quoted_printable($this->_body) . $this->newline . $this->newline;
-
+				$this->_finalbody = $body.$this->_prep_quoted_printable($this->_body).$this->newline.$this->newline;
 
 				if ($this->_get_protocol() === 'mail')
 				{
@@ -986,72 +1275,72 @@ class CI_Email {
 				}
 				else
 				{
-					$this->_finalbody = $hdr . $this->_finalbody;
+					$this->_finalbody = $hdr.$this->_finalbody;
 				}
 
-
 				if ($this->send_multipart !== FALSE)
 				{
-					$this->_finalbody .= "--" . $this->_alt_boundary . "--";
+					$this->_finalbody .= '--'.$this->_alt_boundary.'--';
 				}
 
 				return;
 
 			case 'plain-attach' :
 
-				$hdr .= "Content-Type: multipart/".$this->multipart."; boundary=\"" . $this->_atc_boundary."\"" . $this->newline . $this->newline;
+				$hdr .= 'Content-Type: multipart/'.$this->multipart.'; boundary="'.$this->_atc_boundary.'"'.$this->newline.$this->newline;
 
 				if ($this->_get_protocol() === 'mail')
 				{
 					$this->_header_str .= $hdr;
 				}
 
-				$body .= $this->_get_mime_message() . $this->newline . $this->newline
-					. "--" . $this->_atc_boundary . $this->newline
+				$body .= $this->_get_mime_message().$this->newline.$this->newline
+					.'--'.$this->_atc_boundary.$this->newline
 
-					. "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=" . $this->charset . $this->newline
-					. "Content-Transfer-Encoding: " . $this->_get_encoding() . $this->newline . $this->newline
+					.'Content-Type: text/plain; charset='.$this->charset.$this->newline
+					.'Content-Transfer-Encoding: '.$this->_get_encoding().$this->newline.$this->newline
 
-					. $this->_body . $this->newline . $this->newline;
+					.$this->_body.$this->newline.$this->newline;
 
 			break;
 			case 'html-attach' :
 
-				$hdr .= "Content-Type: multipart/".$this->multipart."; boundary=\"" . $this->_atc_boundary."\"" . $this->newline . $this->newline;
+				$hdr .= 'Content-Type: multipart/'.$this->multipart.'; boundary="'.$this->_atc_boundary.'"'.$this->newline.$this->newline;
 
 				if ($this->_get_protocol() === 'mail')
 				{
 					$this->_header_str .= $hdr;
 				}
 
-				$body .= $this->_get_mime_message() . $this->newline . $this->newline
-					. "--" . $this->_atc_boundary . $this->newline
+				$body .= $this->_get_mime_message().$this->newline.$this->newline
+					.'--'.$this->_atc_boundary.$this->newline
 
-					. "Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary=\"" . $this->_alt_boundary . "\"" . $this->newline .$this->newline
-					. "--" . $this->_alt_boundary . $this->newline
+					.'Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="'.$this->_alt_boundary.'"'.$this->newline.$this->newline
+					.'--'.$this->_alt_boundary.$this->newline
 
-					. "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=" . $this->charset . $this->newline
-					. "Content-Transfer-Encoding: " . $this->_get_encoding() . $this->newline . $this->newline
-					. $this->_get_alt_message() . $this->newline . $this->newline . "--" . $this->_alt_boundary . $this->newline
+					.'Content-Type: text/plain; charset='.$this->charset.$this->newline
+					.'Content-Transfer-Encoding: '.$this->_get_encoding().$this->newline.$this->newline
+					.$this->_get_alt_message().$this->newline.$this->newline.'--'.$this->_alt_boundary.$this->newline
 
-					. "Content-Type: text/html; charset=" . $this->charset . $this->newline
-					. "Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable" . $this->newline . $this->newline
+					.'Content-Type: text/html; charset='.$this->charset.$this->newline
+					.'Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable'.$this->newline.$this->newline
 
-					. $this->_prep_quoted_printable($this->_body) . $this->newline . $this->newline
-					. "--" . $this->_alt_boundary . "--" . $this->newline . $this->newline;
+					.$this->_prep_quoted_printable($this->_body).$this->newline.$this->newline
+					.'--'.$this->_alt_boundary.'--'.$this->newline.$this->newline;
 
 			break;
 		}
 
 		$attachment = array();
-		for ($i = 0, $c = count($this->_attach_name), $z = 0; $i < $c; $i++)
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($this->_attachments), $z = 0; $i < $c; $i++)
 		{
-			$filename = $this->_attach_name[$i][0];
-			$basename = (is_null($this->_attach_name[$i][1])) ? basename($filename) : $this->_attach_name[$i][1];
-			$ctype = $this->_attach_type[$i];
+			$filename = $this->_attachments[$i]['name'][0];
+			$basename = is_null($this->_attachments[$i]['name'][1])
+				? basename($filename) : $this->_attachments[$i]['name'][1];
+			$ctype = $this->_attachments[$i]['type'];
 			$file_content = '';
 
-			if ($this->_attach_type[$i] == '')
+			if ($ctype === '')
 			{
 				if ( ! file_exists($filename))
 				{
@@ -1073,19 +1362,20 @@ class CI_Email {
 			}
 			else
 			{
-				$file_content =& $this->_attach_content[$i];
+				$file_content =& $this->_attachments[$i]['name'][0];
 			}
-			$attachment[$z++] = "--".$this->_atc_boundary.$this->newline
-				. "Content-type: ".$ctype."; "
-				. "name=\"".$basename."\"".$this->newline
-				. "Content-Disposition: ".$this->_attach_disp[$i].";".$this->newline
-				. "Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64".$this->newline;
+
+			$attachment[$z++] = '--'.$this->_atc_boundary.$this->newline
+				.'Content-type: '.$ctype.'; '
+				.'name="'.$basename.'"'.$this->newline
+				.'Content-Disposition: '.$this->_attachments[$i]['disposition'].';'.$this->newline
+				.'Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64'.$this->newline;
 
 			$attachment[$z++] = chunk_split(base64_encode($file_content));
 		}
 
-		$body .= implode($this->newline, $attachment).$this->newline."--".$this->_atc_boundary."--";
-		$this->_finalbody = ($this->_get_protocol() === 'mail') ? $body : $hdr . $body;
+		$body .= implode($this->newline, $attachment).$this->newline.'--'.$this->_atc_boundary.'--';
+		$this->_finalbody = ($this->_get_protocol() === 'mail') ? $body : $hdr.$body;
 		return;
 	}
 
@@ -1098,21 +1388,32 @@ class CI_Email {
 	 * Refer to RFC 2045 http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2045.txt
 	 *
 	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	int
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	protected function _prep_quoted_printable($str, $charlim = '')
+	protected function _prep_quoted_printable($str)
 	{
-		// Set the character limit
-		// Don't allow over 76, as that will make servers and MUAs barf
-		// all over quoted-printable data
-		if ($charlim == '' OR $charlim > 76)
+		// We are intentionally wrapping so mail servers will encode characters
+		// properly and MUAs will behave, so {unwrap} must go!
+		$str = str_replace(array('{unwrap}', '{/unwrap}'), '', $str);
+
+		// RFC 2045 specifies CRLF as "\r\n".
+		// However, many developers choose to override that and violate
+		// the RFC rules due to (apparently) a bug in MS Exchange,
+		// which only works with "\n".
+		if ($this->crlf === "\r\n")
 		{
-			$charlim = 76;
+			if (is_php('5.3'))
+			{
+				return quoted_printable_encode($str);
+			}
+			elseif (function_exists('imap_8bit'))
+			{
+				return imap_8bit($str);
+			}
 		}
 
 		// Reduce multiple spaces & remove nulls
-		$str = preg_replace(array("| +|", '/\x00+/'), array(' ', ''), $str);
+		$str = preg_replace(array('| +|', '/\x00+/'), array(' ', ''), $str);
 
 		// Standardize newlines
 		if (strpos($str, "\r") !== FALSE)
@@ -1120,10 +1421,6 @@ class CI_Email {
 			$str = str_replace(array("\r\n", "\r"), "\n", $str);
 		}
 
-		// We are intentionally wrapping so mail servers will encode characters
-		// properly and MUAs will behave, so {unwrap} must go!
-		$str = str_replace(array('{unwrap}', '{/unwrap}'), '', $str);
-
 		$escape = '=';
 		$output = '';
 
@@ -1153,7 +1450,7 @@ class CI_Email {
 
 				// If we're at the character limit, add the line to the output,
 				// reset our temp variable, and keep on chuggin'
-				if ((strlen($temp) + strlen($char)) >= $charlim)
+				if ((strlen($temp) + strlen($char)) >= 76)
 				{
 					$output .= $temp.$escape.$this->crlf;
 					$temp = '';
@@ -1176,68 +1473,75 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Prep Q Encoding
 	 *
-	 * Performs "Q Encoding" on a string for use in email headers.  It's related
-	 * but not identical to quoted-printable, so it has its own method
+	 * Performs "Q Encoding" on a string for use in email headers.
+	 * It's related but not identical to quoted-printable, so it has its
+	 * own method.
 	 *
 	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	bool	set to TRUE for processing From: headers
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	protected function _prep_q_encoding($str, $from = FALSE)
+	protected function _prep_q_encoding($str)
 	{
-		$str = str_replace(array("\r", "\n"), array('', ''), $str);
+		$str = str_replace(array("\r", "\n"), '', $str);
 
-		// Line length must not exceed 76 characters, so we adjust for
-		// a space, 7 extra characters =??Q??=, and the charset that we will add to each line
-		$limit = 75 - 7 - strlen($this->charset);
-
-		// these special characters must be converted too
-		$convert = array('_', '=', '?');
-
-		if ($from === TRUE)
+		if ($this->charset === 'UTF-8')
 		{
-			$convert[] = ',';
-			$convert[] = ';';
+			if (MB_ENABLED === TRUE)
+			{
+				return mb_encode_mimeheader($str, $this->charset, 'Q', $this->crlf);
+			}
+			elseif (extension_loaded('iconv'))
+			{
+				$output = @iconv_mime_encode('', $str,
+					array(
+						'scheme' => 'Q',
+						'line-length' => 76,
+						'input-charset' => $this->charset,
+						'output-charset' => $this->charset,
+						'line-break-chars' => $this->crlf
+					)
+				);
+
+				// There are reports that iconv_mime_encode() might fail and return FALSE
+				if ($output !== FALSE)
+				{
+					// iconv_mime_encode() will always put a header field name.
+					// We've passed it an empty one, but it still prepends our
+					// encoded string with ': ', so we need to strip it.
+					return substr($output, 2);
+				}
+
+				$chars = iconv_strlen($str, 'UTF-8');
+			}
 		}
 
-		$output = '';
-		$temp = '';
+		// We might already have this set for UTF-8
+		isset($chars) OR $chars = strlen($str);
 
-		for ($i = 0, $length = strlen($str); $i < $length; $i++)
+		$output = '=?'.$this->charset.'?Q?';
+		for ($i = 0, $length = strlen($output), $iconv = extension_loaded('iconv'); $i < $chars; $i++)
 		{
-			// Grab the next character
-			$char = $str[$i];
-			$ascii = ord($char);
+			$chr = ($this->charset === 'UTF-8' && $iconv === TRUE)
+				? '='.implode('=', str_split(strtoupper(bin2hex(iconv_substr($str, $i, 1, $this->charset))), 2))
+				: '='.strtoupper(bin2hex($str[$i]));
 
-			// convert ALL non-printable ASCII characters and our specials
-			if ($ascii < 32 OR $ascii > 126 OR in_array($char, $convert))
+			// RFC 2045 sets a limit of 76 characters per line.
+			// We'll append ?= to the end of each line though.
+			if ($length + ($l = strlen($chr)) > 74)
 			{
-				$char = '='.dechex($ascii);
+				$output .= '?='.$this->crlf // EOL
+					.' =?'.$this->charset.'?Q?'.$chr; // New line
+				$length = 6 + strlen($this->charset) + $l; // Reset the length for the new line
 			}
-
-			// handle regular spaces a bit more compactly than =20
-			if ($ascii === 32)
-			{
-				$char = '_';
-			}
-
-			// If we're at the character limit, add the line to the output,
-			// reset our temp variable, and keep on chuggin'
-			if ((strlen($temp) + strlen($char)) >= $limit)
+			else
 			{
-				$output .= $temp.$this->crlf;
-				$temp = '';
+				$output .= $chr;
+				$length += $l;
 			}
-
-			// Add the character to our temporary line
-			$temp .= $char;
 		}
 
-		$str = $output.$temp;
-
-		// wrap each line with the shebang, charset, and transfer encoding
-		// the preceding space on successive lines is required for header "folding"
-		return trim(preg_replace('/^(.*)$/m', ' =?'.$this->charset.'?Q?$1?=', $str));
+		// End the header
+		return $output.'?=';
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1245,11 +1549,12 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Send Email
 	 *
+	 * @param	bool	$auto_clear = TRUE
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	public function send()
+	public function send($auto_clear = TRUE)
 	{
-		if ($this->_replyto_flag == FALSE)
+		if ($this->_replyto_flag === FALSE)
 		{
 			$this->reply_to($this->_headers['From']);
 		}
@@ -1266,11 +1571,25 @@ class CI_Email {
 
 		if ($this->bcc_batch_mode && count($this->_bcc_array) > $this->bcc_batch_size)
 		{
-			return $this->batch_bcc_send();
+			$result = $this->batch_bcc_send();
+
+			if ($result && $auto_clear)
+			{
+				$this->clear();
+			}
+
+			return $result;
 		}
 
 		$this->_build_message();
-		return $this->_spool_email();
+		$result = $this->_spool_email();
+
+		if ($result && $auto_clear)
+		{
+			$this->clear();
+		}
+
+		return $result;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1293,7 +1612,7 @@ class CI_Email {
 				$set .= ', '.$this->_bcc_array[$i];
 			}
 
-			if ($i == $float)
+			if ($i === $float)
 			{
 				$chunk[] = substr($set, 1);
 				$float += $this->bcc_batch_size;
@@ -1314,7 +1633,7 @@ class CI_Email {
 
 			if ($this->protocol !== 'smtp')
 			{
-				$this->_set_header('Bcc', implode(', ', $bcc));
+				$this->set_header('Bcc', implode(', ', $bcc));
 			}
 			else
 			{
@@ -1335,7 +1654,7 @@ class CI_Email {
 	 */
 	protected function _unwrap_specials()
 	{
-		$this->_finalbody = preg_replace_callback("/\{unwrap\}(.*?)\{\/unwrap\}/si", array($this, '_remove_nl_callback'), $this->_finalbody);
+		$this->_finalbody = preg_replace_callback('/\{unwrap\}(.*?)\{\/unwrap\}/si', array($this, '_remove_nl_callback'), $this->_finalbody);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1343,6 +1662,7 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Strip line-breaks via callback
 	 *
+	 * @param	string	$matches
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _remove_nl_callback($matches)
@@ -1366,10 +1686,10 @@ class CI_Email {
 	{
 		$this->_unwrap_specials();
 
-		$method = '_send_with_' . $this->_get_protocol();
+		$method = '_send_with_'.$this->_get_protocol();
 		if ( ! $this->$method())
 		{
-			$this->_set_error_message('lang:email_send_failure_' . ($this->_get_protocol() === 'mail' ? 'phpmail' : $this->_get_protocol()));
+			$this->_set_error_message('lang:email_send_failure_'.($this->_get_protocol() === 'mail' ? 'phpmail' : $this->_get_protocol()));
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
@@ -1386,7 +1706,12 @@ class CI_Email {
 	 */
 	protected function _send_with_mail()
 	{
-		if ($this->_safe_mode == TRUE)
+		if (is_array($this->_recipients))
+		{
+			$this->_recipients = implode(', ', $this->_recipients);
+		}
+
+		if ($this->_safe_mode === TRUE)
 		{
 			return mail($this->_recipients, $this->_subject, $this->_finalbody, $this->_header_str);
 		}
@@ -1394,7 +1719,7 @@ class CI_Email {
 		{
 			// most documentation of sendmail using the "-f" flag lacks a space after it, however
 			// we've encountered servers that seem to require it to be in place.
-			return mail($this->_recipients, $this->_subject, $this->_finalbody, $this->_header_str, "-f ".$this->clean_email($this->_headers['From']));
+			return mail($this->_recipients, $this->_subject, $this->_finalbody, $this->_header_str, '-f '.$this->clean_email($this->_headers['Return-Path']));
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -1407,11 +1732,14 @@ class CI_Email {
 	 */
 	protected function _send_with_sendmail()
 	{
-		$fp = @popen($this->mailpath . " -oi -f ".$this->clean_email($this->_headers['From'])." -t", 'w');
-
-		if ($fp === FALSE OR $fp === NULL)
+		// is popen() enabled?
+		if ( ! function_usable('popen')
+			OR FALSE === ($fp = @popen(
+						$this->mailpath.' -oi -f '.$this->clean_email($this->_headers['From'])
+							.' -t -r '.$this->clean_email($this->_headers['Return-Path'])
+						, 'w'))
+		) // server probably has popen disabled, so nothing we can do to get a verbose error.
 		{
-			// server probably has popen disabled, so nothing we can do to get a verbose error.
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
@@ -1439,7 +1767,7 @@ class CI_Email {
 	 */
 	protected function _send_with_smtp()
 	{
-		if ($this->smtp_host == '')
+		if ($this->smtp_host === '')
 		{
 			$this->_set_error_message('lang:email_no_hostname');
 			return FALSE;
@@ -1461,7 +1789,7 @@ class CI_Email {
 		{
 			foreach ($this->_cc_array as $val)
 			{
-				if ($val != "")
+				if ($val !== '')
 				{
 					$this->_send_command('to', $val);
 				}
@@ -1472,7 +1800,7 @@ class CI_Email {
 		{
 			foreach ($this->_bcc_array as $val)
 			{
-				if ($val != "")
+				if ($val !== '')
 				{
 					$this->_send_command('to', $val);
 				}
@@ -1482,7 +1810,7 @@ class CI_Email {
 		$this->_send_command('data');
 
 		// perform dot transformation on any lines that begin with a dot
-		$this->_send_data($this->_header_str . preg_replace('/^\./m', '..$1', $this->_finalbody));
+		$this->_send_data($this->_header_str.preg_replace('/^\./m', '..$1', $this->_finalbody));
 
 		$this->_send_data('.');
 
@@ -1490,7 +1818,7 @@ class CI_Email {
 
 		$this->_set_error_message($reply);
 
-		if (strncmp($reply, '250', 3) !== 0)
+		if (strpos($reply, '250') !== 0)
 		{
 			$this->_set_error_message('lang:email_smtp_error', $reply);
 			return FALSE;
@@ -1505,28 +1833,27 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * SMTP Connect
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _smtp_connect()
 	{
-		$ssl = ($this->smtp_crypto == 'ssl') ? 'ssl://' : NULL;
+		$ssl = ($this->smtp_crypto === 'ssl') ? 'ssl://' : NULL;
 
 		$this->_smtp_connect = fsockopen($ssl.$this->smtp_host,
-										$this->smtp_port,
-										$errno,
-										$errstr,
-										$this->smtp_timeout);
+							$this->smtp_port,
+							$errno,
+							$errstr,
+							$this->smtp_timeout);
 
 		if ( ! is_resource($this->_smtp_connect))
 		{
-			$this->_set_error_message('lang:email_smtp_error', $errno." ".$errstr);
+			$this->_set_error_message('lang:email_smtp_error', $errno.' '.$errstr);
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
 		$this->_set_error_message($this->_get_smtp_data());
 
-		if ($this->smtp_crypto == 'tls')
+		if ($this->smtp_crypto === 'tls')
 		{
 			$this->_send_command('hello');
 			$this->_send_command('starttls');
@@ -1558,27 +1885,29 @@ class CI_Email {
 		{
 			case 'hello' :
 
-					if ($this->_smtp_auth OR $this->_get_encoding() == '8bit')
-						$this->_send_data('EHLO '.$this->_get_hostname());
-					else
-						$this->_send_data('HELO '.$this->_get_hostname());
+						if ($this->_smtp_auth OR $this->_get_encoding() === '8bit')
+						{
+							$this->_send_data('EHLO '.$this->_get_hostname());
+						}
+						else
+						{
+							$this->_send_data('HELO '.$this->_get_hostname());
+						}
 
 						$resp = 250;
 			break;
 			case 'starttls'	:
 
 						$this->_send_data('STARTTLS');
-
 						$resp = 220;
 			break;
 			case 'from' :
 
 						$this->_send_data('MAIL FROM:<'.$data.'>');
-
 						$resp = 250;
 			break;
-			case 'to'	:
-						
+			case 'to' :
+
 						if ($this->dsn)
 						{
 							$this->_send_data('RCPT TO:<'.$data.'> NOTIFY=SUCCESS,DELAY,FAILURE ORCPT=rfc822;'.$data);
@@ -1587,33 +1916,32 @@ class CI_Email {
 						{
 							$this->_send_data('RCPT TO:<'.$data.'>');
 						}
+
 						$resp = 250;
 			break;
 			case 'data'	:
 
 						$this->_send_data('DATA');
-
 						$resp = 354;
 			break;
 			case 'quit'	:
 
 						$this->_send_data('QUIT');
-
 						$resp = 221;
 			break;
 		}
 
 		$reply = $this->_get_smtp_data();
 
-		$this->_debug_msg[] = "<pre>".$cmd.": ".$reply."</pre>";
+		$this->_debug_msg[] = '<pre>'.$cmd.': '.$reply.'</pre>';
 
-		if (substr($reply, 0, 3) != $resp)
+		if ((int) substr($reply, 0, 3) !== $resp)
 		{
 			$this->_set_error_message('lang:email_smtp_error', $reply);
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		if ($cmd == 'quit')
+		if ($cmd === 'quit')
 		{
 			fclose($this->_smtp_connect);
 		}
@@ -1624,7 +1952,7 @@ class CI_Email {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 *  SMTP Authenticate
+	 * SMTP Authenticate
 	 *
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
@@ -1635,7 +1963,7 @@ class CI_Email {
 			return TRUE;
 		}
 
-		if ($this->smtp_user == '' && $this->smtp_pass == '')
+		if ($this->smtp_user === '' && $this->smtp_pass === '')
 		{
 			$this->_set_error_message('lang:email_no_smtp_unpw');
 			return FALSE;
@@ -1645,7 +1973,7 @@ class CI_Email {
 
 		$reply = $this->_get_smtp_data();
 
-		if (strncmp($reply, '334', 3) !== 0)
+		if (strpos($reply, '334') !== 0)
 		{
 			$this->_set_error_message('lang:email_failed_smtp_login', $reply);
 			return FALSE;
@@ -1655,7 +1983,7 @@ class CI_Email {
 
 		$reply = $this->_get_smtp_data();
 
-		if (strncmp($reply, '334', 3) !== 0)
+		if (strpos($reply, '334') !== 0)
 		{
 			$this->_set_error_message('lang:email_smtp_auth_un', $reply);
 			return FALSE;
@@ -1665,7 +1993,7 @@ class CI_Email {
 
 		$reply = $this->_get_smtp_data();
 
-		if (strncmp($reply, '235', 3) !== 0)
+		if (strpos($reply, '235') !== 0)
 		{
 			$this->_set_error_message('lang:email_smtp_auth_pw', $reply);
 			return FALSE;
@@ -1679,11 +2007,12 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Send SMTP data
 	 *
+	 * @param	string	$data
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	protected function _send_data($data)
 	{
-		if ( ! fwrite($this->_smtp_connect, $data . $this->newline))
+		if ( ! fwrite($this->_smtp_connect, $data.$this->newline))
 		{
 			$this->_set_error_message('lang:email_smtp_data_failure', $data);
 			return FALSE;
@@ -1701,13 +2030,13 @@ class CI_Email {
 	 */
 	protected function _get_smtp_data()
 	{
-		$data = "";
+		$data = '';
 
 		while ($str = fgets($this->_smtp_connect, 512))
 		{
 			$data .= $str;
 
-			if ($str[3] == " ")
+			if ($str[3] === ' ')
 			{
 				break;
 			}
@@ -1731,64 +2060,44 @@ class CI_Email {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Get IP
+	 * Get Debug Message
 	 *
+	 * @param	array	$include	List of raw data chunks to include in the output
+	 *					Valid options are: 'headers', 'subject', 'body'
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	protected function _get_ip()
+	public function print_debugger($include = array('headers', 'subject', 'body'))
 	{
-		if ($this->_IP !== FALSE)
-		{
-			return $this->_IP;
-		}
+		$msg = '';
 
-		$cip = ( ! empty($_SERVER['HTTP_CLIENT_IP'])) ? $_SERVER['HTTP_CLIENT_IP'] : FALSE;
-		$rip = ( ! empty($_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR'])) ? $_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR'] : FALSE;
-		if ($cip) $this->_IP = $cip;
-		elseif ($rip) $this->_IP = $rip;
-		else
+		if (count($this->_debug_msg) > 0)
 		{
-			$fip = ( ! empty($_SERVER['HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR'])) ? $_SERVER['HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR'] : FALSE;
-			if ($fip)
+			foreach ($this->_debug_msg as $val)
 			{
-				$this->_IP = $fip;
+				$msg .= $val;
 			}
 		}
 
-		if (strpos($this->_IP, ',') !== FALSE)
+		// Determine which parts of our raw data needs to be printed
+		$raw_data = '';
+		is_array($include) OR $include = array($include);
+
+		if (in_array('headers', $include, TRUE))
 		{
-			$x = explode(',', $this->_IP);
-			$this->_IP = end($x);
+			$raw_data = $this->_header_str."\n";
 		}
 
-		if ( ! preg_match('/^[0-9]{1,3}\.[0-9]{1,3}\.[0-9]{1,3}\.[0-9]{1,3}$/', $this->_IP))
+		if (in_array('subject', $include, TRUE))
 		{
-			$this->_IP = '0.0.0.0';
+			$raw_data .= htmlspecialchars($this->_subject)."\n";
 		}
 
-		return $this->_IP;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Get Debug Message
-	 *
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	public function print_debugger()
-	{
-		$msg = '';
-
-		if (count($this->_debug_msg) > 0)
+		if (in_array('body', $include, TRUE))
 		{
-			foreach ($this->_debug_msg as $val)
-			{
-				$msg .= $val;
-			}
+			$raw_data .= htmlspecialchars($this->_finalbody);
 		}
 
-		return $msg.'<pre>'.$this->_header_str."\n".htmlspecialchars($this->_subject)."\n".htmlspecialchars($this->_finalbody).'</pre>';
+		return $msg.($raw_data === '' ? '' : '<pre>'.$raw_data.'</pre>');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1796,7 +2105,8 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Set Message
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string	$msg
+	 * @param	string	$val = ''
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	protected function _set_error_message($msg, $val = '')
@@ -1804,13 +2114,13 @@ class CI_Email {
 		$CI =& get_instance();
 		$CI->lang->load('email');
 
-		if (substr($msg, 0, 5) !== 'lang:' OR FALSE === ($line = $CI->lang->line(substr($msg, 5))))
+		if (sscanf($msg, 'lang:%s', $line) !== 1 OR FALSE === ($line = $CI->lang->line($line)))
 		{
-			$this->_debug_msg[] = str_replace('%s', $val, $msg)."<br />";
+			$this->_debug_msg[] = str_replace('%s', $val, $msg).'<br />';
 		}
 		else
 		{
-			$this->_debug_msg[] = str_replace('%s', $val, $line)."<br />";
+			$this->_debug_msg[] = str_replace('%s', $val, $line).'<br />';
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -1824,100 +2134,26 @@ class CI_Email {
 	 */
 	protected function _mime_types($ext = '')
 	{
-		$mimes = array(
-						'hqx'	=>	'application/mac-binhex40',
-						'cpt'	=>	'application/mac-compactpro',
-						'doc'	=>	'application/msword',
-						'bin'	=>	'application/macbinary',
-						'dms'	=>	'application/octet-stream',
-						'lha'	=>	'application/octet-stream',
-						'lzh'	=>	'application/octet-stream',
-						'exe'	=>	'application/octet-stream',
-						'class'	=>	'application/octet-stream',
-						'psd'	=>	'application/octet-stream',
-						'so'	=>	'application/octet-stream',
-						'sea'	=>	'application/octet-stream',
-						'dll'	=>	'application/octet-stream',
-						'oda'	=>	'application/oda',
-						'pdf'	=>	'application/pdf',
-						'ai'	=>	'application/postscript',
-						'eps'	=>	'application/postscript',
-						'ps'	=>	'application/postscript',
-						'smi'	=>	'application/smil',
-						'smil'	=>	'application/smil',
-						'mif'	=>	'application/vnd.mif',
-						'xls'	=>	'application/vnd.ms-excel',
-						'ppt'	=>	'application/vnd.ms-powerpoint',
-						'wbxml'	=>	'application/vnd.wap.wbxml',
-						'wmlc'	=>	'application/vnd.wap.wmlc',
-						'dcr'	=>	'application/x-director',
-						'dir'	=>	'application/x-director',
-						'dxr'	=>	'application/x-director',
-						'dvi'	=>	'application/x-dvi',
-						'gtar'	=>	'application/x-gtar',
-						'php'	=>	'application/x-httpd-php',
-						'php4'	=>	'application/x-httpd-php',
-						'php3'	=>	'application/x-httpd-php',
-						'phtml'	=>	'application/x-httpd-php',
-						'phps'	=>	'application/x-httpd-php-source',
-						'js'	=>	'application/x-javascript',
-						'swf'	=>	'application/x-shockwave-flash',
-						'sit'	=>	'application/x-stuffit',
-						'tar'	=>	'application/x-tar',
-						'tgz'	=>	'application/x-tar',
-						'xhtml'	=>	'application/xhtml+xml',
-						'xht'	=>	'application/xhtml+xml',
-						'zip'	=>	'application/zip',
-						'mid'	=>	'audio/midi',
-						'midi'	=>	'audio/midi',
-						'mpga'	=>	'audio/mpeg',
-						'mp2'	=>	'audio/mpeg',
-						'mp3'	=>	'audio/mpeg',
-						'aif'	=>	'audio/x-aiff',
-						'aiff'	=>	'audio/x-aiff',
-						'aifc'	=>	'audio/x-aiff',
-						'ram'	=>	'audio/x-pn-realaudio',
-						'rm'	=>	'audio/x-pn-realaudio',
-						'rpm'	=>	'audio/x-pn-realaudio-plugin',
-						'ra'	=>	'audio/x-realaudio',
-						'rv'	=>	'video/vnd.rn-realvideo',
-						'wav'	=>	'audio/x-wav',
-						'bmp'	=>	'image/bmp',
-						'gif'	=>	'image/gif',
-						'jpeg'	=>	'image/jpeg',
-						'jpg'	=>	'image/jpeg',
-						'jpe'	=>	'image/jpeg',
-						'png'	=>	'image/png',
-						'tiff'	=>	'image/tiff',
-						'tif'	=>	'image/tiff',
-						'css'	=>	'text/css',
-						'html'	=>	'text/html',
-						'htm'	=>	'text/html',
-						'shtml'	=>	'text/html',
-						'txt'	=>	'text/plain',
-						'text'	=>	'text/plain',
-						'log'	=>	'text/plain',
-						'rtx'	=>	'text/richtext',
-						'rtf'	=>	'text/rtf',
-						'xml'	=>	'text/xml',
-						'xsl'	=>	'text/xml',
-						'mpeg'	=>	'video/mpeg',
-						'mpg'	=>	'video/mpeg',
-						'mpe'	=>	'video/mpeg',
-						'qt'	=>	'video/quicktime',
-						'mov'	=>	'video/quicktime',
-						'avi'	=>	'video/x-msvideo',
-						'movie'	=>	'video/x-sgi-movie',
-						'doc'	=>	'application/msword',
-						'word'	=>	'application/msword',
-						'xl'	=>	'application/excel',
-						'eml'	=>	'message/rfc822'
-					);
-
-		return isset($mimes[strtolower($ext)]) ? $mimes[strtolower($ext)] : 'application/x-unknown-content-type';
+		static $mimes;
+
+		$ext = strtolower($ext);
+
+		if ( ! is_array($mimes))
+		{
+			$mimes =& get_mimes();
+		}
+
+		if (isset($mimes[$ext]))
+		{
+			return is_array($mimes[$ext])
+				? current($mimes[$ext])
+				: $mimes[$ext];
+		}
+
+		return 'application/x-unknown-content-type';
 	}
 
 }
 
 /* End of file Email.php */
-/* Location: ./system/libraries/Email.php */
+/* Location: ./system/libraries/Email.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/libraries/Encrypt.php b/system/libraries/Encrypt.php
index 54b5bf737..cdb0a6452 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Encrypt.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Encrypt.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * CodeIgniter Encryption Class
@@ -38,12 +39,46 @@
  */
 class CI_Encrypt {
 
+	/**
+	 * Reference to the user's encryption key
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
 	public $encryption_key		= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Type of hash operation
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
 	protected $_hash_type		= 'sha1';
+
+	/**
+	 * Flag for the existance of mcrypt
+	 *
+	 * @var bool
+	 */
 	protected $_mcrypt_exists	= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Current cipher to be used with mcrypt
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
 	protected $_mcrypt_cipher;
+
+	/**
+	 * Method for encrypting/decrypting data
+	 *
+	 * @var int
+	 */
 	protected $_mcrypt_mode;
 
+	/**
+	 * Initialize Encryption class
+	 *
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
 	public function __construct()
 	{
 		$this->_mcrypt_exists = function_exists('mcrypt_encrypt');
@@ -63,15 +98,14 @@ class CI_Encrypt {
 	 */
 	public function get_key($key = '')
 	{
-		if ($key == '')
+		if ($key === '')
 		{
-			if ($this->encryption_key != '')
+			if ($this->encryption_key !== '')
 			{
 				return $this->encryption_key;
 			}
 
-			$CI =& get_instance();
-			$key = $CI->config->item('encryption_key');
+			$key = config_item('encryption_key');
 
 			if ($key === FALSE)
 			{
@@ -132,7 +166,7 @@ class CI_Encrypt {
 	 */
 	public function decode($string, $key = '')
 	{
-		if (preg_match('/[^a-zA-Z0-9\/\+=]/', $string))
+		if (preg_match('/[^a-zA-Z0-9\/\+=]/', $string) OR base64_encode(base64_decode($string)) !== $string)
 		{
 			return FALSE;
 		}
@@ -180,6 +214,7 @@ class CI_Encrypt {
 		$dec = base64_decode($string);
 		if (($dec = $this->mcrypt_decode($dec, $key)) === FALSE)
 		{
+			$this->set_mode($current_mode);
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
@@ -349,7 +384,8 @@ class CI_Encrypt {
 	 *
 	 * Function description
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string	$data
+	 * @param	string	$key
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _remove_cipher_noise($data, $key)
@@ -414,7 +450,7 @@ class CI_Encrypt {
 	 */
 	protected function _get_cipher()
 	{
-		if ($this->_mcrypt_cipher == '')
+		if ($this->_mcrypt_cipher === NULL)
 		{
 			return $this->_mcrypt_cipher = MCRYPT_RIJNDAEL_256;
 		}
@@ -431,7 +467,7 @@ class CI_Encrypt {
 	 */
 	protected function _get_mode()
 	{
-		if ($this->_mcrypt_mode == '')
+		if ($this->_mcrypt_mode === NULL)
 		{
 			return $this->_mcrypt_mode = MCRYPT_MODE_CBC;
 		}
@@ -449,7 +485,7 @@ class CI_Encrypt {
 	 */
 	public function set_hash($type = 'sha1')
 	{
-		$this->_hash_type = ($type !== 'sha1' && $type !== 'md5') ? 'sha1' : $type;
+		$this->_hash_type = in_array($type, hash_algos()) ? $type : 'sha1';
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -462,7 +498,7 @@ class CI_Encrypt {
 	 */
 	public function hash($str)
 	{
-		return ($this->_hash_type === 'sha1') ? sha1($str) : md5($str);
+		return hash($this->_hash_type, $str);
 	}
 
 }
diff --git a/system/libraries/Form_validation.php b/system/libraries/Form_validation.php
index fc879ef10..19041bd95 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Form_validation.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Form_validation.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * Form Validation Class
@@ -36,17 +37,82 @@
  */
 class CI_Form_validation {
 
