Merge tag '3.1.5' into dev-ci3

Signed-off-by: Florian Pritz <bluewind@xinu.at>

205 files changed, 41342 insertions, 25180 deletions

diff --git a/system/.htaccess b/system/.htaccess
index 14249c50b..97c65d2df 100644
--- a/system/.htaccess
+++ b/system/.htaccess
@@ -1 +1,6 @@
-Deny from all
\ No newline at end of file
+<IfModule authz_core_module>
+	Require all denied
+</IfModule>
+<IfModule !authz_core_module>
+	Deny from all
+</IfModule>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/core/Benchmark.php b/system/core/Benchmark.php
index a5c3e999b..b3ac79c62 100644
--- a/system/core/Benchmark.php
+++ b/system/core/Benchmark.php
@@ -1,61 +1,82 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.0.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
- * CodeIgniter Benchmark Class
+ * Benchmark Class
  *
  * This class enables you to mark points and calculate the time difference
- * between them.  Memory consumption can also be displayed.
+ * between them. Memory consumption can also be displayed.
  *
  * @package		CodeIgniter
  * @subpackage	Libraries
  * @category	Libraries
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/benchmark.html
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/benchmark.html
  */
 class CI_Benchmark {
 
 	/**
-	 * List of all benchmark markers and when they were added
+	 * List of all benchmark markers
 	 *
-	 * @var array
+	 * @var	array
 	 */
-	var $marker = array();
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+	public $marker = array();
 
 	/**
 	 * Set a benchmark marker
 	 *
 	 * Multiple calls to this function can be made so that several
-	 * execution points can be timed
+	 * execution points can be timed.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	$name	name of the marker
+	 * @param	string	$name	Marker name
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function mark($name)
+	public function mark($name)
 	{
-		$this->marker[$name] = microtime();
+		$this->marker[$name] = microtime(TRUE);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
+	 * Elapsed time
+	 *
 	 * Calculates the time difference between two marked points.
 	 *
 	 * If the first parameter is empty this function instead returns the
@@ -63,15 +84,17 @@ class CI_Benchmark {
 	 * execution time to be shown in a template. The output class will
 	 * swap the real value for this variable.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	a particular marked point
-	 * @param	string	a particular marked point
-	 * @param	integer	the number of decimal places
-	 * @return	mixed
+	 * @param	string	$point1		A particular marked point
+	 * @param	string	$point2		A particular marked point
+	 * @param	int	$decimals	Number of decimal places
+	 *
+	 * @return	string	Calculated elapsed time on success,
+	 *			an '{elapsed_string}' if $point1 is empty
+	 *			or an empty string if $point1 is not found.
 	 */
-	function elapsed_time($point1 = '', $point2 = '', $decimals = 4)
+	public function elapsed_time($point1 = '', $point2 = '', $decimals = 4)
 	{
-		if ($point1 == '')
+		if ($point1 === '')
 		{
 			return '{elapsed_time}';
 		}
@@ -83,13 +106,10 @@ class CI_Benchmark {
 
 		if ( ! isset($this->marker[$point2]))
 		{
-			$this->marker[$point2] = microtime();
+			$this->marker[$point2] = microtime(TRUE);
 		}
 
-		list($sm, $ss) = explode(' ', $this->marker[$point1]);
-		list($em, $es) = explode(' ', $this->marker[$point2]);
-
-		return number_format(($em + $es) - ($sm + $ss), $decimals);
+		return number_format($this->marker[$point2] - $this->marker[$point1], $decimals);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -97,22 +117,17 @@ class CI_Benchmark {
 	/**
 	 * Memory Usage
 	 *
-	 * This function returns the {memory_usage} pseudo-variable.
+	 * Simply returns the {memory_usage} marker.
+	 *
 	 * This permits it to be put it anywhere in a template
 	 * without the memory being calculated until the end.
 	 * The output class will swap the real value for this variable.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @return	string	'{memory_usage}'
 	 */
-	function memory_usage()
+	public function memory_usage()
 	{
 		return '{memory_usage}';
 	}
 
 }
-
-// END CI_Benchmark class
-
-/* End of file Benchmark.php */
-/* Location: ./system/core/Benchmark.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/core/CodeIgniter.php b/system/core/CodeIgniter.php
index 34078174a..823e034d7 100644
--- a/system/core/CodeIgniter.php
+++ b/system/core/CodeIgniter.php
@@ -1,19 +1,41 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.0.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * System Initialization File
@@ -21,60 +43,101 @@
  * Loads the base classes and executes the request.
  *
  * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @subpackage	codeigniter
+ * @subpackage	CodeIgniter
  * @category	Front-controller
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/
  */
 
 /**
  * CodeIgniter Version
  *
- * @var string
+ * @var	string
  *
  */
-	define('CI_VERSION', '2.2.0');
+	const CI_VERSION = '3.1.5';
 
-/**
- * CodeIgniter Branch (Core = TRUE, Reactor = FALSE)
- *
- * @var boolean
- *
+/*
+ * ------------------------------------------------------
+ *  Load the framework constants
+ * ------------------------------------------------------
  */
-	define('CI_CORE', FALSE);
+	if (file_exists(APPPATH.'config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/constants.php'))
+	{
+		require_once(APPPATH.'config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/constants.php');
+	}
+
+	if (file_exists(APPPATH.'config/constants.php'))
+	{
+		require_once(APPPATH.'config/constants.php');
+	}
 
 /*
  * ------------------------------------------------------
  *  Load the global functions
  * ------------------------------------------------------
  */
-	require(BASEPATH.'core/Common.php');
+	require_once(BASEPATH.'core/Common.php');
+
 
 /*
  * ------------------------------------------------------
- *  Load the framework constants
+ * Security procedures
  * ------------------------------------------------------
  */
-	if (defined('ENVIRONMENT') AND file_exists(APPPATH.'config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/constants.php'))
-	{
-		require(APPPATH.'config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/constants.php');
-	}
-	else
+
+if ( ! is_php('5.4'))
+{
+	ini_set('magic_quotes_runtime', 0);
+
+	if ((bool) ini_get('register_globals'))
 	{
-		require(APPPATH.'config/constants.php');
+		$_protected = array(
+			'_SERVER',
+			'_GET',
+			'_POST',
+			'_FILES',
+			'_REQUEST',
+			'_SESSION',
+			'_ENV',
+			'_COOKIE',
+			'GLOBALS',
+			'HTTP_RAW_POST_DATA',
+			'system_path',
+			'application_folder',
+			'view_folder',
+			'_protected',
+			'_registered'
+		);
+
+		$_registered = ini_get('variables_order');
+		foreach (array('E' => '_ENV', 'G' => '_GET', 'P' => '_POST', 'C' => '_COOKIE', 'S' => '_SERVER') as $key => $superglobal)
+		{
+			if (strpos($_registered, $key) === FALSE)
+			{
+				continue;
+			}
+
+			foreach (array_keys($$superglobal) as $var)
+			{
+				if (isset($GLOBALS[$var]) && ! in_array($var, $_protected, TRUE))
+				{
+					$GLOBALS[$var] = NULL;
+				}
+			}
+		}
 	}
+}
+
 
 /*
  * ------------------------------------------------------
  *  Define a custom error handler so we can log PHP errors
  * ------------------------------------------------------
  */
-	set_error_handler('_exception_handler');
-
-	if ( ! is_php('5.3'))
-	{
-		@set_magic_quotes_runtime(0); // Kill magic quotes
-	}
+	set_error_handler('_error_handler');
+	set_exception_handler('_exception_handler');
+	register_shutdown_function('_shutdown_handler');
 
 /*
  * ------------------------------------------------------
@@ -85,26 +148,39 @@
  * The subclass prefix allows CI to know if a core class is
  * being extended via a library in the local application
  * "libraries" folder. Since CI allows config items to be
- * overriden via data set in the main index. php file,
+ * overridden via data set in the main index.php file,
  * before proceeding we need to know if a subclass_prefix
- * override exists.  If so, we will set this value now,
+ * override exists. If so, we will set this value now,
  * before any classes are loaded
  * Note: Since the config file data is cached it doesn't
  * hurt to load it here.
  */
-	if (isset($assign_to_config['subclass_prefix']) AND $assign_to_config['subclass_prefix'] != '')
+	if ( ! empty($assign_to_config['subclass_prefix']))
 	{
 		get_config(array('subclass_prefix' => $assign_to_config['subclass_prefix']));
 	}
 
 /*
  * ------------------------------------------------------
- *  Set a liberal script execution time limit
+ *  Should we use a Composer autoloader?
  * ------------------------------------------------------
  */
-	if (function_exists("set_time_limit") == TRUE AND @ini_get("safe_mode") == 0)
+	if ($composer_autoload = config_item('composer_autoload'))
 	{
-		@set_time_limit(300);
+		if ($composer_autoload === TRUE)
+		{
+			file_exists(APPPATH.'vendor/autoload.php')
+				? require_once(APPPATH.'vendor/autoload.php')
+				: log_message('error', '$config[\'composer_autoload\'] is set to TRUE but '.APPPATH.'vendor/autoload.php was not found.');
+		}
+		elseif (file_exists($composer_autoload))
+		{
+			require_once($composer_autoload);
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			log_message('error', 'Could not find the specified $config[\'composer_autoload\'] path: '.$composer_autoload);
+		}
 	}
 
 /*
@@ -128,33 +204,96 @@
  *  Is there a "pre_system" hook?
  * ------------------------------------------------------
  */
-	$EXT->_call_hook('pre_system');
+	$EXT->call_hook('pre_system');
 
 /*
  * ------------------------------------------------------
  *  Instantiate the config class
  * ------------------------------------------------------
+ *
+ * Note: It is important that Config is loaded first as
+ * most other classes depend on it either directly or by
+ * depending on another class that uses it.
+ *
  */
 	$CFG =& load_class('Config', 'core');
 
 	// Do we have any manually set config items in the index.php file?
-	if (isset($assign_to_config))
+	if (isset($assign_to_config) && is_array($assign_to_config))
 	{
-		$CFG->_assign_to_config($assign_to_config);
+		foreach ($assign_to_config as $key => $value)
+		{
+			$CFG->set_item($key, $value);
+		}
 	}
 
 /*
  * ------------------------------------------------------
- *  Instantiate the UTF-8 class
+ * Important charset-related stuff
  * ------------------------------------------------------
  *
- * Note: Order here is rather important as the UTF-8
- * class needs to be used very early on, but it cannot
- * properly determine if UTf-8 can be supported until
- * after the Config class is instantiated.
+ * Configure mbstring and/or iconv if they are enabled
+ * and set MB_ENABLED and ICONV_ENABLED constants, so
+ * that we don't repeatedly do extension_loaded() or
+ * function_exists() calls.
+ *
+ * Note: UTF-8 class depends on this. It used to be done
+ * in it's constructor, but it's _not_ class-specific.
  *
  */
+	$charset = strtoupper(config_item('charset'));
+	ini_set('default_charset', $charset);
+
+	if (extension_loaded('mbstring'))
+	{
+		define('MB_ENABLED', TRUE);
+		// mbstring.internal_encoding is deprecated starting with PHP 5.6
+		// and it's usage triggers E_DEPRECATED messages.
+		@ini_set('mbstring.internal_encoding', $charset);
+		// This is required for mb_convert_encoding() to strip invalid characters.
+		// That's utilized by CI_Utf8, but it's also done for consistency with iconv.
+		mb_substitute_character('none');
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		define('MB_ENABLED', FALSE);
+	}
 
+	// There's an ICONV_IMPL constant, but the PHP manual says that using
+	// iconv's predefined constants is "strongly discouraged".
+	if (extension_loaded('iconv'))
+	{
+		define('ICONV_ENABLED', TRUE);
+		// iconv.internal_encoding is deprecated starting with PHP 5.6
+		// and it's usage triggers E_DEPRECATED messages.
+		@ini_set('iconv.internal_encoding', $charset);
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		define('ICONV_ENABLED', FALSE);
+	}
+
+	if (is_php('5.6'))
+	{
+		ini_set('php.internal_encoding', $charset);
+	}
+
+/*
+ * ------------------------------------------------------
+ *  Load compatibility features
+ * ------------------------------------------------------
+ */
+
+	require_once(BASEPATH.'core/compat/mbstring.php');
+	require_once(BASEPATH.'core/compat/hash.php');
+	require_once(BASEPATH.'core/compat/password.php');
+	require_once(BASEPATH.'core/compat/standard.php');
+
+/*
+ * ------------------------------------------------------
+ *  Instantiate the UTF-8 class
+ * ------------------------------------------------------
+ */
 	$UNI =& load_class('Utf8', 'core');
 
 /*
@@ -169,14 +308,7 @@
  *  Instantiate the routing class and set the routing
  * ------------------------------------------------------
  */
-	$RTR =& load_class('Router', 'core');
-	$RTR->_set_routing();
-
-	// Set any routing overrides that may exist in the main index file
-	if (isset($routing))
-	{
-		$RTR->_set_overrides($routing);
-	}
+	$RTR =& load_class('Router', 'core', isset($routing) ? $routing : NULL);
 
 /*
  * ------------------------------------------------------
@@ -187,15 +319,12 @@
 
 /*
  * ------------------------------------------------------
- *	Is there a valid cache file?  If so, we're done...
+ *	Is there a valid cache file? If so, we're done...
  * ------------------------------------------------------
  */
-	if ($EXT->_call_hook('cache_override') === FALSE)
+	if ($EXT->call_hook('cache_override') === FALSE && $OUT->_display_cache($CFG, $URI) === TRUE)
 	{
-		if ($OUT->_display_cache($CFG, $URI) == TRUE)
-		{
-			exit;
-		}
+		exit;
 	}
 
 /*
@@ -226,76 +355,157 @@
  *
  */
 	// Load the base controller class
-	require BASEPATH.'core/Controller.php';
-
+	require_once BASEPATH.'core/Controller.php';
+
+	/**
+	 * Reference to the CI_Controller method.
+	 *
+	 * Returns current CI instance object
+	 *
+	 * @return CI_Controller
+	 */
 	function &get_instance()
 	{
 		return CI_Controller::get_instance();
 	}
 
-
 	if (file_exists(APPPATH.'core/'.$CFG->config['subclass_prefix'].'Controller.php'))
 	{
-		require APPPATH.'core/'.$CFG->config['subclass_prefix'].'Controller.php';
+		require_once APPPATH.'core/'.$CFG->config['subclass_prefix'].'Controller.php';
 	}
 
-	// Load the local application controller
-	// Note: The Router class automatically validates the controller path using the router->_validate_request().
-	// If this include fails it means that the default controller in the Routes.php file is not resolving to something valid.
-	if ( ! file_exists(APPPATH.'controllers/'.$RTR->fetch_directory().$RTR->fetch_class().'.php'))
-	{
-		show_error('Unable to load your default controller. Please make sure the controller specified in your Routes.php file is valid.');
-	}
-
-	include(APPPATH.'controllers/'.$RTR->fetch_directory().$RTR->fetch_class().'.php');
-
 	// Set a mark point for benchmarking
 	$BM->mark('loading_time:_base_classes_end');
 
 /*
  * ------------------------------------------------------
- *  Security check
+ *  Sanity checks
  * ------------------------------------------------------
  *
- *  None of the functions in the app controller or the
- *  loader class can be called via the URI, nor can
- *  controller functions that begin with an underscore
+ *  The Router class has already validated the request,
+ *  leaving us with 3 options here:
+ *
+ *	1) an empty class name, if we reached the default
+ *	   controller, but it didn't exist;
+ *	2) a query string which doesn't go through a
+ *	   file_exists() check
+ *	3) a regular request for a non-existing page
+ *
+ *  We handle all of these as a 404 error.
+ *
+ *  Furthermore, none of the methods in the app controller
+ *  or the loader class can be called via the URI, nor can
+ *  controller methods that begin with an underscore.
  */
-	$class  = $RTR->fetch_class();
-	$method = $RTR->fetch_method();
 
-	if ( ! class_exists($class)
-		OR strncmp($method, '_', 1) == 0
-		OR in_array(strtolower($method), array_map('strtolower', get_class_methods('CI_Controller')))
-		)
+	$e404 = FALSE;
+	$class = ucfirst($RTR->class);
+	$method = $RTR->method;
+
+	if (empty($class) OR ! file_exists(APPPATH.'controllers/'.$RTR->directory.$class.'.php'))
+	{
+		$e404 = TRUE;
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		require_once(APPPATH.'controllers/'.$RTR->directory.$class.'.php');
+
+		if ( ! class_exists($class, FALSE) OR $method[0] === '_' OR method_exists('CI_Controller', $method))
+		{
+			$e404 = TRUE;
+		}
+		elseif (method_exists($class, '_remap'))
+		{
+			$params = array($method, array_slice($URI->rsegments, 2));
+			$method = '_remap';
+		}
+		elseif ( ! method_exists($class, $method))
+		{
+			$e404 = TRUE;
+		}
+		/**
+		 * DO NOT CHANGE THIS, NOTHING ELSE WORKS!
+		 *
+		 * - method_exists() returns true for non-public methods, which passes the previous elseif
+		 * - is_callable() returns false for PHP 4-style constructors, even if there's a __construct()
+		 * - method_exists($class, '__construct') won't work because CI_Controller::__construct() is inherited
+		 * - People will only complain if this doesn't work, even though it is documented that it shouldn't.
+		 *
+		 * ReflectionMethod::isConstructor() is the ONLY reliable check,
+		 * knowing which method will be executed as a constructor.
+		 */
+		elseif ( ! is_callable(array($class, $method)))
+		{
+			$reflection = new ReflectionMethod($class, $method);
+			if ( ! $reflection->isPublic() OR $reflection->isConstructor())
+			{
+				$e404 = TRUE;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	if ($e404)
 	{
 		if ( ! empty($RTR->routes['404_override']))
 		{
-			$x = explode('/', $RTR->routes['404_override']);
-			$class = $x[0];
-			$method = (isset($x[1]) ? $x[1] : 'index');
-			if ( ! class_exists($class))
+			if (sscanf($RTR->routes['404_override'], '%[^/]/%s', $error_class, $error_method) !== 2)
+			{
+				$error_method = 'index';
+			}
+
+			$error_class = ucfirst($error_class);
+
+			if ( ! class_exists($error_class, FALSE))
 			{
-				if ( ! file_exists(APPPATH.'controllers/'.$class.'.php'))
+				if (file_exists(APPPATH.'controllers/'.$RTR->directory.$error_class.'.php'))
 				{
-					show_404("{$class}/{$method}");
+					require_once(APPPATH.'controllers/'.$RTR->directory.$error_class.'.php');
+					$e404 = ! class_exists($error_class, FALSE);
+				}
+				// Were we in a directory? If so, check for a global override
+				elseif ( ! empty($RTR->directory) && file_exists(APPPATH.'controllers/'.$error_class.'.php'))
+				{
+					require_once(APPPATH.'controllers/'.$error_class.'.php');
+					if (($e404 = ! class_exists($error_class, FALSE)) === FALSE)
+					{
+						$RTR->directory = '';
+					}
 				}
-
-				include_once(APPPATH.'controllers/'.$class.'.php');
 			}
+			else
+			{
+				$e404 = FALSE;
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Did we reset the $e404 flag? If so, set the rsegments, starting from index 1
+		if ( ! $e404)
+		{
+			$class = $error_class;
+			$method = $error_method;
+
+			$URI->rsegments = array(
+				1 => $class,
+				2 => $method
+			);
 		}
 		else
 		{
-			show_404("{$class}/{$method}");
+			show_404($RTR->directory.$class.'/'.$method);
 		}
 	}
 
+	if ($method !== '_remap')
+	{
+		$params = array_slice($URI->rsegments, 2);
+	}
+
 /*
  * ------------------------------------------------------
  *  Is there a "pre_controller" hook?
  * ------------------------------------------------------
  */
-	$EXT->_call_hook('pre_controller');
+	$EXT->call_hook('pre_controller');
 
 /*
  * ------------------------------------------------------
@@ -312,53 +522,14 @@
  *  Is there a "post_controller_constructor" hook?
  * ------------------------------------------------------
  */
-	$EXT->_call_hook('post_controller_constructor');
+	$EXT->call_hook('post_controller_constructor');
 
 /*
  * ------------------------------------------------------
  *  Call the requested method
  * ------------------------------------------------------
  */
-	// Is there a "remap" function? If so, we call it instead
-	if (method_exists($CI, '_remap'))
-	{
-		$CI->_remap($method, array_slice($URI->rsegments, 2));
-	}
-	else
-	{
-		// is_callable() returns TRUE on some versions of PHP 5 for private and protected
-		// methods, so we'll use this workaround for consistent behavior
-		if ( ! in_array(strtolower($method), array_map('strtolower', get_class_methods($CI))))
-		{
-			// Check and see if we are using a 404 override and use it.
-			if ( ! empty($RTR->routes['404_override']))
-			{
-				$x = explode('/', $RTR->routes['404_override']);
-				$class = $x[0];
-				$method = (isset($x[1]) ? $x[1] : 'index');
-				if ( ! class_exists($class))
-				{
-					if ( ! file_exists(APPPATH.'controllers/'.$class.'.php'))
-					{
-						show_404("{$class}/{$method}");
-					}
-
-					include_once(APPPATH.'controllers/'.$class.'.php');
-					unset($CI);
-					$CI = new $class();
-				}
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				show_404("{$class}/{$method}");
-			}
-		}
-
-		// Call the requested method.
-		// Any URI segments present (besides the class/function) will be passed to the method for convenience
-		call_user_func_array(array(&$CI, $method), array_slice($URI->rsegments, 2));
-	}
-
+	call_user_func_array(array(&$CI, $method), $params);
 
 	// Mark a benchmark end point
 	$BM->mark('controller_execution_time_( '.$class.' / '.$method.' )_end');
@@ -368,14 +539,14 @@
  *  Is there a "post_controller" hook?
  * ------------------------------------------------------
  */
-	$EXT->_call_hook('post_controller');
+	$EXT->call_hook('post_controller');
 
 /*
  * ------------------------------------------------------
  *  Send the final rendered output to the browser
  * ------------------------------------------------------
  */
-	if ($EXT->_call_hook('display_override') === FALSE)
+	if ($EXT->call_hook('display_override') === FALSE)
 	{
 		$OUT->_display();
 	}
@@ -385,18 +556,4 @@
  *  Is there a "post_system" hook?
  * ------------------------------------------------------
  */
-	$EXT->_call_hook('post_system');
-
-/*
- * ------------------------------------------------------
- *  Close the DB connection if one exists
- * ------------------------------------------------------
- */
-	if (class_exists('CI_DB') AND isset($CI->db))
-	{
-		$CI->db->close();
-	}
-
-
-/* End of file CodeIgniter.php */
-/* Location: ./system/core/CodeIgniter.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+	$EXT->call_hook('post_system');
diff --git a/system/core/Common.php b/system/core/Common.php
index 4bf8a9ef5..d6a1fdb4e 100644
--- a/system/core/Common.php
+++ b/system/core/Common.php
@@ -1,24 +1,41 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
-/**
- * MODIFIED
- * config_item(): option to override returned values
- */
-
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.0.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * Common Functions
@@ -26,34 +43,30 @@
  * Loads the base classes and executes the request.
  *
  * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @subpackage	codeigniter
+ * @subpackage	CodeIgniter
  * @category	Common Functions
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/
  */
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
-* Determines if the current version of PHP is greater then the supplied value
-*
-* Since there are a few places where we conditionally test for PHP > 5
-* we'll set a static variable.
-*
-* @access	public
-* @param	string
-* @return	bool	TRUE if the current version is $version or higher
-*/
 if ( ! function_exists('is_php'))
 {
-	function is_php($version = '5.0.0')
+	/**
+	 * Determines if the current version of PHP is equal to or greater than the supplied value
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @return	bool	TRUE if the current version is $version or higher
+	 */
+	function is_php($version)
 	{
 		static $_is_php;
-		$version = (string)$version;
+		$version = (string) $version;
 
 		if ( ! isset($_is_php[$version]))
 		{
-			$_is_php[$version] = (version_compare(PHP_VERSION, $version) < 0) ? FALSE : TRUE;
+			$_is_php[$version] = version_compare(PHP_VERSION, $version, '>=');
 		}
 
 		return $_is_php[$version];
@@ -62,43 +75,44 @@ if ( ! function_exists('is_php'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Tests for file writability
- *
- * is_writable() returns TRUE on Windows servers when you really can't write to
- * the file, based on the read-only attribute.  is_writable() is also unreliable
- * on Unix servers if safe_mode is on.
- *
- * @access	private
- * @return	void
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('is_really_writable'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Tests for file writability
+	 *
+	 * is_writable() returns TRUE on Windows servers when you really can't write to
+	 * the file, based on the read-only attribute. is_writable() is also unreliable
+	 * on Unix servers if safe_mode is on.
+	 *
+	 * @link	https://bugs.php.net/bug.php?id=54709
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
 	function is_really_writable($file)
 	{
 		// If we're on a Unix server with safe_mode off we call is_writable
-		if (DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR == '/' AND @ini_get("safe_mode") == FALSE)
+		if (DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR === '/' && (is_php('5.4') OR ! ini_get('safe_mode')))
 		{
 			return is_writable($file);
 		}
 
-		// For windows servers and safe_mode "on" installations we'll actually
-		// write a file then read it.  Bah...
+		/* For Windows servers and safe_mode "on" installations we'll actually
+		 * write a file then read it. Bah...
+		 */
 		if (is_dir($file))
 		{
-			$file = rtrim($file, '/').'/'.md5(mt_rand(1,100).mt_rand(1,100));
-
-			if (($fp = @fopen($file, FOPEN_WRITE_CREATE)) === FALSE)
+			$file = rtrim($file, '/').'/'.md5(mt_rand());
+			if (($fp = @fopen($file, 'ab')) === FALSE)
 			{
 				return FALSE;
 			}
 
 			fclose($fp);
-			@chmod($file, DIR_WRITE_MODE);
+			@chmod($file, 0777);
 			@unlink($file);
 			return TRUE;
 		}
-		elseif ( ! is_file($file) OR ($fp = @fopen($file, FOPEN_WRITE_CREATE)) === FALSE)
+		elseif ( ! is_file($file) OR ($fp = @fopen($file, 'ab')) === FALSE)
 		{
 			return FALSE;
 		}
@@ -110,26 +124,25 @@ if ( ! function_exists('is_really_writable'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
-* Class registry
-*
-* This function acts as a singleton.  If the requested class does not
-* exist it is instantiated and set to a static variable.  If it has
-* previously been instantiated the variable is returned.
-*
-* @access	public
-* @param	string	the class name being requested
-* @param	string	the directory where the class should be found
-* @param	string	the class name prefix
-* @return	object
-*/
 if ( ! function_exists('load_class'))
 {
-	function &load_class($class, $directory = 'libraries', $prefix = 'CI_')
+	/**
+	 * Class registry
+	 *
+	 * This function acts as a singleton. If the requested class does not
+	 * exist it is instantiated and set to a static variable. If it has
+	 * previously been instantiated the variable is returned.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the class name being requested
+	 * @param	string	the directory where the class should be found
+	 * @param	mixed	an optional argument to pass to the class constructor
+	 * @return	object
+	 */
+	function &load_class($class, $directory = 'libraries', $param = NULL)
 	{
 		static $_classes = array();
 
-		// Does the class exist?  If so, we're done...
+		// Does the class exist? If so, we're done...
 		if (isset($_classes[$class]))
 		{
 			return $_classes[$class];
@@ -143,60 +156,64 @@ if ( ! function_exists('load_class'))
 		{
 			if (file_exists($path.$directory.'/'.$class.'.php'))
 			{
-				$name = $prefix.$class;
+				$name = 'CI_'.$class;
 
-				if (class_exists($name) === FALSE)
+				if (class_exists($name, FALSE) === FALSE)
 				{
-					require($path.$directory.'/'.$class.'.php');
+					require_once($path.$directory.'/'.$class.'.php');
 				}
 
 				break;
 			}
 		}
 
-		// Is the request a class extension?  If so we load it too
+		// Is the request a class extension? If so we load it too
 		if (file_exists(APPPATH.$directory.'/'.config_item('subclass_prefix').$class.'.php'))
 		{
 			$name = config_item('subclass_prefix').$class;
 
-			if (class_exists($name) === FALSE)
+			if (class_exists($name, FALSE) === FALSE)
 			{
-				require(APPPATH.$directory.'/'.config_item('subclass_prefix').$class.'.php');
+				require_once(APPPATH.$directory.'/'.$name.'.php');
 			}
 		}
 
 		// Did we find the class?
 		if ($name === FALSE)
 		{
-			// Note: We use exit() rather then show_error() in order to avoid a
-			// self-referencing loop with the Excptions class
-			exit('Unable to locate the specified class: '.$class.'.php');
+			// Note: We use exit() rather than show_error() in order to avoid a
+			// self-referencing loop with the Exceptions class
+			set_status_header(503);
+			echo 'Unable to locate the specified class: '.$class.'.php';
+			exit(5); // EXIT_UNK_CLASS
 		}
 
 		// Keep track of what we just loaded
 		is_loaded($class);
 
-		$_classes[$class] = new $name();
+		$_classes[$class] = isset($param)
+			? new $name($param)
+			: new $name();
 		return $_classes[$class];
 	}
 }
 
 // --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
-* Keeps track of which libraries have been loaded.  This function is
-* called by the load_class() function above
-*
-* @access	public
-* @return	array
-*/
 if ( ! function_exists('is_loaded'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Keeps track of which libraries have been loaded. This function is
+	 * called by the load_class() function above
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
 	function &is_loaded($class = '')
 	{
 		static $_is_loaded = array();
 
-		if ($class != '')
+		if ($class !== '')
 		{
 			$_is_loaded[strtolower($class)] = $class;
 		}
@@ -207,333 +224,500 @@ if ( ! function_exists('is_loaded'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
-* Loads the main config.php file
-*
-* This function lets us grab the config file even if the Config class
-* hasn't been instantiated yet
-*
-* @access	private
-* @return	array
-*/
 if ( ! function_exists('get_config'))
 {
-	function &get_config($replace = array())
+	/**
+	 * Loads the main config.php file
+	 *
+	 * This function lets us grab the config file even if the Config class
+	 * hasn't been instantiated yet
+	 *
+	 * @param	array
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	function &get_config(Array $replace = array())
 	{
-		static $_config;
+		static $config;
 
-		if (isset($_config))
-		{
-			return $_config[0];
-		}
-
-		// Is the config file in the environment folder?
-		if ( ! defined('ENVIRONMENT') OR ! file_exists($file_path = APPPATH.'config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/config.php'))
+		if (empty($config))
 		{
 			$file_path = APPPATH.'config/config.php';
+			$found = FALSE;
+			if (file_exists($file_path))
+			{
+				$found = TRUE;
+				require($file_path);
+			}
+
+			// Is the config file in the environment folder?
+			if (file_exists($file_path = APPPATH.'config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/config.php'))
+			{
+				require($file_path);
+			}
+			elseif ( ! $found)
+			{
+				set_status_header(503);
+				echo 'The configuration file does not exist.';
+				exit(3); // EXIT_CONFIG
+			}
+
+			// Does the $config array exist in the file?
+			if ( ! isset($config) OR ! is_array($config))
+			{
+				set_status_header(503);
+				echo 'Your config file does not appear to be formatted correctly.';
+				exit(3); // EXIT_CONFIG
+			}
 		}
 
-		// Fetch the config file
-		if ( ! file_exists($file_path))
+		// Are any values being dynamically added or replaced?
+		foreach ($replace as $key => $val)
 		{
-			exit('The configuration file does not exist.');
+			$config[$key] = $val;
 		}
 
-		require($file_path);
+		return $config;
+	}
+}
 
-		// Does the $config array exist in the file?
-		if ( ! isset($config) OR ! is_array($config))
-		{
-			exit('Your config file does not appear to be formatted correctly.');
-		}
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-		// Are any values being dynamically replaced?
-		if (count($replace) > 0)
+if ( ! function_exists('config_item'))
+{
+	/**
+	 * Returns the specified config item
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @return	mixed
+	 */
+	function config_item($item)
+	{
+		static $_config;
+
+		if (empty($_config))
 		{
-			foreach ($replace as $key => $val)
-			{
-				if (isset($config[$key]))
-				{
-					$config[$key] = $val;
-				}
-			}
+			// references cannot be directly assigned to static variables, so we use an array
+			$_config[0] =& get_config();
 		}
 
-		$_config[0] =& $config;
-		return $_config[0];
+		return isset($_config[0][$item]) ? $_config[0][$item] : NULL;
 	}
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
-* Returns the specified config item
-*
-* @access	public
-* @return	mixed
-*/
-if ( ! function_exists('config_item'))
+if ( ! function_exists('get_mimes'))
 {
-	function config_item($item, $value = null)
+	/**
+	 * Returns the MIME types array from config/mimes.php
+	 *
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	function &get_mimes()
 	{
-		static $_config_item = array();
+		static $_mimes;
 
-		if ( ! isset($_config_item[$item]))
+		if (empty($_mimes))
 		{
-			$config =& get_config();
+			$_mimes = file_exists(APPPATH.'config/mimes.php')
+				? include(APPPATH.'config/mimes.php')
+				: array();
 
-			if ( ! isset($config[$item]))
+			if (file_exists(APPPATH.'config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/mimes.php'))
 			{
-				return FALSE;
+				$_mimes = array_merge($_mimes, include(APPPATH.'config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/mimes.php'));
 			}
-			$_config_item[$item] = $config[$item];
 		}
 
-		if ($value !== null) {
-			$_config_item[$item] = $value;
+		return $_mimes;
+	}
+}
+
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+if ( ! function_exists('is_https'))
+{
+	/**
+	 * Is HTTPS?
+	 *
+	 * Determines if the application is accessed via an encrypted
+	 * (HTTPS) connection.
+	 *
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	function is_https()
+	{
+		if ( ! empty($_SERVER['HTTPS']) && strtolower($_SERVER['HTTPS']) !== 'off')
+		{
+			return TRUE;
+		}
+		elseif (isset($_SERVER['HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PROTO']) && strtolower($_SERVER['HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PROTO']) === 'https')
+		{
+			return TRUE;
+		}
+		elseif ( ! empty($_SERVER['HTTP_FRONT_END_HTTPS']) && strtolower($_SERVER['HTTP_FRONT_END_HTTPS']) !== 'off')
+		{
+			return TRUE;
 		}
 
-		return $_config_item[$item];
+		return FALSE;
+	}
+}
+
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+if ( ! function_exists('is_cli'))
+{
+
+	/**
+	 * Is CLI?
+	 *
+	 * Test to see if a request was made from the command line.
+	 *
+	 * @return 	bool
+	 */
+	function is_cli()
+	{
+		return (PHP_SAPI === 'cli' OR defined('STDIN'));
 	}
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
-* Error Handler
-*
-* This function lets us invoke the exception class and
-* display errors using the standard error template located
-* in application/errors/errors.php
-* This function will send the error page directly to the
-* browser and exit.
-*
-* @access	public
-* @return	void
-*/
 if ( ! function_exists('show_error'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Error Handler
+	 *
+	 * This function lets us invoke the exception class and
+	 * display errors using the standard error template located
+	 * in application/views/errors/error_general.php
+	 * This function will send the error page directly to the
+	 * browser and exit.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	int
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
 	function show_error($message, $status_code = 500, $heading = 'An Error Was Encountered')
 	{
+		$status_code = abs($status_code);
+		if ($status_code < 100)
+		{
+			$exit_status = $status_code + 9; // 9 is EXIT__AUTO_MIN
+			$status_code = 500;
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			$exit_status = 1; // EXIT_ERROR
+		}
+
 		$_error =& load_class('Exceptions', 'core');
 		echo $_error->show_error($heading, $message, 'error_general', $status_code);
-		exit;
+		exit($exit_status);
 	}
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
-* 404 Page Handler
-*
-* This function is similar to the show_error() function above
-* However, instead of the standard error template it displays
-* 404 errors.
-*
-* @access	public
-* @return	void
-*/
 if ( ! function_exists('show_404'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * 404 Page Handler
+	 *
+	 * This function is similar to the show_error() function above
+	 * However, instead of the standard error template it displays
+	 * 404 errors.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	bool
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
 	function show_404($page = '', $log_error = TRUE)
 	{
 		$_error =& load_class('Exceptions', 'core');
 		$_error->show_404($page, $log_error);
-		exit;
+		exit(4); // EXIT_UNKNOWN_FILE
 	}
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
-* Error Logging Interface
-*
-* We use this as a simple mechanism to access the logging
-* class and send messages to be logged.
-*
-* @access	public
-* @return	void
-*/
 if ( ! function_exists('log_message'))
 {
-	function log_message($level = 'error', $message, $php_error = FALSE)
+	/**
+	 * Error Logging Interface
+	 *
+	 * We use this as a simple mechanism to access the logging
+	 * class and send messages to be logged.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the error level: 'error', 'debug' or 'info'
+	 * @param	string	the error message
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	function log_message($level, $message)
 	{
 		static $_log;
 
-		if (config_item('log_threshold') == 0)
+		if ($_log === NULL)
 		{
-			return;
+			// references cannot be directly assigned to static variables, so we use an array
+			$_log[0] =& load_class('Log', 'core');
 		}
 
-		$_log =& load_class('Log');
-		$_log->write_log($level, $message, $php_error);
+		$_log[0]->write_log($level, $message);
 	}
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Set HTTP Status Header
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	int		the status code
- * @param	string
- * @return	void
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('set_status_header'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Set HTTP Status Header
+	 *
+	 * @param	int	the status code
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
 	function set_status_header($code = 200, $text = '')
 	{
-		$stati = array(
-							200	=> 'OK',
-							201	=> 'Created',
-							202	=> 'Accepted',
-							203	=> 'Non-Authoritative Information',
-							204	=> 'No Content',
-							205	=> 'Reset Content',
-							206	=> 'Partial Content',
-
-							300	=> 'Multiple Choices',
-							301	=> 'Moved Permanently',
-							302	=> 'Found',
-							304	=> 'Not Modified',
-							305	=> 'Use Proxy',
-							307	=> 'Temporary Redirect',
-
-							400	=> 'Bad Request',
-							401	=> 'Unauthorized',
-							403	=> 'Forbidden',
-							404	=> 'Not Found',
-							405	=> 'Method Not Allowed',
-							406	=> 'Not Acceptable',
-							407	=> 'Proxy Authentication Required',
-							408	=> 'Request Timeout',
-							409	=> 'Conflict',
-							410	=> 'Gone',
-							411	=> 'Length Required',
-							412	=> 'Precondition Failed',
-							413	=> 'Request Entity Too Large',
-							414	=> 'Request-URI Too Long',
-							415	=> 'Unsupported Media Type',
-							416	=> 'Requested Range Not Satisfiable',
-							417	=> 'Expectation Failed',
-
-							500	=> 'Internal Server Error',
-							501	=> 'Not Implemented',
-							502	=> 'Bad Gateway',
-							503	=> 'Service Unavailable',
-							504	=> 'Gateway Timeout',
-							505	=> 'HTTP Version Not Supported'
-						);
-
-		if ($code == '' OR ! is_numeric($code))
+		if (is_cli())
 		{
-			show_error('Status codes must be numeric', 500);
+			return;
 		}
 
-		if (isset($stati[$code]) AND $text == '')
+		if (empty($code) OR ! is_numeric($code))
 		{
-			$text = $stati[$code];
+			show_error('Status codes must be numeric', 500);
 		}
 
-		if ($text == '')
+		if (empty($text))
 		{
-			show_error('No status text available.  Please check your status code number or supply your own message text.', 500);
+			is_int($code) OR $code = (int) $code;
+			$stati = array(
+				100	=> 'Continue',
+				101	=> 'Switching Protocols',
+
+				200	=> 'OK',
+				201	=> 'Created',
+				202	=> 'Accepted',
+				203	=> 'Non-Authoritative Information',
+				204	=> 'No Content',
+				205	=> 'Reset Content',
+				206	=> 'Partial Content',
+
+				300	=> 'Multiple Choices',
+				301	=> 'Moved Permanently',
+				302	=> 'Found',
+				303	=> 'See Other',
+				304	=> 'Not Modified',
+				305	=> 'Use Proxy',
+				307	=> 'Temporary Redirect',
+
+				400	=> 'Bad Request',
+				401	=> 'Unauthorized',
+				402	=> 'Payment Required',
+				403	=> 'Forbidden',
+				404	=> 'Not Found',
+				405	=> 'Method Not Allowed',
+				406	=> 'Not Acceptable',
+				407	=> 'Proxy Authentication Required',
+				408	=> 'Request Timeout',
+				409	=> 'Conflict',
+				410	=> 'Gone',
+				411	=> 'Length Required',
+				412	=> 'Precondition Failed',
+				413	=> 'Request Entity Too Large',
+				414	=> 'Request-URI Too Long',
+				415	=> 'Unsupported Media Type',
+				416	=> 'Requested Range Not Satisfiable',
+				417	=> 'Expectation Failed',
+				422	=> 'Unprocessable Entity',
+				426	=> 'Upgrade Required',
+				428	=> 'Precondition Required',
+				429	=> 'Too Many Requests',
+				431	=> 'Request Header Fields Too Large',
+
+				500	=> 'Internal Server Error',
+				501	=> 'Not Implemented',
+				502	=> 'Bad Gateway',
+				503	=> 'Service Unavailable',
+				504	=> 'Gateway Timeout',
+				505	=> 'HTTP Version Not Supported',
+				511	=> 'Network Authentication Required',
+			);
+
+			if (isset($stati[$code]))
+			{
+				$text = $stati[$code];
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				show_error('No status text available. Please check your status code number or supply your own message text.', 500);
+			}
 		}
 
-		$server_protocol = (isset($_SERVER['SERVER_PROTOCOL'])) ? $_SERVER['SERVER_PROTOCOL'] : FALSE;
-
-		if (substr(php_sapi_name(), 0, 3) == 'cgi')
-		{
-			header("Status: {$code} {$text}", TRUE);
-		}
-		elseif ($server_protocol == 'HTTP/1.1' OR $server_protocol == 'HTTP/1.0')
-		{
-			header($server_protocol." {$code} {$text}", TRUE, $code);
-		}
-		else
+		if (strpos(PHP_SAPI, 'cgi') === 0)
 		{
-			header("HTTP/1.1 {$code} {$text}", TRUE, $code);
+			header('Status: '.$code.' '.$text, TRUE);
+			return;
 		}
+
+		$server_protocol = (isset($_SERVER['SERVER_PROTOCOL']) && in_array($_SERVER['SERVER_PROTOCOL'], array('HTTP/1.0', 'HTTP/1.1', 'HTTP/2'), TRUE))
+			? $_SERVER['SERVER_PROTOCOL'] : 'HTTP/1.1';
+		header($server_protocol.' '.$code.' '.$text, TRUE, $code);
 	}
 }
 
 // --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
-* Exception Handler
-*
-* This is the custom exception handler that is declaired at the top
-* of Codeigniter.php.  The main reason we use this is to permit
-* PHP errors to be logged in our own log files since the user may
-* not have access to server logs. Since this function
-* effectively intercepts PHP errors, however, we also need
-* to display errors based on the current error_reporting level.
-* We do that with the use of a PHP error template.
-*
-* @access	private
-* @return	void
-*/
-if ( ! function_exists('_exception_handler'))
+if ( ! function_exists('_error_handler'))
 {
-	function _exception_handler($severity, $message, $filepath, $line)
+	/**
+	 * Error Handler
+	 *
+	 * This is the custom error handler that is declared at the (relative)
+	 * top of CodeIgniter.php. The main reason we use this is to permit
+	 * PHP errors to be logged in our own log files since the user may
+	 * not have access to server logs. Since this function effectively
+	 * intercepts PHP errors, however, we also need to display errors
+	 * based on the current error_reporting level.
+	 * We do that with the use of a PHP error template.
+	 *
+	 * @param	int	$severity
+	 * @param	string	$message
+	 * @param	string	$filepath
+	 * @param	int	$line
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	function _error_handler($severity, $message, $filepath, $line)
 	{
-		 // We don't bother with "strict" notices since they tend to fill up
-		 // the log file with excess information that isn't normally very helpful.
-		 // For example, if you are running PHP 5 and you use version 4 style
-		 // class functions (without prefixes like "public", "private", etc.)
-		 // you'll get notices telling you that these have been deprecated.
-		if ($severity == E_STRICT)
+		$is_error = (((E_ERROR | E_PARSE | E_COMPILE_ERROR | E_CORE_ERROR | E_USER_ERROR) & $severity) === $severity);
+
+		// When an error occurred, set the status header to '500 Internal Server Error'
+		// to indicate to the client something went wrong.
+		// This can't be done within the $_error->show_php_error method because
+		// it is only called when the display_errors flag is set (which isn't usually
+		// the case in a production environment) or when errors are ignored because
+		// they are above the error_reporting threshold.
+		if ($is_error)
+		{
+			set_status_header(500);
+		}
+
+		// Should we ignore the error? We'll get the current error_reporting
+		// level and add its bits with the severity bits to find out.
+		if (($severity & error_reporting()) !== $severity)
 		{
 			return;
 		}
 
 		$_error =& load_class('Exceptions', 'core');
+		$_error->log_exception($severity, $message, $filepath, $line);
 
-		// Should we display the error? We'll get the current error_reporting
-		// level and add its bits with the severity bits to find out.
-		if (($severity & error_reporting()) == $severity)
+		// Should we display the error?
+		if (str_ireplace(array('off', 'none', 'no', 'false', 'null'), '', ini_get('display_errors')))
 		{
 			$_error->show_php_error($severity, $message, $filepath, $line);
 		}
 
-		// Should we log the error?  No?  We're done...
-		if (config_item('log_threshold') == 0)
+		// If the error is fatal, the execution of the script should be stopped because
+		// errors can't be recovered from. Halting the script conforms with PHP's
+		// default error handling. See http://www.php.net/manual/en/errorfunc.constants.php
+		if ($is_error)
 		{
-			return;
+			exit(1); // EXIT_ERROR
 		}
+	}
+}
 
-		$_error->log_exception($severity, $message, $filepath, $line);
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+if ( ! function_exists('_exception_handler'))
+{
+	/**
+	 * Exception Handler
+	 *
+	 * Sends uncaught exceptions to the logger and displays them
+	 * only if display_errors is On so that they don't show up in
+	 * production environments.
+	 *
+	 * @param	Exception	$exception
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	function _exception_handler($exception)
+	{
+		$_error =& load_class('Exceptions', 'core');
+		$_error->log_exception('error', 'Exception: '.$exception->getMessage(), $exception->getFile(), $exception->getLine());
+
+		is_cli() OR set_status_header(500);
+		// Should we display the error?
+		if (str_ireplace(array('off', 'none', 'no', 'false', 'null'), '', ini_get('display_errors')))
+		{
+			$_error->show_exception($exception);
+		}
+
+		exit(1); // EXIT_ERROR
+	}
+}
+
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+if ( ! function_exists('_shutdown_handler'))
+{
+	/**
+	 * Shutdown Handler
+	 *
+	 * This is the shutdown handler that is declared at the top
+	 * of CodeIgniter.php. The main reason we use this is to simulate
+	 * a complete custom exception handler.
+	 *
+	 * E_STRICT is purposively neglected because such events may have
+	 * been caught. Duplication or none? None is preferred for now.
+	 *
+	 * @link	http://insomanic.me.uk/post/229851073/php-trick-catching-fatal-errors-e-error-with-a
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	function _shutdown_handler()
+	{
+		$last_error = error_get_last();
+		if (isset($last_error) &&
+			($last_error['type'] & (E_ERROR | E_PARSE | E_CORE_ERROR | E_CORE_WARNING | E_COMPILE_ERROR | E_COMPILE_WARNING)))
+		{
+			_error_handler($last_error['type'], $last_error['message'], $last_error['file'], $last_error['line']);
+		}
 	}
 }
 
 // --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Remove Invisible Characters
- *
- * This prevents sandwiching null characters
- * between ascii characters, like Java\0script.
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	string
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('remove_invisible_characters'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Remove Invisible Characters
+	 *
+	 * This prevents sandwiching null characters
+	 * between ascii characters, like Java\0script.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	bool
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function remove_invisible_characters($str, $url_encoded = TRUE)
 	{
 		$non_displayables = array();
-		
-		// every control character except newline (dec 10)
-		// carriage return (dec 13), and horizontal tab (dec 09)
-		
+
+		// every control character except newline (dec 10),
+		// carriage return (dec 13) and horizontal tab (dec 09)
 		if ($url_encoded)
 		{
-			$non_displayables[] = '/%0[0-8bcef]/';	// url encoded 00-08, 11, 12, 14, 15
-			$non_displayables[] = '/%1[0-9a-f]/';	// url encoded 16-31
+			$non_displayables[] = '/%0[0-8bcef]/i';	// url encoded 00-08, 11, 12, 14, 15
+			$non_displayables[] = '/%1[0-9a-f]/i';	// url encoded 16-31
+			$non_displayables[] = '/%7f/i';	// url encoded 127
 		}
-		
+
 		$non_displayables[] = '/[\x00-\x08\x0B\x0C\x0E-\x1F\x7F]+/S';	// 00-08, 11, 12, 14-31, 127
 
 		do
@@ -548,27 +732,118 @@ if ( ! function_exists('remove_invisible_characters'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
-* Returns HTML escaped variable
-*
-* @access	public
-* @param	mixed
-* @return	mixed
-*/
 if ( ! function_exists('html_escape'))
 {
-	function html_escape($var)
+	/**
+	 * Returns HTML escaped variable.
+	 *
+	 * @param	mixed	$var		The input string or array of strings to be escaped.
+	 * @param	bool	$double_encode	$double_encode set to FALSE prevents escaping twice.
+	 * @return	mixed			The escaped string or array of strings as a result.
+	 */
+	function html_escape($var, $double_encode = TRUE)
 	{
+		if (empty($var))
+		{
+			return $var;
+		}
+
 		if (is_array($var))
 		{
-			return array_map('html_escape', $var);
+			foreach (array_keys($var) as $key)
+			{
+				$var[$key] = html_escape($var[$key], $double_encode);
+			}
+
+			return $var;
 		}
-		else
+
+		return htmlspecialchars($var, ENT_QUOTES, config_item('charset'), $double_encode);
+	}
+}
+
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+if ( ! function_exists('_stringify_attributes'))
+{
+	/**
+	 * Stringify attributes for use in HTML tags.
+	 *
+	 * Helper function used to convert a string, array, or object
+	 * of attributes to a string.
+	 *
+	 * @param	mixed	string, array, object
+	 * @param	bool
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	function _stringify_attributes($attributes, $js = FALSE)
+	{
+		$atts = NULL;
+
+		if (empty($attributes))
+		{
+			return $atts;
+		}
+
+		if (is_string($attributes))
 		{
-			return htmlspecialchars($var, ENT_QUOTES, config_item('charset'));
+			return ' '.$attributes;
 		}
+
+		$attributes = (array) $attributes;
+
+		foreach ($attributes as $key => $val)
+		{
+			$atts .= ($js) ? $key.'='.$val.',' : ' '.$key.'="'.$val.'"';
+		}
+
+		return rtrim($atts, ',');
 	}
 }
 
-/* End of file Common.php */
-/* Location: ./system/core/Common.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+if ( ! function_exists('function_usable'))
+{
+	/**
+	 * Function usable
+	 *
+	 * Executes a function_exists() check, and if the Suhosin PHP
+	 * extension is loaded - checks whether the function that is
+	 * checked might be disabled in there as well.
+	 *
+	 * This is useful as function_exists() will return FALSE for
+	 * functions disabled via the *disable_functions* php.ini
+	 * setting, but not for *suhosin.executor.func.blacklist* and
+	 * *suhosin.executor.disable_eval*. These settings will just
+	 * terminate script execution if a disabled function is executed.
+	 *
+	 * The above described behavior turned out to be a bug in Suhosin,
+	 * but even though a fix was committed for 0.9.34 on 2012-02-12,
+	 * that version is yet to be released. This function will therefore
+	 * be just temporary, but would probably be kept for a few years.
+	 *
+	 * @link	http://www.hardened-php.net/suhosin/
+	 * @param	string	$function_name	Function to check for
+	 * @return	bool	TRUE if the function exists and is safe to call,
+	 *			FALSE otherwise.
+	 */
+	function function_usable($function_name)
+	{
+		static $_suhosin_func_blacklist;
+
+		if (function_exists($function_name))
+		{
+			if ( ! isset($_suhosin_func_blacklist))
+			{
+				$_suhosin_func_blacklist = extension_loaded('suhosin')
+					? explode(',', trim(ini_get('suhosin.executor.func.blacklist')))
+					: array();
+			}
+
+			return ! in_array($function_name, $_suhosin_func_blacklist, TRUE);
+		}
+
+		return FALSE;
+	}
+}
diff --git a/system/core/Config.php b/system/core/Config.php
index caa8b945a..cda62241b 100644
--- a/system/core/Config.php
+++ b/system/core/Config.php
@@ -1,78 +1,107 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.0.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
- * CodeIgniter Config Class
+ * Config Class
  *
  * This class contains functions that enable config files to be managed
  *
  * @package		CodeIgniter
  * @subpackage	Libraries
  * @category	Libraries
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/config.html
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/config.html
  */
 class CI_Config {
 
 	/**
 	 * List of all loaded config values
 	 *
-	 * @var array
+	 * @var	array
 	 */
-	var $config = array();
+	public $config = array();
+
 	/**
 	 * List of all loaded config files
 	 *
-	 * @var array
+	 * @var	array
 	 */
-	var $is_loaded = array();
+	public $is_loaded =	array();
+
 	/**
-	 * List of paths to search when trying to load a config file
+	 * List of paths to search when trying to load a config file.
 	 *
-	 * @var array
+	 * @used-by	CI_Loader
+	 * @var		array
 	 */
-	var $_config_paths = array(APPPATH);
+	public $_config_paths =	array(APPPATH);
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Constructor
+	 * Class constructor
 	 *
-	 * Sets the $config data from the primary config.php file as a class variable
+	 * Sets the $config data from the primary config.php file as a class variable.
 	 *
-	 * @access   public
-	 * @param   string	the config file name
-	 * @param   boolean  if configuration values should be loaded into their own section
-	 * @param   boolean  true if errors should just return false, false if an error message should be displayed
-	 * @return  boolean  if the file was successfully loaded or not
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function __construct()
+	public function __construct()
 	{
 		$this->config =& get_config();
-		log_message('debug', "Config Class Initialized");
 
 		// Set the base_url automatically if none was provided
-		if ($this->config['base_url'] == '')
+		if (empty($this->config['base_url']))
 		{
-			if (isset($_SERVER['HTTP_HOST']))
+			if (isset($_SERVER['SERVER_ADDR']))
 			{
-				$base_url = isset($_SERVER['HTTPS']) && strtolower($_SERVER['HTTPS']) !== 'off' ? 'https' : 'http';
-				$base_url .= '://'. $_SERVER['HTTP_HOST'];
-				$base_url .= str_replace(basename($_SERVER['SCRIPT_NAME']), '', $_SERVER['SCRIPT_NAME']);
-			}
+				if (strpos($_SERVER['SERVER_ADDR'], ':') !== FALSE)
+				{
+					$server_addr = '['.$_SERVER['SERVER_ADDR'].']';
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					$server_addr = $_SERVER['SERVER_ADDR'];
+				}
 