+	/**
+	 * Reference to the CodeIgniter instance
+	 *
+	 * @var object
+	 */
 	protected $CI;
+
+	/**
+	 * Validation data for the current form submission
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
 	protected $_field_data		= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * Validation rules for the current form
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
 	protected $_config_rules	= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * Array of validation errors
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
 	protected $_error_array		= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * Array of custom error messages
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
 	protected $_error_messages	= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * Start tag for error wrapping
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
 	protected $_error_prefix	= '<p>';
+
+	/**
+	 * End tag for error wrapping
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
 	protected $_error_suffix	= '</p>';
+
+	/**
+	 * Custom error message
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
 	protected $error_string		= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Whether the form data has been validated as safe
+	 *
+	 * @var bool
+	 */
 	protected $_safe_form_data	= FALSE;
-	protected $validation_data	= array();
 
+	/**
+	 * Custom data to validate
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	public $validation_data	= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * Initialize Form_Validation class
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$rules
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
 	public function __construct($rules = array())
 	{
 		$this->CI =& get_instance();
@@ -69,12 +135,6 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 		// Automatically load the form helper
 		$this->CI->load->helper('form');
 
-		// Set the character encoding in MB.
-		if (MB_ENABLED === TRUE)
-		{
-			mb_internal_encoding($this->CI->config->item('charset'));
-		}
-
 		log_message('debug', 'Form Validation Class Initialized');
 	}
 
@@ -86,8 +146,9 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 	 * This function takes an array of field names and validation
 	 * rules as input, validates the info, and stores it
 	 *
-	 * @param	mixed
-	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	mixed	$field
+	 * @param	string	$label
+	 * @param	mixed	$rules
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
 	public function set_rules($field, $label = '', $rules = '')
@@ -121,27 +182,31 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 			return $this;
 		}
 
+		// Convert an array of rules to a string
+		if (is_array($rules))
+		{
+			$rules = implode('|', $rules);
+		}
+
 		// No fields? Nothing to do...
-		if ( ! is_string($field) OR ! is_string($rules) OR $field == '')
+		if ( ! is_string($field) OR ! is_string($rules) OR $field === '')
 		{
 			return $this;
 		}
 
 		// If the field label wasn't passed we use the field name
-		$label = ($label == '') ? $field : $label;
+		$label = ($label === '') ? $field : $label;
 
 		// Is the field name an array? If it is an array, we break it apart
 		// into its components so that we can fetch the corresponding POST data later
+		$indexes = array();
 		if (preg_match_all('/\[(.*?)\]/', $field, $matches))
 		{
-			// Note: Due to a bug in current() that affects some versions
-			// of PHP we can not pass function call directly into it
-			$x = explode('[', $field);
-			$indexes[] = current($x);
+			sscanf($field, '%[^[][', $indexes[0]);
 
 			for ($i = 0, $c = count($matches[0]); $i < $c; $i++)
 			{
-				if ($matches[1][$i] != '')
+				if ($matches[1][$i] !== '')
 				{
 					$indexes[] = $matches[1][$i];
 				}
@@ -151,19 +216,18 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 		}
 		else
 		{
-			$indexes	= array();
 			$is_array	= FALSE;
 		}
 
 		// Build our master array
 		$this->_field_data[$field] = array(
-			'field'				=> $field,
-			'label'				=> $label,
-			'rules'				=> $rules,
-			'is_array'			=> $is_array,
-			'keys'				=> $indexes,
-			'postdata'			=> NULL,
-			'error'				=> ''
+			'field'		=> $field,
+			'label'		=> $label,
+			'rules'		=> $rules,
+			'is_array'	=> $is_array,
+			'keys'		=> $indexes,
+			'postdata'	=> NULL,
+			'error'		=> ''
 		);
 
 		return $this;
@@ -241,6 +305,8 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 	 * Gets the error message associated with a particular field
 	 *
 	 * @param	string	the field name
+	 * @param	string	the html start tag
+	 * @param 	strign	the html end tag
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	public function error($field = '', $prefix = '', $suffix = '')
@@ -250,12 +316,12 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 			return '';
 		}
 
-		if ($prefix == '')
+		if ($prefix === '')
 		{
 			$prefix = $this->_error_prefix;
 		}
 
-		if ($suffix == '')
+		if ($suffix === '')
 		{
 			$suffix = $this->_error_suffix;
 		}
@@ -296,12 +362,12 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 			return '';
 		}
 
-		if ($prefix == '')
+		if ($prefix === '')
 		{
 			$prefix = $this->_error_prefix;
 		}
 
-		if ($suffix == '')
+		if ($suffix === '')
 		{
 			$suffix = $this->_error_suffix;
 		}
@@ -310,7 +376,7 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 		$str = '';
 		foreach ($this->_error_array as $val)
 		{
-			if ($val != '')
+			if ($val !== '')
 			{
 				$str .= $prefix.$val.$suffix."\n";
 			}
@@ -326,6 +392,7 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 	 *
 	 * This function does all the work.
 	 *
+	 * @param	string	$group
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function run($group = '')
@@ -348,9 +415,9 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 			}
 
 			// Is there a validation rule for the particular URI being accessed?
-			$uri = ($group == '') ? trim($this->CI->uri->ruri_string(), '/') : $group;
+			$uri = ($group === '') ? trim($this->CI->uri->ruri_string(), '/') : $group;
 
-			if ($uri != '' && isset($this->_config_rules[$uri]))
+			if ($uri !== '' && isset($this->_config_rules[$uri]))
 			{
 				$this->set_rules($this->_config_rules[$uri]);
 			}
@@ -370,20 +437,31 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 		// Load the language file containing error messages
 		$this->CI->lang->load('form_validation');
 
-		// Cycle through the rules for each field, match the
-		// corresponding $_POST item and test for errors
+		// Cycle through the rules for each field and match the corresponding $validation_data item
 		foreach ($this->_field_data as $field => $row)
 		{
-			// Fetch the data from the corresponding $_POST or validation array and cache it in the _field_data array.
+			// Fetch the data from the validation_data array item and cache it in the _field_data array.
 			// Depending on whether the field name is an array or a string will determine where we get it from.
 			if ($row['is_array'] === TRUE)
 			{
 				$this->_field_data[$field]['postdata'] = $this->_reduce_array($validation_array, $row['keys']);
 			}
-			elseif ( ! empty($validation_array[$field]))
+			elseif (isset($validation_array[$field]) && $validation_array[$field] !== '')
 			{
 				$this->_field_data[$field]['postdata'] = $validation_array[$field];
 			}
+		}
+
+		// Execute validation rules
+		// Note: A second foreach (for now) is required in order to avoid false-positives
+		//	 for rules like 'matches', which correlate to other validation fields.
+		foreach ($this->_field_data as $field => $row)
+		{
+			// Don't try to validate if we have no rules set
+			if (empty($row['rules']))
+			{
+				continue;
+			}
 
 			$this->_execute($row, explode('|', $row['rules']), $this->_field_data[$field]['postdata']);
 		}
@@ -418,7 +496,8 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 			return isset($array[$keys[$i]]) ? $this->_reduce_array($array[$keys[$i]], $keys, ($i+1)) : NULL;
 		}
 
-		return $array;
+		// NULL must be returned for empty fields
+		return ($array === '') ? NULL : $array;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -496,8 +575,7 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 		{
 			foreach ($postdata as $key => $val)
 			{
-				$this->_execute($row, $rules, $val, $cycles);
-				$cycles++;
+				$this->_execute($row, $rules, $val, $key);
 			}
 
 			return;
@@ -527,16 +605,13 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 				// Set the message type
 				$type = in_array('required', $rules) ? 'required' : 'isset';
 
-				if ( ! isset($this->_error_messages[$type]))
+				if (isset($this->_error_messages[$type]))
 				{
-					if (FALSE === ($line = $this->CI->lang->line($type)))
-					{
-						$line = 'The field was not set';
-					}
+					$line = $this->_error_messages[$type];
 				}
-				else
+				elseif (FALSE === ($line = $this->CI->lang->line($type)))
 				{
-					$line = $this->_error_messages[$type];
+					$line = 'The field was not set';
 				}
 
 				// Build the error message
@@ -563,7 +638,7 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 
 			// We set the $postdata variable with the current data in our master array so that
 			// each cycle of the loop is dealing with the processed data from the last cycle
-			if ($row['is_array'] == TRUE && is_array($this->_field_data[$row['field']]['postdata']))
+			if ($row['is_array'] === TRUE && is_array($this->_field_data[$row['field']]['postdata']))
 			{
 				// We shouldn't need this safety, but just in case there isn't an array index
 				// associated with this cycle we'll bail out
@@ -577,7 +652,12 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 			}
 			else
 			{
-				$postdata = $this->_field_data[$row['field']]['postdata'];
+				// If we get an array field, but it's not expected - then it is most likely
+				// somebody messing with the form on the client side, so we'll just consider
+				// it an empty field
+				$postdata = is_array($this->_field_data[$row['field']]['postdata'])
+						? NULL
+						: $this->_field_data[$row['field']]['postdata'];
 			}
 
 			// Is the rule a callback?
@@ -593,8 +673,8 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 			$param = FALSE;
 			if (preg_match('/(.*?)\[(.*)\]/', $rule, $match))
 			{
-				$rule	= $match[1];
-				$param	= $match[2];
+				$rule = $match[1];
+				$param = $match[2];
 			}
 
 			// Call the function that corresponds to the rule
@@ -714,11 +794,8 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 	{
 		// Do we need to translate the field name?
 		// We look for the prefix lang: to determine this
-		if (strpos($fieldname, 'lang:') === 0)
+		if (sscanf($fieldname, 'lang:%s', $line) === 1)
 		{
-			// Grab the variable
-			$line = substr($fieldname, 5);
-
 			// Were we able to translate the field name?  If not we use $line
 			if (FALSE === ($fieldname = $this->CI->lang->line($line)))
 			{
@@ -789,6 +866,7 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 	 *
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	bool
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	public function set_select($field = '', $value = '', $default = FALSE)
@@ -806,7 +884,7 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 				return '';
 			}
 		}
-		elseif (($field == '' OR $value == '') OR ($field != $value))
+		elseif (($field === '' OR $value === '') OR ($field !== $value))
 		{
 			return '';
 		}
@@ -824,6 +902,7 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 	 *
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	bool
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	public function set_radio($field = '', $value = '', $default = FALSE)
@@ -841,7 +920,7 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 				return '';
 			}
 		}
-		elseif (($field == '' OR $value == '') OR ($field != $value))
+		elseif (($field === '' OR $value === '') OR ($field !== $value))
 		{
 			return '';
 		}
@@ -859,6 +938,7 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 	 *
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	bool
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	public function set_checkbox($field = '', $value = '', $default = FALSE)
@@ -899,19 +979,29 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 	/**
 	 * Match one field to another
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	string	field
+	 * @param	string	$str	string to compare against
+	 * @param	string	$field
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function matches($str, $field)
 	{
-		$validation_array = empty($this->validation_data) ? $_POST : $this->validation_data;
-		if ( ! isset($validation_array[$field]))
-		{
-			return FALSE;
-		}
+		return isset($this->_field_data[$field], $this->_field_data[$field]['postdata'])
+			? ($str === $this->_field_data[$field]['postdata'])
+			: FALSE;
+	}
 
-		return ($str === $validation_array[$field]);
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Differs from another field
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string	field
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function differs($str, $field)
+	{
+		return ! (isset($this->_field_data[$field]) && $this->_field_data[$field]['postdata'] === $str);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -928,7 +1018,7 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 	 */
 	public function is_unique($str, $field)
 	{
-		list($table, $field) = explode('.', $field);
+		sscanf($field, '%[^.].%[^.]', $table, $field);
 		if (isset($this->CI->db))
 		{
 			$query = $this->CI->db->limit(1)->get_where($table, array($field => $str));
@@ -943,19 +1033,23 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 	 * Minimum Length
 	 *
 	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	int
+	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function min_length($str, $val)
 	{
-		if (preg_match('/[^0-9]/', $val))
+		if ( ! is_numeric($val))
 		{
 			return FALSE;
 		}
+		else
+		{
+			$val = (int) $val;
+		}
 
 		return (MB_ENABLED === TRUE)
 			? ($val <= mb_strlen($str))
-			: ($val <= strlen(str));
+			: ($val <= strlen($str));
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -964,15 +1058,19 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 	 * Max Length
 	 *
 	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	int
+	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function max_length($str, $val)
 	{
-		if (preg_match('/[^0-9]/', $val))
+		if ( ! is_numeric($val))
 		{
 			return FALSE;
 		}
+		else
+		{
+			$val = (int) $val;
+		}
 
 		return (MB_ENABLED === TRUE)
 			? ($val >= mb_strlen($str))
@@ -985,19 +1083,65 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 	 * Exact Length
 	 *
 	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	int
+	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function exact_length($str, $val)
 	{
-		if (preg_match('/[^0-9]/', $val))
+		if ( ! is_numeric($val))
 		{
 			return FALSE;
 		}
+		else
+		{
+			$val = (int) $val;
+		}
 
 		return (MB_ENABLED === TRUE)
-			? (mb_strlen($str) == $val)
-			: (strlen($str) == $val);
+			? (mb_strlen($str) === $val)
+			: (strlen($str) === $val);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Valid URL
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$str
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function valid_url($str)
+	{
+		if (empty($str))
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+		elseif (preg_match('/^(?:([^:]*)\:)?\/\/(.+)$/', $str, $matches))
+		{
+			if (empty($matches[2]))
+			{
+				return FALSE;
+			}
+			elseif ( ! in_array($matches[1], array('http', 'https'), TRUE))
+			{
+				return FALSE;
+			}
+
+			$str = $matches[2];
+		}
+
+		$str = 'http://'.$str;
+
+		// There's a bug affecting PHP 5.2.13, 5.3.2 that considers the
+		// underscore to be a valid hostname character instead of a dash.
+		// Reference: https://bugs.php.net/bug.php?id=51192
+		if (version_compare(PHP_VERSION, '5.2.13', '==') === 0 OR version_compare(PHP_VERSION, '5.3.2', '==') === 0)
+		{
+			sscanf($str, 'http://%[^/]', $host);
+			$str = substr_replace($str, strtr($host, array('_' => '-', '-' => '_')), 7, strlen($host));
+		}
+
+		return (filter_var($str, FILTER_VALIDATE_URL) !== FALSE);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1010,7 +1154,7 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 	 */
 	public function valid_email($str)
 	{
-		return (bool) preg_match('/^([a-z0-9\+_\-]+)(\.[a-z0-9\+_\-]+)*@([a-z0-9\-]+\.)+[a-z]{2,6}$/ix', $str);
+		return (bool) filter_var($str, FILTER_VALIDATE_EMAIL);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1045,11 +1189,12 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 	 * Validate IP Address
 	 *
 	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string	'ipv4' or 'ipv6' to validate a specific IP format
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	public function valid_ip($ip)
+	public function valid_ip($ip, $which = '')
 	{
-		return $this->CI->input->valid_ip($ip);
+		return $this->CI->input->valid_ip($ip, $which);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1062,7 +1207,7 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 	 */
 	public function alpha($str)
 	{
-		return (bool) preg_match('/^[a-z]+$/i', $str);
+		return ctype_alpha($str);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1075,7 +1220,7 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 	 */
 	public function alpha_numeric($str)
 	{
-		return (bool) preg_match('/^[a-z0-9]+$/i', $str);
+		return ctype_alnum((string) $str);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1137,6 +1282,7 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 	 * Greater than
 	 *
 	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	int
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function greater_than($str, $min)
@@ -1150,6 +1296,7 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 	 * Equal to or Greater than
 	 *
 	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	int
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function greater_than_equal_to($str, $min)
@@ -1163,6 +1310,7 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 	 * Less than
 	 *
 	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	int
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function less_than($str, $max)
@@ -1176,6 +1324,7 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 	 * Equal to or Less than
 	 *
 	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	int
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function less_than_equal_to($str, $max)
@@ -1193,7 +1342,7 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 	 */
 	public function is_natural($str)
 	{
-		return (bool) preg_match('/^[0-9]+$/', $str);
+		return ctype_digit((string) $str);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1206,7 +1355,7 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 	 */
 	public function is_natural_no_zero($str)
 	{
-		return ($str != 0 && preg_match('/^[0-9]+$/', $str));
+		return ($str != 0 && ctype_digit((string) $str));
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1222,7 +1371,7 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 	 */
 	public function valid_base64($str)
 	{
-		return (bool) ! preg_match('/[^a-zA-Z0-9\/\+=]/', $str);
+		return ! preg_match('/[^a-zA-Z0-9\/\+=]/', $str);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1238,6 +1387,11 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 	 */
 	public function prep_for_form($data = '')
 	{
+		if ($this->_safe_form_data === FALSE OR empty($data))
+		{
+			return $data;
+		}
+
 		if (is_array($data))
 		{
 			foreach ($data as $key => $val)
@@ -1248,11 +1402,6 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 			return $data;
 		}
 
-		if ($this->_safe_form_data == FALSE OR $data === '')
-		{
-			return $data;
-		}
-
 		return str_replace(array("'", '"', '<', '>'), array('&#39;', '&quot;', '&lt;', '&gt;'), stripslashes($data));
 	}
 
@@ -1266,7 +1415,7 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 	 */
 	public function prep_url($str = '')
 	{
-		if ($str === 'http://' OR $str == '')
+		if ($str === 'http://' OR $str === '')
 		{
 			return '';
 		}
@@ -1289,7 +1438,7 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 	 */
 	public function strip_image_tags($str)
 	{
-		return $this->CI->input->strip_image_tags($str);
+		return $this->CI->security->strip_image_tags($str);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1315,7 +1464,7 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 	 */
 	public function encode_php_tags($str)
 	{
-		return str_replace(array('<?php', '<?PHP', '<?', '?>'),  array('&lt;?php', '&lt;?PHP', '&lt;?', '?&gt;'), $str);
+		return str_replace(array('<?', '?>'), array('&lt;?', '?&gt;'), $str);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/system/libraries/Ftp.php b/system/libraries/Ftp.php
index 8aa1650d2..7f58fee7b 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Ftp.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Ftp.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * FTP Class
@@ -36,15 +37,65 @@
  */
 class CI_FTP {
 
+	/**
+	 * FTP Server hostname
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	public $hostname	= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * FTP Username
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	public $username	= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * FTP Password
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	public $password	= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * FTP Server port
+	 *
+	 * @var	int
+	 */
 	public $port		= 21;
+
+	/**
+	 * Passive mode flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
 	public $passive		= TRUE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Debug flag
+	 *
+	 * Specifies whether to display error messages.
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
 	public $debug		= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Connection
+	 *
+	 * @var	resource
+	 */
 	public $conn_id		= FALSE;
 
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
+	/**
+	 * Constructor
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$config
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
 	public function __construct($config = array())
 	{
 		if (count($config) > 0)
@@ -60,7 +111,7 @@ class CI_FTP {
 	/**
 	 * Initialize preferences
 	 *
-	 * @param	array
+	 * @param	array	$config
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function initialize($config = array())
@@ -82,7 +133,7 @@ class CI_FTP {
 	/**
 	 * FTP Connect
 	 *
-	 * @param	array	 the connection values
+	 * @param	array	 $config	Connection values
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function connect($config = array())
@@ -94,7 +145,7 @@ class CI_FTP {
 
 		if (FALSE === ($this->conn_id = @ftp_connect($this->hostname, $this->port)))
 		{
-			if ($this->debug == TRUE)
+			if ($this->debug === TRUE)
 			{
 				$this->_error('ftp_unable_to_connect');
 			}
@@ -103,7 +154,7 @@ class CI_FTP {
 
 		if ( ! $this->_login())
 		{
-			if ($this->debug == TRUE)
+			if ($this->debug === TRUE)
 			{
 				$this->_error('ftp_unable_to_login');
 			}
@@ -111,7 +162,7 @@ class CI_FTP {
 		}
 
 		// Set passive mode if needed
-		if ($this->passive == TRUE)
+		if ($this->passive === TRUE)
 		{
 			ftp_pasv($this->conn_id, TRUE);
 		}
@@ -142,7 +193,7 @@ class CI_FTP {
 	{
 		if ( ! is_resource($this->conn_id))
 		{
-			if ($this->debug == TRUE)
+			if ($this->debug === TRUE)
 			{
 				$this->_error('ftp_no_connection');
 			}
@@ -162,13 +213,13 @@ class CI_FTP {
 	 * so we do it by trying to change to a particular directory.
 	 * Internally, this parameter is only used by the "mirror" function below.
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	bool
+	 * @param	string	$path
+	 * @param	bool	$supress_debug
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function changedir($path = '', $supress_debug = FALSE)
 	{
-		if ($path == '' OR ! $this->_is_conn())
+		if ($path === '' OR ! $this->_is_conn())
 		{
 			return FALSE;
 		}
@@ -177,7 +228,7 @@ class CI_FTP {
 
 		if ($result === FALSE)
 		{
-			if ($this->debug == TRUE && $supress_debug == FALSE)
+			if ($this->debug === TRUE && $supress_debug === FALSE)
 			{
 				$this->_error('ftp_unable_to_changedir');
 			}
@@ -192,13 +243,13 @@ class CI_FTP {
 	/**
 	 * Create a directory
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	int
+	 * @param	string	$path
+	 * @param	int	$permissions
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function mkdir($path = '', $permissions = NULL)
 	{
-		if ($path == '' OR ! $this->_is_conn())
+		if ($path === '' OR ! $this->_is_conn())
 		{
 			return FALSE;
 		}
@@ -207,7 +258,7 @@ class CI_FTP {
 
 		if ($result === FALSE)
 		{
-			if ($this->debug == TRUE)
+			if ($this->debug === TRUE)
 			{
 				$this->_error('ftp_unable_to_makdir');
 			}
@@ -228,10 +279,10 @@ class CI_FTP {
 	/**
 	 * Upload a file to the server
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	int
+	 * @param	string	$locpath
+	 * @param	string	$rempath
+	 * @param	string	$mode
+	 * @param	int	$permissions
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function upload($locpath, $rempath, $mode = 'auto', $permissions = NULL)
@@ -261,7 +312,7 @@ class CI_FTP {
 
 		if ($result === FALSE)
 		{
-			if ($this->debug == TRUE)
+			if ($this->debug === TRUE)
 			{
 				$this->_error('ftp_unable_to_upload');
 			}
@@ -282,9 +333,9 @@ class CI_FTP {
 	/**
 	 * Download a file from a remote server to the local server
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string	$rempath
+	 * @param	string	$locpath
+	 * @param	string	$mode
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function download($rempath, $locpath, $mode = 'auto')
@@ -308,7 +359,7 @@ class CI_FTP {
 
 		if ($result === FALSE)
 		{
-			if ($this->debug == TRUE)
+			if ($this->debug === TRUE)
 			{
 				$this->_error('ftp_unable_to_download');
 			}
@@ -323,9 +374,9 @@ class CI_FTP {
 	/**
 	 * Rename (or move) a file
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	bool
+	 * @param	string	$old_file
+	 * @param	string	$new_file
+	 * @param	bool	$move
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function rename($old_file, $new_file, $move = FALSE)
@@ -339,9 +390,9 @@ class CI_FTP {
 
 		if ($result === FALSE)
 		{
-			if ($this->debug == TRUE)
+			if ($this->debug === TRUE)
 			{
-				$this->_error('ftp_unable_to_' . ($move == FALSE ? 'rename' : 'move'));
+				$this->_error('ftp_unable_to_' . ($move === FALSE ? 'rename' : 'move'));
 			}
 			return FALSE;
 		}
@@ -354,8 +405,8 @@ class CI_FTP {
 	/**
 	 * Move a file
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string	$old_file
+	 * @param	string	$new_file
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function move($old_file, $new_file)
@@ -368,7 +419,7 @@ class CI_FTP {
 	/**
 	 * Rename (or move) a file
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string	$filepath
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function delete_file($filepath)
@@ -382,7 +433,7 @@ class CI_FTP {
 
 		if ($result === FALSE)
 		{
-			if ($this->debug == TRUE)
+			if ($this->debug === TRUE)
 			{
 				$this->_error('ftp_unable_to_delete');
 			}
@@ -398,7 +449,7 @@ class CI_FTP {
 	 * Delete a folder and recursively delete everything (including sub-folders)
 	 * containted within it.
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string	$filepath
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function delete_dir($filepath)
@@ -409,7 +460,7 @@ class CI_FTP {
 		}
 
 		// Add a trailing slash to the file path if needed
-		$filepath = preg_replace('/(.+?)\/*$/', '\\1/',  $filepath);
+		$filepath = preg_replace('/(.+?)\/*$/', '\\1/', $filepath);
 
 		$list = $this->list_files($filepath);
 
@@ -430,7 +481,7 @@ class CI_FTP {
 
 		if ($result === FALSE)
 		{
-			if ($this->debug == TRUE)
+			if ($this->debug === TRUE)
 			{
 				$this->_error('ftp_unable_to_delete');
 			}
@@ -445,8 +496,8 @@ class CI_FTP {
 	/**
 	 * Set file permissions
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the file path
-	 * @param	string	the permissions
+	 * @param	string	$path	File path
+	 * @param	int	$perm	Permissions
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function chmod($path, $perm)
@@ -460,7 +511,7 @@ class CI_FTP {
 
 		if ($result === FALSE)
 		{
-			if ($this->debug == TRUE)
+			if ($this->debug === TRUE)
 			{
 				$this->_error('ftp_unable_to_chmod');
 			}
@@ -475,6 +526,7 @@ class CI_FTP {
 	/**
 	 * FTP List files in the specified directory
 	 *
+	 * @param	string	$path
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
 	public function list_files($path = '.')
@@ -497,8 +549,8 @@ class CI_FTP {
 	 * Whatever the directory structure of the original file path will be
 	 * recreated on the server.
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	path to source with trailing slash
-	 * @param	string	path to destination - include the base folder with trailing slash
+	 * @param	string	$locpath	Path to source with trailing slash
+	 * @param	string	$rempath	Path to destination - include the base folder with trailing slash
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function mirror($locpath, $rempath)
@@ -539,13 +591,12 @@ class CI_FTP {
 		return FALSE;
 	}
 
-
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
 	 * Extract the file extension
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string	$filename
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _getext($filename)
@@ -564,7 +615,7 @@ class CI_FTP {
 	/**
 	 * Set the upload type
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string	$ext	Filename extension
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _settype($ext)
@@ -585,7 +636,6 @@ class CI_FTP {
 					'xml'
 				);
 
-
 		return in_array($ext, $text_types) ? 'ascii' : 'binary';
 	}
 
@@ -611,7 +661,7 @@ class CI_FTP {
 	/**
 	 * Display error message
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string	$line
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	protected function _error($line)
diff --git a/system/libraries/Image_lib.php b/system/libraries/Image_lib.php
index 1ab8b23e0..46a9c120f 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Image_lib.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Image_lib.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * Image Manipulation class
@@ -36,56 +37,336 @@
  */
 class CI_Image_lib {
 
-	public $image_library		= 'gd2';	// Can be:  imagemagick, netpbm, gd, gd2
+	/**
+	 * PHP extension/library to use for image manipulation
+	 * Can be: imagemagick, netpbm, gd, gd2
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	public $image_library		= 'gd2';
+
+	/**
+	 * Path to the graphic library (if applicable)
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
 	public $library_path		= '';
-	public $dynamic_output		= FALSE;	// Whether to send to browser or write to disk
+
+	/**
+	 * Whether to send to browser or write to disk
+	 *
+	 * @var bool
+	 */
+	public $dynamic_output		= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Path to original image
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
 	public $source_image		= '';
-	public $new_image			= '';
-	public $width				= '';
-	public $height				= '';
-	public $quality			= '90';
+
+	/**
+	 * Path to the modified image
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	public $new_image		= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Image width
+	 *
+	 * @var int
+	 */
+	public $width			= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Image height
+	 *
+	 * @var int
+	 */
+	public $height			= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Quality percentage of new image
+	 *
+	 * @var int
+	 */
+	public $quality			= 90;
+
+	/**
+	 * Whether to create a thumbnail
+	 *
+	 * @var bool
+	 */
 	public $create_thumb		= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * String to add to thumbnail version of image
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
 	public $thumb_marker		= '_thumb';
-	public $maintain_ratio		= TRUE;		// Whether to maintain aspect ratio when resizing or use hard values
-	public $master_dim			= 'auto';	// auto, height, or width.  Determines what to use as the master dimension
+
+	/**
+	 * Whether to maintain aspect ratio when resizing or use hard values
+	 *
+	 * @var bool
+	 */
+	public $maintain_ratio		= TRUE;
+
+	/**
+	 * auto, height, or width.  Determines what to use as the master dimension
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	public $master_dim		= 'auto';
+
+	/**
+	 * Angle at to rotate image
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
 	public $rotation_angle		= '';
-	public $x_axis				= '';
-	public $y_axis				= '';
 
+	/**
+	 * X Coordinate for manipulation of the current image
+	 *
+	 * @var int
+	 */
+	public $x_axis			= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Y Coordinate for manipulation of the current image
+	 *
+	 * @var int
+	 */
+	public $y_axis			= '';
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------------
 	// Watermark Vars
-	public $wm_text			= '';			// Watermark text if graphic is not used
-	public $wm_type			= 'text';		// Type of watermarking.  Options:  text/overlay
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Watermark text if graphic is not used
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	public $wm_text			= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Type of watermarking.  Options:  text/overlay
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	public $wm_type			= 'text';
+
+	/**
+	 * Default transparency for watermark
+	 *
+	 * @var int
+	 */
 	public $wm_x_transp		= 4;
+
+	/**
+	 * Default transparency for watermark
+	 *
+	 * @var int
+	 */
 	public $wm_y_transp		= 4;
-	public $wm_overlay_path	= '';			// Watermark image path
-	public $wm_font_path		= '';			// TT font
-	public $wm_font_size		= 17;			// Font size (different versions of GD will either use points or pixels)
-	public $wm_vrt_alignment	= 'B';			// Vertical alignment:   T M B
-	public $wm_hor_alignment	= 'C';			// Horizontal alignment: L R C
-	public $wm_padding			= 0;			// Padding around text
-	public $wm_hor_offset		= 0;			// Lets you push text to the right
-	public $wm_vrt_offset		= 0;			// Lets you push  text down
-	protected $wm_font_color		= '#ffffff';	// Text color
-	protected $wm_shadow_color		= '';	// Dropshadow color
-	public $wm_shadow_distance	= 2;			// Dropshadow distance
-	public $wm_opacity			= 50;			// Image opacity: 1 - 100  Only works with image
 
+	/**
+	 * Watermark image path
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	public $wm_overlay_path		= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * TT font
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	public $wm_font_path		= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Font size (different versions of GD will either use points or pixels)
+	 *
+	 * @var int
+	 */
+	public $wm_font_size		= 17;
+
+	/**
+	 * Vertical alignment:   T M B
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	public $wm_vrt_alignment	= 'B';
+
+	/**
+	 * Horizontal alignment: L R C
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	public $wm_hor_alignment	= 'C';
+
+	/**
+	 * Padding around text
+	 *
+	 * @var int
+	 */
+	public $wm_padding			= 0;
+
+	/**
+	 * Lets you push text to the right
+	 *
+	 * @var int
+	 */
+	public $wm_hor_offset		= 0;
+
+	/**
+	 * Lets you push text down
+	 *
+	 * @var int
+	 */
+	public $wm_vrt_offset		= 0;
+
+	/**
+	 * Text color
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	protected $wm_font_color	= '#ffffff';
+
+	/**
+	 * Dropshadow color
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	protected $wm_shadow_color	= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Dropshadow distance
+	 *
+	 * @var int
+	 */
+	public $wm_shadow_distance	= 2;
+
+	/**
+	 * Image opacity: 1 - 100  Only works with image
+	 *
+	 * @var int
+	 */
+	public $wm_opacity		= 50;
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------------
 	// Private Vars
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Source image folder
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
 	public $source_folder		= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Destination image folder
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
 	public $dest_folder		= '';
-	public $mime_type			= '';
-	public $orig_width			= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Image mime-type
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	public $mime_type		= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Original image width
+	 *
+	 * @var int
+	 */
+	public $orig_width		= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Original image height
+	 *
+	 * @var int
+	 */
 	public $orig_height		= '';
-	public $image_type			= '';
-	public $size_str			= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Image format
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	public $image_type		= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Size of current image
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	public $size_str		= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Full path to source image
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
 	public $full_src_path		= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Full path to destination image
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
 	public $full_dst_path		= '';
-	public $create_fnc			= 'imagecreatetruecolor';
-	public $copy_fnc			= 'imagecopyresampled';
-	public $error_msg			= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * Name of function to create image
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	public $create_fnc		= 'imagecreatetruecolor';
+
+	/**
+	 * Name of function to copy image
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	public $copy_fnc		= 'imagecopyresampled';
+
+	/**
+	 * Error messages
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	public $error_msg		= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * Whether to have a drop shadow on watermark
+	 *
+	 * @var bool
+	 */
 	protected $wm_use_drop_shadow	= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Whether to use truetype fonts
+	 *
+	 * @var bool
+	 */
 	public $wm_use_truetype	= FALSE;
 
+	/**
+	 * Initialize Image Library
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$props
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
 	public function __construct($props = array())
 	{
 		if (count($props) > 0)
@@ -116,7 +397,7 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 
 		$this->image_library 		= 'gd2';
 		$this->dynamic_output 		= FALSE;
-		$this->quality 				= '90';
+		$this->quality 				= 90;
 		$this->create_thumb 		= FALSE;
 		$this->thumb_marker 		= '_thumb';
 		$this->maintain_ratio 		= TRUE;
@@ -186,7 +467,7 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 		}
 
 		// Is there a source image? If not, there's no reason to continue
-		if ($this->source_image == '')
+		if ($this->source_image === '')
 		{
 			$this->set_error('imglib_source_image_required');
 			return FALSE;
@@ -239,7 +520,7 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 		 * it means we are altering the original. We'll
 		 * set the destination filename and path accordingly.
 		 */
-		if ($this->new_image == '')
+		if ($this->new_image === '')
 		{
 			$this->dest_image = $this->source_image;
 			$this->dest_folder = $this->source_folder;
@@ -282,7 +563,7 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 		 * We'll also split the destination image name
 		 * so we can insert the thumbnail marker if needed.
 		 */
-		if ($this->create_thumb === FALSE OR $this->thumb_marker == '')
+		if ($this->create_thumb === FALSE OR $this->thumb_marker === '')
 		{
 			$this->thumb_marker = '';
 		}
@@ -301,7 +582,7 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 		 * might not be in correct proportion with the source
 		 * image's width/height. We'll recalculate it here.
 		 */
-		if ($this->maintain_ratio === TRUE && ($this->width != 0 OR $this->height != 0))
+		if ($this->maintain_ratio === TRUE && ($this->width !== 0 OR $this->height !== 0))
 		{
 			$this->image_reproportion();
 		}
@@ -311,12 +592,12 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 		 * If the destination width/height was not submitted we
 		 * will use the values from the actual file
 		 */
-		if ($this->width == '')
+		if ($this->width === '')
 		{
 			$this->width = $this->orig_width;
 		}
 
-		if ($this->height == '')
+		if ($this->height === '')
 		{
 			$this->height = $this->orig_height;
 		}
@@ -324,31 +605,31 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 		// Set the quality
 		$this->quality = trim(str_replace('%', '', $this->quality));
 
-		if ($this->quality == '' OR $this->quality == 0 OR ! preg_match('/^[0-9]+$/', $this->quality))
+		if ($this->quality === '' OR $this->quality === 0 OR ! ctype_digit($this->quality))
 		{
 			$this->quality = 90;
 		}
 
 		// Set the x/y coordinates
-		$this->x_axis = ($this->x_axis == '' OR ! preg_match('/^[0-9]+$/', $this->x_axis)) ? 0 : $this->x_axis;
-		$this->y_axis = ($this->y_axis == '' OR ! preg_match('/^[0-9]+$/', $this->y_axis)) ? 0 : $this->y_axis;
+		is_numeric($this->x_axis) OR $this->x_axis = 0;
+		is_numeric($this->y_axis) OR $this->y_axis = 0;
 
 		// Watermark-related Stuff...
-		if ($this->wm_overlay_path != '')
+		if ($this->wm_overlay_path !== '')
 		{
 			$this->wm_overlay_path = str_replace('\\', '/', realpath($this->wm_overlay_path));
 		}
 
-		if ($this->wm_shadow_color != '')
+		if ($this->wm_shadow_color !== '')
 		{
 			$this->wm_use_drop_shadow = TRUE;
 		}
-		elseif ($this->wm_use_drop_shadow == TRUE && $this->wm_shadow_color == '')
+		elseif ($this->wm_use_drop_shadow === TRUE && $this->wm_shadow_color === '')
 		{
 			$this->wm_use_drop_shadow = FALSE;
 		}
 