+				$base_url = (is_https() ? 'https' : 'http').'://'.$server_addr
+					.substr($_SERVER['SCRIPT_NAME'], 0, strpos($_SERVER['SCRIPT_NAME'], basename($_SERVER['SCRIPT_FILENAME'])));
+			}
 			else
 			{
 				$base_url = 'http://localhost/';
@@ -80,6 +109,8 @@ class CI_Config {
 
 			$this->set_item('base_url', $base_url);
 		}
+
+		log_message('info', 'Config Class Initialized');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -87,91 +118,71 @@ class CI_Config {
 	/**
 	 * Load Config File
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the config file name
-	 * @param   boolean  if configuration values should be loaded into their own section
-	 * @param   boolean  true if errors should just return false, false if an error message should be displayed
-	 * @return	boolean	if the file was loaded correctly
+	 * @param	string	$file			Configuration file name
+	 * @param	bool	$use_sections		Whether configuration values should be loaded into their own section
+	 * @param	bool	$fail_gracefully	Whether to just return FALSE or display an error message
+	 * @return	bool	TRUE if the file was loaded correctly or FALSE on failure
 	 */
-	function load($file = '', $use_sections = FALSE, $fail_gracefully = FALSE)
+	public function load($file = '', $use_sections = FALSE, $fail_gracefully = FALSE)
 	{
-		$file = ($file == '') ? 'config' : str_replace('.php', '', $file);
-		$found = FALSE;
+		$file = ($file === '') ? 'config' : str_replace('.php', '', $file);
 		$loaded = FALSE;
 
-		$check_locations = defined('ENVIRONMENT')
-			? array(ENVIRONMENT.'/'.$file, $file)
-			: array($file);
-
 		foreach ($this->_config_paths as $path)
 		{
-			foreach ($check_locations as $location)
+			foreach (array($file, ENVIRONMENT.DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR.$file) as $location)
 			{
 				$file_path = $path.'config/'.$location.'.php';
-
 				if (in_array($file_path, $this->is_loaded, TRUE))
 				{
-					$loaded = TRUE;
-					continue 2;
+					return TRUE;
 				}
 
-				if (file_exists($file_path))
+				if ( ! file_exists($file_path))
 				{
-					$found = TRUE;
-					break;
+					continue;
 				}
-			}
-
-			if ($found === FALSE)
-			{
-				continue;
-			}
 
-			include($file_path);
+				include($file_path);
 
-			if ( ! isset($config) OR ! is_array($config))
-			{
-				if ($fail_gracefully === TRUE)
+				if ( ! isset($config) OR ! is_array($config))
 				{
-					return FALSE;
+					if ($fail_gracefully === TRUE)
+					{
+						return FALSE;
+					}
+
+					show_error('Your '.$file_path.' file does not appear to contain a valid configuration array.');
 				}
-				show_error('Your '.$file_path.' file does not appear to contain a valid configuration array.');
-			}
 
-			if ($use_sections === TRUE)
-			{
-				if (isset($this->config[$file]))
+				if ($use_sections === TRUE)
 				{
-					$this->config[$file] = array_merge($this->config[$file], $config);
+					$this->config[$file] = isset($this->config[$file])
+						? array_merge($this->config[$file], $config)
+						: $config;
 				}
 				else
 				{
-					$this->config[$file] = $config;
+					$this->config = array_merge($this->config, $config);
 				}
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				$this->config = array_merge($this->config, $config);
-			}
-
-			$this->is_loaded[] = $file_path;
-			unset($config);
 
-			$loaded = TRUE;
-			log_message('debug', 'Config file loaded: '.$file_path);
-			break;
+				$this->is_loaded[] = $file_path;
+				$config = NULL;
+				$loaded = TRUE;
+				log_message('debug', 'Config file loaded: '.$file_path);
+			}
 		}
 
-		if ($loaded === FALSE)
+		if ($loaded === TRUE)
 		{
-			if ($fail_gracefully === TRUE)
-			{
-				return FALSE;
-			}
-			show_error('The configuration file '.$file.'.php does not exist.');
+			return TRUE;
+		}
+		elseif ($fail_gracefully === TRUE)
+		{
+			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		return TRUE;
+		show_error('The configuration file '.$file.'.php does not exist.');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -179,59 +190,35 @@ class CI_Config {
 	/**
 	 * Fetch a config file item
 	 *
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the config item name
-	 * @param	string	the index name
-	 * @param	bool
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @param	string	$item	Config item name
+	 * @param	string	$index	Index name
+	 * @return	string|null	The configuration item or NULL if the item doesn't exist
 	 */
-	function item($item, $index = '')
+	public function item($item, $index = '')
 	{
 		if ($index == '')
 		{
-			if ( ! isset($this->config[$item]))
-			{
-				return FALSE;
-			}
-
-			$pref = $this->config[$item];
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			if ( ! isset($this->config[$index]))
-			{
-				return FALSE;
-			}
-
-			if ( ! isset($this->config[$index][$item]))
-			{
-				return FALSE;
-			}
-
-			$pref = $this->config[$index][$item];
+			return isset($this->config[$item]) ? $this->config[$item] : NULL;
 		}
 
-		return $pref;
+		return isset($this->config[$index], $this->config[$index][$item]) ? $this->config[$index][$item] : NULL;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Fetch a config file item - adds slash after item (if item is not empty)
+	 * Fetch a config file item with slash appended (if not empty)
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the config item name
-	 * @param	bool
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @param	string		$item	Config item name
+	 * @return	string|null	The configuration item or NULL if the item doesn't exist
 	 */
-	function slash_item($item)
+	public function slash_item($item)
 	{
 		if ( ! isset($this->config[$item]))
 		{
-			return FALSE;
+			return NULL;
 		}
-		if( trim($this->config[$item]) == '')
+		elseif (trim($this->config[$item]) === '')
 		{
 			return '';
 		}
@@ -243,80 +230,122 @@ class CI_Config {
 
 	/**
 	 * Site URL
+	 *
 	 * Returns base_url . index_page [. uri_string]
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the URI string
+	 * @uses	CI_Config::_uri_string()
+	 *
+	 * @param	string|string[]	$uri	URI string or an array of segments
+	 * @param	string	$protocol
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function site_url($uri = '')
+	public function site_url($uri = '', $protocol = NULL)
 	{
-		if ($uri == '')
+		$base_url = $this->slash_item('base_url');
+
+		if (isset($protocol))
 		{
-			return $this->slash_item('base_url').$this->item('index_page');
+			// For protocol-relative links
+			if ($protocol === '')
+			{
+				$base_url = substr($base_url, strpos($base_url, '//'));
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				$base_url = $protocol.substr($base_url, strpos($base_url, '://'));
+			}
 		}
 
-		if ($this->item('enable_query_strings') == FALSE)
+		if (empty($uri))
 		{
-			$suffix = ($this->item('url_suffix') == FALSE) ? '' : $this->item('url_suffix');
-			return $this->slash_item('base_url').$this->slash_item('index_page').$this->_uri_string($uri).$suffix;
+			return $base_url.$this->item('index_page');
 		}
-		else
+
+		$uri = $this->_uri_string($uri);
+
+		if ($this->item('enable_query_strings') === FALSE)
 		{
-			return $this->slash_item('base_url').$this->item('index_page').'?'.$this->_uri_string($uri);
+			$suffix = isset($this->config['url_suffix']) ? $this->config['url_suffix'] : '';
+
+			if ($suffix !== '')
+			{
+				if (($offset = strpos($uri, '?')) !== FALSE)
+				{
+					$uri = substr($uri, 0, $offset).$suffix.substr($uri, $offset);
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					$uri .= $suffix;
+				}
+			}
+
+			return $base_url.$this->slash_item('index_page').$uri;
 		}
+		elseif (strpos($uri, '?') === FALSE)
+		{
+			$uri = '?'.$uri;
+		}
+
+		return $base_url.$this->item('index_page').$uri;
 	}
 
 	// -------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
 	 * Base URL
+	 *
 	 * Returns base_url [. uri_string]
 	 *
-	 * @access public
-	 * @param string $uri
-	 * @return string
+	 * @uses	CI_Config::_uri_string()
+	 *
+	 * @param	string|string[]	$uri	URI string or an array of segments
+	 * @param	string	$protocol
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function base_url($uri = '')
+	public function base_url($uri = '', $protocol = NULL)
 	{
-		return $this->slash_item('base_url').ltrim($this->_uri_string($uri), '/');
+		$base_url = $this->slash_item('base_url');
+
+		if (isset($protocol))
+		{
+			// For protocol-relative links
+			if ($protocol === '')
+			{
+				$base_url = substr($base_url, strpos($base_url, '//'));
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				$base_url = $protocol.substr($base_url, strpos($base_url, '://'));
+			}
+		}
+
+		return $base_url.$this->_uri_string($uri);
 	}
 
 	// -------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Build URI string for use in Config::site_url() and Config::base_url()
+	 * Build URI string
 	 *
-	 * @access protected
-	 * @param  $uri
-	 * @return string
+	 * @used-by	CI_Config::site_url()
+	 * @used-by	CI_Config::base_url()
+	 *
+	 * @param	string|string[]	$uri	URI string or an array of segments
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _uri_string($uri)
 	{
-		if ($this->item('enable_query_strings') == FALSE)
+		if ($this->item('enable_query_strings') === FALSE)
 		{
-			if (is_array($uri))
-			{
-				$uri = implode('/', $uri);
-			}
-			$uri = ltrim($uri, '/');
+			is_array($uri) && $uri = implode('/', $uri);
+			return ltrim($uri, '/');
 		}
-		else
+		elseif (is_array($uri))
 		{
-			if (is_array($uri))
-			{
-				$i = 0;
-				$str = '';
-				foreach ($uri as $key => $val)
-				{
-					$prefix = ($i == 0) ? '' : '&';
-					$str .= $prefix.$key.'='.$val;
-					$i++;
-				}
-				$uri = $str;
-			}
+			return http_build_query($uri);
 		}
-	    return $uri;
+
+		return $uri;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -324,12 +353,12 @@ class CI_Config {
 	/**
 	 * System URL
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
+	 * @deprecated	3.0.0	Encourages insecure practices
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function system_url()
+	public function system_url()
 	{
-		$x = explode("/", preg_replace("|/*(.+?)/*$|", "\\1", BASEPATH));
+		$x = explode('/', preg_replace('|/*(.+?)/*$|', '\\1', BASEPATH));
 		return $this->slash_item('base_url').end($x).'/';
 	}
 
@@ -338,42 +367,13 @@ class CI_Config {
 	/**
 	 * Set a config file item
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the config item key
-	 * @param	string	the config item value
+	 * @param	string	$item	Config item key
+	 * @param	string	$value	Config item value
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function set_item($item, $value)
+	public function set_item($item, $value)
 	{
 		$this->config[$item] = $value;
 	}
 
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Assign to Config
-	 *
-	 * This function is called by the front controller (CodeIgniter.php)
-	 * after the Config class is instantiated.  It permits config items
-	 * to be assigned or overriden by variables contained in the index.php file
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	array
-	 * @return	void
-	 */
-	function _assign_to_config($items = array())
-	{
-		if (is_array($items))
-		{
-			foreach ($items as $key => $val)
-			{
-				$this->set_item($key, $val);
-			}
-		}
-	}
 }
-
-// END CI_Config class
-
-/* End of file Config.php */
-/* Location: ./system/core/Config.php */
diff --git a/system/core/Controller.php b/system/core/Controller.php
index 6ccaf9755..59a916734 100644
--- a/system/core/Controller.php
+++ b/system/core/Controller.php
@@ -1,22 +1,44 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.0.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
- * CodeIgniter Application Controller Class
+ * Application Controller Class
  *
  * This class object is the super class that every library in
  * CodeIgniter will be assigned to.
@@ -24,15 +46,22 @@
  * @package		CodeIgniter
  * @subpackage	Libraries
  * @category	Libraries
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/general/controllers.html
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/general/controllers.html
  */
 class CI_Controller {
 
+	/**
+	 * Reference to the CI singleton
+	 *
+	 * @var	object
+	 */
 	private static $instance;
 
 	/**
-	 * Constructor
+	 * Class constructor
+	 *
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function __construct()
 	{
@@ -47,18 +76,21 @@ class CI_Controller {
 		}
 
 		$this->load =& load_class('Loader', 'core');
-
 		$this->load->initialize();
-		
-		log_message('debug', "Controller Class Initialized");
+		log_message('info', 'Controller Class Initialized');
 	}
 
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Get the CI singleton
+	 *
+	 * @static
+	 * @return	object
+	 */
 	public static function &get_instance()
 	{
 		return self::$instance;
 	}
-}
-// END Controller class
 
-/* End of file Controller.php */
-/* Location: ./system/core/Controller.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/system/core/Exceptions.php b/system/core/Exceptions.php
index 451209689..526909602 100644
--- a/system/core/Exceptions.php
+++ b/system/core/Exceptions.php
@@ -1,19 +1,41 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.0.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * Exceptions Class
@@ -21,53 +43,47 @@
  * @package		CodeIgniter
  * @subpackage	Libraries
  * @category	Exceptions
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/exceptions.html
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/exceptions.html
  */
 class CI_Exceptions {
-	var $action;
-	var $severity;
-	var $message;
-	var $filename;
-	var $line;
 
 	/**
 	 * Nesting level of the output buffering mechanism
 	 *
-	 * @var int
-	 * @access public
+	 * @var	int
 	 */
-	var $ob_level;
+	public $ob_level;
 
 	/**
-	 * List if available error levels
+	 * List of available error levels
 	 *
-	 * @var array
-	 * @access public
+	 * @var	array
 	 */
-	var $levels = array(
-						E_ERROR				=>	'Error',
-						E_WARNING			=>	'Warning',
-						E_PARSE				=>	'Parsing Error',
-						E_NOTICE			=>	'Notice',
-						E_CORE_ERROR		=>	'Core Error',
-						E_CORE_WARNING		=>	'Core Warning',
-						E_COMPILE_ERROR		=>	'Compile Error',
-						E_COMPILE_WARNING	=>	'Compile Warning',
-						E_USER_ERROR		=>	'User Error',
-						E_USER_WARNING		=>	'User Warning',
-						E_USER_NOTICE		=>	'User Notice',
-						E_STRICT			=>	'Runtime Notice'
-					);
-
+	public $levels = array(
+		E_ERROR			=>	'Error',
+		E_WARNING		=>	'Warning',
+		E_PARSE			=>	'Parsing Error',
+		E_NOTICE		=>	'Notice',
+		E_CORE_ERROR		=>	'Core Error',
+		E_CORE_WARNING		=>	'Core Warning',
+		E_COMPILE_ERROR		=>	'Compile Error',
+		E_COMPILE_WARNING	=>	'Compile Warning',
+		E_USER_ERROR		=>	'User Error',
+		E_USER_WARNING		=>	'User Warning',
+		E_USER_NOTICE		=>	'User Notice',
+		E_STRICT		=>	'Runtime Notice'
+	);
 
 	/**
-	 * Constructor
+	 * Class constructor
+	 *
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function __construct()
 	{
 		$this->ob_level = ob_get_level();
-		// Note:  Do not log messages from this constructor.
+		// Note: Do not log messages from this constructor.
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -75,45 +91,52 @@ class CI_Exceptions {
 	/**
 	 * Exception Logger
 	 *
-	 * This function logs PHP generated error messages
+	 * Logs PHP generated error messages
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string	the error severity
-	 * @param	string	the error string
-	 * @param	string	the error filepath
-	 * @param	string	the error line number
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @param	int	$severity	Log level
+	 * @param	string	$message	Error message
+	 * @param	string	$filepath	File path
+	 * @param	int	$line		Line number
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function log_exception($severity, $message, $filepath, $line)
+	public function log_exception($severity, $message, $filepath, $line)
 	{
-		$severity = ( ! isset($this->levels[$severity])) ? $severity : $this->levels[$severity];
-
-		log_message('error', 'Severity: '.$severity.'  --> '.$message. ' '.$filepath.' '.$line, TRUE);
+		$severity = isset($this->levels[$severity]) ? $this->levels[$severity] : $severity;
+		log_message('error', 'Severity: '.$severity.' --> '.$message.' '.$filepath.' '.$line);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * 404 Page Not Found Handler
+	 * 404 Error Handler
+	 *
+	 * @uses	CI_Exceptions::show_error()
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string	the page
-	 * @param 	bool	log error yes/no
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @param	string	$page		Page URI
+	 * @param 	bool	$log_error	Whether to log the error
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function show_404($page = '', $log_error = TRUE)
+	public function show_404($page = '', $log_error = TRUE)
 	{
-		$heading = "404 Page Not Found";
-		$message = "The page you requested was not found.";
+		if (is_cli())
+		{
+			$heading = 'Not Found';
+			$message = 'The controller/method pair you requested was not found.';
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			$heading = '404 Page Not Found';
+			$message = 'The page you requested was not found.';
+		}
 
 		// By default we log this, but allow a dev to skip it
 		if ($log_error)
 		{
-			log_message('error', '404 Page Not Found --> '.$page);
+			log_message('error', $heading.': '.$page);
 		}
 
 		echo $this->show_error($heading, $message, 'error_404', 404);
-		exit;
+		exit(4); // EXIT_UNKNOWN_FILE
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -121,29 +144,42 @@ class CI_Exceptions {
 	/**
 	 * General Error Page
 	 *
-	 * This function takes an error message as input
-	 * (either as a string or an array) and displays
-	 * it using the specified template.
+	 * Takes an error message as input (either as a string or an array)
+	 * and displays it using the specified template.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string		$heading	Page heading
+	 * @param	string|string[]	$message	Error message
+	 * @param	string		$template	Template name
+	 * @param 	int		$status_code	(default: 500)
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string	the heading
-	 * @param	string	the message
-	 * @param	string	the template name
-	 * @param 	int		the status code
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @return	string	Error page output
 	 */
-	function show_error($heading, $message, $template = 'error_general', $status_code = 500)
+	public function show_error($heading, $message, $template = 'error_general', $status_code = 500)
 	{
-		set_status_header($status_code);
+		$templates_path = config_item('error_views_path');
+		if (empty($templates_path))
+		{
+			$templates_path = VIEWPATH.'errors'.DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR;
+		}
 
-		$message = '<p>'.implode('</p><p>', ( ! is_array($message)) ? array($message) : $message).'</p>';
+		if (is_cli())
+		{
+			$message = "\t".(is_array($message) ? implode("\n\t", $message) : $message);
+			$template = 'cli'.DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR.$template;
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			set_status_header($status_code);
+			$message = '<p>'.(is_array($message) ? implode('</p><p>', $message) : $message).'</p>';
+			$template = 'html'.DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR.$template;
+		}
 
 		if (ob_get_level() > $this->ob_level + 1)
 		{
 			ob_end_flush();
 		}
 		ob_start();
-		include(APPPATH.'errors/'.$template.'.php');
+		include($templates_path.$template.'.php');
 		$buffer = ob_get_contents();
 		ob_end_clean();
 		return $buffer;
@@ -151,27 +187,77 @@ class CI_Exceptions {
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
+	public function show_exception($exception)
+	{
+		$templates_path = config_item('error_views_path');
+		if (empty($templates_path))
+		{
+			$templates_path = VIEWPATH.'errors'.DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR;
+		}
+
+		$message = $exception->getMessage();
+		if (empty($message))
+		{
+			$message = '(null)';
+		}
+
+		if (is_cli())
+		{
+			$templates_path .= 'cli'.DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR;
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			$templates_path .= 'html'.DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR;
+		}
+
+		if (ob_get_level() > $this->ob_level + 1)
+		{
+			ob_end_flush();
+		}
+
+		ob_start();
+		include($templates_path.'error_exception.php');
+		$buffer = ob_get_contents();
+		ob_end_clean();
+		echo $buffer;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 	/**
 	 * Native PHP error handler
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string	the error severity
-	 * @param	string	the error string
-	 * @param	string	the error filepath
-	 * @param	string	the error line number
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @param	int	$severity	Error level
+	 * @param	string	$message	Error message
+	 * @param	string	$filepath	File path
+	 * @param	int	$line		Line number
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function show_php_error($severity, $message, $filepath, $line)
+	public function show_php_error($severity, $message, $filepath, $line)
 	{
-		$severity = ( ! isset($this->levels[$severity])) ? $severity : $this->levels[$severity];
+		$templates_path = config_item('error_views_path');
+		if (empty($templates_path))
+		{
+			$templates_path = VIEWPATH.'errors'.DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR;
+		}
+
+		$severity = isset($this->levels[$severity]) ? $this->levels[$severity] : $severity;
 
-		$filepath = str_replace("\\", "/", $filepath);
+		// For safety reasons we don't show the full file path in non-CLI requests
+		if ( ! is_cli())
+		{
+			$filepath = str_replace('\\', '/', $filepath);
+			if (FALSE !== strpos($filepath, '/'))
+			{
+				$x = explode('/', $filepath);
+				$filepath = $x[count($x)-2].'/'.end($x);
+			}
 
-		// For safety reasons we do not show the full file path
-		if (FALSE !== strpos($filepath, '/'))
+			$template = 'html'.DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR.'error_php';
+		}
+		else
 		{
-			$x = explode('/', $filepath);
-			$filepath = $x[count($x)-2].'/'.end($x);
+			$template = 'cli'.DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR.'error_php';
 		}
 
 		if (ob_get_level() > $this->ob_level + 1)
@@ -179,15 +265,10 @@ class CI_Exceptions {
 			ob_end_flush();
 		}
 		ob_start();
-		include(APPPATH.'errors/error_php.php');
+		include($templates_path.$template.'.php');
 		$buffer = ob_get_contents();
 		ob_end_clean();
 		echo $buffer;
 	}
 
-
 }
-// END Exceptions Class
-
-/* End of file Exceptions.php */
-/* Location: ./system/core/Exceptions.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/core/Hooks.php b/system/core/Hooks.php
index ee5c23076..f2d6f21ca 100644
--- a/system/core/Hooks.php
+++ b/system/core/Hooks.php
@@ -1,95 +1,114 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.0.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
- * CodeIgniter Hooks Class
+ * Hooks Class
  *
  * Provides a mechanism to extend the base system without hacking.
  *
  * @package		CodeIgniter
  * @subpackage	Libraries
  * @category	Libraries
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/encryption.html
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/general/hooks.html
  */
 class CI_Hooks {
 
 	/**
-	 * Determines wether hooks are enabled
+	 * Determines whether hooks are enabled
 	 *
-	 * @var bool
+	 * @var	bool
 	 */
-	var $enabled		= FALSE;
+	public $enabled = FALSE;
+
 	/**
 	 * List of all hooks set in config/hooks.php
 	 *
-	 * @var array
+	 * @var	array
 	 */
-	var $hooks			= array();
+	public $hooks =	array();
+
 	/**
-	 * Determines wether hook is in progress, used to prevent infinte loops
+	 * Array with class objects to use hooks methods
 	 *
-	 * @var bool
+	 * @var array
 	 */
-	var $in_progress	= FALSE;
+	protected $_objects = array();
 
 	/**
-	 * Constructor
+	 * In progress flag
 	 *
+	 * Determines whether hook is in progress, used to prevent infinte loops
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
 	 */
-	function __construct()
-	{
-		$this->_initialize();
-		log_message('debug', "Hooks Class Initialized");
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+	protected $_in_progress = FALSE;
 
 	/**
-	 * Initialize the Hooks Preferences
+	 * Class constructor
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function _initialize()
+	public function __construct()
 	{
 		$CFG =& load_class('Config', 'core');
+		log_message('info', 'Hooks Class Initialized');
 
 		// If hooks are not enabled in the config file
 		// there is nothing else to do
-
-		if ($CFG->item('enable_hooks') == FALSE)
+		if ($CFG->item('enable_hooks') === FALSE)
 		{
 			return;
 		}
 
 		// Grab the "hooks" definition file.
-		// If there are no hooks, we're done.
-
-		if (defined('ENVIRONMENT') AND is_file(APPPATH.'config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/hooks.php'))
-		{
-		    include(APPPATH.'config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/hooks.php');
-		}
-		elseif (is_file(APPPATH.'config/hooks.php'))
+		if (file_exists(APPPATH.'config/hooks.php'))
 		{
 			include(APPPATH.'config/hooks.php');
 		}
 
+		if (file_exists(APPPATH.'config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/hooks.php'))
+		{
+			include(APPPATH.'config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/hooks.php');
+		}
 
+		// If there are no hooks, we're done.
 		if ( ! isset($hook) OR ! is_array($hook))
 		{
 			return;
@@ -104,20 +123,21 @@ class CI_Hooks {
 	/**
 	 * Call Hook
 	 *
-	 * Calls a particular hook
+	 * Calls a particular hook. Called by CodeIgniter.php.
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string	the hook name
-	 * @return	mixed
+	 * @uses	CI_Hooks::_run_hook()
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$which	Hook name
+	 * @return	bool	TRUE on success or FALSE on failure
 	 */
-	function _call_hook($which = '')
+	public function call_hook($which = '')
 	{
 		if ( ! $this->enabled OR ! isset($this->hooks[$which]))
 		{
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		if (isset($this->hooks[$which][0]) AND is_array($this->hooks[$which][0]))
+		if (is_array($this->hooks[$which]) && ! isset($this->hooks[$which]['function']))
 		{
 			foreach ($this->hooks[$which] as $val)
 			{
@@ -139,13 +159,21 @@ class CI_Hooks {
 	 *
 	 * Runs a particular hook
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	array	the hook details
-	 * @return	bool
+	 * @param	array	$data	Hook details
+	 * @return	bool	TRUE on success or FALSE on failure
 	 */
-	function _run_hook($data)
+	protected function _run_hook($data)
 	{
-		if ( ! is_array($data))
+		// Closures/lambda functions and array($object, 'method') callables
+		if (is_callable($data))
+		{
+			is_array($data)
+				? $data[0]->{$data[1]}()
+				: $data();
+
+			return TRUE;
+		}
+		elseif ( ! is_array($data))
 		{
 			return FALSE;
 		}
@@ -156,8 +184,7 @@ class CI_Hooks {
 
 		// If the script being called happens to have the same
 		// hook call within it a loop can happen
-
-		if ($this->in_progress == TRUE)
+		if ($this->_in_progress === TRUE)
 		{
 			return;
 		}
@@ -166,7 +193,7 @@ class CI_Hooks {
 		// Set file path
 		// -----------------------------------
 
-		if ( ! isset($data['filepath']) OR ! isset($data['filename']))
+		if ( ! isset($data['filepath'], $data['filename']))
 		{
 			return FALSE;
 		}
@@ -178,71 +205,62 @@ class CI_Hooks {
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		// -----------------------------------
-		// Set class/function name
-		// -----------------------------------
-
-		$class		= FALSE;
-		$function	= FALSE;
-		$params		= '';
-
-		if (isset($data['class']) AND $data['class'] != '')
-		{
-			$class = $data['class'];
-		}
-
-		if (isset($data['function']))
-		{
-			$function = $data['function'];
-		}
-
-		if (isset($data['params']))
-		{
-			$params = $data['params'];
-		}
+		// Determine and class and/or function names
+		$class		= empty($data['class']) ? FALSE : $data['class'];
+		$function	= empty($data['function']) ? FALSE : $data['function'];
+		$params		= isset($data['params']) ? $data['params'] : '';
 
-		if ($class === FALSE AND $function === FALSE)
+		if (empty($function))
 		{
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		// -----------------------------------
-		// Set the in_progress flag
-		// -----------------------------------
-
-		$this->in_progress = TRUE;
+		// Set the _in_progress flag
+		$this->_in_progress = TRUE;
 
-		// -----------------------------------
 		// Call the requested class and/or function
-		// -----------------------------------
-
 		if ($class !== FALSE)
 		{
-			if ( ! class_exists($class))
+			// The object is stored?
+			if (isset($this->_objects[$class]))
 			{
-				require($filepath);
+				if (method_exists($this->_objects[$class], $function))
+				{
+					$this->_objects[$class]->$function($params);
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					return $this->_in_progress = FALSE;
+				}
 			}
+			else
+			{
+				class_exists($class, FALSE) OR require_once($filepath);
+
+				if ( ! class_exists($class, FALSE) OR ! method_exists($class, $function))
+				{
+					return $this->_in_progress = FALSE;
+				}
 
-			$HOOK = new $class;
-			$HOOK->$function($params);
+				// Store the object and execute the method
+				$this->_objects[$class] = new $class();
+				$this->_objects[$class]->$function($params);
+			}
 		}
 		else
 		{
+			function_exists($function) OR require_once($filepath);
+
 			if ( ! function_exists($function))
 			{
-				require($filepath);
+				return $this->_in_progress = FALSE;
 			}
 
 			$function($params);
 		}
 
-		$this->in_progress = FALSE;
+		$this->_in_progress = FALSE;
 		return TRUE;
 	}
 
 }
-
-// END CI_Hooks class
-
-/* End of file Hooks.php */
-/* Location: ./system/core/Hooks.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/core/Input.php b/system/core/Input.php
index 7bc34231d..af4f87c1f 100644
--- a/system/core/Input.php
+++ b/system/core/Input.php
@@ -1,19 +1,41 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.0.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * Input Class
@@ -23,84 +45,121 @@
  * @package		CodeIgniter
  * @subpackage	Libraries
  * @category	Input
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/input.html
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/input.html
  */
 class CI_Input {
 
 	/**
 	 * IP address of the current user
 	 *
-	 * @var string
+	 * @var	string
 	 */
-	var $ip_address				= FALSE;
+	protected $ip_address = FALSE;
+
 	/**
-	 * user agent (web browser) being used by the current user
+	 * Allow GET array flag
 	 *
-	 * @var string
-	 */
-	var $user_agent				= FALSE;
-	/**
-	 * If FALSE, then $_GET will be set to an empty array
+	 * If set to FALSE, then $_GET will be set to an empty array.
 	 *
-	 * @var bool
+	 * @var	bool
 	 */
-	var $_allow_get_array		= TRUE;
+	protected $_allow_get_array = TRUE;
+
 	/**
-	 * If TRUE, then newlines are standardized
+	 * Standardize new lines flag
 	 *
-	 * @var bool
+	 * If set to TRUE, then newlines are standardized.
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
 	 */
-	var $_standardize_newlines	= TRUE;
+	protected $_standardize_newlines;
+
 	/**
-	 * Determines whether the XSS filter is always active when GET, POST or COOKIE data is encountered
-	 * Set automatically based on config setting
+	 * Enable XSS flag
+	 *
+	 * Determines whether the XSS filter is always active when
+	 * GET, POST or COOKIE data is encountered.
+	 * Set automatically based on config setting.
 	 *
-	 * @var bool
+	 * @var	bool
 	 */
-	var $_enable_xss			= FALSE;
+	protected $_enable_xss = FALSE;
+
 	/**
+	 * Enable CSRF flag
+	 *
 	 * Enables a CSRF cookie token to be set.
-	 * Set automatically based on config setting
+	 * Set automatically based on config setting.
 	 *
-	 * @var bool
+	 * @var	bool
 	 */
-	var $_enable_csrf			= FALSE;
+	protected $_enable_csrf = FALSE;
+
 	/**
 	 * List of all HTTP request headers
 	 *
 	 * @var array
 	 */
-	protected $headers			= array();
+	protected $headers = array();
 
 	/**
-	 * Constructor
+	 * Raw input stream data
+	 *
+	 * Holds a cache of php://input contents
 	 *
-	 * Sets whether to globally enable the XSS processing
-	 * and whether to allow the $_GET array
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_raw_input_stream;
+
+	/**
+	 * Parsed input stream data
+	 *
+	 * Parsed from php://input at runtime
+	 *
+	 * @see	CI_Input::input_stream()
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $_input_stream;
+
+	protected $security;
+	protected $uni;
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Class constructor
+	 *
+	 * Determines whether to globally enable the XSS processing
+	 * and whether to allow the $_GET array.
 	 *
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function __construct()
 	{
-		log_message('debug', "Input Class Initialized");
-
-		$this->_allow_get_array	= (config_item('allow_get_array') === TRUE);
+		$this->_allow_get_array		= (config_item('allow_get_array') === TRUE);
 		$this->_enable_xss		= (config_item('global_xss_filtering') === TRUE);
 		$this->_enable_csrf		= (config_item('csrf_protection') === TRUE);
+		$this->_standardize_newlines	= (bool) config_item('standardize_newlines');
 
-		global $SEC;
-		$this->security =& $SEC;
+		$this->security =& load_class('Security', 'core');
 
 		// Do we need the UTF-8 class?
 		if (UTF8_ENABLED === TRUE)
 		{
-			global $UNI;
-			$this->uni =& $UNI;
+			$this->uni =& load_class('Utf8', 'core');
 		}
 
 		// Sanitize global arrays
 		$this->_sanitize_globals();
+
+		// CSRF Protection check
+		if ($this->_enable_csrf === TRUE && ! is_cli())
+		{
+			$this->security->csrf_verify();
+		}
+
+		log_message('info', 'Input Class Initialized');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -108,147 +167,204 @@ class CI_Input {
 	/**
 	 * Fetch from array
 	 *
-	 * This is a helper function to retrieve values from global arrays
+	 * Internal method used to retrieve values from global arrays.
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	array
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	bool
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @param	array	&$array		$_GET, $_POST, $_COOKIE, $_SERVER, etc.
+	 * @param	mixed	$index		Index for item to be fetched from $array
+	 * @param	bool	$xss_clean	Whether to apply XSS filtering
+	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
-	function _fetch_from_array(&$array, $index = '', $xss_clean = FALSE)
+	protected function _fetch_from_array(&$array, $index = NULL, $xss_clean = NULL)
 	{
-		if ( ! isset($array[$index]))
+		is_bool($xss_clean) OR $xss_clean = $this->_enable_xss;
+
+		// If $index is NULL, it means that the whole $array is requested
+		isset($index) OR $index = array_keys($array);
+
+		// allow fetching multiple keys at once
+		if (is_array($index))
+		{
+			$output = array();
+			foreach ($index as $key)
+			{
+				$output[$key] = $this->_fetch_from_array($array, $key, $xss_clean);
+			}
+
+			return $output;
+		}
+
+		if (isset($array[$index]))
 		{
-			return FALSE;
+			$value = $array[$index];
 		}
+		elseif (($count = preg_match_all('/(?:^[^\[]+)|\[[^]]*\]/', $index, $matches)) > 1) // Does the index contain array notation
+		{
+			$value = $array;
+			for ($i = 0; $i < $count; $i++)
+			{
+				$key = trim($matches[0][$i], '[]');
+				if ($key === '') // Empty notation will return the value as array
+				{
+					break;
+				}
 
-		if ($xss_clean === TRUE)
+				if (isset($value[$key]))
+				{
+					$value = $value[$key];
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					return NULL;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		else
 		{
-			return $this->security->xss_clean($array[$index]);
+			return NULL;
 		}
 
-		return $array[$index];
+		return ($xss_clean === TRUE)
+			? $this->security->xss_clean($value)
+			: $value;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	* Fetch an item from the GET array
-	*
-	* @access	public
-	* @param	string
-	* @param	bool
-	* @return	string
-	*/
-	function get($index = NULL, $xss_clean = FALSE)
+	 * Fetch an item from the GET array
+	 *
+	 * @param	mixed	$index		Index for item to be fetched from $_GET
+	 * @param	bool	$xss_clean	Whether to apply XSS filtering
+	 * @return	mixed
+	 */
+	public function get($index = NULL, $xss_clean = NULL)
 	{
-		// Check if a field has been provided
-		if ($index === NULL AND ! empty($_GET))
-		{
-			$get = array();
-
-			// loop through the full _GET array
-			foreach (array_keys($_GET) as $key)
-			{
-				$get[$key] = $this->_fetch_from_array($_GET, $key, $xss_clean);
-			}
-			return $get;
-		}
-
 		return $this->_fetch_from_array($_GET, $index, $xss_clean);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	* Fetch an item from the POST array
-	*
-	* @access	public
-	* @param	string
-	* @param	bool
-	* @return	string
-	*/
-	function post($index = NULL, $xss_clean = FALSE)
+	 * Fetch an item from the POST array
+	 *
+	 * @param	mixed	$index		Index for item to be fetched from $_POST
+	 * @param	bool	$xss_clean	Whether to apply XSS filtering
+	 * @return	mixed
+	 */
+	public function post($index = NULL, $xss_clean = NULL)
 	{
-		// Check if a field has been provided
-		if ($index === NULL AND ! empty($_POST))
-		{
-			$post = array();
-
-			// Loop through the full _POST array and return it
-			foreach (array_keys($_POST) as $key)
-			{
-				$post[$key] = $this->_fetch_from_array($_POST, $key, $xss_clean);
-			}
-			return $post;
-		}
-
 		return $this->_fetch_from_array($_POST, $index, $xss_clean);
 	}
 
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Fetch an item from POST data with fallback to GET
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$index		Index for item to be fetched from $_POST or $_GET
+	 * @param	bool	$xss_clean	Whether to apply XSS filtering
+	 * @return	mixed
+	 */
+	public function post_get($index, $xss_clean = NULL)
+	{
+		return isset($_POST[$index])
+			? $this->post($index, $xss_clean)
+			: $this->get($index, $xss_clean);
+	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	* Fetch an item from either the GET array or the POST
-	*
-	* @access	public
-	* @param	string	The index key
-	* @param	bool	XSS cleaning
-	* @return	string
-	*/
-	function get_post($index = '', $xss_clean = FALSE)
+	 * Fetch an item from GET data with fallback to POST
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$index		Index for item to be fetched from $_GET or $_POST
+	 * @param	bool	$xss_clean	Whether to apply XSS filtering
+	 * @return	mixed
+	 */
+	public function get_post($index, $xss_clean = NULL)
 	{
-		if ( ! isset($_POST[$index]) )
-		{
-			return $this->get($index, $xss_clean);
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			return $this->post($index, $xss_clean);
-		}
+		return isset($_GET[$index])
+			? $this->get($index, $xss_clean)
+			: $this->post($index, $xss_clean);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	* Fetch an item from the COOKIE array
-	*
-	* @access	public
-	* @param	string
-	* @param	bool
-	* @return	string
-	*/
-	function cookie($index = '', $xss_clean = FALSE)
+	 * Fetch an item from the COOKIE array
+	 *
+	 * @param	mixed	$index		Index for item to be fetched from $_COOKIE
+	 * @param	bool	$xss_clean	Whether to apply XSS filtering
+	 * @return	mixed
+	 */
+	public function cookie($index = NULL, $xss_clean = NULL)
 	{
 		return $this->_fetch_from_array($_COOKIE, $index, $xss_clean);
 	}
 
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Fetch an item from the SERVER array
+	 *
+	 * @param	mixed	$index		Index for item to be fetched from $_SERVER
+	 * @param	bool	$xss_clean	Whether to apply XSS filtering
+	 * @return	mixed
+	 */
+	public function server($index, $xss_clean = NULL)
+	{
+		return $this->_fetch_from_array($_SERVER, $index, $xss_clean);
+	}
+
 	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	* Set cookie
-	*
-	* Accepts six parameter, or you can submit an associative
-	* array in the first parameter containing all the values.
-	*
-	* @access	public
-	* @param	mixed
-	* @param	string	the value of the cookie
-	* @param	string	the number of seconds until expiration
-	* @param	string	the cookie domain.  Usually:  .yourdomain.com
-	* @param	string	the cookie path
-	* @param	string	the cookie prefix
-	* @param	bool	true makes the cookie secure
-	* @return	void
-	*/
-	function set_cookie($name = '', $value = '', $expire = '', $domain = '', $path = '/', $prefix = '', $secure = FALSE)
+	 * Fetch an item from the php://input stream
+	 *
+	 * Useful when you need to access PUT, DELETE or PATCH request data.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$index		Index for item to be fetched
+	 * @param	bool	$xss_clean	Whether to apply XSS filtering
+	 * @return	mixed
+	 */
+	public function input_stream($index = NULL, $xss_clean = NULL)
+	{
+		// Prior to PHP 5.6, the input stream can only be read once,
+		// so we'll need to check if we have already done that first.
+		if ( ! is_array($this->_input_stream))
+		{
+			// $this->raw_input_stream will trigger __get().
+			parse_str($this->raw_input_stream, $this->_input_stream);
+			is_array($this->_input_stream) OR $this->_input_stream = array();
+		}
+
+		return $this->_fetch_from_array($this->_input_stream, $index, $xss_clean);
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Set cookie
+	 *
+	 * Accepts an arbitrary number of parameters (up to 7) or an associative
+	 * array in the first parameter containing all the values.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string|mixed[]	$name		Cookie name or an array containing parameters
+	 * @param	string		$value		Cookie value
+	 * @param	int		$expire		Cookie expiration time in seconds
+	 * @param	string		$domain		Cookie domain (e.g.: '.yourdomain.com')
+	 * @param	string		$path		Cookie path (default: '/')
+	 * @param	string		$prefix		Cookie name prefix
+	 * @param	bool		$secure		Whether to only transfer cookies via SSL
+	 * @param	bool		$httponly	Whether to only makes the cookie accessible via HTTP (no javascript)
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function set_cookie($name, $value = '', $expire = '', $domain = '', $path = '/', $prefix = '', $secure = NULL, $httponly = NULL)
 	{
 		if (is_array($name))
 		{
 			// always leave 'name' in last place, as the loop will break otherwise, due to $$item
-			foreach (array('value', 'expire', 'domain', 'path', 'prefix', 'secure', 'name') as $item)
+			foreach (array('value', 'expire', 'domain', 'path', 'prefix', 'secure', 'httponly', 'name') as $item)
 			{
 				if (isset($name[$item]))
 				{
@@ -257,22 +373,28 @@ class CI_Input {
 			}
 		}
 
-		if ($prefix == '' AND config_item('cookie_prefix') != '')
+		if ($prefix === '' && config_item('cookie_prefix') !== '')
 		{
 			$prefix = config_item('cookie_prefix');
 		}
-		if ($domain == '' AND config_item('cookie_domain') != '')
+
+		if ($domain == '' && config_item('cookie_domain') != '')
 		{
 			$domain = config_item('cookie_domain');
 		}
-		if ($path == '/' AND config_item('cookie_path') != '/')
+
+		if ($path === '/' && config_item('cookie_path') !== '/')
 		{
 			$path = config_item('cookie_path');
 		}
-		if ($secure == FALSE AND config_item('cookie_secure') != FALSE)
-		{
-			$secure = config_item('cookie_secure');
-		}
+
+		$secure = ($secure === NULL && config_item('cookie_secure') !== NULL)
+			? (bool) config_item('cookie_secure')
+			: (bool) $secure;
+
+		$httponly = ($httponly === NULL && config_item('cookie_httponly') !== NULL)
+			? (bool) config_item('cookie_httponly')
+			: (bool) $httponly;
 
 		if ( ! is_numeric($expire))
 		{
@@ -283,31 +405,18 @@ class CI_Input {
 			$expire = ($expire > 0) ? time() + $expire : 0;
 		}
 
-		setcookie($prefix.$name, $value, $expire, $path, $domain, $secure);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	* Fetch an item from the SERVER array
-	*
-	* @access	public
-	* @param	string
-	* @param	bool
-	* @return	string
-	*/
-	function server($index = '', $xss_clean = FALSE)
-	{
-		return $this->_fetch_from_array($_SERVER, $index, $xss_clean);
+		setcookie($prefix.$name, $value, $expire, $path, $domain, $secure, $httponly);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	* Fetch the IP Address
-	*
-	* @return	string
-	*/
+	 * Fetch the IP Address
+	 *
+	 * Determines and validates the visitor's IP address.
+	 *
+	 * @return	string	IP address
+	 */
 	public function ip_address()
 	{
 		if ($this->ip_address !== FALSE)
@@ -316,25 +425,27 @@ class CI_Input {
 		}
 
 		$proxy_ips = config_item('proxy_ips');
-		if ( ! empty($proxy_ips))
+		if ( ! empty($proxy_ips) && ! is_array($proxy_ips))
 		{
 			$proxy_ips = explode(',', str_replace(' ', '', $proxy_ips));
+		}
+
+		$this->ip_address = $this->server('REMOTE_ADDR');
+
+		if ($proxy_ips)
+		{
 			foreach (array('HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR', 'HTTP_CLIENT_IP', 'HTTP_X_CLIENT_IP', 'HTTP_X_CLUSTER_CLIENT_IP') as $header)
 			{
-				if (($spoof = $this->server($header)) !== FALSE)
+				if (($spoof = $this->server($header)) !== NULL)
 				{
 					// Some proxies typically list the whole chain of IP
 					// addresses through which the client has reached us.
 					// e.g. client_ip, proxy_ip1, proxy_ip2, etc.
-					if (strpos($spoof, ',') !== FALSE)
-					{
-						$spoof = explode(',', $spoof, 2);
-						$spoof = $spoof[0];
-					}
+					sscanf($spoof, '%[^,]', $spoof);
 
 					if ( ! $this->valid_ip($spoof))
 					{
-						$spoof = FALSE;
+						$spoof = NULL;
 					}
 					else
 					{
@@ -343,275 +454,166 @@ class CI_Input {
 				}
 			}
 
-			$this->ip_address = ($spoof !== FALSE && in_array($_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR'], $proxy_ips, TRUE))
-				? $spoof : $_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR'];
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			$this->ip_address = $_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR'];
-		}
-
-		if ( ! $this->valid_ip($this->ip_address))
-		{
-			$this->ip_address = '0.0.0.0';
-		}
+			if ($spoof)
+			{
+				for ($i = 0, $c = count($proxy_ips); $i < $c; $i++)
+				{
+					// Check if we have an IP address or a subnet
+					if (strpos($proxy_ips[$i], '/') === FALSE)
+					{
+						// An IP address (and not a subnet) is specified.
+						// We can compare right away.
+						if ($proxy_ips[$i] === $this->ip_address)
+						{
+							$this->ip_address = $spoof;
+							break;
+						}
+
+						continue;
+					}
 
-		return $this->ip_address;
-	}
+					// We have a subnet ... now the heavy lifting begins
+					isset($separator) OR $separator = $this->valid_ip($this->ip_address, 'ipv6') ? ':' : '.';
 
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+					// If the proxy entry doesn't match the IP protocol - skip it
+					if (strpos($proxy_ips[$i], $separator) === FALSE)
+					{
+						continue;
+					}
 
-	/**
-	* Validate IP Address
-	*
-	* @access	public
-	* @param	string
-	* @param	string	ipv4 or ipv6
-	* @return	bool
-	*/
-	public function valid_ip($ip, $which = '')
-	{
-		$which = strtolower($which);
+					// Convert the REMOTE_ADDR IP address to binary, if needed
+					if ( ! isset($ip, $sprintf))
+					{
+						if ($separator === ':')
+						{
+							// Make sure we're have the "full" IPv6 format
+							$ip = explode(':',
+								str_replace('::',
+									str_repeat(':', 9 - substr_count($this->ip_address, ':')),
+									$this->ip_address
+								)
+							);
+
+							for ($j = 0; $j < 8; $j++)
+							{
+								$ip[$j] = intval($ip[$j], 16);
+							}
+
+							$sprintf = '%016b%016b%016b%016b%016b%016b%016b%016b';
+						}
+						else
+						{
+							$ip = explode('.', $this->ip_address);
+							$sprintf = '%08b%08b%08b%08b';
+						}
+
+						$ip = vsprintf($sprintf, $ip);
+					}
 
-		// First check if filter_var is available
-		if (is_callable('filter_var'))
-		{
-			switch ($which) {
-				case 'ipv4':
-					$flag = FILTER_FLAG_IPV4;
-					break;
-				case 'ipv6':
-					$flag = FILTER_FLAG_IPV6;
-					break;
-				default:
-					$flag = '';
-					break;
-			}
+					// Split the netmask length off the network address
+					sscanf($proxy_ips[$i], '%[^/]/%d', $netaddr, $masklen);
 
-			return (bool) filter_var($ip, FILTER_VALIDATE_IP, $flag);
-		}
+					// Again, an IPv6 address is most likely in a compressed form
+					if ($separator === ':')
+					{
+						$netaddr = explode(':', str_replace('::', str_repeat(':', 9 - substr_count($netaddr, ':')), $netaddr));
+						for ($j = 0; $j < 8; $j++)
+						{
+							$netaddr[$j] = intval($netaddr[$j], 16);
+						}
+					}
+					else
+					{
+						$netaddr = explode('.', $netaddr);
+					}
 
-		if ($which !== 'ipv6' && $which !== 'ipv4')
-		{
-			if (strpos($ip, ':') !== FALSE)
-			{
-				$which = 'ipv6';
-			}
-			elseif (strpos($ip, '.') !== FALSE)
-			{
-				$which = 'ipv4';
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				return FALSE;
+					// Convert to binary and finally compare
+					if (strncmp($ip, vsprintf($sprintf, $netaddr), $masklen) === 0)
+					{
+						$this->ip_address = $spoof;
+						break;
+					}
+				}
 			}
 		}
 
-		$func = '_valid_'.$which;
-		return $this->$func($ip);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	* Validate IPv4 Address
-	*
-	* Updated version suggested by Geert De Deckere
-	*
-	* @access	protected
-	* @param	string
-	* @return	bool
-	*/
-	protected function _valid_ipv4($ip)
-	{
-		$ip_segments = explode('.', $ip);
-
-		// Always 4 segments needed
-		if (count($ip_segments) !== 4)
-		{
-			return FALSE;
-		}
-		// IP can not start with 0
-		if ($ip_segments[0][0] == '0')
-		{
-			return FALSE;
-		}
-
-		// Check each segment
-		foreach ($ip_segments as $segment)
+		if ( ! $this->valid_ip($this->ip_address))
 		{
-			// IP segments must be digits and can not be
-			// longer than 3 digits or greater then 255
-			if ($segment == '' OR preg_match("/[^0-9]/", $segment) OR $segment > 255 OR strlen($segment) > 3)
-			{
-				return FALSE;
-			}
+			return $this->ip_address = '0.0.0.0';
 		}
 
-		return TRUE;
+		return $this->ip_address;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	* Validate IPv6 Address
-	*
-	* @access	protected
-	* @param	string
-	* @return	bool
-	*/
-	protected function _valid_ipv6($str)
+	 * Validate IP Address
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$ip	IP address
+	 * @param	string	$which	IP protocol: 'ipv4' or 'ipv6'
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function valid_ip($ip, $which = '')
 	{
-		// 8 groups, separated by :
-		// 0-ffff per group
-		// one set of consecutive 0 groups can be collapsed to ::
-
-		$groups = 8;
-		$collapsed = FALSE;
-
-		$chunks = array_filter(
-			preg_split('/(:{1,2})/', $str, NULL, PREG_SPLIT_DELIM_CAPTURE)
-		);
-
-		// Rule out easy nonsense
-		if (current($chunks) == ':' OR end($chunks) == ':')
-		{
-			return FALSE;
-		}
-
-		// PHP supports IPv4-mapped IPv6 addresses, so we'll expect those as well
-		if (strpos(end($chunks), '.') !== FALSE)
+		switch (strtolower($which))
 		{
-			$ipv4 = array_pop($chunks);
-
-			if ( ! $this->_valid_ipv4($ipv4))
-			{
-				return FALSE;
-			}
-
-			$groups--;
+			case 'ipv4':
+				$which = FILTER_FLAG_IPV4;
+				break;
+			case 'ipv6':
+				$which = FILTER_FLAG_IPV6;
+				break;
+			default:
+				$which = NULL;
+				break;
 		}
 
-		while ($seg = array_pop($chunks))
-		{
-			if ($seg[0] == ':')
-			{
-				if (--$groups == 0)
-				{
-					return FALSE;	// too many groups
-				}
-
-				if (strlen($seg) > 2)
-				{
-					return FALSE;	// long separator
-				}
-
-				if ($seg == '::')
-				{
-					if ($collapsed)
-					{
-						return FALSE;	// multiple collapsed
-					}
-
-					$collapsed = TRUE;
-				}
-			}
-			elseif (preg_match("/[^0-9a-f]/i", $seg) OR strlen($seg) > 4)
-			{
-				return FALSE; // invalid segment
-			}
-		}
-
-		return $collapsed OR $groups == 1;
+		return (bool) filter_var($ip, FILTER_VALIDATE_IP, $which);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	* User Agent
-	*
-	* @access	public
-	* @return	string
-	*/
-	function user_agent()
+	 * Fetch User Agent string
+	 *
+	 * @return	string|null	User Agent string or NULL if it doesn't exist
+	 */
+	public function user_agent($xss_clean = NULL)
 	{
-		if ($this->user_agent !== FALSE)
-		{
-			return $this->user_agent;
-		}
-
-		$this->user_agent = ( ! isset($_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT'])) ? FALSE : $_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT'];
-
-		return $this->user_agent;
+		return $this->_fetch_from_array($_SERVER, 'HTTP_USER_AGENT', $xss_clean);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	* Sanitize Globals
-	*
-	* This function does the following:
-	*
-	* Unsets $_GET data (if query strings are not enabled)
-	*
-	* Unsets all globals if register_globals is enabled
-	*
-	* Standardizes newline characters to \n
-	*
-	* @access	private
-	* @return	void
-	*/
-	function _sanitize_globals()
+	 * Sanitize Globals
+	 *
+	 * Internal method serving for the following purposes:
+	 *
+	 *	- Unsets $_GET data, if query strings are not enabled
+	 *	- Cleans POST, COOKIE and SERVER data
+	 * 	- Standardizes newline characters to PHP_EOL
+	 *
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _sanitize_globals()
 	{
-		// It would be "wrong" to unset any of these GLOBALS.
-		$protected = array('_SERVER', '_GET', '_POST', '_FILES', '_REQUEST',
-							'_SESSION', '_ENV', 'GLOBALS', 'HTTP_RAW_POST_DATA',
-							'system_folder', 'application_folder', 'BM', 'EXT',
-							'CFG', 'URI', 'RTR', 'OUT', 'IN');
-
-		// Unset globals for securiy.
-		// This is effectively the same as register_globals = off
-		foreach (array($_GET, $_POST, $_COOKIE) as $global)
-		{
-			if ( ! is_array($global))
-			{
-				if ( ! in_array($global, $protected))
-				{
-					global $$global;
-					$$global = NULL;
-				}
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				foreach ($global as $key => $val)
-				{
-					if ( ! in_array($key, $protected))
-					{
-						global $$key;
-						$$key = NULL;
-					}
-				}
-			}
-		}
-
 		// Is $_GET data allowed? If not we'll set the $_GET to an empty array
-		if ($this->_allow_get_array == FALSE)
+		if ($this->_allow_get_array === FALSE)
 		{
 			$_GET = array();
 		}
-		else
+		elseif (is_array($_GET))
 		{
-			if (is_array($_GET) AND count($_GET) > 0)
+			foreach ($_GET as $key => $val)
 			{
-				foreach ($_GET as $key => $val)
-				{
-					$_GET[$this->_clean_input_keys($key)] = $this->_clean_input_data($val);
-				}
+				$_GET[$this->_clean_input_keys($key)] = $this->_clean_input_data($val);
 			}
 		}
 