-		if ($this->wm_font_path != '')
+		if ($this->wm_font_path !== '')
 		{
 			$this->wm_use_truetype = TRUE;
 		}
@@ -403,14 +684,14 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 		// Allowed rotation values
 		$degs = array(90, 180, 270, 'vrt', 'hor');
 
-		if ($this->rotation_angle == '' OR ! in_array($this->rotation_angle, $degs))
+		if ($this->rotation_angle === '' OR ! in_array($this->rotation_angle, $degs))
 		{
 			$this->set_error('imglib_rotation_angle_required');
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
 		// Reassign the width and height
-		if ($this->rotation_angle == 90 OR $this->rotation_angle == 270)
+		if ($this->rotation_angle === 90 OR $this->rotation_angle === 270)
 		{
 			$this->width	= $this->orig_height;
 			$this->height	= $this->orig_width;
@@ -449,9 +730,9 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 
 		// If the target width/height match the source, AND if the new file name is not equal to the old file name
 		// we'll simply make a copy of the original with the new name... assuming dynamic rendering is off.
-		if ($this->dynamic_output === FALSE && $this->orig_width == $this->width && $this->orig_height == $this->height)
+		if ($this->dynamic_output === FALSE && $this->orig_width === $this->width && $this->orig_height === $this->height)
 		{
-			if ($this->source_image != $this->new_image && @copy($this->full_src_path, $this->full_dst_path))
+			if ($this->source_image !== $this->new_image && @copy($this->full_src_path, $this->full_dst_path))
 			{
 				@chmod($this->full_dst_path, FILE_WRITE_MODE);
 			}
@@ -460,7 +741,7 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 		}
 
 		// Let's set up our values based on the action
-		if ($action == 'crop')
+		if ($action === 'crop')
 		{
 			// Reassign the source width/height if cropping
 			$this->orig_width  = $this->width;
@@ -470,7 +751,7 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 			if ($this->gd_version() !== FALSE)
 			{
 				$gd_version = str_replace('0', '', $this->gd_version());
-				$v2_override = ($gd_version == 2) ? TRUE : FALSE;
+				$v2_override = ($gd_version === 2);
 			}
 		}
 		else
@@ -492,7 +773,7 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 		 * it appears that this is no longer the issue that it was in 2004, so we've removed it, retaining it in the comment
 		 * below should that ever prove inaccurate.
 		 *
-		 * if ($this->image_library === 'gd2' && function_exists('imagecreatetruecolor') && $v2_override == FALSE)
+		 * if ($this->image_library === 'gd2' && function_exists('imagecreatetruecolor') && $v2_override === FALSE)
 		 */
 		if ($this->image_library === 'gd2' && function_exists('imagecreatetruecolor'))
 		{
@@ -507,7 +788,7 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 
 		$dst_img = $create($this->width, $this->height);
 
-		if ($this->image_type == 3) // png we can actually preserve transparency
+		if ($this->image_type === 3) // png we can actually preserve transparency
 		{
 			imagealphablending($dst_img, FALSE);
 			imagesavealpha($dst_img, TRUE);
@@ -516,7 +797,7 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 		$copy($dst_img, $src_img, 0, 0, $this->x_axis, $this->y_axis, $this->width, $this->height, $this->orig_width, $this->orig_height);
 
 		// Show the image
-		if ($this->dynamic_output == TRUE)
+		if ($this->dynamic_output === TRUE)
 		{
 			$this->image_display_gd($dst_img);
 		}
@@ -548,7 +829,7 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 	public function image_process_imagemagick($action = 'resize')
 	{
 		//  Do we have a vaild library path?
-		if ($this->library_path == '')
+		if ($this->library_path === '')
 		{
 			$this->set_error('imglib_libpath_invalid');
 			return FALSE;
@@ -562,11 +843,11 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 		// Execute the command
 		$cmd = $this->library_path.' -quality '.$this->quality;
 
-		if ($action == 'crop')
+		if ($action === 'crop')
 		{
 			$cmd .= ' -crop '.$this->width.'x'.$this->height.'+'.$this->x_axis.'+'.$this->y_axis.' "'.$this->full_src_path.'" "'.$this->full_dst_path .'" 2>&1';
 		}
-		elseif ($action == 'rotate')
+		elseif ($action === 'rotate')
 		{
 			$angle = ($this->rotation_angle === 'hor' OR $this->rotation_angle === 'vrt')
 					? '-flop' : '-rotate '.$this->rotation_angle;
@@ -575,11 +856,22 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 		}
 		else // Resize
 		{
-			$cmd .= ' -resize '.$this->width.'x'.$this->height.' "'.$this->full_src_path.'" "'.$this->full_dst_path.'" 2>&1';
+			if($this->maintain_ratio === TRUE)
+			{
+				$cmd .= ' -resize '.$this->width.'x'.$this->height.' "'.$this->full_src_path.'" "'.$this->full_dst_path.'" 2>&1';
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				$cmd .= ' -resize '.$this->width.'x'.$this->height.'\! "'.$this->full_src_path.'" "'.$this->full_dst_path.'" 2>&1';
+			}
 		}
 
 		$retval = 1;
-		@exec($cmd, $output, $retval);
+		// exec() might be disabled
+		if (function_usable('exec'))
+		{
+			@exec($cmd, $output, $retval);
+		}
 
 		// Did it work?
 		if ($retval > 0)
@@ -606,7 +898,7 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 	 */
 	public function image_process_netpbm($action = 'resize')
 	{
-		if ($this->library_path == '')
+		if ($this->library_path === '')
 		{
 			$this->set_error('imglib_libpath_invalid');
 			return FALSE;
@@ -616,36 +908,36 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 		switch ($this->image_type)
 		{
 			case 1 :
-						$cmd_in		= 'giftopnm';
-						$cmd_out	= 'ppmtogif';
+				$cmd_in		= 'giftopnm';
+				$cmd_out	= 'ppmtogif';
 				break;
 			case 2 :
-						$cmd_in		= 'jpegtopnm';
-						$cmd_out	= 'ppmtojpeg';
+				$cmd_in		= 'jpegtopnm';
+				$cmd_out	= 'ppmtojpeg';
 				break;
 			case 3 :
-						$cmd_in		= 'pngtopnm';
-						$cmd_out	= 'ppmtopng';
+				$cmd_in		= 'pngtopnm';
+				$cmd_out	= 'ppmtopng';
 				break;
 		}
 
-		if ($action == 'crop')
+		if ($action === 'crop')
 		{
 			$cmd_inner = 'pnmcut -left '.$this->x_axis.' -top '.$this->y_axis.' -width '.$this->width.' -height '.$this->height;
 		}
-		elseif ($action == 'rotate')
+		elseif ($action === 'rotate')
 		{
 			switch ($this->rotation_angle)
 			{
-				case 90		:	$angle = 'r270';
+				case 90:	$angle = 'r270';
 					break;
-				case 180	:	$angle = 'r180';
+				case 180:	$angle = 'r180';
 					break;
-				case 270	:	$angle = 'r90';
+				case 270:	$angle = 'r90';
 					break;
-				case 'vrt'	:	$angle = 'tb';
+				case 'vrt':	$angle = 'tb';
 					break;
-				case 'hor'	:	$angle = 'lr';
+				case 'hor':	$angle = 'lr';
 					break;
 			}
 
@@ -659,7 +951,11 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 		$cmd = $this->library_path.$cmd_in.' '.$this->full_src_path.' | '.$cmd_inner.' | '.$cmd_out.' > '.$this->dest_folder.'netpbm.tmp';
 
 		$retval = 1;
-		@exec($cmd, $output, $retval);
+		// exec() might be disabled
+		if (function_usable('exec'))
+		{
+			@exec($cmd, $output, $retval);
+		}
 
 		// Did it work?
 		if ($retval > 0)
@@ -671,7 +967,7 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 		// With NetPBM we have to create a temporary image.
 		// If you try manipulating the original it fails so
 		// we have to rename the temp file.
-		copy ($this->dest_folder.'netpbm.tmp', $this->full_dst_path);
+		copy($this->dest_folder.'netpbm.tmp', $this->full_dst_path);
 		unlink($this->dest_folder.'netpbm.tmp');
 		@chmod($this->full_dst_path, FILE_WRITE_MODE);
 
@@ -704,7 +1000,7 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 		$dst_img = imagerotate($src_img, $this->rotation_angle, $white);
 
 		// Show the image
-		if ($this->dynamic_output == TRUE)
+		if ($this->dynamic_output === TRUE)
 		{
 			$this->image_display_gd($dst_img);
 		}
@@ -778,7 +1074,7 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 		}
 
 		// Show the image
-		if ($this->dynamic_output == TRUE)
+		if ($this->dynamic_output === TRUE)
 		{
 			$this->image_display_gd($src_img);
 		}
@@ -804,7 +1100,6 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 	 * This is a wrapper function that chooses the type
 	 * of watermarking based on the specified preference.
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function watermark()
@@ -850,10 +1145,10 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 		$this->wm_vrt_alignment = strtoupper($this->wm_vrt_alignment[0]);
 		$this->wm_hor_alignment = strtoupper($this->wm_hor_alignment[0]);
 
-		if ($this->wm_vrt_alignment == 'B')
+		if ($this->wm_vrt_alignment === 'B')
 			$this->wm_vrt_offset = $this->wm_vrt_offset * -1;
 
-		if ($this->wm_hor_alignment == 'R')
+		if ($this->wm_hor_alignment === 'R')
 			$this->wm_hor_offset = $this->wm_hor_offset * -1;
 
 		// Set the base x and y axis values
@@ -881,7 +1176,7 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 		}
 
 		//  Build the finalized image
-		if ($wm_img_type == 3 && function_exists('imagealphablending'))
+		if ($wm_img_type === 3 && function_exists('imagealphablending'))
 		{
 			@imagealphablending($src_img, TRUE);
 		}
@@ -904,7 +1199,7 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 		}
 
 		// Output the image
-		if ($this->dynamic_output == TRUE)
+		if ($this->dynamic_output === TRUE)
 		{
 			$this->image_display_gd($src_img);
 		}
@@ -933,7 +1228,7 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		if ($this->wm_use_truetype == TRUE && ! file_exists($this->wm_font_path))
+		if ($this->wm_use_truetype === TRUE && ! file_exists($this->wm_font_path))
 		{
 			$this->set_error('imglib_missing_font');
 			return FALSE;
@@ -949,18 +1244,18 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 		// invert the offset. Note: The horizontal
 		// offset flips itself automatically
 
-		if ($this->wm_vrt_alignment == 'B')
+		if ($this->wm_vrt_alignment === 'B')
 			$this->wm_vrt_offset = $this->wm_vrt_offset * -1;
 
-		if ($this->wm_hor_alignment == 'R')
+		if ($this->wm_hor_alignment === 'R')
 			$this->wm_hor_offset = $this->wm_hor_offset * -1;
 
 		// Set font width and height
 		// These are calculated differently depending on
 		// whether we are using the true type font or not
-		if ($this->wm_use_truetype == TRUE)
+		if ($this->wm_use_truetype === TRUE)
 		{
-			if ($this->wm_font_size == '')
+			if ($this->wm_font_size === '')
 			{
 				$this->wm_font_size = 17;
 			}
@@ -979,11 +1274,11 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 		$x_axis = $this->wm_hor_offset + $this->wm_padding;
 		$y_axis = $this->wm_vrt_offset + $this->wm_padding;
 
-		if ($this->wm_use_drop_shadow == FALSE)
+		if ($this->wm_use_drop_shadow === FALSE)
 			$this->wm_shadow_distance = 0;
 
-		$this->wm_vrt_alignment = strtoupper(substr($this->wm_vrt_alignment, 0, 1));
-		$this->wm_hor_alignment = strtoupper(substr($this->wm_hor_alignment, 0, 1));
+		$this->wm_vrt_alignment = strtoupper($this->wm_vrt_alignment[0]);
+		$this->wm_hor_alignment = strtoupper($this->wm_hor_alignment[0]);
 
 		// Set verticle alignment
 		if ($this->wm_vrt_alignment === 'M')
@@ -1034,10 +1329,17 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 				imagestring($src_img, $this->wm_font_size, $x_shad, $y_shad, $this->wm_text, $drp_color);
 				imagestring($src_img, $this->wm_font_size, $x_axis, $y_axis, $this->wm_text, $txt_color);
 			}
+
+			// We can preserve transparency for PNG images
+			if ($this->image_type === 3)
+			{
+				imagealphablending($src_img, FALSE);
+				imagesavealpha($src_img, TRUE);
+			}
 		}
 
 		// Output the final image
-		if ($this->dynamic_output == TRUE)
+		if ($this->dynamic_output === TRUE)
 		{
 			$this->image_display_gd($src_img);
 		}
@@ -1060,17 +1362,17 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 	 * based on the type of image being processed
 	 *
 	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	resource
 	 */
 	public function image_create_gd($path = '', $image_type = '')
 	{
-		if ($path == '')
+		if ($path === '')
 			$path = $this->full_src_path;
 
-		if ($image_type == '')
+		if ($image_type === '')
 			$image_type = $this->image_type;
 
-
 		switch ($image_type)
 		{
 			case	 1 :
@@ -1122,49 +1424,49 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 	{
 		switch ($this->image_type)
 		{
-			case 1 :
-						if ( ! function_exists('imagegif'))
-						{
-							$this->set_error(array('imglib_unsupported_imagecreate', 'imglib_gif_not_supported'));
-							return FALSE;
-						}
+			case 1:
+				if ( ! function_exists('imagegif'))
+				{
+					$this->set_error(array('imglib_unsupported_imagecreate', 'imglib_gif_not_supported'));
+					return FALSE;
+				}
 
-						if ( ! @imagegif($resource, $this->full_dst_path))
-						{
-							$this->set_error('imglib_save_failed');
-							return FALSE;
-						}
-				break;
-			case 2	:
-						if ( ! function_exists('imagejpeg'))
-						{
-							$this->set_error(array('imglib_unsupported_imagecreate', 'imglib_jpg_not_supported'));
-							return FALSE;
-						}
+				if ( ! @imagegif($resource, $this->full_dst_path))
+				{
+					$this->set_error('imglib_save_failed');
+					return FALSE;
+				}
+			break;
+			case 2:
+				if ( ! function_exists('imagejpeg'))
+				{
+					$this->set_error(array('imglib_unsupported_imagecreate', 'imglib_jpg_not_supported'));
+					return FALSE;
+				}
 
-						if ( ! @imagejpeg($resource, $this->full_dst_path, $this->quality))
-						{
-							$this->set_error('imglib_save_failed');
-							return FALSE;
-						}
-				break;
-			case 3	:
-						if ( ! function_exists('imagepng'))
-						{
-							$this->set_error(array('imglib_unsupported_imagecreate', 'imglib_png_not_supported'));
-							return FALSE;
-						}
+				if ( ! @imagejpeg($resource, $this->full_dst_path, $this->quality))
+				{
+					$this->set_error('imglib_save_failed');
+					return FALSE;
+				}
+			break;
+			case 3:
+				if ( ! function_exists('imagepng'))
+				{
+					$this->set_error(array('imglib_unsupported_imagecreate', 'imglib_png_not_supported'));
+					return FALSE;
+				}
 
-						if ( ! @imagepng($resource, $this->full_dst_path))
-						{
-							$this->set_error('imglib_save_failed');
-							return FALSE;
-						}
-				break;
-			default		:
-							$this->set_error(array('imglib_unsupported_imagecreate'));
-							return FALSE;
-				break;
+				if ( ! @imagepng($resource, $this->full_dst_path))
+				{
+					$this->set_error('imglib_save_failed');
+					return FALSE;
+				}
+			break;
+			default:
+				$this->set_error(array('imglib_unsupported_imagecreate'));
+				return FALSE;
+			break;
 		}
 
 		return TRUE;
@@ -1187,13 +1489,13 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 
 		switch ($this->image_type)
 		{
-			case 1		:	imagegif($resource);
+			case 1	:	imagegif($resource);
 				break;
-			case 2		:	imagejpeg($resource, '', $this->quality);
+			case 2	:	imagejpeg($resource, '', $this->quality);
 				break;
-			case 3		:	imagepng($resource);
+			case 3	:	imagepng($resource);
 				break;
-			default		:	echo 'Unable to display the image';
+			default:	echo 'Unable to display the image';
 				break;
 		}
 	}
@@ -1214,14 +1516,14 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 	 */
 	public function image_reproportion()
 	{
-		if (($this->width == 0 && $this->height == 0) OR $this->orig_width == 0 OR $this->orig_height == 0
-			OR ( ! preg_match('/^[0-9]+$/', $this->width) && ! preg_match('/^[0-9]+$/', $this->height))
-			OR ! preg_match('/^[0-9]+$/', $this->orig_width) OR ! preg_match('/^[0-9]+$/', $this->orig_height))
+		if (($this->width === 0 && $this->height === 0) OR $this->orig_width === 0 OR $this->orig_height === 0
+			OR ( ! ctype_digit((string) $this->width) && ! ctype_digit((string) $this->height))
+			OR ! ctype_digit((string) $this->orig_width) OR ! ctype_digit((string) $this->orig_height))
 		{
 			return;
 		}
 
-		// Sanitize so we don't call preg_match() anymore
+		// Sanitize
 		$this->width = (int) $this->width;
 		$this->height = (int) $this->height;
 
@@ -1261,6 +1563,7 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 	 * A helper function that gets info about the file
 	 *
 	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	bool
 	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
 	public function get_image_properties($path = '', $return = FALSE)
@@ -1268,7 +1571,7 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 		// For now we require GD but we should
 		// find a way to determine this using IM or NetPBM
 
-		if ($path == '')
+		if ($path === '')
 		{
 			$path = $this->full_src_path;
 		}
@@ -1283,7 +1586,7 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 		$types = array(1 => 'gif', 2 => 'jpeg', 3 => 'png');
 		$mime = (isset($types[$vals[2]])) ? 'image/'.$types[$vals[2]] : 'image/jpg';
 
-		if ($return == TRUE)
+		if ($return === TRUE)
 		{
 			return array(
 					'width' =>	$vals[0],
@@ -1333,20 +1636,22 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 
 		foreach ($allowed as $item)
 		{
-			if ( ! isset($vals[$item]) OR $vals[$item] == '')
+			if (empty($vals[$item]))
+			{
 				$vals[$item] = 0;
+			}
 		}
 
-		if ($vals['width'] == 0 OR $vals['height'] == 0)
+		if ($vals['width'] === 0 OR $vals['height'] === 0)
 		{
 			return $vals;
 		}
 
-		if ($vals['new_width'] == 0)
+		if ($vals['new_width'] === 0)
 		{
 			$vals['new_width'] = ceil($vals['width']*$vals['new_height']/$vals['height']);
 		}
-		elseif ($vals['new_height'] == 0)
+		elseif ($vals['new_height'] === 0)
 		{
 			$vals['new_height'] = ceil($vals['new_width']*$vals['height']/$vals['width']);
 		}
@@ -1432,15 +1737,14 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 		{
 			foreach ($msg as $val)
 			{
-
-				$msg = ($CI->lang->line($val) == FALSE) ? $val : $CI->lang->line($val);
+				$msg = ($CI->lang->line($val) === FALSE) ? $val : $CI->lang->line($val);
 				$this->error_msg[] = $msg;
 				log_message('error', $msg);
 			}
 		}
 		else
 		{
-			$msg = ($CI->lang->line($msg) == FALSE) ? $msg : $CI->lang->line($msg);
+			$msg = ($CI->lang->line($msg) === FALSE) ? $msg : $CI->lang->line($msg);
 			$this->error_msg[] = $msg;
 			log_message('error', $msg);
 		}
@@ -1452,6 +1756,7 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 	 * Show error messages
 	 *
 	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	public function display_errors($open = '<p>', $close = '</p>')
diff --git a/system/libraries/Javascript.php b/system/libraries/Javascript.php
index 629a3adfe..420b623ee 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Javascript.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Javascript.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * Javascript Class
@@ -36,8 +37,21 @@
  */
 class CI_Javascript {
 
+	/**
+	 * JavaScript location
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	protected $_javascript_location = 'js';
 
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Constructor
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$params
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
 	public function __construct($params = array())
 	{
 		$defaults = array('js_library_driver' => 'jquery', 'autoload' => TRUE);
@@ -312,8 +326,7 @@ class CI_Javascript {
 	 *
 	 * Outputs a javascript library mouseup event
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	The element to attach the event to
-	 * @param	string	The code to execute
+	 * @param	string	$js	Code to execute
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	public function ready($js)
@@ -394,9 +407,10 @@ class CI_Javascript {
 	 *
 	 * Outputs a javascript library animate event
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	- element
-	 * @param	string	- One of 'slow', 'normal', 'fast', or time in milliseconds
-	 * @param	string	- Javascript callback function
+	 * @param	string	$element = 'this'
+	 * @param	array	$params = array()
+	 * @param	mixed	$speed			'slow', 'normal', 'fast', or time in milliseconds
+	 * @param	string	$extra
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	public function animate($element = 'this', $params = array(), $speed = '', $extra = '')
@@ -546,10 +560,11 @@ class CI_Javascript {
 	 *
 	 * Outputs a javascript library toggle class event
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	- element
+	 * @param	string	$element = 'this'
+	 * @param	string	$class = ''
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	public function toggleClass($element = 'this', $class='')
+	public function toggleClass($element = 'this', $class = '')
 	{
 		return $this->js->_toggleClass($element, $class);
 	}
@@ -571,7 +586,6 @@ class CI_Javascript {
 		return $this->js->_show($element, $speed, $callback);
 	}
 
-
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
@@ -579,7 +593,8 @@ class CI_Javascript {
 	 *
 	 * gather together all script needing to be output
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	The element to attach the event to
+	 * @param	string	$view_var
+	 * @param	bool	$script_tags
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	public function compile($view_var = 'script_foot', $script_tags = TRUE)
@@ -587,6 +602,8 @@ class CI_Javascript {
 		$this->js->_compile($view_var, $script_tags);
 	}
 
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 	/**
 	 * Clear Compile
 	 *
@@ -606,7 +623,8 @@ class CI_Javascript {
 	 *
 	 * Outputs a <script> tag with the source as an external js file
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	The element to attach the event to
+	 * @param	string	$external_file
+	 * @param	bool	$relative
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	public function external($external_file = '', $relative = FALSE)
@@ -615,12 +633,12 @@ class CI_Javascript {
 		{
 			$this->_javascript_location = $external_file;
 		}
-		elseif ($this->CI->config->item('javascript_location') != '')
+		elseif ($this->CI->config->item('javascript_location') !== '')
 		{
 			$this->_javascript_location = $this->CI->config->item('javascript_location');
 		}
 
-		if ($relative === TRUE OR strncmp($external_file, 'http://', 7) === 0 OR strncmp($external_file, 'https://', 8) === 0)
+		if ($relative === TRUE OR strpos($external_file, 'http://') === 0 OR strpos($external_file, 'https://') === 0)
 		{
 			$str = $this->_open_script($external_file);
 		}
@@ -667,7 +685,7 @@ class CI_Javascript {
 	protected function _open_script($src = '')
 	{
 		return '<script type="text/javascript" charset="'.strtolower($this->CI->config->item('charset')).'"'
-			.($src == '' ? '>' : ' src="'.$src.'">');
+			.($src === '' ? '>' : ' src="'.$src.'">');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -723,7 +741,7 @@ class CI_Javascript {
 		{
 			if (is_object($result))
 			{
-				$json_result = $result->result_array();
+				$json_result = is_callable(array($result, 'result_array')) ? $result->result_array() : (array) $result;
 			}
 			elseif (is_array($result))
 			{
@@ -799,7 +817,8 @@ class CI_Javascript {
 	 *
 	 * Ensures a standard json value and escapes values
 	 *
-	 * @param	mixed
+	 * @param	mixed	$result
+	 * @param	bool	$is_key = FALSE
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _prep_args($result, $is_key = FALSE)
diff --git a/system/libraries/Migration.php b/system/libraries/Migration.php
index a18fcb9f1..e591ab64a 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Migration.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Migration.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
  * @since		Version 3.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * Migration Class
@@ -39,14 +40,68 @@
  */
 class CI_Migration {
 
+	/**
+	 * Whether the library is enabled
+	 *
+	 * @var bool
+	 */
 	protected $_migration_enabled = FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Migration numbering type
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	protected $_migration_type = 'sequential';
+
+	/**
+	 * Path to migration classes
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
 	protected $_migration_path = NULL;
+
+	/**
+	 * Current migration version
+	 *
+	 * @var mixed
+	 */
 	protected $_migration_version = 0;
+
+	/**
+	 * Database table with migration info
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
 	protected $_migration_table = 'migrations';
+
+	/**
+	 * Whether to automatically run migrations
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
 	protected $_migration_auto_latest = FALSE;
 
+	/**
+	 * Migration basename regex
+	 *
+	 * @var bool
+	 */
+	protected $_migration_regex = NULL;
+
+	/**
+	 * Error message
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
 	protected $_error_string = '';
 
+	/**
+	 * Initialize Migration Class
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$config
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
 	public function __construct($config = array())
 	{
 		# Only run this constructor on main library load
@@ -57,7 +112,7 @@ class CI_Migration {
 
 		foreach ($config as $key => $val)
 		{
-			$this->{'_' . $key} = $val;
+			$this->{'_'.$key} = $val;
 		}
 
 		log_message('debug', 'Migrations class initialized');
@@ -69,7 +124,7 @@ class CI_Migration {
 		}
 
 		// If not set, set it
-		$this->_migration_path != '' OR $this->_migration_path = APPPATH.'migrations/';
+		$this->_migration_path !== '' OR $this->_migration_path = APPPATH.'migrations/';
 
 		// Add trailing slash if not set
 		$this->_migration_path = rtrim($this->_migration_path, '/').'/';
@@ -86,11 +141,22 @@ class CI_Migration {
 			show_error('Migrations configuration file (migration.php) must have "migration_table" set.');
 		}
 
+		// Migration basename regex
+		$this->_migration_regex = ($this->_migration_type === 'timestamp')
+			? '/^\d{14}_(\w+)$/'
+			: '/^\d{3}_(\w+)$/';
+
+		// Make sure a valid migration numbering type was set.
+		if ( ! in_array($this->_migration_type, array('sequential', 'timestamp')))
+		{
+			show_error('An invalid migration numbering type was specified: '.$this->_migration_type);
+		}
+
 		// If the migrations table is missing, make it
 		if ( ! $this->db->table_exists($this->_migration_table))
 		{
 			$this->dbforge->add_field(array(
-				'version' => array('type' => 'INT', 'constraint' => 3),
+				'version' => array('type' => 'BIGINT', 'constraint' => 20),
 			));
 
 			$this->dbforge->create_table($this->_migration_table, TRUE);
@@ -113,118 +179,88 @@ class CI_Migration {
 	 * Calls each migration step required to get to the schema version of
 	 * choice
 	 *
-	 * @param	int	Target schema version
+	 * @param	int	$target_version	Target schema version
 	 * @return	mixed	TRUE if already latest, FALSE if failed, int if upgraded
 	 */
 	public function version($target_version)
 	{
-		$start = $current_version = $this->_get_version();
-		$stop = $target_version;
+		$current_version = (int) $this->_get_version();
+		$target_version = (int) $target_version;
+
+		$migrations = $this->find_migrations();
+
+		if ($target_version > 0 && ! isset($migrations[$target_version]))
+		{
+			$this->_error_string = sprintf($this->lang->line('migration_not_found'), $target_version);
+			return FALSE;
+		}
 
 		if ($target_version > $current_version)
 		{
 			// Moving Up
-			++$start;
-			++$stop;
-			$step = 1;
+			$method = 'up';
 		}
 		else
 		{
-			// Moving Down
-			$step = -1;
+			// Moving Down, apply in reverse order
+			$method = 'down';
+			krsort($migrations);
 		}
 
-		$method = $step === 1 ? 'up' : 'down';
-		$migrations = array();
-
-		// We now prepare to actually DO the migrations
-		// But first let's make sure that everything is the way it should be
-		for ($i = $start; $i != $stop; $i += $step)
+		if (empty($migrations))
 		{
-			$f = glob(sprintf($this->_migration_path.'%03d_*.php', $i));
+			return TRUE;
+		}
+
+		$previous = FALSE;
 
-			// Only one migration per step is permitted
-			if (count($f) > 1)
+		// Validate all available migrations, and run the ones within our target range
+		foreach ($migrations as $number => $file)
+		{
+			// Check for sequence gaps
+			if ($this->_migration_type === 'sequential' && $previous !== FALSE && abs($number - $previous) > 1)
 			{
-				$this->_error_string = sprintf($this->lang->line('migration_multiple_version'), $i);
+				$this->_error_string = sprintf($this->lang->line('migration_sequence_gap'), $number);
 				return FALSE;
 			}
 
-			// Migration step not found
-			if (count($f) === 0)
-			{
-				// If trying to migrate up to a version greater than the last
-				// existing one, migrate to the last one.
-				if ($step === 1)
-				{
-					break;
-				}
+			include $file;
+			$class = 'Migration_'.ucfirst(strtolower($this->_get_migration_name(basename($file, '.php'))));
 
-				// If trying to migrate down but we're missing a step,
-				// something must definitely be wrong.
-				$this->_error_string = sprintf($this->lang->line('migration_not_found'), $i);
+			// Validate the migration file structure
+			if ( ! class_exists($class))
+			{
+				$this->_error_string = sprintf($this->lang->line('migration_class_doesnt_exist'), $class);
 				return FALSE;
 			}
 
-			$file = basename($f[0]);
-			$name = basename($f[0], '.php');
+			$previous = $number;
 
-			// Filename validations
-			if (preg_match('/^\d{3}_(\w+)$/', $name, $match))
+			// Run migrations that are inside the target range
+			if (
+				($method === 'up'   && $number > $current_version && $number <= $target_version) OR
+				($method === 'down' && $number <= $current_version && $number > $target_version)
+			)
 			{
-				$match[1] = strtolower($match[1]);
-
-				// Cannot repeat a migration at different steps
-				if (in_array($match[1], $migrations))
-				{
-					$this->_error_string = sprintf($this->lang->line('migration_multiple_version'), $match[1]);
-					return FALSE;
-				}
-
-				include $f[0];
-				$class = 'Migration_'.ucfirst($match[1]);
-
-				if ( ! class_exists($class))
-				{
-					$this->_error_string = sprintf($this->lang->line('migration_class_doesnt_exist'), $class);
-					return FALSE;
-				}
-
-				if ( ! is_callable(array($class, $method)))
+				$instance = new $class();
+				if ( ! is_callable(array($instance, $method)))
 				{
 					$this->_error_string = sprintf($this->lang->line('migration_missing_'.$method.'_method'), $class);
 					return FALSE;
 				}
 
-				$migrations[] = $match[1];
+				log_message('debug', 'Migrating '.$method.' from version '.$current_version.' to version '.$number);
+				call_user_func(array($instance, $method));
+				$current_version = $number;
+				$this->_update_version($current_version);
 			}
-			else
-			{
-				$this->_error_string = sprintf($this->lang->line('migration_invalid_filename'), $file);
-				return FALSE;
-			}
-		}
-
-		log_message('debug', 'Current migration: '.$current_version);
-
-		$version = $i + ($step === 1 ? -1 : 0);
-
-		// If there is nothing to do so quit
-		if ($migrations === array())
-		{
-			return TRUE;
 		}
 
-		log_message('debug', 'Migrating from '.$method.' to version '.$version);
-
-		// Loop through the migrations
-		foreach ($migrations AS $migration)
+		// This is necessary when moving down, since the the last migration applied
+		// will be the down() method for the next migration up from the target
+		if ($current_version <> $target_version)
 		{
-			// Run the migration class
-			$class = 'Migration_'.ucfirst(strtolower($migration));
-			call_user_func(array(new $class, $method));
-
-			$current_version += $step;
+			$current_version = $target_version;
 			$this->_update_version($current_version);
 		}
 
@@ -238,21 +274,23 @@ class CI_Migration {
 	/**
 	 * Set's the schema to the latest migration
 	 *
-	 * @return	mixed	true if already latest, false if failed, int if upgraded
+	 * @return	mixed	TRUE if already latest, FALSE if failed, int if upgraded
 	 */
 	public function latest()
 	{
-		if ( ! $migrations = $this->find_migrations())
+		$migrations = $this->find_migrations();
+
+		if (empty($migrations))
 		{
 			$this->_error_string = $this->lang->line('migration_none_found');
-			return false;
+			return FALSE;
 		}
 
 		$last_migration = basename(end($migrations));
 
 		// Calculate the last migration step from existing migration
 		// filenames and procceed to the standard version migration
-		return $this->version((int) substr($last_migration, 0, 3));
+		return $this->version($this->_get_migration_number($last_migration));
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -260,7 +298,7 @@ class CI_Migration {
 	/**
 	 * Set's the schema to the migration version set in config
 	 *
-	 * @return	mixed	true if already current, false if failed, int if upgraded
+	 * @return	mixed	TRUE if already current, FALSE if failed, int if upgraded
 	 */
 	public function current()
 	{
@@ -282,27 +320,66 @@ class CI_Migration {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Set's the schema to the latest migration
+	 * Retrieves list of available migration scripts
 	 *
-	 * @return	mixed	true if already latest, false if failed, int if upgraded
+	 * @return	array	list of migration file paths sorted by version
 	 */
-	protected function find_migrations()
+	public function find_migrations()
 	{
-		// Load all *_*.php files in the migrations path
-		$files = glob($this->_migration_path.'*_*.php');
+		$migrations = array();
 
-		for ($i = 0, $c = count($files); $i < $c; $i++)
+		// Load all *_*.php files in the migrations path
+		foreach (glob($this->_migration_path.'*_*.php') as $file)
 		{
-			// Mark wrongly formatted files as false for later filtering
-			if ( ! preg_match('/^\d{3}_(\w+)$/', basename($files[$i], '.php')))
+			$name = basename($file, '.php');
+
+			// Filter out non-migration files
+			if (preg_match($this->_migration_regex, $name))
 			{
-				$files[$i] = FALSE;
+				$number = $this->_get_migration_number($name);
+
+				// There cannot be duplicate migration numbers
+				if (isset($migrations[$number]))
+				{
+					$this->_error_string = sprintf($this->lang->line('migration_multiple_version'), $number);
+					show_error($this->_error_string);
+				}
+
+				$migrations[$number] = $file;
 			}
 		}
 
-		sort($files);
+		ksort($migrations);
+		return $migrations;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Extracts the migration number from a filename
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$migration
+	 * @return	int	Numeric portion of a migration filename
+	 */
+	protected function _get_migration_number($migration)
+	{
+		return sscanf($migration, '%d', $number)
+			? $number : 0;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-		return $files;
+	/**
+	 * Extracts the migration class name from a filename
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$migration
+	 * @return	string	text portion of a migration filename
+	 */
+	protected function _get_migration_name($migration)
+	{
+		$parts = explode('_', $migration);
+		array_shift($parts);
+		return implode('_', $parts);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -323,13 +400,13 @@ class CI_Migration {
 	/**
 	 * Stores the current schema version
 	 *
-	 * @param	int	Migration reached
+	 * @param	int	$migration	Migration reached
 	 * @return	void	Outputs a report of the migration
 	 */
-	protected function _update_version($migrations)
+	protected function _update_version($migration)
 	{
 		return $this->db->update($this->_migration_table, array(
-			'version' => $migrations
+			'version' => $migration
 		));
 	}
 
@@ -338,13 +415,14 @@ class CI_Migration {
 	/**
 	 * Enable the use of CI super-global
 	 *
-	 * @param	$var
+	 * @param	string	$var
 	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
 	public function __get($var)
 	{
 		return get_instance()->$var;
 	}
+
 }
 
 /* End of file Migration.php */
diff --git a/system/libraries/Pagination.php b/system/libraries/Pagination.php
index 0fe73d69f..66b341760 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Pagination.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Pagination.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * Pagination Class
@@ -36,43 +37,270 @@
  */
 class CI_Pagination {
 