 		// Clean $_POST Data
-		if (is_array($_POST) AND count($_POST) > 0)
+		if (is_array($_POST))
 		{
 			foreach ($_POST as $key => $val)
 			{
@@ -620,56 +622,57 @@ class CI_Input {
 		}
 
 		// Clean $_COOKIE Data
-		if (is_array($_COOKIE) AND count($_COOKIE) > 0)
+		if (is_array($_COOKIE))
 		{
 			// Also get rid of specially treated cookies that might be set by a server
 			// or silly application, that are of no use to a CI application anyway
 			// but that when present will trip our 'Disallowed Key Characters' alarm
 			// http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2109.txt
 			// note that the key names below are single quoted strings, and are not PHP variables
-			unset($_COOKIE['$Version']);
-			unset($_COOKIE['$Path']);
-			unset($_COOKIE['$Domain']);
+			unset(
+				$_COOKIE['$Version'],
+				$_COOKIE['$Path'],
+				$_COOKIE['$Domain']
+			);
 
 			foreach ($_COOKIE as $key => $val)
 			{
-				$_COOKIE[$this->_clean_input_keys($key)] = $this->_clean_input_data($val);
+				if (($cookie_key = $this->_clean_input_keys($key)) !== FALSE)
+				{
+					$_COOKIE[$cookie_key] = $this->_clean_input_data($val);
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					unset($_COOKIE[$key]);
+				}
 			}
 		}
 
 		// Sanitize PHP_SELF
 		$_SERVER['PHP_SELF'] = strip_tags($_SERVER['PHP_SELF']);
 
-
-		// CSRF Protection check on HTTP requests
-		if ($this->_enable_csrf == TRUE && ! $this->is_cli_request())
-		{
-			$this->security->csrf_verify();
-		}
-
-		log_message('debug', "Global POST and COOKIE data sanitized");
+		log_message('debug', 'Global POST, GET and COOKIE data sanitized');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	* Clean Input Data
-	*
-	* This is a helper function. It escapes data and
-	* standardizes newline characters to \n
-	*
-	* @access	private
-	* @param	string
-	* @return	string
-	*/
-	function _clean_input_data($str)
+	 * Clean Input Data
+	 *
+	 * Internal method that aids in escaping data and
+	 * standardizing newline characters to PHP_EOL.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string|string[]	$str	Input string(s)
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _clean_input_data($str)
 	{
 		if (is_array($str))
 		{
 			$new_array = array();
-			foreach ($str as $key => $val)
+			foreach (array_keys($str) as $key)
 			{
-				$new_array[$this->_clean_input_keys($key)] = $this->_clean_input_data($val);
+				$new_array[$this->_clean_input_keys($key)] = $this->_clean_input_data($str[$key]);
 			}
 			return $new_array;
 		}
@@ -677,7 +680,7 @@ class CI_Input {
 		/* We strip slashes if magic quotes is on to keep things consistent
 
 		   NOTE: In PHP 5.4 get_magic_quotes_gpc() will always return 0 and
-			 it will probably not exist in future versions at all.
+		         it will probably not exist in future versions at all.
 		*/
 		if ( ! is_php('5.4') && get_magic_quotes_gpc())
 		{
@@ -691,21 +694,12 @@ class CI_Input {
 		}
 
 		// Remove control characters
-		$str = remove_invisible_characters($str, false);
-
-		// Should we filter the input data?
-		if ($this->_enable_xss === TRUE)
-		{
-			$str = $this->security->xss_clean($str);
-		}
+		$str = remove_invisible_characters($str, FALSE);
 
 		// Standardize newlines if needed
-		if ($this->_standardize_newlines == TRUE)
+		if ($this->_standardize_newlines === TRUE)
 		{
-			if (strpos($str, "\r") !== FALSE)
-			{
-				$str = str_replace(array("\r\n", "\r", "\r\n\n"), PHP_EOL, $str);
-			}
+			return preg_replace('/(?:\r\n|[\r\n])/', PHP_EOL, $str);
 		}
 
 		return $str;
@@ -714,27 +708,38 @@ class CI_Input {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	* Clean Keys
-	*
-	* This is a helper function. To prevent malicious users
-	* from trying to exploit keys we make sure that keys are
-	* only named with alpha-numeric text and a few other items.
-	*
-	* @access	private
-	* @param	string
-	* @return	string
-	*/
-	function _clean_input_keys($str)
+	 * Clean Keys
+	 *
+	 * Internal method that helps to prevent malicious users
+	 * from trying to exploit keys we make sure that keys are
+	 * only named with alpha-numeric text and a few other items.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$str	Input string
+	 * @param	bool	$fatal	Whether to terminate script exection
+	 *				or to return FALSE if an invalid
+	 *				key is encountered
+	 * @return	string|bool
+	 */
+	protected function _clean_input_keys($str, $fatal = TRUE)
 	{
-		if ( ! preg_match("/^[a-z0-9:_\/-]+$/i", $str))
+		if ( ! preg_match('/^[a-z0-9:_\/|-]+$/i', $str))
 		{
-			exit('Disallowed Key Characters.');
+			if ($fatal === TRUE)
+			{
+				return FALSE;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				set_status_header(503);
+				echo 'Disallowed Key Characters.';
+				exit(7); // EXIT_USER_INPUT
+			}
 		}
 
 		// Clean UTF-8 if supported
 		if (UTF8_ENABLED === TRUE)
 		{
-			$str = $this->uni->clean_string($str);
+			return $this->uni->clean_string($str);
 		}
 
 		return $str;
@@ -745,43 +750,40 @@ class CI_Input {
 	/**
 	 * Request Headers
 	 *
-	 * In Apache, you can simply call apache_request_headers(), however for
-	 * people running other webservers the function is undefined.
-	 *
-	 * @param	bool XSS cleaning
-	 *
-	 * @return array
+	 * @param	bool	$xss_clean	Whether to apply XSS filtering
+	 * @return	array
 	 */
 	public function request_headers($xss_clean = FALSE)
 	{
-		// Look at Apache go!
+		// If header is already defined, return it immediately
+		if ( ! empty($this->headers))
+		{
+			return $this->_fetch_from_array($this->headers, NULL, $xss_clean);
+		}
+
+		// In Apache, you can simply call apache_request_headers()
 		if (function_exists('apache_request_headers'))
 		{
-			$headers = apache_request_headers();
+			$this->headers = apache_request_headers();
 		}
 		else
 		{
-			$headers['Content-Type'] = (isset($_SERVER['CONTENT_TYPE'])) ? $_SERVER['CONTENT_TYPE'] : @getenv('CONTENT_TYPE');
+			isset($_SERVER['CONTENT_TYPE']) && $this->headers['Content-Type'] = $_SERVER['CONTENT_TYPE'];
 
 			foreach ($_SERVER as $key => $val)
 			{
-				if (strncmp($key, 'HTTP_', 5) === 0)
+				if (sscanf($key, 'HTTP_%s', $header) === 1)
 				{
-					$headers[substr($key, 5)] = $this->_fetch_from_array($_SERVER, $key, $xss_clean);
+					// take SOME_HEADER and turn it into Some-Header
+					$header = str_replace('_', ' ', strtolower($header));
+					$header = str_replace(' ', '-', ucwords($header));
+
+					$this->headers[$header] = $_SERVER[$key];
 				}
 			}
 		}
 
-		// take SOME_HEADER and turn it into Some-Header
-		foreach ($headers as $key => $val)
-		{
-			$key = str_replace('_', ' ', strtolower($key));
-			$key = str_replace(' ', '-', ucwords($key));
-
-			$this->headers[$key] = $val;
-		}
-
-		return $this->headers;
+		return $this->_fetch_from_array($this->headers, NULL, $xss_clean);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -791,59 +793,103 @@ class CI_Input {
 	 *
 	 * Returns the value of a single member of the headers class member
 	 *
-	 * @param 	string		array key for $this->headers
-	 * @param	boolean		XSS Clean or not
-	 * @return 	mixed		FALSE on failure, string on success
+	 * @param	string		$index		Header name
+	 * @param	bool		$xss_clean	Whether to apply XSS filtering
+	 * @return	string|null	The requested header on success or NULL on failure
 	 */
 	public function get_request_header($index, $xss_clean = FALSE)
 	{
-		if (empty($this->headers))
-		{
-			$this->request_headers();
-		}
+		static $headers;
 
-		if ( ! isset($this->headers[$index]))
+		if ( ! isset($headers))
 		{
-			return FALSE;
+			empty($this->headers) && $this->request_headers();
+			foreach ($this->headers as $key => $value)
+			{
+				$headers[strtolower($key)] = $value;
+			}
 		}
 
-		if ($xss_clean === TRUE)
+		$index = strtolower($index);
+
+		if ( ! isset($headers[$index]))
 		{
-			return $this->security->xss_clean($this->headers[$index]);
+			return NULL;
 		}
 
-		return $this->headers[$index];
+		return ($xss_clean === TRUE)
+			? $this->security->xss_clean($headers[$index])
+			: $headers[$index];
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Is ajax Request?
+	 * Is AJAX request?
 	 *
-	 * Test to see if a request contains the HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH header
+	 * Test to see if a request contains the HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH header.
 	 *
-	 * @return 	boolean
+	 * @return 	bool
 	 */
 	public function is_ajax_request()
 	{
-		return ($this->server('HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH') === 'XMLHttpRequest');
+		return ( ! empty($_SERVER['HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH']) && strtolower($_SERVER['HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH']) === 'xmlhttprequest');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Is cli Request?
+	 * Is CLI request?
 	 *
-	 * Test to see if a request was made from the command line
+	 * Test to see if a request was made from the command line.
 	 *
-	 * @return 	bool
+	 * @deprecated	3.0.0	Use is_cli() instead
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function is_cli_request()
 	{
-		return (php_sapi_name() === 'cli' OR defined('STDIN'));
+		return is_cli();
 	}
 
-}
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/* End of file Input.php */
-/* Location: ./system/core/Input.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+	/**
+	 * Get Request Method
+	 *
+	 * Return the request method
+	 *
+	 * @param	bool	$upper	Whether to return in upper or lower case
+	 *				(default: FALSE)
+	 * @return 	string
+	 */
+	public function method($upper = FALSE)
+	{
+		return ($upper)
+			? strtoupper($this->server('REQUEST_METHOD'))
+			: strtolower($this->server('REQUEST_METHOD'));
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Magic __get()
+	 *
+	 * Allows read access to protected properties
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$name
+	 * @return	mixed
+	 */
+	public function __get($name)
+	{
+		if ($name === 'raw_input_stream')
+		{
+			isset($this->_raw_input_stream) OR $this->_raw_input_stream = file_get_contents('php://input');
+			return $this->_raw_input_stream;
+		}
+		elseif ($name === 'ip_address')
+		{
+			return $this->ip_address;
+		}
+	}
+
+}
diff --git a/system/core/Lang.php b/system/core/Lang.php
index ef5d1080c..569b02368 100644
--- a/system/core/Lang.php
+++ b/system/core/Lang.php
@@ -1,19 +1,41 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.0.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * Language Class
@@ -21,32 +43,33 @@
  * @package		CodeIgniter
  * @subpackage	Libraries
  * @category	Language
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/language.html
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/language.html
  */
 class CI_Lang {
 
 	/**
 	 * List of translations
 	 *
-	 * @var array
+	 * @var	array
 	 */
-	var $language	= array();
+	public $language =	array();
+
 	/**
 	 * List of loaded language files
 	 *
-	 * @var array
+	 * @var	array
 	 */
-	var $is_loaded	= array();
+	public $is_loaded =	array();
 
 	/**
-	 * Constructor
+	 * Class constructor
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function __construct()
+	public function __construct()
 	{
-		log_message('debug', "Language Class Initialized");
+		log_message('info', 'Language Class Initialized');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -54,98 +77,122 @@ class CI_Lang {
 	/**
 	 * Load a language file
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	mixed	the name of the language file to be loaded. Can be an array
-	 * @param	string	the language (english, etc.)
-	 * @param	bool	return loaded array of translations
-	 * @param 	bool	add suffix to $langfile
-	 * @param 	string	alternative path to look for language file
-	 * @return	mixed
+	 * @param	mixed	$langfile	Language file name
+	 * @param	string	$idiom		Language name (english, etc.)
+	 * @param	bool	$return		Whether to return the loaded array of translations
+	 * @param 	bool	$add_suffix	Whether to add suffix to $langfile
+	 * @param 	string	$alt_path	Alternative path to look for the language file
+	 *
+	 * @return	void|string[]	Array containing translations, if $return is set to TRUE
 	 */
-	function load($langfile = '', $idiom = '', $return = FALSE, $add_suffix = TRUE, $alt_path = '')
+	public function load($langfile, $idiom = '', $return = FALSE, $add_suffix = TRUE, $alt_path = '')
 	{
+		if (is_array($langfile))
+		{
+			foreach ($langfile as $value)
+			{
+				$this->load($value, $idiom, $return, $add_suffix, $alt_path);
+			}
+
+			return;
+		}
+
 		$langfile = str_replace('.php', '', $langfile);
 
-		if ($add_suffix == TRUE)
+		if ($add_suffix === TRUE)
 		{
-			$langfile = str_replace('_lang.', '', $langfile).'_lang';
+			$langfile = preg_replace('/_lang$/', '', $langfile).'_lang';
 		}
 
 		$langfile .= '.php';
 
-		if (in_array($langfile, $this->is_loaded, TRUE))
+		if (empty($idiom) OR ! preg_match('/^[a-z_-]+$/i', $idiom))
 		{
-			return;
+			$config =& get_config();
+			$idiom = empty($config['language']) ? 'english' : $config['language'];
 		}
 
-		$config =& get_config();
+		if ($return === FALSE && isset($this->is_loaded[$langfile]) && $this->is_loaded[$langfile] === $idiom)
+		{
+			return;
+		}
 
-		if ($idiom == '')
+		// Load the base file, so any others found can override it
+		$basepath = BASEPATH.'language/'.$idiom.'/'.$langfile;
+		if (($found = file_exists($basepath)) === TRUE)
 		{
-			$deft_lang = ( ! isset($config['language'])) ? 'english' : $config['language'];
-			$idiom = ($deft_lang == '') ? 'english' : $deft_lang;
+			include($basepath);
 		}
 
-		// Determine where the language file is and load it
-		if ($alt_path != '' && file_exists($alt_path.'language/'.$idiom.'/'.$langfile))
+		// Do we have an alternative path to look in?
+		if ($alt_path !== '')
 		{
-			include($alt_path.'language/'.$idiom.'/'.$langfile);
+			$alt_path .= 'language/'.$idiom.'/'.$langfile;
+			if (file_exists($alt_path))
+			{
+				include($alt_path);
+				$found = TRUE;
+			}
 		}
 		else
 		{
-			$found = FALSE;
-
 			foreach (get_instance()->load->get_package_paths(TRUE) as $package_path)
 			{
-				if (file_exists($package_path.'language/'.$idiom.'/'.$langfile))
+				$package_path .= 'language/'.$idiom.'/'.$langfile;
+				if ($basepath !== $package_path && file_exists($package_path))
 				{
-					include($package_path.'language/'.$idiom.'/'.$langfile);
+					include($package_path);
 					$found = TRUE;
 					break;
 				}
 			}
-
-			if ($found !== TRUE)
-			{
-				show_error('Unable to load the requested language file: language/'.$idiom.'/'.$langfile);
-			}
 		}
 
+		if ($found !== TRUE)
+		{
+			show_error('Unable to load the requested language file: language/'.$idiom.'/'.$langfile);
+		}
 
-		if ( ! isset($lang))
+		if ( ! isset($lang) OR ! is_array($lang))
 		{
 			log_message('error', 'Language file contains no data: language/'.$idiom.'/'.$langfile);
+
+			if ($return === TRUE)
+			{
+				return array();
+			}
 			return;
 		}
 
-		if ($return == TRUE)
+		if ($return === TRUE)
 		{
 			return $lang;
 		}
 
-		$this->is_loaded[] = $langfile;
+		$this->is_loaded[$langfile] = $idiom;
 		$this->language = array_merge($this->language, $lang);
-		unset($lang);
 
-		log_message('debug', 'Language file loaded: language/'.$idiom.'/'.$langfile);
+		log_message('info', 'Language file loaded: language/'.$idiom.'/'.$langfile);
 		return TRUE;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Fetch a single line of text from the language array
+	 * Language line
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	$line	the language line
-	 * @return	string
+	 * Fetches a single line of text from the language array
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$line		Language line key
+	 * @param	bool	$log_errors	Whether to log an error message if the line is not found
+	 * @return	string	Translation
 	 */
-	function line($line = '')
+	public function line($line, $log_errors = TRUE)
 	{
-		$value = ($line == '' OR ! isset($this->language[$line])) ? FALSE : $this->language[$line];
+		$value = isset($this->language[$line]) ? $this->language[$line] : FALSE;
 
 		// Because killer robots like unicorns!
-		if ($value === FALSE)
+		if ($value === FALSE && $log_errors === TRUE)
 		{
 			log_message('error', 'Could not find the language line "'.$line.'"');
 		}
@@ -154,7 +201,3 @@ class CI_Lang {
 	}
 
 }
-// END Language Class
-
-/* End of file Lang.php */
-/* Location: ./system/core/Lang.php */
diff --git a/system/core/Loader.php b/system/core/Loader.php
index b5b0634e6..5ed6adb48 100644
--- a/system/core/Loader.php
+++ b/system/core/Loader.php
@@ -1,30 +1,52 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.0.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * Loader Class
  *
- * Loads views and files
+ * Loads framework components.
  *
  * @package		CodeIgniter
  * @subpackage	Libraries
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
  * @category	Loader
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/loader.html
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/loader.html
  */
 class CI_Loader {
 
@@ -32,126 +54,107 @@ class CI_Loader {
 	/**
 	 * Nesting level of the output buffering mechanism
 	 *
-	 * @var int
-	 * @access protected
+	 * @var	int
 	 */
 	protected $_ci_ob_level;
+
 	/**
 	 * List of paths to load views from
 	 *
-	 * @var array
-	 * @access protected
+	 * @var	array
 	 */
-	protected $_ci_view_paths		= array();
+	protected $_ci_view_paths =	array(VIEWPATH	=> TRUE);
+
 	/**
 	 * List of paths to load libraries from
 	 *
-	 * @var array
-	 * @access protected
+	 * @var	array
 	 */
-	protected $_ci_library_paths	= array();
+	protected $_ci_library_paths =	array(APPPATH, BASEPATH);
+
 	/**
 	 * List of paths to load models from
 	 *
-	 * @var array
-	 * @access protected
+	 * @var	array
 	 */
-	protected $_ci_model_paths		= array();
+	protected $_ci_model_paths =	array(APPPATH);
+
 	/**
 	 * List of paths to load helpers from
 	 *
-	 * @var array
-	 * @access protected
+	 * @var	array
 	 */
-	protected $_ci_helper_paths		= array();
-	/**
-	 * List of loaded base classes
-	 * Set by the controller class
-	 *
-	 * @var array
-	 * @access protected
-	 */
-	protected $_base_classes		= array(); // Set by the controller class
+	protected $_ci_helper_paths =	array(APPPATH, BASEPATH);
+
 	/**
 	 * List of cached variables
 	 *
-	 * @var array
-	 * @access protected
+	 * @var	array
 	 */
-	protected $_ci_cached_vars		= array();
+	protected $_ci_cached_vars =	array();
+
 	/**
 	 * List of loaded classes
 	 *
-	 * @var array
-	 * @access protected
+	 * @var	array
 	 */
-	protected $_ci_classes			= array();
-	/**
-	 * List of loaded files
-	 *
-	 * @var array
-	 * @access protected
-	 */
-	protected $_ci_loaded_files		= array();
+	protected $_ci_classes =	array();
+
 	/**
 	 * List of loaded models
 	 *
-	 * @var array
-	 * @access protected
+	 * @var	array
 	 */
-	protected $_ci_models			= array();
+	protected $_ci_models =	array();
+
 	/**
 	 * List of loaded helpers
 	 *
-	 * @var array
-	 * @access protected
+	 * @var	array
 	 */
-	protected $_ci_helpers			= array();
+	protected $_ci_helpers =	array();
+
 	/**
 	 * List of class name mappings
 	 *
-	 * @var array
-	 * @access protected
+	 * @var	array
 	 */
-	protected $_ci_varmap			= array('unit_test' => 'unit',
-											'user_agent' => 'agent');
+	protected $_ci_varmap =	array(
+		'unit_test' => 'unit',
+		'user_agent' => 'agent'
+	);
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Constructor
+	 * Class constructor
+	 *
+	 * Sets component load paths, gets the initial output buffering level.
 	 *
-	 * Sets the path to the view files and gets the initial output buffering level
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function __construct()
 	{
-		$this->_ci_ob_level  = ob_get_level();
-		$this->_ci_library_paths = array(APPPATH, BASEPATH);
-		$this->_ci_helper_paths = array(APPPATH, BASEPATH);
-		$this->_ci_model_paths = array(APPPATH);
-		$this->_ci_view_paths = array(APPPATH.'views/'	=> TRUE);
+		$this->_ci_ob_level = ob_get_level();
+		$this->_ci_classes =& is_loaded();
 
-		log_message('debug', "Loader Class Initialized");
+		log_message('info', 'Loader Class Initialized');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Initialize the Loader
-	 *
-	 * This method is called once in CI_Controller.
+	 * Initializer
 	 *
-	 * @param 	array
-	 * @return 	object
+	 * @todo	Figure out a way to move this to the constructor
+	 *		without breaking *package_path*() methods.
+	 * @uses	CI_Loader::_ci_autoloader()
+	 * @used-by	CI_Controller::__construct()
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function initialize()
 	{
-		$this->_ci_classes = array();
-		$this->_ci_loaded_files = array();
-		$this->_ci_models = array();
-		$this->_base_classes =& is_loaded();
-
 		$this->_ci_autoloader();
-
-		return $this;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -159,61 +162,61 @@ class CI_Loader {
 	/**
 	 * Is Loaded
 	 *
-	 * A utility function to test if a class is in the self::$_ci_classes array.
-	 * This function returns the object name if the class tested for is loaded,
-	 * and returns FALSE if it isn't.
+	 * A utility method to test if a class is in the self::$_ci_classes array.
 	 *
-	 * It is mainly used in the form_helper -> _get_validation_object()
+	 * @used-by	Mainly used by Form Helper function _get_validation_object().
 	 *
-	 * @param 	string	class being checked for
-	 * @return 	mixed	class object name on the CI SuperObject or FALSE
+	 * @param 	string		$class	Class name to check for
+	 * @return 	string|bool	Class object name if loaded or FALSE
 	 */
 	public function is_loaded($class)
 	{
-		if (isset($this->_ci_classes[$class]))
-		{
-			return $this->_ci_classes[$class];
-		}
-
-		return FALSE;
+		return array_search(ucfirst($class), $this->_ci_classes, TRUE);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Class Loader
+	 * Library Loader
 	 *
-	 * This function lets users load and instantiate classes.
-	 * It is designed to be called from a user's app controllers.
+	 * Loads and instantiates libraries.
+	 * Designed to be called from application controllers.
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the name of the class
-	 * @param	mixed	the optional parameters
-	 * @param	string	an optional object name
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @param	string	$library	Library name
+	 * @param	array	$params		Optional parameters to pass to the library class constructor
+	 * @param	string	$object_name	An optional object name to assign to
+	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	public function library($library = '', $params = NULL, $object_name = NULL)
+	public function library($library, $params = NULL, $object_name = NULL)
 	{
-		if (is_array($library))
+		if (empty($library))
+		{
+			return $this;
+		}
+		elseif (is_array($library))
 		{
-			foreach ($library as $class)
+			foreach ($library as $key => $value)
 			{
-				$this->library($class, $params);
+				if (is_int($key))
+				{
+					$this->library($value, $params);
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					$this->library($key, $params, $value);
+				}
 			}
 
-			return;
-		}
-
-		if ($library == '' OR isset($this->_base_classes[$library]))
-		{
-			return FALSE;
+			return $this;
 		}
 
-		if ( ! is_null($params) && ! is_array($params))
+		if ($params !== NULL && ! is_array($params))
 		{
 			$params = NULL;
 		}
 
-		$this->_ci_load_class($library, $params, $object_name);
+		$this->_ci_load_library($library, $params, $object_name);
+		return $this;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -221,27 +224,27 @@ class CI_Loader {
 	/**
 	 * Model Loader
 	 *
-	 * This function lets users load and instantiate models.
+	 * Loads and instantiates models.
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the name of the class
-	 * @param	string	name for the model
-	 * @param	bool	database connection
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @param	string	$model		Model name
+	 * @param	string	$name		An optional object name to assign to
+	 * @param	bool	$db_conn	An optional database connection configuration to initialize
+	 * @return	object
 	 */
 	public function model($model, $name = '', $db_conn = FALSE)
 	{
-		if (is_array($model))
+		if (empty($model))
 		{
-			foreach ($model as $babe)
+			return $this;
+		}
+		elseif (is_array($model))
+		{
+			foreach ($model as $key => $value)
 			{
-				$this->model($babe);
+				is_int($key) ? $this->model($value, '', $db_conn) : $this->model($key, $value, $db_conn);
 			}
-			return;
-		}
 
-		if ($model == '')
-		{
-			return;
+			return $this;
 		}
 
 		$path = '';
@@ -250,64 +253,105 @@ class CI_Loader {
 		if (($last_slash = strrpos($model, '/')) !== FALSE)
 		{
 			// The path is in front of the last slash
-			$path = substr($model, 0, $last_slash + 1);
+			$path = substr($model, 0, ++$last_slash);
 
 			// And the model name behind it
-			$model = substr($model, $last_slash + 1);
+			$model = substr($model, $last_slash);
 		}
 
-		if ($name == '')
+		if (empty($name))
 		{
 			$name = $model;
 		}
 
 		if (in_array($name, $this->_ci_models, TRUE))
 		{
-			return;
+			return $this;
 		}
 
 		$CI =& get_instance();
 		if (isset($CI->$name))
 		{
-			show_error('The model name you are loading is the name of a resource that is already being used: '.$name);
+			throw new RuntimeException('The model name you are loading is the name of a resource that is already being used: '.$name);
 		}
 
-		$model = strtolower($model);
-
-		foreach ($this->_ci_model_paths as $mod_path)
+		if ($db_conn !== FALSE && ! class_exists('CI_DB', FALSE))
 		{
-			if ( ! file_exists($mod_path.'models/'.$path.$model.'.php'))
+			if ($db_conn === TRUE)
 			{
-				continue;
+				$db_conn = '';
 			}
 
-			if ($db_conn !== FALSE AND ! class_exists('CI_DB'))
+			$this->database($db_conn, FALSE, TRUE);
+		}
+
+		// Note: All of the code under this condition used to be just:
+		//
+		//       load_class('Model', 'core');
+		//
+		//       However, load_class() instantiates classes
+		//       to cache them for later use and that prevents
+		//       MY_Model from being an abstract class and is
+		//       sub-optimal otherwise anyway.
+		if ( ! class_exists('CI_Model', FALSE))
+		{
+			$app_path = APPPATH.'core'.DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR;
+			if (file_exists($app_path.'Model.php'))
 			{
-				if ($db_conn === TRUE)
+				require_once($app_path.'Model.php');
+				if ( ! class_exists('CI_Model', FALSE))
 				{
-					$db_conn = '';
+					throw new RuntimeException($app_path."Model.php exists, but doesn't declare class CI_Model");
 				}
-
-				$CI->load->database($db_conn, FALSE, TRUE);
+			}
+			elseif ( ! class_exists('CI_Model', FALSE))
+			{
+				require_once(BASEPATH.'core'.DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR.'Model.php');
 			}
 
-			if ( ! class_exists('CI_Model'))
+			$class = config_item('subclass_prefix').'Model';
+			if (file_exists($app_path.$class.'.php'))
 			{
-				load_class('Model', 'core');
+				require_once($app_path.$class.'.php');
+				if ( ! class_exists($class, FALSE))
+				{
+					throw new RuntimeException($app_path.$class.".php exists, but doesn't declare class ".$class);
+				}
 			}
+		}
 
-			require_once($mod_path.'models/'.$path.$model.'.php');
+		$model = ucfirst($model);
+		if ( ! class_exists($model, FALSE))
+		{
+			foreach ($this->_ci_model_paths as $mod_path)
+			{
+				if ( ! file_exists($mod_path.'models/'.$path.$model.'.php'))
+				{
+					continue;
+				}
 
-			$model = ucfirst($model);
+				require_once($mod_path.'models/'.$path.$model.'.php');
+				if ( ! class_exists($model, FALSE))
+				{
+					throw new RuntimeException($mod_path."models/".$path.$model.".php exists, but doesn't declare class ".$model);
+				}
 
-			$CI->$name = new $model();
+				break;
+			}
 
-			$this->_ci_models[] = $name;
-			return;
+			if ( ! class_exists($model, FALSE))
+			{
+				throw new RuntimeException('Unable to locate the model you have specified: '.$model);
+			}
+		}
+		elseif ( ! is_subclass_of($model, 'CI_Model'))
+		{
+			throw new RuntimeException("Class ".$model." already exists and doesn't extend CI_Model");
 		}
 
-		// couldn't find the model
-		show_error('Unable to locate the model you have specified: '.$model);
+		$this->_ci_models[] = $name;
+		$CI->$name = new $model();
+		return $this;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -315,18 +359,21 @@ class CI_Loader {
 	/**
 	 * Database Loader
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the DB credentials
-	 * @param	bool	whether to return the DB object
-	 * @param	bool	whether to enable active record (this allows us to override the config setting)
-	 * @return	object
+	 * @param	mixed	$params		Database configuration options
+	 * @param	bool	$return 	Whether to return the database object
+	 * @param	bool	$query_builder	Whether to enable Query Builder
+	 *					(overrides the configuration setting)
+	 *
+	 * @return	object|bool	Database object if $return is set to TRUE,
+	 *					FALSE on failure, CI_Loader instance in any other case
 	 */
-	public function database($params = '', $return = FALSE, $active_record = NULL)
+	public function database($params = '', $return = FALSE, $query_builder = NULL)
 	{
 		// Grab the super object
 		$CI =& get_instance();
 
 		// Do we even need to load the database class?
-		if (class_exists('CI_DB') AND $return == FALSE AND $active_record == NULL AND isset($CI->db) AND is_object($CI->db))
+		if ($return === FALSE && $query_builder === NULL && isset($CI->db) && is_object($CI->db) && ! empty($CI->db->conn_id))
 		{
 			return FALSE;
 		}
@@ -335,42 +382,48 @@ class CI_Loader {
 
 		if ($return === TRUE)
 		{
-			return DB($params, $active_record);
+			return DB($params, $query_builder);
 		}
 
-		// Initialize the db variable.  Needed to prevent
+		// Initialize the db variable. Needed to prevent
 		// reference errors with some configurations
 		$CI->db = '';
 
 		// Load the DB class
-		$CI->db =& DB($params, $active_record);
+		$CI->db =& DB($params, $query_builder);
+		return $this;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Load the Utilities Class
+	 * Load the Database Utilities Class
 	 *
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @param	object	$db	Database object
+	 * @param	bool	$return	Whether to return the DB Utilities class object or not
+	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	public function dbutil()
+	public function dbutil($db = NULL, $return = FALSE)
 	{
-		if ( ! class_exists('CI_DB'))
-		{
-			$this->database();
-		}
-
 		$CI =& get_instance();
 
-		// for backwards compatibility, load dbforge so we can extend dbutils off it
-		// this use is deprecated and strongly discouraged
-		$CI->load->dbforge();
+		if ( ! is_object($db) OR ! ($db instanceof CI_DB))
+		{
+			class_exists('CI_DB', FALSE) OR $this->database();
+			$db =& $CI->db;
+		}
 
 		require_once(BASEPATH.'database/DB_utility.php');
-		require_once(BASEPATH.'database/drivers/'.$CI->db->dbdriver.'/'.$CI->db->dbdriver.'_utility.php');
-		$class = 'CI_DB_'.$CI->db->dbdriver.'_utility';
+		require_once(BASEPATH.'database/drivers/'.$db->dbdriver.'/'.$db->dbdriver.'_utility.php');
+		$class = 'CI_DB_'.$db->dbdriver.'_utility';
 
-		$CI->dbutil = new $class();
+		if ($return === TRUE)
+		{
+			return new $class($db);
+		}
+
+		$CI->dbutil = new $class($db);
+		return $this;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -378,57 +431,72 @@ class CI_Loader {
 	/**
 	 * Load the Database Forge Class
 	 *
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @param	object	$db	Database object
+	 * @param	bool	$return	Whether to return the DB Forge class object or not
+	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	public function dbforge()
+	public function dbforge($db = NULL, $return = FALSE)
 	{
-		if ( ! class_exists('CI_DB'))
+		$CI =& get_instance();
+		if ( ! is_object($db) OR ! ($db instanceof CI_DB))
 		{
-			$this->database();
+			class_exists('CI_DB', FALSE) OR $this->database();
+			$db =& $CI->db;
 		}
 
-		$CI =& get_instance();
-
 		require_once(BASEPATH.'database/DB_forge.php');
-		require_once(BASEPATH.'database/drivers/'.$CI->db->dbdriver.'/'.$CI->db->dbdriver.'_forge.php');
-		$class = 'CI_DB_'.$CI->db->dbdriver.'_forge';
+		require_once(BASEPATH.'database/drivers/'.$db->dbdriver.'/'.$db->dbdriver.'_forge.php');
 
-		$CI->dbforge = new $class();
+		if ( ! empty($db->subdriver))
+		{
+			$driver_path = BASEPATH.'database/drivers/'.$db->dbdriver.'/subdrivers/'.$db->dbdriver.'_'.$db->subdriver.'_forge.php';
+			if (file_exists($driver_path))
+			{
+				require_once($driver_path);
+				$class = 'CI_DB_'.$db->dbdriver.'_'.$db->subdriver.'_forge';
+			}
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			$class = 'CI_DB_'.$db->dbdriver.'_forge';
+		}
+
+		if ($return === TRUE)
+		{
+			return new $class($db);
+		}
+
+		$CI->dbforge = new $class($db);
+		return $this;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Load View
+	 * View Loader
 	 *
-	 * This function is used to load a "view" file.  It has three parameters:
+	 * Loads "view" files.
 	 *
-	 * 1. The name of the "view" file to be included.
-	 * 2. An associative array of data to be extracted for use in the view.
-	 * 3. TRUE/FALSE - whether to return the data or load it.  In
-	 * some cases it's advantageous to be able to return data so that
-	 * a developer can process it in some way.
-	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	array
-	 * @param	bool
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @param	string	$view	View name
+	 * @param	array	$vars	An associative array of data
+	 *				to be extracted for use in the view
+	 * @param	bool	$return	Whether to return the view output
+	 *				or leave it to the Output class
+	 * @return	object|string
 	 */
 	public function view($view, $vars = array(), $return = FALSE)
 	{
-		return $this->_ci_load(array('_ci_view' => $view, '_ci_vars' => $this->_ci_object_to_array($vars), '_ci_return' => $return));
+		return $this->_ci_load(array('_ci_view' => $view, '_ci_vars' => $this->_ci_prepare_view_vars($vars), '_ci_return' => $return));
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Load File
-	 *
-	 * This is a generic file loader
+	 * Generic File Loader
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	bool
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @param	string	$path	File path
+	 * @param	bool	$return	Whether to return the file output
+	 * @return	object|string
 	 */
 	public function file($path, $return = FALSE)
 	{
@@ -443,26 +511,39 @@ class CI_Loader {
 	 * Once variables are set they become available within
 	 * the controller class and its "view" files.
 	 *
-	 * @param	array
-	 * @param 	string
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @param	array|object|string	$vars
+	 *					An associative array or object containing values
+	 *					to be set, or a value's name if string
+	 * @param 	string	$val	Value to set, only used if $vars is a string
+	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	public function vars($vars = array(), $val = '')
+	public function vars($vars, $val = '')
 	{
-		if ($val != '' AND is_string($vars))
+		$vars = is_string($vars)
+			? array($vars => $val)
+			: $this->_ci_prepare_view_vars($vars);
+
+		foreach ($vars as $key => $val)
 		{
-			$vars = array($vars => $val);
+			$this->_ci_cached_vars[$key] = $val;
 		}
 
-		$vars = $this->_ci_object_to_array($vars);
+		return $this;
+	}
 
-		if (is_array($vars) AND count($vars) > 0)
-		{
-			foreach ($vars as $key => $val)
-			{
-				$this->_ci_cached_vars[$key] = $val;
-			}
-		}
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Clear Cached Variables
+	 *
+	 * Clears the cached variables.
+	 *
+	 * @return	CI_Loader
+	 */
+	public function clear_vars()
+	{
+		$this->_ci_cached_vars = array();
+		return $this;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -472,8 +553,8 @@ class CI_Loader {
 	 *
 	 * Check if a variable is set and retrieve it.
 	 *
-	 * @param	array
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @param	string	$key	Variable name
+	 * @return	mixed	The variable or NULL if not found
 	 */
 	public function get_var($key)
 	{
@@ -483,43 +564,68 @@ class CI_Loader {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Load Helper
+	 * Get Variables
 	 *
-	 * This function loads the specified helper file.
+	 * Retrieves all loaded variables.
 	 *
-	 * @param	mixed
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	public function get_vars()
+	{
+		return $this->_ci_cached_vars;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Helper Loader
+	 *
+	 * @param	string|string[]	$helpers	Helper name(s)
+	 * @return	object
 	 */
 	public function helper($helpers = array())
 	{
-		foreach ($this->_ci_prep_filename($helpers, '_helper') as $helper)
+		is_array($helpers) OR $helpers = array($helpers);
+		foreach ($helpers as &$helper)
 		{
+			$filename = basename($helper);
+			$filepath = ($filename === $helper) ? '' : substr($helper, 0, strlen($helper) - strlen($filename));
+			$filename = strtolower(preg_replace('#(_helper)?(\.php)?$#i', '', $filename)).'_helper';
+			$helper   = $filepath.$filename;
+
 			if (isset($this->_ci_helpers[$helper]))
 			{
 				continue;
 			}
 
-			$ext_helper = APPPATH.'helpers/'.config_item('subclass_prefix').$helper.'.php';
-
 			// Is this a helper extension request?
-			if (file_exists($ext_helper))
+			$ext_helper = config_item('subclass_prefix').$filename;
+			$ext_loaded = FALSE;
+			foreach ($this->_ci_helper_paths as $path)
 			{
-				$base_helper = BASEPATH.'helpers/'.$helper.'.php';
+				if (file_exists($path.'helpers/'.$ext_helper.'.php'))
+				{
+					include_once($path.'helpers/'.$ext_helper.'.php');
+					$ext_loaded = TRUE;
+				}
+			}
 
+			// If we have loaded extensions - check if the base one is here
+			if ($ext_loaded === TRUE)
+			{
+				$base_helper = BASEPATH.'helpers/'.$helper.'.php';
 				if ( ! file_exists($base_helper))
 				{
 					show_error('Unable to load the requested file: helpers/'.$helper.'.php');
 				}
 
-				include_once($ext_helper);
 				include_once($base_helper);
-
 				$this->_ci_helpers[$helper] = TRUE;
-				log_message('debug', 'Helper loaded: '.$helper);
+				log_message('info', 'Helper loaded: '.$helper);
 				continue;
 			}
 
-			// Try to load the helper
+			// No extensions found ... try loading regular helpers and/or overrides
 			foreach ($this->_ci_helper_paths as $path)
 			{
 				if (file_exists($path.'helpers/'.$helper.'.php'))
@@ -527,7 +633,7 @@ class CI_Loader {
 					include_once($path.'helpers/'.$helper.'.php');
 
 					$this->_ci_helpers[$helper] = TRUE;
-					log_message('debug', 'Helper loaded: '.$helper);
+					log_message('info', 'Helper loaded: '.$helper);
 					break;
 				}
 			}
@@ -538,6 +644,8 @@ class CI_Loader {
 				show_error('Unable to load the requested file: helpers/'.$helper.'.php');
 			}
 		}
+
+		return $this;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -545,82 +653,96 @@ class CI_Loader {
 	/**
 	 * Load Helpers
 	 *
-	 * This is simply an alias to the above function in case the
-	 * user has written the plural form of this function.
+	 * An alias for the helper() method in case the developer has
+	 * written the plural form of it.
 	 *
-	 * @param	array
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @uses	CI_Loader::helper()
+	 * @param	string|string[]	$helpers	Helper name(s)
+	 * @return	object
 	 */
 	public function helpers($helpers = array())
 	{
-		$this->helper($helpers);
+		return $this->helper($helpers);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Loads a language file
+	 * Language Loader
 	 *
-	 * @param	array
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	void
+	 * Loads language files.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string|string[]	$files	List of language file names to load
+	 * @param	string		Language name
+	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	public function language($file = array(), $lang = '')
+	public function language($files, $lang = '')
 	{
-		$CI =& get_instance();
-
-		if ( ! is_array($file))
-		{
-			$file = array($file);
-		}
-
-		foreach ($file as $langfile)
-		{
-			$CI->lang->load($langfile, $lang);
-		}
+		get_instance()->lang->load($files, $lang);
+		return $this;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Loads a config file
+	 * Config Loader
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	bool
-	 * @param 	bool
-	 * @return	void
+	 * Loads a config file (an alias for CI_Config::load()).
+	 *
+	 * @uses	CI_Config::load()
+	 * @param	string	$file			Configuration file name
+	 * @param	bool	$use_sections		Whether configuration values should be loaded into their own section
+	 * @param	bool	$fail_gracefully	Whether to just return FALSE or display an error message
+	 * @return	bool	TRUE if the file was loaded correctly or FALSE on failure
 	 */
-	public function config($file = '', $use_sections = FALSE, $fail_gracefully = FALSE)
+	public function config($file, $use_sections = FALSE, $fail_gracefully = FALSE)
 	{
-		$CI =& get_instance();
-		$CI->config->load($file, $use_sections, $fail_gracefully);
+		return get_instance()->config->load($file, $use_sections, $fail_gracefully);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Driver
+	 * Driver Loader
 	 *
-	 * Loads a driver library
+	 * Loads a driver library.
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the name of the class
-	 * @param	mixed	the optional parameters
-	 * @param	string	an optional object name
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @param	string|string[]	$library	Driver name(s)
+	 * @param	array		$params		Optional parameters to pass to the driver
+	 * @param	string		$object_name	An optional object name to assign to
+	 *
+	 * @return	object|bool	Object or FALSE on failure if $library is a string
+	 *				and $object_name is set. CI_Loader instance otherwise.
 	 */
-	public function driver($library = '', $params = NULL, $object_name = NULL)
+	public function driver($library, $params = NULL, $object_name = NULL)
 	{
-		if ( ! class_exists('CI_Driver_Library'))
+		if (is_array($library))
 		{
-			// we aren't instantiating an object here, that'll be done by the Library itself
-			require BASEPATH.'libraries/Driver.php';
-		}
+			foreach ($library as $key => $value)
+			{
+				if (is_int($key))
+				{
+					$this->driver($value, $params);
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					$this->driver($key, $params, $value);
+				}
+			}
 
-		if ($library == '')
+			return $this;
+		}
+		elseif (empty($library))
 		{
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
+		if ( ! class_exists('CI_Driver_Library', FALSE))
+		{
+			// We aren't instantiating an object here, just making the base class available
+			require BASEPATH.'libraries/Driver.php';
+		}
+
 		// We can save the loader some time since Drivers will *always* be in a subfolder,
 		// and typically identically named to the library
 		if ( ! strpos($library, '/'))
@@ -636,13 +758,19 @@ class CI_Loader {
 	/**
 	 * Add Package Path
 	 *
-	 * Prepends a parent path to the library, model, helper, and config path arrays
+	 * Prepends a parent path to the library, model, helper and config
+	 * path arrays.
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param 	boolean
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @see	CI_Loader::$_ci_library_paths
+	 * @see	CI_Loader::$_ci_model_paths
+	 * @see CI_Loader::$_ci_helper_paths
+	 * @see CI_Config::$_config_paths
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$path		Path to add
+	 * @param 	bool	$view_cascade	(default: TRUE)
+	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	public function add_package_path($path, $view_cascade=TRUE)
+	public function add_package_path($path, $view_cascade = TRUE)
 	{
 		$path = rtrim($path, '/').'/';
 
@@ -654,7 +782,9 @@ class CI_Loader {
 
 		// Add config file path
 		$config =& $this->_ci_get_component('config');
-		array_unshift($config->_config_paths, $path);
+		$config->_config_paths[] = $path;
+
+		return $this;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -662,14 +792,14 @@ class CI_Loader {
 	/**
 	 * Get Package Paths
 	 *
-	 * Return a list of all package paths, by default it will ignore BASEPATH.
+	 * Return a list of all package paths.
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @param	bool	$include_base	Whether to include BASEPATH (default: FALSE)
+	 * @return	array
 	 */
 	public function get_package_paths($include_base = FALSE)
 	{
-		return $include_base === TRUE ? $this->_ci_library_paths : $this->_ci_model_paths;
+		return ($include_base === TRUE) ? $this->_ci_library_paths : $this->_ci_model_paths;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -677,24 +807,24 @@ class CI_Loader {
 	/**
 	 * Remove Package Path
 	 *
-	 * Remove a path from the library, model, and helper path arrays if it exists
-	 * If no path is provided, the most recently added path is removed.
+	 * Remove a path from the library, model, helper and/or config
+	 * path arrays if it exists. If no path is provided, the most recently
+	 * added path will be removed removed.
 	 *
-	 * @param	type
-	 * @param 	bool
-	 * @return	type
+	 * @param	string	$path	Path to remove
+	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	public function remove_package_path($path = '', $remove_config_path = TRUE)
+	public function remove_package_path($path = '')
 	{
 		$config =& $this->_ci_get_component('config');
 
-		if ($path == '')
+		if ($path === '')
 		{
-			$void = array_shift($this->_ci_library_paths);
-			$void = array_shift($this->_ci_model_paths);
-			$void = array_shift($this->_ci_helper_paths);
-			$void = array_shift($this->_ci_view_paths);
-			$void = array_shift($config->_config_paths);
+			array_shift($this->_ci_library_paths);
+			array_shift($this->_ci_model_paths);
+			array_shift($this->_ci_helper_paths);
+			array_shift($this->_ci_view_paths);
+			array_pop($config->_config_paths);
 		}
 		else
 		{
@@ -724,32 +854,37 @@ class CI_Loader {
 		$this->_ci_model_paths = array_unique(array_merge($this->_ci_model_paths, array(APPPATH)));
 		$this->_ci_view_paths = array_merge($this->_ci_view_paths, array(APPPATH.'views/' => TRUE));
 		$config->_config_paths = array_unique(array_merge($config->_config_paths, array(APPPATH)));
+
+		return $this;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Loader
+	 * Internal CI Data Loader
+	 *
+	 * Used to load views and files.
 	 *
-	 * This function is used to load views and files.
 	 * Variables are prefixed with _ci_ to avoid symbol collision with
-	 * variables made available to view files
+	 * variables made available to view files.
 	 *
-	 * @param	array
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @used-by	CI_Loader::view()
+	 * @used-by	CI_Loader::file()
+	 * @param	array	$_ci_data	Data to load
+	 * @return	object
 	 */
 	protected function _ci_load($_ci_data)
 	{
 		// Set the default data variables
 		foreach (array('_ci_view', '_ci_vars', '_ci_path', '_ci_return') as $_ci_val)
 		{
-			$$_ci_val = ( ! isset($_ci_data[$_ci_val])) ? FALSE : $_ci_data[$_ci_val];
+			$$_ci_val = isset($_ci_data[$_ci_val]) ? $_ci_data[$_ci_val] : FALSE;
 		}
 
 		$file_exists = FALSE;
 
 		// Set the path to the requested file
-		if ($_ci_path != '')
+		if (is_string($_ci_path) && $_ci_path !== '')
 		{
 			$_ci_x = explode('/', $_ci_path);
 			$_ci_file = end($_ci_x);
@@ -757,13 +892,13 @@ class CI_Loader {
 		else
 		{
 			$_ci_ext = pathinfo($_ci_view, PATHINFO_EXTENSION);
-			$_ci_file = ($_ci_ext == '') ? $_ci_view.'.php' : $_ci_view;
+			$_ci_file = ($_ci_ext === '') ? $_ci_view.'.php' : $_ci_view;
 
-			foreach ($this->_ci_view_paths as $view_file => $cascade)
+			foreach ($this->_ci_view_paths as $_ci_view_file => $cascade)
 			{
-				if (file_exists($view_file.$_ci_file))
+				if (file_exists($_ci_view_file.$_ci_file))
 				{
-					$_ci_path = $view_file.$_ci_file;
+					$_ci_path = $_ci_view_file.$_ci_file;
 					$file_exists = TRUE;
 					break;
 				}
@@ -782,7 +917,6 @@ class CI_Loader {
 
 		// This allows anything loaded using $this->load (views, files, etc.)
 		// to become accessible from within the Controller and Model functions.
-
 		$_ci_CI =& get_instance();
 		foreach (get_object_vars($_ci_CI) as $_ci_key => $_ci_var)
 		{
@@ -795,15 +929,12 @@ class CI_Loader {
 		/*
 		 * Extract and cache variables
 		 *
-		 * You can either set variables using the dedicated $this->load_vars()
+		 * You can either set variables using the dedicated $this->load->vars()
 		 * function or via the second parameter of this function. We'll merge
 		 * the two types and cache them so that views that are embedded within
 		 * other views can have access to these variables.
 		 */
-		if (is_array($_ci_vars))
-		{
-			$this->_ci_cached_vars = array_merge($this->_ci_cached_vars, $_ci_vars);
-		}
+		empty($_ci_vars) OR $this->_ci_cached_vars = array_merge($this->_ci_cached_vars, $_ci_vars);
 		extract($this->_ci_cached_vars);
 
 		/*
@@ -811,29 +942,27 @@ class CI_Loader {
 		 *
 		 * We buffer the output for two reasons:
 		 * 1. Speed. You get a significant speed boost.
-		 * 2. So that the final rendered template can be
-		 * post-processed by the output class.  Why do we
-		 * need post processing?  For one thing, in order to
-		 * show the elapsed page load time.  Unless we
-		 * can intercept the content right before it's sent to
-		 * the browser and then stop the timer it won't be accurate.
+		 * 2. So that the final rendered template can be post-processed by
+		 *	the output class. Why do we need post processing? For one thing,
+		 *	in order to show the elapsed page load time. Unless we can
+		 *	intercept the content right before it's sent to the browser and
+		 *	then stop the timer it won't be accurate.
 		 */
 		ob_start();
 
 		// If the PHP installation does not support short tags we'll
 		// do a little string replacement, changing the short tags
 		// to standard PHP echo statements.
-
-		if ((bool) @ini_get('short_open_tag') === FALSE AND config_item('rewrite_short_tags') == TRUE)
+		if ( ! is_php('5.4') && ! ini_get('short_open_tag') && config_item('rewrite_short_tags') === TRUE)
 		{
-			echo eval('?>'.preg_replace("/;*\s*\?>/", "; ?>", str_replace('<?=', '<?php echo ', file_get_contents($_ci_path))));
+			echo eval('?>'.preg_replace('/;*\s*\?>/', '; ?>', str_replace('<?=', '<?php echo ', file_get_contents($_ci_path))));
 		}
 		else
 		{
 			include($_ci_path); // include() vs include_once() allows for multiple views with the same name
 		}
 
-		log_message('debug', 'File loaded: '.$_ci_path);
+		log_message('info', 'File loaded: '.$_ci_path);
 
 		// Return the file data if requested
 		if ($_ci_return === TRUE)
@@ -851,7 +980,6 @@ class CI_Loader {
 		 * we are beyond the first level of output buffering so that
 		 * it can be seen and included properly by the first included
 		 * template and any subsequent ones. Oy!
-		 *
 		 */
 		if (ob_get_level() > $this->_ci_ob_level + 1)
 		{
@@ -862,21 +990,24 @@ class CI_Loader {
 			$_ci_CI->output->append_output(ob_get_contents());
 			@ob_end_clean();
 		}
+
+		return $this;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Load class
+	 * Internal CI Library Loader
 	 *
-	 * This function loads the requested class.
+	 * @used-by	CI_Loader::library()
+	 * @uses	CI_Loader::_ci_init_library()
 	 *
-	 * @param	string	the item that is being loaded
-	 * @param	mixed	any additional parameters
-	 * @param	string	an optional object name
+	 * @param	string	$class		Class name to load
+	 * @param	mixed	$params		Optional parameters to pass to the class constructor
+	 * @param	string	$object_name	Optional object name to assign to
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	protected function _ci_load_class($class, $params = NULL, $object_name = NULL)
+	protected function _ci_load_library($class, $params = NULL, $object_name = NULL)
 	{
 		// Get the class name, and while we're at it trim any slashes.
 		// The directory path can be included as part of the class name,
@@ -885,128 +1016,184 @@ class CI_Loader {
 
 		// Was the path included with the class name?
 		// We look for a slash to determine this
-		$subdir = '';
 		if (($last_slash = strrpos($class, '/')) !== FALSE)
 		{
 			// Extract the path
-			$subdir = substr($class, 0, $last_slash + 1);
+			$subdir = substr($class, 0, ++$last_slash);
 
 			// Get the filename from the path
-			$class = substr($class, $last_slash + 1);
+			$class = substr($class, $last_slash);
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			$subdir = '';
 		}
 
-		// We'll test for both lowercase and capitalized versions of the file name
-		foreach (array(ucfirst($class), strtolower($class)) as $class)
+		$class = ucfirst($class);
+
+		// Is this a stock library? There are a few special conditions if so ...
+		if (file_exists(BASEPATH.'libraries/'.$subdir.$class.'.php'))
 		{
-			$subclass = APPPATH.'libraries/'.$subdir.config_item('subclass_prefix').$class.'.php';
+			return $this->_ci_load_stock_library($class, $subdir, $params, $object_name);
+		}
 
-			// Is this a class extension request?
-			if (file_exists($subclass))
+		// Let's search for the requested library file and load it.
+		foreach ($this->_ci_library_paths as $path)
+		{
+			// BASEPATH has already been checked for
+			if ($path === BASEPATH)
 			{
-				$baseclass = BASEPATH.'libraries/'.ucfirst($class).'.php';
+				continue;
+			}
 
-				if ( ! file_exists($baseclass))
-				{
-					log_message('error', "Unable to load the requested class: ".$class);
-					show_error("Unable to load the requested class: ".$class);
-				}
+			$filepath = $path.'libraries/'.$subdir.$class.'.php';
 