-	protected $base_url				= ''; // The page we are linking to
-	protected $prefix				= ''; // A custom prefix added to the path.
-	protected $suffix				= ''; // A custom suffix added to the path.
-	protected $total_rows			= 0; // Total number of items (database results)
-	protected $per_page				= 10; // Max number of items you want shown per page
-	protected $num_links			= 2; // Number of "digit" links to show before/after the currently viewed page
-	protected $cur_page				= 0; // The current page being viewed
-	protected $use_page_numbers		= FALSE; // Use page number for segment instead of offset
-	protected $first_link			= '&lsaquo; First';
-	protected $next_link			= '&gt;';
-	protected $prev_link			= '&lt;';
-	protected $last_link			= 'Last &rsaquo;';
-	protected $uri_segment			= 3;
-	protected $full_tag_open		= '';
-	protected $full_tag_close		= '';
-	protected $first_tag_open		= '';
-	protected $first_tag_close		= '&nbsp;';
-	protected $last_tag_open		= '&nbsp;';
-	protected $last_tag_close		= '';
-	protected $first_url			= ''; // Alternative URL for the First Page.
-	protected $cur_tag_open			= '&nbsp;<strong>';
-	protected $cur_tag_close		= '</strong>';
-	protected $next_tag_open		= '&nbsp;';
-	protected $next_tag_close		= '&nbsp;';
-	protected $prev_tag_open		= '&nbsp;';
-	protected $prev_tag_close		= '';
-	protected $num_tag_open			= '&nbsp;';
-	protected $num_tag_close		= '';
+	/**
+	 * Base URL
+	 *
+	 * The page that we're linking to
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $base_url		= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Prefix
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $prefix		= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Suffix
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $suffix		= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Total number of items
+	 *
+	 * @var	int
+	 */
+	protected $total_rows		= 0;
+
+	/**
+	 * Items per page
+	 *
+	 * @var	int
+	 */
+	protected $per_page		= 10;
+
+	/**
+	 * Number of links to show
+	 *
+	 * Relates to "digit" type links shown before/after
+	 * the currently viewed page.
+	 *
+	 * @var	int
+	 */
+	protected $num_links		= 2;
+
+	/**
+	 * Current page
+	 *
+	 * @var	int
+	 */
+	protected $cur_page		= 0;
+
+	/**
+	 * Use page numbers flag
+	 *
+	 * Whether to use actual page numbers instead of an offset
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	protected $use_page_numbers	= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * First link
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $first_link		= '&lsaquo; First';
+
+	/**
+	 * Next link
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $next_link		= '&gt;';
+
+	/**
+	 * Previous link
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $prev_link		= '&lt;';
+
+	/**
+	 * Last link
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $last_link		= 'Last &rsaquo;';
+
+	/**
+	 * URI Segment
+	 *
+	 * @var	int
+	 */
+	protected $uri_segment		= 3;
+
+	/**
+	 * Full tag open
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $full_tag_open	= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Full tag close
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $full_tag_close	= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * First tag open
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $first_tag_open	= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * First tag close
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $first_tag_close	= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Last tag open
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $last_tag_open	= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Last tag close
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $last_tag_close	= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * First URL
+	 *
+	 * An alternative URL for the first page
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $first_url		= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Current tag open
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $cur_tag_open		= '<strong>';
+
+	/**
+	 * Current tag close
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $cur_tag_close	= '</strong>';
+
+	/**
+	 * Next tag open
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $next_tag_open	= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Next tag close
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $next_tag_close	= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Previous tag open
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $prev_tag_open	= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Previous tag close
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $prev_tag_close	= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Number tag open
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $num_tag_open		= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Number tag close
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $num_tag_close	= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Page query string flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
 	protected $page_query_string	= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Query string segment
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	protected $query_string_segment = 'per_page';
-	protected $display_pages		= TRUE;
-	protected $anchor_class			= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Display pages flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	protected $display_pages	= TRUE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Attributes
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_attributes		= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Link types
+	 *
+	 * "rel" attribute
+	 *
+	 * @see	CI_Pagination::_attr_rel()
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $_link_types		= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * Reuse query string flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	protected $reuse_query_string   = FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Data page attribute
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $data_page_attr	= 'data-ci-pagination-page';
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
 	 * Constructor
 	 *
-	 * @param	array	initialization parameters
+	 * @param	array	$params	Initialization parameters
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function __construct($params = array())
 	{
@@ -85,11 +313,29 @@ class CI_Pagination {
 	/**
 	 * Initialize Preferences
 	 *
-	 * @param	array	initialization parameters
+	 * @param	array	$params	Initialization parameters
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function initialize($params = array())
 	{
+		$attributes = array();
+
+		if (isset($params['attributes']) && is_array($params['attributes']))
+		{
+			$attributes = $params['attributes'];
+			unset($params['attributes']);
+		}
+
+		// Deprecated legacy support for the anchor_class option
+		// Should be removed in CI 3.1+
+		if (isset($params['anchor_class']))
+		{
+			empty($params['anchor_class']) OR $attributes['class'] = $params['anchor_class'];
+			unset($params['anchor_class']);
+		}
+
+		$this->_parse_attributes($attributes);
+
 		if (count($params) > 0)
 		{
 			foreach ($params as $key => $val)
@@ -100,11 +346,6 @@ class CI_Pagination {
 				}
 			}
 		}
-
-		if ($this->anchor_class != '')
-		{
-			$this->anchor_class = 'class="'.$this->anchor_class.'" ';
-		}
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -117,7 +358,7 @@ class CI_Pagination {
 	public function create_links()
 	{
 		// If our item count or per-page total is zero there is no need to continue.
-		if ($this->total_rows == 0 OR $this->per_page == 0)
+		if ($this->total_rows === 0 OR $this->per_page === 0)
 		{
 			return '';
 		}
@@ -138,9 +379,9 @@ class CI_Pagination {
 		$CI =& get_instance();
 
 		// See if we are using a prefix or suffix on links
-		if ($this->prefix != '' OR $this->suffix != '')
+		if ($this->prefix !== '' OR $this->suffix !== '')
 		{
-			$this->cur_page = (int) str_replace(array($this->prefix, $this->suffix), '', $CI->uri->segment($this->uri_segment));
+			$this->cur_page = (int) str_replace(array($this->prefix, $this->suffix), '', $CI->uri->rsegment($this->uri_segment));
 		}
 
 		if ($CI->config->item('enable_query_strings') === TRUE OR $this->page_query_string === TRUE)
@@ -150,13 +391,13 @@ class CI_Pagination {
 				$this->cur_page = (int) $CI->input->get($this->query_string_segment);
 			}
 		}
-		elseif ( ! $this->cur_page && $CI->uri->segment($this->uri_segment) != $base_page)
+		elseif ( ! $this->cur_page && $CI->uri->segment($this->uri_segment) !== $base_page)
 		{
-			$this->cur_page = (int) $CI->uri->segment($this->uri_segment);
+			$this->cur_page = (int) $CI->uri->rsegment($this->uri_segment);
 		}
 
 		// Set current page to 1 if it's not valid or if using page numbers instead of offset
-		if ( ! is_numeric($this->cur_page) OR ($this->use_page_numbers && $this->cur_page == 0))
+		if ( ! is_numeric($this->cur_page) OR ($this->use_page_numbers && $this->cur_page === 0))
 		{
 			$this->cur_page = $base_page;
 		}
@@ -186,7 +427,7 @@ class CI_Pagination {
 
 		if ( ! $this->use_page_numbers)
 		{
-			$this->cur_page = floor(($this->cur_page/$this->per_page) + 1);
+			$this->cur_page = (int) floor(($this->cur_page/$this->per_page) + 1);
 		}
 
 		// Calculate the start and end numbers. These determine
@@ -198,7 +439,8 @@ class CI_Pagination {
 		// string. If post, add a trailing slash to the base URL if needed
 		if ($CI->config->item('enable_query_strings') === TRUE OR $this->page_query_string === TRUE)
 		{
-			$this->base_url = rtrim($this->base_url).'&amp;'.$this->query_string_segment.'=';
+			$segment = (strpos($this->base_url, '?')) ? '&amp;' : '?';
+			$this->base_url = rtrim($this->base_url).$segment.$this->query_string_segment.'=';
 		}
 		else
 		{
@@ -207,27 +449,58 @@ class CI_Pagination {
 
 		// And here we go...
 		$output = '';
+		$query_string = '';
+
+		// Add anything in the query string back to the links
+		// Note: Nothing to do with query_string_segment or any other query string options
+		if ($this->reuse_query_string === TRUE)
+		{
+			$get = $CI->input->get();
+
+			// Unset the controll, method, old-school routing options
+			unset($get['c'], $get['m'], $get[$this->query_string_segment]);
+
+			if ( ! empty($get))
+			{
+				// Put everything else onto the end
+				$query_string = (strpos($this->base_url, '?') !== FALSE ? '&amp;' : '?')
+						.http_build_query($get, '', '&amp;');
+
+				// Add this after the suffix to put it into more links easily
+				$this->suffix .= $query_string;
+			}
+		}
 
 		// Render the "First" link
 		if ($this->first_link !== FALSE && $this->cur_page > ($this->num_links + 1))
 		{
-			$first_url = ($this->first_url == '') ? $this->base_url : $this->first_url;
-			$output .= $this->first_tag_open.'<a '.$this->anchor_class.'href="'.$first_url.'">'.$this->first_link.'</a>'.$this->first_tag_close;
+			$first_url = ($this->first_url === '') ? $this->base_url : $this->first_url;
+
+			// Take the general parameters, and squeeze this pagination-page attr in there for JS fw's
+			$attributes = sprintf('%s %s="%d"', $this->_attributes, $this->data_page_attr, 1);
+
+			$output .= $this->first_tag_open.'<a href="'.$first_url.'"'.$attributes.$this->_attr_rel('start').'>'
+				.$this->first_link.'</a>'.$this->first_tag_close;
 		}
 
 		// Render the "previous" link
-		if  ($this->prev_link !== FALSE && $this->cur_page != 1)
+		if ($this->prev_link !== FALSE && $this->cur_page !== 1)
 		{
 			$i = ($this->use_page_numbers) ? $uri_page_number - 1 : $uri_page_number - $this->per_page;
 
-			if ($i == $base_page && $this->first_url != '')
+			// Take the general parameters, and squeeze this pagination-page attr in there for JS fw's
+			$attributes = sprintf('%s %s="%d"', $this->_attributes, $this->data_page_attr, (int) $i);
+
+			if ($i === $base_page && $this->first_url !== '')
 			{
-				$output .= $this->prev_tag_open.'<a '.$this->anchor_class.'href="'.$this->first_url.'">'.$this->prev_link.'</a>'.$this->prev_tag_close;
+				$output .= $this->prev_tag_open.'<a href="'.$this->first_url.$query_string.'"'.$attributes.$this->_attr_rel('prev').'>'
+					.$this->prev_link.'</a>'.$this->prev_tag_close;
 			}
 			else
 			{
-				$i = ($i == $base_page) ? '' : $this->prefix.$i.$this->suffix;
-				$output .= $this->prev_tag_open.'<a '.$this->anchor_class.'href="'.$this->base_url.$i.'">'.$this->prev_link.'</a>'.$this->prev_tag_close;
+				$append = ($i === $base_page) ? $query_string : $this->prefix.$i.$this->suffix;
+				$output .= $this->prev_tag_open.'<a href="'.$this->base_url.$append.'"'.$attributes.$this->_attr_rel('prev').'>'
+					.$this->prev_link.'</a>'.$this->prev_tag_close;
 			}
 
 		}
@@ -240,25 +513,28 @@ class CI_Pagination {
 			{
 				$i = ($this->use_page_numbers) ? $loop : ($loop * $this->per_page) - $this->per_page;
 
+				// Take the general parameters, and squeeze this pagination-page attr in there for JS fw's
+				$attributes = sprintf('%s %s="%d"', $this->_attributes, $this->data_page_attr, (int) $i);
+
 				if ($i >= $base_page)
 				{
-					if ($this->cur_page == $loop)
+					if ($this->cur_page === $loop)
 					{
 						$output .= $this->cur_tag_open.$loop.$this->cur_tag_close; // Current page
 					}
 					else
 					{
-						$n = ($i == $base_page) ? '' : $i;
-
-						if ($n == '' && $this->first_url != '')
+						$n = ($i === $base_page) ? '' : $i;
+						if ($n === '' && ! empty($this->first_url))
 						{
-							$output .= $this->num_tag_open.'<a '.$this->anchor_class.'href="'.$this->first_url.'">'.$loop.'</a>'.$this->num_tag_close;
+							$output .= $this->num_tag_open.'<a href="'.$this->first_url.$query_string.'"'.$attributes.$this->_attr_rel('start').'>'
+								.$loop.'</a>'.$this->num_tag_close;
 						}
 						else
 						{
-							$n = ($n == '') ? '' : $this->prefix.$n.$this->suffix;
-
-							$output .= $this->num_tag_open.'<a '.$this->anchor_class.'href="'.$this->base_url.$n.'">'.$loop.'</a>'.$this->num_tag_close;
+							$append = ($n === '') ? $query_string : $this->prefix.$n.$this->suffix;
+							$output .= $this->num_tag_open.'<a href="'.$this->base_url.$append.'"'.$attributes.$this->_attr_rel('start').'>'
+								.$loop.'</a>'.$this->num_tag_close;
 						}
 					}
 				}
@@ -270,7 +546,11 @@ class CI_Pagination {
 		{
 			$i = ($this->use_page_numbers) ? $this->cur_page + 1 : $this->cur_page * $this->per_page;
 
-			$output .= $this->next_tag_open.'<a '.$this->anchor_class.'href="'.$this->base_url.$this->prefix.$i.$this->suffix.'">'.$this->next_link.'</a>'.$this->next_tag_close;
+			// Take the general parameters, and squeeze this pagination-page attr in there for JS fw's
+			$attributes = sprintf('%s %s="%d"', $this->_attributes, $this->data_page_attr, (int) $i);
+
+			$output .= $this->next_tag_open.'<a href="'.$this->base_url.$this->prefix.$i.$this->suffix.'"'.$attributes
+				.$this->_attr_rel('next').'>'.$this->next_link.'</a>'.$this->next_tag_close;
 		}
 
 		// Render the "Last" link
@@ -278,7 +558,11 @@ class CI_Pagination {
 		{
 			$i = ($this->use_page_numbers) ? $num_pages : ($num_pages * $this->per_page) - $this->per_page;
 
-			$output .= $this->last_tag_open.'<a '.$this->anchor_class.'href="'.$this->base_url.$this->prefix.$i.$this->suffix.'">'.$this->last_link.'</a>'.$this->last_tag_close;
+			// Take the general parameters, and squeeze this pagination-page attr in there for JS fw's
+			$attributes = sprintf('%s %s="%d"', $this->_attributes, $this->data_page_attr, (int) $i);
+
+			$output .= $this->last_tag_open.'<a href="'.$this->base_url.$this->prefix.$i.$this->suffix.'"'.$attributes.'>'
+				.$this->last_link.'</a>'.$this->last_tag_close;
 		}
 
 		// Kill double slashes. Note: Sometimes we can end up with a double slash
@@ -289,6 +573,49 @@ class CI_Pagination {
 		return $this->full_tag_open.$output.$this->full_tag_close;
 	}
 
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Parse attributes
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$attributes
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _parse_attributes($attributes)
+	{
+		isset($attributes['rel']) OR $attributes['rel'] = TRUE;
+		$this->_link_types = ($attributes['rel'])
+					? array('start' => 'start', 'prev' => 'prev', 'next' => 'next')
+					: array();
+		unset($attributes['rel']);
+
+		$this->_attributes = '';
+		foreach ($attributes as $key => $value)
+		{
+			$this->_attributes .= ' '.$key.'="'.$value.'"';
+		}
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Add "rel" attribute
+	 *
+	 * @link	http://www.w3.org/TR/html5/links.html#linkTypes
+	 * @param	string	$type
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _attr_rel($type)
+	{
+		if (isset($this->_link_types[$type]))
+		{
+			unset($this->_link_types[$type]);
+			return ' rel="'.$type.'"';
+		}
+
+		return '';
+	}
+
 }
 
 /* End of file Pagination.php */
diff --git a/system/libraries/Parser.php b/system/libraries/Parser.php
index d1b5b764b..faa94b7c9 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Parser.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Parser.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * Parser Class
@@ -36,11 +37,41 @@
  */
 class CI_Parser {
 
+	/**
+	 * Left delimeter character for psuedo vars
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
 	public $l_delim = '{';
+
+	/**
+	 * Right delimeter character for psuedo vars
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
 	public $r_delim = '}';
-	public $object;
+
+	/**
+	 * Reference to CodeIgniter instance
+	 *
+	 * @var object
+	 */
 	protected $CI;
 
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Class constructor
+	 *
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function __construct()
+	{
+		$this->CI =& get_instance();
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 	/**
 	 * Parse a template
 	 *
@@ -54,7 +85,6 @@ class CI_Parser {
 	 */
 	public function parse($template, $data, $return = FALSE)
 	{
-		$this->CI =& get_instance();
 		$template = $this->CI->load->view($template, $data, TRUE);
 
 		return $this->_parse($template, $data, $return);
@@ -93,24 +123,19 @@ class CI_Parser {
 	 */
 	protected function _parse($template, $data, $return = FALSE)
 	{
-		if ($template == '')
+		if ($template === '')
 		{
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
 		foreach ($data as $key => $val)
 		{
-			if (is_array($val))
-			{
-				$template = $this->_parse_pair($key, $val, $template);
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				$template = $this->_parse_single($key, (string)$val, $template);
-			}
+			$template = is_array($val)
+					? $this->_parse_pair($key, $val, $template)
+					: $template = $this->_parse_single($key, (string) $val, $template);
 		}
 
-		if ($return == FALSE)
+		if ($return === FALSE)
 		{
 			$this->CI->output->append_output($template);
 		}
@@ -173,14 +198,9 @@ class CI_Parser {
 			$temp = $match[1];
 			foreach ($row as $key => $val)
 			{
-				if ( ! is_array($val))
-				{
-					$temp = $this->_parse_single($key, $val, $temp);
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					$temp = $this->_parse_pair($key, $val, $temp);
-				}
+				$temp = is_array($val)
+						? $this->_parse_pair($key, $val, $temp)
+						: $this->_parse_single($key, $val, $temp);
 			}
 
 			$str .= $temp;
diff --git a/system/libraries/Profiler.php b/system/libraries/Profiler.php
index 6320ab50d..1c97e3481 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Profiler.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Profiler.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * CodeIgniter Profiler Class
@@ -42,23 +43,47 @@
  */
 class CI_Profiler {
 
+	/**
+	 * List of profiler sections available to show
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
 	protected $_available_sections = array(
-						'benchmarks',
-						'get',
-						'memory_usage',
-						'post',
-						'uri_string',
-						'controller_info',
-						'queries',
-						'http_headers',
-						'session_data',
-						'config'
-					);
+		'benchmarks',
+		'get',
+		'memory_usage',
+		'post',
+		'uri_string',
+		'controller_info',
+		'queries',
+		'http_headers',
+		'session_data',
+		'config'
+	);
 
+	/**
+	 * Number of queries to show before making the additional queries togglable
+	 *
+	 * @var int
+	 */
 	protected $_query_toggle_count = 25;
 
+	/**
+	 * Reference to the CodeIgniter singleton
+	 *
+	 * @var object
+	 */
 	protected $CI;
 
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Class constructor
+	 *
+	 * Initialize Profiler
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$config	Parameters
+	 */
 	public function __construct($config = array())
 	{
 		$this->CI =& get_instance();
@@ -89,11 +114,17 @@ class CI_Profiler {
 	 *
 	 * Sets the private _compile_* properties to enable/disable Profiler sections
 	 *
-	 * @param	mixed
+	 * @param	mixed	$config
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function set_sections($config)
 	{
+		if (isset($config['query_toggle_count']))
+		{
+			$this->_query_toggle_count = (int) $config['query_toggle_count'];
+			unset($config['query_toggle_count']);
+		}
+
 		foreach ($config as $method => $enable)
 		{
 			if (in_array($method, $this->_available_sections))
@@ -162,11 +193,24 @@ class CI_Profiler {
 		$dbs = array();
 
 		// Let's determine which databases are currently connected to
-		foreach (get_object_vars($this->CI) as $CI_object)
+		foreach (get_object_vars($this->CI) as $name => $cobject)
 		{
-			if (is_object($CI_object) && is_subclass_of(get_class($CI_object), 'CI_DB'))
+			if (is_object($cobject))
 			{
-				$dbs[] = $CI_object;
+				if ($cobject instanceof CI_DB)
+				{
+					$dbs[get_class($this->CI).':$'.$name] = $cobject;
+				}
+				elseif ($cobject instanceof CI_Model)
+				{
+					foreach (get_object_vars($cobject) as $mname => $mobject)
+					{
+						if ($mobject instanceof CI_DB)
+						{
+							$dbs[get_class($cobject).':$'.$mname] = $mobject;
+						}
+					}
+				}
 			}
 		}
 
@@ -191,13 +235,13 @@ class CI_Profiler {
 		$output  = "\n\n";
 		$count = 0;
 
-		foreach ($dbs as $db)
+		foreach ($dbs as $name => $db)
 		{
 			$hide_queries = (count($db->queries) > $this->_query_toggle_count) ? ' display:none' : '';
 
 			$show_hide_js = '(<span style="cursor: pointer;" onclick="var s=document.getElementById(\'ci_profiler_queries_db_'.$count.'\').style;s.display=s.display==\'none\'?\'\':\'none\';this.innerHTML=this.innerHTML==\''.$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_section_hide').'\'?\''.$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_section_show').'\':\''.$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_section_hide').'\';">'.$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_section_hide').'</span>)';
 
-			if ($hide_queries != '')
+			if ($hide_queries !== '')
 			{
 				$show_hide_js = '(<span style="cursor: pointer;" onclick="var s=document.getElementById(\'ci_profiler_queries_db_'.$count.'\').style;s.display=s.display==\'none\'?\'\':\'none\';this.innerHTML=this.innerHTML==\''.$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_section_show').'\'?\''.$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_section_hide').'\':\''.$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_section_show').'\';">'.$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_section_show').'</span>)';
 			}
@@ -205,7 +249,7 @@ class CI_Profiler {
 			$output .= '<fieldset style="border:1px solid #0000FF;padding:6px 10px 10px 10px;margin:20px 0 20px 0;background-color:#eee;">'
 				."\n"
 				.'<legend style="color:#0000FF;">&nbsp;&nbsp;'.$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_database')
-				.':&nbsp; '.$db->database.'&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'.$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_queries')
+				.':&nbsp; '.$db->database.' ('.$name.')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'.$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_queries')
 				.': '.count($db->queries).'&nbsp;&nbsp;'.$show_hide_js."</legend>\n\n\n"
 				.'<table style="width:100%;'.$hide_queries.'" id="ci_profiler_queries_db_'.$count."\">\n";
 
@@ -293,7 +337,7 @@ class CI_Profiler {
 			."\n"
 			.'<legend style="color:#009900;">&nbsp;&nbsp;'.$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_post_data')."&nbsp;&nbsp;</legend>\n";
 
-		if (count($_POST) == 0)
+		if (count($_POST) === 0)
 		{
 			$output .= '<div style="color:#009900;font-weight:normal;padding:4px 0 4px 0;">'.$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_no_post').'</div>';
 		}
@@ -343,7 +387,7 @@ class CI_Profiler {
 			."\n"
 			.'<legend style="color:#000;">&nbsp;&nbsp;'.$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_uri_string')."&nbsp;&nbsp;</legend>\n"
 			.'<div style="color:#000;font-weight:normal;padding:4px 0 4px 0;">'
-			.($this->CI->uri->uri_string == '' ? $this->CI->lang->line('profiler_no_uri') : $this->CI->uri->uri_string)
+			.($this->CI->uri->uri_string === '' ? $this->CI->lang->line('profiler_no_uri') : $this->CI->uri->uri_string)
 			.'</div></fieldset>';
 	}
 
@@ -380,7 +424,7 @@ class CI_Profiler {
 			."\n"
 			.'<legend style="color:#5a0099;">&nbsp;&nbsp;'.$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_memory_usage')."&nbsp;&nbsp;</legend>\n"
 			.'<div style="color:#5a0099;font-weight:normal;padding:4px 0 4px 0;">'
-			.((function_exists('memory_get_usage') && ($usage = memory_get_usage()) != '') ? number_format($usage).' bytes' : $this->CI->lang->line('profiler_no_memory'))
+			.(($usage = memory_get_usage()) != '' ? number_format($usage).' bytes' : $this->CI->lang->line('profiler_no_memory'))
 			.'</div></fieldset>';
 	}
 