-				// Safety:  Was the class already loaded by a previous call?
-				if (in_array($subclass, $this->_ci_loaded_files))
+			// Safety: Was the class already loaded by a previous call?
+			if (class_exists($class, FALSE))
+			{
+				// Before we deem this to be a duplicate request, let's see
+				// if a custom object name is being supplied. If so, we'll
+				// return a new instance of the object
+				if ($object_name !== NULL)
 				{
-					// Before we deem this to be a duplicate request, let's see
-					// if a custom object name is being supplied.  If so, we'll
-					// return a new instance of the object
-					if ( ! is_null($object_name))
+					$CI =& get_instance();
+					if ( ! isset($CI->$object_name))
 					{
-						$CI =& get_instance();
-						if ( ! isset($CI->$object_name))
-						{
-							return $this->_ci_init_class($class, config_item('subclass_prefix'), $params, $object_name);
-						}
+						return $this->_ci_init_library($class, '', $params, $object_name);
 					}
-
-					$is_duplicate = TRUE;
-					log_message('debug', $class." class already loaded. Second attempt ignored.");
-					return;
 				}
 
-				include_once($baseclass);
-				include_once($subclass);
-				$this->_ci_loaded_files[] = $subclass;
-
-				return $this->_ci_init_class($class, config_item('subclass_prefix'), $params, $object_name);
+				log_message('debug', $class.' class already loaded. Second attempt ignored.');
+				return;
+			}
+			// Does the file exist? No? Bummer...
+			elseif ( ! file_exists($filepath))
+			{
+				continue;
 			}
 
-			// Lets search for the requested library file and load it.
-			$is_duplicate = FALSE;
-			foreach ($this->_ci_library_paths as $path)
+			include_once($filepath);
+			return $this->_ci_init_library($class, '', $params, $object_name);
+		}
+
+		// One last attempt. Maybe the library is in a subdirectory, but it wasn't specified?
+		if ($subdir === '')
+		{
+			return $this->_ci_load_library($class.'/'.$class, $params, $object_name);
+		}
+
+		// If we got this far we were unable to find the requested class.
+		log_message('error', 'Unable to load the requested class: '.$class);
+		show_error('Unable to load the requested class: '.$class);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Internal CI Stock Library Loader
+	 *
+	 * @used-by	CI_Loader::_ci_load_library()
+	 * @uses	CI_Loader::_ci_init_library()
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$library_name	Library name to load
+	 * @param	string	$file_path	Path to the library filename, relative to libraries/
+	 * @param	mixed	$params		Optional parameters to pass to the class constructor
+	 * @param	string	$object_name	Optional object name to assign to
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _ci_load_stock_library($library_name, $file_path, $params, $object_name)
+	{
+		$prefix = 'CI_';
+
+		if (class_exists($prefix.$library_name, FALSE))
+		{
+			if (class_exists(config_item('subclass_prefix').$library_name, FALSE))
 			{
-				$filepath = $path.'libraries/'.$subdir.$class.'.php';
+				$prefix = config_item('subclass_prefix');
+			}
 
-				// Does the file exist?  No?  Bummer...
-				if ( ! file_exists($filepath))
+			// Before we deem this to be a duplicate request, let's see
+			// if a custom object name is being supplied. If so, we'll
+			// return a new instance of the object
+			if ($object_name !== NULL)
+			{
+				$CI =& get_instance();
+				if ( ! isset($CI->$object_name))
 				{
-					continue;
+					return $this->_ci_init_library($library_name, $prefix, $params, $object_name);
 				}
+			}
 
-				// Safety:  Was the class already loaded by a previous call?
-				if (in_array($filepath, $this->_ci_loaded_files))
-				{
-					// Before we deem this to be a duplicate request, let's see
-					// if a custom object name is being supplied.  If so, we'll
-					// return a new instance of the object
-					if ( ! is_null($object_name))
-					{
-						$CI =& get_instance();
-						if ( ! isset($CI->$object_name))
-						{
-							return $this->_ci_init_class($class, '', $params, $object_name);
-						}
-					}
+			log_message('debug', $library_name.' class already loaded. Second attempt ignored.');
+			return;
+		}
 
-					$is_duplicate = TRUE;
-					log_message('debug', $class." class already loaded. Second attempt ignored.");
-					return;
-				}
+		$paths = $this->_ci_library_paths;
+		array_pop($paths); // BASEPATH
+		array_pop($paths); // APPPATH (needs to be the first path checked)
+		array_unshift($paths, APPPATH);
 
-				include_once($filepath);
-				$this->_ci_loaded_files[] = $filepath;
-				return $this->_ci_init_class($class, '', $params, $object_name);
+		foreach ($paths as $path)
+		{
+			if (file_exists($path = $path.'libraries/'.$file_path.$library_name.'.php'))
+			{
+				// Override
+				include_once($path);
+				if (class_exists($prefix.$library_name, FALSE))
+				{
+					return $this->_ci_init_library($library_name, $prefix, $params, $object_name);
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					log_message('debug', $path.' exists, but does not declare '.$prefix.$library_name);
+				}
 			}
+		}
 
-		} // END FOREACH
+		include_once(BASEPATH.'libraries/'.$file_path.$library_name.'.php');
 
-		// One last attempt.  Maybe the library is in a subdirectory, but it wasn't specified?
-		if ($subdir == '')
+		// Check for extensions
+		$subclass = config_item('subclass_prefix').$library_name;
+		foreach ($paths as $path)
 		{
-			$path = strtolower($class).'/'.$class;
-			return $this->_ci_load_class($path, $params);
+			if (file_exists($path = $path.'libraries/'.$file_path.$subclass.'.php'))
+			{
+				include_once($path);
+				if (class_exists($subclass, FALSE))
+				{
+					$prefix = config_item('subclass_prefix');
+					break;
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					log_message('debug', $path.' exists, but does not declare '.$subclass);
+				}
+			}
 		}
 
-		// If we got this far we were unable to find the requested class.
-		// We do not issue errors if the load call failed due to a duplicate request
-		if ($is_duplicate == FALSE)
-		{
-			log_message('error', "Unable to load the requested class: ".$class);
-			show_error("Unable to load the requested class: ".$class);
-		}
+		return $this->_ci_init_library($library_name, $prefix, $params, $object_name);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Instantiates a class
+	 * Internal CI Library Instantiator
+	 *
+	 * @used-by	CI_Loader::_ci_load_stock_library()
+	 * @used-by	CI_Loader::_ci_load_library()
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	bool
-	 * @param	string	an optional object name
-	 * @return	null
+	 * @param	string		$class		Class name
+	 * @param	string		$prefix		Class name prefix
+	 * @param	array|null|bool	$config		Optional configuration to pass to the class constructor:
+	 *						FALSE to skip;
+	 *						NULL to search in config paths;
+	 *						array containing configuration data
+	 * @param	string		$object_name	Optional object name to assign to
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	protected function _ci_init_class($class, $prefix = '', $config = FALSE, $object_name = NULL)
+	protected function _ci_init_library($class, $prefix, $config = FALSE, $object_name = NULL)
 	{
-		// Is there an associated config file for this class?  Note: these should always be lowercase
+		// Is there an associated config file for this class? Note: these should always be lowercase
 		if ($config === NULL)
 		{
 			// Fetch the config paths containing any package paths
@@ -1014,117 +1201,111 @@ class CI_Loader {
 
 			if (is_array($config_component->_config_paths))
 			{
-				// Break on the first found file, thus package files
-				// are not overridden by default paths
+				$found = FALSE;
 				foreach ($config_component->_config_paths as $path)
 				{
 					// We test for both uppercase and lowercase, for servers that
-					// are case-sensitive with regard to file names. Check for environment
-					// first, global next
-					if (defined('ENVIRONMENT') AND file_exists($path .'config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/'.strtolower($class).'.php'))
+					// are case-sensitive with regard to file names. Load global first,
+					// override with environment next
+					if (file_exists($path.'config/'.strtolower($class).'.php'))
 					{
-						include($path .'config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/'.strtolower($class).'.php');
-						break;
+						include($path.'config/'.strtolower($class).'.php');
+						$found = TRUE;
 					}
-					elseif (defined('ENVIRONMENT') AND file_exists($path .'config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/'.ucfirst(strtolower($class)).'.php'))
+					elseif (file_exists($path.'config/'.ucfirst(strtolower($class)).'.php'))
 					{
-						include($path .'config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/'.ucfirst(strtolower($class)).'.php');
-						break;
+						include($path.'config/'.ucfirst(strtolower($class)).'.php');
+						$found = TRUE;
 					}
-					elseif (file_exists($path .'config/'.strtolower($class).'.php'))
+
+					if (file_exists($path.'config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/'.strtolower($class).'.php'))
 					{
-						include($path .'config/'.strtolower($class).'.php');
-						break;
+						include($path.'config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/'.strtolower($class).'.php');
+						$found = TRUE;
 					}
-					elseif (file_exists($path .'config/'.ucfirst(strtolower($class)).'.php'))
+					elseif (file_exists($path.'config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/'.ucfirst(strtolower($class)).'.php'))
+					{
+						include($path.'config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/'.ucfirst(strtolower($class)).'.php');
+						$found = TRUE;
+					}
+
+					// Break on the first found configuration, thus package
+					// files are not overridden by default paths
+					if ($found === TRUE)
 					{
-						include($path .'config/'.ucfirst(strtolower($class)).'.php');
 						break;
 					}
 				}
 			}
 		}
 
-		if ($prefix == '')
-		{
-			if (class_exists('CI_'.$class))
-			{
-				$name = 'CI_'.$class;
-			}
-			elseif (class_exists(config_item('subclass_prefix').$class))
-			{
-				$name = config_item('subclass_prefix').$class;
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				$name = $class;
-			}
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			$name = $prefix.$class;
-		}
+		$class_name = $prefix.$class;
 
 		// Is the class name valid?
-		if ( ! class_exists($name))
+		if ( ! class_exists($class_name, FALSE))
 		{
-			log_message('error', "Non-existent class: ".$name);
-			show_error("Non-existent class: ".$class);
+			log_message('error', 'Non-existent class: '.$class_name);
+			show_error('Non-existent class: '.$class_name);
 		}
 
 		// Set the variable name we will assign the class to
-		// Was a custom class name supplied?  If so we'll use it
-		$class = strtolower($class);
-
-		if (is_null($object_name))
+		// Was a custom class name supplied? If so we'll use it
+		if (empty($object_name))
 		{
-			$classvar = ( ! isset($this->_ci_varmap[$class])) ? $class : $this->_ci_varmap[$class];
+			$object_name = strtolower($class);
+			if (isset($this->_ci_varmap[$object_name]))
+			{
+				$object_name = $this->_ci_varmap[$object_name];
+			}
 		}
-		else
+
+		// Don't overwrite existing properties
+		$CI =& get_instance();
+		if (isset($CI->$object_name))
 		{
-			$classvar = $object_name;
+			if ($CI->$object_name instanceof $class_name)
+			{
+				log_message('debug', $class_name." has already been instantiated as '".$object_name."'. Second attempt aborted.");
+				return;
+			}
+
+			show_error("Resource '".$object_name."' already exists and is not a ".$class_name." instance.");
 		}
 
 		// Save the class name and object name
-		$this->_ci_classes[$class] = $classvar;
+		$this->_ci_classes[$object_name] = $class;
 
 		// Instantiate the class
-		$CI =& get_instance();
-		if ($config !== NULL)
-		{
-			$CI->$classvar = new $name($config);
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			$CI->$classvar = new $name;
-		}
+		$CI->$object_name = isset($config)
+			? new $class_name($config)
+			: new $class_name();
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Autoloader
+	 * CI Autoloader
 	 *
-	 * The config/autoload.php file contains an array that permits sub-systems,
-	 * libraries, and helpers to be loaded automatically.
+	 * Loads component listed in the config/autoload.php file.
 	 *
-	 * @param	array
+	 * @used-by	CI_Loader::initialize()
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	private function _ci_autoloader()
+	protected function _ci_autoloader()
 	{
-		if (defined('ENVIRONMENT') AND file_exists(APPPATH.'config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/autoload.php'))
+		if (file_exists(APPPATH.'config/autoload.php'))
 		{
-			include(APPPATH.'config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/autoload.php');
+			include(APPPATH.'config/autoload.php');
 		}
-		else
+
+		if (file_exists(APPPATH.'config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/autoload.php'))
 		{
-			include(APPPATH.'config/autoload.php');
+			include(APPPATH.'config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/autoload.php');
 		}
 
 		if ( ! isset($autoload))
 		{
-			return FALSE;
+			return;
 		}
 
 		// Autoload packages
@@ -1139,31 +1320,29 @@ class CI_Loader {
 		// Load any custom config file
 		if (count($autoload['config']) > 0)
 		{
-			$CI =& get_instance();
-			foreach ($autoload['config'] as $key => $val)
+			foreach ($autoload['config'] as $val)
 			{
-				$CI->config->load($val);
+				$this->config($val);
 			}
 		}
 
 		// Autoload helpers and languages
 		foreach (array('helper', 'language') as $type)
 		{
-			if (isset($autoload[$type]) AND count($autoload[$type]) > 0)
+			if (isset($autoload[$type]) && count($autoload[$type]) > 0)
 			{
 				$this->$type($autoload[$type]);
 			}
 		}
 
-		// A little tweak to remain backward compatible
-		// The $autoload['core'] item was deprecated
-		if ( ! isset($autoload['libraries']) AND isset($autoload['core']))
+		// Autoload drivers
+		if (isset($autoload['drivers']))
 		{
-			$autoload['libraries'] = $autoload['core'];
+			$this->driver($autoload['drivers']);
 		}
 
 		// Load libraries
-		if (isset($autoload['libraries']) AND count($autoload['libraries']) > 0)
+		if (isset($autoload['libraries']) && count($autoload['libraries']) > 0)
 		{
 			// Load the database driver.
 			if (in_array('database', $autoload['libraries']))
@@ -1173,10 +1352,7 @@ class CI_Loader {
 			}
 
 			// Load all other libraries
-			foreach ($autoload['libraries'] as $item)
-			{
-				$this->library($item);
-			}
+			$this->library($autoload['libraries']);
 		}
 
 		// Autoload models
@@ -1189,24 +1365,42 @@ class CI_Loader {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Object to Array
+	 * Prepare variables for _ci_vars, to be later extract()-ed inside views
 	 *
-	 * Takes an object as input and converts the class variables to array key/vals
+	 * Converts objects to associative arrays and filters-out internal
+	 * variable names (i.e. keys prefixed with '_ci_').
 	 *
-	 * @param	object
+	 * @param	mixed	$vars
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	protected function _ci_object_to_array($object)
+	protected function _ci_prepare_view_vars($vars)
 	{
-		return (is_object($object)) ? get_object_vars($object) : $object;
+		if ( ! is_array($vars))
+		{
+			$vars = is_object($vars)
+				? get_object_vars($vars)
+				: array();
+		}
+
+		foreach (array_keys($vars) as $key)
+		{
+			if (strncmp($key, '_ci_', 4) === 0)
+			{
+				unset($vars[$key]);
+			}
+		}
+
+		return $vars;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Get a reference to a specific library or model
+	 * CI Component getter
+	 *
+	 * Get a reference to a specific library or model.
 	 *
-	 * @param 	string
+	 * @param 	string	$component	Component name
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	protected function &_ci_get_component($component)
@@ -1214,35 +1408,4 @@ class CI_Loader {
 		$CI =& get_instance();
 		return $CI->$component;
 	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Prep filename
-	 *
-	 * This function preps the name of various items to make loading them more reliable.
-	 *
-	 * @param	mixed
-	 * @param 	string
-	 * @return	array
-	 */
-	protected function _ci_prep_filename($filename, $extension)
-	{
-		if ( ! is_array($filename))
-		{
-			return array(strtolower(str_replace('.php', '', str_replace($extension, '', $filename)).$extension));
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			foreach ($filename as $key => $val)
-			{
-				$filename[$key] = strtolower(str_replace('.php', '', str_replace($extension, '', $val)).$extension);
-			}
-
-			return $filename;
-		}
-	}
 }
-
-/* End of file Loader.php */
-/* Location: ./system/core/Loader.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/core/Log.php b/system/core/Log.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d443aedb8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/core/Log.php
@@ -0,0 +1,296 @@
+<?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
+ *
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.0.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
+
+/**
+ * Logging Class
+ *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @subpackage	Libraries
+ * @category	Logging
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/general/errors.html
+ */
+class CI_Log {
+
+	/**
+	 * Path to save log files
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	protected $_log_path;
+
+	/**
+	 * File permissions
+	 *
+	 * @var	int
+	 */
+	protected $_file_permissions = 0644;
+
+	/**
+	 * Level of logging
+	 *
+	 * @var int
+	 */
+	protected $_threshold = 1;
+
+	/**
+	 * Array of threshold levels to log
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	protected $_threshold_array = array();
+
+	/**
+	 * Format of timestamp for log files
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	protected $_date_fmt = 'Y-m-d H:i:s';
+
+	/**
+	 * Filename extension
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_file_ext;
+
+	/**
+	 * Whether or not the logger can write to the log files
+	 *
+	 * @var bool
+	 */
+	protected $_enabled = TRUE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Predefined logging levels
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	protected $_levels = array('ERROR' => 1, 'DEBUG' => 2, 'INFO' => 3, 'ALL' => 4);
+
+	/**
+	 * mbstring.func_overload flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	protected static $func_overload;
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Class constructor
+	 *
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function __construct()
+	{
+		$config =& get_config();
+
+		isset(self::$func_overload) OR self::$func_overload = (extension_loaded('mbstring') && ini_get('mbstring.func_overload'));
+
+		$this->_log_path = ($config['log_path'] !== '') ? $config['log_path'] : APPPATH.'logs/';
+		$this->_file_ext = (isset($config['log_file_extension']) && $config['log_file_extension'] !== '')
+			? ltrim($config['log_file_extension'], '.') : 'php';
+
+		file_exists($this->_log_path) OR mkdir($this->_log_path, 0755, TRUE);
+
+		if ( ! is_dir($this->_log_path) OR ! is_really_writable($this->_log_path))
+		{
+			$this->_enabled = FALSE;
+		}
+
+		if (is_numeric($config['log_threshold']))
+		{
+			$this->_threshold = (int) $config['log_threshold'];
+		}
+		elseif (is_array($config['log_threshold']))
+		{
+			$this->_threshold = 0;
+			$this->_threshold_array = array_flip($config['log_threshold']);
+		}
+
+		if ( ! empty($config['log_date_format']))
+		{
+			$this->_date_fmt = $config['log_date_format'];
+		}
+
+		if ( ! empty($config['log_file_permissions']) && is_int($config['log_file_permissions']))
+		{
+			$this->_file_permissions = $config['log_file_permissions'];
+		}
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Write Log File
+	 *
+	 * Generally this function will be called using the global log_message() function
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$level 	The error level: 'error', 'debug' or 'info'
+	 * @param	string	$msg 	The error message
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function write_log($level, $msg)
+	{
+		if ($this->_enabled === FALSE)
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		$level = strtoupper($level);
+
+		if (( ! isset($this->_levels[$level]) OR ($this->_levels[$level] > $this->_threshold))
+			&& ! isset($this->_threshold_array[$this->_levels[$level]]))
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		$filepath = $this->_log_path.'log-'.date('Y-m-d').'.'.$this->_file_ext;
+		$message = '';
+
+		if ( ! file_exists($filepath))
+		{
+			$newfile = TRUE;
+			// Only add protection to php files
+			if ($this->_file_ext === 'php')
+			{
+				$message .= "<?php defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed'); ?>\n\n";
+			}
+		}
+
+		if ( ! $fp = @fopen($filepath, 'ab'))
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		flock($fp, LOCK_EX);
+
+		// Instantiating DateTime with microseconds appended to initial date is needed for proper support of this format
+		if (strpos($this->_date_fmt, 'u') !== FALSE)
+		{
+			$microtime_full = microtime(TRUE);
+			$microtime_short = sprintf("%06d", ($microtime_full - floor($microtime_full)) * 1000000);
+			$date = new DateTime(date('Y-m-d H:i:s.'.$microtime_short, $microtime_full));
+			$date = $date->format($this->_date_fmt);
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			$date = date($this->_date_fmt);
+		}
+
+		$message .= $this->_format_line($level, $date, $msg);
+
+		for ($written = 0, $length = self::strlen($message); $written < $length; $written += $result)
+		{
+			if (($result = fwrite($fp, self::substr($message, $written))) === FALSE)
+			{
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+
+		flock($fp, LOCK_UN);
+		fclose($fp);
+
+		if (isset($newfile) && $newfile === TRUE)
+		{
+			chmod($filepath, $this->_file_permissions);
+		}
+
+		return is_int($result);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Format the log line.
+	 *
+	 * This is for extensibility of log formatting
+	 * If you want to change the log format, extend the CI_Log class and override this method
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$level 	The error level
+	 * @param	string	$date 	Formatted date string
+	 * @param	string	$message 	The log message
+	 * @return	string	Formatted log line with a new line character '\n' at the end
+	 */
+	protected function _format_line($level, $date, $message)
+	{
+		return $level.' - '.$date.' --> '.$message."\n";
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Byte-safe strlen()
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$str
+	 * @return	int
+	 */
+	protected static function strlen($str)
+	{
+		return (self::$func_overload)
+			? mb_strlen($str, '8bit')
+			: strlen($str);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Byte-safe substr()
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$str
+	 * @param	int	$start
+	 * @param	int	$length
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected static function substr($str, $start, $length = NULL)
+	{
+		if (self::$func_overload)
+		{
+			// mb_substr($str, $start, null, '8bit') returns an empty
+			// string on PHP 5.3
+			isset($length) OR $length = ($start >= 0 ? self::strlen($str) - $start : -$start);
+			return mb_substr($str, $start, $length, '8bit');
+		}
+
+		return isset($length)
+			? substr($str, $start, $length)
+			: substr($str, $start);
+	}
+}
diff --git a/system/core/Model.php b/system/core/Model.php
index 1f142509e..c809e7b84 100644
--- a/system/core/Model.php
+++ b/system/core/Model.php
@@ -1,57 +1,80 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.0.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
- * CodeIgniter Model Class
+ * Model Class
  *
  * @package		CodeIgniter
  * @subpackage	Libraries
  * @category	Libraries
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/config.html
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/config.html
  */
 class CI_Model {
 
 	/**
-	 * Constructor
+	 * Class constructor
 	 *
-	 * @access public
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function __construct()
+	public function __construct()
 	{
-		log_message('debug', "Model Class Initialized");
+		log_message('info', 'Model Class Initialized');
 	}
 
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 	/**
-	 * __get
+	 * __get magic
 	 *
 	 * Allows models to access CI's loaded classes using the same
 	 * syntax as controllers.
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @access private
+	 * @param	string	$key
 	 */
-	function __get($key)
+	public function __get($key)
 	{
-		$CI =& get_instance();
-		return $CI->$key;
+		// Debugging note:
+		//	If you're here because you're getting an error message
+		//	saying 'Undefined Property: system/core/Model.php', it's
+		//	most likely a typo in your model code.
+		return get_instance()->$key;
 	}
-}
-// END Model Class
 
-/* End of file Model.php */
-/* Location: ./system/core/Model.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/system/core/Output.php b/system/core/Output.php
index 7959befb7..a3155fece 100644
--- a/system/core/Output.php
+++ b/system/core/Output.php
@@ -1,112 +1,156 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.0.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * Output Class
  *
- * Responsible for sending final output to browser
+ * Responsible for sending final output to the browser.
  *
  * @package		CodeIgniter
  * @subpackage	Libraries
  * @category	Output
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/output.html
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/output.html
  */
 class CI_Output {
 
 	/**
-	 * Current output string
+	 * Final output string
 	 *
-	 * @var string
-	 * @access 	protected
+	 * @var	string
 	 */
-	protected $final_output;
+	public $final_output;
+
 	/**
 	 * Cache expiration time
 	 *
-	 * @var int
-	 * @access 	protected
+	 * @var	int
 	 */
-	protected $cache_expiration	= 0;
+	public $cache_expiration = 0;
+
 	/**
 	 * List of server headers
 	 *
-	 * @var array
-	 * @access 	protected
+	 * @var	array
 	 */
-	protected $headers			= array();
+	public $headers = array();
+
 	/**
 	 * List of mime types
 	 *
-	 * @var array
-	 * @access 	protected
+	 * @var	array
 	 */
-	protected $mime_types		= array();
+	public $mimes =	array();
+
 	/**
-	 * Determines wether profiler is enabled
+	 * Mime-type for the current page
 	 *
-	 * @var book
-	 * @access 	protected
+	 * @var	string
 	 */
-	protected $enable_profiler	= FALSE;
+	protected $mime_type = 'text/html';
+
 	/**
-	 * Determines if output compression is enabled
+	 * Enable Profiler flag
 	 *
-	 * @var bool
-	 * @access 	protected
+	 * @var	bool
 	 */
-	protected $_zlib_oc			= FALSE;
+	public $enable_profiler = FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * php.ini zlib.output_compression flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	protected $_zlib_oc = FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * CI output compression flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	protected $_compress_output = FALSE;
+
 	/**
 	 * List of profiler sections
 	 *
-	 * @var array
-	 * @access 	protected
+	 * @var	array
 	 */
-	protected $_profiler_sections = array();
+	protected $_profiler_sections =	array();
+
 	/**
-	 * Whether or not to parse variables like {elapsed_time} and {memory_usage}
+	 * Parse markers flag
 	 *
-	 * @var bool
-	 * @access 	protected
+	 * Whether or not to parse variables like {elapsed_time} and {memory_usage}.
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
 	 */
-	protected $parse_exec_vars	= TRUE;
+	public $parse_exec_vars = TRUE;
 
 	/**
-	 * Constructor
+	 * mbstring.func_overload flag
 	 *
+	 * @var	bool
 	 */
-	function __construct()
-	{
-		$this->_zlib_oc = @ini_get('zlib.output_compression');
+	protected static $func_overload;
 
-		// Get mime types for later
-		if (defined('ENVIRONMENT') AND file_exists(APPPATH.'config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/mimes.php'))
-		{
-		    include APPPATH.'config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/mimes.php';
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			include APPPATH.'config/mimes.php';
-		}
+	/**
+	 * Class constructor
+	 *
+	 * Determines whether zLib output compression will be used.
+	 *
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function __construct()
+	{
+		$this->_zlib_oc = (bool) ini_get('zlib.output_compression');
+		$this->_compress_output = (
+			$this->_zlib_oc === FALSE
+			&& config_item('compress_output') === TRUE
+			&& extension_loaded('zlib')
+		);
 
+		isset(self::$func_overload) OR self::$func_overload = (extension_loaded('mbstring') && ini_get('mbstring.func_overload'));
 
-		$this->mime_types = $mimes;
+		// Get mime types for later
+		$this->mimes =& get_mimes();
 
-		log_message('debug', "Output Class Initialized");
+		log_message('info', 'Output Class Initialized');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -114,12 +158,11 @@ class CI_Output {
 	/**
 	 * Get Output
 	 *
-	 * Returns the current output string
+	 * Returns the current output string.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function get_output()
+	public function get_output()
 	{
 		return $this->final_output;
 	}
@@ -129,16 +172,14 @@ class CI_Output {
 	/**
 	 * Set Output
 	 *
-	 * Sets the output string
+	 * Sets the output string.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @param	string	$output	Output data
+	 * @return	CI_Output
 	 */
-	function set_output($output)
+	public function set_output($output)
 	{
 		$this->final_output = $output;
-
 		return $this;
 	}
 
@@ -147,23 +188,14 @@ class CI_Output {
 	/**
 	 * Append Output
 	 *
-	 * Appends data onto the output string
+	 * Appends data onto the output string.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @param	string	$output	Data to append
+	 * @return	CI_Output
 	 */
-	function append_output($output)
+	public function append_output($output)
 	{
-		if ($this->final_output == '')
-		{
-			$this->final_output = $output;
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			$this->final_output .= $output;
-		}
-
+		$this->final_output .= $output;
 		return $this;
 	}
 
@@ -172,52 +204,49 @@ class CI_Output {
 	/**
 	 * Set Header
 	 *
-	 * Lets you set a server header which will be outputted with the final display.
+	 * Lets you set a server header which will be sent with the final output.
 	 *
-	 * Note:  If a file is cached, headers will not be sent.  We need to figure out
-	 * how to permit header data to be saved with the cache data...
+	 * Note: If a file is cached, headers will not be sent.
+	 * @todo	We need to figure out how to permit headers to be cached.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param 	bool
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @param	string	$header		Header
+	 * @param	bool	$replace	Whether to replace the old header value, if already set
+	 * @return	CI_Output
 	 */
-	function set_header($header, $replace = TRUE)
+	public function set_header($header, $replace = TRUE)
 	{
 		// If zlib.output_compression is enabled it will compress the output,
 		// but it will not modify the content-length header to compensate for
 		// the reduction, causing the browser to hang waiting for more data.
 		// We'll just skip content-length in those cases.
-
-		if ($this->_zlib_oc && strncasecmp($header, 'content-length', 14) == 0)
+		if ($this->_zlib_oc && strncasecmp($header, 'content-length', 14) === 0)
 		{
-			return;
+			return $this;
 		}
 
 		$this->headers[] = array($header, $replace);
-
 		return $this;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Set Content Type Header
+	 * Set Content-Type Header
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	extension of the file we're outputting
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @param	string	$mime_type	Extension of the file we're outputting
+	 * @param	string	$charset	Character set (default: NULL)
+	 * @return	CI_Output
 	 */
-	function set_content_type($mime_type)
+	public function set_content_type($mime_type, $charset = NULL)
 	{
 		if (strpos($mime_type, '/') === FALSE)
 		{
 			$extension = ltrim($mime_type, '.');
 
 			// Is this extension supported?
-			if (isset($this->mime_types[$extension]))
+			if (isset($this->mimes[$extension]))
 			{
-				$mime_type =& $this->mime_types[$extension];
+				$mime_type =& $this->mimes[$extension];
 
 				if (is_array($mime_type))
 				{
@@ -226,28 +255,89 @@ class CI_Output {
 			}
 		}
 
-		$header = 'Content-Type: '.$mime_type;
+		$this->mime_type = $mime_type;
 
-		$this->headers[] = array($header, TRUE);
+		if (empty($charset))
+		{
+			$charset = config_item('charset');
+		}
+
+		$header = 'Content-Type: '.$mime_type
+			.(empty($charset) ? '' : '; charset='.$charset);
 
+		$this->headers[] = array($header, TRUE);
 		return $this;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
+	 * Get Current Content-Type Header
+	 *
+	 * @return	string	'text/html', if not already set
+	 */
+	public function get_content_type()
+	{
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($this->headers); $i < $c; $i++)
+		{
+			if (sscanf($this->headers[$i][0], 'Content-Type: %[^;]', $content_type) === 1)
+			{
+				return $content_type;
+			}
+		}
+
+		return 'text/html';
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Get Header
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$header
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	public function get_header($header)
+	{
+		// Combine headers already sent with our batched headers
+		$headers = array_merge(
+			// We only need [x][0] from our multi-dimensional array
+			array_map('array_shift', $this->headers),
+			headers_list()
+		);
+
+		if (empty($headers) OR empty($header))
+		{
+			return NULL;
+		}
+
+		// Count backwards, in order to get the last matching header
+		for ($c = count($headers) - 1; $c > -1; $c--)
+		{
+			if (strncasecmp($header, $headers[$c], $l = self::strlen($header)) === 0)
+			{
+				return trim(self::substr($headers[$c], $l+1));
+			}
+		}
+
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
 	 * Set HTTP Status Header
-	 * moved to Common procedural functions in 1.7.2
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	int		the status code
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	void
+	 * As of version 1.7.2, this is an alias for common function
+	 * set_status_header().
+	 *
+	 * @param	int	$code	Status code (default: 200)
+	 * @param	string	$text	Optional message
+	 * @return	CI_Output
 	 */
-	function set_status_header($code = 200, $text = '')
+	public function set_status_header($code = 200, $text = '')
 	{
 		set_status_header($code, $text);
-
 		return $this;
 	}
 
@@ -256,14 +346,12 @@ class CI_Output {
 	/**
 	 * Enable/disable Profiler
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	bool
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @param	bool	$val	TRUE to enable or FALSE to disable
+	 * @return	CI_Output
 	 */
-	function enable_profiler($val = TRUE)
+	public function enable_profiler($val = TRUE)
 	{
-		$this->enable_profiler = (is_bool($val)) ? $val : TRUE;
-
+		$this->enable_profiler = is_bool($val) ? $val : TRUE;
 		return $this;
 	}
 
@@ -272,17 +360,23 @@ class CI_Output {
 	/**
 	 * Set Profiler Sections
 	 *
-	 * Allows override of default / config settings for Profiler section display
+	 * Allows override of default/config settings for
+	 * Profiler section display.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	array
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @param	array	$sections	Profiler sections
+	 * @return	CI_Output
 	 */
-	function set_profiler_sections($sections)
+	public function set_profiler_sections($sections)
 	{
+		if (isset($sections['query_toggle_count']))
+		{
+			$this->_profiler_sections['query_toggle_count'] = (int) $sections['query_toggle_count'];
+			unset($sections['query_toggle_count']);
+		}
+
 		foreach ($sections as $section => $enable)
 		{
-			$this->_profiler_sections[$section] = ($enable !== FALSE) ? TRUE : FALSE;
+			$this->_profiler_sections[$section] = ($enable !== FALSE);
 		}
 
 		return $this;
@@ -293,14 +387,12 @@ class CI_Output {
 	/**
 	 * Set Cache
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	integer
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @param	int	$time	Cache expiration time in minutes
+	 * @return	CI_Output
 	 */
-	function cache($time)
+	public function cache($time)
 	{
-		$this->cache_expiration = ( ! is_numeric($time)) ? 0 : $time;
-
+		$this->cache_expiration = is_numeric($time) ? $time : 0;
 		return $this;
 	}
 
@@ -309,27 +401,27 @@ class CI_Output {
 	/**
 	 * Display Output
 	 *
-	 * All "view" data is automatically put into this variable by the controller class:
-	 *
-	 * $this->final_output
+	 * Processes and sends finalized output data to the browser along
+	 * with any server headers and profile data. It also stops benchmark
+	 * timers so the page rendering speed and memory usage can be shown.
 	 *
-	 * This function sends the finalized output data to the browser along
-	 * with any server headers and profile data.  It also stops the
-	 * benchmark timer so the page rendering speed and memory usage can be shown.
+	 * Note: All "view" data is automatically put into $this->final_output
+	 *	 by controller class.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param 	string
-	 * @return	mixed
+	 * @uses	CI_Output::$final_output
+	 * @param	string	$output	Output data override
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function _display($output = '')
+	public function _display($output = '')
 	{
-		// Note:  We use globals because we can't use $CI =& get_instance()
+		// Note:  We use load_class() because we can't use $CI =& get_instance()
 		// since this function is sometimes called by the caching mechanism,
 		// which happens before the CI super object is available.
-		global $BM, $CFG;
+		$BM =& load_class('Benchmark', 'core');
+		$CFG =& load_class('Config', 'core');
 
 		// Grab the super object if we can.
-		if (class_exists('CI_Controller'))
+		if (class_exists('CI_Controller', FALSE))
 		{
 			$CI =& get_instance();
 		}
@@ -337,14 +429,14 @@ class CI_Output {
 		// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 		// Set the output data
-		if ($output == '')
+		if ($output === '')
 		{
 			$output =& $this->final_output;
 		}
 
 		// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-		// Do we need to write a cache file?  Only if the controller does not have its
+		// Do we need to write a cache file? Only if the controller does not have its
 		// own _output() method and we are not dealing with a cache file, which we
 		// can determine by the existence of the $CI object above
 		if ($this->cache_expiration > 0 && isset($CI) && ! method_exists($CI, '_output'))
@@ -361,24 +453,18 @@ class CI_Output {
 
 		if ($this->parse_exec_vars === TRUE)
 		{
-			$memory	 = ( ! function_exists('memory_get_usage')) ? '0' : round(memory_get_usage()/1024/1024, 2).'MB';
-
-			$output = str_replace('{elapsed_time}', $elapsed, $output);
-			$output = str_replace('{memory_usage}', $memory, $output);
+			$memory	= round(memory_get_usage() / 1024 / 1024, 2).'MB';
+			$output = str_replace(array('{elapsed_time}', '{memory_usage}'), array($elapsed, $memory), $output);
 		}
 
 		// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 		// Is compression requested?
-		if ($CFG->item('compress_output') === TRUE && $this->_zlib_oc == FALSE)
+		if (isset($CI) // This means that we're not serving a cache file, if we were, it would already be compressed
+			&& $this->_compress_output === TRUE
+			&& isset($_SERVER['HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING']) && strpos($_SERVER['HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING'], 'gzip') !== FALSE)
 		{
-			if (extension_loaded('zlib'))
-			{
-				if (isset($_SERVER['HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING']) AND strpos($_SERVER['HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING'], 'gzip') !== FALSE)
-				{
-					ob_start('ob_gzhandler');
-				}
-			}
+			ob_start('ob_gzhandler');
 		}
 
 		// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -399,20 +485,34 @@ class CI_Output {
 		// simply echo out the data and exit.
 		if ( ! isset($CI))
 		{
+			if ($this->_compress_output === TRUE)
+			{
+				if (isset($_SERVER['HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING']) && strpos($_SERVER['HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING'], 'gzip') !== FALSE)
+				{
+					header('Content-Encoding: gzip');
+					header('Content-Length: '.self::strlen($output));
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					// User agent doesn't support gzip compression,
+					// so we'll have to decompress our cache
+					$output = gzinflate(self::substr($output, 10, -8));
+				}
+			}
+
 			echo $output;
-			log_message('debug', "Final output sent to browser");
-			log_message('debug', "Total execution time: ".$elapsed);
-			return TRUE;
+			log_message('info', 'Final output sent to browser');
+			log_message('debug', 'Total execution time: '.$elapsed);
+			return;
 		}
 
 		// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 		// Do we need to generate profile data?
 		// If so, load the Profile class and run it.
-		if ($this->enable_profiler == TRUE)
+		if ($this->enable_profiler === TRUE)
 		{
 			$CI->load->library('profiler');
-
 			if ( ! empty($this->_profiler_sections))
 			{
 				$CI->profiler->set_sections($this->_profiler_sections);
@@ -420,20 +520,13 @@ class CI_Output {
 
 			// If the output data contains closing </body> and </html> tags
 			// we will remove them and add them back after we insert the profile data
-			if (preg_match("|</body>.*?</html>|is", $output))
+			$output = preg_replace('|</body>.*?</html>|is', '', $output, -1, $count).$CI->profiler->run();
+			if ($count > 0)
 			{
-				$output  = preg_replace("|</body>.*?</html>|is", '', $output);
-				$output .= $CI->profiler->run();
 				$output .= '</body></html>';
 			}
-			else
-			{
-				$output .= $CI->profiler->run();
-			}
 		}
 
-		// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
 		// Does the controller contain a function named _output()?
 		// If so send the output there.  Otherwise, echo it.
 		if (method_exists($CI, '_output'))
@@ -442,133 +535,308 @@ class CI_Output {
 		}
 		else
 		{
-			echo $output;  // Send it to the browser!
+			echo $output; // Send it to the browser!
 		}
 
-		log_message('debug', "Final output sent to browser");
-		log_message('debug', "Total execution time: ".$elapsed);
+		log_message('info', 'Final output sent to browser');
+		log_message('debug', 'Total execution time: '.$elapsed);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Write a Cache File
+	 * Write Cache
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param 	string
+	 * @param	string	$output	Output data to cache
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function _write_cache($output)
+	public function _write_cache($output)
 	{
 		$CI =& get_instance();
 		$path = $CI->config->item('cache_path');
-
-		$cache_path = ($path == '') ? APPPATH.'cache/' : $path;
+		$cache_path = ($path === '') ? APPPATH.'cache/' : $path;
 
 		if ( ! is_dir($cache_path) OR ! is_really_writable($cache_path))
 		{
-			log_message('error', "Unable to write cache file: ".$cache_path);
+			log_message('error', 'Unable to write cache file: '.$cache_path);
 			return;
 		}
 
-		$uri =	$CI->config->item('base_url').
-				$CI->config->item('index_page').
-				$CI->uri->uri_string();
+		$uri = $CI->config->item('base_url')
+			.$CI->config->item('index_page')
+			.$CI->uri->uri_string();
+
+		if (($cache_query_string = $CI->config->item('cache_query_string')) && ! empty($_SERVER['QUERY_STRING']))
+		{
+			if (is_array($cache_query_string))
+			{
+				$uri .= '?'.http_build_query(array_intersect_key($_GET, array_flip($cache_query_string)));
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				$uri .= '?'.$_SERVER['QUERY_STRING'];
+			}
+		}
 
 		$cache_path .= md5($uri);
 
-		if ( ! $fp = @fopen($cache_path, FOPEN_WRITE_CREATE_DESTRUCTIVE))
+		if ( ! $fp = @fopen($cache_path, 'w+b'))
 		{
-			log_message('error', "Unable to write cache file: ".$cache_path);
+			log_message('error', 'Unable to write cache file: '.$cache_path);
 			return;
 		}
 
+		if ( ! flock($fp, LOCK_EX))
+		{
+			log_message('error', 'Unable to secure a file lock for file at: '.$cache_path);
+			fclose($fp);
+			return;
+		}
+
+		// If output compression is enabled, compress the cache
+		// itself, so that we don't have to do that each time
+		// we're serving it
+		if ($this->_compress_output === TRUE)
+		{
+			$output = gzencode($output);
+
+			if ($this->get_header('content-type') === NULL)
+			{
+				$this->set_content_type($this->mime_type);
+			}
+		}
+
 		$expire = time() + ($this->cache_expiration * 60);
 
-		if (flock($fp, LOCK_EX))
+		// Put together our serialized info.
+		$cache_info = serialize(array(
+			'expire'	=> $expire,
+			'headers'	=> $this->headers
+		));
+
+		$output = $cache_info.'ENDCI--->'.$output;
+
+		for ($written = 0, $length = self::strlen($output); $written < $length; $written += $result)
 		{
-			fwrite($fp, $expire.'TS--->'.$output);
-			flock($fp, LOCK_UN);
+			if (($result = fwrite($fp, self::substr($output, $written))) === FALSE)
+			{
+				break;
+			}
 		}
-		else
+
+		flock($fp, LOCK_UN);
+		fclose($fp);
+
+		if ( ! is_int($result))
 		{
-			log_message('error', "Unable to secure a file lock for file at: ".$cache_path);
+			@unlink($cache_path);
+			log_message('error', 'Unable to write the complete cache content at: '.$cache_path);
 			return;
 		}
-		fclose($fp);
-		@chmod($cache_path, FILE_WRITE_MODE);
 
-		log_message('debug', "Cache file written: ".$cache_path);
+		chmod($cache_path, 0640);
+		log_message('debug', 'Cache file written: '.$cache_path);
+
+		// Send HTTP cache-control headers to browser to match file cache settings.
+		$this->set_cache_header($_SERVER['REQUEST_TIME'], $expire);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Update/serve a cached file
+	 * Update/serve cached output
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param 	object	config class
-	 * @param 	object	uri class
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @uses	CI_Config
+	 * @uses	CI_URI
+	 *
+	 * @param	object	&$CFG	CI_Config class instance
+	 * @param	object	&$URI	CI_URI class instance
+	 * @return	bool	TRUE on success or FALSE on failure
 	 */
-	function _display_cache(&$CFG, &$URI)
+	public function _display_cache(&$CFG, &$URI)
 	{
-		$cache_path = ($CFG->item('cache_path') == '') ? APPPATH.'cache/' : $CFG->item('cache_path');
+		$cache_path = ($CFG->item('cache_path') === '') ? APPPATH.'cache/' : $CFG->item('cache_path');
 
-		// Build the file path.  The file name is an MD5 hash of the full URI
-		$uri =	$CFG->item('base_url').
-				$CFG->item('index_page').
-				$URI->uri_string;
+		// Build the file path. The file name is an MD5 hash of the full URI
+		$uri = $CFG->item('base_url').$CFG->item('index_page').$URI->uri_string;
+
+		if (($cache_query_string = $CFG->item('cache_query_string')) && ! empty($_SERVER['QUERY_STRING']))
+		{
+			if (is_array($cache_query_string))
+			{
+				$uri .= '?'.http_build_query(array_intersect_key($_GET, array_flip($cache_query_string)));
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				$uri .= '?'.$_SERVER['QUERY_STRING'];
+			}
+		}
 
 		$filepath = $cache_path.md5($uri);
 
-		if ( ! @file_exists($filepath))
+		if ( ! file_exists($filepath) OR ! $fp = @fopen($filepath, 'rb'))
 		{
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		if ( ! $fp = @fopen($filepath, FOPEN_READ))
+		flock($fp, LOCK_SH);
+
+		$cache = (filesize($filepath) > 0) ? fread($fp, filesize($filepath)) : '';
+
+		flock($fp, LOCK_UN);
+		fclose($fp);
+
+		// Look for embedded serialized file info.
+		if ( ! preg_match('/^(.*)ENDCI--->/', $cache, $match))
 		{
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		flock($fp, LOCK_SH);
+		$cache_info = unserialize($match[1]);
+		$expire = $cache_info['expire'];
+
+		$last_modified = filemtime($filepath);
 
-		$cache = '';
-		if (filesize($filepath) > 0)
+		// Has the file expired?
+		if ($_SERVER['REQUEST_TIME'] >= $expire && is_really_writable($cache_path))
 		{
-			$cache = fread($fp, filesize($filepath));
+			// If so we'll delete it.
+			@unlink($filepath);
+			log_message('debug', 'Cache file has expired. File deleted.');
+			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		flock($fp, LOCK_UN);
-		fclose($fp);
+		// Send the HTTP cache control headers
+		$this->set_cache_header($last_modified, $expire);
 
-		// Strip out the embedded timestamp
-		if ( ! preg_match("/(\d+TS--->)/", $cache, $match))
+		// Add headers from cache file.
+		foreach ($cache_info['headers'] as $header)
 		{
+			$this->set_header($header[0], $header[1]);
+		}
+
+		// Display the cache
+		$this->_display(self::substr($cache, self::strlen($match[0])));
+		log_message('debug', 'Cache file is current. Sending it to browser.');
+		return TRUE;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Delete cache
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$uri	URI string
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function delete_cache($uri = '')
+	{
+		$CI =& get_instance();
+		$cache_path = $CI->config->item('cache_path');
+		if ($cache_path === '')
+		{
+			$cache_path = APPPATH.'cache/';
+		}
+
+		if ( ! is_dir($cache_path))
+		{
+			log_message('error', 'Unable to find cache path: '.$cache_path);
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		// Has the file expired? If so we'll delete it.
-		if (time() >= trim(str_replace('TS--->', '', $match['1'])))
+		if (empty($uri))
 		{
-			if (is_really_writable($cache_path))
+			$uri = $CI->uri->uri_string();
+
+			if (($cache_query_string = $CI->config->item('cache_query_string')) && ! empty($_SERVER['QUERY_STRING']))
 			{
-				@unlink($filepath);
-				log_message('debug', "Cache file has expired. File deleted");
-				return FALSE;
+				if (is_array($cache_query_string))
+				{
+					$uri .= '?'.http_build_query(array_intersect_key($_GET, array_flip($cache_query_string)));
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					$uri .= '?'.$_SERVER['QUERY_STRING'];
+				}
 			}
 		}
 
-		// Display the cache
-		$this->_display(str_replace($match['0'], '', $cache));
-		log_message('debug', "Cache file is current. Sending it to browser.");
+		$cache_path .= md5($CI->config->item('base_url').$CI->config->item('index_page').ltrim($uri, '/'));
+
+		if ( ! @unlink($cache_path))
+		{
+			log_message('error', 'Unable to delete cache file for '.$uri);
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
 		return TRUE;
 	}
 
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-}
-// END Output Class
+	/**
+	 * Set Cache Header
+	 *
+	 * Set the HTTP headers to match the server-side file cache settings
+	 * in order to reduce bandwidth.
+	 *
+	 * @param	int	$last_modified	Timestamp of when the page was last modified
+	 * @param	int	$expiration	Timestamp of when should the requested page expire from cache
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function set_cache_header($last_modified, $expiration)
+	{
+		$max_age = $expiration - $_SERVER['REQUEST_TIME'];
+
+		if (isset($_SERVER['HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE']) && $last_modified <= strtotime($_SERVER['HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE']))
+		{
+			$this->set_status_header(304);
+			exit;
+		}
+
+		header('Pragma: public');
+		header('Cache-Control: max-age='.$max_age.', public');
+		header('Expires: '.gmdate('D, d M Y H:i:s', $expiration).' GMT');
+		header('Last-modified: '.gmdate('D, d M Y H:i:s', $last_modified).' GMT');
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Byte-safe strlen()
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$str
+	 * @return	int
+	 */
+	protected static function strlen($str)
+	{
+		return (self::$func_overload)
+			? mb_strlen($str, '8bit')
+			: strlen($str);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Byte-safe substr()
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$str
+	 * @param	int	$start
+	 * @param	int	$length
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected static function substr($str, $start, $length = NULL)
+	{
+		if (self::$func_overload)
+		{
+			// mb_substr($str, $start, null, '8bit') returns an empty
+			// string on PHP 5.3
+			isset($length) OR $length = ($start >= 0 ? self::strlen($str) - $start : -$start);
+			return mb_substr($str, $start, $length, '8bit');
+		}
 
-/* End of file Output.php */
-/* Location: ./system/core/Output.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+		return isset($length)
+			? substr($str, $start, $length)
+			: substr($str, $start);
+	}
+}
diff --git a/system/core/Router.php b/system/core/Router.php
index b48a34562..1abe4c4e5 100644
--- a/system/core/Router.php
+++ b/system/core/Router.php
@@ -1,19 +1,41 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.0.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * Router Class
@@ -22,389 +44,394 @@
  *
  * @package		CodeIgniter
  * @subpackage	Libraries
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
  * @category	Libraries
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/general/routing.html
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/general/routing.html
  */
 class CI_Router {
 
 	/**
-	 * Config class
+	 * CI_Config class object
 	 *
-	 * @var object
-	 * @access public
+	 * @var	object
 	 */
-	var $config;
+	public $config;
+
 	/**
 	 * List of routes
 	 *
-	 * @var array
-	 * @access public
-	 */
-	var $routes			= array();
-	/**
-	 * List of error routes
-	 *
-	 * @var array
-	 * @access public
+	 * @var	array
 	 */
-	var $error_routes	= array();
+	public $routes =	array();
+
 	/**
 	 * Current class name
 	 *
-	 * @var string
-	 * @access public
+	 * @var	string
 	 */
-	var $class			= '';
+	public $class =		'';
+
 	/**
 	 * Current method name
 	 *
-	 * @var string
-	 * @access public
+	 * @var	string
 	 */
-	var $method			= 'index';
+	public $method =	'index';
+
 	/**
 	 * Sub-directory that contains the requested controller class
 	 *
-	 * @var string
-	 * @access public
+	 * @var	string
 	 */
-	var $directory		= '';
+	public $directory;
+
 	/**
 	 * Default controller (and method if specific)
 	 *
-	 * @var string
-	 * @access public
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $default_controller;
+
+	/**
+	 * Translate URI dashes
+	 *
+	 * Determines whether dashes in controller & method segments
+	 * should be automatically replaced by underscores.
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	public $translate_uri_dashes = FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Enable query strings flag
+	 *
+	 * Determines whether to use GET parameters or segment URIs
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
 	 */
-	var $default_controller;
+	public $enable_query_strings = FALSE;
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Constructor
+	 * Class constructor
 	 *
 	 * Runs the route mapping function.
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$routing
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function __construct()
+	public function __construct($routing = NULL)
 	{
 		$this->config =& load_class('Config', 'core');
 		$this->uri =& load_class('URI', 'core');
-		log_message('debug', "Router Class Initialized");
+
+		$this->enable_query_strings = ( ! is_cli() && $this->config->item('enable_query_strings') === TRUE);
+
+		// If a directory override is configured, it has to be set before any dynamic routing logic
+		is_array($routing) && isset($routing['directory']) && $this->set_directory($routing['directory']);
+		$this->_set_routing();
+
+		// Set any routing overrides that may exist in the main index file
+		if (is_array($routing))
+		{
+			empty($routing['controller']) OR $this->set_class($routing['controller']);
+			empty($routing['function'])   OR $this->set_method($routing['function']);
+		}
+
+		log_message('info', 'Router Class Initialized');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Set the route mapping
+	 * Set route mapping
 	 *
-	 * This function determines what should be served based on the URI request,
+	 * Determines what should be served based on the URI request,
 	 * as well as any "routes" that have been set in the routing config file.
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function _set_routing()
+	protected function _set_routing()
 	{
-		// Are query strings enabled in the config file?  Normally CI doesn't utilize query strings
-		// since URI segments are more search-engine friendly, but they can optionally be used.
-		// If this feature is enabled, we will gather the directory/class/method a little differently
-		$segments = array();
-		if ($this->config->item('enable_query_strings') === TRUE AND isset($_GET[$this->config->item('controller_trigger')]))
+		// Load the routes.php file. It would be great if we could
+		// skip this for enable_query_strings = TRUE, but then
+		// default_controller would be empty ...
+		if (file_exists(APPPATH.'config/routes.php'))
 		{
-			if (isset($_GET[$this->config->item('directory_trigger')]))
-			{
-				$this->set_directory(trim($this->uri->_filter_uri($_GET[$this->config->item('directory_trigger')])));
-				$segments[] = $this->fetch_directory();
-			}
-
-			if (isset($_GET[$this->config->item('controller_trigger')]))
-			{
-				$this->set_class(trim($this->uri->_filter_uri($_GET[$this->config->item('controller_trigger')])));
-				$segments[] = $this->fetch_class();
-			}
-
-			if (isset($_GET[$this->config->item('function_trigger')]))
-			{
-				$this->set_method(trim($this->uri->_filter_uri($_GET[$this->config->item('function_trigger')])));
-				$segments[] = $this->fetch_method();
-			}
+			include(APPPATH.'config/routes.php');
 		}
 
-		// Load the routes.php file.
-		if (defined('ENVIRONMENT') AND is_file(APPPATH.'config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/routes.php'))
+		if (file_exists(APPPATH.'config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/routes.php'))
 		{
 			include(APPPATH.'config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/routes.php');
 		}
-		elseif (is_file(APPPATH.'config/routes.php'))
-		{
-			include(APPPATH.'config/routes.php');
-		}
-
-		$this->routes = ( ! isset($route) OR ! is_array($route)) ? array() : $route;
-		unset($route);
-
-		// Set the default controller so we can display it in the event
-		// the URI doesn't correlated to a valid controller.
-		$this->default_controller = ( ! isset($this->routes['default_controller']) OR $this->routes['default_controller'] == '') ? FALSE : strtolower($this->routes['default_controller']);
 
-		// Were there any query string segments?  If so, we'll validate them and bail out since we're done.
-		if (count($segments) > 0)
+		// Validate & get reserved routes
+		if (isset($route) && is_array($route))
 		{
-			return $this->_validate_request($segments);
+			isset($route['default_controller']) && $this->default_controller = $route['default_controller'];
+			isset($route['translate_uri_dashes']) && $this->translate_uri_dashes = $route['translate_uri_dashes'];
+			unset($route['default_controller'], $route['translate_uri_dashes']);
+			$this->routes = $route;
 		}
 