@@ -505,6 +549,7 @@ class CI_Profiler {
 
 		return $output.'</div>';
 	}
+
 }
 
 /* End of file Profiler.php */
diff --git a/system/libraries/Session.php b/system/libraries/Session.php
deleted file mode 100644
index 3515764ce..000000000
--- a/system/libraries/Session.php
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,819 +0,0 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
-/**
- * CodeIgniter
- *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.2.4 or newer
- *
- * NOTICE OF LICENSE
- *
- * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
- *
- * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
- * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
- * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
- * http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0
- * If you did not receive a copy of the license and are unable to obtain it
- * through the world wide web, please send an email to
- * licensing@ellislab.com so we can send you a copy immediately.
- *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2012, EllisLab, Inc. (http://ellislab.com/)
- * @license		http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0 Open Software License (OSL 3.0)
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
- * @filesource
- */
-
-/**
- * Session Class
- *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @subpackage	Libraries
- * @category	Sessions
- * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/sessions.html
- */
-class CI_Session {
-
-	public $sess_encrypt_cookie		= FALSE;
-	public $sess_use_database		= FALSE;
-	public $sess_table_name			= '';
-	public $sess_expiration			= 7200;
-	public $sess_expire_on_close		= FALSE;
-	public $sess_match_ip			= FALSE;
-	public $sess_match_useragent		= TRUE;
-	public $sess_cookie_name		= 'ci_session';
-	public $cookie_prefix			= '';
-	public $cookie_path			= '';
-	public $cookie_domain			= '';
-	public $cookie_secure			= FALSE;
-	public $cookie_httponly 		= FALSE;
-	public $sess_time_to_update		= 300;
-	public $encryption_key			= '';
-	public $flashdata_key			= 'flash';
-	public $time_reference			= 'time';
-	public $gc_probability			= 5;
-	public $userdata			= array();
-	public $CI;
-	public $now;
-
-	/**
-	 * Session Constructor
-	 *
-	 * The constructor runs the session routines automatically
-	 * whenever the class is instantiated.
-	 */
-	public function __construct($params = array())
-	{
-		log_message('debug', 'Session Class Initialized');
-
-		// Set the super object to a local variable for use throughout the class
-		$this->CI =& get_instance();
-
-		// Set all the session preferences, which can either be set
-		// manually via the $params array above or via the config file
-		foreach (array('sess_encrypt_cookie', 'sess_use_database', 'sess_table_name', 'sess_expiration', 'sess_expire_on_close', 'sess_match_ip', 'sess_match_useragent', 'sess_cookie_name', 'cookie_path', 'cookie_domain', 'cookie_secure', 'cookie_httponly', 'sess_time_to_update', 'time_reference', 'cookie_prefix', 'encryption_key') as $key)
-		{
-			$this->$key = (isset($params[$key])) ? $params[$key] : $this->CI->config->item($key);
-		}
-
-		if ($this->encryption_key == '')
-		{
-			show_error('In order to use the Session class you are required to set an encryption key in your config file.');
-		}
-
-		// Load the string helper so we can use the strip_slashes() function
-		$this->CI->load->helper('string');
-
-		// Do we need encryption? If so, load the encryption class
-		if ($this->sess_encrypt_cookie == TRUE)
-		{
-			$this->CI->load->library('encrypt');
-		}
-
-		// Are we using a database? If so, load it
-		if ($this->sess_use_database === TRUE && $this->sess_table_name != '')
-		{
-			$this->CI->load->database();
-		}
-
-		// Set the "now" time. Can either be GMT or server time, based on the
-		// config prefs. We use this to set the "last activity" time
-		$this->now = $this->_get_time();
-
-		// Set the session length. If the session expiration is
-		// set to zero we'll set the expiration two years from now.
-		if ($this->sess_expiration == 0)
-		{
-			$this->sess_expiration = (60*60*24*365*2);
-		}
-
-		// Set the cookie name
-		$this->sess_cookie_name = $this->cookie_prefix.$this->sess_cookie_name;
-
-		// Run the Session routine. If a session doesn't exist we'll
-		// create a new one. If it does, we'll update it.
-		if ( ! $this->sess_read())
-		{
-			$this->sess_create();
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			$this->sess_update();
-		}
-
-		// Delete 'old' flashdata (from last request)
-		$this->_flashdata_sweep();
-
-		// Mark all new flashdata as old (data will be deleted before next request)
-		$this->_flashdata_mark();
-
-		// Delete expired sessions if necessary
-		$this->_sess_gc();
-
-		log_message('debug', 'Session routines successfully run');
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Fetch the current session data if it exists
-	 *
-	 * @return	bool
-	 */
-	public function sess_read()
-	{
-		// Fetch the cookie
-		$session = $this->CI->input->cookie($this->sess_cookie_name);
-
-		// No cookie?  Goodbye cruel world!...
-		if ($session === FALSE)
-		{
-			log_message('debug', 'A session cookie was not found.');
-			return FALSE;
-		}
-
-		// Decrypt the cookie data
-		if ($this->sess_encrypt_cookie == TRUE)
-		{
-			$session = $this->CI->encrypt->decode($session);
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			// encryption was not used, so we need to check the md5 hash
-			$hash	 = substr($session, strlen($session)-32); // get last 32 chars
-			$session = substr($session, 0, strlen($session)-32);
-
-			// Does the md5 hash match? This is to prevent manipulation of session data in userspace
-			if ($hash !==  md5($session.$this->encryption_key))
-			{
-				log_message('error', 'The session cookie data did not match what was expected. This could be a possible hacking attempt.');
-				$this->sess_destroy();
-				return FALSE;
-			}
-		}
-
-		// Unserialize the session array
-		$session = $this->_unserialize($session);
-
-		// Is the session data we unserialized an array with the correct format?
-		if ( ! is_array($session) OR ! isset($session['session_id'], $session['ip_address'], $session['user_agent'], $session['last_activity']))
-		{
-			$this->sess_destroy();
-			return FALSE;
-		}
-
-		// Is the session current?
-		if (($session['last_activity'] + $this->sess_expiration) < $this->now)
-		{
-			$this->sess_destroy();
-			return FALSE;
-		}
-
-		// Does the IP match?
-		if ($this->sess_match_ip == TRUE && $session['ip_address'] !== $this->CI->input->ip_address())
-		{
-			$this->sess_destroy();
-			return FALSE;
-		}
-
-		// Does the User Agent Match?
-		if ($this->sess_match_useragent == TRUE && trim($session['user_agent']) !== trim(substr($this->CI->input->user_agent(), 0, 120)))
-		{
-			$this->sess_destroy();
-			return FALSE;
-		}
-
-		// Is there a corresponding session in the DB?
-		if ($this->sess_use_database === TRUE)
-		{
-			$this->CI->db->where('session_id', $session['session_id']);
-
-			if ($this->sess_match_ip == TRUE)
-			{
-				$this->CI->db->where('ip_address', $session['ip_address']);
-			}
-
-			if ($this->sess_match_useragent == TRUE)
-			{
-				$this->CI->db->where('user_agent', $session['user_agent']);
-			}
-
-			$query = $this->CI->db->limit(1)->get($this->sess_table_name);
-
-			// No result? Kill it!
-			if ($query->num_rows() === 0)
-			{
-				$this->sess_destroy();
-				return FALSE;
-			}
-
-			// Is there custom data?  If so, add it to the main session array
-			$row = $query->row();
-			if (isset($row->user_data) && $row->user_data != '')
-			{
-				$custom_data = $this->_unserialize($row->user_data);
-
-				if (is_array($custom_data))
-				{
-					foreach ($custom_data as $key => $val)
-					{
-						$session[$key] = $val;
-					}
-				}
-			}
-		}
-
-		// Session is valid!
-		$this->userdata = $session;
-		unset($session);
-
-		return TRUE;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Write the session data
-	 *
-	 * @return	void
-	 */
-	public function sess_write()
-	{
-		// Are we saving custom data to the DB?  If not, all we do is update the cookie
-		if ($this->sess_use_database === FALSE)
-		{
-			$this->_set_cookie();
-			return;
-		}
-
-		// set the custom userdata, the session data we will set in a second
-		$custom_userdata = $this->userdata;
-		$cookie_userdata = array();
-
-		// Before continuing, we need to determine if there is any custom data to deal with.
-		// Let's determine this by removing the default indexes to see if there's anything left in the array
-		// and set the session data while we're at it
-		foreach (array('session_id','ip_address','user_agent','last_activity') as $val)
-		{
-			unset($custom_userdata[$val]);
-			$cookie_userdata[$val] = $this->userdata[$val];
-		}
-
-		// Did we find any custom data? If not, we turn the empty array into a string
-		// since there's no reason to serialize and store an empty array in the DB
-		if (count($custom_userdata) === 0)
-		{
-			$custom_userdata = '';
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			// Serialize the custom data array so we can store it
-			$custom_userdata = $this->_serialize($custom_userdata);
-		}
-
-		// Run the update query
-		$this->CI->db->where('session_id', $this->userdata['session_id']);
-		$this->CI->db->update($this->sess_table_name, array('last_activity' => $this->userdata['last_activity'], 'user_data' => $custom_userdata));
-
-		// Write the cookie. Notice that we manually pass the cookie data array to the
-		// _set_cookie() function. Normally that function will store $this->userdata, but
-		// in this case that array contains custom data, which we do not want in the cookie.
-		$this->_set_cookie($cookie_userdata);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Create a new session
-	 *
-	 * @return	void
-	 */
-	public function sess_create()
-	{
-		$sessid = '';
-		do
-		{
-			$sessid .= mt_rand(0, mt_getrandmax());
-		}
-		while (strlen($sessid) < 32);
-
-		// To make the session ID even more secure we'll combine it with the user's IP
-		$sessid .= $this->CI->input->ip_address();
-
-		$this->userdata = array(
-					'session_id'	=> md5(uniqid($sessid, TRUE)),
-					'ip_address'	=> $this->CI->input->ip_address(),
-					'user_agent'	=> substr($this->CI->input->user_agent(), 0, 120),
-					'last_activity'	=> $this->now,
-					'user_data'	=> ''
-				);
-
-		// Save the data to the DB if needed
-		if ($this->sess_use_database === TRUE)
-		{
-			$this->CI->db->query($this->CI->db->insert_string($this->sess_table_name, $this->userdata));
-		}
-
-		// Write the cookie
-		$this->_set_cookie();
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Update an existing session
-	 *
-	 * @return	void
-	 */
-	public function sess_update()
-	{
-		// We only update the session every five minutes by default
-		if (($this->userdata['last_activity'] + $this->sess_time_to_update) >= $this->now)
-		{
-			return;
-		}
-
-		// _set_cookie() will handle this for us if we aren't using database sessions
-		// by pushing all userdata to the cookie.
-		$cookie_data = NULL;
-
-		/* Changing the session ID during an AJAX call causes problems,
-		 * so we'll only update our last_activity
-		 */
-		if ($this->CI->input->is_ajax_request())
-		{
-			$this->userdata['last_activity'] = $this->now;
-
-			// Update the session ID and last_activity field in the DB if needed
-			if ($this->sess_use_database === TRUE)
-			{
-				// set cookie explicitly to only have our session data
-				$cookie_data = array();
-				foreach (array('session_id','ip_address','user_agent','last_activity') as $val)
-				{
-					$cookie_data[$val] = $this->userdata[$val];
-				}
-
-				$this->CI->db->query($this->CI->db->update_string($this->sess_table_name,
-											array('last_activity' => $this->userdata['last_activity']),
-											array('session_id' => $this->userdata['session_id'])));
-			}
-
-			return $this->_set_cookie($cookie_data);
-		}
-
-		// Save the old session id so we know which record to
-		// update in the database if we need it
-		$old_sessid = $this->userdata['session_id'];
-		$new_sessid = '';
-		do
-		{
-			$new_sessid .= mt_rand(0, mt_getrandmax());
-		}
-		while (strlen($new_sessid) < 32);
-
-		// To make the session ID even more secure we'll combine it with the user's IP
-		$new_sessid .= $this->CI->input->ip_address();
-
-		// Turn it into a hash and update the session data array
-		$this->userdata['session_id'] = $new_sessid = md5(uniqid($new_sessid, TRUE));
-		$this->userdata['last_activity'] = $this->now;
-
-		// Update the session ID and last_activity field in the DB if needed
-		if ($this->sess_use_database === TRUE)
-		{
-			// set cookie explicitly to only have our session data
-			$cookie_data = array();
-			foreach (array('session_id','ip_address','user_agent','last_activity') as $val)
-			{
-				$cookie_data[$val] = $this->userdata[$val];
-			}
-
-			$this->CI->db->query($this->CI->db->update_string($this->sess_table_name, array('last_activity' => $this->now, 'session_id' => $new_sessid), array('session_id' => $old_sessid)));
-		}
-
-		// Write the cookie
-		$this->_set_cookie($cookie_data);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Destroy the current session
-	 *
-	 * @return	void
-	 */
-	public function sess_destroy()
-	{
-		// Kill the session DB row
-		if ($this->sess_use_database === TRUE && isset($this->userdata['session_id']))
-		{
-			$this->CI->db->where('session_id', $this->userdata['session_id']);
-			$this->CI->db->delete($this->sess_table_name);
-		}
-
-		// Kill the cookie
-		setcookie(
-				$this->sess_cookie_name,
-				addslashes(serialize(array())),
-				($this->now - 31500000),
-				$this->cookie_path,
-				$this->cookie_domain,
-				0
-			);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Fetch a specific item from the session array
-	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	public function userdata($item)
-	{
-		return isset($this->userdata[$item]) ? $this->userdata[$item] : FALSE;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Fetch all session data
-	 *
-	 * @return	array
-	 */
-	public function all_userdata()
-	{
-		return $this->userdata;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Fetch all flashdata
-	 *
-	 * @return	array
-	 */
-	public function all_flashdata()
-	{
-		$out = array();
-
-		// loop through all userdata
-		foreach ($this->all_userdata() as $key => $val)
-		{
-			// if it contains flashdata, add it
-			if (strpos($key, 'flash:old:') !== FALSE)
-			{
-				$out[$key] = $val;
-			}
-		}
-		return $out;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Add or change data in the "userdata" array
-	 *
-	 * @param	mixed
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	void
-	 */
-	public function set_userdata($newdata = array(), $newval = '')
-	{
-		if (is_string($newdata))
-		{
-			$newdata = array($newdata => $newval);
-		}
-
-		if (count($newdata) > 0)
-		{
-			foreach ($newdata as $key => $val)
-			{
-				$this->userdata[$key] = $val;
-			}
-		}
-
-		$this->sess_write();
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Delete a session variable from the "userdata" array
-	 *
-	 * @return	void
-	 */
-	public function unset_userdata($newdata = array())
-	{
-		if (is_string($newdata))
-		{
-			$newdata = array($newdata => '');
-		}
-
-		if (count($newdata) > 0)
-		{
-			foreach ($newdata as $key => $val)
-			{
-				unset($this->userdata[$key]);
-			}
-		}
-
-		$this->sess_write();
-	}
-
-	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Add or change flashdata, only available
-	 * until the next request
-	 *
-	 * @param	mixed
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	void
-	 */
-	public function set_flashdata($newdata = array(), $newval = '')
-	{
-		if (is_string($newdata))
-		{
-			$newdata = array($newdata => $newval);
-		}
-
-		if (count($newdata) > 0)
-		{
-			foreach ($newdata as $key => $val)
-			{
-				$this->set_userdata($this->flashdata_key.':new:'.$key, $val);
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Keeps existing flashdata available to next request.
-	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	void
-	 */
-	public function keep_flashdata($key)
-	{
-		// 'old' flashdata gets removed. Here we mark all
-		// flashdata as 'new' to preserve it from _flashdata_sweep()
-		// Note the function will return FALSE if the $key
-		// provided cannot be found
-		$value = $this->userdata($this->flashdata_key.':old:'.$key);
-
-		$this->set_userdata($this->flashdata_key.':new:'.$key, $value);
-	}
-
-	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Fetch a specific flashdata item from the session array
-	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	public function flashdata($key)
-	{
-		return $this->userdata($this->flashdata_key.':old:'.$key);
-	}
-
-	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Identifies flashdata as 'old' for removal
-	 * when _flashdata_sweep() runs.
-	 *
-	 * @return	void
-	 */
-	protected function _flashdata_mark()
-	{
-		$userdata = $this->all_userdata();
-		foreach ($userdata as $name => $value)
-		{
-			$parts = explode(':new:', $name);
-			if (is_array($parts) && count($parts) === 2)
-			{
-				$this->set_userdata($this->flashdata_key.':old:'.$parts[1], $value);
-				$this->unset_userdata($name);
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Removes all flashdata marked as 'old'
-	 *
-	 * @return	void
-	 */
-	protected function _flashdata_sweep()
-	{
-		$userdata = $this->all_userdata();
-		foreach ($userdata as $key => $value)
-		{
-			if (strpos($key, ':old:'))
-			{
-				$this->unset_userdata($key);
-			}
-		}
-
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Get the "now" time
-	 *
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	protected function _get_time()
-	{
-		return (strtolower($this->time_reference) === 'gmt')
-			? mktime(gmdate('H'), gmdate('i'), gmdate('s'), gmdate('m'), gmdate('d'), gmdate('Y'))
-			: time();
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Write the session cookie
-	 *
-	 * @return	void
-	 */
-	protected function _set_cookie($cookie_data = NULL)
-	{
-		if (is_null($cookie_data))
-		{
-			$cookie_data = $this->userdata;
-		}
-
-		// Serialize the userdata for the cookie
-		$cookie_data = $this->_serialize($cookie_data);
-
-		if ($this->sess_encrypt_cookie == TRUE)
-		{
-			$cookie_data = $this->CI->encrypt->encode($cookie_data);
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			// if encryption is not used, we provide an md5 hash to prevent userside tampering
-			$cookie_data = $cookie_data.md5($cookie_data.$this->encryption_key);
-		}
-
-		$expire = ($this->sess_expire_on_close === TRUE) ? 0 : $this->sess_expiration + time();
-
-		// Set the cookie
-		setcookie(
-			$this->sess_cookie_name,
-			$cookie_data,
-			$expire,
-			$this->cookie_path,
-			$this->cookie_domain,
-			$this->cookie_secure,
-			$this->cookie_httponly
-		);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Serialize an array
-	 *
-	 * This function first converts any slashes found in the array to a temporary
-	 * marker, so when it gets unserialized the slashes will be preserved
-	 *
-	 * @param	array
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	protected function _serialize($data)
-	{
-		if (is_array($data))
-		{
-			array_walk_recursive($data, array(&$this, '_escape_slashes'));
-		}
-		elseif (is_string($data))
-		{
-			$data = str_replace('\\', '{{slash}}', $data);
-		}
-		return serialize($data);
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Escape slashes
-	 *
-	 * This function converts any slashes found into a temporary marker
-	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	void
-	 */
-	protected function _escape_slashes(&$val, $key)
-	{
-		if (is_string($val))
-		{
-			$val = str_replace('\\', '{{slash}}', $val);
-		}
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Unserialize
-	 *
-	 * This function unserializes a data string, then converts any
-	 * temporary slash markers back to actual slashes
-	 *
-	 * @param	array
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	protected function _unserialize($data)
-	{
-		$data = @unserialize(strip_slashes(trim($data)));
-
-		if (is_array($data))
-		{
-			array_walk_recursive($data, array(&$this, '_unescape_slashes'));
-			return $data;
-		}
-
-		return is_string($data) ? str_replace('{{slash}}', '\\', $data) : $data;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Unescape slashes
-	 *
-	 * This function converts any slash markers back into actual slashes
-	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	void
-	 */
-	protected function _unescape_slashes(&$val, $key)
-	{
-		if (is_string($val))
-		{
-	 		$val= str_replace('{{slash}}', '\\', $val);
-		}
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Garbage collection
-	 *
-	 * This deletes expired session rows from database
-	 * if the probability percentage is met
-	 *
-	 * @return	void
-	 */
-	protected function _sess_gc()
-	{
-		if ($this->sess_use_database != TRUE)
-		{
-			return;
-		}
-
-		srand(time());
-		if ((rand() % 100) < $this->gc_probability)
-		{
-			$expire = $this->now - $this->sess_expiration;
-
-			$this->CI->db->where('last_activity < '.$expire);
-			$this->CI->db->delete($this->sess_table_name);
-
-			log_message('debug', 'Session garbage collection performed.');
-		}
-	}
-
-}
-
-/* End of file Session.php */
-/* Location: ./system/libraries/Session.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/libraries/Session/Session.php b/system/libraries/Session/Session.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..85a483592
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/libraries/Session/Session.php
@@ -0,0 +1,753 @@
+<?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.2.4 or newer
+ *
+ * NOTICE OF LICENSE
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
+ *
+ * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
+ * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
+ * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
+ * http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0
+ * If you did not receive a copy of the license and are unable to obtain it
+ * through the world wide web, please send an email to
+ * licensing@ellislab.com so we can send you a copy immediately.
+ *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2012, EllisLab, Inc. (http://ellislab.com/)
+ * @license		http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0 Open Software License (OSL 3.0)
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com
+ * @since		Version 2.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
+
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter Session Class
+ *
+ * The user interface defined by EllisLabs, now with puggable drivers to manage different storage mechanisms.
+ * By default, the cookie session driver will load, but the 'sess_driver' config/param item (see above) can be
+ * used to specify the 'native' driver, or any other you might create.
+ * Once loaded, this driver setup is a drop-in replacement for the former CI_Session library, taking its place as the
+ * 'session' member of the global controller framework (e.g.: $CI->session or $this->session).
+ * In keeping with the CI_Driver methodology, multiple drivers may be loaded, although this might be a bit confusing.
+ * The CI_Session library class keeps track of the most recently loaded driver as "current" to call for driver methods.
+ * Ideally, one driver is loaded and all calls go directly through the main library interface. However, any methods
+ * called through the specific driver will switch the "current" driver to itself before invoking the library method
+ * (which will then call back into the driver for low-level operations). So, alternation between two drivers can be
+ * achieved by specifying which driver to use for each call (e.g.: $this->session->native->set_userdata('foo', 'bar');
+ * $this->session->cookie->userdata('foo'); $this->session->native->unset_userdata('foo');). Notice in the previous
+ * example that the _native_ userdata value 'foo' would be set to 'bar', which would NOT be returned by the call for
+ * the _cookie_ userdata 'foo', nor would the _cookie_ value be unset by the call to unset the _native_ 'foo' value.
+ *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @subpackage	Libraries
+ * @category	Sessions
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/sessions.html
+ */
+class CI_Session extends CI_Driver_Library {
+
+	/**
+	 * Initialization parameters
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	public $params = array();
+
+	/**
+	 * Current driver in use
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $current = NULL;
+
+	/**
+	 * User data
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $userdata = array();
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	const FLASHDATA_KEY = 'flash';
+	const FLASHDATA_NEW = ':new:';
+	const FLASHDATA_OLD = ':old:';
+	const FLASHDATA_EXP = ':exp:';
+	const EXPIRATION_KEY = '__expirations';
+	const TEMP_EXP_DEF = 300;
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * CI_Session constructor
+	 *
+	 * The constructor loads the configured driver ('sess_driver' in config.php or as a parameter), running
+	 * routines in its constructor, and manages flashdata aging.
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	Configuration parameters
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function __construct(array $params = array())
+	{
+		$CI =& get_instance();
+
+		// No sessions under CLI
+		if ($CI->input->is_cli_request())
+		{
+			return;
+		}
+
+		log_message('debug', 'CI_Session Class Initialized');
+
+		// Get valid drivers list
+		$this->valid_drivers = array(
+			'native',
+			'cookie'
+		);
+		$key = 'sess_valid_drivers';
+		$drivers = isset($params[$key]) ? $params[$key] : $CI->config->item($key);
+		if ($drivers)
+		{
+			// Add driver names to valid list
+			foreach ((array) $drivers as $driver)
+			{
+				if ( ! in_array(strtolower($driver), array_map('strtolower', $this->valid_drivers)))
+				{
+					$this->valid_drivers[] = $driver;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Get driver to load
+		$key = 'sess_driver';
+		$driver = isset($params[$key]) ? $params[$key] : $CI->config->item($key);
+		if ( ! $driver)
+		{
+			$driver = 'cookie';
+		}
+
+		if ( ! in_array(strtolower($driver), array_map('strtolower', $this->valid_drivers)))
+		{
+			$this->valid_drivers[] = $driver;
+		}
+
+		// Save a copy of parameters in case drivers need access
+		$this->params = $params;
+
+		// Load driver and get array reference
+		$this->load_driver($driver);
+
+		// Delete 'old' flashdata (from last request)
+		$this->_flashdata_sweep();
+
+		// Mark all new flashdata as old (data will be deleted before next request)
+		$this->_flashdata_mark();
+
+		// Delete expired tempdata
+		$this->_tempdata_sweep();
+
+		log_message('debug', 'CI_Session routines successfully run');
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Loads session storage driver
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	Driver classname
+	 * @return	object	Loaded driver object
+	 */
+	public function load_driver($driver)
+	{
+		// Save reference to most recently loaded driver as library default and sync userdata
+		$this->current = parent::load_driver($driver);
+		$this->userdata =& $this->current->get_userdata();
+		return $this->current;
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Select default session storage driver
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	Driver name
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function select_driver($driver)
+	{
+		// Validate driver name
+		$prefix = (string) get_instance()->config->item('subclass_prefix');
+		$child = strtolower(str_replace(array('CI_', $prefix, $this->lib_name.'_'), '', $driver));
+		if (in_array($child, array_map('strtolower', $this->valid_drivers)))
+		{
+			// See if driver is loaded
+			if (isset($this->$child))
+			{
+				// See if driver is already current
+				if ($this->$child !== $this->current)
+				{
+					// Make driver current and sync userdata
+					$this->current = $this->$child;
+					$this->userdata =& $this->current->get_userdata();
+				}
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				// Load new driver
+				$this->load_driver($child);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Destroy the current session
+	 *
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function sess_destroy()
+	{
+		// Just call destroy on driver
+		$this->current->sess_destroy();
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Regenerate the current session
+	 *
+	 * @param	bool	Destroy session data flag (default: false)
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function sess_regenerate($destroy = FALSE)
+	{
+		// Call regenerate on driver and resync userdata
+		$this->current->sess_regenerate($destroy);
+		$this->userdata =& $this->current->get_userdata();
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Fetch a specific item from the session array
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	Item key
+	 * @return	string	Item value or NULL if not found
+	 */
+	public function userdata($item)
+	{
+		return isset($this->userdata[$item]) ? $this->userdata[$item] : NULL;
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Fetch all session data
+	 *
+	 * @return	array	User data array
+	 */
+	public function all_userdata()
+	{
+		return isset($this->userdata) ? $this->userdata : NULL;
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Fetch all flashdata
+	 *
+	 * @return	array	Flash data array
+	 */
+	public function all_flashdata()
+	{
+		$out = array();
+
+		// loop through all userdata
+		foreach ($this->all_userdata() as $key => $val)
+		{
+			// if it contains flashdata, add it
+			if (strpos($key, self::FLASHDATA_KEY.self::FLASHDATA_OLD) !== FALSE)
+			{
+				$key = str_replace(self::FLASHDATA_KEY.self::FLASHDATA_OLD, '', $key);
+				$out[$key] = $val;
+			}
+		}
+		return $out;
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Add or change data in the "userdata" array
+	 *
+	 * @param	mixed	Item name or array of items
+	 * @param	string	Item value or empty string
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function set_userdata($newdata = array(), $newval = '')
+	{
+		// Wrap params as array if singular
+		if (is_string($newdata))
+		{
+			$newdata = array($newdata => $newval);
+		}
+
+		// Set each name/value pair
+		if (count($newdata) > 0)
+		{
+			foreach ($newdata as $key => $val)
+			{
+				$this->userdata[$key] = $val;
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Tell driver data changed
+		$this->current->sess_save();
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Delete a session variable from the "userdata" array
+	 *
+	 * @param	mixed	Item name or array of item names
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function unset_userdata($newdata = array())
+	{
+		// Wrap single name as array
+		if (is_string($newdata))
+		{
+			$newdata = array($newdata => '');
+		}
+
+		// Unset each item name
+		if (count($newdata) > 0)
+		{
+			foreach (array_keys($newdata) as $key)
+			{
+				unset($this->userdata[$key]);
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Tell driver data changed
+		$this->current->sess_save();
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Determine if an item exists
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	Item name
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function has_userdata($item)
+	{
+		return isset($this->userdata[$item]);
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Add or change flashdata, only available until the next request
+	 *
+	 * @param	mixed	Item name or array of items
+	 * @param	string	Item value or empty string
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function set_flashdata($newdata = array(), $newval = '')
+	{
+		// Wrap item as array if singular
+		if (is_string($newdata))
+		{
+			$newdata = array($newdata => $newval);
+		}
+
+		// Prepend each key name and set value
+		if (count($newdata) > 0)
+		{
+			foreach ($newdata as $key => $val)
+			{
+				$flashdata_key = self::FLASHDATA_KEY.self::FLASHDATA_NEW.$key;
+				$this->set_userdata($flashdata_key, $val);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Keeps existing flashdata available to next request.
+	 *
+	 * @param	mixed	Item key(s)
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function keep_flashdata($key)
+	{
+
+		if (is_array($key))
+		{
+			foreach ($key as $k)
+			{
+				$this->keep_flashdata($k);
+			}
+
+			return;
+		}
+
+		// 'old' flashdata gets removed. Here we mark all flashdata as 'new' to preserve it from _flashdata_sweep()
+		// Note the function will return NULL if the $key provided cannot be found
+		$old_flashdata_key = self::FLASHDATA_KEY.self::FLASHDATA_OLD.$key;
+		$value = $this->userdata($old_flashdata_key);
+
+		$new_flashdata_key = self::FLASHDATA_KEY.self::FLASHDATA_NEW.$key;
+		$this->set_userdata($new_flashdata_key, $value);
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Fetch a specific flashdata item from the session array
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	Item key
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	public function flashdata($key)
+	{
+		// Prepend key and retrieve value
+		$flashdata_key = self::FLASHDATA_KEY.self::FLASHDATA_OLD.$key;
+		return $this->userdata($flashdata_key);
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Add or change tempdata, only available until expiration
+	 *
+	 * @param	mixed	Item name or array of items
+	 * @param	string	Item value or empty string
+	 * @param	int	Item lifetime in seconds or 0 for default
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function set_tempdata($newdata = array(), $newval = '', $expire = 0)
+	{
+		// Set expiration time
+		$expire = time() + ($expire ? $expire : self::TEMP_EXP_DEF);
+
+		// Wrap item as array if singular
+		if (is_string($newdata))
+		{
+			$newdata = array($newdata => $newval);
+		}
+
+		// Get or create expiration list
+		$expirations = $this->userdata(self::EXPIRATION_KEY);
+		if ( ! $expirations)
+		{
+			$expirations = array();
+		}
+
+		// Prepend each key name and set value
+		if (count($newdata) > 0)
+		{
+			foreach ($newdata as $key => $val)
+			{
+				$tempdata_key = self::FLASHDATA_KEY.self::FLASHDATA_EXP.$key;
+				$expirations[$tempdata_key] = $expire;
+				$this->set_userdata($tempdata_key, $val);
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Update expiration list
+		$this->set_userdata(self::EXPIRATION_KEY, $expirations);
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Delete a temporary session variable from the "userdata" array
+	 *
+	 * @param	mixed	Item name or array of item names
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function unset_tempdata($newdata = array())
+	{
+		// Get expirations list
+		$expirations = $this->userdata(self::EXPIRATION_KEY);
+		if (empty($expirations))
+		{
+			// Nothing to do
+			return;
+		}
+
+		// Wrap single name as array
+		if (is_string($newdata))
+		{
+			$newdata = array($newdata => '');
+		}
+
+		// Prepend each item name and unset
+		if (count($newdata) > 0)
+		{
+			foreach (array_keys($newdata) as $key)
+			{
+				$tempdata_key = self::FLASHDATA_KEY.self::FLASHDATA_EXP.$key;
+				unset($expirations[$tempdata_key]);
+				$this->unset_userdata($tempdata_key);
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Update expiration list
+		$this->set_userdata(self::EXPIRATION_KEY, $expirations);
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Fetch a specific tempdata item from the session array
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	Item key
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	public function tempdata($key)
+	{
+		// Prepend key and return value
+		$tempdata_key = self::FLASHDATA_KEY.self::FLASHDATA_EXP.$key;
+		return $this->userdata($tempdata_key);
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Identifies flashdata as 'old' for removal
+	 * when _flashdata_sweep() runs.
+	 *
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _flashdata_mark()
+	{
+		foreach ($this->all_userdata() as $name => $value)
+		{
+			$parts = explode(self::FLASHDATA_NEW, $name);
+			if (count($parts) === 2)
+			{
+				$new_name = self::FLASHDATA_KEY.self::FLASHDATA_OLD.$parts[1];
+				$this->set_userdata($new_name, $value);
+				$this->unset_userdata($name);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Removes all flashdata marked as 'old'
+	 *
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _flashdata_sweep()
+	{
+		$userdata = $this->all_userdata();
+		foreach (array_keys($userdata) as $key)
+		{
+			if (strpos($key, self::FLASHDATA_OLD))
+			{
+				$this->unset_userdata($key);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Removes all expired tempdata
+	 *
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _tempdata_sweep()
+	{
+		// Get expirations list
+		$expirations = $this->userdata(self::EXPIRATION_KEY);
+		if (empty($expirations))
+		{
+			// Nothing to do
+			return;
+		}
+
+		// Unset expired elements
+		$now = time();
+		$userdata = $this->all_userdata();
+		foreach (array_keys($userdata) as $key)
+		{
+			if (strpos($key, self::FLASHDATA_EXP) && $expirations[$key] < $now)
+			{
+				unset($expirations[$key]);
+				$this->unset_userdata($key);
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Update expiration list
+		$this->set_userdata(self::EXPIRATION_KEY, $expirations);
+	}
+
+}
+
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/**
+ * CI_Session_driver Class
+ *
+ * Extend this class to make a new CI_Session driver.
+ * A CI_Session driver basically manages an array of name/value pairs with some sort of storage mechanism.
+ * To make a new driver, derive from (extend) CI_Session_driver. Overload the initialize method and read or create
+ * session data. Then implement a save handler to write changed data to storage (sess_save), a destroy handler
+ * to remove deleted data (sess_destroy), and an access handler to expose the data (get_userdata).
+ * Put your driver in the libraries/Session/drivers folder anywhere in the loader paths. This includes the
+ * application directory, the system directory, or any path you add with $CI->load->add_package_path().
+ * Your driver must be named CI_Session_<name>, and your filename must be Session_<name>.php,
+ * preferably also capitalized. (e.g.: CI_Session_foo in libraries/Session/drivers/Session_foo.php)
+ * Then specify the driver by setting 'sess_driver' in your config file or as a parameter when loading the CI_Session
+ * object. (e.g.: $config['sess_driver'] = 'foo'; OR $CI->load->driver('session', array('sess_driver' => 'foo')); )
+ * Already provided are the Native driver, which manages the native PHP $_SESSION array, and
+ * the Cookie driver, which manages the data in a browser cookie, with optional extra storage in a database table.
+ *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @subpackage	Libraries
+ * @category	Sessions
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ */
+abstract class CI_Session_driver extends CI_Driver {
+
+	/**
+	 * CI Singleton
+	 *
+	 * @see	get_instance()
+	 * @var	object
+	 */
+	protected $CI;
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Constructor
+	 *
+	 * Gets the CI singleton, so that individual drivers
+	 * don't have to do it separately.
+	 *
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function __construct()
+	{
+		$this->CI =& get_instance();
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Decorate
+	 *
+	 * Decorates the child with the parent driver lib's methods and properties
+	 *
+	 * @param	object	Parent library object
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function decorate($parent)
+	{
+		// Call base class decorate first
+		parent::decorate($parent);
+
+		// Call initialize method now that driver has access to $this->_parent
+		$this->initialize();
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * __call magic method
+	 *
+	 * Handles access to the parent driver library's methods
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	Library method name
+	 * @param	array	Method arguments (default: none)
+	 * @return	mixed
+	 */
+	public function __call($method, $args = array())
+	{
+		// Make sure the parent library uses this driver
+		$this->_parent->select_driver(get_class($this));
+		return parent::__call($method, $args);
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Initialize driver
+	 *
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function initialize()
+	{
+		// Overload this method to implement initialization
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Save the session data
+	 *
+	 * Data in the array has changed - perform any storage synchronization
+	 * necessary. The child class MUST implement this abstract method!
+	 *
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	abstract public function sess_save();
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Destroy the current session
+	 *
+	 * Clean up storage for this session - it has been terminated.
+	 * The child class MUST implement this abstract method!
+	 *
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	abstract public function sess_destroy();
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Regenerate the current session
+	 *
+	 * Regenerate the session ID.
+	 * The child class MUST implement this abstract method!
+	 *
+	 * @param	bool	Destroy session data flag (default: false)
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	abstract public function sess_regenerate($destroy = FALSE);
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Get a reference to user data array
+	 *
+	 * Give array access to the main CI_Session object.
+	 * The child class MUST implement this abstract method!
+	 *
+	 * @return	array	Reference to userdata
+	 */
+	abstract public function &get_userdata();
+
+}
+
+/* End of file Session.php */
+/* Location: ./system/libraries/Session/Session.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/libraries/Session/drivers/Session_cookie.php b/system/libraries/Session/drivers/Session_cookie.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6d926ae3d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/libraries/Session/drivers/Session_cookie.php
@@ -0,0 +1,845 @@
+<?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.2.4 or newer
+ *
+ * NOTICE OF LICENSE
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
+ *
+ * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
+ * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
+ * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
+ * http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0
+ * If you did not receive a copy of the license and are unable to obtain it
+ * through the world wide web, please send an email to
+ * licensing@ellislab.com so we can send you a copy immediately.
+ *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2012, EllisLab, Inc. (http://ellislab.com/)
+ * @license		http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0 Open Software License (OSL 3.0)
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com
+ * @since		Version 1.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
+
+/**
+ * Cookie-based session management driver
+ *
+ * This is the classic CI_Session functionality, as written by EllisLab, abstracted out to a driver.
+ *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @subpackage	Libraries
+ * @category	Sessions
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/sessions.html
+ */
+class CI_Session_cookie extends CI_Session_driver {
+
+	/**
+	 * Whether to encrypt the session cookie
+	 *
+	 * @var bool
+	 */
+	public $sess_encrypt_cookie		= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Whether to use to the database for session storage
+	 *
+	 * @var bool
+	 */
+	public $sess_use_database		= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Name of the database table in which to store sessions
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	public $sess_table_name			= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Length of time (in seconds) for sessions to expire
+	 *
+	 * @var int
+	 */
+	public $sess_expiration			= 7200;
+
+	/**
+	 * Whether to kill session on close of browser window
+	 *
+	 * @var bool
+	 */
+	public $sess_expire_on_close	= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Whether to match session on ip address
+	 *
+	 * @var bool
+	 */
+	public $sess_match_ip			= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Whether to match session on user-agent
+	 *
+	 * @var bool
+	 */
+	public $sess_match_useragent	= TRUE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Name of session cookie
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	public $sess_cookie_name		= 'ci_session';
+
+	/**
+	 * Session cookie prefix
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	public $cookie_prefix			= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Session cookie path
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	public $cookie_path				= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Session cookie domain
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	public $cookie_domain			= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Whether to set the cookie only on HTTPS connections
+	 *
+	 * @var bool
+	 */
+	public $cookie_secure			= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Whether cookie should be allowed only to be sent by the server
+	 *
+	 * @var bool
+	 */
+	public $cookie_httponly 		= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Interval at which to update session
+	 *
+	 * @var int
+	 */
+	public $sess_time_to_update		= 300;
+
+	/**
+	 * Key with which to encrypt the session cookie
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	public $encryption_key			= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Timezone to use for the current time
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	public $time_reference			= 'local';
+
+	/**
+	 * Session data
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	public $userdata				= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * Current time
+	 *
+	 * @var int
+	 */
+	public $now;
+
+	/**
+	 * Default userdata keys
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $defaults = array(
+		'session_id' => NULL,
+		'ip_address' => NULL,
+		'user_agent' => NULL,
+		'last_activity' => NULL
+	);
+
+	/**
+	 * Data needs DB update flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	protected $data_dirty = FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Initialize session driver object
+	 *
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function initialize()
+	{
+		// Set all the session preferences, which can either be set
+		// manually via the $params array or via the config file
+		$prefs = array(
+			'sess_encrypt_cookie',
+			'sess_use_database',
+			'sess_table_name',
+			'sess_expiration',
+			'sess_expire_on_close',
+			'sess_match_ip',
+			'sess_match_useragent',
+			'sess_cookie_name',
+			'cookie_path',
+			'cookie_domain',
+			'cookie_secure',
+			'cookie_httponly',
+			'sess_time_to_update',
+			'time_reference',
+			'cookie_prefix',
+			'encryption_key'
+		);
+
+		foreach ($prefs as $key)
+		{
+			$this->$key = isset($this->_parent->params[$key])
+				? $this->_parent->params[$key]
+				: $this->CI->config->item($key);
+		}
+
+		if (empty($this->encryption_key))
+		{
+			show_error('In order to use the Cookie Session driver you are required to set an encryption key in your config file.');
+		}
+
+		// Do we need encryption? If so, load the encryption class
+		if ($this->sess_encrypt_cookie === TRUE)
+		{
+			$this->CI->load->library('encrypt');
+		}
+
+		// Check for database
+		if ($this->sess_use_database === TRUE && $this->sess_table_name !== '')
+		{
+			// Load database driver
+			$this->CI->load->database();
+
+			// Register shutdown function
+			register_shutdown_function(array($this, '_update_db'));
+		}
+
+		// Set the "now" time. Can either be GMT or server time, based on the config prefs.
+		// We use this to set the "last activity" time
+		$this->now = $this->_get_time();
+
+		// Set the session length. If the session expiration is
+		// set to zero we'll set the expiration two years from now.
+		if ($this->sess_expiration === 0)
+		{
+			$this->sess_expiration = (60*60*24*365*2);
+		}
+
+		// Set the cookie name
+		$this->sess_cookie_name = $this->cookie_prefix.$this->sess_cookie_name;
+
+		// Run the Session routine. If a session doesn't exist we'll
+		// create a new one. If it does, we'll update it.
+		if ( ! $this->_sess_read())
+		{
+			$this->_sess_create();
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			$this->_sess_update();
+		}
+
+		// Delete expired sessions if necessary
+		$this->_sess_gc();
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Write the session data
+	 *
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function sess_save()
+	{
+		// Check for database
+		if ($this->sess_use_database === TRUE)
+		{
+			// Mark custom data as dirty so we know to update the DB
+			$this->data_dirty = TRUE;
+		}
+
+		// Write the cookie
+		$this->_set_cookie();
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Destroy the current session
+	 *
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function sess_destroy()
+	{
+		// Kill the session DB row
+		if ($this->sess_use_database === TRUE && isset($this->userdata['session_id']))
+		{
+			$this->CI->db->delete($this->sess_table_name, array('session_id' => $this->userdata['session_id']));
+			$this->data_dirty = FALSE;
+		}
+
+		// Kill the cookie
+		$this->_setcookie($this->sess_cookie_name, '', ($this->now - 31500000),
+			$this->cookie_path, $this->cookie_domain, 0);
+
+		// Kill session data
+		$this->userdata = array();
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Regenerate the current session
+	 *
+	 * Regenerate the session id
+	 *
+	 * @param	bool	Destroy session data flag (default: false)
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function sess_regenerate($destroy = FALSE)
+	{
+		// Check destroy flag
+		if ($destroy)
+		{
+			// Destroy old session and create new one
+			$this->sess_destroy();
+			$this->_sess_create();
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			// Just force an update to recreate the id
+			$this->_sess_update(TRUE);
+		}
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Get a reference to user data array
+	 *
+	 * @return	array	Reference to userdata
+	 */
+	public function &get_userdata()
+	{
+		return $this->userdata;
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Fetch the current session data if it exists
+	 *
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	protected function _sess_read()
+	{
+		// Fetch the cookie
+		$session = $this->CI->input->cookie($this->sess_cookie_name);
+
+		// No cookie? Goodbye cruel world!...
+		if ($session === NULL)
+		{
+			log_message('debug', 'A session cookie was not found.');
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		$len = strlen($session) - 40;
+
+		if ($len < 0)
+		{
+			log_message('debug', 'The session cookie was not signed.');
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		// Check cookie authentication
+		$hmac	 = substr($session, $len);
+		$session = substr($session, 0, $len);
+
+		if ($hmac !== hash_hmac('sha1', $session, $this->encryption_key))
+		{
+			log_message('error', 'The session cookie data did not match what was expected.');
+			$this->sess_destroy();
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		// Check for encryption
+		if ($this->sess_encrypt_cookie === TRUE)
+		{
+			// Decrypt the cookie data
+			$session = $this->CI->encrypt->decode($session);
+		}
+
+		// Unserialize the session array
+		$session = $this->_unserialize($session);
+
+		// Is the session data we unserialized an array with the correct format?
+		if ( ! is_array($session) OR ! isset($session['session_id'], $session['ip_address'], $session['user_agent'], $session['last_activity']))
+		{
+			$this->sess_destroy();
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		// Is the session current?
+		if (($session['last_activity'] + $this->sess_expiration) < $this->now OR $session['last_activity'] > $this->now)
+		{
+			$this->sess_destroy();
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		// Does the IP match?
+		if ($this->sess_match_ip === TRUE && $session['ip_address'] !== $this->CI->input->ip_address())
+		{
+			$this->sess_destroy();
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		// Does the User Agent Match?
+		if ($this->sess_match_useragent === TRUE &&
+			trim($session['user_agent']) !== trim(substr($this->CI->input->user_agent(), 0, 120)))
+		{
+			$this->sess_destroy();
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		// Is there a corresponding session in the DB?
+		if ($this->sess_use_database === TRUE)
+		{
+			$this->CI->db->where('session_id', $session['session_id']);
+
+			if ($this->sess_match_ip === TRUE)
+			{
+				$this->CI->db->where('ip_address', $session['ip_address']);
+			}
+
+			if ($this->sess_match_useragent === TRUE)
+			{
+				$this->CI->db->where('user_agent', $session['user_agent']);
+			}
+
+			// Is caching in effect? Turn it off
+			$db_cache = $this->CI->db->cache_on;
+			$this->CI->db->cache_off();
+
+			$query = $this->CI->db->limit(1)->get($this->sess_table_name);
+
+			// Was caching in effect?
+			if ($db_cache)
+			{
+				// Turn it back on
+				$this->CI->db->cache_on();
+			}
+
+			// No result? Kill it!
+			if ($query->num_rows() === 0)
+			{
+				$this->sess_destroy();
+				return FALSE;
+			}
+
+			// Is there custom data? If so, add it to the main session array
+			$row = $query->row();
+			if ( ! empty($row->user_data))
+			{
+				$custom_data = $this->_unserialize($row->user_data);
+
+				if (is_array($custom_data))
+				{
+					$session = $session + $custom_data;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Session is valid!
+		$this->userdata = $session;
+		return TRUE;
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Create a new session
+	 *
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _sess_create()
+	{
+		// Initialize userdata
+		$this->userdata = array(
+			'session_id'	=> $this->_make_sess_id(),
+			'ip_address'	=> $this->CI->input->ip_address(),
+			'user_agent'	=> substr($this->CI->input->user_agent(), 0, 120),
+			'last_activity'	=> $this->now,
+		);
+
+		// Check for database
+		if ($this->sess_use_database === TRUE)
+		{
+			// Add empty user_data field and save the data to the DB
+			$this->CI->db->set('user_data', '')->insert($this->sess_table_name, $this->userdata);
+		}
+
+		// Write the cookie
+		$this->_set_cookie();
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Update an existing session
+	 *
+	 * @param	bool	Force update flag (default: false)
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _sess_update($force = FALSE)
+	{
+		// We only update the session every five minutes by default (unless forced)
+		if ( ! $force && ($this->userdata['last_activity'] + $this->sess_time_to_update) >= $this->now)
+		{
+			return;
+		}
+
+		// Update last activity to now
+		$this->userdata['last_activity'] = $this->now;
+
+		// Save the old session id so we know which DB record to update
+		$old_sessid = $this->userdata['session_id'];
+
+		// Changing the session ID during an AJAX call causes problems
+		if ( ! $this->CI->input->is_ajax_request())
+		{
+			// Get new id
+			$this->userdata['session_id'] = $this->_make_sess_id();
+		}
+
+		// Check for database
+		if ($this->sess_use_database === TRUE)
+		{
+			$this->CI->db->where('session_id', $old_sessid);
+
+			if ($this->sess_match_ip === TRUE)
+			{
+				$this->CI->db->where('ip_address', $this->CI->input->ip_address());
+			}
+
+			if ($this->sess_match_useragent === TRUE)
+			{
+				$this->CI->db->where('user_agent', trim(substr($this->CI->input->user_agent(), 0, 120)));
+			}
+
+			// Update the session ID and last_activity field in the DB
+			$this->CI->db->update($this->sess_table_name,
+				array(
+					'last_activity' => $this->now,
+					'session_id' => $this->userdata['session_id']
+				)
+			);
+		}
+
+		// Write the cookie
+		$this->_set_cookie();
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Update database with current data
+	 *
+	 * This gets called from the shutdown function and also
+	 * registered with PHP to run at the end of the request
+	 * so it's guaranteed to update even when a fatal error
+	 * occurs. The first call makes the update and clears the
+	 * dirty flag so it won't happen twice.
+	 *
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function _update_db()
+	{
+		// Check for database and dirty flag and unsaved
+		if ($this->sess_use_database === TRUE && $this->data_dirty === TRUE)
+		{
+			// Set up activity and data fields to be set
+			// If we don't find custom data, user_data will remain an empty string
+			$set = array(
+				'last_activity' => $this->userdata['last_activity'],
+				'user_data' => ''
+			);
+
+			// Get the custom userdata, leaving out the defaults
+			// (which get stored in the cookie)
+			$userdata = array_diff_key($this->userdata, $this->defaults);
+
+			// Did we find any custom data?
+			if ( ! empty($userdata))
+			{
+				// Serialize the custom data array so we can store it
+				$set['user_data'] = $this->_serialize($userdata);
+			}
+
+			// Run the update query
+			// Any time we change the session id, it gets updated immediately,
+			// so our where clause below is always safe
+			$this->CI->db->where('session_id', $this->userdata['session_id']);
+
+			if ($this->sess_match_ip === TRUE)
+			{
+				$this->CI->db->where('ip_address', $this->CI->input->ip_address());
+			}
+
+			if ($this->sess_match_useragent === TRUE)
+			{
+				$this->CI->db->where('user_agent', trim(substr($this->CI->input->user_agent(), 0, 120)));
+			}
+
+			$this->CI->db->update($this->sess_table_name, $set);
+
+			// Clear dirty flag to prevent double updates
+			$this->data_dirty = FALSE;
+
+			log_message('debug', 'CI_Session Data Saved To DB');
+		}
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Generate a new session id
+	 *
+	 * @return	string	Hashed session id
+	 */
+	protected function _make_sess_id()
+	{
+		$new_sessid = '';
+		do
+		{
+			$new_sessid .= mt_rand(0, mt_getrandmax());
+		}
+		while (strlen($new_sessid) < 32);
+
+		// To make the session ID even more secure we'll combine it with the user's IP
+		$new_sessid .= $this->CI->input->ip_address();
+
+		// Turn it into a hash and return
+		return md5(uniqid($new_sessid, TRUE));
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Get the "now" time
+	 *
+	 * @return	int	 Time
+	 */
+	protected function _get_time()
+	{
+		if ($this->time_reference === 'local' OR $this->time_reference === date_default_timezone_get())
+		{
+			return time();
+		}
+
+		$datetime = new DateTime('now', new DateTimeZone($this->time_reference));
+		sscanf($datetime->format('j-n-Y G:i:s'), '%d-%d-%d %d:%d:%d', $day, $month, $year, $hour, $minute, $second);
+
+		return mktime($hour, $minute, $second, $month, $day, $year);
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Write the session cookie
+	 *
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _set_cookie()
+	{
+		// Get userdata (only defaults if database)
+		$cookie_data = ($this->sess_use_database === TRUE)
+				? array_intersect_key($this->userdata, $this->defaults)
+				: $this->userdata;
+
+		// Serialize the userdata for the cookie
+		$cookie_data = $this->_serialize($cookie_data);
+
+		if ($this->sess_encrypt_cookie === TRUE)
+		{
+			$cookie_data = $this->CI->encrypt->encode($cookie_data);
+		}
+
+		// Require message authentication
+		$cookie_data .= hash_hmac('sha1', $cookie_data, $this->encryption_key);
+
+		$expire = ($this->sess_expire_on_close === TRUE) ? 0 : $this->sess_expiration + time();
+
+		// Set the cookie
+		$this->_setcookie($this->sess_cookie_name, $cookie_data, $expire, $this->cookie_path, $this->cookie_domain,
+			$this->cookie_secure, $this->cookie_httponly);
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Set a cookie with the system
+	 *
+	 * This abstraction of the setcookie call allows overriding for unit testing
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	Cookie name
+	 * @param	string	Cookie value
+	 * @param	int	Expiration time
+	 * @param	string	Cookie path
+	 * @param	string	Cookie domain
+	 * @param	bool	Secure connection flag
+	 * @param	bool	HTTP protocol only flag
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _setcookie($name, $value = '', $expire = 0, $path = '', $domain = '', $secure = FALSE, $httponly = FALSE)
+	{
+		setcookie($name, $value, $expire, $path, $domain, $secure, $httponly);
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Serialize an array
+	 *
+	 * This function first converts any slashes found in the array to a temporary
+	 * marker, so when it gets unserialized the slashes will be preserved
+	 *
+	 * @param	mixed	Data to serialize
+	 * @return	string	Serialized data
+	 */
+	protected function _serialize($data)
+	{
+		if (is_array($data))
+		{
+			array_walk_recursive($data, array(&$this, '_escape_slashes'));
+		}
+		elseif (is_string($data))
+		{
+			$data = str_replace('\\', '{{slash}}', $data);
+		}
+
+		return serialize($data);
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Escape slashes
+	 *
+	 * This function converts any slashes found into a temporary marker
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	Value
+	 * @param	string	Key
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _escape_slashes(&$val, $key)
+	{
+		if (is_string($val))
+		{
+			$val = str_replace('\\', '{{slash}}', $val);
+		}
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Unserialize
+	 *
+	 * This function unserializes a data string, then converts any
+	 * temporary slash markers back to actual slashes
+	 *
+	 * @param	mixed	Data to unserialize
+	 * @return	mixed	Unserialized data
+	 */
+	protected function _unserialize($data)
+	{
+		$data = @unserialize(trim($data));
+
+		if (is_array($data))
+		{
+			array_walk_recursive($data, array(&$this, '_unescape_slashes'));
+			return $data;
+		}
+
+		return is_string($data) ? str_replace('{{slash}}', '\\', $data) : $data;
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Unescape slashes
+	 *
+	 * This function converts any slash markers back into actual slashes
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	Value
+	 * @param	string	Key
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _unescape_slashes(&$val, $key)
+	{
+		if (is_string($val))
+		{
+	 		$val= str_replace('{{slash}}', '\\', $val);
+		}
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Garbage collection
+	 *
+	 * This deletes expired session rows from database
+	 * if the probability percentage is met
+	 *
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _sess_gc()
+	{
+		if ($this->sess_use_database !== TRUE)
+		{
+			return;
+		}
+
+		$probability = ini_get('session.gc_probability');
+		$divisor = ini_get('session.gc_divisor');
+
+		srand(time());
+		if ((mt_rand(0, $divisor) / $divisor) < $probability)
+		{
+			$expire = $this->now - $this->sess_expiration;
+			$this->CI->db->delete($this->sess_table_name, 'last_activity < '.$expire);
+
+			log_message('debug', 'Session garbage collection performed.');
+		}
+	}
+
+}
+
+/* End of file Session_cookie.php */
+/* Location: ./system/libraries/Session/drivers/Session_cookie.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/libraries/Session/drivers/Session_native.php b/system/libraries/Session/drivers/Session_native.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3e700ad5d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/libraries/Session/drivers/Session_native.php
@@ -0,0 +1,242 @@
+<?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.2.4 or newer
+ *
+ * NOTICE OF LICENSE
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
+ *
+ * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
+ * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
+ * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
+ * http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0
+ * If you did not receive a copy of the license and are unable to obtain it
+ * through the world wide web, please send an email to
+ * licensing@ellislab.com so we can send you a copy immediately.
+ *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2012, EllisLab, Inc. (http://ellislab.com/)
+ * @license		http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0 Open Software License (OSL 3.0)
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com
+ * @since		Version 1.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
+
+/**
+ * Native PHP session management driver
+ *
+ * This is the driver that uses the native PHP $_SESSION array through the Session driver library.
+ *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @subpackage	Libraries
+ * @category	Sessions
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ */
+class CI_Session_native extends CI_Session_driver {
+
+	/**
+	 * Initialize session driver object
+	 *
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function initialize()
+	{
+		// Get config parameters
+		$config = array();
+		$prefs = array(
+			'sess_cookie_name',
+			'sess_expire_on_close',
+			'sess_expiration',
+			'sess_match_ip',
+			'sess_match_useragent',
+			'sess_time_to_update',
+			'cookie_prefix',
+			'cookie_path',
+			'cookie_domain',
+			'cookie_secure',
+			'cookie_httponly'
+		);
+
+		foreach ($prefs as $key)
+		{
+			$config[$key] = isset($this->_parent->params[$key])
+				? $this->_parent->params[$key]
+				: $this->CI->config->item($key);
+		}
+
+		// Set session name, if specified
+		if ($config['sess_cookie_name'])
+		{
+			// Differentiate name from cookie driver with '_id' suffix
+			$name = $config['sess_cookie_name'].'_id';
+			if ($config['cookie_prefix'])
+			{
+				// Prepend cookie prefix
+				$name = $config['cookie_prefix'].$name;
+			}
+			session_name($name);
+		}
+
+		// Set expiration, path, and domain
+		$expire = 7200;
+		$path = '/';
+		$domain = '';
+		$secure = (bool) $config['cookie_secure'];
+		$http_only = (bool) $config['cookie_httponly'];
+
+		if ($config['sess_expiration'] !== FALSE)
+		{
+			// Default to 2 years if expiration is "0"
+			$expire = ($config['sess_expiration'] == 0) ? (60*60*24*365*2) : $config['sess_expiration'];
+		}
+
+		if ($config['cookie_path'])
+		{
+			// Use specified path
+			$path = $config['cookie_path'];
+		}
+
+		if ($config['cookie_domain'])
+		{
+			// Use specified domain
+			$domain = $config['cookie_domain'];
+		}
+
+		session_set_cookie_params($config['sess_expire_on_close'] ? 0 : $expire, $path, $domain, $secure, $http_only);
+
+		// Start session
+		session_start();
+
+		// Check session expiration, ip, and agent
+		$now = time();
+		$destroy = FALSE;
+		if (isset($_SESSION['last_activity']) && (($_SESSION['last_activity'] + $expire) < $now OR $_SESSION['last_activity'] > $now))
+		{
+			// Expired - destroy
+			$destroy = TRUE;
+		}
+		elseif ($config['sess_match_ip'] === TRUE && isset($_SESSION['ip_address'])
+			&& $_SESSION['ip_address'] !== $this->CI->input->ip_address())
+		{
+			// IP doesn't match - destroy
+			$destroy = TRUE;
+		}
+		elseif ($config['sess_match_useragent'] === TRUE && isset($_SESSION['user_agent'])
+			&& $_SESSION['user_agent'] !== trim(substr($this->CI->input->user_agent(), 0, 50)))
+		{
+			// Agent doesn't match - destroy
+			$destroy = TRUE;
+		}
+
+		// Destroy expired or invalid session
+		if ($destroy)
+		{
+			// Clear old session and start new
+			$this->sess_destroy();
+			session_start();
+		}
+
+		// Check for update time
+		if ($config['sess_time_to_update'] && isset($_SESSION['last_activity'])
+			&& ($_SESSION['last_activity'] + $config['sess_time_to_update']) < $now)
+		{
+			// Changing the session ID amidst a series of AJAX calls causes problems
+			if( ! $this->CI->input->is_ajax_request())
+			{
+				// Regenerate ID, but don't destroy session
+				$this->sess_regenerate(FALSE);
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Set activity time
+		$_SESSION['last_activity'] = $now;
+
+		// Set matching values as required
+		if ($config['sess_match_ip'] === TRUE && ! isset($_SESSION['ip_address']))
+		{
+			// Store user IP address
+			$_SESSION['ip_address'] = $this->CI->input->ip_address();
+		}
+
+		if ($config['sess_match_useragent'] === TRUE && ! isset($_SESSION['user_agent']))
+		{
+			// Store user agent string
+			$_SESSION['user_agent'] = trim(substr($this->CI->input->user_agent(), 0, 50));
+		}
+
+		// Make session ID available
+		$_SESSION['session_id'] = session_id();
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Save the session data
+	 *
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function sess_save()
+	{
+		// Nothing to do - changes to $_SESSION are automatically saved
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Destroy the current session
+	 *
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function sess_destroy()
+	{
+		// Cleanup session
+		$_SESSION = array();
+		$name = session_name();
+		if (isset($_COOKIE[$name]))
+		{
+			// Clear session cookie
+			$params = session_get_cookie_params();
+			setcookie($name, '', time() - 42000, $params['path'], $params['domain'], $params['secure'], $params['httponly']);
+			unset($_COOKIE[$name]);
+		}
+		session_destroy();
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Regenerate the current session
+	 *
+	 * Regenerate the session id
+	 *
+	 * @param	bool	Destroy session data flag (default: FALSE)
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function sess_regenerate($destroy = FALSE)
+	{
+		// Just regenerate id, passing destroy flag
+		session_regenerate_id($destroy);
+		$_SESSION['session_id'] = session_id();
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Get a reference to user data array
+	 *
+	 * @return	array	Reference to userdata
+	 */
+	public function &get_userdata()
+	{
+		// Just return reference to $_SESSION
+		return $_SESSION;
+	}
+
+}
+
+/* End of file Session_native.php */
+/* Location: ./system/libraries/Session/drivers/Session_native.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/libraries/Session/drivers/index.html b/system/libraries/Session/drivers/index.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c942a79ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/libraries/Session/drivers/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+<html>
+<head>
+	<title>403 Forbidden</title>
+</head>
+<body>
+
+<p>Directory access is forbidden.</p>
+
+</body>
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/libraries/Session/index.html b/system/libraries/Session/index.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c942a79ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/libraries/Session/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+<html>
+<head>
+	<title>403 Forbidden</title>
+</head>
+<body>
+
+<p>Directory access is forbidden.</p>
+
+</body>
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/libraries/Table.php b/system/libraries/Table.php
index 3777d29ff..3d53b1c00 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Table.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Table.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
  * @since		Version 1.3.1
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * HTML Table Generating Class
@@ -38,13 +39,60 @@
  */
 class CI_Table {
 