-		// Fetch the complete URI string
-		$this->uri->_fetch_uri_string();
-
-		// Is there a URI string? If not, the default controller specified in the "routes" file will be shown.
-		if ($this->uri->uri_string == '')
+		// Are query strings enabled in the config file? Normally CI doesn't utilize query strings
+		// since URI segments are more search-engine friendly, but they can optionally be used.
+		// If this feature is enabled, we will gather the directory/class/method a little differently
+		if ($this->enable_query_strings)
 		{
-			return $this->_set_default_controller();
-		}
-
-		// Do we need to remove the URL suffix?
-		$this->uri->_remove_url_suffix();
+			// If the directory is set at this time, it means an override exists, so skip the checks
+			if ( ! isset($this->directory))
+			{
+				$_d = $this->config->item('directory_trigger');
+				$_d = isset($_GET[$_d]) ? trim($_GET[$_d], " \t\n\r\0\x0B/") : '';
 
-		// Compile the segments into an array
-		$this->uri->_explode_segments();
+				if ($_d !== '')
+				{
+					$this->uri->filter_uri($_d);
+					$this->set_directory($_d);
+				}
+			}
 
-		// Parse any custom routing that may exist
-		$this->_parse_routes();
+			$_c = trim($this->config->item('controller_trigger'));
+			if ( ! empty($_GET[$_c]))
+			{
+				$this->uri->filter_uri($_GET[$_c]);
+				$this->set_class($_GET[$_c]);
 
-		// Re-index the segment array so that it starts with 1 rather than 0
-		$this->uri->_reindex_segments();
-	}
+				$_f = trim($this->config->item('function_trigger'));
+				if ( ! empty($_GET[$_f]))
+				{
+					$this->uri->filter_uri($_GET[$_f]);
+					$this->set_method($_GET[$_f]);
+				}
 
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+				$this->uri->rsegments = array(
+					1 => $this->class,
+					2 => $this->method
+				);
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				$this->_set_default_controller();
+			}
 
-	/**
-	 * Set the default controller
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	void
-	 */
-	function _set_default_controller()
-	{
-		if ($this->default_controller === FALSE)
-		{
-			show_error("Unable to determine what should be displayed. A default route has not been specified in the routing file.");
+			// Routing rules don't apply to query strings and we don't need to detect
+			// directories, so we're done here
+			return;
 		}
-		// Is the method being specified?
-		if (strpos($this->default_controller, '/') !== FALSE)
-		{
-			$x = explode('/', $this->default_controller);
 
-			$this->set_class($x[0]);
-			$this->set_method($x[1]);
-			$this->_set_request($x);
+		// Is there anything to parse?
+		if ($this->uri->uri_string !== '')
+		{
+			$this->_parse_routes();
 		}
 		else
 		{
-			$this->set_class($this->default_controller);
-			$this->set_method('index');
-			$this->_set_request(array($this->default_controller, 'index'));
+			$this->_set_default_controller();
 		}
-
-		// re-index the routed segments array so it starts with 1 rather than 0
-		$this->uri->_reindex_segments();
-
-		log_message('debug', "No URI present. Default controller set.");
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Set the Route
+	 * Set request route
 	 *
-	 * This function takes an array of URI segments as
-	 * input, and sets the current class/method
+	 * Takes an array of URI segments as input and sets the class/method
+	 * to be called.
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	array
-	 * @param	bool
+	 * @used-by	CI_Router::_parse_routes()
+	 * @param	array	$segments	URI segments
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function _set_request($segments = array())
+	protected function _set_request($segments = array())
 	{
 		$segments = $this->_validate_request($segments);
+		// If we don't have any segments left - try the default controller;
+		// WARNING: Directories get shifted out of the segments array!
+		if (empty($segments))
+		{
+			$this->_set_default_controller();
+			return;
+		}
 
-		if (count($segments) == 0)
+		if ($this->translate_uri_dashes === TRUE)
 		{
-			return $this->_set_default_controller();
+			$segments[0] = str_replace('-', '_', $segments[0]);
+			if (isset($segments[1]))
+			{
+				$segments[1] = str_replace('-', '_', $segments[1]);
+			}
 		}
 
 		$this->set_class($segments[0]);
-
 		if (isset($segments[1]))
 		{
-			// A standard method request
 			$this->set_method($segments[1]);
 		}
 		else
 		{
-			// This lets the "routed" segment array identify that the default
-			// index method is being used.
 			$segments[1] = 'index';
 		}
 
-		// Update our "routed" segment array to contain the segments.
-		// Note: If there is no custom routing, this array will be
-		// identical to $this->uri->segments
+		array_unshift($segments, NULL);
+		unset($segments[0]);
 		$this->uri->rsegments = $segments;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Validates the supplied segments.  Attempts to determine the path to
-	 * the controller.
+	 * Set default controller
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	array
-	 * @return	array
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function _validate_request($segments)
+	protected function _set_default_controller()
 	{
-		if (count($segments) == 0)
+		if (empty($this->default_controller))
 		{
-			return $segments;
+			show_error('Unable to determine what should be displayed. A default route has not been specified in the routing file.');
 		}
 
-		// Does the requested controller exist in the root folder?
-		if (file_exists(APPPATH.'controllers/'.$segments[0].'.php'))
+		// Is the method being specified?
+		if (sscanf($this->default_controller, '%[^/]/%s', $class, $method) !== 2)
 		{
-			return $segments;
+			$method = 'index';
 		}
 
-		// Is the controller in a sub-folder?
-		if (is_dir(APPPATH.'controllers/'.$segments[0]))
+		if ( ! file_exists(APPPATH.'controllers/'.$this->directory.ucfirst($class).'.php'))
 		{
-			// Set the directory and remove it from the segment array
-			$this->set_directory($segments[0]);
-			$segments = array_slice($segments, 1);
+			// This will trigger 404 later
+			return;
+		}
 
-			if (count($segments) > 0)
-			{
-				// Does the requested controller exist in the sub-folder?
-				if ( ! file_exists(APPPATH.'controllers/'.$this->fetch_directory().$segments[0].'.php'))
-				{
-					if ( ! empty($this->routes['404_override']))
-					{
-						$x = explode('/', $this->routes['404_override']);
-
-						$this->set_directory('');
-						$this->set_class($x[0]);
-						$this->set_method(isset($x[1]) ? $x[1] : 'index');
-
-						return $x;
-					}
-					else
-					{
-						show_404($this->fetch_directory().$segments[0]);
-					}
-				}
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				// Is the method being specified in the route?
-				if (strpos($this->default_controller, '/') !== FALSE)
-				{
-					$x = explode('/', $this->default_controller);
+		$this->set_class($class);
+		$this->set_method($method);
 
-					$this->set_class($x[0]);
-					$this->set_method($x[1]);
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					$this->set_class($this->default_controller);
-					$this->set_method('index');
-				}
+		// Assign routed segments, index starting from 1
+		$this->uri->rsegments = array(
+			1 => $class,
+			2 => $method
+		);
 
-				// Does the default controller exist in the sub-folder?
-				if ( ! file_exists(APPPATH.'controllers/'.$this->fetch_directory().$this->default_controller.'.php'))
-				{
-					$this->directory = '';
-					return array();
-				}
-
-			}
+		log_message('debug', 'No URI present. Default controller set.');
+	}
 
-			return $segments;
-		}
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
+	/**
+	 * Validate request
+	 *
+	 * Attempts validate the URI request and determine the controller path.
+	 *
+	 * @used-by	CI_Router::_set_request()
+	 * @param	array	$segments	URI segments
+	 * @return	mixed	URI segments
+	 */
+	protected function _validate_request($segments)
+	{
+		$c = count($segments);
+		$directory_override = isset($this->directory);
 
-		// If we've gotten this far it means that the URI does not correlate to a valid
-		// controller class.  We will now see if there is an override
-		if ( ! empty($this->routes['404_override']))
+		// Loop through our segments and return as soon as a controller
+		// is found or when such a directory doesn't exist
+		while ($c-- > 0)
 		{
-			$x = explode('/', $this->routes['404_override']);
+			$test = $this->directory
+				.ucfirst($this->translate_uri_dashes === TRUE ? str_replace('-', '_', $segments[0]) : $segments[0]);
 
-			$this->set_class($x[0]);
-			$this->set_method(isset($x[1]) ? $x[1] : 'index');
+			if ( ! file_exists(APPPATH.'controllers/'.$test.'.php')
+				&& $directory_override === FALSE
+				&& is_dir(APPPATH.'controllers/'.$this->directory.$segments[0])
+			)
+			{
+				$this->set_directory(array_shift($segments), TRUE);
+				continue;
+			}
 
-			return $x;
+			return $segments;
 		}
 
-
-		// Nothing else to do at this point but show a 404
-		show_404($segments[0]);
+		// This means that all segments were actually directories
+		return $segments;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 *  Parse Routes
+	 * Parse Routes
 	 *
-	 * This function matches any routes that may exist in
-	 * the config/routes.php file against the URI to
-	 * determine if the class/method need to be remapped.
+	 * Matches any routes that may exist in the config/routes.php file
+	 * against the URI to determine if the class/method need to be remapped.
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function _parse_routes()
+	protected function _parse_routes()
 	{
 		// Turn the segment array into a URI string
 		$uri = implode('/', $this->uri->segments);
 
-		// Is there a literal match?  If so we're done
-		if (isset($this->routes[$uri]))
-		{
-			return $this->_set_request(explode('/', $this->routes[$uri]));
-		}
+		// Get HTTP verb
+		$http_verb = isset($_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD']) ? strtolower($_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD']) : 'cli';
 
-		// Loop through the route array looking for wild-cards
+		// Loop through the route array looking for wildcards
 		foreach ($this->routes as $key => $val)
 		{
-			// Convert wild-cards to RegEx
-			$key = str_replace(':any', '.+', str_replace(':num', '[0-9]+', $key));
+			// Check if route format is using HTTP verbs
+			if (is_array($val))
+			{
+				$val = array_change_key_case($val, CASE_LOWER);
+				if (isset($val[$http_verb]))
+				{
+					$val = $val[$http_verb];
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					continue;
+				}
+			}
+
+			// Convert wildcards to RegEx
+			$key = str_replace(array(':any', ':num'), array('[^/]+', '[0-9]+'), $key);
 
 			// Does the RegEx match?
-			if (preg_match('#^'.$key.'$#', $uri))
+			if (preg_match('#^'.$key.'$#', $uri, $matches))
 			{
-				// Do we have a back-reference?
-				if (strpos($val, '$') !== FALSE AND strpos($key, '(') !== FALSE)
+				// Are we using callbacks to process back-references?
+				if ( ! is_string($val) && is_callable($val))
+				{
+					// Remove the original string from the matches array.
+					array_shift($matches);
+
+					// Execute the callback using the values in matches as its parameters.
+					$val = call_user_func_array($val, $matches);
+				}
+				// Are we using the default routing method for back-references?
+				elseif (strpos($val, '$') !== FALSE && strpos($key, '(') !== FALSE)
 				{
 					$val = preg_replace('#^'.$key.'$#', $val, $uri);
 				}
 
-				return $this->_set_request(explode('/', $val));
+				$this->_set_request(explode('/', $val));
+				return;
 			}
 		}
 
 		// If we got this far it means we didn't encounter a
 		// matching route so we'll set the site default route
-		$this->_set_request($this->uri->segments);
+		$this->_set_request(array_values($this->uri->segments));
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Set the class name
+	 * Set class name
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string	$class	Class name
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function set_class($class)
+	public function set_class($class)
 	{
 		$this->class = str_replace(array('/', '.'), '', $class);
 	}
@@ -414,10 +441,10 @@ class CI_Router {
 	/**
 	 * Fetch the current class
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
+	 * @deprecated	3.0.0	Read the 'class' property instead
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function fetch_class()
+	public function fetch_class()
 	{
 		return $this->class;
 	}
@@ -425,13 +452,12 @@ class CI_Router {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 *  Set the method name
+	 * Set method name
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string	$method	Method name
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function set_method($method)
+	public function set_method($method)
 	{
 		$this->method = $method;
 	}
@@ -439,84 +465,51 @@ class CI_Router {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 *  Fetch the current method
+	 * Fetch the current method
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
+	 * @deprecated	3.0.0	Read the 'method' property instead
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function fetch_method()
+	public function fetch_method()
 	{
-		if ($this->method == $this->fetch_class())
-		{
-			return 'index';
-		}
-
 		return $this->method;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 *  Set the directory name
+	 * Set directory name
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string	$dir	Directory name
+	 * @param	bool	$append	Whether we're appending rather than setting the full value
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function set_directory($dir)
+	public function set_directory($dir, $append = FALSE)
 	{
-		$this->directory = str_replace(array('/', '.'), '', $dir).'/';
+		if ($append !== TRUE OR empty($this->directory))
+		{
+			$this->directory = str_replace('.', '', trim($dir, '/')).'/';
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			$this->directory .= str_replace('.', '', trim($dir, '/')).'/';
+		}
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 *  Fetch the sub-directory (if any) that contains the requested controller class
+	 * Fetch directory
+	 *
+	 * Feches the sub-directory (if any) that contains the requested
+	 * controller class.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
+	 * @deprecated	3.0.0	Read the 'directory' property instead
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function fetch_directory()
+	public function fetch_directory()
 	{
 		return $this->directory;
 	}
 
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 *  Set the controller overrides
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	array
-	 * @return	null
-	 */
-	function _set_overrides($routing)
-	{
-		if ( ! is_array($routing))
-		{
-			return;
-		}
-
-		if (isset($routing['directory']))
-		{
-			$this->set_directory($routing['directory']);
-		}
-
-		if (isset($routing['controller']) AND $routing['controller'] != '')
-		{
-			$this->set_class($routing['controller']);
-		}
-
-		if (isset($routing['function']))
-		{
-			$routing['function'] = ($routing['function'] == '') ? 'index' : $routing['function'];
-			$this->set_method($routing['function']);
-		}
-	}
-
-
 }
-// END Router Class
-
-/* End of file Router.php */
-/* Location: ./system/core/Router.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/core/Security.php b/system/core/Security.php
index efa2df922..082ffa96b 100644
--- a/system/core/Security.php
+++ b/system/core/Security.php
@@ -1,19 +1,41 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.0.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * Security Class
@@ -21,119 +43,165 @@
  * @package		CodeIgniter
  * @subpackage	Libraries
  * @category	Security
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/security.html
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/security.html
  */
 class CI_Security {
 
 	/**
-	 * Random Hash for protecting URLs
+	 * List of sanitize filename strings
 	 *
-	 * @var string
-	 * @access protected
+	 * @var	array
 	 */
-	protected $_xss_hash			= '';
+	public $filename_bad_chars =	array(
+		'../', '<!--', '-->', '<', '>',
+		"'", '"', '&', '$', '#',
+		'{', '}', '[', ']', '=',
+		';', '?', '%20', '%22',
+		'%3c',		// <
+		'%253c',	// <
+		'%3e',		// >
+		'%0e',		// >
+		'%28',		// (
+		'%29',		// )
+		'%2528',	// (
+		'%26',		// &
+		'%24',		// $
+		'%3f',		// ?
+		'%3b',		// ;
+		'%3d'		// =
+	);
+
 	/**
-	 * Random Hash for Cross Site Request Forgery Protection Cookie
+	 * Character set
+	 *
+	 * Will be overridden by the constructor.
 	 *
-	 * @var string
-	 * @access protected
+	 * @var	string
 	 */
-	protected $_csrf_hash			= '';
+	public $charset = 'UTF-8';
+
 	/**
-	 * Expiration time for Cross Site Request Forgery Protection Cookie
-	 * Defaults to two hours (in seconds)
+	 * XSS Hash
+	 *
+	 * Random Hash for protecting URLs.
 	 *
-	 * @var int
-	 * @access protected
+	 * @var	string
 	 */
-	protected $_csrf_expire			= 7200;
+	protected $_xss_hash;
+
 	/**
-	 * Token name for Cross Site Request Forgery Protection Cookie
+	 * CSRF Hash
+	 *
+	 * Random hash for Cross Site Request Forgery protection cookie
 	 *
-	 * @var string
-	 * @access protected
+	 * @var	string
 	 */
-	protected $_csrf_token_name		= 'ci_csrf_token';
+	protected $_csrf_hash;
+
 	/**
-	 * Cookie name for Cross Site Request Forgery Protection Cookie
+	 * CSRF Expire time
+	 *
+	 * Expiration time for Cross Site Request Forgery protection cookie.
+	 * Defaults to two hours (in seconds).
 	 *
-	 * @var string
-	 * @access protected
+	 * @var	int
 	 */
-	protected $_csrf_cookie_name	= 'ci_csrf_token';
+	protected $_csrf_expire =	7200;
+
+	/**
+	 * CSRF Token name
+	 *
+	 * Token name for Cross Site Request Forgery protection cookie.
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_csrf_token_name =	'ci_csrf_token';
+
+	/**
+	 * CSRF Cookie name
+	 *
+	 * Cookie name for Cross Site Request Forgery protection cookie.
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_csrf_cookie_name =	'ci_csrf_token';
+
 	/**
 	 * List of never allowed strings
 	 *
-	 * @var array
-	 * @access protected
+	 * @var	array
 	 */
-	protected $_never_allowed_str = array(
-		'document.cookie'	=> '[removed]',
-		'document.write'	=> '[removed]',
-		'.parentNode'		=> '[removed]',
-		'.innerHTML'		=> '[removed]',
-		'window.location'	=> '[removed]',
-		'-moz-binding'		=> '[removed]',
-		'<!--'				=> '&lt;!--',
-		'-->'				=> '--&gt;',
-		'<![CDATA['			=> '&lt;![CDATA[',
-		'<comment>'			=> '&lt;comment&gt;'
+	protected $_never_allowed_str =	array(
+		'document.cookie' => '[removed]',
+		'document.write'  => '[removed]',
+		'.parentNode'     => '[removed]',
+		'.innerHTML'      => '[removed]',
+		'-moz-binding'    => '[removed]',
+		'<!--'            => '&lt;!--',
+		'-->'             => '--&gt;',
+		'<![CDATA['       => '&lt;![CDATA[',
+		'<comment>'	  => '&lt;comment&gt;',
+		'<%'              => '&lt;&#37;'
 	);
 
-	/* never allowed, regex replacement */
 	/**
-	 * List of never allowed regex replacement
+	 * List of never allowed regex replacements
 	 *
-	 * @var array
-	 * @access protected
+	 * @var	array
 	 */
 	protected $_never_allowed_regex = array(
 		'javascript\s*:',
+		'(document|(document\.)?window)\.(location|on\w*)',
 		'expression\s*(\(|&\#40;)', // CSS and IE
 		'vbscript\s*:', // IE, surprise!
-		'Redirect\s+302',
+		'wscript\s*:', // IE
+		'jscript\s*:', // IE
+		'vbs\s*:', // IE
+		'Redirect\s+30\d',
 		"([\"'])?data\s*:[^\\1]*?base64[^\\1]*?,[^\\1]*?\\1?"
 	);
 
 	/**
-	 * Constructor
+	 * Class constructor
 	 *
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function __construct()
 	{
 		// Is CSRF protection enabled?
-		if (config_item('csrf_protection') === TRUE)
+		if (config_item('csrf_protection'))
 		{
 			// CSRF config
 			foreach (array('csrf_expire', 'csrf_token_name', 'csrf_cookie_name') as $key)
 			{
-				if (FALSE !== ($val = config_item($key)))
+				if (NULL !== ($val = config_item($key)))
 				{
 					$this->{'_'.$key} = $val;
 				}
 			}
 
 			// Append application specific cookie prefix
-			if (config_item('cookie_prefix'))
+			if ($cookie_prefix = config_item('cookie_prefix'))
 			{
-				$this->_csrf_cookie_name = config_item('cookie_prefix').$this->_csrf_cookie_name;
+				$this->_csrf_cookie_name = $cookie_prefix.$this->_csrf_cookie_name;
 			}
 
 			// Set the CSRF hash
 			$this->_csrf_set_hash();
 		}
 
-		log_message('debug', "Security Class Initialized");
+		$this->charset = strtoupper(config_item('charset'));
+
+		log_message('info', 'Security Class Initialized');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Verify Cross Site Request Forgery Protection
+	 * CSRF Verify
 	 *
-	 * @return	object
+	 * @return	CI_Security
 	 */
 	public function csrf_verify()
 	{
@@ -143,52 +211,74 @@ class CI_Security {
 			return $this->csrf_set_cookie();
 		}
 
-		// Do the tokens exist in both the _POST and _COOKIE arrays?
-		if ( ! isset($_POST[$this->_csrf_token_name], $_COOKIE[$this->_csrf_cookie_name]))
+		// Check if URI has been whitelisted from CSRF checks
+		if ($exclude_uris = config_item('csrf_exclude_uris'))
 		{
-			$this->csrf_show_error();
+			$uri = load_class('URI', 'core');
+			foreach ($exclude_uris as $excluded)
+			{
+				if (preg_match('#^'.$excluded.'$#i'.(UTF8_ENABLED ? 'u' : ''), $uri->uri_string()))
+				{
+					return $this;
+				}
+			}
 		}
 
-		// Do the tokens match?
-		if ($_POST[$this->_csrf_token_name] != $_COOKIE[$this->_csrf_cookie_name])
-		{
-			$this->csrf_show_error();
-		}
+		// Check CSRF token validity, but don't error on mismatch just yet - we'll want to regenerate
+		$valid = isset($_POST[$this->_csrf_token_name], $_COOKIE[$this->_csrf_cookie_name])
+			&& hash_equals($_POST[$this->_csrf_token_name], $_COOKIE[$this->_csrf_cookie_name]);
 
-		// We kill this since we're done and we don't want to
-		// polute the _POST array
+		// We kill this since we're done and we don't want to pollute the _POST array
 		unset($_POST[$this->_csrf_token_name]);
 
-		// Nothing should last forever
-		unset($_COOKIE[$this->_csrf_cookie_name]);
+		// Regenerate on every submission?
+		if (config_item('csrf_regenerate'))
+		{
+			// Nothing should last forever
+			unset($_COOKIE[$this->_csrf_cookie_name]);
+			$this->_csrf_hash = NULL;
+		}
+
 		$this->_csrf_set_hash();
 		$this->csrf_set_cookie();
 
-		log_message('debug', 'CSRF token verified');
+		if ($valid !== TRUE)
+		{
+			$this->csrf_show_error();
+		}
 
+		log_message('info', 'CSRF token verified');
 		return $this;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Set Cross Site Request Forgery Protection Cookie
+	 * CSRF Set Cookie
 	 *
-	 * @return	object
+	 * @codeCoverageIgnore
+	 * @return	CI_Security
 	 */
 	public function csrf_set_cookie()
 	{
 		$expire = time() + $this->_csrf_expire;
-		$secure_cookie = (config_item('cookie_secure') === TRUE) ? 1 : 0;
+		$secure_cookie = (bool) config_item('cookie_secure');
 
-		if ($secure_cookie && (empty($_SERVER['HTTPS']) OR strtolower($_SERVER['HTTPS']) === 'off'))
+		if ($secure_cookie && ! is_https())
 		{
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		setcookie($this->_csrf_cookie_name, $this->_csrf_hash, $expire, config_item('cookie_path'), config_item('cookie_domain'), $secure_cookie);
-
-		log_message('debug', "CRSF cookie Set");
+		setcookie(
+			$this->_csrf_cookie_name,
+			$this->_csrf_hash,
+			$expire,
+			config_item('cookie_path'),
+			config_item('cookie_domain'),
+			$secure_cookie,
+			config_item('cookie_httponly')
+		);
+		log_message('info', 'CSRF cookie sent');
 
 		return $this;
 	}
@@ -202,7 +292,7 @@ class CI_Security {
 	 */
 	public function csrf_show_error()
 	{
-		show_error('The action you have requested is not allowed.');
+		show_error('The action you have requested is not allowed.', 403);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -210,9 +300,8 @@ class CI_Security {
 	/**
 	 * Get CSRF Hash
 	 *
-	 * Getter Method
-	 *
-	 * @return 	string 	self::_csrf_hash
+	 * @see		CI_Security::$_csrf_hash
+	 * @return 	string	CSRF hash
 	 */
 	public function get_csrf_hash()
 	{
@@ -224,9 +313,8 @@ class CI_Security {
 	/**
 	 * Get CSRF Token Name
 	 *
-	 * Getter Method
-	 *
-	 * @return 	string 	self::csrf_token_name
+	 * @see		CI_Security::$_csrf_token_name
+	 * @return	string	CSRF token name
 	 */
 	public function get_csrf_token_name()
 	{
@@ -239,52 +327,44 @@ class CI_Security {
 	 * XSS Clean
 	 *
 	 * Sanitizes data so that Cross Site Scripting Hacks can be
-	 * prevented.  This function does a fair amount of work but
+	 * prevented.  This method does a fair amount of work but
 	 * it is extremely thorough, designed to prevent even the
 	 * most obscure XSS attempts.  Nothing is ever 100% foolproof,
 	 * of course, but I haven't been able to get anything passed
 	 * the filter.
 	 *
-	 * Note: This function should only be used to deal with data
-	 * upon submission.  It's not something that should
-	 * be used for general runtime processing.
+	 * Note: Should only be used to deal with data upon submission.
+	 *	 It's not something that should be used for general
+	 *	 runtime processing.
 	 *
-	 * This function was based in part on some code and ideas I
-	 * got from Bitflux: http://channel.bitflux.ch/wiki/XSS_Prevention
+	 * @link	http://channel.bitflux.ch/wiki/XSS_Prevention
+	 * 		Based in part on some code and ideas from Bitflux.
 	 *
-	 * To help develop this script I used this great list of
-	 * vulnerabilities along with a few other hacks I've
-	 * harvested from examining vulnerabilities in other programs:
-	 * http://ha.ckers.org/xss.html
+	 * @link	http://ha.ckers.org/xss.html
+	 * 		To help develop this script I used this great list of
+	 *		vulnerabilities along with a few other hacks I've
+	 *		harvested from examining vulnerabilities in other programs.
 	 *
-	 * @param	mixed	string or array
-	 * @param 	bool
+	 * @param	string|string[]	$str		Input data
+	 * @param 	bool		$is_image	Whether the input is an image
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	public function xss_clean($str, $is_image = FALSE)
 	{
-		/*
-		 * Is the string an array?
-		 *
-		 */
+		// Is the string an array?
 		if (is_array($str))
 		{
-			while (list($key) = each($str))
+			foreach ($str as $key => &$value)
 			{
-				$str[$key] = $this->xss_clean($str[$key]);
+				$str[$key] = $this->xss_clean($value);
 			}
 
 			return $str;
 		}
 
-		/*
-		 * Remove Invisible Characters
-		 */
+		// Remove Invisible Characters
 		$str = remove_invisible_characters($str);
 
-		// Validate Entities in URLs
-		$str = $this->_validate_entities($str);
-
 		/*
 		 * URL Decode
 		 *
@@ -293,9 +373,18 @@ class CI_Security {
 		 * <a href="http://%77%77%77%2E%67%6F%6F%67%6C%65%2E%63%6F%6D">Google</a>
 		 *
 		 * Note: Use rawurldecode() so it does not remove plus signs
-		 *
 		 */
-		$str = rawurldecode($str);
+		if (stripos($str, '%') !== false)
+		{
+			do
+			{
+				$oldstr = $str;
+				$str = rawurldecode($str);
+				$str = preg_replace_callback('#%(?:\s*[0-9a-f]){2,}#i', array($this, '_urldecodespaces'), $str);
+			}
+			while ($oldstr !== $str);
+			unset($oldstr);
+		}
 
 		/*
 		 * Convert character entities to ASCII
@@ -303,16 +392,11 @@ class CI_Security {
 		 * This permits our tests below to work reliably.
 		 * We only convert entities that are within tags since
 		 * these are the ones that will pose security problems.
-		 *
 		 */
+		$str = preg_replace_callback("/[^a-z0-9>]+[a-z0-9]+=([\'\"]).*?\\1/si", array($this, '_convert_attribute'), $str);
+		$str = preg_replace_callback('/<\w+.*/si', array($this, '_decode_entity'), $str);
 
-		$str = preg_replace_callback("/[a-z]+=([\'\"]).*?\\1/si", array($this, '_convert_attribute'), $str);
-
-		$str = preg_replace_callback("/<\w+.*?(?=>|<|$)/si", array($this, '_decode_entity'), $str);
-
-		/*
-		 * Remove Invisible Characters Again!
-		 */
+		// Remove Invisible Characters Again!
 		$str = remove_invisible_characters($str);
 
 		/*
@@ -323,15 +407,9 @@ class CI_Security {
 		 * NOTE: preg_replace was found to be amazingly slow here on
 		 * large blocks of data, so we use str_replace.
 		 */
+		$str = str_replace("\t", ' ', $str);
 
-		if (strpos($str, "\t") !== FALSE)
-		{
-			$str = str_replace("\t", ' ', $str);
-		}
-
-		/*
-		 * Capture converted string for later comparison
-		 */
+		// Capture converted string for later comparison
 		$converted_string = $str;
 
 		// Remove Strings that are never allowed
@@ -351,11 +429,11 @@ class CI_Security {
 			// Images have a tendency to have the PHP short opening and
 			// closing tags every so often so we skip those and only
 			// do the long opening tags.
-			$str = preg_replace('/<\?(php)/i', "&lt;?\\1", $str);
+			$str = preg_replace('/<\?(php)/i', '&lt;?\\1', $str);
 		}
 		else
 		{
-			$str = str_replace(array('<?', '?'.'>'),  array('&lt;?', '?&gt;'), $str);
+			$str = str_replace(array('<?', '?'.'>'), array('&lt;?', '?&gt;'), $str);
 		}
 
 		/*
@@ -365,56 +443,54 @@ class CI_Security {
 		 * These words are compacted back to their correct state.
 		 */
 		$words = array(
-			'javascript', 'expression', 'vbscript', 'script', 'base64',
-			'applet', 'alert', 'document', 'write', 'cookie', 'window'
+			'javascript', 'expression', 'vbscript', 'jscript', 'wscript',
+			'vbs', 'script', 'base64', 'applet', 'alert', 'document',
+			'write', 'cookie', 'window', 'confirm', 'prompt', 'eval'
 		);
 
 		foreach ($words as $word)
 		{
-			$temp = '';
-
-			for ($i = 0, $wordlen = strlen($word); $i < $wordlen; $i++)
-			{
-				$temp .= substr($word, $i, 1)."\s*";
-			}
+			$word = implode('\s*', str_split($word)).'\s*';
 
 			// We only want to do this when it is followed by a non-word character
 			// That way valid stuff like "dealer to" does not become "dealerto"
-			$str = preg_replace_callback('#('.substr($temp, 0, -3).')(\W)#is', array($this, '_compact_exploded_words'), $str);
+			$str = preg_replace_callback('#('.substr($word, 0, -3).')(\W)#is', array($this, '_compact_exploded_words'), $str);
 		}
 
 		/*
 		 * Remove disallowed Javascript in links or img tags
-		 * We used to do some version comparisons and use of stripos for PHP5,
+		 * We used to do some version comparisons and use of stripos(),
 		 * but it is dog slow compared to these simplified non-capturing
 		 * preg_match(), especially if the pattern exists in the string
+		 *
+		 * Note: It was reported that not only space characters, but all in
+		 * the following pattern can be parsed as separators between a tag name
+		 * and its attributes: [\d\s"\'`;,\/\=\(\x00\x0B\x09\x0C]
+		 * ... however, remove_invisible_characters() above already strips the
+		 * hex-encoded ones, so we'll skip them below.
 		 */
 		do
 		{
 			$original = $str;
 
-			if (preg_match("/<a/i", $str))
+			if (preg_match('/<a/i', $str))
 			{
-				$str = preg_replace_callback("#<a\s+([^>]*?)(>|$)#si", array($this, '_js_link_removal'), $str);
+				$str = preg_replace_callback('#<a(?:rea)?[^a-z0-9>]+([^>]*?)(?:>|$)#si', array($this, '_js_link_removal'), $str);
 			}
 
-			if (preg_match("/<img/i", $str))
+			if (preg_match('/<img/i', $str))
 			{
-				$str = preg_replace_callback("#<img\s+([^>]*?)(\s?/?>|$)#si", array($this, '_js_img_removal'), $str);
+				$str = preg_replace_callback('#<img[^a-z0-9]+([^>]*?)(?:\s?/?>|$)#si', array($this, '_js_img_removal'), $str);
 			}
 
-			if (preg_match("/script/i", $str) OR preg_match("/xss/i", $str))
+			if (preg_match('/script|xss/i', $str))
 			{
-				$str = preg_replace("#<(/*)(script|xss)(.*?)\>#si", '[removed]', $str);
+				$str = preg_replace('#</*(?:script|xss).*?>#si', '[removed]', $str);
 			}
 		}
-		while($original != $str);
-
+		while ($original !== $str);
 		unset($original);
 
-		// Remove evil attributes such as style, onclick and xmlns
-		$str = $this->_remove_evil_attributes($str, $is_image);
-
 		/*
 		 * Sanitize naughty HTML elements
 		 *
@@ -424,23 +500,47 @@ class CI_Security {
 		 * So this: <blink>
 		 * Becomes: &lt;blink&gt;
 		 */
-		$naughty = 'alert|applet|audio|basefont|base|behavior|bgsound|blink|body|embed|expression|form|frameset|frame|head|html|ilayer|iframe|input|isindex|layer|link|meta|object|plaintext|style|script|textarea|title|video|xml|xss';
-		$str = preg_replace_callback('#<(/*\s*)('.$naughty.')([^><]*)([><]*)#is', array($this, '_sanitize_naughty_html'), $str);
+		$pattern = '#'
+			.'<((?<slash>/*\s*)((?<tagName>[a-z0-9]+)(?=[^a-z0-9]|$)|.+)' // tag start and name, followed by a non-tag character
+			.'[^\s\042\047a-z0-9>/=]*' // a valid attribute character immediately after the tag would count as a separator
+			// optional attributes
+			.'(?<attributes>(?:[\s\042\047/=]*' // non-attribute characters, excluding > (tag close) for obvious reasons
+			.'[^\s\042\047>/=]+' // attribute characters
+			// optional attribute-value
+				.'(?:\s*=' // attribute-value separator
+					.'(?:[^\s\042\047=><`]+|\s*\042[^\042]*\042|\s*\047[^\047]*\047|\s*(?U:[^\s\042\047=><`]*))' // single, double or non-quoted value
+				.')?' // end optional attribute-value group
+			.')*)' // end optional attributes group
+			.'[^>]*)(?<closeTag>\>)?#isS';
+
+		// Note: It would be nice to optimize this for speed, BUT
+		//       only matching the naughty elements here results in
+		//       false positives and in turn - vulnerabilities!
+		do
+		{
+			$old_str = $str;
+			$str = preg_replace_callback($pattern, array($this, '_sanitize_naughty_html'), $str);
+		}
+		while ($old_str !== $str);
+		unset($old_str);
 
 		/*
 		 * Sanitize naughty scripting elements
 		 *
 		 * Similar to above, only instead of looking for
 		 * tags it looks for PHP and JavaScript commands
-		 * that are disallowed.  Rather than removing the
+		 * that are disallowed. Rather than removing the
 		 * code, it simply converts the parenthesis to entities
 		 * rendering the code un-executable.
 		 *
 		 * For example:	eval('some code')
-		 * Becomes:		eval&#40;'some code'&#41;
+		 * Becomes:	eval&#40;'some code'&#41;
 		 */
-		$str = preg_replace('#(alert|cmd|passthru|eval|exec|expression|system|fopen|fsockopen|file|file_get_contents|readfile|unlink)(\s*)\((.*?)\)#si', "\\1\\2&#40;\\3&#41;", $str);
-
+		$str = preg_replace(
+			'#(alert|prompt|confirm|cmd|passthru|eval|exec|expression|system|fopen|fsockopen|file|file_get_contents|readfile|unlink)(\s*)\((.*?)\)#si',
+			'\\1\\2&#40;\\3&#41;',
+			$str
+		);
 
 		// Final clean up
 		// This adds a bit of extra precaution in case
@@ -456,29 +556,32 @@ class CI_Security {
 		 * string post-removal of XSS, then it fails, as there was unwanted XSS
 		 * code found and removed/changed during processing.
 		 */
-
 		if ($is_image === TRUE)
 		{
-			return ($str == $converted_string) ? TRUE: FALSE;
+			return ($str === $converted_string);
 		}
 
-		log_message('debug', "XSS Filtering completed");
 		return $str;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Random Hash for protecting URLs
+	 * XSS Hash
 	 *
-	 * @return	string
+	 * Generates the XSS hash if needed and returns it.
+	 *
+	 * @see		CI_Security::$_xss_hash
+	 * @return	string	XSS hash
 	 */
 	public function xss_hash()
 	{
-		if ($this->_xss_hash == '')
+		if ($this->_xss_hash === NULL)
 		{
-			mt_srand();
-			$this->_xss_hash = md5(time() + mt_rand(0, 1999999999));
+			$rand = $this->get_random_bytes(16);
+			$this->_xss_hash = ($rand === FALSE)
+				? md5(uniqid(mt_rand(), TRUE))
+				: bin2hex($rand);
 		}
 
 		return $this->_xss_hash;
@@ -487,76 +590,158 @@ class CI_Security {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
+	 * Get random bytes
+	 *
+	 * @param	int	$length	Output length
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	public function get_random_bytes($length)
+	{
+		if (empty($length) OR ! ctype_digit((string) $length))
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		if (function_exists('random_bytes'))
+		{
+			try
+			{
+				// The cast is required to avoid TypeError
+				return random_bytes((int) $length);
+			}
+			catch (Exception $e)
+			{
+				// If random_bytes() can't do the job, we can't either ...
+				// There's no point in using fallbacks.
+				log_message('error', $e->getMessage());
+				return FALSE;
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Unfortunately, none of the following PRNGs is guaranteed to exist ...
+		if (defined('MCRYPT_DEV_URANDOM') && ($output = mcrypt_create_iv($length, MCRYPT_DEV_URANDOM)) !== FALSE)
+		{
+			return $output;
+		}
+
+
+		if (is_readable('/dev/urandom') && ($fp = fopen('/dev/urandom', 'rb')) !== FALSE)
+		{
+			// Try not to waste entropy ...
+			is_php('5.4') && stream_set_chunk_size($fp, $length);
+			$output = fread($fp, $length);
+			fclose($fp);
+			if ($output !== FALSE)
+			{
+				return $output;
+			}
+		}
+
+		if (function_exists('openssl_random_pseudo_bytes'))
+		{
+			return openssl_random_pseudo_bytes($length);
+		}
+
+		return FALSE;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
 	 * HTML Entities Decode
 	 *
-	 * This function is a replacement for html_entity_decode()
+	 * A replacement for html_entity_decode()
 	 *
 	 * The reason we are not using html_entity_decode() by itself is because
 	 * while it is not technically correct to leave out the semicolon
 	 * at the end of an entity most browsers will still interpret the entity
-	 * correctly.  html_entity_decode() does not convert entities without
+	 * correctly. html_entity_decode() does not convert entities without
 	 * semicolons, so we are left with our own little solution here. Bummer.
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	string
+	 * @link	http://php.net/html-entity-decode
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$str		Input
+	 * @param	string	$charset	Character set
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	public function entity_decode($str, $charset='UTF-8')
+	public function entity_decode($str, $charset = NULL)
 	{
-		if (stristr($str, '&') === FALSE)
+		if (strpos($str, '&') === FALSE)
 		{
 			return $str;
 		}
 
-		$str = html_entity_decode($str, ENT_COMPAT, $charset);
-		$str = preg_replace('~&#x(0*[0-9a-f]{2,5})~ei', 'chr(hexdec("\\1"))', $str);
-		return preg_replace('~&#([0-9]{2,4})~e', 'chr(\\1)', $str);
+		static $_entities;
+
+		isset($charset) OR $charset = $this->charset;
+		$flag = is_php('5.4')
+			? ENT_COMPAT | ENT_HTML5
+			: ENT_COMPAT;
+
+		if ( ! isset($_entities))
+		{
+			$_entities = array_map('strtolower', get_html_translation_table(HTML_ENTITIES, $flag, $charset));
+
+			// If we're not on PHP 5.4+, add the possibly dangerous HTML 5
+			// entities to the array manually
+			if ($flag === ENT_COMPAT)
+			{
+				$_entities[':'] = '&colon;';
+				$_entities['('] = '&lpar;';
+				$_entities[')'] = '&rpar;';
+				$_entities["\n"] = '&NewLine;';
+				$_entities["\t"] = '&Tab;';
+			}
+		}
+
+		do
+		{
+			$str_compare = $str;
+
+			// Decode standard entities, avoiding false positives
+			if (preg_match_all('/&[a-z]{2,}(?![a-z;])/i', $str, $matches))
+			{
+				$replace = array();
+				$matches = array_unique(array_map('strtolower', $matches[0]));
+				foreach ($matches as &$match)
+				{
+					if (($char = array_search($match.';', $_entities, TRUE)) !== FALSE)
+					{
+						$replace[$match] = $char;
+					}
+				}
+
+				$str = str_replace(array_keys($replace), array_values($replace), $str);
+			}
+
+			// Decode numeric & UTF16 two byte entities
+			$str = html_entity_decode(
+				preg_replace('/(&#(?:x0*[0-9a-f]{2,5}(?![0-9a-f;])|(?:0*\d{2,4}(?![0-9;]))))/iS', '$1;', $str),
+				$flag,
+				$charset
+			);
+
+			if ($flag === ENT_COMPAT)
+			{
+				$str = str_replace(array_values($_entities), array_keys($_entities), $str);
+			}
+		}
+		while ($str_compare !== $str);
+		return $str;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Filename Security
+	 * Sanitize Filename
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param 	bool
+	 * @param	string	$str		Input file name
+	 * @param 	bool	$relative_path	Whether to preserve paths
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	public function sanitize_filename($str, $relative_path = FALSE)
 	{
-		$bad = array(
-			"../",
-			"<!--",
-			"-->",
-			"<",
-			">",
-			"'",
-			'"',
-			'&',
-			'$',
-			'#',
-			'{',
-			'}',
-			'[',
-			']',
-			'=',
-			';',
-			'?',
-			"%20",
-			"%22",
-			"%3c",		// <
-			"%253c",	// <
-			"%3e",		// >
-			"%0e",		// >
-			"%28",		// (
-			"%29",		// )
-			"%2528",	// (
-			"%26",		// &
-			"%24",		// $
-			"%3f",		// ?
-			"%3b",		// ;
-			"%3d"		// =
-		);
+		$bad = $this->filename_bad_chars;
 
 		if ( ! $relative_path)
 		{
@@ -565,7 +750,53 @@ class CI_Security {
 		}
 
 		$str = remove_invisible_characters($str, FALSE);
-		return stripslashes(str_replace($bad, '', $str));
+
+		do
+		{
+			$old = $str;
+			$str = str_replace($bad, '', $str);
+		}
+		while ($old !== $str);
+
+		return stripslashes($str);
+	}
+
+	// ----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Strip Image Tags
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$str
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	public function strip_image_tags($str)
+	{
+		return preg_replace(
+			array(
+				'#<img[\s/]+.*?src\s*=\s*(["\'])([^\\1]+?)\\1.*?\>#i',
+				'#<img[\s/]+.*?src\s*=\s*?(([^\s"\'=<>`]+)).*?\>#i'
+			),
+			'\\2',
+			$str
+		);
+	}
+
+	// ----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * URL-decode taking spaces into account
+	 *
+	 * @see		https://github.com/bcit-ci/CodeIgniter/issues/4877
+	 * @param	array	$matches
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _urldecodespaces($matches)
+	{
+		$input    = $matches[0];
+		$nospaces = preg_replace('#\s+#', '', $input);
+		return ($nospaces === $input)
+			? $input
+			: rawurldecode($nospaces);
 	}
 
 	// ----------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -573,11 +804,12 @@ class CI_Security {
 	/**
 	 * Compact Exploded Words
 	 *
-	 * Callback function for xss_clean() to remove whitespace from
-	 * things like j a v a s c r i p t
+	 * Callback method for xss_clean() to remove whitespace from
+	 * things like 'j a v a s c r i p t'.
 	 *
-	 * @param	type
-	 * @return	type
+	 * @used-by	CI_Security::xss_clean()
+	 * @param	array	$matches
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _compact_exploded_words($matches)
 	{
@@ -586,86 +818,93 @@ class CI_Security {
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-	/*
-	 * Remove Evil HTML Attributes (like evenhandlers and style)
+	/**
+	 * Sanitize Naughty HTML
 	 *
-	 * It removes the evil attribute and either:
-	 * 	- Everything up until a space
-	 *		For example, everything between the pipes:
-	 *		<a |style=document.write('hello');alert('world');| class=link>
-	 * 	- Everything inside the quotes
-	 *		For example, everything between the pipes:
-	 *		<a |style="document.write('hello'); alert('world');"| class="link">
+	 * Callback method for xss_clean() to remove naughty HTML elements.
 	 *
-	 * @param string $str The string to check
-	 * @param boolean $is_image TRUE if this is an image
-	 * @return string The string with the evil attributes removed
+	 * @used-by	CI_Security::xss_clean()
+	 * @param	array	$matches
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	protected function _remove_evil_attributes($str, $is_image)
+	protected function _sanitize_naughty_html($matches)
 	{
-		// All javascript event handlers (e.g. onload, onclick, onmouseover), style, and xmlns
-		$evil_attributes = array('on\w*', 'style', 'xmlns', 'formaction');
+		static $naughty_tags    = array(
+			'alert', 'area', 'prompt', 'confirm', 'applet', 'audio', 'basefont', 'base', 'behavior', 'bgsound',
+			'blink', 'body', 'embed', 'expression', 'form', 'frameset', 'frame', 'head', 'html', 'ilayer',
+			'iframe', 'input', 'button', 'select', 'isindex', 'layer', 'link', 'meta', 'keygen', 'object',
+			'plaintext', 'style', 'script', 'textarea', 'title', 'math', 'video', 'svg', 'xml', 'xss'
+		);
 
-		if ($is_image === TRUE)
+		static $evil_attributes = array(
+			'on\w+', 'style', 'xmlns', 'formaction', 'form', 'xlink:href', 'FSCommand', 'seekSegmentTime'
+		);
+
+		// First, escape unclosed tags
+		if (empty($matches['closeTag']))
+		{
+			return '&lt;'.$matches[1];
+		}
+		// Is the element that we caught naughty? If so, escape it
+		elseif (in_array(strtolower($matches['tagName']), $naughty_tags, TRUE))
 		{
-			/*
-			 * Adobe Photoshop puts XML metadata into JFIF images, 
-			 * including namespacing, so we have to allow this for images.
-			 */
-			unset($evil_attributes[array_search('xmlns', $evil_attributes)]);
+			return '&lt;'.$matches[1].'&gt;';
 		}
+		// For other tags, see if their attributes are "evil" and strip those
+		elseif (isset($matches['attributes']))
+		{
+			// We'll store the already fitlered attributes here
+			$attributes = array();
 
-		do {
-			$count = 0;
-			$attribs = array();
+			// Attribute-catching pattern
+			$attributes_pattern = '#'
+				.'(?<name>[^\s\042\047>/=]+)' // attribute characters
+				// optional attribute-value
+				.'(?:\s*=(?<value>[^\s\042\047=><`]+|\s*\042[^\042]*\042|\s*\047[^\047]*\047|\s*(?U:[^\s\042\047=><`]*)))' // attribute-value separator
+				.'#i';
 
-			// find occurrences of illegal attribute strings with quotes (042 and 047 are octal quotes)
-			preg_match_all('/('.implode('|', $evil_attributes).')\s*=\s*(\042|\047)([^\\2]*?)(\\2)/is', $str, $matches, PREG_SET_ORDER);
+			// Blacklist pattern for evil attribute names
+			$is_evil_pattern = '#^('.implode('|', $evil_attributes).')$#i';
 
-			foreach ($matches as $attr)
+			// Each iteration filters a single attribute
+			do
 			{
-				$attribs[] = preg_quote($attr[0], '/');
-			}
+				// Strip any non-alpha characters that may precede an attribute.
+				// Browsers often parse these incorrectly and that has been a
+				// of numerous XSS issues we've had.
+				$matches['attributes'] = preg_replace('#^[^a-z]+#i', '', $matches['attributes']);
 
-			// find occurrences of illegal attribute strings without quotes
-			preg_match_all('/('.implode('|', $evil_attributes).')\s*=\s*([^\s>]*)/is', $str, $matches, PREG_SET_ORDER);
+				if ( ! preg_match($attributes_pattern, $matches['attributes'], $attribute, PREG_OFFSET_CAPTURE))
+				{
+					// No (valid) attribute found? Discard everything else inside the tag
+					break;
+				}
 
-			foreach ($matches as $attr)
-			{
-				$attribs[] = preg_quote($attr[0], '/');
-			}
+				if (
+					// Is it indeed an "evil" attribute?
+					preg_match($is_evil_pattern, $attribute['name'][0])
+					// Or does it have an equals sign, but no value and not quoted? Strip that too!
+					OR (trim($attribute['value'][0]) === '')
+				)
+				{
+					$attributes[] = 'xss=removed';
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					$attributes[] = $attribute[0][0];
+				}
 
-			// replace illegal attribute strings that are inside an html tag
-			if (count($attribs) > 0)
-			{
-				$str = preg_replace('/(<?)(\/?[^><]+?)([^A-Za-z<>\-])(.*?)('.implode('|', $attribs).')(.*?)([\s><]?)([><]*)/i', '$1$2 $4$6$7$8', $str, -1, $count);
+				$matches['attributes'] = substr($matches['attributes'], $attribute[0][1] + strlen($attribute[0][0]));
 			}
+			while ($matches['attributes'] !== '');
 
-		} while ($count);
-
-		return $str;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Sanitize Naughty HTML
-	 *
-	 * Callback function for xss_clean() to remove naughty HTML elements
-	 *
-	 * @param	array
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	protected function _sanitize_naughty_html($matches)
-	{
-		// encode opening brace
-		$str = '&lt;'.$matches[1].$matches[2].$matches[3];
-
-		// encode captured opening or closing brace to prevent recursive vectors
-		$str .= str_replace(array('>', '<'), array('&gt;', '&lt;'),
-							$matches[4]);
+			$attributes = empty($attributes)
+				? ''
+				: ' '.implode(' ', $attributes);
+			return '<'.$matches['slash'].$matches['tagName'].$attributes.'>';
+		}
 
-		return $str;
+		return $matches[0];
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -673,12 +912,14 @@ class CI_Security {
 	/**
 	 * JS Link Removal
 	 *
-	 * Callback function for xss_clean() to sanitize links
+	 * Callback method for xss_clean() to sanitize links.
+	 *
 	 * This limits the PCRE backtracks, making it more performance friendly
 	 * and prevents PREG_BACKTRACK_LIMIT_ERROR from being triggered in
-	 * PHP 5.2+ on link-heavy strings
+	 * PHP 5.2+ on link-heavy strings.
 	 *
-	 * @param	array
+	 * @used-by	CI_Security::xss_clean()
+	 * @param	array	$match
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _js_link_removal($match)
@@ -686,9 +927,9 @@ class CI_Security {
 		return str_replace(
 			$match[1],
 			preg_replace(
-				'#href=.*?(alert\(|alert&\#40;|javascript\:|livescript\:|mocha\:|charset\=|window\.|document\.|\.cookie|<script|<xss|data\s*:)#si',
+				'#href=.*?(?:(?:alert|prompt|confirm)(?:\(|&\#40;)|javascript:|livescript:|mocha:|charset=|window\.|document\.|\.cookie|<script|<xss|d\s*a\s*t\s*a\s*:)#si',
 				'',
-				$this->_filter_attributes(str_replace(array('<', '>'), '', $match[1]))
+				$this->_filter_attributes($match[1])
 			),
 			$match[0]
 		);
@@ -699,12 +940,14 @@ class CI_Security {
 	/**
 	 * JS Image Removal
 	 *
-	 * Callback function for xss_clean() to sanitize image tags
+	 * Callback method for xss_clean() to sanitize image tags.
+	 *
 	 * This limits the PCRE backtracks, making it more performance friendly
 	 * and prevents PREG_BACKTRACK_LIMIT_ERROR from being triggered in
-	 * PHP 5.2+ on image tag heavy strings
+	 * PHP 5.2+ on image tag heavy strings.
 	 *
-	 * @param	array
+	 * @used-by	CI_Security::xss_clean()
+	 * @param	array	$match
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _js_img_removal($match)
@@ -712,9 +955,9 @@ class CI_Security {
 		return str_replace(
 			$match[1],
 			preg_replace(
-				'#src=.*?(alert\(|alert&\#40;|javascript\:|livescript\:|mocha\:|charset\=|window\.|document\.|\.cookie|<script|<xss|base64\s*,)#si',
+				'#src=.*?(?:(?:alert|prompt|confirm|eval)(?:\(|&\#40;)|javascript:|livescript:|mocha:|charset=|window\.|document\.|\.cookie|<script|<xss|base64\s*,)#si',
 				'',
-				$this->_filter_attributes(str_replace(array('<', '>'), '', $match[1]))
+				$this->_filter_attributes($match[1])
 			),
 			$match[0]
 		);
@@ -725,9 +968,8 @@ class CI_Security {
 	/**
 	 * Attribute Conversion
 	 *
-	 * Used as a callback for XSS Clean
-	 *
-	 * @param	array
+	 * @used-by	CI_Security::xss_clean()
+	 * @param	array	$match
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _convert_attribute($match)
@@ -740,20 +982,21 @@ class CI_Security {
 	/**
 	 * Filter Attributes
 	 *
-	 * Filters tag attributes for consistency and safety
+	 * Filters tag attributes for consistency and safety.
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
+	 * @used-by	CI_Security::_js_img_removal()
+	 * @used-by	CI_Security::_js_link_removal()
+	 * @param	string	$str
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _filter_attributes($str)
 	{
 		$out = '';
-
 		if (preg_match_all('#\s*[a-z\-]+\s*=\s*(\042|\047)([^\\1]*?)\\1#is', $str, $matches))
 		{
 			foreach ($matches[0] as $match)
 			{
-				$out .= preg_replace("#/\*.*?\*/#s", '', $match);
+				$out .= preg_replace('#/\*.*?\*/#s', '', $match);
 			}
 		}
 
@@ -765,68 +1008,30 @@ class CI_Security {
 	/**
 	 * HTML Entity Decode Callback
 	 *
-	 * Used as a callback for XSS Clean
-	 *
-	 * @param	array
+	 * @used-by	CI_Security::xss_clean()
+	 * @param	array	$match
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _decode_entity($match)
 	{
-		return $this->entity_decode($match[0], strtoupper(config_item('charset')));
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Validate URL entities
-	 *
-	 * Called by xss_clean()
-	 *
-	 * @param 	string
-	 * @return 	string
-	 */
-	protected function _validate_entities($str)
-	{
-		/*
-		 * Protect GET variables in URLs
-		 */
-
-		 // 901119URL5918AMP18930PROTECT8198
-
-		$str = preg_replace('|\&([a-z\_0-9\-]+)\=([a-z\_0-9\-]+)|i', $this->xss_hash()."\\1=\\2", $str);
-
-		/*
-		 * Validate standard character entities
-		 *
-		 * Add a semicolon if missing.  We do this to enable
-		 * the conversion of entities to ASCII later.
-		 *
-		 */
-		$str = preg_replace('#(&\#?[0-9a-z]{2,})([\x00-\x20])*;?#i', "\\1;\\2", $str);
+		// Protect GET variables in URLs
+		// 901119URL5918AMP18930PROTECT8198
+		$match = preg_replace('|\&([a-z\_0-9\-]+)\=([a-z\_0-9\-/]+)|i', $this->xss_hash().'\\1=\\2', $match[0]);
 
-		/*
-		 * Validate UTF16 two byte encoding (x00)
-		 *
-		 * Just as above, adds a semicolon if missing.
-		 *
-		 */
-		$str = preg_replace('#(&\#x?)([0-9A-F]+);?#i',"\\1\\2;",$str);
-
-		/*
-		 * Un-Protect GET variables in URLs
-		 */
-		$str = str_replace($this->xss_hash(), '&', $str);
-
-		return $str;
+		// Decode, then un-protect URL GET vars
+		return str_replace(
+			$this->xss_hash(),
+			'&',
+			$this->entity_decode($match, $this->charset)
+		);
 	}
 
-	// ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
 	 * Do Never Allowed
 	 *
-	 * A utility function for xss_clean()
-	 *
+	 * @used-by	CI_Security::xss_clean()
 	 * @param 	string
 	 * @return 	string
 	 */
@@ -845,31 +1050,31 @@ class CI_Security {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Set Cross Site Request Forgery Protection Cookie
+	 * Set CSRF Hash and Cookie
 	 *
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _csrf_set_hash()
 	{
-		if ($this->_csrf_hash == '')
+		if ($this->_csrf_hash === NULL)
 		{
-			// If the cookie exists we will use it's value.
+			// If the cookie exists we will use its value.
 			// We don't necessarily want to regenerate it with
 			// each page load since a page could contain embedded
 			// sub-pages causing this feature to fail
-			if (isset($_COOKIE[$this->_csrf_cookie_name]) &&
-				preg_match('#^[0-9a-f]{32}$#iS', $_COOKIE[$this->_csrf_cookie_name]) === 1)
+			if (isset($_COOKIE[$this->_csrf_cookie_name]) && is_string($_COOKIE[$this->_csrf_cookie_name])
+				&& preg_match('#^[0-9a-f]{32}$#iS', $_COOKIE[$this->_csrf_cookie_name]) === 1)
 			{
 				return $this->_csrf_hash = $_COOKIE[$this->_csrf_cookie_name];
 			}
 
-			return $this->_csrf_hash = md5(uniqid(rand(), TRUE));
+			$rand = $this->get_random_bytes(16);
+			$this->_csrf_hash = ($rand === FALSE)
+				? md5(uniqid(mt_rand(), TRUE))
+				: bin2hex($rand);
 		}
 
 		return $this->_csrf_hash;
 	}
 
 }
-
-/* End of file Security.php */
-/* Location: ./system/libraries/Security.php */
diff --git a/system/core/URI.php b/system/core/URI.php
index 3dacd6743..3ccdfa7b0 100644
--- a/system/core/URI.php
+++ b/system/core/URI.php
@@ -1,24 +1,41 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
-/**
- * MODIFIED:
- * _detect_uri(): ltrim instead of trim at the end to preserve tailing slashes
- */
-
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.0.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * URI Class
@@ -28,382 +45,368 @@
  * @package		CodeIgniter
  * @subpackage	Libraries
  * @category	URI
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/uri.html
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/uri.html
  */
 class CI_URI {
 
 	/**
-	 * List of cached uri segments
+	 * List of cached URI segments
 	 *
-	 * @var array
-	 * @access public
+	 * @var	array
 	 */
-	var	$keyval			= array();
+	public $keyval = array();
+
 	/**
-	 * Current uri string
+	 * Current URI string
 	 *
-	 * @var string
-	 * @access public
+	 * @var	string
 	 */
-	var $uri_string;
+	public $uri_string = '';
+
 	/**
-	 * List of uri segments
+	 * List of URI segments
+	 *
+	 * Starts at 1 instead of 0.
 	 *
-	 * @var array
-	 * @access public
+	 * @var	array
 	 */
-	var $segments		= array();
+	public $segments = array();
+
 	/**
-	 * Re-indexed list of uri segments
-	 * Starts at 1 instead of 0
+	 * List of routed URI segments
+	 *
+	 * Starts at 1 instead of 0.
 	 *
-	 * @var array
-	 * @access public
+	 * @var	array
 	 */
-	var $rsegments		= array();
+	public $rsegments = array();
 
 	/**
-	 * Constructor
+	 * Permitted URI chars
 	 *
-	 * Simply globalizes the $RTR object.  The front
-	 * loads the Router class early on so it's not available
-	 * normally as other classes are.
+	 * PCRE character group allowed in URI segments
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
+	 * @var	string
 	 */
-	function __construct()
-	{
-		$this->config =& load_class('Config', 'core');
-		log_message('debug', "URI Class Initialized");
-	}
-
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+	protected $_permitted_uri_chars;
 
 	/**
-	 * Get the URI String
+	 * Class constructor
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function _fetch_uri_string()
+	public function __construct()
 	{
-		if (strtoupper($this->config->item('uri_protocol')) == 'AUTO')
-		{
-			// Is the request coming from the command line?
-			if (php_sapi_name() == 'cli' or defined('STDIN'))
-			{
-				$this->_set_uri_string($this->_parse_cli_args());
-				return;
-			}
+		$this->config =& load_class('Config', 'core');
 
-			// Let's try the REQUEST_URI first, this will work in most situations
-			if ($uri = $this->_detect_uri())
-			{
-				$this->_set_uri_string($uri);
-				return;
-			}
+		// If query strings are enabled, we don't need to parse any segments.
+		// However, they don't make sense under CLI.
+		if (is_cli() OR $this->config->item('enable_query_strings') !== TRUE)
+		{
+			$this->_permitted_uri_chars = $this->config->item('permitted_uri_chars');
 
-			// Is there a PATH_INFO variable?
-			// Note: some servers seem to have trouble with getenv() so we'll test it two ways
-			$path = (isset($_SERVER['PATH_INFO'])) ? $_SERVER['PATH_INFO'] : @getenv('PATH_INFO');
-			if (trim($path, '/') != '' && $path != "/".SELF)
+			// If it's a CLI request, ignore the configuration
+			if (is_cli())
 			{
-				$this->_set_uri_string($path);
-				return;
+				$uri = $this->_parse_argv();
 			}
-
-			// No PATH_INFO?... What about QUERY_STRING?
-			$path =  (isset($_SERVER['QUERY_STRING'])) ? $_SERVER['QUERY_STRING'] : @getenv('QUERY_STRING');
-			if (trim($path, '/') != '')
+			else
 			{
-				$this->_set_uri_string($path);
-				return;
-			}
+				$protocol = $this->config->item('uri_protocol');
+				empty($protocol) && $protocol = 'REQUEST_URI';
 
-			// As a last ditch effort lets try using the $_GET array
-			if (is_array($_GET) && count($_GET) == 1 && trim(key($_GET), '/') != '')
-			{
-				$this->_set_uri_string(key($_GET));
-				return;
+				switch ($protocol)
+				{
+					case 'AUTO': // For BC purposes only
+					case 'REQUEST_URI':
+						$uri = $this->_parse_request_uri();
+						break;
+					case 'QUERY_STRING':
+						$uri = $this->_parse_query_string();
+						break;
+					case 'PATH_INFO':
+					default:
+						$uri = isset($_SERVER[$protocol])
+							? $_SERVER[$protocol]
+							: $this->_parse_request_uri();
+						break;
+				}
 			}
 
-			// We've exhausted all our options...
-			$this->uri_string = '';
-			return;
+			$this->_set_uri_string($uri);
 		}
 
-		$uri = strtoupper($this->config->item('uri_protocol'));
-
-		if ($uri == 'REQUEST_URI')
-		{
-			$this->_set_uri_string($this->_detect_uri());
-			return;
-		}
-		elseif ($uri == 'CLI')
-		{
-			$this->_set_uri_string($this->_parse_cli_args());
-			return;
-		}
-
-		$path = (isset($_SERVER[$uri])) ? $_SERVER[$uri] : @getenv($uri);
-		$this->_set_uri_string($path);
+		log_message('info', 'URI Class Initialized');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Set the URI String
+	 * Set URI String
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param 	string
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @param 	string	$str
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function _set_uri_string($str)
+	protected function _set_uri_string($str)
 	{
-		// Filter out control characters
-		$str = remove_invisible_characters($str, FALSE);
+		// Filter out control characters and trim slashes
+		$this->uri_string = trim(remove_invisible_characters($str, FALSE), '/');
+
+		if ($this->uri_string !== '')
+		{
+			// Remove the URL suffix, if present
+			if (($suffix = (string) $this->config->item('url_suffix')) !== '')
+			{
+				$slen = strlen($suffix);
+
+				if (substr($this->uri_string, -$slen) === $suffix)
+				{
+					$this->uri_string = substr($this->uri_string, 0, -$slen);
+				}
+			}
 
-		// If the URI contains only a slash we'll kill it
-		$this->uri_string = ($str == '/') ? '' : $str;
+			$this->segments[0] = NULL;
+			// Populate the segments array
+			foreach (explode('/', trim($this->uri_string, '/')) as $val)
+			{
+				$val = trim($val);
+				// Filter segments for security
+				$this->filter_uri($val);
+
+				if ($val !== '')
+				{
+					$this->segments[] = $val;
+				}
+			}
+
+			unset($this->segments[0]);
+		}
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Detects the URI
+	 * Parse REQUEST_URI
 	 *
-	 * This function will detect the URI automatically and fix the query string
-	 * if necessary.
+	 * Will parse REQUEST_URI and automatically detect the URI from it,
+	 * while fixing the query string if necessary.
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	private function _detect_uri()
+	protected function _parse_request_uri()
 	{
-		if ( ! isset($_SERVER['REQUEST_URI']) OR ! isset($_SERVER['SCRIPT_NAME']))
+		if ( ! isset($_SERVER['REQUEST_URI'], $_SERVER['SCRIPT_NAME']))
 		{
 			return '';
 		}
 
-		$uri = $_SERVER['REQUEST_URI'];
-		if (strpos($uri, $_SERVER['SCRIPT_NAME']) === 0)
-		{
-			$uri = substr($uri, strlen($_SERVER['SCRIPT_NAME']));
-		}
-		elseif (strpos($uri, dirname($_SERVER['SCRIPT_NAME'])) === 0)
+		// parse_url() returns false if no host is present, but the path or query string
+		// contains a colon followed by a number
+		$uri = parse_url('http://dummy'.$_SERVER['REQUEST_URI']);
+		$query = isset($uri['query']) ? $uri['query'] : '';
+		$uri = isset($uri['path']) ? $uri['path'] : '';
+
+		if (isset($_SERVER['SCRIPT_NAME'][0]))
 		{
-			$uri = substr($uri, strlen(dirname($_SERVER['SCRIPT_NAME'])));
+			if (strpos($uri, $_SERVER['SCRIPT_NAME']) === 0)
+			{
+				$uri = (string) substr($uri, strlen($_SERVER['SCRIPT_NAME']));
+			}
+			elseif (strpos($uri, dirname($_SERVER['SCRIPT_NAME'])) === 0)
+			{
+				$uri = (string) substr($uri, strlen(dirname($_SERVER['SCRIPT_NAME'])));
+			}
 		}
 
 		// This section ensures that even on servers that require the URI to be in the query string (Nginx) a correct
 		// URI is found, and also fixes the QUERY_STRING server var and $_GET array.
-		if (strncmp($uri, '?/', 2) === 0)
-		{
-			$uri = substr($uri, 2);
-		}
-		$parts = preg_split('#\?#i', $uri, 2);
-		$uri = $parts[0];
-		if (isset($parts[1]))
+		if (trim($uri, '/') === '' && strncmp($query, '/', 1) === 0)
 		{
-			$_SERVER['QUERY_STRING'] = $parts[1];
-			parse_str($_SERVER['QUERY_STRING'], $_GET);
+			$query = explode('?', $query, 2);
+			$uri = $query[0];
+			$_SERVER['QUERY_STRING'] = isset($query[1]) ? $query[1] : '';
 		}
 		else
 		{
-			$_SERVER['QUERY_STRING'] = '';
-			$_GET = array();
+			$_SERVER['QUERY_STRING'] = $query;
 		}
 
-		if ($uri == '/' || empty($uri))
+		parse_str($_SERVER['QUERY_STRING'], $_GET);
+
+		if ($uri === '/' OR $uri === '')
 		{
 			return '/';
 		}
 
-		$uri = parse_url($uri, PHP_URL_PATH);
-
 		// Do some final cleaning of the URI and return it
-		return str_replace(array('//', '../'), '/', ltrim($uri, '/'));
+		return $this->_remove_relative_directory($uri);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Parse cli arguments
+	 * Parse QUERY_STRING
 	 *
-	 * Take each command line argument and assume it is a URI segment.
+	 * Will parse QUERY_STRING and automatically detect the URI from it.
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	private function _parse_cli_args()
+	protected function _parse_query_string()
 	{
-		$args = array_slice($_SERVER['argv'], 1);
+		$uri = isset($_SERVER['QUERY_STRING']) ? $_SERVER['QUERY_STRING'] : @getenv('QUERY_STRING');
 
-		return $args ? '/' . implode('/', $args) : '';
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Filter segments for malicious characters
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	function _filter_uri($str)
-	{
-		if ($str != '' && $this->config->item('permitted_uri_chars') != '' && $this->config->item('enable_query_strings') == FALSE)
+		if (trim($uri, '/') === '')
 		{
-			// preg_quote() in PHP 5.3 escapes -, so the str_replace() and addition of - to preg_quote() is to maintain backwards
-			// compatibility as many are unaware of how characters in the permitted_uri_chars will be parsed as a regex pattern
-			if ( ! preg_match("|^[".str_replace(array('\\-', '\-'), '-', preg_quote($this->config->item('permitted_uri_chars'), '-'))."]+$|i", $str))
-			{
-				show_error('The URI you submitted has disallowed characters.', 400);
-			}
+			return '';
+		}
+		elseif (strncmp($uri, '/', 1) === 0)
+		{
+			$uri = explode('?', $uri, 2);
+			$_SERVER['QUERY_STRING'] = isset($uri[1]) ? $uri[1] : '';
+			$uri = $uri[0];
 		}
 
-		// Convert programatic characters to entities
-		$bad	= array('$',		'(',		')',		'%28',		'%29');
-		$good	= array('&#36;',	'&#40;',	'&#41;',	'&#40;',	'&#41;');
+		parse_str($_SERVER['QUERY_STRING'], $_GET);
 
-		return str_replace($bad, $good, $str);
+		return $this->_remove_relative_directory($uri);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Remove the suffix from the URL if needed
+	 * Parse CLI arguments
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	void
+	 * Take each command line argument and assume it is a URI segment.
+	 *
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _remove_url_suffix()
+	protected function _parse_argv()
 	{
-		if  ($this->config->item('url_suffix') != "")
-		{
-			$this->uri_string = preg_replace("|".preg_quote($this->config->item('url_suffix'))."$|", "", $this->uri_string);
-		}
+		$args = array_slice($_SERVER['argv'], 1);
+		return $args ? implode('/', $args) : '';
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Explode the URI Segments. The individual segments will
-	 * be stored in the $this->segments array.
+	 * Remove relative directory (../) and multi slashes (///)
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	void
+	 * Do some final cleaning of the URI and return it, currently only used in self::_parse_request_uri()
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$uri
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _explode_segments()
+	protected function _remove_relative_directory($uri)
 	{
-		foreach (explode("/", preg_replace("|/*(.+?)/*$|", "\\1", $this->uri_string)) as $val)
+		$uris = array();
+		$tok = strtok($uri, '/');
+		while ($tok !== FALSE)
 		{
-			// Filter segments for security
-			$val = trim($this->_filter_uri($val));
-
-			if ($val != '')
+			if (( ! empty($tok) OR $tok === '0') && $tok !== '..')
 			{
-				$this->segments[] = $val;
+				$uris[] = $tok;
 			}
+			$tok = strtok('/');
 		}
+
+		return implode('/', $uris);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 	/**
-	 * Re-index Segments
+	 * Filter URI
 	 *
-	 * This function re-indexes the $this->segment array so that it
-	 * starts at 1 rather than 0.  Doing so makes it simpler to
-	 * use functions like $this->uri->segment(n) since there is
-	 * a 1:1 relationship between the segment array and the actual segments.
+	 * Filters segments for malicious characters.
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
+	 * @param	string	$str
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function _reindex_segments()
+	public function filter_uri(&$str)
 	{
-		array_unshift($this->segments, NULL);
-		array_unshift($this->rsegments, NULL);
-		unset($this->segments[0]);
-		unset($this->rsegments[0]);
+		if ( ! empty($str) && ! empty($this->_permitted_uri_chars) && ! preg_match('/^['.$this->_permitted_uri_chars.']+$/i'.(UTF8_ENABLED ? 'u' : ''), $str))
+		{
+			show_error('The URI you submitted has disallowed characters.', 400);
+		}
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Fetch a URI Segment
+	 * Fetch URI Segment
 	 *
-	 * This function returns the URI segment based on the number provided.
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	integer
-	 * @param	bool
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @see		CI_URI::$segments
+	 * @param	int		$n		Index
+	 * @param	mixed		$no_result	What to return if the segment index is not found
+	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
-	function segment($n, $no_result = FALSE)
+	public function segment($n, $no_result = NULL)
 	{
-		return ( ! isset($this->segments[$n])) ? $no_result : $this->segments[$n];
+		return isset($this->segments[$n]) ? $this->segments[$n] : $no_result;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Fetch a URI "routed" Segment
+	 * Fetch URI "routed" Segment
 	 *
-	 * This function returns the re-routed URI segment (assuming routing rules are used)
-	 * based on the number provided.  If there is no routing this function returns the
-	 * same result as $this->segment()
+	 * Returns the re-routed URI segment (assuming routing rules are used)
+	 * based on the index provided. If there is no routing, will return
+	 * the same result as CI_URI::segment().
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	integer
-	 * @param	bool
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @see		CI_URI::$rsegments
+	 * @see		CI_URI::segment()
+	 * @param	int		$n		Index
+	 * @param	mixed		$no_result	What to return if the segment index is not found
+	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
-	function rsegment($n, $no_result = FALSE)
+	public function rsegment($n, $no_result = NULL)
 	{
-		return ( ! isset($this->rsegments[$n])) ? $no_result : $this->rsegments[$n];
+		return isset($this->rsegments[$n]) ? $this->rsegments[$n] : $no_result;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Generate a key value pair from the URI string
+	 * URI to assoc
 	 *
-	 * This function generates and associative array of URI data starting
-	 * at the supplied segment. For example, if this is your URI:
+	 * Generates an associative array of URI data starting at the supplied
+	 * segment index. For example, if this is your URI:
 	 *
 	 *	example.com/user/search/name/joe/location/UK/gender/male
 	 *
-	 * You can use this function to generate an array with this prototype:
+	 * You can use this method to generate an array with this prototype:
 	 *
-	 * array (
-	 *			name => joe
-	 *			location => UK
-	 *			gender => male
-	 *		 )
+	 *	array (
+	 *		name => joe
+	 *		location => UK
+	 *		gender => male
+	 *	 )
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	integer	the starting segment number
-	 * @param	array	an array of default values
+	 * @param	int	$n		Index (default: 3)
+	 * @param	array	$default	Default values
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function uri_to_assoc($n = 3, $default = array())
+	public function uri_to_assoc($n = 3, $default = array())
 	{
 		return $this->_uri_to_assoc($n, $default, 'segment');
 	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 	/**
-	 * Identical to above only it uses the re-routed segment array
+	 * Routed URI to assoc
 	 *
-	 * @access 	public
-	 * @param 	integer	the starting segment number
-	 * @param 	array	an array of default values
-	 * @return 	array
+	 * Identical to CI_URI::uri_to_assoc(), only it uses the re-routed
+	 * segment array.
 	 *
+	 * @see		CI_URI::uri_to_assoc()
+	 * @param 	int	$n		Index (default: 3)
+	 * @param 	array	$default	Default values
+	 * @return 	array
 	 */
-	function ruri_to_assoc($n = 3, $default = array())
+	public function ruri_to_assoc($n = 3, $default = array())
 	{
 		return $this->_uri_to_assoc($n, $default, 'rsegment');
 	}
@@ -411,57 +414,43 @@ class CI_URI {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Generate a key value pair from the URI string or Re-routed URI string
+	 * Internal URI-to-assoc
+	 *
+	 * Generates a key/value pair from the URI string or re-routed URI string.
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	integer	the starting segment number
-	 * @param	array	an array of default values
-	 * @param	string	which array we should use
+	 * @used-by	CI_URI::uri_to_assoc()
+	 * @used-by	CI_URI::ruri_to_assoc()
+	 * @param	int	$n		Index (default: 3)
+	 * @param	array	$default	Default values
+	 * @param	string	$which		Array name ('segment' or 'rsegment')
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function _uri_to_assoc($n = 3, $default = array(), $which = 'segment')
+	protected function _uri_to_assoc($n = 3, $default = array(), $which = 'segment')
 	{
-		if ($which == 'segment')
-		{
-			$total_segments = 'total_segments';
-			$segment_array = 'segment_array';
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			$total_segments = 'total_rsegments';
-			$segment_array = 'rsegment_array';
-		}
-
 		if ( ! is_numeric($n))
 		{
 			return $default;
 		}
 
-		if (isset($this->keyval[$n]))
+		if (isset($this->keyval[$which], $this->keyval[$which][$n]))
 		{
-			return $this->keyval[$n];
+			return $this->keyval[$which][$n];
 		}
 
+		$total_segments = "total_{$which}s";
+		$segment_array = "{$which}_array";
+
 		if ($this->$total_segments() < $n)
 		{
-			if (count($default) == 0)
-			{
-				return array();
-			}
-
-			$retval = array();
-			foreach ($default as $val)
-			{
-				$retval[$val] = FALSE;
-			}
-			return $retval;
+			return (count($default) === 0)
+				? array()
+				: array_fill_keys($default, NULL);
 		}
 
 		$segments = array_slice($this->$segment_array(), ($n - 1));
-
 		$i = 0;
 		$lastval = '';
-		$retval  = array();
+		$retval = array();
 		foreach ($segments as $seg)
 		{
 			if ($i % 2)
@@ -470,7 +459,7 @@ class CI_URI {
 			}
 			else
 			{
-				$retval[$seg] = FALSE;
+				$retval[$seg] = NULL;
 				$lastval = $seg;
 			}
 
@@ -483,30 +472,31 @@ class CI_URI {
 			{
 				if ( ! array_key_exists($val, $retval))
 				{
-					$retval[$val] = FALSE;
+					$retval[$val] = NULL;
 				}
 			}
 		}
 
 		// Cache the array for reuse
-		$this->keyval[$n] = $retval;
+		isset($this->keyval[$which]) OR $this->keyval[$which] = array();
+		$this->keyval[$which][$n] = $retval;
 		return $retval;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Generate a URI string from an associative array
+	 * Assoc to URI
 	 *
+	 * Generates a URI string from an associative array.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	array	an associative array of key/values
-	 * @return	array
+	 * @param	array	$array	Input array of key/value pairs
+	 * @return	string	URI string
 	 */
-	function assoc_to_uri($array)
+	public function assoc_to_uri($array)
 	{
 		$temp = array();
-		foreach ((array)$array as $key => $val)
+		foreach ((array) $array as $key => $val)
 		{
 			$temp[] = $key;
 			$temp[] = $val;
@@ -518,14 +508,15 @@ class CI_URI {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Fetch a URI Segment and add a trailing slash
+	 * Slash segment
+	 *
+	 * Fetches an URI segment with a slash.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	integer
-	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	int	$n	Index
+	 * @param	string	$where	Where to add the slash ('trailing' or 'leading')
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function slash_segment($n, $where = 'trailing')
+	public function slash_segment($n, $where = 'trailing')
 	{
 		return $this->_slash_segment($n, $where, 'segment');
 	}
@@ -533,14 +524,15 @@ class CI_URI {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Fetch a URI Segment and add a trailing slash
+	 * Slash routed segment
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	integer
-	 * @param	string
+	 * Fetches an URI routed segment with a slash.
+	 *
+	 * @param	int	$n	Index
+	 * @param	string	$where	Where to add the slash ('trailing' or 'leading')
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function slash_rsegment($n, $where = 'trailing')
+	public function slash_rsegment($n, $where = 'trailing')
 	{
 		return $this->_slash_segment($n, $where, 'rsegment');
 	}
@@ -548,24 +540,27 @@ class CI_URI {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Fetch a URI Segment and add a trailing slash - helper function
+	 * Internal Slash segment
+	 *
+	 * Fetches an URI Segment and adds a slash to it.
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	integer
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	string
+	 * @used-by	CI_URI::slash_segment()
+	 * @used-by	CI_URI::slash_rsegment()
+	 *
+	 * @param	int	$n	Index
+	 * @param	string	$where	Where to add the slash ('trailing' or 'leading')
+	 * @param	string	$which	Array name ('segment' or 'rsegment')
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _slash_segment($n, $where = 'trailing', $which = 'segment')
+	protected function _slash_segment($n, $where = 'trailing', $which = 'segment')
 	{
-		$leading	= '/';
-		$trailing	= '/';
+		$leading = $trailing = '/';
 
-		if ($where == 'trailing')
+		if ($where === 'trailing')
 		{
 			$leading	= '';
 		}
-		elseif ($where == 'leading')
+		elseif ($where === 'leading')
 		{
 			$trailing	= '';
 		}
@@ -578,10 +573,9 @@ class CI_URI {
 	/**
 	 * Segment Array
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	array
+	 * @return	array	CI_URI::$segments
 	 */
-	function segment_array()
+	public function segment_array()
 	{
 		return $this->segments;
 	}
@@ -591,10 +585,9 @@ class CI_URI {
 	/**
 	 * Routed Segment Array
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	array
+	 * @return	array	CI_URI::$rsegments
 	 */
-	function rsegment_array()
+	public function rsegment_array()
 	{
 		return $this->rsegments;
 	}
@@ -604,10 +597,9 @@ class CI_URI {
 	/**
 	 * Total number of segments
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	int
 	 */
-	function total_segments()
+	public function total_segments()
 	{
 		return count($this->segments);
 	}
@@ -617,10 +609,9 @@ class CI_URI {
 	/**
 	 * Total number of routed segments
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	int
 	 */
-	function total_rsegments()
+	public function total_rsegments()
 	{
 		return count($this->rsegments);
 	}
@@ -628,32 +619,25 @@ class CI_URI {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Fetch the entire URI string
+	 * Fetch URI string
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @return	string	CI_URI::$uri_string
 	 */
-	function uri_string()
+	public function uri_string()
 	{
 		return $this->uri_string;
 	}
 
-
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Fetch the entire Re-routed URI string
+	 * Fetch Re-routed URI string
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function ruri_string()
+	public function ruri_string()
 	{
-		return '/'.implode('/', $this->rsegment_array());
+		return ltrim(load_class('Router', 'core')->directory, '/').implode('/', $this->rsegments);
 	}
 
 }
-// END URI Class
-
-/* End of file URI.php */
-/* Location: ./system/core/URI.php */
diff --git a/system/core/Utf8.php b/system/core/Utf8.php
index 1a5bee198..dfbbfff2c 100644
--- a/system/core/Utf8.php
+++ b/system/core/Utf8.php
@@ -1,19 +1,41 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 2.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 2.0.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * Utf8 Class
@@ -23,52 +45,36 @@
  * @package		CodeIgniter
  * @subpackage	Libraries
  * @category	UTF-8
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/utf8.html
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/utf8.html
  */
 class CI_Utf8 {
 
 	/**
-	 * Constructor
+	 * Class constructor
 	 *
-	 * Determines if UTF-8 support is to be enabled
+	 * Determines if UTF-8 support is to be enabled.
 	 *
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function __construct()
+	public function __construct()
 	{
-		log_message('debug', "Utf8 Class Initialized");
-
-		global $CFG;
-
 		if (
-			preg_match('/./u', 'é') === 1					// PCRE must support UTF-8
-			AND function_exists('iconv')					// iconv must be installed
-			AND ini_get('mbstring.func_overload') != 1		// Multibyte string function overloading cannot be enabled
-			AND $CFG->item('charset') == 'UTF-8'			// Application charset must be UTF-8
+			defined('PREG_BAD_UTF8_ERROR')				// PCRE must support UTF-8
+			&& (ICONV_ENABLED === TRUE OR MB_ENABLED === TRUE)	// iconv or mbstring must be installed
+			&& strtoupper(config_item('charset')) === 'UTF-8'	// Application charset must be UTF-8
 			)
 		{
-			log_message('debug', "UTF-8 Support Enabled");
-
 			define('UTF8_ENABLED', TRUE);
-
-			// set internal encoding for multibyte string functions if necessary
-			// and set a flag so we don't have to repeatedly use extension_loaded()
-			// or function_exists()
-			if (extension_loaded('mbstring'))
-			{
-				define('MB_ENABLED', TRUE);
-				mb_internal_encoding('UTF-8');
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				define('MB_ENABLED', FALSE);
-			}
+			log_message('debug', 'UTF-8 Support Enabled');
 		}
 		else
 		{
-			log_message('debug', "UTF-8 Support Disabled");
 			define('UTF8_ENABLED', FALSE);
+			log_message('debug', 'UTF-8 Support Disabled');
 		}
+
+		log_message('info', 'Utf8 Class Initialized');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -76,17 +82,23 @@ class CI_Utf8 {
 	/**
 	 * Clean UTF-8 strings
 	 *
-	 * Ensures strings are UTF-8
+	 * Ensures strings contain only valid UTF-8 characters.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string	$str	String to clean
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function clean_string($str)
+	public function clean_string($str)
 	{
-		if ($this->_is_ascii($str) === FALSE)
+		if ($this->is_ascii($str) === FALSE)
 		{
-			$str = @iconv('UTF-8', 'UTF-8//IGNORE', $str);
+			if (MB_ENABLED)
+			{
+				$str = mb_convert_encoding($str, 'UTF-8', 'UTF-8');
+			}
+			elseif (ICONV_ENABLED)
+			{
+				$str = @iconv('UTF-8', 'UTF-8//IGNORE', $str);
+			}
 		}
 
 		return $str;
@@ -99,13 +111,12 @@ class CI_Utf8 {
 	 *
 	 * Removes all ASCII control characters except horizontal tabs,
 	 * line feeds, and carriage returns, as all others can cause
-	 * problems in XML
+	 * problems in XML.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string	$str	String to clean
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function safe_ascii_for_xml($str)
+	public function safe_ascii_for_xml($str)
 	{
 		return remove_invisible_characters($str, FALSE);
 	}
@@ -115,29 +126,24 @@ class CI_Utf8 {
 	/**
 	 * Convert to UTF-8
 	 *
-	 * Attempts to convert a string to UTF-8
+	 * Attempts to convert a string to UTF-8.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	string	- input encoding
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @param	string	$str		Input string
+	 * @param	string	$encoding	Input encoding
+	 * @return	string	$str encoded in UTF-8 or FALSE on failure
 	 */
-	function convert_to_utf8($str, $encoding)
+	public function convert_to_utf8($str, $encoding)
 	{
-		if (function_exists('iconv'))
+		if (MB_ENABLED)
 		{
-			$str = @iconv($encoding, 'UTF-8', $str);
+			return mb_convert_encoding($str, 'UTF-8', $encoding);
 		}
-		elseif (function_exists('mb_convert_encoding'))
+		elseif (ICONV_ENABLED)
 		{
-			$str = @mb_convert_encoding($str, 'UTF-8', $encoding);
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			return FALSE;
+			return @iconv($encoding, 'UTF-8', $str);
 		}
 
-		return $str;
+		return FALSE;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -145,21 +151,14 @@ class CI_Utf8 {
 	/**
 	 * Is ASCII?
 	 *
-	 * Tests if a string is standard 7-bit ASCII or not
+	 * Tests if a string is standard 7-bit ASCII or not.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string	$str	String to check
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function _is_ascii($str)
+	public function is_ascii($str)
 	{
-		return (preg_match('/[^\x00-\x7F]/S', $str) == 0);
+		return (preg_match('/[^\x00-\x7F]/S', $str) === 0);
 	}
 
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
 }
-// End Utf8 Class
-
-/* End of file Utf8.php */
-/* Location: ./system/core/Utf8.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/core/compat/hash.php b/system/core/compat/hash.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c65203aaf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/core/compat/hash.php
@@ -0,0 +1,254 @@
+<?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
+ *
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 3.0.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
+
+/**
+ * PHP ext/hash compatibility package
+ *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @subpackage	CodeIgniter
+ * @category	Compatibility
+ * @author		Andrey Andreev
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/
+ * @link		http://php.net/hash
+ */
+
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+if (is_php('5.6'))
+{
+	return;
+}
+
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+if ( ! function_exists('hash_equals'))
+{
+	/**
+	 * hash_equals()
+	 *
+	 * @link	http://php.net/hash_equals
+	 * @param	string	$known_string
+	 * @param	string	$user_string
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	function hash_equals($known_string, $user_string)
+	{
+		if ( ! is_string($known_string))
+		{
+			trigger_error('hash_equals(): Expected known_string to be a string, '.strtolower(gettype($known_string)).' given', E_USER_WARNING);
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+		elseif ( ! is_string($user_string))
+		{
+			trigger_error('hash_equals(): Expected user_string to be a string, '.strtolower(gettype($user_string)).' given', E_USER_WARNING);
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+		elseif (($length = strlen($known_string)) !== strlen($user_string))
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		$diff = 0;
+		for ($i = 0; $i < $length; $i++)
+		{
+			$diff |= ord($known_string[$i]) ^ ord($user_string[$i]);
+		}
+
+		return ($diff === 0);
+	}
+}
+
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+if (is_php('5.5'))
+{
+	return;
+}
+
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+if ( ! function_exists('hash_pbkdf2'))
+{
+	/**
+	 * hash_pbkdf2()
+	 *
+	 * @link	http://php.net/hash_pbkdf2
+	 * @param	string	$algo
+	 * @param	string	$password
+	 * @param	string	$salt
+	 * @param	int	$iterations
+	 * @param	int	$length
+	 * @param	bool	$raw_output
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	function hash_pbkdf2($algo, $password, $salt, $iterations, $length = 0, $raw_output = FALSE)
+	{
+		if ( ! in_array(strtolower($algo), hash_algos(), TRUE))
+		{
+			trigger_error('hash_pbkdf2(): Unknown hashing algorithm: '.$algo, E_USER_WARNING);
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		if (($type = gettype($iterations)) !== 'integer')
+		{
+			if ($type === 'object' && method_exists($iterations, '__toString'))
+			{
+				$iterations = (string) $iterations;
+			}
+
+			if (is_string($iterations) && is_numeric($iterations))
+			{
+				$iterations = (int) $iterations;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				trigger_error('hash_pbkdf2() expects parameter 4 to be long, '.$type.' given', E_USER_WARNING);
+				return NULL;
+			}
+		}
+
+		if ($iterations < 1)
+		{
+			trigger_error('hash_pbkdf2(): Iterations must be a positive integer: '.$iterations, E_USER_WARNING);
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		if (($type = gettype($length)) !== 'integer')
+		{
+			if ($type === 'object' && method_exists($length, '__toString'))
+			{
+				$length = (string) $length;
+			}
+
+			if (is_string($length) && is_numeric($length))
+			{
+				$length = (int) $length;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				trigger_error('hash_pbkdf2() expects parameter 5 to be long, '.$type.' given', E_USER_WARNING);
+				return NULL;
+			}
+		}
+
+		if ($length < 0)
+		{
+			trigger_error('hash_pbkdf2(): Length must be greater than or equal to 0: '.$length, E_USER_WARNING);
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		$hash_length = defined('MB_OVERLOAD_STRING')
+			? mb_strlen(hash($algo, NULL, TRUE), '8bit')
+			: strlen(hash($algo, NULL, TRUE));
+		empty($length) && $length = $hash_length;
+
+		// Pre-hash password inputs longer than the algorithm's block size
+		// (i.e. prepare HMAC key) to mitigate potential DoS attacks.
+		static $block_sizes;
+		empty($block_sizes) && $block_sizes = array(
+			'gost' => 32,
+			'haval128,3' => 128,
+			'haval160,3' => 128,
+			'haval192,3' => 128,
+			'haval224,3' => 128,
+			'haval256,3' => 128,
+			'haval128,4' => 128,
+			'haval160,4' => 128,
+			'haval192,4' => 128,
+			'haval224,4' => 128,
+			'haval256,4' => 128,
+			'haval128,5' => 128,
+			'haval160,5' => 128,
+			'haval192,5' => 128,
+			'haval224,5' => 128,
+			'haval256,5' => 128,
+			'md2' => 16,
+			'md4' => 64,
+			'md5' => 64,
+			'ripemd128' => 64,
+			'ripemd160' => 64,
+			'ripemd256' => 64,
+			'ripemd320' => 64,
+			'salsa10' => 64,
+			'salsa20' => 64,
+			'sha1' => 64,
+			'sha224' => 64,
+			'sha256' => 64,
+			'sha384' => 128,
+			'sha512' => 128,
+			'snefru' => 32,
+			'snefru256' => 32,
+			'tiger128,3' => 64,
+			'tiger160,3' => 64,
+			'tiger192,3' => 64,
+			'tiger128,4' => 64,
+			'tiger160,4' => 64,
+			'tiger192,4' => 64,
+			'whirlpool' => 64
+		);
+
+		if (isset($block_sizes[$algo], $password[$block_sizes[$algo]]))
+		{
+			$password = hash($algo, $password, TRUE);
+		}
+
+		$hash = '';
+		// Note: Blocks are NOT 0-indexed
+		for ($bc = (int) ceil($length / $hash_length), $bi = 1; $bi <= $bc; $bi++)
+		{
+			$key = $derived_key = hash_hmac($algo, $salt.pack('N', $bi), $password, TRUE);
+			for ($i = 1; $i < $iterations; $i++)
+			{
+				$derived_key ^= $key = hash_hmac($algo, $key, $password, TRUE);
+			}
+
+			$hash .= $derived_key;
+		}
+
+		// This is not RFC-compatible, but we're aiming for natural PHP compatibility
+		if ( ! $raw_output)
+		{
+			$hash = bin2hex($hash);
+		}
+
+		return defined('MB_OVERLOAD_STRING')
+			? mb_substr($hash, 0, $length, '8bit')
+			: substr($hash, 0, $length);
+	}
+}
diff --git a/system/core/compat/index.html b/system/core/compat/index.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b702fbc39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/core/compat/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+<head>
+	<title>403 Forbidden</title>
+</head>
+<body>
+
+<p>Directory access is forbidden.</p>
+
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/system/core/compat/mbstring.php b/system/core/compat/mbstring.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1b2f2c63b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/core/compat/mbstring.php
@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+<?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
+ *
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 3.0.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
+
+/**
+ * PHP ext/mbstring compatibility package
+ *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @subpackage	CodeIgniter
+ * @category	Compatibility
+ * @author		Andrey Andreev
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/
+ * @link		http://php.net/mbstring
+ */
+
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+if (MB_ENABLED === TRUE)
+{
+	return;
+}
+
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+if ( ! function_exists('mb_strlen'))
+{
+	/**
+	 * mb_strlen()
+	 *
+	 * WARNING: This function WILL fall-back to strlen()
+	 * if iconv is not available!
+	 *
+	 * @link	http://php.net/mb_strlen
+	 * @param	string	$str
+	 * @param	string	$encoding
+	 * @return	int
+	 */
+	function mb_strlen($str, $encoding = NULL)
+	{
+		if (ICONV_ENABLED === TRUE)
+		{
+			return iconv_strlen($str, isset($encoding) ? $encoding : config_item('charset'));
+		}
+
+		log_message('debug', 'Compatibility (mbstring): iconv_strlen() is not available, falling back to strlen().');
+		return strlen($str);
+	}
+}
+
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+if ( ! function_exists('mb_strpos'))
+{
+	/**
+	 * mb_strpos()
+	 *
+	 * WARNING: This function WILL fall-back to strpos()
+	 * if iconv is not available!
+	 *
+	 * @link	http://php.net/mb_strpos
+	 * @param	string	$haystack
+	 * @param	string	$needle
+	 * @param	int	$offset
+	 * @param	string	$encoding
+	 * @return	mixed
+	 */
+	function mb_strpos($haystack, $needle, $offset = 0, $encoding = NULL)
+	{
+		if (ICONV_ENABLED === TRUE)
+		{
+			return iconv_strpos($haystack, $needle, $offset, isset($encoding) ? $encoding : config_item('charset'));
+		}
+
+		log_message('debug', 'Compatibility (mbstring): iconv_strpos() is not available, falling back to strpos().');
+		return strpos($haystack, $needle, $offset);
+	}
+}
+
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+if ( ! function_exists('mb_substr'))
+{
+	/**
+	 * mb_substr()
+	 *
+	 * WARNING: This function WILL fall-back to substr()
+	 * if iconv is not available.
+	 *
+	 * @link	http://php.net/mb_substr
+	 * @param	string	$str
+	 * @param	int	$start
+	 * @param	int 	$length
+	 * @param	string	$encoding
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	function mb_substr($str, $start, $length = NULL, $encoding = NULL)
+	{
+		if (ICONV_ENABLED === TRUE)
+		{
+			isset($encoding) OR $encoding = config_item('charset');
+			return iconv_substr(
+				$str,
+				$start,
+				isset($length) ? $length : iconv_strlen($str, $encoding), // NULL doesn't work
+				$encoding
+			);
+		}
+
+		log_message('debug', 'Compatibility (mbstring): iconv_substr() is not available, falling back to substr().');
+		return isset($length)
+			? substr($str, $start, $length)
+			: substr($str, $start);
+	}
+}
diff --git a/system/core/compat/password.php b/system/core/compat/password.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8176f0088
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/core/compat/password.php
@@ -0,0 +1,251 @@
+<?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
+ *
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 3.0.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
+
+/**
+ * PHP ext/standard/password compatibility package
+ *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @subpackage	CodeIgniter
+ * @category	Compatibility
+ * @author		Andrey Andreev
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/
+ * @link		http://php.net/password
+ */
+
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+if (is_php('5.5') OR ! defined('CRYPT_BLOWFISH') OR CRYPT_BLOWFISH !== 1 OR defined('HHVM_VERSION'))
+{
+	return;
+}
+
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+defined('PASSWORD_BCRYPT') OR define('PASSWORD_BCRYPT', 1);
+defined('PASSWORD_DEFAULT') OR define('PASSWORD_DEFAULT', PASSWORD_BCRYPT);
+
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+if ( ! function_exists('password_get_info'))
+{
+	/**
+	 * password_get_info()
+	 *
+	 * @link	http://php.net/password_get_info
+	 * @param	string	$hash
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	function password_get_info($hash)
+	{
+		return (strlen($hash) < 60 OR sscanf($hash, '$2y$%d', $hash) !== 1)
+			? array('algo' => 0, 'algoName' => 'unknown', 'options' => array())
+			: array('algo' => 1, 'algoName' => 'bcrypt', 'options' => array('cost' => $hash));
+	}
+}
+
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+if ( ! function_exists('password_hash'))
+{
+	/**
+	 * password_hash()
+	 *
+	 * @link	http://php.net/password_hash
+	 * @param	string	$password
+	 * @param	int	$algo
+	 * @param	array	$options
+	 * @return	mixed
+	 */
+	function password_hash($password, $algo, array $options = array())
+	{
+		static $func_overload;
+		isset($func_overload) OR $func_overload = (extension_loaded('mbstring') && ini_get('mbstring.func_overload'));
+
+		if ($algo !== 1)
+		{
+			trigger_error('password_hash(): Unknown hashing algorithm: '.(int) $algo, E_USER_WARNING);
+			return NULL;
+		}
+
+		if (isset($options['cost']) && ($options['cost'] < 4 OR $options['cost'] > 31))
+		{
+			trigger_error('password_hash(): Invalid bcrypt cost parameter specified: '.(int) $options['cost'], E_USER_WARNING);
+			return NULL;
+		}
+
+		if (isset($options['salt']) && ($saltlen = ($func_overload ? mb_strlen($options['salt'], '8bit') : strlen($options['salt']))) < 22)
+		{
+			trigger_error('password_hash(): Provided salt is too short: '.$saltlen.' expecting 22', E_USER_WARNING);
+			return NULL;
+		}
+		elseif ( ! isset($options['salt']))
+		{
+			if (function_exists('random_bytes'))
+			{
+				try
+				{
+					$options['salt'] = random_bytes(16);
+				}
+				catch (Exception $e)
+				{
+					log_message('error', 'compat/password: Error while trying to use random_bytes(): '.$e->getMessage());
+					return FALSE;
+				}
+			}
+			elseif (defined('MCRYPT_DEV_URANDOM'))
+			{
+				$options['salt'] = mcrypt_create_iv(16, MCRYPT_DEV_URANDOM);
+			}
+			elseif (DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR === '/' && (is_readable($dev = '/dev/arandom') OR is_readable($dev = '/dev/urandom')))
+			{
+				if (($fp = fopen($dev, 'rb')) === FALSE)
+				{
+					log_message('error', 'compat/password: Unable to open '.$dev.' for reading.');
+					return FALSE;
+				}
+
+				// Try not to waste entropy ...
+				is_php('5.4') && stream_set_chunk_size($fp, 16);
+
+				$options['salt'] = '';
+				for ($read = 0; $read < 16; $read = ($func_overload) ? mb_strlen($options['salt'], '8bit') : strlen($options['salt']))
+				{
+					if (($read = fread($fp, 16 - $read)) === FALSE)
+					{
+						log_message('error', 'compat/password: Error while reading from '.$dev.'.');
+						return FALSE;
+					}
+					$options['salt'] .= $read;
+				}
+
+				fclose($fp);
+			}
+			elseif (function_exists('openssl_random_pseudo_bytes'))
+			{
+				$is_secure = NULL;
+				$options['salt'] = openssl_random_pseudo_bytes(16, $is_secure);
+				if ($is_secure !== TRUE)
+				{
+					log_message('error', 'compat/password: openssl_random_pseudo_bytes() set the $cryto_strong flag to FALSE');
+					return FALSE;
+				}
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				log_message('error', 'compat/password: No CSPRNG available.');
+				return FALSE;
+			}
+
+			$options['salt'] = str_replace('+', '.', rtrim(base64_encode($options['salt']), '='));
+		}
+		elseif ( ! preg_match('#^[a-zA-Z0-9./]+$#D', $options['salt']))
+		{
+			$options['salt'] = str_replace('+', '.', rtrim(base64_encode($options['salt']), '='));
+		}
+
+		isset($options['cost']) OR $options['cost'] = 10;
+
+		return (strlen($password = crypt($password, sprintf('$2y$%02d$%s', $options['cost'], $options['salt']))) === 60)
+			? $password
+			: FALSE;
+	}
+}
+
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+if ( ! function_exists('password_needs_rehash'))
+{
+	/**
+	 * password_needs_rehash()
+	 *
+	 * @link	http://php.net/password_needs_rehash
+	 * @param	string	$hash
+	 * @param	int	$algo
+	 * @param	array	$options
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	function password_needs_rehash($hash, $algo, array $options = array())
+	{
+		$info = password_get_info($hash);
+
+		if ($algo !== $info['algo'])
+		{
+			return TRUE;
+		}
+		elseif ($algo === 1)
+		{
+			$options['cost'] = isset($options['cost']) ? (int) $options['cost'] : 10;
+			return ($info['options']['cost'] !== $options['cost']);
+		}
+
+		// Odd at first glance, but according to a comment in PHP's own unit tests,
+		// because it is an unknown algorithm - it's valid and therefore doesn't
+		// need rehashing.
+		return FALSE;
+	}
+}
+
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+if ( ! function_exists('password_verify'))
+{
+	/**
+	 * password_verify()
+	 *
+	 * @link	http://php.net/password_verify
+	 * @param	string	$password
+	 * @param	string	$hash
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	function password_verify($password, $hash)
+	{
+		if (strlen($hash) !== 60 OR strlen($password = crypt($password, $hash)) !== 60)
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		$compare = 0;
+		for ($i = 0; $i < 60; $i++)
+		{
+			$compare |= (ord($password[$i]) ^ ord($hash[$i]));
+		}
+
+		return ($compare === 0);
+	}
+}
diff --git a/system/core/compat/standard.php b/system/core/compat/standard.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7db2efb57
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/core/compat/standard.php
@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+<?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
+ *
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 3.0.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
+
+/**
+ * PHP ext/standard compatibility package
+ *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @subpackage	CodeIgniter
+ * @category	Compatibility
+ * @author		Andrey Andreev
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/
+ */
+
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+if (is_php('5.5'))
+{
+	return;
+}
+
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+if ( ! function_exists('array_column'))
+{
+	/**
+	 * array_column()
+	 *
+	 * @link	http://php.net/array_column
+	 * @param	array	$array
+	 * @param	mixed	$column_key
+	 * @param	mixed	$index_key
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	function array_column(array $array, $column_key, $index_key = NULL)
+	{
+		if ( ! in_array($type = gettype($column_key), array('integer', 'string', 'NULL'), TRUE))
+		{
+			if ($type === 'double')
+			{
+				$column_key = (int) $column_key;
+			}
+			elseif ($type === 'object' && method_exists($column_key, '__toString'))
+			{
+				$column_key = (string) $column_key;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				trigger_error('array_column(): The column key should be either a string or an integer', E_USER_WARNING);
+				return FALSE;
+			}
+		}
+
+		if ( ! in_array($type = gettype($index_key), array('integer', 'string', 'NULL'), TRUE))
+		{
+			if ($type === 'double')
+			{
+				$index_key = (int) $index_key;
+			}
+			elseif ($type === 'object' && method_exists($index_key, '__toString'))
+			{
+				$index_key = (string) $index_key;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				trigger_error('array_column(): The index key should be either a string or an integer', E_USER_WARNING);
+				return FALSE;
+			}
+		}
+
+		$result = array();
+		foreach ($array as &$a)
+		{
+			if ($column_key === NULL)
+			{
+				$value = $a;
+			}
+			elseif (is_array($a) && array_key_exists($column_key, $a))
+			{
+				$value = $a[$column_key];
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				continue;
+			}
+
+			if ($index_key === NULL OR ! array_key_exists($index_key, $a))
+			{
+				$result[] = $value;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				$result[$a[$index_key]] = $value;
+			}
+		}
+
+		return $result;
+	}
+}
+
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+if (is_php('5.4'))
+{
+	return;
+}
+
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+if ( ! function_exists('hex2bin'))
+{
+	/**
+	 * hex2bin()
+	 *
+	 * @link	http://php.net/hex2bin
+	 * @param	string	$data
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	function hex2bin($data)
+	{
+		if (in_array($type = gettype($data), array('array', 'double', 'object', 'resource'), TRUE))
+		{
+			if ($type === 'object' && method_exists($data, '__toString'))
+			{
+				$data = (string) $data;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				trigger_error('hex2bin() expects parameter 1 to be string, '.$type.' given', E_USER_WARNING);
+				return NULL;
+			}
+		}
+
+		if (strlen($data) % 2 !== 0)
+		{
+			trigger_error('Hexadecimal input string must have an even length', E_USER_WARNING);
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+		elseif ( ! preg_match('/^[0-9a-f]*$/i', $data))
+		{
+			trigger_error('Input string must be hexadecimal string', E_USER_WARNING);
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		return pack('H*', $data);
+	}
+}
diff --git a/system/core/index.html b/system/core/index.html
index c942a79ce..b702fbc39 100644
--- a/system/core/index.html
+++ b/system/core/index.html
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
 <html>
 <head>
 	<title>403 Forbidden</title>
@@ -7,4 +8,4 @@
 <p>Directory access is forbidden.</p>
 
 </body>
-</html>
\ No newline at end of file
+</html>
diff --git a/system/database/DB.php b/system/database/DB.php
index d74738a03..c19eef72c 100644
--- a/system/database/DB.php
+++ b/system/database/DB.php
@@ -1,100 +1,141 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.0.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * Initialize the database
  *
  * @category	Database
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
- * @param 	string
- * @param 	bool	Determines if active record should be used or not
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ *
+ * @param 	string|string[]	$params
+ * @param 	bool		$query_builder_override
+ *				Determines if query builder should be used or not
  */
-function &DB($params = '', $active_record_override = NULL)
+function &DB($params = '', $query_builder_override = NULL)
 {
 	// Load the DB config file if a DSN string wasn't passed
-	if (is_string($params) AND strpos($params, '://') === FALSE)
+	if (is_string($params) && strpos($params, '://') === FALSE)
 	{
 		// Is the config file in the environment folder?
-		if ( ! defined('ENVIRONMENT') OR ! file_exists($file_path = APPPATH.'config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/database.php'))
+		if ( ! file_exists($file_path = APPPATH.'config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/database.php')
+			&& ! file_exists($file_path = APPPATH.'config/database.php'))
 		{
-			if ( ! file_exists($file_path = APPPATH.'config/database.php'))
-			{
-				show_error('The configuration file database.php does not exist.');
-			}
+			show_error('The configuration file database.php does not exist.');
 		}
 
 		include($file_path);
 
-		if ( ! isset($db) OR count($db) == 0)
+		// Make packages contain database config files,
+		// given that the controller instance already exists
+		if (class_exists('CI_Controller', FALSE))
+		{
+			foreach (get_instance()->load->get_package_paths() as $path)
+			{
+				if ($path !== APPPATH)
+				{
+					if (file_exists($file_path = $path.'config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/database.php'))
+					{
+						include($file_path);
+					}
+					elseif (file_exists($file_path = $path.'config/database.php'))
+					{
+						include($file_path);
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		if ( ! isset($db) OR count($db) === 0)
 		{
 			show_error('No database connection settings were found in the database config file.');
 		}
 
-		if ($params != '')
+		if ($params !== '')
 		{
 			$active_group = $params;
 		}
 
-		if ( ! isset($active_group) OR ! isset($db[$active_group]))
+		if ( ! isset($active_group))
+		{
+			show_error('You have not specified a database connection group via $active_group in your config/database.php file.');
+		}
+		elseif ( ! isset($db[$active_group]))
 		{
-			show_error('You have specified an invalid database connection group.');
+			show_error('You have specified an invalid database connection group ('.$active_group.') in your config/database.php file.');
 		}
 
 		$params = $db[$active_group];
 	}
 	elseif (is_string($params))
 	{
-
-		/* parse the URL from the DSN string
-		 *  Database settings can be passed as discreet
-		 *  parameters or as a data source name in the first
-		 *  parameter. DSNs must have this prototype:
-		 *  $dsn = 'driver://username:password@hostname/database';
+		/**
+		 * Parse the URL from the DSN string
+		 * Database settings can be passed as discreet
+		 * parameters or as a data source name in the first
+		 * parameter. DSNs must have this prototype:
+		 * $dsn = 'driver://username:password@hostname/database';
 		 */
-
-		if (($dns = @parse_url($params)) === FALSE)
+		if (($dsn = @parse_url($params)) === FALSE)
 		{
 			show_error('Invalid DB Connection String');
 		}
 