+	/**
+	 * Data for table rows
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
 	public $rows		= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * Data for table heading
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
 	public $heading		= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * Whether or not to automatically create the table header
+	 *
+	 * @var bool
+	 */
 	public $auto_heading	= TRUE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Table caption
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
 	public $caption		= NULL;
+
+	/**
+	 * Table layout template
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
 	public $template	= NULL;
+
+	/**
+	 * Newline setting
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
 	public $newline		= "\n";
+
+	/**
+	 * Contents of empty cells
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
 	public $empty_cells	= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Callback for custom table layout
+	 *
+	 * @var function
+	 */
 	public $function	= FALSE;
 
 	/**
@@ -93,7 +141,7 @@ class CI_Table {
 	 * @param	mixed
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	public function set_heading()
+	public function set_heading($args = array())
 	{
 		$args = func_get_args();
 		$this->heading = $this->_prep_args($args);
@@ -122,7 +170,7 @@ class CI_Table {
 		// will want headings from a one-dimensional array
 		$this->auto_heading = FALSE;
 
-		if ($col_limit == 0)
+		if ($col_limit === 0)
 		{
 			return $array;
 		}
@@ -172,7 +220,7 @@ class CI_Table {
 	 * @param	mixed
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	public function add_row()
+	public function add_row($args = array())
 	{
 		$args = func_get_args();
 		$this->rows[] = $this->_prep_args($args);
@@ -251,7 +299,7 @@ class CI_Table {
 			}
 			elseif (is_array($table_data))
 			{
-				$set_heading = (count($this->heading) !== 0 OR $this->auto_heading != FALSE);
+				$set_heading = (count($this->heading) !== 0 OR $this->auto_heading !== FALSE);
 				$this->_set_from_array($table_data, $set_heading);
 			}
 		}
@@ -289,7 +337,7 @@ class CI_Table {
 
 				foreach ($heading as $key => $val)
 				{
-					if ($key != 'data')
+					if ($key !== 'data')
 					{
 						$temp = str_replace('<th', '<th '.$key.'="'.$val.'"', $temp);
 					}
@@ -420,6 +468,7 @@ class CI_Table {
 	 * Set table data from an array
 	 *
 	 * @param	array
+	 * @param	bool
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	protected function _set_from_array($data, $set_heading = TRUE)
@@ -433,7 +482,7 @@ class CI_Table {
 		foreach ($data as $row)
 		{
 			// If a heading hasn't already been set we'll use the first row of the array as the heading
-			if ($i++ === 0 && count($data) > 1 && count($this->heading) === 0 && $set_heading == TRUE)
+			if ($i++ === 0 && count($data) > 1 && count($this->heading) === 0 && $set_heading === TRUE)
 			{
 				$this->heading = $this->_prep_args($row);
 			}
@@ -453,7 +502,7 @@ class CI_Table {
 	 */
 	protected function _compile_template()
 	{
-		if ($this->template == NULL)
+		if ($this->template === NULL)
 		{
 			$this->template = $this->_default_template();
 			return;
@@ -478,7 +527,7 @@ class CI_Table {
 	 */
 	protected function _default_template()
 	{
-		return  array(
+		return array(
 				'table_open'		=> '<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0">',
 
 				'thead_open'		=> '<thead>',
diff --git a/system/libraries/Trackback.php b/system/libraries/Trackback.php
index 6761f63a5..d30350340 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Trackback.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Trackback.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * Trackback Class
@@ -38,13 +39,51 @@
  */
 class CI_Trackback {
 
-	public $time_format	= 'local';
+	/**
+	 * Character set
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	public $charset		= 'UTF-8';
-	public $data			= array('url' => '', 'title' => '', 'excerpt' => '', 'blog_name' => '', 'charset' => '');
+
+	/**
+	 * Trackback data
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	public $data		= array('url' => '', 'title' => '', 'excerpt' => '', 'blog_name' => '', 'charset' => '');
+
+	/**
+	 * Convert ASCII flag
+	 *
+	 * Whether to convert high-ASCII and MS Word
+	 * characters to HTML entities.
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
 	public $convert_ascii	= TRUE;
-	public $response		= '';
-	public $error_msg		= array();
 
+	/**
+	 * Response
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $response	= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Error messages list
+	 *
+	 * @var	string[]
+	 */
+	public $error_msg	= array();
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Constructor
+	 *
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
 	public function __construct()
 	{
 		log_message('debug', 'Trackback Class Initialized');
@@ -88,7 +127,7 @@ class CI_Trackback {
 			}
 
 			// Convert High ASCII Characters
-			if ($this->convert_ascii == TRUE && in_array($item, array('excerpt', 'title', 'blog_name')))
+			if ($this->convert_ascii === TRUE && in_array($item, array('excerpt', 'title', 'blog_name')))
 			{
 				$$item = $this->convert_ascii($$item);
 			}
@@ -106,7 +145,7 @@ class CI_Trackback {
 		{
 			foreach ($ping_url as $url)
 			{
-				if ($this->process($url, $data) == FALSE)
+				if ($this->process($url, $data) === FALSE)
 				{
 					$return = FALSE;
 				}
@@ -132,7 +171,7 @@ class CI_Trackback {
 	{
 		foreach (array('url', 'title', 'blog_name', 'excerpt') as $val)
 		{
-			if ( ! isset($_POST[$val]) OR $_POST[$val] == '')
+			if (empty($_POST[$val]))
 			{
 				$this->set_error('The following required POST variable is missing: '.$val);
 				return FALSE;
@@ -140,14 +179,14 @@ class CI_Trackback {
 
 			$this->data['charset'] = isset($_POST['charset']) ? strtoupper(trim($_POST['charset'])) : 'auto';
 
-			if ($val != 'url' && MB_ENABLED === TRUE)
+			if ($val !== 'url' && MB_ENABLED === TRUE)
 			{
 				$_POST[$val] = mb_convert_encoding($_POST[$val], $this->charset, $this->data['charset']);
 			}
 
-			$_POST[$val] = ($val != 'url') ? $this->convert_xml(strip_tags($_POST[$val])) : strip_tags($_POST[$val]);
+			$_POST[$val] = ($val !== 'url') ? $this->convert_xml(strip_tags($_POST[$val])) : strip_tags($_POST[$val]);
 
-			if ($val == 'excerpt')
+			if ($val === 'excerpt')
 			{
 				$_POST['excerpt'] = $this->limit_characters($_POST['excerpt']);
 			}
@@ -355,7 +394,7 @@ class CI_Trackback {
 			}
 		}
 
-		return preg_match('/^[0-9]+$/', $tb_id) ? $tb_id : FALSE;
+		return ctype_digit((string) $tb_id) ? $tb_id : FALSE;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/system/libraries/Typography.php b/system/libraries/Typography.php
index 21bbad038..d83bf519b 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Typography.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Typography.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * Typography Class
@@ -36,22 +37,46 @@
  */
 class CI_Typography {
 
-	// Block level elements that should not be wrapped inside <p> tags
+	/**
+	 * Block level elements that should not be wrapped inside <p> tags
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
 	public $block_elements = 'address|blockquote|div|dl|fieldset|form|h\d|hr|noscript|object|ol|p|pre|script|table|ul';
 
-	// Elements that should not have <p> and <br /> tags within them.
+	/**
+	 * Elements that should not have <p> and <br /> tags within them.
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
 	public $skip_elements	= 'p|pre|ol|ul|dl|object|table|h\d';
 
-	// Tags we want the parser to completely ignore when splitting the string.
+	/**
+	 * Tags we want the parser to completely ignore when splitting the string.
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
 	public $inline_elements = 'a|abbr|acronym|b|bdo|big|br|button|cite|code|del|dfn|em|i|img|ins|input|label|map|kbd|q|samp|select|small|span|strong|sub|sup|textarea|tt|var';
 
-	// array of block level elements that require inner content to be within another block level element
+	/**
+	 * array of block level elements that require inner content to be within another block level element
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
 	public $inner_block_required = array('blockquote');
 
-	// the last block element parsed
+	/**
+	 * the last block element parsed
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
 	public $last_block_element = '';
 
-	// whether or not to protect quotes within { curly braces }
+	/**
+	 * whether or not to protect quotes within { curly braces }
+	 *
+	 * @var bool
+	 */
 	public $protect_braced_quotes = FALSE;
 
 	/**
@@ -71,7 +96,7 @@ class CI_Typography {
 	 */
 	public function auto_typography($str, $reduce_linebreaks = FALSE)
 	{
-		if ($str == '')
+		if ($str === '')
 		{
 			return '';
 		}
@@ -149,7 +174,7 @@ class CI_Typography {
 					$process = ($match[1] === '/');
 				}
 
-				if ($match[1] == '')
+				if ($match[1] === '')
 				{
 					$this->last_block_element = $match[2];
 				}
@@ -320,7 +345,7 @@ class CI_Typography {
 	 */
 	protected function _format_newlines($str)
 	{
-		if ($str == '' OR (strpos($str, "\n") === FALSE && ! in_array($this->last_block_element, $this->inner_block_required)))
+		if ($str === '' OR (strpos($str, "\n") === FALSE && ! in_array($this->last_block_element, $this->inner_block_required)))
 		{
 			return $str;
 		}
@@ -332,7 +357,7 @@ class CI_Typography {
 		$str = preg_replace("/([^\n])(\n)([^\n])/", '\\1<br />\\2\\3', $str);
 
 		// Wrap the whole enchilada in enclosing paragraphs
-		if ($str != "\n")
+		if ($str !== "\n")
 		{
 			// We trim off the right-side new line so that the closing </p> tag
 			// will be positioned immediately following the string, matching
diff --git a/system/libraries/Unit_test.php b/system/libraries/Unit_test.php
index 0f6e2dfdd..05c7eef78 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Unit_test.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Unit_test.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
  * @since		Version 1.3.1
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * Unit Testing Class
@@ -38,13 +39,57 @@
  */
 class CI_Unit_test {
 
-	public $active					= TRUE;
-	public $results				= array();
-	public $strict					= FALSE;
-	protected $_template				= NULL;
-	protected $_template_rows			= NULL;
+	/**
+	 * Active flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	public $active			= TRUE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Test results
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	public $results			= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * Strict comparison flag
+	 *
+	 * Whether to use === or == when comparing
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	public $strict			= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Template
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_template		= NULL;
+
+	/**
+	 * Template rows
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_template_rows	= NULL;
+
+	/**
+	 * List of visible test items
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
 	protected $_test_items_visible	= array();
 
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Constructor
+	 *
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
 	public function __construct()
 	{
 		// These are the default items visible when a test is run.
@@ -86,14 +131,15 @@ class CI_Unit_test {
 	 *
 	 * Runs the supplied tests
 	 *
-	 * @param	mixed
-	 * @param	mixed
-	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	mixed	$test
+	 * @param	mixed	$expected
+	 * @param	string	$test_name
+	 * @param	string	$notes
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	public function run($test, $expected = TRUE, $test_name = 'undefined', $notes = '')
 	{
-		if ($this->active == FALSE)
+		if ($this->active === FALSE)
 		{
 			return FALSE;
 		}
@@ -106,13 +152,13 @@ class CI_Unit_test {
 		}
 		else
 		{
-			$result = ($this->strict == TRUE) ? ($test === $expected) : ($test == $expected);
+			$result = ($this->strict === TRUE) ? ($test === $expected) : ($test == $expected);
 			$extype = gettype($expected);
 		}
 
 		$back = $this->_backtrace();
 
-		$report[] = array (
+		$report = array (
 							'test_name'			=> $test_name,
 							'test_datatype'		=> gettype($test),
 							'res_datatype'		=> $extype,
@@ -124,7 +170,7 @@ class CI_Unit_test {
 
 		$this->results[] = $report;
 
-		return($this->report($this->result($report)));
+		return $this->report($this->result(array($report)));
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -134,6 +180,7 @@ class CI_Unit_test {
 	 *
 	 * Displays a table with the test data
 	 *
+	 * @param	array	 $result
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	public function report($result = array())
@@ -155,13 +202,13 @@ class CI_Unit_test {
 
 			foreach ($res as $key => $val)
 			{
-				if ($key == $CI->lang->line('ut_result'))
+				if ($key === $CI->lang->line('ut_result'))
 				{
-					if ($val == $CI->lang->line('ut_passed'))
+					if ($val === $CI->lang->line('ut_passed'))
 					{
 						$val = '<span style="color: #0C0;">'.$val.'</span>';
 					}
-					elseif ($val == $CI->lang->line('ut_failed'))
+					elseif ($val === $CI->lang->line('ut_failed'))
 					{
 						$val = '<span style="color: #C00;">'.$val.'</span>';
 					}
@@ -213,6 +260,7 @@ class CI_Unit_test {
 	 *
 	 * Returns the raw result data
 	 *
+	 * @param	array	$results
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
 	public function result($results = array())
@@ -236,25 +284,11 @@ class CI_Unit_test {
 					continue;
 				}
 
-				if (is_array($val))
-				{
-					foreach ($val as $k => $v)
-					{
-						if (FALSE !== ($line = $CI->lang->line(strtolower('ut_'.$v))))
-						{
-							$v = $line;
-						}
-						$temp[$CI->lang->line('ut_'.$k)] = $v;
-					}
-				}
-				else
+				if (FALSE !== ($line = $CI->lang->line(strtolower('ut_'.$val), FALSE)))
 				{
-					if (FALSE !== ($line = $CI->lang->line(strtolower('ut_'.$val))))
-					{
-						$val = $line;
-					}
-					$temp[$CI->lang->line('ut_'.$key)] = $val;
+					$val = $line;
 				}
+				$temp[$CI->lang->line('ut_'.$key, FALSE)] = $val;
 			}
 
 			$retval[] = $temp;
@@ -289,15 +323,11 @@ class CI_Unit_test {
 	 */
 	protected function _backtrace()
 	{
-		if (function_exists('debug_backtrace'))
-		{
-			$back = debug_backtrace();
-			return array(
-					'file' => (isset($back[1]['file']) ? $back[1]['file'] : ''),
-					'line' => (isset($back[1]['line']) ? $back[1]['line'] : '')
-				);
-		}
-		return array('file' => 'Unknown', 'line' => 'Unknown');
+		$back = debug_backtrace();
+		return array(
+				'file' => (isset($back[1]['file']) ? $back[1]['file'] : ''),
+				'line' => (isset($back[1]['line']) ? $back[1]['line'] : '')
+			);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -344,18 +374,26 @@ class CI_Unit_test {
 }
 
 /**
- * Helper functions to test boolean true/false
+ * Helper function to test boolean TRUE
  *
+ * @param	mixed	$test
  * @return	bool
  */
 function is_true($test)
 {
-	return (is_bool($test) && $test === TRUE);
+	return ($test === TRUE);
 }
+
+/**
+ * Helper function to test boolean FALSE
+ *
+ * @param	mixed	$test
+ * @return	bool
+ */
 function is_false($test)
 {
-	return (is_bool($test) && $test === FALSE);
+	return ($test === FALSE);
 }
 
 /* End of file Unit_test.php */
-/* Location: ./system/libraries/Unit_test.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+/* Location: ./system/libraries/Unit_test.php */
diff --git a/system/libraries/Upload.php b/system/libraries/Upload.php
index 8ad67050d..4f65c9eb1 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Upload.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Upload.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * File Uploading Class
@@ -36,39 +37,224 @@
  */
 class CI_Upload {
 
+	/**
+	 * Maximum file size
+	 *
+	 * @var	int
+	 */
 	public $max_size		= 0;
+
+	/**
+	 * Maximum image width
+	 *
+	 * @var	int
+	 */
 	public $max_width		= 0;
+
+	/**
+	 * Maximum image height
+	 *
+	 * @var	int
+	 */
 	public $max_height		= 0;
+
+	/**
+	 * Minimum image width
+	 *
+	 * @var	int
+	 */
+	public $min_width		= 0;
+
+	/**
+	 * Minimum image height
+	 *
+	 * @var	int
+	 */
+	public $min_height		= 0;
+
+	/**
+	 * Maximum filename length
+	 *
+	 * @var	int
+	 */
 	public $max_filename		= 0;
+
+	/**
+	 * Maximum duplicate filename increment ID
+	 *
+	 * @var	int
+	 */
 	public $max_filename_increment 	= 100;
+
+	/**
+	 * Allowed file types
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	public $allowed_types		= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Temporary filename
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	public $file_temp		= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Filename
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	public $file_name		= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Original filename
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	public $orig_name		= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * File type
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	public $file_type		= '';
-	public $file_size		= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * File size
+	 *
+	 * @var	int
+	 */
+	public $file_size		= NULL;
+
+	/**
+	 * Filename extension
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	public $file_ext		= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Upload path
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	public $upload_path		= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Overwrite flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
 	public $overwrite		= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Obfuscate filename flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
 	public $encrypt_name		= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Is image flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
 	public $is_image		= FALSE;
-	public $image_width		= '';
-	public $image_height		= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Image width
+	 *
+	 * @var	int
+	 */
+	public $image_width		= NULL;
+
+	/**
+	 * Image height
+	 *
+	 * @var	int
+	 */
+	public $image_height		= NULL;
+
+	/**
+	 * Image type
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	public $image_type		= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Image size string
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	public $image_size_str		= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Error messages list
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
 	public $error_msg		= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * MIME types list
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
 	public $mimes			= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * Remove spaces flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
 	public $remove_spaces		= TRUE;
+
+	/**
+	 * MIME detection flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	public $detect_mime		= TRUE;
+
+	/**
+	 * XSS filter flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
 	public $xss_clean		= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Temporary filename prefix
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	public $temp_prefix		= 'temp_file_';
+
+	/**
+	 * Filename sent by the client
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
 	public $client_name		= '';
 
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Filename override
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	protected $_file_name_override	= '';
 
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 	/**
 	 * Constructor
 	 *
-	 * @param	array
+	 * @param	array	$props
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function __construct($props = array())
@@ -78,6 +264,8 @@ class CI_Upload {
 			$this->initialize($props);
 		}
 
+		$this->mimes =& get_mimes();
+
 		log_message('debug', 'Upload Class Initialized');
 	}
 
@@ -86,7 +274,7 @@ class CI_Upload {
 	/**
 	 * Initialize preferences
 	 *
-	 * @param	array
+	 * @param	array	$config
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function initialize($config = array())
@@ -95,6 +283,8 @@ class CI_Upload {
 					'max_size'			=> 0,
 					'max_width'			=> 0,
 					'max_height'			=> 0,
+					'min_width'			=> 0,
+					'min_height'			=> 0,
 					'max_filename'			=> 0,
 					'max_filename_increment'	=> 100,
 					'allowed_types'			=> '',
@@ -102,25 +292,24 @@ class CI_Upload {
 					'file_name'			=> '',
 					'orig_name'			=> '',
 					'file_type'			=> '',
-					'file_size'			=> '',
+					'file_size'			=> NULL,
 					'file_ext'			=> '',
 					'upload_path'			=> '',
 					'overwrite'			=> FALSE,
 					'encrypt_name'			=> FALSE,
 					'is_image'			=> FALSE,
-					'image_width'			=> '',
-					'image_height'			=> '',
+					'image_width'			=> NULL,
+					'image_height'			=> NULL,
 					'image_type'			=> '',
 					'image_size_str'		=> '',
 					'error_msg'			=> array(),
-					'mimes'				=> array(),
 					'remove_spaces'			=> TRUE,
+					'detect_mime'			=> TRUE,
 					'xss_clean'			=> FALSE,
 					'temp_prefix'			=> 'temp_file_',
 					'client_name'			=> ''
 				);
 
-
 		foreach ($defaults as $key => $val)
 		{
 			if (isset($config[$key]))
@@ -151,6 +340,7 @@ class CI_Upload {
 	/**
 	 * Perform the file upload
 	 *
+	 * @param	string	$field
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function do_upload($field = 'userfile')
@@ -208,7 +398,13 @@ class CI_Upload {
 		// Set the uploaded data as class variables
 		$this->file_temp = $_FILES[$field]['tmp_name'];
 		$this->file_size = $_FILES[$field]['size'];
-		$this->_file_mime_type($_FILES[$field]);
+
+		// Skip MIME type detection?
+		if ($this->detect_mime !== FALSE)
+		{
+			$this->_file_mime_type($_FILES[$field]);
+		}
+
 		$this->file_type = preg_replace('/^(.+?);.*$/', '\\1', $this->file_type);
 		$this->file_type = strtolower(trim(stripslashes($this->file_type), '"'));
 		$this->file_name = $this->_prep_filename($_FILES[$field]['name']);
@@ -223,7 +419,7 @@ class CI_Upload {
 		}
 
 		// if we're overriding, let's now make sure the new name and type is allowed
-		if ($this->_file_name_override != '')
+		if ($this->_file_name_override !== '')
 		{
 			$this->file_name = $this->_prep_filename($this->_file_name_override);
 
@@ -276,7 +472,7 @@ class CI_Upload {
 		}
 
 		// Remove white spaces in the name
-		if ($this->remove_spaces == TRUE)
+		if ($this->remove_spaces === TRUE)
 		{
 			$this->file_name = preg_replace('/\s+/', '_', $this->file_name);
 		}
@@ -289,7 +485,7 @@ class CI_Upload {
 		 */
 		$this->orig_name = $this->file_name;
 
-		if ($this->overwrite == FALSE)
+		if ($this->overwrite === FALSE)
 		{
 			$this->file_name = $this->set_filename($this->upload_path, $this->file_name);
 
@@ -346,11 +542,12 @@ class CI_Upload {
 	 * Returns an associative array containing all of the information
 	 * related to the upload, allowing the developer easy access in one array.
 	 *
-	 * @return	array
+	 * @param	string	$index
+	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
-	public function data()
+	public function data($index = NULL)
 	{
-		return array(
+		$data = array(
 				'file_name'		=> $this->file_name,
 				'file_type'		=> $this->file_type,
 				'file_path'		=> $this->upload_path,
@@ -366,6 +563,13 @@ class CI_Upload {
 				'image_type'		=> $this->image_type,
 				'image_size_str'	=> $this->image_size_str,
 			);
+
+		if ( ! empty($index))
+		{
+			return isset($data[$index]) ? $data[$index] : NULL;
+		}
+
+		return $data;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -373,7 +577,7 @@ class CI_Upload {
 	/**
 	 * Set Upload Path
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string	$path
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function set_upload_path($path)
@@ -391,13 +595,13 @@ class CI_Upload {
 	 * existence of a file with the same name. If found, it will append a
 	 * number to the end of the filename to avoid overwriting a pre-existing file.
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string	$path
+	 * @param	string	$filename
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	public function set_filename($path, $filename)
 	{
-		if ($this->encrypt_name == TRUE)
+		if ($this->encrypt_name === TRUE)
 		{
 			mt_srand();
 			$filename = md5(uniqid(mt_rand())).$this->file_ext;
@@ -420,7 +624,7 @@ class CI_Upload {
 			}
 		}
 