 		$params = array(
-							'dbdriver'	=> $dns['scheme'],
-							'hostname'	=> (isset($dns['host'])) ? rawurldecode($dns['host']) : '',
-							'username'	=> (isset($dns['user'])) ? rawurldecode($dns['user']) : '',
-							'password'	=> (isset($dns['pass'])) ? rawurldecode($dns['pass']) : '',
-							'database'	=> (isset($dns['path'])) ? rawurldecode(substr($dns['path'], 1)) : ''
-						);
-
-		// were additional config items set?
-		if (isset($dns['query']))
+			'dbdriver'	=> $dsn['scheme'],
+			'hostname'	=> isset($dsn['host']) ? rawurldecode($dsn['host']) : '',
+			'port'		=> isset($dsn['port']) ? rawurldecode($dsn['port']) : '',
+			'username'	=> isset($dsn['user']) ? rawurldecode($dsn['user']) : '',
+			'password'	=> isset($dsn['pass']) ? rawurldecode($dsn['pass']) : '',
+			'database'	=> isset($dsn['path']) ? rawurldecode(substr($dsn['path'], 1)) : ''
+		);
+
+		// Were additional config items set?
+		if (isset($dsn['query']))
 		{
-			parse_str($dns['query'], $extra);
+			parse_str($dsn['query'], $extra);
 
 			foreach ($extra as $key => $val)
 			{
-				// booleans please
-				if (strtoupper($val) == "TRUE")
-				{
-					$val = TRUE;
-				}
-				elseif (strtoupper($val) == "FALSE")
+				if (is_string($val) && in_array(strtoupper($val), array('TRUE', 'FALSE', 'NULL')))
 				{
-					$val = FALSE;
+					$val = var_export($val, TRUE);
 				}
 
 				$params[$key] = $val;
@@ -102,61 +143,76 @@ function &DB($params = '', $active_record_override = NULL)
 		}
 	}
 
-	// No DB specified yet?  Beat them senseless...
-	if ( ! isset($params['dbdriver']) OR $params['dbdriver'] == '')
+	// No DB specified yet? Beat them senseless...
+	if (empty($params['dbdriver']))
 	{
 		show_error('You have not selected a database type to connect to.');
 	}
 
-	// Load the DB classes.  Note: Since the active record class is optional
+	// Load the DB classes. Note: Since the query builder class is optional
 	// we need to dynamically create a class that extends proper parent class
-	// based on whether we're using the active record class or not.
-	// Kudos to Paul for discovering this clever use of eval()
-
-	if ($active_record_override !== NULL)
+	// based on whether we're using the query builder class or not.
+	if ($query_builder_override !== NULL)
 	{
-		$active_record = $active_record_override;
+		$query_builder = $query_builder_override;
+	}
+	// Backwards compatibility work-around for keeping the
+	// $active_record config variable working. Should be
+	// removed in v3.1
+	elseif ( ! isset($query_builder) && isset($active_record))
+	{
+		$query_builder = $active_record;
 	}
 
 	require_once(BASEPATH.'database/DB_driver.php');
 
-	if ( ! isset($active_record) OR $active_record == TRUE)
+	if ( ! isset($query_builder) OR $query_builder === TRUE)
 	{
-		require_once(BASEPATH.'database/DB_active_rec.php');
-
-		if ( ! class_exists('CI_DB'))
+		require_once(BASEPATH.'database/DB_query_builder.php');
+		if ( ! class_exists('CI_DB', FALSE))
 		{
-			eval('class CI_DB extends CI_DB_active_record { }');
+			/**
+			 * CI_DB
+			 *
+			 * Acts as an alias for both CI_DB_driver and CI_DB_query_builder.
+			 *
+			 * @see	CI_DB_query_builder
+			 * @see	CI_DB_driver
+			 */
+			class CI_DB extends CI_DB_query_builder { }
 		}
 	}
-	else
+	elseif ( ! class_exists('CI_DB', FALSE))
 	{
-		if ( ! class_exists('CI_DB'))
-		{
-			eval('class CI_DB extends CI_DB_driver { }');
-		}
+		/**
+	 	 * @ignore
+		 */
+		class CI_DB extends CI_DB_driver { }
 	}
 
-	require_once(BASEPATH.'database/drivers/'.$params['dbdriver'].'/'.$params['dbdriver'].'_driver.php');
+	// Load the DB driver
+	$driver_file = BASEPATH.'database/drivers/'.$params['dbdriver'].'/'.$params['dbdriver'].'_driver.php';
+
+	file_exists($driver_file) OR show_error('Invalid DB driver');
+	require_once($driver_file);
 
 	// Instantiate the DB adapter
 	$driver = 'CI_DB_'.$params['dbdriver'].'_driver';
 	$DB = new $driver($params);
 
-	if ($DB->autoinit == TRUE)
+	// Check for a subdriver
+	if ( ! empty($DB->subdriver))
 	{
-		$DB->initialize();
-	}
+		$driver_file = BASEPATH.'database/drivers/'.$DB->dbdriver.'/subdrivers/'.$DB->dbdriver.'_'.$DB->subdriver.'_driver.php';
 
-	if (isset($params['stricton']) && $params['stricton'] == TRUE)
-	{
-		$DB->query('SET SESSION sql_mode="STRICT_ALL_TABLES"');
+		if (file_exists($driver_file))
+		{
+			require_once($driver_file);
+			$driver = 'CI_DB_'.$DB->dbdriver.'_'.$DB->subdriver.'_driver';
+			$DB = new $driver($params);
+		}
 	}
 
+	$DB->initialize();
 	return $DB;
 }
-
-
-
-/* End of file DB.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/DB.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/DB_active_rec.php b/system/database/DB_active_rec.php
deleted file mode 100644
index 811df97fb..000000000
--- a/system/database/DB_active_rec.php
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2045 +0,0 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
-/**
- * CodeIgniter
- *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
- *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
- * @filesource
- */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-/**
- * Active Record Class
- *
- * This is the platform-independent base Active Record implementation class.
- *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @subpackage	Drivers
- * @category	Database
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
- */
-class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
-
-	var $ar_select				= array();
-	var $ar_distinct			= FALSE;
-	var $ar_from				= array();
-	var $ar_join				= array();
-	var $ar_where				= array();
-	var $ar_like				= array();
-	var $ar_groupby				= array();
-	var $ar_having				= array();
-	var $ar_keys				= array();
-	var $ar_limit				= FALSE;
-	var $ar_offset				= FALSE;
-	var $ar_order				= FALSE;
-	var $ar_orderby				= array();
-	var $ar_set					= array();
-	var $ar_wherein				= array();
-	var $ar_aliased_tables		= array();
-	var $ar_store_array			= array();
-
-	// Active Record Caching variables
-	var $ar_caching				= FALSE;
-	var $ar_cache_exists		= array();
-	var $ar_cache_select		= array();
-	var $ar_cache_from			= array();
-	var $ar_cache_join			= array();
-	var $ar_cache_where			= array();
-	var $ar_cache_like			= array();
-	var $ar_cache_groupby		= array();
-	var $ar_cache_having		= array();
-	var $ar_cache_orderby		= array();
-	var $ar_cache_set			= array();
-	
-	var $ar_no_escape 			= array();
-	var $ar_cache_no_escape     = array();
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Select
-	 *
-	 * Generates the SELECT portion of the query
-	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	object
-	 */
-	public function select($select = '*', $escape = NULL)
-	{
-		if (is_string($select))
-		{
-			$select = explode(',', $select);
-		}
-
-		foreach ($select as $val)
-		{
-			$val = trim($val);
-
-			if ($val != '')
-			{
-				$this->ar_select[] = $val;
-				$this->ar_no_escape[] = $escape;
-
-				if ($this->ar_caching === TRUE)
-				{
-					$this->ar_cache_select[] = $val;
-					$this->ar_cache_exists[] = 'select';
-					$this->ar_cache_no_escape[] = $escape;
-				}
-			}
-		}
-		return $this;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Select Max
-	 *
-	 * Generates a SELECT MAX(field) portion of a query
-	 *
-	 * @param	string	the field
-	 * @param	string	an alias
-	 * @return	object
-	 */
-	public function select_max($select = '', $alias = '')
-	{
-		return $this->_max_min_avg_sum($select, $alias, 'MAX');
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Select Min
-	 *
-	 * Generates a SELECT MIN(field) portion of a query
-	 *
-	 * @param	string	the field
-	 * @param	string	an alias
-	 * @return	object
-	 */
-	public function select_min($select = '', $alias = '')
-	{
-		return $this->_max_min_avg_sum($select, $alias, 'MIN');
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Select Average
-	 *
-	 * Generates a SELECT AVG(field) portion of a query
-	 *
-	 * @param	string	the field
-	 * @param	string	an alias
-	 * @return	object
-	 */
-	public function select_avg($select = '', $alias = '')
-	{
-		return $this->_max_min_avg_sum($select, $alias, 'AVG');
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Select Sum
-	 *
-	 * Generates a SELECT SUM(field) portion of a query
-	 *
-	 * @param	string	the field
-	 * @param	string	an alias
-	 * @return	object
-	 */
-	public function select_sum($select = '', $alias = '')
-	{
-		return $this->_max_min_avg_sum($select, $alias, 'SUM');
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Processing Function for the four functions above:
-	 *
-	 *	select_max()
-	 *	select_min()
-	 *	select_avg()
-	 *  select_sum()
-	 *
-	 * @param	string	the field
-	 * @param	string	an alias
-	 * @return	object
-	 */
-	protected function _max_min_avg_sum($select = '', $alias = '', $type = 'MAX')
-	{
-		if ( ! is_string($select) OR $select == '')
-		{
-			$this->display_error('db_invalid_query');
-		}
-
-		$type = strtoupper($type);
-
-		if ( ! in_array($type, array('MAX', 'MIN', 'AVG', 'SUM')))
-		{
-			show_error('Invalid function type: '.$type);
-		}
-
-		if ($alias == '')
-		{
-			$alias = $this->_create_alias_from_table(trim($select));
-		}
-
-		$sql = $type.'('.$this->_protect_identifiers(trim($select)).') AS '.$alias;
-
-		$this->ar_select[] = $sql;
-
-		if ($this->ar_caching === TRUE)
-		{
-			$this->ar_cache_select[] = $sql;
-			$this->ar_cache_exists[] = 'select';
-		}
-
-		return $this;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Determines the alias name based on the table
-	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	protected function _create_alias_from_table($item)
-	{
-		if (strpos($item, '.') !== FALSE)
-		{
-			return end(explode('.', $item));
-		}
-
-		return $item;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * DISTINCT
-	 *
-	 * Sets a flag which tells the query string compiler to add DISTINCT
-	 *
-	 * @param	bool
-	 * @return	object
-	 */
-	public function distinct($val = TRUE)
-	{
-		$this->ar_distinct = (is_bool($val)) ? $val : TRUE;
-		return $this;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * From
-	 *
-	 * Generates the FROM portion of the query
-	 *
-	 * @param	mixed	can be a string or array
-	 * @return	object
-	 */
-	public function from($from)
-	{
-		foreach ((array)$from as $val)
-		{
-			if (strpos($val, ',') !== FALSE)
-			{
-				foreach (explode(',', $val) as $v)
-				{
-					$v = trim($v);
-					$this->_track_aliases($v);
-
-					$this->ar_from[] = $this->_protect_identifiers($v, TRUE, NULL, FALSE);
-
-					if ($this->ar_caching === TRUE)
-					{
-						$this->ar_cache_from[] = $this->_protect_identifiers($v, TRUE, NULL, FALSE);
-						$this->ar_cache_exists[] = 'from';
-					}
-				}
-
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				$val = trim($val);
-
-				// Extract any aliases that might exist.  We use this information
-				// in the _protect_identifiers to know whether to add a table prefix
-				$this->_track_aliases($val);
-
-				$this->ar_from[] = $this->_protect_identifiers($val, TRUE, NULL, FALSE);
-
-				if ($this->ar_caching === TRUE)
-				{
-					$this->ar_cache_from[] = $this->_protect_identifiers($val, TRUE, NULL, FALSE);
-					$this->ar_cache_exists[] = 'from';
-				}
-			}
-		}
-
-		return $this;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Join
-	 *
-	 * Generates the JOIN portion of the query
-	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	string	the join condition
-	 * @param	string	the type of join
-	 * @return	object
-	 */
-	public function join($table, $cond, $type = '')
-	{
-		if ($type != '')
-		{
-			$type = strtoupper(trim($type));
-
-			if ( ! in_array($type, array('LEFT', 'RIGHT', 'OUTER', 'INNER', 'LEFT OUTER', 'RIGHT OUTER')))
-			{
-				$type = '';
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				$type .= ' ';
-			}
-		}
-
-		// Extract any aliases that might exist.  We use this information
-		// in the _protect_identifiers to know whether to add a table prefix
-		$this->_track_aliases($table);
-
-		// Strip apart the condition and protect the identifiers
-		if (preg_match('/([\w\.]+)([\W\s]+)(.+)/', $cond, $match))
-		{
-			$match[1] = $this->_protect_identifiers($match[1]);
-			$match[3] = $this->_protect_identifiers($match[3]);
-
-			$cond = $match[1].$match[2].$match[3];
-		}
-
-		// Assemble the JOIN statement
-		$join = $type.'JOIN '.$this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE).' ON '.$cond;
-
-		$this->ar_join[] = $join;
-		if ($this->ar_caching === TRUE)
-		{
-			$this->ar_cache_join[] = $join;
-			$this->ar_cache_exists[] = 'join';
-		}
-
-		return $this;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Where
-	 *
-	 * Generates the WHERE portion of the query. Separates
-	 * multiple calls with AND
-	 *
-	 * @param	mixed
-	 * @param	mixed
-	 * @return	object
-	 */
-	public function where($key, $value = NULL, $escape = TRUE)
-	{
-		return $this->_where($key, $value, 'AND ', $escape);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * OR Where
-	 *
-	 * Generates the WHERE portion of the query. Separates
-	 * multiple calls with OR
-	 *
-	 * @param	mixed
-	 * @param	mixed
-	 * @return	object
-	 */
-	public function or_where($key, $value = NULL, $escape = TRUE)
-	{
-		return $this->_where($key, $value, 'OR ', $escape);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Where
-	 *
-	 * Called by where() or or_where()
-	 *
-	 * @param	mixed
-	 * @param	mixed
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	object
-	 */
-	protected function _where($key, $value = NULL, $type = 'AND ', $escape = NULL)
-	{
-		if ( ! is_array($key))
-		{
-			$key = array($key => $value);
-		}
-
-		// If the escape value was not set will will base it on the global setting
-		if ( ! is_bool($escape))
-		{
-			$escape = $this->_protect_identifiers;
-		}
-
-		foreach ($key as $k => $v)
-		{
-			$prefix = (count($this->ar_where) == 0 AND count($this->ar_cache_where) == 0) ? '' : $type;
-
-			if (is_null($v) && ! $this->_has_operator($k))
-			{
-				// value appears not to have been set, assign the test to IS NULL
-				$k .= ' IS NULL';
-			}
-
-			if ( ! is_null($v))
-			{
-				if ($escape === TRUE)
-				{
-					$k = $this->_protect_identifiers($k, FALSE, $escape);
-
-					$v = ' '.$this->escape($v);
-				}
-				
-				if ( ! $this->_has_operator($k))
-				{
-					$k .= ' = ';
-				}
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				$k = $this->_protect_identifiers($k, FALSE, $escape);
-			}
-
-			$this->ar_where[] = $prefix.$k.$v;
-
-			if ($this->ar_caching === TRUE)
-			{
-				$this->ar_cache_where[] = $prefix.$k.$v;
-				$this->ar_cache_exists[] = 'where';
-			}
-
-		}
-
-		return $this;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Where_in
-	 *
-	 * Generates a WHERE field IN ('item', 'item') SQL query joined with
-	 * AND if appropriate
-	 *
-	 * @param	string	The field to search
-	 * @param	array	The values searched on
-	 * @return	object
-	 */
-	public function where_in($key = NULL, $values = NULL)
-	{
-		return $this->_where_in($key, $values);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Where_in_or
-	 *
-	 * Generates a WHERE field IN ('item', 'item') SQL query joined with
-	 * OR if appropriate
-	 *
-	 * @param	string	The field to search
-	 * @param	array	The values searched on
-	 * @return	object
-	 */
-	public function or_where_in($key = NULL, $values = NULL)
-	{
-		return $this->_where_in($key, $values, FALSE, 'OR ');
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Where_not_in
-	 *
-	 * Generates a WHERE field NOT IN ('item', 'item') SQL query joined
-	 * with AND if appropriate
-	 *
-	 * @param	string	The field to search
-	 * @param	array	The values searched on
-	 * @return	object
-	 */
-	public function where_not_in($key = NULL, $values = NULL)
-	{
-		return $this->_where_in($key, $values, TRUE);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Where_not_in_or
-	 *
-	 * Generates a WHERE field NOT IN ('item', 'item') SQL query joined
-	 * with OR if appropriate
-	 *
-	 * @param	string	The field to search
-	 * @param	array	The values searched on
-	 * @return	object
-	 */
-	public function or_where_not_in($key = NULL, $values = NULL)
-	{
-		return $this->_where_in($key, $values, TRUE, 'OR ');
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Where_in
-	 *
-	 * Called by where_in, where_in_or, where_not_in, where_not_in_or
-	 *
-	 * @param	string	The field to search
-	 * @param	array	The values searched on
-	 * @param	boolean	If the statement would be IN or NOT IN
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	object
-	 */
-	protected function _where_in($key = NULL, $values = NULL, $not = FALSE, $type = 'AND ')
-	{
-		if ($key === NULL OR $values === NULL)
-		{
-			return;
-		}
-
-		if ( ! is_array($values))
-		{
-			$values = array($values);
-		}
-
-		$not = ($not) ? ' NOT' : '';
-
-		foreach ($values as $value)
-		{
-			$this->ar_wherein[] = $this->escape($value);
-		}
-
-		$prefix = (count($this->ar_where) == 0) ? '' : $type;
-
-		$where_in = $prefix . $this->_protect_identifiers($key) . $not . " IN (" . implode(", ", $this->ar_wherein) . ") ";
-
-		$this->ar_where[] = $where_in;
-		if ($this->ar_caching === TRUE)
-		{
-			$this->ar_cache_where[] = $where_in;
-			$this->ar_cache_exists[] = 'where';
-		}
-
-		// reset the array for multiple calls
-		$this->ar_wherein = array();
-		return $this;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Like
-	 *
-	 * Generates a %LIKE% portion of the query. Separates
-	 * multiple calls with AND
-	 *
-	 * @param	mixed
-	 * @param	mixed
-	 * @return	object
-	 */
-	public function like($field, $match = '', $side = 'both')
-	{
-		return $this->_like($field, $match, 'AND ', $side);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Not Like
-	 *
-	 * Generates a NOT LIKE portion of the query. Separates
-	 * multiple calls with AND
-	 *
-	 * @param	mixed
-	 * @param	mixed
-	 * @return	object
-	 */
-	public function not_like($field, $match = '', $side = 'both')
-	{
-		return $this->_like($field, $match, 'AND ', $side, 'NOT');
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * OR Like
-	 *
-	 * Generates a %LIKE% portion of the query. Separates
-	 * multiple calls with OR
-	 *
-	 * @param	mixed
-	 * @param	mixed
-	 * @return	object
-	 */
-	public function or_like($field, $match = '', $side = 'both')
-	{
-		return $this->_like($field, $match, 'OR ', $side);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * OR Not Like
-	 *
-	 * Generates a NOT LIKE portion of the query. Separates
-	 * multiple calls with OR
-	 *
-	 * @param	mixed
-	 * @param	mixed
-	 * @return	object
-	 */
-	public function or_not_like($field, $match = '', $side = 'both')
-	{
-		return $this->_like($field, $match, 'OR ', $side, 'NOT');
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Like
-	 *
-	 * Called by like() or orlike()
-	 *
-	 * @param	mixed
-	 * @param	mixed
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	object
-	 */
-	protected function _like($field, $match = '', $type = 'AND ', $side = 'both', $not = '')
-	{
-		if ( ! is_array($field))
-		{
-			$field = array($field => $match);
-		}
-
-		foreach ($field as $k => $v)
-		{
-			$k = $this->_protect_identifiers($k);
-
-			$prefix = (count($this->ar_like) == 0) ? '' : $type;
-
-			$v = $this->escape_like_str($v);
-			
-			if ($side == 'none')
-			{
-				$like_statement = $prefix." $k $not LIKE '{$v}'";
-			}
-			elseif ($side == 'before')
-			{
-				$like_statement = $prefix." $k $not LIKE '%{$v}'";
-			}
-			elseif ($side == 'after')
-			{
-				$like_statement = $prefix." $k $not LIKE '{$v}%'";
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				$like_statement = $prefix." $k $not LIKE '%{$v}%'";
-			}
-
-			// some platforms require an escape sequence definition for LIKE wildcards
-			if ($this->_like_escape_str != '')
-			{
-				$like_statement = $like_statement.sprintf($this->_like_escape_str, $this->_like_escape_chr);
-			}
-
-			$this->ar_like[] = $like_statement;
-			if ($this->ar_caching === TRUE)
-			{
-				$this->ar_cache_like[] = $like_statement;
-				$this->ar_cache_exists[] = 'like';
-			}
-
-		}
-		return $this;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * GROUP BY
-	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	object
-	 */
-	public function group_by($by)
-	{
-		if (is_string($by))
-		{
-			$by = explode(',', $by);
-		}
-
-		foreach ($by as $val)
-		{
-			$val = trim($val);
-
-			if ($val != '')
-			{
-				$this->ar_groupby[] = $this->_protect_identifiers($val);
-
-				if ($this->ar_caching === TRUE)
-				{
-					$this->ar_cache_groupby[] = $this->_protect_identifiers($val);
-					$this->ar_cache_exists[] = 'groupby';
-				}
-			}
-		}
-		return $this;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Sets the HAVING value
-	 *
-	 * Separates multiple calls with AND
-	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	object
-	 */
-	public function having($key, $value = '', $escape = TRUE)
-	{
-		return $this->_having($key, $value, 'AND ', $escape);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Sets the OR HAVING value
-	 *
-	 * Separates multiple calls with OR
-	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	object
-	 */
-	public function or_having($key, $value = '', $escape = TRUE)
-	{
-		return $this->_having($key, $value, 'OR ', $escape);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Sets the HAVING values
-	 *
-	 * Called by having() or or_having()
-	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	object
-	 */
-	protected function _having($key, $value = '', $type = 'AND ', $escape = TRUE)
-	{
-		if ( ! is_array($key))
-		{
-			$key = array($key => $value);
-		}
-
-		foreach ($key as $k => $v)
-		{
-			$prefix = (count($this->ar_having) == 0) ? '' : $type;
-
-			if ($escape === TRUE)
-			{
-				$k = $this->_protect_identifiers($k);
-			}
-
-			if ( ! $this->_has_operator($k))
-			{
-				$k .= ' = ';
-			}
-
-			if ($v != '')
-			{
-				$v = ' '.$this->escape($v);
-			}
-
-			$this->ar_having[] = $prefix.$k.$v;
-			if ($this->ar_caching === TRUE)
-			{
-				$this->ar_cache_having[] = $prefix.$k.$v;
-				$this->ar_cache_exists[] = 'having';
-			}
-		}
-
-		return $this;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Sets the ORDER BY value
-	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	string	direction: asc or desc
-	 * @return	object
-	 */
-	public function order_by($orderby, $direction = '')
-	{
-		if (strtolower($direction) == 'random')
-		{
-			$orderby = ''; // Random results want or don't need a field name
-			$direction = $this->_random_keyword;
-		}
-		elseif (trim($direction) != '')
-		{
-			$direction = (in_array(strtoupper(trim($direction)), array('ASC', 'DESC'), TRUE)) ? ' '.$direction : ' ASC';
-		}
-
-
-		if (strpos($orderby, ',') !== FALSE)
-		{
-			$temp = array();
-			foreach (explode(',', $orderby) as $part)
-			{
-				$part = trim($part);
-				if ( ! in_array($part, $this->ar_aliased_tables))
-				{
-					$part = $this->_protect_identifiers(trim($part));
-				}
-
-				$temp[] = $part;
-			}
-
-			$orderby = implode(', ', $temp);
-		}
-		else if ($direction != $this->_random_keyword)
-		{
-			$orderby = $this->_protect_identifiers($orderby);
-		}
-
-		$orderby_statement = $orderby.$direction;
-
-		$this->ar_orderby[] = $orderby_statement;
-		if ($this->ar_caching === TRUE)
-		{
-			$this->ar_cache_orderby[] = $orderby_statement;
-			$this->ar_cache_exists[] = 'orderby';
-		}
-
-		return $this;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Sets the LIMIT value
-	 *
-	 * @param	integer	the limit value
-	 * @param	integer	the offset value
-	 * @return	object
-	 */
-	public function limit($value, $offset = '')
-	{
-		$this->ar_limit = (int) $value;
-
-		if ($offset != '')
-		{
-			$this->ar_offset = (int) $offset;
-		}
-
-		return $this;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Sets the OFFSET value
-	 *
-	 * @param	integer	the offset value
-	 * @return	object
-	 */
-	public function offset($offset)
-	{
-		$this->ar_offset = $offset;
-		return $this;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * The "set" function.  Allows key/value pairs to be set for inserting or updating
-	 *
-	 * @param	mixed
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	boolean
-	 * @return	object
-	 */
-	public function set($key, $value = '', $escape = TRUE)
-	{
-		$key = $this->_object_to_array($key);
-
-		if ( ! is_array($key))
-		{
-			$key = array($key => $value);
-		}
-
-		foreach ($key as $k => $v)
-		{
-			if ($escape === FALSE)
-			{
-				$this->ar_set[$this->_protect_identifiers($k)] = $v;
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				$this->ar_set[$this->_protect_identifiers($k, FALSE, TRUE)] = $this->escape($v);
-			}
-		}
-
-		return $this;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Get
-	 *
-	 * Compiles the select statement based on the other functions called
-	 * and runs the query
-	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table
-	 * @param	string	the limit clause
-	 * @param	string	the offset clause
-	 * @return	object
-	 */
-	public function get($table = '', $limit = null, $offset = null)
-	{
-		if ($table != '')
-		{
-			$this->_track_aliases($table);
-			$this->from($table);
-		}
-
-		if ( ! is_null($limit))
-		{
-			$this->limit($limit, $offset);
-		}
-
-		$sql = $this->_compile_select();
-
-		$result = $this->query($sql);
-		$this->_reset_select();
-		return $result;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * "Count All Results" query
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query string that counts all records
-	 * returned by an Active Record query.
-	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	public function count_all_results($table = '')
-	{
-		if ($table != '')
-		{
-			$this->_track_aliases($table);
-			$this->from($table);
-		}
-
-		$sql = $this->_compile_select($this->_count_string . $this->_protect_identifiers('numrows'));
-
-		$query = $this->query($sql);
-		$this->_reset_select();
-
-		if ($query->num_rows() == 0)
-		{
-			return 0;
-		}
-
-		$row = $query->row();
-		return (int) $row->numrows;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Get_Where
-	 *
-	 * Allows the where clause, limit and offset to be added directly
-	 *
-	 * @param	string	the where clause
-	 * @param	string	the limit clause
-	 * @param	string	the offset clause
-	 * @return	object
-	 */
-	public function get_where($table = '', $where = null, $limit = null, $offset = null)
-	{
-		if ($table != '')
-		{
-			$this->from($table);
-		}
-
-		if ( ! is_null($where))
-		{
-			$this->where($where);
-		}
-
-		if ( ! is_null($limit))
-		{
-			$this->limit($limit, $offset);
-		}
-
-		$sql = $this->_compile_select();
-
-		$result = $this->query($sql);
-		$this->_reset_select();
-		return $result;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Insert_Batch
-	 *
-	 * Compiles batch insert strings and runs the queries
-	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table to retrieve the results from
-	 * @param	array	an associative array of insert values
-	 * @return	object
-	 */
-	public function insert_batch($table = '', $set = NULL)
-	{
-		if ( ! is_null($set))
-		{
-			$this->set_insert_batch($set);
-		}
-
-		if (count($this->ar_set) == 0)
-		{
-			if ($this->db_debug)
-			{
-				//No valid data array.  Folds in cases where keys and values did not match up
-				return $this->display_error('db_must_use_set');
-			}
-			return FALSE;
-		}
-
-		if ($table == '')
-		{
-			if ( ! isset($this->ar_from[0]))
-			{
-				if ($this->db_debug)
-				{
-					return $this->display_error('db_must_set_table');
-				}
-				return FALSE;
-			}
-
-			$table = $this->ar_from[0];
-		}
-
-		// Batch this baby
-		for ($i = 0, $total = count($this->ar_set); $i < $total; $i = $i + 100)
-		{
-
-			$sql = $this->_insert_batch($this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE), $this->ar_keys, array_slice($this->ar_set, $i, 100));
-
-			//echo $sql;
-
-			$this->query($sql);
-		}
-
-		$this->_reset_write();
-
-
-		return TRUE;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * The "set_insert_batch" function.  Allows key/value pairs to be set for batch inserts
-	 *
-	 * @param	mixed
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	boolean
-	 * @return	object
-	 */
-	public function set_insert_batch($key, $value = '', $escape = TRUE)
-	{
-		$key = $this->_object_to_array_batch($key);
-
-		if ( ! is_array($key))
-		{
-			$key = array($key => $value);
-		}
-
-		$keys = array_keys(current($key));
-		sort($keys);
-
-		foreach ($key as $row)
-		{
-			if (count(array_diff($keys, array_keys($row))) > 0 OR count(array_diff(array_keys($row), $keys)) > 0)
-			{
-				// batch function above returns an error on an empty array
-				$this->ar_set[] = array();
-				return;
-			}
-
-			ksort($row); // puts $row in the same order as our keys
-
-			if ($escape === FALSE)
-			{
-				$this->ar_set[] =  '('.implode(',', $row).')';
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				$clean = array();
-
-				foreach ($row as $value)
-				{
-					$clean[] = $this->escape($value);
-				}
-
-				$this->ar_set[] =  '('.implode(',', $clean).')';
-			}
-		}
-
-		foreach ($keys as $k)
-		{
-			$this->ar_keys[] = $this->_protect_identifiers($k);
-		}
-
-		return $this;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Insert
-	 *
-	 * Compiles an insert string and runs the query
-	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table to insert data into
-	 * @param	array	an associative array of insert values
-	 * @return	object
-	 */
-	function insert($table = '', $set = NULL)
-	{
-		if ( ! is_null($set))
-		{
-			$this->set($set);
-		}
-
-		if (count($this->ar_set) == 0)
-		{
-			if ($this->db_debug)
-			{
-				return $this->display_error('db_must_use_set');
-			}
-			return FALSE;
-		}
-
-		if ($table == '')
-		{
-			if ( ! isset($this->ar_from[0]))
-			{
-				if ($this->db_debug)
-				{
-					return $this->display_error('db_must_set_table');
-				}
-				return FALSE;
-			}
-
-			$table = $this->ar_from[0];
-		}
-
-		$sql = $this->_insert($this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE), array_keys($this->ar_set), array_values($this->ar_set));
-
-		$this->_reset_write();
-		return $this->query($sql);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Replace
-	 *
-	 * Compiles an replace into string and runs the query
-	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table to replace data into
-	 * @param	array	an associative array of insert values
-	 * @return	object
-	 */
-	public function replace($table = '', $set = NULL)
-	{
-		if ( ! is_null($set))
-		{
-			$this->set($set);
-		}
-
-		if (count($this->ar_set) == 0)
-		{
-			if ($this->db_debug)
-			{
-				return $this->display_error('db_must_use_set');
-			}
-			return FALSE;
-		}
-
-		if ($table == '')
-		{
-			if ( ! isset($this->ar_from[0]))
-			{
-				if ($this->db_debug)
-				{
-					return $this->display_error('db_must_set_table');
-				}
-				return FALSE;
-			}
-
-			$table = $this->ar_from[0];
-		}
-
-		$sql = $this->_replace($this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE), array_keys($this->ar_set), array_values($this->ar_set));
-
-		$this->_reset_write();
-		return $this->query($sql);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Update
-	 *
-	 * Compiles an update string and runs the query
-	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table to retrieve the results from
-	 * @param	array	an associative array of update values
-	 * @param	mixed	the where clause
-	 * @return	object
-	 */
-	public function update($table = '', $set = NULL, $where = NULL, $limit = NULL)
-	{
-		// Combine any cached components with the current statements
-		$this->_merge_cache();
-
-		if ( ! is_null($set))
-		{
-			$this->set($set);
-		}
-
-		if (count($this->ar_set) == 0)
-		{
-			if ($this->db_debug)
-			{
-				return $this->display_error('db_must_use_set');
-			}
-			return FALSE;
-		}
-
-		if ($table == '')
-		{
-			if ( ! isset($this->ar_from[0]))
-			{
-				if ($this->db_debug)
-				{
-					return $this->display_error('db_must_set_table');
-				}
-				return FALSE;
-			}
-
-			$table = $this->ar_from[0];
-		}
-
-		if ($where != NULL)
-		{
-			$this->where($where);
-		}
-
-		if ($limit != NULL)
-		{
-			$this->limit($limit);
-		}
-
-		$sql = $this->_update($this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE), $this->ar_set, $this->ar_where, $this->ar_orderby, $this->ar_limit);
-
-		$this->_reset_write();
-		return $this->query($sql);
-	}
-
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Update_Batch
-	 *
-	 * Compiles an update string and runs the query
-	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table to retrieve the results from
-	 * @param	array	an associative array of update values
-	 * @param	string	the where key
-	 * @return	object
-	 */
-	public function update_batch($table = '', $set = NULL, $index = NULL)
-	{
-		// Combine any cached components with the current statements
-		$this->_merge_cache();
-
-		if (is_null($index))
-		{
-			if ($this->db_debug)
-			{
-				return $this->display_error('db_must_use_index');
-			}
-
-			return FALSE;
-		}
-
-		if ( ! is_null($set))
-		{
-			$this->set_update_batch($set, $index);
-		}
-
-		if (count($this->ar_set) == 0)
-		{
-			if ($this->db_debug)
-			{
-				return $this->display_error('db_must_use_set');
-			}
-
-			return FALSE;
-		}
-
-		if ($table == '')
-		{
-			if ( ! isset($this->ar_from[0]))
-			{
-				if ($this->db_debug)
-				{
-					return $this->display_error('db_must_set_table');
-				}
-				return FALSE;
-			}
-
-			$table = $this->ar_from[0];
-		}
-
-		// Batch this baby
-		for ($i = 0, $total = count($this->ar_set); $i < $total; $i = $i + 100)
-		{
-			$sql = $this->_update_batch($this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE), array_slice($this->ar_set, $i, 100), $this->_protect_identifiers($index), $this->ar_where);
-
-			$this->query($sql);
-		}
-
-		$this->_reset_write();
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * The "set_update_batch" function.  Allows key/value pairs to be set for batch updating
-	 *
-	 * @param	array
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	boolean
-	 * @return	object
-	 */
-	public function set_update_batch($key, $index = '', $escape = TRUE)
-	{
-		$key = $this->_object_to_array_batch($key);
-
-		if ( ! is_array($key))
-		{
-			// @todo error
-		}
-
-		foreach ($key as $k => $v)
-		{
-			$index_set = FALSE;
-			$clean = array();
-
-			foreach ($v as $k2 => $v2)
-			{
-				if ($k2 == $index)
-				{
-					$index_set = TRUE;
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					$not[] = $k2.'-'.$v2;
-				}
-
-				if ($escape === FALSE)
-				{
-					$clean[$this->_protect_identifiers($k2)] = $v2;
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					$clean[$this->_protect_identifiers($k2)] = $this->escape($v2);
-				}
-			}
-
-			if ($index_set == FALSE)
-			{
-				return $this->display_error('db_batch_missing_index');
-			}
-
-			$this->ar_set[] = $clean;
-		}
-
-		return $this;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Empty Table
-	 *
-	 * Compiles a delete string and runs "DELETE FROM table"
-	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table to empty
-	 * @return	object
-	 */
-	public function empty_table($table = '')
-	{
-		if ($table == '')
-		{
-			if ( ! isset($this->ar_from[0]))
-			{
-				if ($this->db_debug)
-				{
-					return $this->display_error('db_must_set_table');
-				}
-				return FALSE;
-			}
-
-			$table = $this->ar_from[0];
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			$table = $this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE);
-		}
-
-		$sql = $this->_delete($table);
-
-		$this->_reset_write();
-
-		return $this->query($sql);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Truncate
-	 *
-	 * Compiles a truncate string and runs the query
-	 * If the database does not support the truncate() command
-	 * This function maps to "DELETE FROM table"
-	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table to truncate
-	 * @return	object
-	 */
-	public function truncate($table = '')
-	{
-		if ($table == '')
-		{
-			if ( ! isset($this->ar_from[0]))
-			{
-				if ($this->db_debug)
-				{
-					return $this->display_error('db_must_set_table');
-				}
-				return FALSE;
-			}
-
-			$table = $this->ar_from[0];
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			$table = $this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE);
-		}
-
-		$sql = $this->_truncate($table);
-
-		$this->_reset_write();
-
-		return $this->query($sql);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Delete
-	 *
-	 * Compiles a delete string and runs the query
-	 *
-	 * @param	mixed	the table(s) to delete from. String or array
-	 * @param	mixed	the where clause
-	 * @param	mixed	the limit clause
-	 * @param	boolean
-	 * @return	object
-	 */
-	public function delete($table = '', $where = '', $limit = NULL, $reset_data = TRUE)
-	{
-		// Combine any cached components with the current statements
-		$this->_merge_cache();
-
-		if ($table == '')
-		{
-			if ( ! isset($this->ar_from[0]))
-			{
-				if ($this->db_debug)
-				{
-					return $this->display_error('db_must_set_table');
-				}
-				return FALSE;
-			}
-
-			$table = $this->ar_from[0];
-		}
-		elseif (is_array($table))
-		{
-			foreach ($table as $single_table)
-			{
-				$this->delete($single_table, $where, $limit, FALSE);
-			}
-
-			$this->_reset_write();
-			return;
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			$table = $this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE);
-		}
-
-		if ($where != '')
-		{
-			$this->where($where);
-		}
-
-		if ($limit != NULL)
-		{
-			$this->limit($limit);
-		}
-
-		if (count($this->ar_where) == 0 && count($this->ar_wherein) == 0 && count($this->ar_like) == 0)
-		{
-			if ($this->db_debug)
-			{
-				return $this->display_error('db_del_must_use_where');
-			}
-
-			return FALSE;
-		}
-
-		$sql = $this->_delete($table, $this->ar_where, $this->ar_like, $this->ar_limit);
-
-		if ($reset_data)
-		{
-			$this->_reset_write();
-		}
-
-		return $this->query($sql);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * DB Prefix
-	 *
-	 * Prepends a database prefix if one exists in configuration
-	 *
-	 * @param	string	the table
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	public function dbprefix($table = '')
-	{
-		if ($table == '')
-		{
-			$this->display_error('db_table_name_required');
-		}
-
-		return $this->dbprefix.$table;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Set DB Prefix
-	 *
-	 * Set's the DB Prefix to something new without needing to reconnect
-	 *
-	 * @param	string	the prefix
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	public function set_dbprefix($prefix = '')
-	{
-		return $this->dbprefix = $prefix;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Track Aliases
-	 *
-	 * Used to track SQL statements written with aliased tables.
-	 *
-	 * @param	string	The table to inspect
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	protected function _track_aliases($table)
-	{
-		if (is_array($table))
-		{
-			foreach ($table as $t)
-			{
-				$this->_track_aliases($t);
-			}
-			return;
-		}
-
-		// Does the string contain a comma?  If so, we need to separate
-		// the string into discreet statements
-		if (strpos($table, ',') !== FALSE)
-		{
-			return $this->_track_aliases(explode(',', $table));
-		}
-
-		// if a table alias is used we can recognize it by a space
-		if (strpos($table, " ") !== FALSE)
-		{
-			// if the alias is written with the AS keyword, remove it
-			$table = preg_replace('/ AS /i', ' ', $table);
-
-			// Grab the alias
-			$table = trim(strrchr($table, " "));
-
-			// Store the alias, if it doesn't already exist
-			if ( ! in_array($table, $this->ar_aliased_tables))
-			{
-				$this->ar_aliased_tables[] = $table;
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Compile the SELECT statement
-	 *
-	 * Generates a query string based on which functions were used.
-	 * Should not be called directly.  The get() function calls it.
-	 *
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	protected function _compile_select($select_override = FALSE)
-	{
-		// Combine any cached components with the current statements
-		$this->_merge_cache();
-
-		// ----------------------------------------------------------------
-
-		// Write the "select" portion of the query
-
-		if ($select_override !== FALSE)
-		{
-			$sql = $select_override;
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			$sql = ( ! $this->ar_distinct) ? 'SELECT ' : 'SELECT DISTINCT ';
-
-			if (count($this->ar_select) == 0)
-			{
-				$sql .= '*';
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				// Cycle through the "select" portion of the query and prep each column name.
-				// The reason we protect identifiers here rather then in the select() function
-				// is because until the user calls the from() function we don't know if there are aliases
-				foreach ($this->ar_select as $key => $val)
-				{
-					$no_escape = isset($this->ar_no_escape[$key]) ? $this->ar_no_escape[$key] : NULL;
-					$this->ar_select[$key] = $this->_protect_identifiers($val, FALSE, $no_escape);
-				}
-
-				$sql .= implode(', ', $this->ar_select);
-			}
-		}
-
-		// ----------------------------------------------------------------
-
-		// Write the "FROM" portion of the query
-
-		if (count($this->ar_from) > 0)
-		{
-			$sql .= "\nFROM ";
-
-			$sql .= $this->_from_tables($this->ar_from);
-		}
-
-		// ----------------------------------------------------------------
-
-		// Write the "JOIN" portion of the query
-
-		if (count($this->ar_join) > 0)
-		{
-			$sql .= "\n";
-
-			$sql .= implode("\n", $this->ar_join);
-		}
-
-		// ----------------------------------------------------------------
-
-		// Write the "WHERE" portion of the query
-
-		if (count($this->ar_where) > 0 OR count($this->ar_like) > 0)
-		{
-			$sql .= "\nWHERE ";
-		}
-
-		$sql .= implode("\n", $this->ar_where);
-
-		// ----------------------------------------------------------------
-
-		// Write the "LIKE" portion of the query
-
-		if (count($this->ar_like) > 0)
-		{
-			if (count($this->ar_where) > 0)
-			{
-				$sql .= "\nAND ";
-			}
-
-			$sql .= implode("\n", $this->ar_like);
-		}
-
-		// ----------------------------------------------------------------
-
-		// Write the "GROUP BY" portion of the query
-
-		if (count($this->ar_groupby) > 0)
-		{
-			$sql .= "\nGROUP BY ";
-
-			$sql .= implode(', ', $this->ar_groupby);
-		}
-
-		// ----------------------------------------------------------------
-
-		// Write the "HAVING" portion of the query
-
-		if (count($this->ar_having) > 0)
-		{
-			$sql .= "\nHAVING ";
-			$sql .= implode("\n", $this->ar_having);
-		}
-
-		// ----------------------------------------------------------------
-
-		// Write the "ORDER BY" portion of the query
-
-		if (count($this->ar_orderby) > 0)
-		{
-			$sql .= "\nORDER BY ";
-			$sql .= implode(', ', $this->ar_orderby);
-
-			if ($this->ar_order !== FALSE)
-			{
-				$sql .= ($this->ar_order == 'desc') ? ' DESC' : ' ASC';
-			}
-		}
-
-		// ----------------------------------------------------------------
-
-		// Write the "LIMIT" portion of the query
-
-		if (is_numeric($this->ar_limit))
-		{
-			$sql .= "\n";
-			$sql = $this->_limit($sql, $this->ar_limit, $this->ar_offset);
-		}
-
-		return $sql;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Object to Array
-	 *
-	 * Takes an object as input and converts the class variables to array key/vals
-	 *
-	 * @param	object
-	 * @return	array
-	 */
-	public function _object_to_array($object)
-	{
-		if ( ! is_object($object))
-		{
-			return $object;
-		}
-
-		$array = array();
-		foreach (get_object_vars($object) as $key => $val)
-		{
-			// There are some built in keys we need to ignore for this conversion
-			if ( ! is_object($val) && ! is_array($val) && $key != '_parent_name')
-			{
-				$array[$key] = $val;
-			}
-		}
-
-		return $array;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Object to Array
-	 *
-	 * Takes an object as input and converts the class variables to array key/vals
-	 *
-	 * @param	object
-	 * @return	array
-	 */
-	public function _object_to_array_batch($object)
-	{
-		if ( ! is_object($object))
-		{
-			return $object;
-		}
-
-		$array = array();
-		$out = get_object_vars($object);
-		$fields = array_keys($out);
-
-		foreach ($fields as $val)
-		{
-			// There are some built in keys we need to ignore for this conversion
-			if ($val != '_parent_name')
-			{
-
-				$i = 0;
-				foreach ($out[$val] as $data)
-				{
-					$array[$i][$val] = $data;
-					$i++;
-				}
-			}
-		}
-
-		return $array;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Start Cache
-	 *
-	 * Starts AR caching
-	 *
-	 * @return	void
-	 */
-	public function start_cache()
-	{
-		$this->ar_caching = TRUE;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Stop Cache
-	 *
-	 * Stops AR caching
-	 *
-	 * @return	void
-	 */
-	public function stop_cache()
-	{
-		$this->ar_caching = FALSE;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Flush Cache
-	 *
-	 * Empties the AR cache
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	void
-	 */
-	public function flush_cache()
-	{
-		$this->_reset_run(array(
-			'ar_cache_select'		=> array(),
-			'ar_cache_from'			=> array(),
-			'ar_cache_join'			=> array(),
-			'ar_cache_where'		=> array(),
-			'ar_cache_like'			=> array(),
-			'ar_cache_groupby'		=> array(),
-			'ar_cache_having'		=> array(),
-			'ar_cache_orderby'		=> array(),
-			'ar_cache_set'			=> array(),
-			'ar_cache_exists'		=> array(),
-			'ar_cache_no_escape'	=> array()
-		));
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Merge Cache
-	 *
-	 * When called, this function merges any cached AR arrays with
-	 * locally called ones.
-	 *
-	 * @return	void
-	 */
-	protected function _merge_cache()
-	{
-		if (count($this->ar_cache_exists) == 0)
-		{
-			return;
-		}
-
-		foreach ($this->ar_cache_exists as $val)
-		{
-			$ar_variable	= 'ar_'.$val;
-			$ar_cache_var	= 'ar_cache_'.$val;
-
-			if (count($this->$ar_cache_var) == 0)
-			{
-				continue;
-			}
-
-			$this->$ar_variable = array_unique(array_merge($this->$ar_cache_var, $this->$ar_variable));
-		}
-
-		// If we are "protecting identifiers" we need to examine the "from"
-		// portion of the query to determine if there are any aliases
-		if ($this->_protect_identifiers === TRUE AND count($this->ar_cache_from) > 0)
-		{
-			$this->_track_aliases($this->ar_from);
-		}
-
-		$this->ar_no_escape = $this->ar_cache_no_escape;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Resets the active record values.  Called by the get() function
-	 *
-	 * @param	array	An array of fields to reset
-	 * @return	void
-	 */
-	protected function _reset_run($ar_reset_items)
-	{
-		foreach ($ar_reset_items as $item => $default_value)
-		{
-			if ( ! in_array($item, $this->ar_store_array))
-			{
-				$this->$item = $default_value;
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Resets the active record values.  Called by the get() function
-	 *
-	 * @return	void
-	 */
-	protected function _reset_select()
-	{
-		$ar_reset_items = array(
-			'ar_select'			=> array(),
-			'ar_from'			=> array(),
-			'ar_join'			=> array(),
-			'ar_where'			=> array(),
-			'ar_like'			=> array(),
-			'ar_groupby'		=> array(),
-			'ar_having'			=> array(),
-			'ar_orderby'		=> array(),
-			'ar_wherein'		=> array(),
-			'ar_aliased_tables'	=> array(),
-			'ar_no_escape'		=> array(),
-			'ar_distinct'		=> FALSE,
-			'ar_limit'			=> FALSE,
-			'ar_offset'			=> FALSE,
-			'ar_order'			=> FALSE,
-		);
-
-		$this->_reset_run($ar_reset_items);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Resets the active record "write" values.
-	 *
-	 * Called by the insert() update() insert_batch() update_batch() and delete() functions
-	 *
-	 * @return	void
-	 */
-	protected function _reset_write()
-	{
-		$ar_reset_items = array(
-			'ar_set'		=> array(),
-			'ar_from'		=> array(),
-			'ar_where'		=> array(),
-			'ar_like'		=> array(),
-			'ar_orderby'	=> array(),
-			'ar_keys'		=> array(),
-			'ar_limit'		=> FALSE,
-			'ar_order'		=> FALSE
-		);
-
-		$this->_reset_run($ar_reset_items);
-	}
-}
-
-/* End of file DB_active_rec.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/DB_active_rec.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/DB_cache.php b/system/database/DB_cache.php
index e6945950b..7c8ee5fc9 100644
--- a/system/database/DB_cache.php
+++ b/system/database/DB_cache.php
@@ -1,45 +1,84 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.0.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * Database Cache Class
  *
  * @category	Database
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
  */
 class CI_DB_Cache {
 
-	var $CI;
-	var $db;	// allows passing of db object so that multiple database connections and returned db objects can be supported
+	/**
+	 * CI Singleton
+	 *
+	 * @var	object
+	 */
+	public $CI;
 
 	/**
-	 * Constructor
+	 * Database object
 	 *
-	 * Grabs the CI super object instance so we can access it.
+	 * Allows passing of DB object so that multiple database connections
+	 * and returned DB objects can be supported.
 	 *
+	 * @var	object
 	 */
-	function __construct(&$db)
+	public $db;
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Constructor
+	 *
+	 * @param	object	&$db
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function __construct(&$db)
 	{
-		// Assign the main CI object to $this->CI
-		// and load the file helper since we use it a lot
+		// Assign the main CI object to $this->CI and load the file helper since we use it a lot
 		$this->CI =& get_instance();
 		$this->db =& $db;
 		$this->CI->load->helper('file');
+
+		$this->check_path();
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -47,15 +86,14 @@ class CI_DB_Cache {
 	/**
 	 * Set Cache Directory Path
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the path to the cache directory
+	 * @param	string	$path	Path to the cache directory
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function check_path($path = '')
+	public function check_path($path = '')
 	{
-		if ($path == '')
+		if ($path === '')
 		{
-			if ($this->db->cachedir == '')
+			if ($this->db->cachedir === '')
 			{
 				return $this->db->cache_off();
 			}
@@ -64,14 +102,26 @@ class CI_DB_Cache {
 		}
 
 		// Add a trailing slash to the path if needed
-		$path = preg_replace("/(.+?)\/*$/", "\\1/",  $path);
+		$path = realpath($path)
+			? rtrim(realpath($path), DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR).DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR
+			: rtrim($path, '/').'/';
 
-		if ( ! is_dir($path) OR ! is_really_writable($path))
+		if ( ! is_dir($path))
 		{
+			log_message('debug', 'DB cache path error: '.$path);
+
 			// If the path is wrong we'll turn off caching
 			return $this->db->cache_off();
 		}
 
+		if ( ! is_really_writable($path))
+		{
+			log_message('debug', 'DB cache dir not writable: '.$path);
+
+			// If the path is not really writable we'll turn off caching
+			return $this->db->cache_off();
+		}
+
 		$this->db->cachedir = $path;
 		return TRUE;
 	}
@@ -82,25 +132,18 @@ class CI_DB_Cache {
 	 * Retrieve a cached query
 	 *
 	 * The URI being requested will become the name of the cache sub-folder.
-	 * An MD5 hash of the SQL statement will become the cache file name
+	 * An MD5 hash of the SQL statement will become the cache file name.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
+	 * @param	string	$sql
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function read($sql)
+	public function read($sql)
 	{
-		if ( ! $this->check_path())
-		{
-			return $this->db->cache_off();
-		}
-
 		$segment_one = ($this->CI->uri->segment(1) == FALSE) ? 'default' : $this->CI->uri->segment(1);
-
 		$segment_two = ($this->CI->uri->segment(2) == FALSE) ? 'index' : $this->CI->uri->segment(2);
-
 		$filepath = $this->db->cachedir.$segment_one.'+'.$segment_two.'/'.md5($sql);
 
-		if (FALSE === ($cachedata = read_file($filepath)))
+		if ( ! is_file($filepath) OR FALSE === ($cachedata = file_get_contents($filepath)))
 		{
 			return FALSE;
 		}
@@ -113,32 +156,20 @@ class CI_DB_Cache {
 	/**
 	 * Write a query to a cache file
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
+	 * @param	string	$sql
+	 * @param	object	$object
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function write($sql, $object)
+	public function write($sql, $object)
 	{
-		if ( ! $this->check_path())
-		{
-			return $this->db->cache_off();
-		}
-
 		$segment_one = ($this->CI->uri->segment(1) == FALSE) ? 'default' : $this->CI->uri->segment(1);
-
 		$segment_two = ($this->CI->uri->segment(2) == FALSE) ? 'index' : $this->CI->uri->segment(2);
-
 		$dir_path = $this->db->cachedir.$segment_one.'+'.$segment_two.'/';
-
 		$filename = md5($sql);
 
-		if ( ! @is_dir($dir_path))
+		if ( ! is_dir($dir_path) && ! @mkdir($dir_path, 0750))
 		{
-			if ( ! @mkdir($dir_path, DIR_WRITE_MODE))
-			{
-				return FALSE;
-			}
-
-			@chmod($dir_path, DIR_WRITE_MODE);
+			return FALSE;
 		}
 
 		if (write_file($dir_path.$filename, serialize($object)) === FALSE)
@@ -146,7 +177,7 @@ class CI_DB_Cache {
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		@chmod($dir_path.$filename, FILE_WRITE_MODE);
+		chmod($dir_path.$filename, 0640);
 		return TRUE;
 	}
 
@@ -155,23 +186,23 @@ class CI_DB_Cache {
 	/**
 	 * Delete cache files within a particular directory
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	bool
+	 * @param	string	$segment_one
+	 * @param	string	$segment_two
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function delete($segment_one = '', $segment_two = '')
+	public function delete($segment_one = '', $segment_two = '')
 	{
-		if ($segment_one == '')
+		if ($segment_one === '')
 		{
 			$segment_one  = ($this->CI->uri->segment(1) == FALSE) ? 'default' : $this->CI->uri->segment(1);
 		}
 
-		if ($segment_two == '')
+		if ($segment_two === '')
 		{
 			$segment_two = ($this->CI->uri->segment(2) == FALSE) ? 'index' : $this->CI->uri->segment(2);
 		}
 
 		$dir_path = $this->db->cachedir.$segment_one.'+'.$segment_two.'/';
-
 		delete_files($dir_path, TRUE);
 	}
 