-		if ($new_filename == '')
+		if ($new_filename === '')
 		{
 			$this->set_error('upload_bad_filename');
 			return FALSE;
@@ -436,7 +640,7 @@ class CI_Upload {
 	/**
 	 * Set Maximum File Size
 	 *
-	 * @param	int
+	 * @param	int	$n
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function set_max_filesize($n)
@@ -449,7 +653,7 @@ class CI_Upload {
 	/**
 	 * Set Maximum File Name Length
 	 *
-	 * @param	int
+	 * @param	int	$n
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function set_max_filename($n)
@@ -462,7 +666,7 @@ class CI_Upload {
 	/**
 	 * Set Maximum Image Width
 	 *
-	 * @param	int
+	 * @param	int	$n
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function set_max_width($n)
@@ -475,7 +679,7 @@ class CI_Upload {
 	/**
 	 * Set Maximum Image Height
 	 *
-	 * @param	int
+	 * @param	int	$n
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function set_max_height($n)
@@ -486,9 +690,35 @@ class CI_Upload {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
+	 * Set minimum image width
+	 *
+	 * @param	int	$n
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function set_min_width($n)
+	{
+		$this->min_width = ((int) $n < 0) ? 0 : (int) $n;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Set minimum image height
+	 *
+	 * @param	int	$n
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function set_min_height($n)
+	{
+		$this->min_height = ((int) $n < 0) ? 0 : (int) $n;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
 	 * Set Allowed File Types
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string	$types
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function set_allowed_types($types)
@@ -508,7 +738,7 @@ class CI_Upload {
 	 *
 	 * Uses GD to determine the width/height/type of image
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string	$path
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function set_image_properties($path = '')
@@ -540,12 +770,12 @@ class CI_Upload {
 	 * Enables the XSS flag so that the file that was uploaded
 	 * will be run through the XSS filter.
 	 *
-	 * @param	bool
+	 * @param	bool	$flag
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function set_xss_clean($flag = FALSE)
 	{
-		$this->xss_clean = ($flag == TRUE);
+		$this->xss_clean = ($flag === TRUE);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -582,7 +812,7 @@ class CI_Upload {
 	/**
 	 * Verify that the filetype is allowed
 	 *
-	 * @param	bool
+	 * @param	bool	$ignore_mime
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function is_allowed_filetype($ignore_mime = FALSE)
@@ -641,7 +871,7 @@ class CI_Upload {
 	 */
 	public function is_allowed_filesize()
 	{
-		return ($this->max_size == 0 OR $this->max_size > $this->file_size);
+		return ($this->max_size === 0 OR $this->max_size > $this->file_size);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -671,6 +901,16 @@ class CI_Upload {
 			{
 				return FALSE;
 			}
+
+			if ($this->min_width > 0 && $D[0] < $this->min_width)
+			{
+				return FALSE;
+			}
+
+			if ($this->min_height > 0 && $D[1] < $this->min_height)
+			{
+				return FALSE;
+			}
 		}
 
 		return TRUE;
@@ -687,13 +927,13 @@ class CI_Upload {
 	 */
 	public function validate_upload_path()
 	{
-		if ($this->upload_path == '')
+		if ($this->upload_path === '')
 		{
 			$this->set_error('upload_no_filepath');
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		if (function_exists('realpath') && @realpath($this->upload_path) !== FALSE)
+		if (@realpath($this->upload_path) !== FALSE)
 		{
 			$this->upload_path = str_replace('\\', '/', realpath($this->upload_path));
 		}
@@ -719,13 +959,13 @@ class CI_Upload {
 	/**
 	 * Extract the file extension
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string	$filename
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	public function get_extension($filename)
 	{
 		$x = explode('.', $filename);
-		return '.'.end($x);
+		return (count($x) !== 1) ? '.'.end($x) : '';
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -733,7 +973,7 @@ class CI_Upload {
 	/**
 	 * Clean the file name for security
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string	$filename
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	public function clean_file_name($filename)
@@ -747,6 +987,8 @@ class CI_Upload {
 				';',
 				'?',
 				'/',
+				'!',
+				'#',
 				'%20',
 				'%22',
 				'%3c',		// <
@@ -771,7 +1013,8 @@ class CI_Upload {
 	/**
 	 * Limit the File Name Length
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string	$filename
+	 * @param	int	$length
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	public function limit_filename_length($filename, $length)
@@ -812,17 +1055,17 @@ class CI_Upload {
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		if (function_exists('memory_get_usage') && memory_get_usage() && ini_get('memory_limit') != '')
+		if (memory_get_usage() && ($memory_limit = ini_get('memory_limit')))
 		{
-			$current = ini_get('memory_limit') * 1024 * 1024;
+			$memory_limit *= 1024 * 1024;
 
 			// There was a bug/behavioural change in PHP 5.2, where numbers over one million get output
 			// into scientific notation. number_format() ensures this number is an integer
 			// http://bugs.php.net/bug.php?id=43053
 
-			$new_memory = number_format(ceil(filesize($file) + $current), 0, '.', '');
+			$memory_limit = number_format(ceil(filesize($file) + $memory_limit), 0, '.', '');
 
-			ini_set('memory_limit', $new_memory); // When an integer is used, the value is measured in bytes. - PHP.net
+			ini_set('memory_limit', $memory_limit); // When an integer is used, the value is measured in bytes. - PHP.net
 		}
 
 		// If the file being uploaded is an image, then we should have no problem with XSS attacks (in theory), but
@@ -846,10 +1089,8 @@ class CI_Upload {
 			// <a, <body, <head, <html, <img, <plaintext, <pre, <script, <table, <title
 			// title is basically just in SVG, but we filter it anyhow
 
-			if ( ! preg_match('/<(a|body|head|html|img|plaintext|pre|script|table|title)[\s>]/i', $opening_bytes))
-			{
-				return TRUE; // its an image, no "triggers" detected in the first 256 bytes, we're good
-			}
+			// if its an image or no "triggers" detected in the first 256 bytes - we're good
+			return ! preg_match('/<(a|body|head|html|img|plaintext|pre|script|table|title)[\s>]/i', $opening_bytes);
 		}
 
 		if (($data = @file_get_contents($file)) === FALSE)
@@ -866,7 +1107,7 @@ class CI_Upload {
 	/**
 	 * Set an error message
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string	$msg
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function set_error($msg)
@@ -878,14 +1119,14 @@ class CI_Upload {
 		{
 			foreach ($msg as $val)
 			{
-				$msg = ($CI->lang->line($val) == FALSE) ? $val : $CI->lang->line($val);
+				$msg = ($CI->lang->line($val) === FALSE) ? $val : $CI->lang->line($val);
 				$this->error_msg[] = $msg;
 				log_message('error', $msg);
 			}
 		}
 		else
 		{
-			$msg = ($CI->lang->line($msg) == FALSE) ? $msg : $CI->lang->line($msg);
+			$msg = ($CI->lang->line($msg) === FALSE) ? $msg : $CI->lang->line($msg);
 			$this->error_msg[] = $msg;
 			log_message('error', $msg);
 		}
@@ -896,8 +1137,8 @@ class CI_Upload {
 	/**
 	 * Display the error message
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string	$open
+	 * @param	string	$close
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	public function display_errors($open = '<p>', $close = '</p>')
@@ -913,31 +1154,11 @@ class CI_Upload {
 	 * This is a list of mime types. We use it to validate
 	 * the "allowed types" set by the developer
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string	$mime
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	public function mimes_types($mime)
 	{
-		global $mimes;
-
-		if (count($this->mimes) == 0)
-		{
-			if (defined('ENVIRONMENT') && is_file(APPPATH.'config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/mimes.php'))
-			{
-				include(APPPATH.'config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/mimes.php');
-			}
-			elseif (is_file(APPPATH.'config/mimes.php'))
-			{
-				include(APPPATH.'config/mimes.php');
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				return FALSE;
-			}
-
-			$this->mimes = $mimes;
-		}
-
 		return isset($this->mimes[$mime]) ? $this->mimes[$mime] : FALSE;
 	}
 
@@ -946,15 +1167,17 @@ class CI_Upload {
 	/**
 	 * Prep Filename
 	 *
-	 * Prevents possible script execution from Apache's handling of files multiple extensions
-	 * http://httpd.apache.org/docs/1.3/mod/mod_mime.html#multipleext
+	 * Prevents possible script execution from Apache's handling
+	 * of files' multiple extensions.
+	 *
+	 * @link	http://httpd.apache.org/docs/1.3/mod/mod_mime.html#multipleext
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string	$filename
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _prep_filename($filename)
 	{
-		if (strpos($filename, '.') === FALSE OR $this->allowed_types == '*')
+		if (strpos($filename, '.') === FALSE OR $this->allowed_types === '*')
 		{
 			return $filename;
 		}
@@ -986,7 +1209,7 @@ class CI_Upload {
 	 * Detects the (actual) MIME type of the uploaded file, if possible.
 	 * The input array is expected to be $_FILES[$field]
 	 *
-	 * @param	array
+	 * @param	array	$file
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	protected function _file_mime_type($file)
@@ -1001,7 +1224,7 @@ class CI_Upload {
 		 */
 		if (function_exists('finfo_file'))
 		{
-			$finfo = finfo_open(FILEINFO_MIME);
+			$finfo = @finfo_open(FILEINFO_MIME);
 			if (is_resource($finfo)) // It is possible that a FALSE value is returned, if there is no magic MIME database file found on the system
 			{
 				$mime = @finfo_file($finfo, $file['tmp_name']);
@@ -1032,9 +1255,11 @@ class CI_Upload {
 		 */
 		if (DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR !== '\\')
 		{
-			$cmd = 'file --brief --mime ' . escapeshellarg($file['tmp_name']) . ' 2>&1';
+			$cmd = function_exists('escapeshellarg')
+				? 'file --brief --mime '.escapeshellarg($file['tmp_name']).' 2>&1'
+				: 'file --brief --mime '.$file['tmp_name'].' 2>&1';
 
-			if (function_exists('exec'))
+			if (function_usable('exec'))
 			{
 				/* This might look confusing, as $mime is being populated with all of the output when set in the second parameter.
 				 * However, we only neeed the last line, which is the actual return value of exec(), and as such - it overwrites
@@ -1049,7 +1274,7 @@ class CI_Upload {
 				}
 			}
 
-			if ( (bool) @ini_get('safe_mode') === FALSE && function_exists('shell_exec'))
+			if ( (bool) @ini_get('safe_mode') === FALSE && function_usable('shell_exec'))
 			{
 				$mime = @shell_exec($cmd);
 				if (strlen($mime) > 0)
@@ -1063,7 +1288,7 @@ class CI_Upload {
 				}
 			}
 
-			if (function_exists('popen'))
+			if (function_usable('popen'))
 			{
 				$proc = @popen($cmd, 'r');
 				if (is_resource($proc))
diff --git a/system/libraries/User_agent.php b/system/libraries/User_agent.php
index b8e0d37fb..659371ab5 100644
--- a/system/libraries/User_agent.php
+++ b/system/libraries/User_agent.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * User Agent Class
@@ -38,25 +39,110 @@
  */
 class CI_User_agent {
 
-	public $agent		= NULL;
+	/**
+	 * Current user-agent
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	public $agent = NULL;
+
+	/**
+	 * Flag for if the user-agent belongs to a browser
+	 *
+	 * @var bool
+	 */
+	public $is_browser = FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Flag for if the user-agent is a robot
+	 *
+	 * @var bool
+	 */
+	public $is_robot = FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Flag for if the user-agent is a mobile browser
+	 *
+	 * @var bool
+	 */
+	public $is_mobile = FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Languages accepted by the current user agent
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	public $languages = array();
+
+	/**
+	 * Character sets accepted by the current user agent
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	public $charsets = array();
+
+	/**
+	 * List of platforms to compare against current user agent
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	public $platforms = array();
+
+	/**
+	 * List of browsers to compare against current user agent
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	public $browsers = array();
+
+	/**
+	 * List of mobile browsers to compare against current user agent
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	public $mobiles = array();
 
-	public $is_browser	= FALSE;
-	public $is_robot	= FALSE;
-	public $is_mobile	= FALSE;
+	/**
+	 * List of robots to compare against current user agent
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	public $robots = array();
+
+	/**
+	 * Current user-agent platform
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	public $platform = '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Current user-agent browser
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	public $browser = '';
 
-	public $languages	= array();
-	public $charsets	= array();
+	/**
+	 * Current user-agent version
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	public $version = '';
 
-	public $platforms	= array();
-	public $browsers	= array();
-	public $mobiles		= array();
-	public $robots		= array();
+	/**
+	 * Current user-agent mobile name
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	public $mobile = '';
 
-	public $platform	= '';
-	public $browser		= '';
-	public $version		= '';
-	public $mobile		= '';
-	public $robot		= '';
+	/**
+	 * Current user-agent robot name
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	public $robot = '';
 
 	/**
 	 * Constructor
@@ -224,6 +310,7 @@ class CI_User_agent {
 				{
 					$this->is_robot = TRUE;
 					$this->robot = $val;
+					$this->_set_mobile();
 					return TRUE;
 				}
 			}
@@ -245,7 +332,7 @@ class CI_User_agent {
 		{
 			foreach ($this->mobiles as $key => $val)
 			{
-				if (FALSE !== (strpos(strtolower($this->agent), $key)))
+				if (FALSE !== (stripos($this->agent, $key)))
 				{
 					$this->is_mobile = TRUE;
 					$this->mobile = $val;
@@ -302,6 +389,7 @@ class CI_User_agent {
 	/**
 	 * Is Browser
 	 *
+	 * @param	string	$key
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function is_browser($key = NULL)
@@ -326,6 +414,7 @@ class CI_User_agent {
 	/**
 	 * Is Robot
 	 *
+	 * @param	string	$key
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function is_robot($key = NULL)
@@ -350,6 +439,7 @@ class CI_User_agent {
 	/**
 	 * Is Mobile
 	 *
+	 * @param	string	$key
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function is_mobile($key = NULL)
@@ -378,7 +468,13 @@ class CI_User_agent {
 	 */
 	public function is_referral()
 	{
-		return ! empty($_SERVER['HTTP_REFERER']);
+		if (empty($_SERVER['HTTP_REFERER']))
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		$referer = parse_url($_SERVER['HTTP_REFERER']);
+		return ! (empty($referer['host']) && strpos(config_item('base_url'), $referer['host']) !== FALSE);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -503,6 +599,7 @@ class CI_User_agent {
 	/**
 	 * Test for a particular language
 	 *
+	 * @param	string	$lang
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function accept_lang($lang = 'en')
@@ -515,6 +612,7 @@ class CI_User_agent {
 	/**
 	 * Test for a particular character set
 	 *
+	 * @param	string	$charset
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function accept_charset($charset = 'utf-8')
diff --git a/system/libraries/Xmlrpc.php b/system/libraries/Xmlrpc.php
index fea560c2e..529089914 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Xmlrpc.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Xmlrpc.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,6 +24,14 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
+
+if ( ! function_exists('xml_parser_create'))
+{
+	show_error('Your PHP installation does not support XML');
+}
+
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 /**
  * XML-RPC request handler class
@@ -34,56 +42,212 @@
  * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
  * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/xmlrpc.html
  */
-
-if ( ! function_exists('xml_parser_create'))
-{
-	show_error('Your PHP installation does not support XML');
-}
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
 class CI_Xmlrpc {
 
-	public $debug		= FALSE;	// Debugging on or off
+	/**
+	 * Debug flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	public $debug		= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * I4 data type
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	public $xmlrpcI4	= 'i4';
+
+	/**
+	 * Integer data type
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	public $xmlrpcInt	= 'int';
+
+	/**
+	 * Boolean data type
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	public $xmlrpcBoolean	= 'boolean';
+
+	/**
+	 * Double data type
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	public $xmlrpcDouble	= 'double';
+
+	/**
+	 * String data type
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	public $xmlrpcString	= 'string';
+
+	/**
+	 * DateTime format
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	public $xmlrpcDateTime	= 'dateTime.iso8601';
+
+	/**
+	 * Base64 data type
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	public $xmlrpcBase64	= 'base64';
+
+	/**
+	 * Array data type
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	public $xmlrpcArray	= 'array';
+
+	/**
+	 * Struct data type
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	public $xmlrpcStruct	= 'struct';
 
+	/**
+	 * Data types list
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
 	public $xmlrpcTypes	= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * Valid parents list
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
 	public $valid_parents	= array();
-	public $xmlrpcerr		= array(); // Response numbers
-	public $xmlrpcstr		= array(); // Response strings
 
+	/**
+	 * Response error numbers list
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	public $xmlrpcerr		= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * Response error messages list
+	 *
+	 * @var	string[]
+	 */
+	public $xmlrpcstr		= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * Encoding charset
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	public $xmlrpc_defencoding	= 'UTF-8';
+
+	/**
+	 * XML-RPC client name
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	public $xmlrpcName		= 'XML-RPC for CodeIgniter';
+
+	/**
+	 * XML-RPC version
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	public $xmlrpcVersion		= '1.1';
-	public $xmlrpcerruser		= 800; // Start of user errors
-	public $xmlrpcerrxml		= 100; // Start of XML Parse errors
-	public $xmlrpc_backslash	= ''; // formulate backslashes for escaping regexp
 
+	/**
+	 * Start of user errors
+	 *
+	 * @var	int
+	 */
+	public $xmlrpcerruser		= 800;
+
+	/**
+	 * Start of XML parse errors
+	 *
+	 * @var	int
+	 */
+	public $xmlrpcerrxml		= 100;
+
+	/**
+	 * Backslash replacement value
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $xmlrpc_backslash	= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * XML-RPC Client object
+	 *
+	 * @var	object
+	 */
 	public $client;
+
+	/**
+	 * XML-RPC Method name
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	public $method;
+
+	/**
+	 * XML-RPC Data
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
 	public $data;
+
+	/**
+	 * XML-RPC Message
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	public $message			= '';
-	public $error			= '';	// Error string for request
+
+	/**
+	 * Request error message
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $error			= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * XML-RPC result object
+	 *
+	 * @var	object
+	 */
 	public $result;
-	public $response		= array();  // Response from remote server
 
+	/**
+	 * XML-RPC Reponse
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	public $response		= array(); // Response from remote server
+
+	/**
+	 * XSS Filter flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
 	public $xss_clean		= TRUE;
 
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
 	 * Constructor
 	 *
 	 * Initializes property default values
 	 *
-	 * @param	array
+	 * @param	array	$config
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function __construct($config = array())
@@ -101,34 +265,33 @@ class CI_Xmlrpc {
 			$this->xmlrpcBase64		=> '1',
 			$this->xmlrpcArray		=> '2',
 			$this->xmlrpcStruct		=> '3'
-			);
+		);
 
 		// Array of Valid Parents for Various XML-RPC elements
-		$this->valid_parents = array('BOOLEAN'			=> array('VALUE'),
-						'I4'				=> array('VALUE'),
-						'INT'				=> array('VALUE'),
-						'STRING'			=> array('VALUE'),
-						'DOUBLE'			=> array('VALUE'),
-						'DATETIME.ISO8601'	=> array('VALUE'),
-						'BASE64'			=> array('VALUE'),
-						'ARRAY'			=> array('VALUE'),
-						'STRUCT'			=> array('VALUE'),
-						'PARAM'			=> array('PARAMS'),
-						'METHODNAME'		=> array('METHODCALL'),
-						'PARAMS'			=> array('METHODCALL', 'METHODRESPONSE'),
-						'MEMBER'			=> array('STRUCT'),
-						'NAME'				=> array('MEMBER'),
-						'DATA'				=> array('ARRAY'),
-						'FAULT'			=> array('METHODRESPONSE'),
-						'VALUE'			=> array('MEMBER', 'DATA', 'PARAM', 'FAULT')
-					 );
-
+		$this->valid_parents = array('BOOLEAN' => array('VALUE'),
+			'I4'				=> array('VALUE'),
+			'INT'				=> array('VALUE'),
+			'STRING'			=> array('VALUE'),
+			'DOUBLE'			=> array('VALUE'),
+			'DATETIME.ISO8601'	=> array('VALUE'),
+			'BASE64'			=> array('VALUE'),
+			'ARRAY'			=> array('VALUE'),
+			'STRUCT'			=> array('VALUE'),
+			'PARAM'			=> array('PARAMS'),
+			'METHODNAME'		=> array('METHODCALL'),
+			'PARAMS'			=> array('METHODCALL', 'METHODRESPONSE'),
+			'MEMBER'			=> array('STRUCT'),
+			'NAME'				=> array('MEMBER'),
+			'DATA'				=> array('ARRAY'),
+			'FAULT'			=> array('METHODRESPONSE'),
+			'VALUE'			=> array('MEMBER', 'DATA', 'PARAM', 'FAULT')
+		);
 
 		// XML-RPC Responses
 		$this->xmlrpcerr['unknown_method'] = '1';
 		$this->xmlrpcstr['unknown_method'] = 'This is not a known method for this XML-RPC Server';
 		$this->xmlrpcerr['invalid_return'] = '2';
-		$this->xmlrpcstr['invalid_return'] = 'The XML data received was either invalid or not in the correct form for XML-RPC.  Turn on debugging to examine the XML data further.';
+		$this->xmlrpcstr['invalid_return'] = 'The XML data received was either invalid or not in the correct form for XML-RPC. Turn on debugging to examine the XML data further.';
 		$this->xmlrpcerr['incorrect_params'] = '3';
 		$this->xmlrpcstr['incorrect_params'] = 'Incorrect parameters were passed to method';
 		$this->xmlrpcerr['introspect_unknown'] = '4';
@@ -136,7 +299,7 @@ class CI_Xmlrpc {
 		$this->xmlrpcerr['http_error'] = '5';
 		$this->xmlrpcstr['http_error'] = "Did not receive a '200 OK' response from remote server.";
 		$this->xmlrpcerr['no_data'] = '6';
-		$this->xmlrpcstr['no_data'] ='No data received from server.';
+		$this->xmlrpcstr['no_data'] = 'No data received from server.';
 
 		$this->initialize($config);
 
@@ -148,7 +311,7 @@ class CI_Xmlrpc {
 	/**
 	 * Initialize
 	 *
-	 * @param	array
+	 * @param	array	$config
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function initialize($config = array())
@@ -170,11 +333,13 @@ class CI_Xmlrpc {
 	/**
 	 * Parse server URL
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	url
-	 * @param	int	port
+	 * @param	string	$url
+	 * @param	int	$port
+	 * @param	string	$proxy
+	 * @param	int	$proxy_port
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	public function server($url, $port = 80)
+	public function server($url, $port = 80, $proxy = FALSE, $proxy_port = 8080)
 	{
 		if (strpos($url, 'http') !== 0)
 		{
@@ -190,7 +355,7 @@ class CI_Xmlrpc {
 			$path .= '?'.$parts['query'];
 		}
 
-		$this->client = new XML_RPC_Client($path, $parts['host'], $port);
+		$this->client = new XML_RPC_Client($path, $parts['host'], $port, $proxy, $proxy_port);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -198,7 +363,7 @@ class CI_Xmlrpc {
 	/**
 	 * Set Timeout
 	 *
-	 * @param	int	seconds
+	 * @param	int	$seconds
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function timeout($seconds = 5)
@@ -214,7 +379,7 @@ class CI_Xmlrpc {
 	/**
 	 * Set Methods
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	method name
+	 * @param	string	$function	Method name
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function method($function)
@@ -227,7 +392,7 @@ class CI_Xmlrpc {
 	/**
 	 * Take Array of Data and Create Objects
 	 *
-	 * @param	array
+	 * @param	array	$incoming
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function request($incoming)
@@ -251,12 +416,12 @@ class CI_Xmlrpc {
 	/**
 	 * Set Debug
 	 *
-	 * @param	bool
+	 * @param	bool	$flag
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function set_debug($flag = TRUE)
 	{
-		$this->debug = ($flag == TRUE);
+		$this->debug = ($flag === TRUE);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -264,7 +429,7 @@ class CI_Xmlrpc {
 	/**
 	 * Values Parsing
 	 *
-	 * @param	mixed
+	 * @param	mixed	$value
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
 	public function values_parsing($value)
@@ -277,7 +442,7 @@ class CI_Xmlrpc {
 			}
 			else
 			{
-				if (is_array($value[0]) && ($value[1] == 'struct' OR $value[1] == 'array'))
+				if (is_array($value[0]) && ($value[1] === 'struct' OR $value[1] === 'array'))
 				{
 					while (list($k) = each($value[0]))
 					{
@@ -347,8 +512,8 @@ class CI_Xmlrpc {
 	/**
 	 * Sends an Error Message for Server Request
 	 *
-	 * @param	int
-	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	int	$number
+	 * @param	string	$message
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
 	public function send_error_message($number, $message)
@@ -361,7 +526,7 @@ class CI_Xmlrpc {
 	/**
 	 * Send Response for Server Request
 	 *
-	 * @param	array
+	 * @param	array	$response
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
 	public function send_response($response)
@@ -382,29 +547,90 @@ class CI_Xmlrpc {
  */
 class XML_RPC_Client extends CI_Xmlrpc
 {
+	/**
+	 * Path
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	public $path			= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Server hostname
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	public $server			= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Server port
+	 *
+	 * @var	int
+	 */
 	public $port			= 80;
+
+	/**
+	 * Proxy hostname
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $proxy			= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Proxy port
+	 *
+	 * @var	int
+	 */
+	public $proxy_port		= 8080;
+
+	/**
+	 * Error number
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	public $errno			= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Error message
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	public $errstring		= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Timeout in seconds
+	 *
+	 * @var	int
+	 */
 	public $timeout		= 5;
+
+	/**
+	 * No Multicall flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
 	public $no_multicall	= FALSE;
 
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 	/**
 	 * Constructor
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	object
-	 * @param	int
+	 * @param	string	$path
+	 * @param	object	$server
+	 * @param	int	$port
+	 * @param	string	$proxy
+	 * @param	int	$proxy_port
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	public function __construct($path, $server, $port = 80)
+	public function __construct($path, $server, $port = 80, $proxy = FALSE, $proxy_port = 8080)
 	{
 		parent::__construct();
 
 		$this->port = $port;
 		$this->server = $server;
 		$this->path = $path;
+		$this->proxy = $proxy;
+		$this->proxy_port = $proxy_port;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -412,7 +638,7 @@ class XML_RPC_Client extends CI_Xmlrpc
 	/**
 	 * Send message
 	 *
-	 * @param	mixed
+	 * @param	mixed	$msg
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
 	public function send($msg)
@@ -431,12 +657,23 @@ class XML_RPC_Client extends CI_Xmlrpc
 	/**
 	 * Send payload
 	 *
-	 * @param	object
+	 * @param	object	$msg
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
 	public function sendPayload($msg)
 	{
-		$fp = @fsockopen($this->server, $this->port,$this->errno, $this->errstr, $this->timeout);
+		if ($this->proxy === FALSE)
+		{
+			$server = $this->server;
+			$port = $this->port;
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			$server = $this->proxy;
+			$port = $this->proxy_port;
+		}
+
+		$fp = @fsockopen($server, $port, $this->errno, $this->errstring, $this->timeout);
 
 		if ( ! is_resource($fp))
 		{
@@ -458,7 +695,7 @@ class XML_RPC_Client extends CI_Xmlrpc
 			.'Content-Length: '.strlen($msg->payload).$r.$r
 			.$msg->payload;
 
-		if ( ! fputs($fp, $op, strlen($op)))
+		if ( ! fwrite($fp, $op, strlen($op)))
 		{
 			error_log($this->xmlrpcstr['http_error']);
 			return new XML_RPC_Response(0, $this->xmlrpcerr['http_error'], $this->xmlrpcstr['http_error']);
@@ -480,23 +717,55 @@ class XML_RPC_Client extends CI_Xmlrpc
  */
 class XML_RPC_Response
 {
+
+	/**
+	 * Value
+	 *
+	 * @var	mixed
+	 */
 	public $val		= 0;
+
+	/**
+	 * Error number
+	 *
+	 * @var	int
+	 */
 	public $errno		= 0;
+
+	/**
+	 * Error message
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	public $errstr		= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Headers list
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
 	public $headers		= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * XSS Filter flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
 	public $xss_clean	= TRUE;
 
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 	/**
 	 * Constructor
 	 *
-	 * @param	mixed
-	 * @param	int
-	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	mixed	$val
+	 * @param	int	$code
+	 * @param	string	$fstr
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function __construct($val, $code = 0, $fstr = '')
 	{
-		if ($code != 0)
+		if ($code !== 0)
 		{
 			// error
 			$this->errno = $code;
@@ -636,11 +905,11 @@ class XML_RPC_Response
 	{
 		$kind = $xmlrpc_val->kindOf();
 
-		if ($kind == 'scalar')
+		if ($kind === 'scalar')
 		{
 			return $xmlrpc_val->scalarval();
 		}
-		elseif ($kind == 'array')
+		elseif ($kind === 'array')
 		{
 			reset($xmlrpc_val->me);
 			$b = current($xmlrpc_val->me);
@@ -652,7 +921,7 @@ class XML_RPC_Response
 			}
 			return $arr;
 		}
-		elseif ($kind == 'struct')
+		elseif ($kind === 'struct')
 		{
 			reset($xmlrpc_val->me['struct']);
 			$arr = array();
@@ -676,11 +945,11 @@ class XML_RPC_Response
 	 */
 	public function iso8601_decode($time, $utc = FALSE)
 	{
-		// return a time in the localtime, or UTC
+		// Return a time in the localtime, or UTC
 		$t = 0;
 		if (preg_match('/([0-9]{4})([0-9]{2})([0-9]{2})T([0-9]{2}):([0-9]{2}):([0-9]{2})/', $time, $regs))
 		{
-			$fnc = ($utc == TRUE) ? 'gmmktime' : 'mktime';
+			$fnc = ($utc === TRUE) ? 'gmmktime' : 'mktime';
 			$t = $fnc($regs[4], $regs[5], $regs[6], $regs[2], $regs[3], $regs[1]);
 		}
 		return $t;
@@ -697,16 +966,42 @@ class XML_RPC_Response
  */
 class XML_RPC_Message extends CI_Xmlrpc
 {
+
+	/**
+	 * Payload
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	public $payload;
+
+	/**
+	 * Method name
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	public $method_name;
+
+	/**
+	 * Parameter list
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
 	public $params		= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * XH?
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
 	public $xh		= array();
 
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 	/**
 	 * Constructor
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	method name
-	 * @param	array
+	 * @param	string	$method
+	 * @param	array	$pars
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function __construct($method, $pars = FALSE)
@@ -778,14 +1073,14 @@ class XML_RPC_Message extends CI_Xmlrpc
 		}
 
 		// Check for HTTP 200 Response
-		if (strncmp($data, 'HTTP', 4) === 0 && ! preg_match('/^HTTP\/[0-9\.]+ 200 /', $data))
+		if (strpos($data, 'HTTP') === 0 && ! preg_match('/^HTTP\/[0-9\.]+ 200 /', $data))
 		{
 			$errstr = substr($data, 0, strpos($data, "\n")-1);
 			return new XML_RPC_Response(0, $this->xmlrpcerr['http_error'], $this->xmlrpcstr['http_error'].' ('.$errstr.')');
 		}
 
 		//-------------------------------------
-		//  Create and Set Up XML Parser
+		// Create and Set Up XML Parser
 		//-------------------------------------
 
 		$parser = xml_parser_create($this->xmlrpc_defencoding);
@@ -823,7 +1118,7 @@ class XML_RPC_Message extends CI_Xmlrpc
 			$errstr = sprintf('XML error: %s at line %d',
 						xml_error_string(xml_get_error_code($parser)),
 						xml_get_current_line_number($parser));
-			//error_log($errstr);
+
 			$r = new XML_RPC_Response(0, $this->xmlrpcerr['invalid_return'], $this->xmlrpcstr['invalid_return']);
 			xml_parser_free($parser);
 			return $r;
@@ -873,7 +1168,7 @@ class XML_RPC_Message extends CI_Xmlrpc
 			$errstr_v = $v->me['struct']['faultString'];
 			$errno = $errno_v->scalarval();
 
-			if ($errno == 0)
+			if ($errno === 0)
 			{
 				// FAULT returned, errno needs to reflect that
 				$errno = -1;
@@ -921,9 +1216,9 @@ class XML_RPC_Message extends CI_Xmlrpc
 		if ($this->xh[$the_parser]['isf'] > 1) return;
 
 		// Evaluate and check for correct nesting of XML elements
-		if (count($this->xh[$the_parser]['stack']) == 0)
+		if (count($this->xh[$the_parser]['stack']) === 0)
 		{
-			if ($name != 'METHODRESPONSE' && $name != 'METHODCALL')
+			if ($name !== 'METHODRESPONSE' && $name !== 'METHODCALL')
 			{
 				$this->xh[$the_parser]['isf'] = 2;
 				$this->xh[$the_parser]['isf_reason'] = 'Top level XML-RPC element is missing';
@@ -934,7 +1229,7 @@ class XML_RPC_Message extends CI_Xmlrpc
 		elseif ( ! in_array($this->xh[$the_parser]['stack'][0], $this->valid_parents[$name], TRUE))
 		{
 			$this->xh[$the_parser]['isf'] = 2;
-			$this->xh[$the_parser]['isf_reason'] = 'XML-RPC element $name cannot be child of '.$this->xh[$the_parser]['stack'][0];
+			$this->xh[$the_parser]['isf_reason'] = 'XML-RPC element '.$name.' cannot be child of '.$this->xh[$the_parser]['stack'][0];
 			return;
 		}
 
@@ -968,11 +1263,11 @@ class XML_RPC_Message extends CI_Xmlrpc
 			case 'DOUBLE':
 			case 'DATETIME.ISO8601':
 			case 'BASE64':
-				if ($this->xh[$the_parser]['vt'] != 'value')
+				if ($this->xh[$the_parser]['vt'] !== 'value')
 				{
 					//two data elements inside a value: an error occurred!
 					$this->xh[$the_parser]['isf'] = 2;
-					$this->xh[$the_parser]['isf_reason'] = "'Twas a ".$name.' element following a '
+					$this->xh[$the_parser]['isf_reason'] = 'There is a '.$name.' element following a '
 										.$this->xh[$the_parser]['vt'].' element inside a single value';
 					return;
 				}
@@ -1002,7 +1297,7 @@ class XML_RPC_Message extends CI_Xmlrpc
 		// Add current element name to stack, to allow validation of nesting
 		array_unshift($this->xh[$the_parser]['stack'], $name);
 
-		$name == 'VALUE' OR $this->xh[$the_parser]['lv'] = 0;
+		$name === 'VALUE' OR $this->xh[$the_parser]['lv'] = 0;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1045,20 +1340,20 @@ class XML_RPC_Message extends CI_Xmlrpc
 			case 'BASE64':
 				$this->xh[$the_parser]['vt'] = strtolower($name);
 
-				if ($name == 'STRING')
+				if ($name === 'STRING')
 				{
 					$this->xh[$the_parser]['value'] = $this->xh[$the_parser]['ac'];
 				}
-				elseif ($name == 'DATETIME.ISO8601')
+				elseif ($name === 'DATETIME.ISO8601')
 				{
 					$this->xh[$the_parser]['vt']	= $this->xmlrpcDateTime;
 					$this->xh[$the_parser]['value'] = $this->xh[$the_parser]['ac'];
 				}
-				elseif ($name == 'BASE64')
+				elseif ($name === 'BASE64')
 				{
 					$this->xh[$the_parser]['value'] = base64_decode($this->xh[$the_parser]['ac']);
 				}
-				elseif ($name == 'BOOLEAN')
+				elseif ($name === 'BOOLEAN')
 				{
 					// Translated BOOLEAN values to TRUE AND FALSE
 					$this->xh[$the_parser]['value'] = (bool) $this->xh[$the_parser]['ac'];
@@ -1076,7 +1371,7 @@ class XML_RPC_Message extends CI_Xmlrpc
 					// we have an I4/INT
 					// we must check that only 0123456789-<space> are characters here
 					$this->xh[$the_parser]['value'] = preg_match('/^[+-]?[0-9\t ]+$/', $this->xh[$the_parser]['ac'])
-										? (int) $this->xh[$the_parset]['ac']
+										? (int) $this->xh[$the_parser]['ac']
 										: 'ERROR_NON_NUMERIC_FOUND';
 				}
 				$this->xh[$the_parser]['ac'] = '';
@@ -1084,7 +1379,7 @@ class XML_RPC_Message extends CI_Xmlrpc
 				break;
 			case 'VALUE':
 				// This if() detects if no scalar was inside <VALUE></VALUE>
-				if ($this->xh[$the_parser]['vt']=='value')
+				if ($this->xh[$the_parser]['vt'] == 'value')
 				{
 					$this->xh[$the_parser]['value']	= $this->xh[$the_parser]['ac'];
 					$this->xh[$the_parser]['vt']	= $this->xmlrpcString;
@@ -1093,7 +1388,7 @@ class XML_RPC_Message extends CI_Xmlrpc
 				// build the XML-RPC value out of the data received, and substitute it
 				$temp = new XML_RPC_Values($this->xh[$the_parser]['value'], $this->xh[$the_parser]['vt']);
 
-				if (count($this->xh[$the_parser]['valuestack']) && $this->xh[$the_parser]['valuestack'][0]['type'] == 'ARRAY')
+				if (count($this->xh[$the_parser]['valuestack']) && $this->xh[$the_parser]['valuestack'][0]['type'] === 'ARRAY')
 				{
 					// Array
 					$this->xh[$the_parser]['valuestack'][0]['values'][] = $temp;
@@ -1151,9 +1446,9 @@ class XML_RPC_Message extends CI_Xmlrpc
 		if ($this->xh[$the_parser]['isf'] > 1) return; // XML Fault found already
 
 		// If a value has not been found
-		if ($this->xh[$the_parser]['lv'] != 3)
+		if ($this->xh[$the_parser]['lv'] !== 3)
 		{
-			if ($this->xh[$the_parser]['lv'] == 1)
+			if ($this->xh[$the_parser]['lv'] === 1)
 			{
 				$this->xh[$the_parser]['lv'] = 2; // Found a value
 			}
@@ -1204,7 +1499,7 @@ class XML_RPC_Message extends CI_Xmlrpc
 				{
 					// 'bits' is for the MetaWeblog API image bits
 					// @todo - this needs to be made more general purpose
-					$array[$key] = ($key == 'bits' OR $this->xss_clean == FALSE) ? $array[$key] : $CI->security->xss_clean($array[$key]);
+					$array[$key] = ($key === 'bits' OR $this->xss_clean === FALSE) ? $array[$key] : $CI->security->xss_clean($array[$key]);
 				}
 			}
 
@@ -1242,11 +1537,11 @@ class XML_RPC_Message extends CI_Xmlrpc
 	{
 		$kind = $param->kindOf();
 
-		if ($kind == 'scalar')
+		if ($kind === 'scalar')
 		{
 			return $param->scalarval();
 		}
-		elseif ($kind == 'array')
+		elseif ($kind === 'array')
 		{
 			reset($param->me);
 			$b = current($param->me);
@@ -1259,7 +1554,7 @@ class XML_RPC_Message extends CI_Xmlrpc
 
 			return $arr;
 		}
-		elseif ($kind == 'struct')
+		elseif ($kind === 'struct')
 		{
 			reset($param->me['struct']);
 			$arr = array();
@@ -1284,27 +1579,40 @@ class XML_RPC_Message extends CI_Xmlrpc
  */
 class XML_RPC_Values extends CI_Xmlrpc
 {
+	/**
+	 * Value data
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
 	public $me	= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * Value type
+	 *
+	 * @var	int
+	 */
 	public $mytype	= 0;
 
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 	/**
 	 * Constructor
 	 *
-	 * @param	mixed
-	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	mixed	$val
+	 * @param	string	$type
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function __construct($val = -1, $type = '')
 	{
 		parent::__construct();
 
-		if ($val != -1 OR $type != '')
+		if ($val !== -1 OR $type !== '')
 		{
-			$type = $type == '' ? 'string' : $type;
+			$type = $type === '' ? 'string' : $type;
 
 			if ($this->xmlrpcTypes[$type] == 1)
 			{
-				$this->addScalar($val,$type);
+				$this->addScalar($val, $type);
 			}
 			elseif ($this->xmlrpcTypes[$type] == 2)
 			{
@@ -1330,7 +1638,7 @@ class XML_RPC_Values extends CI_Xmlrpc
 	{
 		$typeof = $this->xmlrpcTypes[$type];
 
-		if ($this->mytype == 1)
+		if ($this->mytype === 1)
 		{
 			echo '<strong>XML_RPC_Values</strong>: scalar can have only one value<br />';
 			return 0;
@@ -1342,12 +1650,12 @@ class XML_RPC_Values extends CI_Xmlrpc
 			return 0;
 		}
 
-		if ($type == $this->xmlrpcBoolean)
+		if ($type === $this->xmlrpcBoolean)
 		{
-			$val = (int) (strcasecmp($val,'true') === 0 OR $val === 1 OR ($val === TRUE && strcasecmp($val, 'false')));
+			$val = (int) (strcasecmp($val, 'true') === 0 OR $val === 1 OR ($val === TRUE && strcasecmp($val, 'false')));
 		}
 
-		if ($this->mytype == 2)
+		if ($this->mytype === 2)
 		{
 			// adding to an array here
 			$ar = $this->me['array'];
@@ -1374,7 +1682,7 @@ class XML_RPC_Values extends CI_Xmlrpc
 	 */
 	public function addArray($vals)
 	{
-		if ($this->mytype != 0)
+		if ($this->mytype !== 0)
 		{
 			echo '<strong>XML_RPC_Values</strong>: already initialized as a [' . $this->kindOf() . ']<br />';
 			return 0;
@@ -1395,7 +1703,7 @@ class XML_RPC_Values extends CI_Xmlrpc
 	 */
 	public function addStruct($vals)
 	{
-		if ($this->mytype != 0)
+		if ($this->mytype !== 0)
 		{
 			echo '<strong>XML_RPC_Values</strong>: already initialized as a [' . $this->kindOf() . ']<br />';
 			return 0;
diff --git a/system/libraries/Xmlrpcs.php b/system/libraries/Xmlrpcs.php
index 6d270c2ea..d6c3416c9 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Xmlrpcs.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Xmlrpcs.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 if ( ! function_exists('xml_parser_create'))
 {
@@ -46,14 +47,42 @@ if ( ! class_exists('CI_Xmlrpc'))
  * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
  * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/xmlrpc.html
  */
-class CI_Xmlrpcs extends CI_Xmlrpc
-{
-	public $methods		= array();	//array of methods mapped to function names and signatures
-	public $debug_msg	= '';		// Debug Message
-	public $system_methods	= array();	// XML RPC Server methods
-	public $controller_obj;
-	public $object		= FALSE;
+class CI_Xmlrpcs extends CI_Xmlrpc {
+
+	/**
+	 * Array of methods mapped to function names and signatures
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	public $methods = array();
+
+	/**
+	 * Debug Message
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	public $debug_msg = '';
+
+	/**
+	 * XML RPC Server methods
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	public $system_methods	= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * Configuration object
+	 *
+	 * @var object
+	 */
+	public $object = FALSE;
 
+	/**
+	 * Initialize XMLRPC class
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$config
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
 	public function __construct($config = array())
 	{
 		parent::__construct();
@@ -158,9 +187,9 @@ class CI_Xmlrpcs extends CI_Xmlrpc
 	public function add_to_map($methodname, $function, $sig, $doc)
 	{
 		$this->methods[$methodname] = array(
-			'function'  => $function,
-			'signature' => $sig,
-			'docstring' => $doc
+			'function'	=> $function,
+			'signature'	=> $sig,
+			'docstring'	=> $doc
 		);
 	}
 
@@ -180,7 +209,7 @@ class CI_Xmlrpcs extends CI_Xmlrpc
 		//  Get Data
 		//-------------------------------------
 
-		if ($data == '')
+		if ($data === '')
 		{
 			$data = $HTTP_RAW_POST_DATA;
 		}
@@ -202,21 +231,21 @@ class CI_Xmlrpcs extends CI_Xmlrpc
 						);
 
 		xml_set_object($parser, $parser_object);
-		xml_parser_set_option($parser, XML_OPTION_CASE_FOLDING, true);
+		xml_parser_set_option($parser, XML_OPTION_CASE_FOLDING, TRUE);
 		xml_set_element_handler($parser, 'open_tag', 'closing_tag');
 		xml_set_character_data_handler($parser, 'character_data');
 		//xml_set_default_handler($parser, 'default_handler');
 
 		//-------------------------------------
-		//  PARSE + PROCESS XML DATA
+		// PARSE + PROCESS XML DATA
 		//-------------------------------------
 
 		if ( ! xml_parse($parser, $data, 1))
 		{
-			// return XML error as a faultCode
+			// Return XML error as a faultCode
 			$r = new XML_RPC_Response(0,
-			$this->xmlrpcerrxml + xml_get_error_code($parser),
-			sprintf('XML error: %s at line %d',
+				$this->xmlrpcerrxml + xml_get_error_code($parser),
+				sprintf('XML error: %s at line %d',
 				xml_error_string(xml_get_error_code($parser)),
 				xml_get_current_line_number($parser)));
 			xml_parser_free($parser);
@@ -230,7 +259,7 @@ class CI_Xmlrpcs extends CI_Xmlrpc
 			xml_parser_free($parser);
 
 			$m = new XML_RPC_Message($parser_object->xh[$parser]['method']);
-			$plist='';
+			$plist = '';
 
 			for ($i = 0, $c = count($parser_object->xh[$parser]['params']); $i < $c; $i++)
 			{
@@ -251,7 +280,7 @@ class CI_Xmlrpcs extends CI_Xmlrpc
 		}
 
 		//-------------------------------------
-		//  SET DEBUGGING MESSAGE
+		// SET DEBUGGING MESSAGE
 		//-------------------------------------
 
 		if ($this->debug === TRUE)
@@ -275,15 +304,15 @@ class CI_Xmlrpcs extends CI_Xmlrpc
 		$methName = $m->method_name;
 
 		// Check to see if it is a system call
-		$system_call = (strncmp($methName, 'system', 5) === 0);
+		$system_call = (strpos($methName, 'system') === 0);
 
-		if ($this->xss_clean == FALSE)
+		if ($this->xss_clean === FALSE)
 		{
 			$m->xss_clean = FALSE;
 		}
 
 		//-------------------------------------
-		//  Valid Method
+		// Valid Method
 		//-------------------------------------
 
 		if ( ! isset($this->methods[$methName]['function']))
@@ -292,11 +321,11 @@ class CI_Xmlrpcs extends CI_Xmlrpc
 		}
 
 		//-------------------------------------
-		//  Check for Method (and Object)
+		// Check for Method (and Object)
 		//-------------------------------------
 
 		$method_parts = explode('.', $this->methods[$methName]['function']);
-		$objectCall = (isset($method_parts[1]) && $method_parts[1] != '');
+		$objectCall = (isset($method_parts[1]) && $method_parts[1] !== '');
 
 		if ($system_call === TRUE)
 		{
@@ -313,7 +342,7 @@ class CI_Xmlrpcs extends CI_Xmlrpc
 		}
 
 		//-------------------------------------
-		//  Checking Methods Signature
+		// Checking Methods Signature
 		//-------------------------------------
 
 		if (isset($this->methods[$methName]['signature']))
@@ -328,9 +357,9 @@ class CI_Xmlrpcs extends CI_Xmlrpc
 					for ($n = 0, $mc = count($m->params); $n < $mc; $n++)
 					{
 						$p = $m->params[$n];
-						$pt = ($p->kindOf() == 'scalar') ? $p->scalarval() : $p->kindOf();
+						$pt = ($p->kindOf() === 'scalar') ? $p->scalarval() : $p->kindOf();
 
-						if ($pt != $current_sig[$n+1])
+						if ($pt !== $current_sig[$n+1])
 						{
 							$pno = $n+1;
 							$wanted = $current_sig[$n+1];
@@ -346,7 +375,7 @@ class CI_Xmlrpcs extends CI_Xmlrpc
 		}
 
 		//-------------------------------------
-		//  Calls the Function
+		// Calls the Function
 		//-------------------------------------
 
 		if ($objectCall === TRUE)
@@ -365,7 +394,6 @@ class CI_Xmlrpcs extends CI_Xmlrpc
 				else
 				{
 					return $this->object->$method_parts[1]($m);
-					//return call_user_func(array(&$method_parts['0'],$method_parts['1']), $m);
 				}
 			}
 		}
@@ -378,7 +406,7 @@ class CI_Xmlrpcs extends CI_Xmlrpc
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Server Function:  List Methods
+	 * Server Function: List Methods
 	 *
 	 * @param	mixed
 	 * @return	object
@@ -405,7 +433,7 @@ class CI_Xmlrpcs extends CI_Xmlrpc
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Server Function:  Return Signature for Method
+	 * Server Function: Return Signature for Method
 	 *
 	 * @param	mixed
 	 * @return	object
@@ -439,13 +467,13 @@ class CI_Xmlrpcs extends CI_Xmlrpc
 			return new XML_RPC_Response(new XML_RPC_Values('undef', 'string'));
 		}
 
-		return new XML_RPC_Response(0,$this->xmlrpcerr['introspect_unknown'], $this->xmlrpcstr['introspect_unknown']);
+		return new XML_RPC_Response(0, $this->xmlrpcerr['introspect_unknown'], $this->xmlrpcstr['introspect_unknown']);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Server Function:  Doc String for Method
+	 * Server Function: Doc String for Method
 	 *
 	 * @param	mixed
 	 * @return	object
@@ -470,7 +498,7 @@ class CI_Xmlrpcs extends CI_Xmlrpc
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Server Function:  Multi-call
+	 * Server Function: Multi-call
 	 *
 	 * @param	mixed
 	 * @return	object
@@ -487,10 +515,8 @@ class CI_Xmlrpcs extends CI_Xmlrpc
 
 		foreach ($calls as $value)
 		{
-			//$attempt = $this->_execute(new XML_RPC_Message($value[0], $value[1]));
-
 			$m = new XML_RPC_Message($value[0]);
-			$plist='';
+			$plist = '';
 
 			for ($i = 0, $c = count($value[1]); $i < $c; $i++)
 			{
@@ -499,7 +525,7 @@ class CI_Xmlrpcs extends CI_Xmlrpc
 
 			$attempt = $this->_execute($m);
 
-			if ($attempt->faultCode() != 0)
+			if ($attempt->faultCode() !== 0)
 			{
 				return $attempt;
 			}
@@ -513,14 +539,14 @@ class CI_Xmlrpcs extends CI_Xmlrpc
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 *  Multi-call Function:  Error Handling
+	 * Multi-call Function: Error Handling
 	 *
 	 * @param	mixed
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
 	public function multicall_error($err)
 	{
-		$str  = is_string($err) ? $this->xmlrpcstr["multicall_${err}"] : $err->faultString();
+		$str = is_string($err) ? $this->xmlrpcstr["multicall_${err}"] : $err->faultString();
 		$code = is_string($err) ? $this->xmlrpcerr["multicall_${err}"] : $err->faultCode();
 
 		$struct['faultCode'] = new XML_RPC_Values($code, 'int');
@@ -532,14 +558,14 @@ class CI_Xmlrpcs extends CI_Xmlrpc
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 *  Multi-call Function:  Processes method
+	 * Multi-call Function: Processes method
 	 *
 	 * @param	mixed
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
 	public function do_multicall($call)
 	{
-		if ($call->kindOf() != 'struct')
+		if ($call->kindOf() !== 'struct')
 		{
 			return $this->multicall_error('notstruct');
 		}
@@ -548,14 +574,14 @@ class CI_Xmlrpcs extends CI_Xmlrpc
 			return $this->multicall_error('nomethod');
 		}
 
-		list($scalar_type,$scalar_value)=each($methName->me);
-		$scalar_type = $scalar_type == $this->xmlrpcI4 ? $this->xmlrpcInt : $scalar_type;
+		list($scalar_type, $scalar_value) = each($methName->me);
+		$scalar_type = $scalar_type === $this->xmlrpcI4 ? $this->xmlrpcInt : $scalar_type;
 
-		if ($methName->kindOf() != 'scalar' OR $scalar_type != 'string')
+		if ($methName->kindOf() !== 'scalar' OR $scalar_type !== 'string')
 		{
 			return $this->multicall_error('notstring');
 		}
-		elseif ($scalar_value == 'system.multicall')
+		elseif ($scalar_value === 'system.multicall')
 		{
 			return $this->multicall_error('recursion');
 		}
@@ -563,12 +589,12 @@ class CI_Xmlrpcs extends CI_Xmlrpc
 		{
 			return $this->multicall_error('noparams');
 		}
-		elseif ($params->kindOf() != 'array')
+		elseif ($params->kindOf() !== 'array')
 		{
 			return $this->multicall_error('notarray');
 		}
 
-		list($a,$b) = each($params->me);
+		list($a, $b) = each($params->me);
 
 		$msg = new XML_RPC_Message($scalar_value);
 		for ($i = 0, $numParams = count($b); $i < $numParams; $i++)
@@ -578,7 +604,7 @@ class CI_Xmlrpcs extends CI_Xmlrpc
 
 		$result = $this->_execute($msg);
 
-		if ($result->faultCode() != 0)
+		if ($result->faultCode() !== 0)
 		{
 			return $this->multicall_error($result);
 		}
diff --git a/system/libraries/Zip.php b/system/libraries/Zip.php
index 80438546b..9ecd0de9f 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Zip.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Zip.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * Zip Compression Class
@@ -40,15 +41,55 @@
  * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
  * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/zip.html
  */
-class CI_Zip  {
+class CI_Zip {
 
+	/**
+	 * Zip data in string form
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
 	public $zipdata		= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Zip data for a directory in string form
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
 	public $directory	= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Number of files/folder in zip file
+	 *
+	 * @var int
+	 */
 	public $entries		= 0;
+
+	/**
+	 * Number of files in zip
+	 *
+	 * @var int
+	 */
 	public $file_num	= 0;
+
+	/**
+	 * relative offset of local header
+	 *
+	 * @var int
+	 */
 	public $offset		= 0;
+
+	/**
+	 * Reference to time at init
+	 *
+	 * @var int
+	 */
 	public $now;
 
+	/**
+	 * Initialize zip compression class
+	 *
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
 	public function __construct()
 	{
 		$this->now = time();
diff --git a/system/libraries/javascript/Jquery.php b/system/libraries/javascript/Jquery.php
index f30d7c639..2bf47957f 100644
--- a/system/libraries/javascript/Jquery.php
+++ b/system/libraries/javascript/Jquery.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -24,8 +24,7 @@
  * @since		Version 1.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * Jquery Class
@@ -36,17 +35,65 @@
  * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
  * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/javascript.html
  */
-
 class CI_Jquery extends CI_Javascript {
 
+	/**
+	 * JavaScript directory location
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	protected $_javascript_folder = 'js';
+
+	/**
+	 * JQuery code for load
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
 	public $jquery_code_for_load = array();
+
+	/**
+	 * JQuery code for compile
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
 	public $jquery_code_for_compile = array();
+
+	/**
+	 * JQuery corner active flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
 	public $jquery_corner_active = FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * JQuery table sorter active flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
 	public $jquery_table_sorter_active = FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * JQuery table sorder pager active
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
 	public $jquery_table_sorter_pager_active = FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * JQuery AJAX image
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
 	public $jquery_ajax_img = '';
 
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Constructor
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$params
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
 	public function __construct($params)
 	{
 		$this->CI =& get_instance();
@@ -57,7 +104,7 @@ class CI_Jquery extends CI_Javascript {
 			$this->script();
 		}
 
-		log_message('debug', "Jquery Class Initialized");
+		log_message('debug', 'Jquery Class Initialized');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -103,19 +150,16 @@ class CI_Jquery extends CI_Javascript {
 	 *
 	 * @param	string	The element to attach the event to
 	 * @param	string	The code to execute
-	 * @param	boolean	whether or not to return false
+	 * @param	bool	whether or not to return false
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _click($element = 'this', $js = '', $ret_false = TRUE)
 	{
-		if ( ! is_array($js))
-		{
-			$js = array($js);
-		}
+		is_array($js) OR $js = array($js);
 
 		if ($ret_false)
 		{
-			$js[] = "return false;";
+			$js[] = 'return false;';
 		}
 
 		return $this->_add_event($element, $js, 'click');
@@ -183,7 +227,7 @@ class CI_Jquery extends CI_Javascript {
 	 */
 	protected function _hover($element = 'this', $over, $out)
 	{
-		$event = "\n\t$(" . $this->_prep_element($element) . ").hover(\n\t\tfunction()\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t{$over}\n\t\t}, \n\t\tfunction()\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t{$out}\n\t\t});\n";
+		$event = "\n\t$(".$this->_prep_element($element).").hover(\n\t\tfunction()\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t{$over}\n\t\t}, \n\t\tfunction()\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t{$out}\n\t\t});\n";
 
 		$this->jquery_code_for_compile[] = $event;
 
@@ -309,11 +353,10 @@ class CI_Jquery extends CI_Javascript {
 	 *
 	 * Outputs script directly
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	The element to attach the event to
-	 * @param	string	The code to execute
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @param	array	$array_js = array()
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	protected function _output($array_js = '')
+	protected function _output($array_js = array())
 	{
 		if ( ! is_array($array_js))
 		{
@@ -322,7 +365,7 @@ class CI_Jquery extends CI_Javascript {
 
 		foreach ($array_js as $js)
 		{
-			$this->jquery_code_for_compile[] = "\t$js\n";
+			$this->jquery_code_for_compile[] = "\t".$js."\n";
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -383,13 +426,14 @@ class CI_Jquery extends CI_Javascript {
 	 *
 	 * Outputs a jQuery addClass event
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	- element
+	 * @param	string	$element
+	 * @param	string	$class
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	protected function _addClass($element = 'this', $class='')
+	protected function _addClass($element = 'this', $class = '')
 	{
 		$element = $this->_prep_element($element);
-		return "$({$element}).addClass(\"$class\");";
+		return '$('.$element.').addClass("'.$class.'");';
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -399,9 +443,10 @@ class CI_Jquery extends CI_Javascript {
 	 *
 	 * Outputs a jQuery animate event
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	- element
-	 * @param	string	- One of 'slow', 'normal', 'fast', or time in milliseconds
-	 * @param	string	- Javascript callback function
+	 * @param	string	$element
+	 * @param	array	$params
+	 * @param	string	$speed	'slow', 'normal', 'fast', or time in milliseconds
+	 * @param	string	$extra
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _animate($element = 'this', $params = array(), $speed = '', $extra = '')
@@ -411,24 +456,24 @@ class CI_Jquery extends CI_Javascript {
 
 		$animations = "\t\t\t";
 
-		foreach ($params as $param=>$value)
+		foreach ($params as $param => $value)
 		{
-			$animations .= $param.': \''.$value.'\', ';
+			$animations .= $param.": '".$value."', ";
 		}
 
 		$animations = substr($animations, 0, -2); // remove the last ", "
 
-		if ($speed != '')
+		if ($speed !== '')
 		{
 			$speed = ', '.$speed;
 		}
 
-		if ($extra != '')
+		if ($extra !== '')
 		{
 			$extra = ', '.$extra;
 		}
 
-		return "$({$element}).animate({\n$animations\n\t\t}".$speed.$extra.");";
+		return "$({$element}).animate({\n$animations\n\t\t}".$speed.$extra.');';
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -448,7 +493,7 @@ class CI_Jquery extends CI_Javascript {
 		$element = $this->_prep_element($element);
 		$speed = $this->_validate_speed($speed);
 
-		if ($callback != '')
+		if ($callback !== '')
 		{
 			$callback = ", function(){\n{$callback}\n}";
 		}
@@ -473,12 +518,12 @@ class CI_Jquery extends CI_Javascript {
 		$element = $this->_prep_element($element);
 		$speed = $this->_validate_speed($speed);
 
-		if ($callback != '')
+		if ($callback !== '')
 		{
 			$callback = ", function(){\n{$callback}\n}";
 		}
 
-		return "$({$element}).fadeOut({$speed}{$callback});";
+		return '$('.$element.').fadeOut('.$speed.$callback.');';
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -498,7 +543,7 @@ class CI_Jquery extends CI_Javascript {
 		$element = $this->_prep_element($element);
 		$speed = $this->_validate_speed($speed);
 
-		if ($callback != '')
+		if ($callback !== '')
 		{
 			$callback = ", function(){\n{$callback}\n}";
 		}
@@ -513,13 +558,14 @@ class CI_Jquery extends CI_Javascript {
 	 *
 	 * Outputs a jQuery remove class event
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	- element
+	 * @param	string	$element
+	 * @param	string	$class
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	protected function _removeClass($element = 'this', $class='')
+	protected function _removeClass($element = 'this', $class = '')
 	{
 		$element = $this->_prep_element($element);
-		return "$({$element}).removeClass(\"$class\");";
+		return '$('.$element.').removeClass("'.$class.'");';
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -539,12 +585,12 @@ class CI_Jquery extends CI_Javascript {
 		$element = $this->_prep_element($element);
 		$speed = $this->_validate_speed($speed);
 
-		if ($callback != '')
+		if ($callback !== '')
 		{
 			$callback = ", function(){\n{$callback}\n}";
 		}
 
-		return "$({$element}).slideUp({$speed}{$callback});";
+		return '$('.$element.').slideUp('.$speed.$callback.');';
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -564,12 +610,12 @@ class CI_Jquery extends CI_Javascript {
 		$element = $this->_prep_element($element);
 		$speed = $this->_validate_speed($speed);
 
-		if ($callback != '')
+		if ($callback !== '')
 		{
 			$callback = ", function(){\n{$callback}\n}";
 		}
 
-		return "$({$element}).slideDown({$speed}{$callback});";
+		return '$('.$element.').slideDown('.$speed.$callback.');';
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -589,12 +635,12 @@ class CI_Jquery extends CI_Javascript {
 		$element = $this->_prep_element($element);
 		$speed = $this->_validate_speed($speed);
 
-		if ($callback != '')
+		if ($callback !== '')
 		{
 			$callback = ", function(){\n{$callback}\n}";
 		}
 
-		return "$({$element}).slideToggle({$speed}{$callback});";
+		return '$('.$element.').slideToggle('.$speed.$callback.');';
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -610,7 +656,7 @@ class CI_Jquery extends CI_Javascript {
 	protected function _toggle($element = 'this')
 	{
 		$element = $this->_prep_element($element);
-		return "$({$element}).toggle();";
+		return '$('.$element.').toggle();';
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -620,13 +666,14 @@ class CI_Jquery extends CI_Javascript {
 	 *
 	 * Outputs a jQuery toggle class event
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	- element
+	 * @param	string	$element
+	 * @param	string	$class
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	protected function _toggleClass($element = 'this', $class='')
+	protected function _toggleClass($element = 'this', $class = '')
 	{
 		$element = $this->_prep_element($element);
-		return "$({$element}).toggleClass(\"$class\");";
+		return '$('.$element.').toggleClass("'.$class.'");';
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -646,12 +693,12 @@ class CI_Jquery extends CI_Javascript {
 		$element = $this->_prep_element($element);
 		$speed = $this->_validate_speed($speed);
 
-		if ($callback != '')
+		if ($callback !== '')
 		{
 			$callback = ", function(){\n{$callback}\n}";
 		}
 
-		return "$({$element}).show({$speed}{$callback});";
+		return '$('.$element.').show('.$speed.$callback.');';
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -674,30 +721,29 @@ class CI_Jquery extends CI_Javascript {
 		$controller = (strpos('://', $controller) === FALSE) ? $controller : $this->CI->config->site_url($controller);
 
 		// ajaxStart and ajaxStop are better choices here... but this is a stop gap
-		if ($this->CI->config->item('javascript_ajax_img') == '')
+		if ($this->CI->config->item('javascript_ajax_img') === '')
 		{
-			$loading_notifier = "Loading...";
+			$loading_notifier = 'Loading...';
 		}
 		else
 		{
-			$loading_notifier = '<img src=\''.$this->CI->config->slash_item('base_url').$this->CI->config->item('javascript_ajax_img').'\' alt=\'Loading\' />';
+			$loading_notifier = '<img src="'.$this->CI->config->slash_item('base_url').$this->CI->config->item('javascript_ajax_img').'" alt="Loading" />';
 		}
 
-		$updater = "$($container).empty();\n" // anything that was in... get it out
-			. "\t\t$($container).prepend(\"$loading_notifier\");\n"; // to replace with an image
+		$updater = '$('.$container.").empty();\n" // anything that was in... get it out
+			."\t\t$(".$container.').prepend("'.$loading_notifier."\");\n"; // to replace with an image
 
 		$request_options = '';
-		if ($options != '')
+		if ($options !== '')
 		{
 			$request_options .= ', {'
-					. (is_array($options) ? "'".implode("', '", $options)."'" : "'".str_replace(":", "':'", $options)."'")
-					. '}';
+					.(is_array($options) ? "'".implode("', '", $options)."'" : "'".str_replace(':', "':'", $options)."'")
+					.'}';
 		}
 
 		return $updater."\t\t$($container).load('$controller'$request_options);";
 	}
 
-
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 	// Pre-written handy stuff
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -705,18 +751,19 @@ class CI_Jquery extends CI_Javascript {
 	/**
 	 * Zebra tables
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	table name
-	 * @param	string	plugin location
+	 * @param	string	$class
+	 * @param	string	$odd
+	 * @param	string	$hover
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _zebraTables($class = '', $odd = 'odd', $hover = '')
 	{
-		$class = ($class != '') ? '.'.$class : '';
-		$zebra  = "\t\$(\"table{$class} tbody tr:nth-child(even)\").addClass(\"{$odd}\");";
+		$class = ($class !== '') ? '.'.$class : '';
+		$zebra = "\t\$(\"table{$class} tbody tr:nth-child(even)\").addClass(\"{$odd}\");";
 
 		$this->jquery_code_for_compile[] = $zebra;
 
-		if ($hover != '')
+		if ($hover !== '')
 		{
 			$hover = $this->hover("table{$class} tbody tr", "$(this).addClass('hover');", "$(this).removeClass('hover');");
 		}
@@ -731,9 +778,9 @@ class CI_Jquery extends CI_Javascript {
 	/**
 	 * Corner Plugin
 	 *
-	 * http://www.malsup.com/jquery/corner/
-	 *
-	 * @param	string	target
+	 * @link	http://www.malsup.com/jquery/corner/
+	 * @param	string	$element
+	 * @param	string	$corner_style
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	public function corner($element = '', $corner_style = '')
@@ -741,21 +788,23 @@ class CI_Jquery extends CI_Javascript {
 		// may want to make this configurable down the road
 		$corner_location = '/plugins/jquery.corner.js';
 
-		if ($corner_style != '')
+		if ($corner_style !== '')
 		{
 			$corner_style = '"'.$corner_style.'"';
 		}
 
-		return "$(" . $this->_prep_element($element) . ").corner(".$corner_style.");";
+		return '$('.$this->_prep_element($element).').corner('.$corner_style.');';
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * modal window
+	 * Modal window
 	 *
 	 * Load a thickbox modal window
 	 *
+	 * @param	string	$src
+	 * @param	bool	$relative
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function modal($src, $relative = FALSE)
@@ -770,6 +819,8 @@ class CI_Jquery extends CI_Javascript {
 	 *
 	 * Load an Effect library
 	 *
+	 * @param	string	$src
+	 * @param	bool	$relative
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function effect($src, $relative = FALSE)
@@ -784,6 +835,8 @@ class CI_Jquery extends CI_Javascript {
 	 *
 	 * Load a plugin library
 	 *
+	 * @param	string	$src
+	 * @param	bool	$relative
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function plugin($src, $relative = FALSE)
@@ -798,12 +851,15 @@ class CI_Jquery extends CI_Javascript {
 	 *
 	 * Load a user interface library
 	 *
+	 * @param	string	$src
+	 * @param	bool	$relative
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function ui($src, $relative = FALSE)
 	{
 		$this->jquery_code_for_load[] = $this->external($src, $relative);
 	}
+
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
@@ -811,26 +867,27 @@ class CI_Jquery extends CI_Javascript {
 	 *
 	 * Creates a jQuery sortable
 	 *
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @param	string	$element
+	 * @param	array	$options
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	public function sortable($element, $options = array())
 	{
-
 		if (count($options) > 0)
 		{
 			$sort_options = array();
 			foreach ($options as $k=>$v)
 			{
-				$sort_options[] = "\n\t\t".$k.': '.$v."";
+				$sort_options[] = "\n\t\t".$k.': '.$v;
 			}
-			$sort_options = implode(",", $sort_options);
+			$sort_options = implode(',', $sort_options);
 		}
 		else
 		{
 			$sort_options = '';
 		}
 
-		return "$(" . $this->_prep_element($element) . ").sortable({".$sort_options."\n\t});";
+		return '$('.$this->_prep_element($element).').sortable({'.$sort_options."\n\t});";
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -844,7 +901,7 @@ class CI_Jquery extends CI_Javascript {
 	 */
 	public function tablesorter($table = '', $options = '')
 	{
-		$this->jquery_code_for_compile[] = "\t$(" . $this->_prep_element($table) . ").tablesorter($options);\n";
+		$this->jquery_code_for_compile[] = "\t$(".$this->_prep_element($table).').tablesorter('.$options.");\n";
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -869,7 +926,7 @@ class CI_Jquery extends CI_Javascript {
 
 		}
 
-		$event = "\n\t$(" . $this->_prep_element($element) . ").{$event}(function(){\n\t\t{$js}\n\t});\n";
+		$event = "\n\t$(".$this->_prep_element($element).').'.$event."(function(){\n\t\t{$js}\n\t});\n";
 		$this->jquery_code_for_compile[] = $event;
 		return $event;
 	}
@@ -882,7 +939,9 @@ class CI_Jquery extends CI_Javascript {
 	 * As events are specified, they are stored in an array
 	 * This funciton compiles them all for output on a page
 	 *
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @param	string	$view_var
+	 * @param	bool	$script_tags
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	protected function _compile($view_var = 'script_foot', $script_tags = TRUE)
 	{
@@ -898,13 +957,12 @@ class CI_Jquery extends CI_Javascript {
 
 		// Inline references
 		$script = '$(document).ready(function() {'."\n"
-			. implode('', $this->jquery_code_for_compile)
-			. '});';
+			.implode('', $this->jquery_code_for_compile)
+			.'});';
 
 		$output = ($script_tags === FALSE) ? $script : $this->inline($script);
 
 		$this->CI->load->vars(array($view_var => $output));
-
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -928,14 +986,12 @@ class CI_Jquery extends CI_Javascript {
 	 *
 	 * A wrapper for writing document.ready()
 	 *
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @param	array	$js
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	protected function _document_ready($js)
 	{
-		if ( ! is_array($js))
-		{
-			$js = array($js);
-		}
+		is_array($js) OR $js = array($js);
 
 		foreach ($js as $script)
 		{
@@ -950,7 +1006,8 @@ class CI_Jquery extends CI_Javascript {
 	 *
 	 * Outputs the script tag that loads the jquery.js file into an HTML document
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string	$library_src
+	 * @param	bool	$relative
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	public function script($library_src = '', $relative = FALSE)
@@ -974,7 +1031,7 @@ class CI_Jquery extends CI_Javascript {
 	 */
 	protected function _prep_element($element)
 	{
-		if ($element != 'this')
+		if ($element !== 'this')
 		{
 			$element = '"'.$element.'"';
 		}
@@ -998,7 +1055,7 @@ class CI_Jquery extends CI_Javascript {
 		{
 			return '"'.$speed.'"';
 		}
-		elseif (preg_match("/[^0-9]/", $speed))
+		elseif (preg_match('/[^0-9]/', $speed))
 		{
 			return '';
 		}
@@ -1009,4 +1066,4 @@ class CI_Jquery extends CI_Javascript {
 }
 
 /* End of file Jquery.php */
-/* Location: ./system/libraries/Jquery.php */
+/* Location: ./system/libraries/Jquery.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/libraries/javascript/index.html b/system/libraries/javascript/index.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c942a79ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/libraries/javascript/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+<html>
+<head>
+	<title>403 Forbidden</title>
+</head>
+<body>
+
+<p>Directory access is forbidden.</p>
+
+</body>
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file