@@ -180,16 +211,11 @@ class CI_DB_Cache {
 	/**
 	 * Delete all existing cache files
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	bool
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function delete_all()
+	public function delete_all()
 	{
-		delete_files($this->db->cachedir, TRUE);
+		delete_files($this->db->cachedir, TRUE, TRUE);
 	}
 
 }
-
-
-/* End of file DB_cache.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/DB_cache.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/DB_driver.php b/system/database/DB_driver.php
index c342aacbd..3eb51f734 100644
--- a/system/database/DB_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/DB_driver.php
@@ -1,19 +1,41 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.0.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * Database Driver Class
@@ -25,60 +47,322 @@
  * @package		CodeIgniter
  * @subpackage	Drivers
  * @category	Database
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
  */
-class CI_DB_driver {
-
-	var $username;
-	var $password;
-	var $hostname;
-	var $database;
-	var $dbdriver		= 'mysql';
-	var $dbprefix		= '';
-	var $char_set		= 'utf8';
-	var $dbcollat		= 'utf8_general_ci';
-	var $autoinit		= TRUE; // Whether to automatically initialize the DB
-	var $swap_pre		= '';
-	var $port			= '';
-	var $pconnect		= FALSE;
-	var $conn_id		= FALSE;
-	var $result_id		= FALSE;
-	var $db_debug		= FALSE;
-	var $benchmark		= 0;
-	var $query_count	= 0;
-	var $bind_marker	= '?';
-	var $save_queries	= TRUE;
-	var $queries		= array();
-	var $query_times	= array();
-	var $data_cache		= array();
-	var $trans_enabled	= TRUE;
-	var $trans_strict	= TRUE;
-	var $_trans_depth	= 0;
-	var $_trans_status	= TRUE; // Used with transactions to determine if a rollback should occur
-	var $cache_on		= FALSE;
-	var $cachedir		= '';
-	var $cache_autodel	= FALSE;
-	var $CACHE; // The cache class object
-
-	// Private variables
-	var $_protect_identifiers	= TRUE;
-	var $_reserved_identifiers	= array('*'); // Identifiers that should NOT be escaped
-
-	// These are use with Oracle
-	var $stmt_id;
-	var $curs_id;
-	var $limit_used;
-
-
-
-	/**
-	 * Constructor.  Accepts one parameter containing the database
-	 * connection settings.
-	 *
-	 * @param array
-	 */
-	function __construct($params)
+abstract class CI_DB_driver {
+
+	/**
+	 * Data Source Name / Connect string
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $dsn;
+
+	/**
+	 * Username
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $username;
+
+	/**
+	 * Password
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $password;
+
+	/**
+	 * Hostname
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $hostname;
+
+	/**
+	 * Database name
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $database;
+
+	/**
+	 * Database driver
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $dbdriver		= 'mysqli';
+
+	/**
+	 * Sub-driver
+	 *
+	 * @used-by	CI_DB_pdo_driver
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $subdriver;
+
+	/**
+	 * Table prefix
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $dbprefix		= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Character set
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $char_set		= 'utf8';
+
+	/**
+	 * Collation
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $dbcollat		= 'utf8_general_ci';
+
+	/**
+	 * Encryption flag/data
+	 *
+	 * @var	mixed
+	 */
+	public $encrypt			= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Swap Prefix
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $swap_pre		= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Database port
+	 *
+	 * @var	int
+	 */
+	public $port			= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Persistent connection flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	public $pconnect		= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Connection ID
+	 *
+	 * @var	object|resource
+	 */
+	public $conn_id			= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Result ID
+	 *
+	 * @var	object|resource
+	 */
+	public $result_id		= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Debug flag
+	 *
+	 * Whether to display error messages.
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	public $db_debug		= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Benchmark time
+	 *
+	 * @var	int
+	 */
+	public $benchmark		= 0;
+
+	/**
+	 * Executed queries count
+	 *
+	 * @var	int
+	 */
+	public $query_count		= 0;
+
+	/**
+	 * Bind marker
+	 *
+	 * Character used to identify values in a prepared statement.
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $bind_marker		= '?';
+
+	/**
+	 * Save queries flag
+	 *
+	 * Whether to keep an in-memory history of queries for debugging purposes.
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	public $save_queries		= TRUE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Queries list
+	 *
+	 * @see	CI_DB_driver::$save_queries
+	 * @var	string[]
+	 */
+	public $queries			= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * Query times
+	 *
+	 * A list of times that queries took to execute.
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	public $query_times		= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * Data cache
+	 *
+	 * An internal generic value cache.
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	public $data_cache		= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * Transaction enabled flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	public $trans_enabled		= TRUE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Strict transaction mode flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	public $trans_strict		= TRUE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Transaction depth level
+	 *
+	 * @var	int
+	 */
+	protected $_trans_depth		= 0;
+
+	/**
+	 * Transaction status flag
+	 *
+	 * Used with transactions to determine if a rollback should occur.
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	protected $_trans_status	= TRUE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Transaction failure flag
+	 *
+	 * Used with transactions to determine if a transaction has failed.
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	protected $_trans_failure	= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Cache On flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	public $cache_on		= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Cache directory path
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	public $cachedir		= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Cache auto-delete flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	public $cache_autodel		= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * DB Cache object
+	 *
+	 * @see	CI_DB_cache
+	 * @var	object
+	 */
+	public $CACHE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Protect identifiers flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	protected $_protect_identifiers		= TRUE;
+
+	/**
+	 * List of reserved identifiers
+	 *
+	 * Identifiers that must NOT be escaped.
+	 *
+	 * @var	string[]
+	 */
+	protected $_reserved_identifiers	= array('*');
+
+	/**
+	 * Identifier escape character
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_escape_char = '"';
+
+	/**
+	 * ESCAPE statement string
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_like_escape_str = " ESCAPE '%s' ";
+
+	/**
+	 * ESCAPE character
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_like_escape_chr = '!';
+
+	/**
+	 * ORDER BY random keyword
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $_random_keyword = array('RAND()', 'RAND(%d)');
+
+	/**
+	 * COUNT string
+	 *
+	 * @used-by	CI_DB_driver::count_all()
+	 * @used-by	CI_DB_query_builder::count_all_results()
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_count_string = 'SELECT COUNT(*) AS ';
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Class constructor
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$params
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function __construct($params)
 	{
 		if (is_array($params))
 		{
@@ -88,7 +372,7 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 			}
 		}
 
-		log_message('debug', 'Database Driver Class Initialized');
+		log_message('info', 'Database Driver Class Initialized');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -96,15 +380,17 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Initialize Database Settings
 	 *
-	 * @access	private Called by the constructor
-	 * @param	mixed
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function initialize()
+	public function initialize()
 	{
-		// If an existing connection resource is available
-		// there is no need to connect and select the database
-		if (is_resource($this->conn_id) OR is_object($this->conn_id))
+		/* If an established connection is available, then there's
+		 * no need to connect and select the database.
+		 *
+		 * Depending on the database driver, conn_id can be either
+		 * boolean TRUE, a resource or an object.
+		 */
+		if ($this->conn_id)
 		{
 			return TRUE;
 		}
@@ -112,69 +398,139 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 		// ----------------------------------------------------------------
 
 		// Connect to the database and set the connection ID
-		$this->conn_id = ($this->pconnect == FALSE) ? $this->db_connect() : $this->db_pconnect();
+		$this->conn_id = $this->db_connect($this->pconnect);
 
-		// No connection resource?  Throw an error
+		// No connection resource? Check if there is a failover else throw an error
 		if ( ! $this->conn_id)
 		{
-			log_message('error', 'Unable to connect to the database');
-
-			if ($this->db_debug)
+			// Check if there is a failover set
+			if ( ! empty($this->failover) && is_array($this->failover))
 			{
-				$this->display_error('db_unable_to_connect');
-			}
-			return FALSE;
-		}
+				// Go over all the failovers
+				foreach ($this->failover as $failover)
+				{
+					// Replace the current settings with those of the failover
+					foreach ($failover as $key => $val)
+					{
+						$this->$key = $val;
+					}
 
-		// ----------------------------------------------------------------
+					// Try to connect
+					$this->conn_id = $this->db_connect($this->pconnect);
 
-		// Select the DB... assuming a database name is specified in the config file
-		if ($this->database != '')
-		{
-			if ( ! $this->db_select())
-			{
-				log_message('error', 'Unable to select database: '.$this->database);
-
-				if ($this->db_debug)
-				{
-					$this->display_error('db_unable_to_select', $this->database);
+					// If a connection is made break the foreach loop
+					if ($this->conn_id)
+					{
+						break;
+					}
 				}
-				return FALSE;
 			}
-			else
+
+			// We still don't have a connection?
+			if ( ! $this->conn_id)
 			{
-				// We've selected the DB. Now we set the character set
-				if ( ! $this->db_set_charset($this->char_set, $this->dbcollat))
+				log_message('error', 'Unable to connect to the database');
+
+				if ($this->db_debug)
 				{
-					return FALSE;
+					$this->display_error('db_unable_to_connect');
 				}
 
-				return TRUE;
+				return FALSE;
 			}
 		}
 
+		// Now we set the character set and that's all
+		return $this->db_set_charset($this->char_set);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * DB connect
+	 *
+	 * This is just a dummy method that all drivers will override.
+	 *
+	 * @return	mixed
+	 */
+	public function db_connect()
+	{
 		return TRUE;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
+	 * Persistent database connection
+	 *
+	 * @return	mixed
+	 */
+	public function db_pconnect()
+	{
+		return $this->db_connect(TRUE);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Reconnect
+	 *
+	 * Keep / reestablish the db connection if no queries have been
+	 * sent for a length of time exceeding the server's idle timeout.
+	 *
+	 * This is just a dummy method to allow drivers without such
+	 * functionality to not declare it, while others will override it.
+	 *
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function reconnect()
+	{
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Select database
+	 *
+	 * This is just a dummy method to allow drivers without such
+	 * functionality to not declare it, while others will override it.
+	 *
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function db_select()
+	{
+		return TRUE;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Last error
+	 *
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	public function error()
+	{
+		return array('code' => NULL, 'message' => NULL);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
 	 * Set client character set
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string
 	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	resource
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function db_set_charset($charset, $collation)
+	public function db_set_charset($charset)
 	{
-		if ( ! $this->_db_set_charset($this->char_set, $this->dbcollat))
+		if (method_exists($this, '_db_set_charset') && ! $this->_db_set_charset($charset))
 		{
-			log_message('error', 'Unable to set database connection charset: '.$this->char_set);
+			log_message('error', 'Unable to set database connection charset: '.$charset);
 
 			if ($this->db_debug)
 			{
-				$this->display_error('db_unable_to_set_charset', $this->char_set);
+				$this->display_error('db_unable_to_set_charset', $charset);
 			}
 
 			return FALSE;
@@ -188,10 +544,9 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * The name of the platform in use (mysql, mssql, etc...)
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function platform()
+	public function platform()
 	{
 		return $this->dbdriver;
 	}
@@ -199,36 +554,39 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Database Version Number.  Returns a string containing the
-	 * version of the database being used
+	 * Database version number
+	 *
+	 * Returns a string containing the version of the database being used.
+	 * Most drivers will override this method.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function version()
+	public function version()
 	{
-		if (FALSE === ($sql = $this->_version()))
+		if (isset($this->data_cache['version']))
 		{
-			if ($this->db_debug)
-			{
-				return $this->display_error('db_unsupported_function');
-			}
-			return FALSE;
+			return $this->data_cache['version'];
 		}
 
-		// Some DBs have functions that return the version, and don't run special
-		// SQL queries per se. In these instances, just return the result.
-		$driver_version_exceptions = array('oci8', 'sqlite', 'cubrid');
-
-		if (in_array($this->dbdriver, $driver_version_exceptions))
-		{
-			return $sql;
-		}
-		else
+		if (FALSE === ($sql = $this->_version()))
 		{
-			$query = $this->query($sql);
-			return $query->row('ver');
+			return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_unsupported_function') : FALSE;
 		}
+
+		$query = $this->query($sql)->row();
+		return $this->data_cache['version'] = $query->ver;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Version number query string
+	 *
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _version()
+	{
+		return 'SELECT VERSION() AS ver';
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -237,32 +595,32 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	 * Execute the query
 	 *
 	 * Accepts an SQL string as input and returns a result object upon
-	 * successful execution of a "read" type query.  Returns boolean TRUE
+	 * successful execution of a "read" type query. Returns boolean TRUE
 	 * upon successful execution of a "write" type query. Returns boolean
 	 * FALSE upon failure, and if the $db_debug variable is set to TRUE
 	 * will raise an error.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	An SQL query string
-	 * @param	array	An array of binding data
+	 * @param	string	$sql
+	 * @param	array	$binds = FALSE		An array of binding data
+	 * @param	bool	$return_object = NULL
 	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
-	function query($sql, $binds = FALSE, $return_object = TRUE)
+	public function query($sql, $binds = FALSE, $return_object = NULL)
 	{
-		if ($sql == '')
+		if ($sql === '')
 		{
-			if ($this->db_debug)
-			{
-				log_message('error', 'Invalid query: '.$sql);
-				return $this->display_error('db_invalid_query');
-			}
-			return FALSE;
+			log_message('error', 'Invalid query: '.$sql);
+			return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_invalid_query') : FALSE;
+		}
+		elseif ( ! is_bool($return_object))
+		{
+			$return_object = ! $this->is_write_type($sql);
 		}
 
 		// Verify table prefix and replace if necessary
-		if ( ($this->dbprefix != '' AND $this->swap_pre != '') AND ($this->dbprefix != $this->swap_pre) )
+		if ($this->dbprefix !== '' && $this->swap_pre !== '' && $this->dbprefix !== $this->swap_pre)
 		{
-			$sql = preg_replace("/(\W)".$this->swap_pre."(\S+?)/", "\\1".$this->dbprefix."\\2", $sql);
+			$sql = preg_replace('/(\W)'.$this->swap_pre.'(\S+?)/', '\\1'.$this->dbprefix.'\\2', $sql);
 		}
 
 		// Compile binds if needed
@@ -271,87 +629,88 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 			$sql = $this->compile_binds($sql, $binds);
 		}
 
-		// Is query caching enabled?  If the query is a "read type"
+		// Is query caching enabled? If the query is a "read type"
 		// we will load the caching class and return the previously
 		// cached query if it exists
-		if ($this->cache_on == TRUE AND stristr($sql, 'SELECT'))
+		if ($this->cache_on === TRUE && $return_object === TRUE && $this->_cache_init())
 		{
-			if ($this->_cache_init())
+			$this->load_rdriver();
+			if (FALSE !== ($cache = $this->CACHE->read($sql)))
 			{
-				$this->load_rdriver();
-				if (FALSE !== ($cache = $this->CACHE->read($sql)))
-				{
-					return $cache;
-				}
+				return $cache;
 			}
 		}
 
-		// Save the  query for debugging
-		if ($this->save_queries == TRUE)
+		// Save the query for debugging
+		if ($this->save_queries === TRUE)
 		{
 			$this->queries[] = $sql;
 		}
 
 		// Start the Query Timer
-		$time_start = list($sm, $ss) = explode(' ', microtime());
+		$time_start = microtime(TRUE);
 
 		// Run the Query
 		if (FALSE === ($this->result_id = $this->simple_query($sql)))
 		{
-			if ($this->save_queries == TRUE)
+			if ($this->save_queries === TRUE)
 			{
 				$this->query_times[] = 0;
 			}
 
 			// This will trigger a rollback if transactions are being used
-			$this->_trans_status = FALSE;
+			if ($this->_trans_depth !== 0)
+			{
+				$this->_trans_status = FALSE;
+			}
+
+			// Grab the error now, as we might run some additional queries before displaying the error
+			$error = $this->error();
+
+			// Log errors
+			log_message('error', 'Query error: '.$error['message'].' - Invalid query: '.$sql);
 
 			if ($this->db_debug)
 			{
-				// grab the error number and message now, as we might run some
-				// additional queries before displaying the error
-				$error_no = $this->_error_number();
-				$error_msg = $this->_error_message();
-
 				// We call this function in order to roll-back queries
-				// if transactions are enabled.  If we don't call this here
+				// if transactions are enabled. If we don't call this here
 				// the error message will trigger an exit, causing the
 				// transactions to remain in limbo.
-				$this->trans_complete();
-
-				// Log and display errors
-				log_message('error', 'Query error: '.$error_msg);
-				return $this->display_error(
-										array(
-												'Error Number: '.$error_no,
-												$error_msg,
-												$sql
-											)
-										);
+				while ($this->_trans_depth !== 0)
+				{
+					$trans_depth = $this->_trans_depth;
+					$this->trans_complete();
+					if ($trans_depth === $this->_trans_depth)
+					{
+						log_message('error', 'Database: Failure during an automated transaction commit/rollback!');
+						break;
+					}
+				}
+
+				// Display errors
+				return $this->display_error(array('Error Number: '.$error['code'], $error['message'], $sql));
 			}
 
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
 		// Stop and aggregate the query time results
-		$time_end = list($em, $es) = explode(' ', microtime());
-		$this->benchmark += ($em + $es) - ($sm + $ss);
+		$time_end = microtime(TRUE);
+		$this->benchmark += $time_end - $time_start;
 
-		if ($this->save_queries == TRUE)
+		if ($this->save_queries === TRUE)
 		{
-			$this->query_times[] = ($em + $es) - ($sm + $ss);
+			$this->query_times[] = $time_end - $time_start;
 		}
 
 		// Increment the query counter
 		$this->query_count++;
 
-		// Was the query a "write" type?
-		// If so we'll simply return true
-		if ($this->is_write_type($sql) === TRUE)
+		// Will we have a result object instantiated? If not - we'll simply return TRUE
+		if ($return_object !== TRUE)
 		{
-			// If caching is enabled we'll auto-cleanup any
-			// existing files related to this particular URI
-			if ($this->cache_on == TRUE AND $this->cache_autodel == TRUE AND $this->_cache_init())
+			// If caching is enabled we'll auto-cleanup any existing files related to this particular URI
+			if ($this->cache_on === TRUE && $this->cache_autodel === TRUE && $this->_cache_init())
 			{
 				$this->CACHE->delete();
 			}
@@ -359,35 +718,13 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 			return TRUE;
 		}
 
-		// Return TRUE if we don't need to create a result object
-		// Currently only the Oracle driver uses this when stored
-		// procedures are used
-		if ($return_object !== TRUE)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
 		// Load and instantiate the result driver
+		$driver		= $this->load_rdriver();
+		$RES		= new $driver($this);
 
-		$driver			= $this->load_rdriver();
-		$RES			= new $driver();
-		$RES->conn_id	= $this->conn_id;
-		$RES->result_id	= $this->result_id;
-
-		if ($this->dbdriver == 'oci8')
-		{
-			$RES->stmt_id		= $this->stmt_id;
-			$RES->curs_id		= NULL;
-			$RES->limit_used	= $this->limit_used;
-			$this->stmt_id		= FALSE;
-		}
-
-		// oci8 vars must be set before calling this
-		$RES->num_rows	= $RES->num_rows();
-
-		// Is query caching enabled?  If so, we'll serialize the
+		// Is query caching enabled? If so, we'll serialize the
 		// result object and save it to a cache file.
-		if ($this->cache_on == TRUE AND $this->_cache_init())
+		if ($this->cache_on === TRUE && $this->_cache_init())
 		{
 			// We'll create a new instance of the result object
 			// only without the platform specific driver since
@@ -395,10 +732,10 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 			// resource ID won't be any good once we've cached the
 			// result object, so we'll have to compile the data
 			// and save it)
-			$CR = new CI_DB_result();
-			$CR->num_rows		= $RES->num_rows();
+			$CR = new CI_DB_result($this);
 			$CR->result_object	= $RES->result_object();
 			$CR->result_array	= $RES->result_array();
+			$CR->num_rows		= $RES->num_rows();
 
 			// Reset these since cached objects can not utilize resource IDs.
 			$CR->conn_id		= NULL;
@@ -415,17 +752,16 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Load the result drivers
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	string	the name of the result class
 	 */
-	function load_rdriver()
+	public function load_rdriver()
 	{
 		$driver = 'CI_DB_'.$this->dbdriver.'_result';
 
-		if ( ! class_exists($driver))
+		if ( ! class_exists($driver, FALSE))
 		{
-			include_once(BASEPATH.'database/DB_result.php');
-			include_once(BASEPATH.'database/drivers/'.$this->dbdriver.'/'.$this->dbdriver.'_result.php');
+			require_once(BASEPATH.'database/DB_result.php');
+			require_once(BASEPATH.'database/drivers/'.$this->dbdriver.'/'.$this->dbdriver.'_result.php');
 		}
 
 		return $driver;
@@ -435,19 +771,21 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 
 	/**
 	 * Simple Query
-	 * This is a simplified version of the query() function.  Internally
+	 * This is a simplified version of the query() function. Internally
 	 * we only use it when running transaction commands since they do
 	 * not require all the features of the main query() function.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the sql query
 	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
-	function simple_query($sql)
+	public function simple_query($sql)
 	{
 		if ( ! $this->conn_id)
 		{
-			$this->initialize();
+			if ( ! $this->initialize())
+			{
+				return FALSE;
+			}
 		}
 
 		return $this->_execute($sql);
@@ -459,10 +797,9 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	 * Disable Transactions
 	 * This permits transactions to be disabled at run-time.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function trans_off()
+	public function trans_off()
 	{
 		$this->trans_enabled = FALSE;
 	}
@@ -471,15 +808,18 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 
 	/**
 	 * Enable/disable Transaction Strict Mode
+	 *
 	 * When strict mode is enabled, if you are running multiple groups of
-	 * transactions, if one group fails all groups will be rolled back.
-	 * If strict mode is disabled, each group is treated autonomously, meaning
-	 * a failure of one group will not affect any others
+	 * transactions, if one group fails all subsequent groups will be
+	 * rolled back.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
+	 * If strict mode is disabled, each group is treated autonomously,
+	 * meaning a failure of one group will not affect any others
+	 *
+	 * @param	bool	$mode = TRUE
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function trans_strict($mode = TRUE)
+	public function trans_strict($mode = TRUE)
 	{
 		$this->trans_strict = is_bool($mode) ? $mode : TRUE;
 	}
@@ -489,24 +829,17 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Start Transaction
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @param	bool	$test_mode = FALSE
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function trans_start($test_mode = FALSE)
+	public function trans_start($test_mode = FALSE)
 	{
 		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
 		{
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ($this->_trans_depth > 0)
-		{
-			$this->_trans_depth += 1;
-			return;
-		}
-
-		$this->trans_begin($test_mode);
+		return $this->trans_begin($test_mode);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -514,31 +847,23 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Complete Transaction
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function trans_complete()
+	public function trans_complete()
 	{
 		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
 		{
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ($this->_trans_depth > 1)
-		{
-			$this->_trans_depth -= 1;
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
 		// The query() function will set this flag to FALSE in the event that a query failed
-		if ($this->_trans_status === FALSE)
+		if ($this->_trans_status === FALSE OR $this->_trans_failure === TRUE)
 		{
 			$this->trans_rollback();
 
 			// If we are NOT running in strict mode, we will reset
-			// the _trans_status flag so that subsequent groups of transactions
-			// will be permitted.
+			// the _trans_status flag so that subsequent groups of
+			// transactions will be permitted.
 			if ($this->trans_strict === FALSE)
 			{
 				$this->_trans_status = TRUE;
@@ -548,8 +873,7 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		$this->trans_commit();
-		return TRUE;
+		return $this->trans_commit();
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -557,10 +881,9 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Lets you retrieve the transaction flag to determine if it has failed
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function trans_status()
+	public function trans_status()
 	{
 		return $this->_trans_status;
 	}
@@ -568,44 +891,147 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
+	 * Begin Transaction
+	 *
+	 * @param	bool	$test_mode
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function trans_begin($test_mode = FALSE)
+	{
+		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
+		elseif ($this->_trans_depth > 0)
+		{
+			$this->_trans_depth++;
+			return TRUE;
+		}
+
+		// Reset the transaction failure flag.
+		// If the $test_mode flag is set to TRUE transactions will be rolled back
+		// even if the queries produce a successful result.
+		$this->_trans_failure = ($test_mode === TRUE);
+
+		if ($this->_trans_begin())
+		{
+			$this->_trans_depth++;
+			return TRUE;
+		}
+
+		return FALSE;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Commit Transaction
+	 *
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function trans_commit()
+	{
+		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled OR $this->_trans_depth === 0)
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
+		elseif ($this->_trans_depth > 1 OR $this->_trans_commit())
+		{
+			$this->_trans_depth--;
+			return TRUE;
+		}
+
+		return FALSE;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Rollback Transaction
+	 *
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function trans_rollback()
+	{
+		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled OR $this->_trans_depth === 0)
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
+		elseif ($this->_trans_depth > 1 OR $this->_trans_rollback())
+		{
+			$this->_trans_depth--;
+			return TRUE;
+		}
+
+		return FALSE;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
 	 * Compile Bindings
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the sql statement
 	 * @param	array	an array of bind data
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function compile_binds($sql, $binds)
+	public function compile_binds($sql, $binds)
 	{
-		if (strpos($sql, $this->bind_marker) === FALSE)
+		if (empty($this->bind_marker) OR strpos($sql, $this->bind_marker) === FALSE)
 		{
 			return $sql;
 		}
-
-		if ( ! is_array($binds))
+		elseif ( ! is_array($binds))
 		{
 			$binds = array($binds);
+			$bind_count = 1;
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			// Make sure we're using numeric keys
+			$binds = array_values($binds);
+			$bind_count = count($binds);
 		}
 
-		// Get the sql segments around the bind markers
-		$segments = explode($this->bind_marker, $sql);
+		// We'll need the marker length later
+		$ml = strlen($this->bind_marker);
 
-		// The count of bind should be 1 less then the count of segments
-		// If there are more bind arguments trim it down
-		if (count($binds) >= count($segments)) {
-			$binds = array_slice($binds, 0, count($segments)-1);
+		// Make sure not to replace a chunk inside a string that happens to match the bind marker
+		if ($c = preg_match_all("/'[^']*'|\"[^\"]*\"/i", $sql, $matches))
+		{
+			$c = preg_match_all('/'.preg_quote($this->bind_marker, '/').'/i',
+				str_replace($matches[0],
+					str_replace($this->bind_marker, str_repeat(' ', $ml), $matches[0]),
+					$sql, $c),
+				$matches, PREG_OFFSET_CAPTURE);
+
+			// Bind values' count must match the count of markers in the query
+			if ($bind_count !== $c)
+			{
+				return $sql;
+			}
+		}
+		elseif (($c = preg_match_all('/'.preg_quote($this->bind_marker, '/').'/i', $sql, $matches, PREG_OFFSET_CAPTURE)) !== $bind_count)
+		{
+			return $sql;
 		}
 
-		// Construct the binded query
-		$result = $segments[0];
-		$i = 0;
-		foreach ($binds as $bind)
+		do
 		{
-			$result .= $this->escape($bind);
-			$result .= $segments[++$i];
+			$c--;
+			$escaped_value = $this->escape($binds[$c]);
+			if (is_array($escaped_value))
+			{
+				$escaped_value = '('.implode(',', $escaped_value).')';
+			}
+			$sql = substr_replace($sql, $escaped_value, $matches[0][$c][1], $ml);
 		}
+		while ($c !== 0);
 
-		return $result;
+		return $sql;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -613,17 +1039,12 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Determines if a query is a "write" type.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	An SQL query string
-	 * @return	boolean
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function is_write_type($sql)
+	public function is_write_type($sql)
 	{
-		if ( ! preg_match('/^\s*"?(SET|INSERT|UPDATE|DELETE|REPLACE|CREATE|DROP|TRUNCATE|LOAD DATA|COPY|ALTER|GRANT|REVOKE|LOCK|UNLOCK)\s+/i', $sql))
-		{
-			return FALSE;
-		}
-		return TRUE;
+		return (bool) preg_match('/^\s*"?(SET|INSERT|UPDATE|DELETE|REPLACE|CREATE|DROP|TRUNCATE|LOAD|COPY|ALTER|RENAME|GRANT|REVOKE|LOCK|UNLOCK|REINDEX)\s/i', $sql);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -631,11 +1052,10 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Calculate the aggregate query elapsed time
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	integer	The number of decimal places
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @param	int	The number of decimal places
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function elapsed_time($decimals = 6)
+	public function elapsed_time($decimals = 6)
 	{
 		return number_format($this->benchmark, $decimals);
 	}
@@ -645,10 +1065,9 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Returns the total number of queries
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	int
 	 */
-	function total_queries()
+	public function total_queries()
 	{
 		return $this->query_count;
 	}
@@ -658,10 +1077,9 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Returns the last query that was executed
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function last_query()
+	public function last_query()
 	{
 		return end($this->queries);
 	}
@@ -674,23 +1092,63 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	 * Escapes data based on type
 	 * Sets boolean and null types
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
-	function escape($str)
+	public function escape($str)
 	{
-		if (is_string($str))
+		if (is_array($str))
 		{
-			$str = "'".$this->escape_str($str)."'";
+			$str = array_map(array(&$this, 'escape'), $str);
+			return $str;
+		}
+		elseif (is_string($str) OR (is_object($str) && method_exists($str, '__toString')))
+		{
+			return "'".$this->escape_str($str)."'";
 		}
 		elseif (is_bool($str))
 		{
-			$str = ($str === FALSE) ? 0 : 1;
+			return ($str === FALSE) ? 0 : 1;
+		}
+		elseif ($str === NULL)
+		{
+			return 'NULL';
 		}
-		elseif (is_null($str))
+
+		return $str;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Escape String
+	 *
+	 * @param	string|string[]	$str	Input string
+	 * @param	bool	$like	Whether or not the string will be used in a LIKE condition
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	public function escape_str($str, $like = FALSE)
+	{
+		if (is_array($str))
+		{
+			foreach ($str as $key => $val)
+			{
+				$str[$key] = $this->escape_str($val, $like);
+			}
+
+			return $str;
+		}
+
+		$str = $this->_escape_str($str);
+
+		// escape LIKE condition wildcards
+		if ($like === TRUE)
 		{
-			$str = 'NULL';
+			return str_replace(
+				array($this->_like_escape_chr, '%', '_'),
+				array($this->_like_escape_chr.$this->_like_escape_chr, $this->_like_escape_chr.'%', $this->_like_escape_chr.'_'),
+				$str
+			);
 		}
 
 		return $str;
@@ -704,11 +1162,10 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	 * Calls the individual driver for platform
 	 * specific escaping for LIKE conditions
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string|string[]
 	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
-	function escape_like_str($str)
+	public function escape_like_str($str)
 	{
 		return $this->escape_str($str, TRUE);
 	}
@@ -716,25 +1173,60 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
+	 * Platform-dependent string escape
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _escape_str($str)
+	{
+		return str_replace("'", "''", remove_invisible_characters($str, FALSE));
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
 	 * Primary
 	 *
-	 * Retrieves the primary key.  It assumes that the row in the first
+	 * Retrieves the primary key. It assumes that the row in the first
 	 * position is the primary key
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @param	string	$table	Table name
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function primary($table = '')
+	public function primary($table)
 	{
 		$fields = $this->list_fields($table);
+		return is_array($fields) ? current($fields) : FALSE;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * "Count All" query
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query string that counts all records in
+	 * the specified database
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @return	int
+	 */
+	public function count_all($table = '')
+	{
+		if ($table === '')
+		{
+			return 0;
+		}
 
-		if ( ! is_array($fields))
+		$query = $this->query($this->_count_string.$this->escape_identifiers('numrows').' FROM '.$this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE));
+		if ($query->num_rows() === 0)
 		{
-			return FALSE;
+			return 0;
 		}
 
-		return current($fields);
+		$query = $query->row();
+		$this->_reset_select();
+		return (int) $query->numrows;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -742,10 +1234,10 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Returns an array of table names
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
+	 * @param	string	$constrain_by_prefix = FALSE
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function list_tables($constrain_by_prefix = FALSE)
+	public function list_tables($constrain_by_prefix = FALSE)
 	{
 		// Is there a cached result?
 		if (isset($this->data_cache['table_names']))
@@ -755,32 +1247,40 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 
 		if (FALSE === ($sql = $this->_list_tables($constrain_by_prefix)))
 		{
-			if ($this->db_debug)
-			{
-				return $this->display_error('db_unsupported_function');
-			}
-			return FALSE;
+			return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_unsupported_function') : FALSE;
 		}
 
-		$retval = array();
+		$this->data_cache['table_names'] = array();
 		$query = $this->query($sql);
 
-		if ($query->num_rows() > 0)
+		foreach ($query->result_array() as $row)
 		{
-			foreach ($query->result_array() as $row)
+			// Do we know from which column to get the table name?
+			if ( ! isset($key))
 			{
-				if (isset($row['TABLE_NAME']))
+				if (isset($row['table_name']))
 				{
-					$retval[] = $row['TABLE_NAME'];
+					$key = 'table_name';
+				}
+				elseif (isset($row['TABLE_NAME']))
+				{
+					$key = 'TABLE_NAME';
 				}
 				else
 				{
-					$retval[] = array_shift($row);
+					/* We have no other choice but to just get the first element's key.
+					 * Due to array_shift() accepting its argument by reference, if
+					 * E_STRICT is on, this would trigger a warning. So we'll have to
+					 * assign it first.
+					 */
+					$key = array_keys($row);
+					$key = array_shift($key);
 				}
 			}
+
+			$this->data_cache['table_names'][] = $row[$key];
 		}
 
-		$this->data_cache['table_names'] = $retval;
 		return $this->data_cache['table_names'];
 	}
 
@@ -788,24 +1288,24 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 
 	/**
 	 * Determine if a particular table exists
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	boolean
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table_name
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function table_exists($table_name)
+	public function table_exists($table_name)
 	{
-		return ( ! in_array($this->_protect_identifiers($table_name, TRUE, FALSE, FALSE), $this->list_tables())) ? FALSE : TRUE;
+		return in_array($this->protect_identifiers($table_name, TRUE, FALSE, FALSE), $this->list_tables());
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Fetch MySQL Field Names
+	 * Fetch Field Names
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @param	string	$table	Table name
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function list_fields($table = '')
+	public function list_fields($table)
 	{
 		// Is there a cached result?
 		if (isset($this->data_cache['field_names'][$table]))
@@ -813,40 +1313,37 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 			return $this->data_cache['field_names'][$table];
 		}
 
-		if ($table == '')
-		{
-			if ($this->db_debug)
-			{
-				return $this->display_error('db_field_param_missing');
-			}
-			return FALSE;
-		}
-
 		if (FALSE === ($sql = $this->_list_columns($table)))
 		{
-			if ($this->db_debug)
-			{
-				return $this->display_error('db_unsupported_function');
-			}
-			return FALSE;
+			return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_unsupported_function') : FALSE;
 		}
 
 		$query = $this->query($sql);
+		$this->data_cache['field_names'][$table] = array();
 
-		$retval = array();
 		foreach ($query->result_array() as $row)
 		{
-			if (isset($row['COLUMN_NAME']))
+			// Do we know from where to get the column's name?
+			if ( ! isset($key))
 			{
-				$retval[] = $row['COLUMN_NAME'];
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				$retval[] = current($row);
+				if (isset($row['column_name']))
+				{
+					$key = 'column_name';
+				}
+				elseif (isset($row['COLUMN_NAME']))
+				{
+					$key = 'COLUMN_NAME';
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					// We have no other choice but to just get the first element's key.
+					$key = key($row);
+				}
 			}
+
+			$this->data_cache['field_names'][$table][] = $row[$key];
 		}
 
-		$this->data_cache['field_names'][$table] = $retval;
 		return $this->data_cache['field_names'][$table];
 	}
 
@@ -854,14 +1351,14 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 
 	/**
 	 * Determine if a particular field exists
-	 * @access	public
+	 *
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	boolean
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function field_exists($field_name, $table_name)
+	public function field_exists($field_name, $table_name)
 	{
-		return ( ! in_array($field_name, $this->list_fields($table_name))) ? FALSE : TRUE;
+		return in_array($field_name, $this->list_fields($table_name));
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -869,24 +1366,75 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Returns an object with field data
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	object
+	 * @param	string	$table	the table name
+	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function field_data($table = '')
+	public function field_data($table)
 	{
-		if ($table == '')
+		$query = $this->query($this->_field_data($this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE)));
+		return ($query) ? $query->field_data() : FALSE;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Escape the SQL Identifiers
+	 *
+	 * This function escapes column and table names
+	 *
+	 * @param	mixed
+	 * @return	mixed
+	 */
+	public function escape_identifiers($item)
+	{
+		if ($this->_escape_char === '' OR empty($item) OR in_array($item, $this->_reserved_identifiers))
 		{
-			if ($this->db_debug)
+			return $item;
+		}
+		elseif (is_array($item))
+		{
+			foreach ($item as $key => $value)
 			{
-				return $this->display_error('db_field_param_missing');
+				$item[$key] = $this->escape_identifiers($value);
 			}
-			return FALSE;
+
+			return $item;
+		}
+		// Avoid breaking functions and literal values inside queries
+		elseif (ctype_digit($item) OR $item[0] === "'" OR ($this->_escape_char !== '"' && $item[0] === '"') OR strpos($item, '(') !== FALSE)
+		{
+			return $item;
 		}
 
-		$query = $this->query($this->_field_data($this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE)));
+		static $preg_ec = array();
 
-		return $query->field_data();
+		if (empty($preg_ec))
+		{
+			if (is_array($this->_escape_char))
+			{
+				$preg_ec = array(
+					preg_quote($this->_escape_char[0], '/'),
+					preg_quote($this->_escape_char[1], '/'),
+					$this->_escape_char[0],
+					$this->_escape_char[1]
+				);
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				$preg_ec[0] = $preg_ec[1] = preg_quote($this->_escape_char, '/');
+				$preg_ec[2] = $preg_ec[3] = $this->_escape_char;
+			}
+		}
+
+		foreach ($this->_reserved_identifiers as $id)
+		{
+			if (strpos($item, '.'.$id) !== FALSE)
+			{
+				return preg_replace('/'.$preg_ec[0].'?([^'.$preg_ec[1].'\.]+)'.$preg_ec[1].'?\./i', $preg_ec[2].'$1'.$preg_ec[3].'.', $item);
+			}
+		}
+
+		return preg_replace('/'.$preg_ec[0].'?([^'.$preg_ec[1].'\.]+)'.$preg_ec[1].'?(\.)?/i', $preg_ec[2].'$1'.$preg_ec[3].'$2', $item);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -894,23 +1442,38 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Generate an insert string
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the table upon which the query will be performed
 	 * @param	array	an associative array data of key/values
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function insert_string($table, $data)
+	public function insert_string($table, $data)
 	{
-		$fields = array();
-		$values = array();
+		$fields = $values = array();
 
 		foreach ($data as $key => $val)
 		{
-			$fields[] = $this->_escape_identifiers($key);
+			$fields[] = $this->escape_identifiers($key);
 			$values[] = $this->escape($val);
 		}
 
-		return $this->_insert($this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE), $fields, $values);
+		return $this->_insert($this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE), $fields, $values);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Insert statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific insert string from the supplied data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @param	array	the insert keys
+	 * @param	array	the insert values
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _insert($table, $keys, $values)
+	{
+		return 'INSERT INTO '.$table.' ('.implode(', ', $keys).') VALUES ('.implode(', ', $values).')';
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -918,51 +1481,53 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Generate an update string
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the table upon which the query will be performed
 	 * @param	array	an associative array data of key/values
 	 * @param	mixed	the "where" statement
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function update_string($table, $data, $where)
+	public function update_string($table, $data, $where)
 	{
-		if ($where == '')
+		if (empty($where))
 		{
-			return false;
+			return FALSE;
 		}
 
+		$this->where($where);
+
 		$fields = array();
 		foreach ($data as $key => $val)
 		{
-			$fields[$this->_protect_identifiers($key)] = $this->escape($val);
+			$fields[$this->protect_identifiers($key)] = $this->escape($val);
 		}
 
-		if ( ! is_array($where))
-		{
-			$dest = array($where);
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			$dest = array();
-			foreach ($where as $key => $val)
-			{
-				$prefix = (count($dest) == 0) ? '' : ' AND ';
-
-				if ($val !== '')
-				{
-					if ( ! $this->_has_operator($key))
-					{
-						$key .= ' =';
-					}
+		$sql = $this->_update($this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE), $fields);
+		$this->_reset_write();
+		return $sql;
+	}
 
-					$val = ' '.$this->escape($val);
-				}
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-				$dest[] = $prefix.$key.$val;
-			}
+	/**
+	 * Update statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific update string from the supplied data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @param	array	the update data
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _update($table, $values)
+	{
+		foreach ($values as $key => $val)
+		{
+			$valstr[] = $key.' = '.$val;
 		}
 
-		return $this->_update($this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE), $fields, $dest);
+		return 'UPDATE '.$table.' SET '.implode(', ', $valstr)
+			.$this->_compile_wh('qb_where')
+			.$this->_compile_order_by()
+			.($this->qb_limit ? ' LIMIT '.$this->qb_limit : '');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -970,19 +1535,50 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Tests whether the string has an SQL operator
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function _has_operator($str)
+	protected function _has_operator($str)
 	{
-		$str = trim($str);
-		if ( ! preg_match("/(\s|<|>|!|=|is null|is not null)/i", $str))
-		{
-			return FALSE;
-		}
+		return (bool) preg_match('/(<|>|!|=|\sIS NULL|\sIS NOT NULL|\sEXISTS|\sBETWEEN|\sLIKE|\sIN\s*\(|\s)/i', trim($str));
+	}
 
-		return TRUE;
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the SQL string operator
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _get_operator($str)
+	{
+		static $_operators;
+
+		if (empty($_operators))
+		{
+			$_les = ($this->_like_escape_str !== '')
+				? '\s+'.preg_quote(trim(sprintf($this->_like_escape_str, $this->_like_escape_chr)), '/')
+				: '';
+			$_operators = array(
+				'\s*(?:<|>|!)?=\s*',             // =, <=, >=, !=
+				'\s*<>?\s*',                     // <, <>
+				'\s*>\s*',                       // >
+				'\s+IS NULL',                    // IS NULL
+				'\s+IS NOT NULL',                // IS NOT NULL
+				'\s+EXISTS\s*\(.*\)',        // EXISTS(sql)
+				'\s+NOT EXISTS\s*\(.*\)',    // NOT EXISTS(sql)
+				'\s+BETWEEN\s+',                 // BETWEEN value AND value
+				'\s+IN\s*\(.*\)',            // IN(list)
+				'\s+NOT IN\s*\(.*\)',        // NOT IN (list)
+				'\s+LIKE\s+\S.*('.$_les.')?',    // LIKE 'expr'[ ESCAPE '%s']
+				'\s+NOT LIKE\s+\S.*('.$_les.')?' // NOT LIKE 'expr'[ ESCAPE '%s']
+			);
+
+		}
+
+		return preg_match('/'.implode('|', $_operators).'/i', $str, $match)
+			? $match[0] : FALSE;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -990,14 +1586,12 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Enables a native PHP function to be run, using a platform agnostic wrapper.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the function name
-	 * @param	mixed	any parameters needed by the function
+	 * @param	string	$function	Function name
 	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
-	function call_function($function)
+	public function call_function($function)
 	{
-		$driver = ($this->dbdriver == 'postgre') ? 'pg_' : $this->dbdriver.'_';
+		$driver = ($this->dbdriver === 'postgre') ? 'pg_' : $this->dbdriver.'_';
 
 		if (FALSE === strpos($driver, $function))
 		{
@@ -1006,24 +1600,12 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 
 		if ( ! function_exists($function))
 		{
-			if ($this->db_debug)
-			{
-				return $this->display_error('db_unsupported_function');
-			}
-			return FALSE;
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			$args = (func_num_args() > 1) ? array_splice(func_get_args(), 1) : null;
-			if (is_null($args))
-			{
-				return call_user_func($function);
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				return call_user_func_array($function, $args);
-			}
+			return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_unsupported_function') : FALSE;
 		}
+
+		return (func_num_args() > 1)
+			? call_user_func_array($function, array_slice(func_get_args(), 1))
+			: call_user_func($function);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1031,11 +1613,10 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Set Cache Directory Path
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the path to the cache directory
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function cache_set_path($path = '')
+	public function cache_set_path($path = '')
 	{
 		$this->cachedir = $path;
 	}
@@ -1045,13 +1626,11 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Enable Query Caching
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @return	bool	cache_on value
 	 */
-	function cache_on()
+	public function cache_on()
 	{
-		$this->cache_on = TRUE;
-		return TRUE;
+		return $this->cache_on = TRUE;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1059,31 +1638,27 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Disable Query Caching
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @return	bool	cache_on value
 	 */
-	function cache_off()
+	public function cache_off()
 	{
-		$this->cache_on = FALSE;
-		return FALSE;
+		return $this->cache_on = FALSE;
 	}
 
-
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
 	 * Delete the cache files associated with a particular URI
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @param	string	$segment_one = ''
+	 * @param	string	$segment_two = ''
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function cache_delete($segment_one = '', $segment_two = '')
+	public function cache_delete($segment_one = '', $segment_two = '')
 	{
-		if ( ! $this->_cache_init())
-		{
-			return FALSE;
-		}
-		return $this->CACHE->delete($segment_one, $segment_two);
+		return $this->_cache_init()
+			? $this->CACHE->delete($segment_one, $segment_two)
+			: FALSE;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1091,17 +1666,13 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Delete All cache files
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function cache_delete_all()
+	public function cache_delete_all()
 	{
-		if ( ! $this->_cache_init())
-		{
-			return FALSE;
-		}
-
-		return $this->CACHE->delete_all();
+		return $this->_cache_init()
+			? $this->CACHE->delete_all()
+			: FALSE;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1109,22 +1680,17 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Initialize the Cache Class
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function _cache_init()
+	protected function _cache_init()
 	{
-		if (is_object($this->CACHE) AND class_exists('CI_DB_Cache'))
+		if ( ! class_exists('CI_DB_Cache', FALSE))
 		{
-			return TRUE;
+			require_once(BASEPATH.'database/DB_cache.php');
 		}
-
-		if ( ! class_exists('CI_DB_Cache'))
+		elseif (is_object($this->CACHE))
 		{
-			if ( ! @include(BASEPATH.'database/DB_cache.php'))
-			{
-				return $this->cache_off();
-			}
+			return TRUE;
 		}
 
 		$this->CACHE = new CI_DB_Cache($this); // pass db object to support multiple db connections and returned db objects
@@ -1136,15 +1702,28 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Close DB Connection
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function close()
+	public function close()
 	{
-		if (is_resource($this->conn_id) OR is_object($this->conn_id))
+		if ($this->conn_id)
 		{
-			$this->_close($this->conn_id);
+			$this->_close();
+			$this->conn_id = FALSE;
 		}
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Close DB Connection
+	 *
+	 * This method would be overridden by most of the drivers.
+	 *
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _close()
+	{
 		$this->conn_id = FALSE;
 	}
 
@@ -1153,49 +1732,54 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Display an error message
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the error message
 	 * @param	string	any "swap" values
-	 * @param	boolean	whether to localize the message
-	 * @return	string	sends the application/error_db.php template
+	 * @param	bool	whether to localize the message
+	 * @return	string	sends the application/views/errors/error_db.php template
 	 */
-	function display_error($error = '', $swap = '', $native = FALSE)
+	public function display_error($error = '', $swap = '', $native = FALSE)
 	{
 		$LANG =& load_class('Lang', 'core');
 		$LANG->load('db');
 
 		$heading = $LANG->line('db_error_heading');
 
-		if ($native == TRUE)
+		if ($native === TRUE)
 		{
-			$message = $error;
+			$message = (array) $error;
 		}
 		else
 		{
-			$message = ( ! is_array($error)) ? array(str_replace('%s', $swap, $LANG->line($error))) : $error;
+			$message = is_array($error) ? $error : array(str_replace('%s', $swap, $LANG->line($error)));
 		}
 
 		// Find the most likely culprit of the error by going through
 		// the backtrace until the source file is no longer in the
 		// database folder.
-
 		$trace = debug_backtrace();
-
 		foreach ($trace as $call)
 		{
-			if (isset($call['file']) && strpos($call['file'], BASEPATH.'database') === FALSE)
+			if (isset($call['file'], $call['class']))
 			{
-				// Found it - use a relative path for safety
-				$message[] = 'Filename: '.str_replace(array(BASEPATH, APPPATH), '', $call['file']);
-				$message[] = 'Line Number: '.$call['line'];
+				// We'll need this on Windows, as APPPATH and BASEPATH will always use forward slashes
+				if (DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR !== '/')
+				{
+					$call['file'] = str_replace('\\', '/', $call['file']);
+				}
 
-				break;
+				if (strpos($call['file'], BASEPATH.'database') === FALSE && strpos($call['class'], 'Loader') === FALSE)
+				{
+					// Found it - use a relative path for safety
+					$message[] = 'Filename: '.str_replace(array(APPPATH, BASEPATH), '', $call['file']);
+					$message[] = 'Line Number: '.$call['line'];
+					break;
+				}
 			}
 		}
 
 		$error =& load_class('Exceptions', 'core');
 		echo $error->show_error($heading, $message, 'error_db');
-		exit;
+		exit(8); // EXIT_DATABASE
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1203,29 +1787,13 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Protect Identifiers
 	 *
-	 * This function adds backticks if appropriate based on db type
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	mixed	the item to escape
-	 * @return	mixed	the item with backticks
-	 */
-	function protect_identifiers($item, $prefix_single = FALSE)
-	{
-		return $this->_protect_identifiers($item, $prefix_single);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Protect Identifiers
-	 *
-	 * This function is used extensively by the Active Record class, and by
+	 * This function is used extensively by the Query Builder class, and by
 	 * a couple functions in this class.
 	 * It takes a column or table name (optionally with an alias) and inserts
-	 * the table prefix onto it.  Some logic is necessary in order to deal with
-	 * column names that include the path.  Consider a query like this:
+	 * the table prefix onto it. Some logic is necessary in order to deal with
+	 * column names that include the path. Consider a query like this:
 	 *
-	 * SELECT * FROM hostname.database.table.column AS c FROM hostname.database.table
+	 * SELECT hostname.database.table.column AS c FROM hostname.database.table
 	 *
 	 * Or a query with aliasing:
 	 *
@@ -1236,14 +1804,13 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	 * insert the table prefix (if it exists) in the proper position, and escape only
 	 * the correct identifiers.
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @param	bool
 	 * @param	mixed
 	 * @param	bool
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _protect_identifiers($item, $prefix_single = FALSE, $protect_identifiers = NULL, $field_exists = TRUE)
+	public function protect_identifiers($item, $prefix_single = FALSE, $protect_identifiers = NULL, $field_exists = TRUE)
 	{
 		if ( ! is_bool($protect_identifiers))
 		{
@@ -1253,37 +1820,48 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 		if (is_array($item))
 		{
 			$escaped_array = array();
-
 			foreach ($item as $k => $v)
 			{
-				$escaped_array[$this->_protect_identifiers($k)] = $this->_protect_identifiers($v);
+				$escaped_array[$this->protect_identifiers($k)] = $this->protect_identifiers($v, $prefix_single, $protect_identifiers, $field_exists);
 			}
 
 			return $escaped_array;
 		}
 
+		// This is basically a bug fix for queries that use MAX, MIN, etc.
+		// If a parenthesis is found we know that we do not need to
+		// escape the data or add a prefix. There's probably a more graceful
+		// way to deal with this, but I'm not thinking of it -- Rick
+		//
+		// Added exception for single quotes as well, we don't want to alter
+		// literal strings. -- Narf
+		if (strcspn($item, "()'") !== strlen($item))
+		{
+			return $item;
+		}
+
 		// Convert tabs or multiple spaces into single spaces
-		$item = preg_replace('/[\t ]+/', ' ', $item);
+		$item = preg_replace('/\s+/', ' ', trim($item));
 
 		// If the item has an alias declaration we remove it and set it aside.
-		// Basically we remove everything to the right of the first space
-		if (strpos($item, ' ') !== FALSE)
+		// Note: strripos() is used in order to support spaces in table names
+		if ($offset = strripos($item, ' AS '))
 		{
-			$alias = strstr($item, ' ');
-			$item = substr($item, 0, - strlen($alias));
+			$alias = ($protect_identifiers)
+				? substr($item, $offset, 4).$this->escape_identifiers(substr($item, $offset + 4))
+				: substr($item, $offset);
+			$item = substr($item, 0, $offset);
 		}
-		else
+		elseif ($offset = strrpos($item, ' '))
 		{
-			$alias = '';
+			$alias = ($protect_identifiers)
+				? ' '.$this->escape_identifiers(substr($item, $offset + 1))
+				: substr($item, $offset);
+			$item = substr($item, 0, $offset);
 		}
-
-		// This is basically a bug fix for queries that use MAX, MIN, etc.
-		// If a parenthesis is found we know that we do not need to
-		// escape the data or add a prefix.  There's probably a more graceful
-		// way to deal with this, but I'm not thinking of it -- Rick
-		if (strpos($item, '(') !== FALSE)
+		else
 		{
-			return $item.$alias;
+			$alias = '';
 		}
 
 		// Break the string apart if it contains periods, then insert the table prefix
@@ -1291,12 +1869,15 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 		// with an alias. While we're at it, we will escape the components
 		if (strpos($item, '.') !== FALSE)
 		{
-			$parts	= explode('.', $item);
+			$parts = explode('.', $item);
 
 			// Does the first segment of the exploded item match
-			// one of the aliases previously identified?  If so,
+			// one of the aliases previously identified? If so,
 			// we have nothing more to do other than escape the item
-			if (in_array($parts[0], $this->ar_aliased_tables))
+			//
+			// NOTE: The ! empty() condition prevents this method
+			//       from breaking when QB isn't enabled.
+			if ( ! empty($this->qb_aliased_tables) && in_array($parts[0], $this->qb_aliased_tables))
 			{
 				if ($protect_identifiers === TRUE)
 				{
@@ -1304,17 +1885,18 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 					{
 						if ( ! in_array($val, $this->_reserved_identifiers))
 						{
-							$parts[$key] = $this->_escape_identifiers($val);
+							$parts[$key] = $this->escape_identifiers($val);
 						}
 					}
 
 					$item = implode('.', $parts);
 				}
+
 				return $item.$alias;
 			}
 
-			// Is there a table prefix defined in the config file?  If not, no need to do anything
-			if ($this->dbprefix != '')
+			// Is there a table prefix defined in the config file? If not, no need to do anything
+			if ($this->dbprefix !== '')
 			{
 				// We now add the table prefix based on some logic.
 				// Do we have 4 segments (hostname.database.table.column)?
@@ -1338,19 +1920,18 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 
 				// This flag is set when the supplied $item does not contain a field name.
 				// This can happen when this function is being called from a JOIN.
-				if ($field_exists == FALSE)
+				if ($field_exists === FALSE)
 				{
 					$i++;
 				}
 
 				// Verify table prefix and replace if necessary
-				if ($this->swap_pre != '' && strncmp($parts[$i], $this->swap_pre, strlen($this->swap_pre)) === 0)
+				if ($this->swap_pre !== '' && strpos($parts[$i], $this->swap_pre) === 0)
 				{
-					$parts[$i] = preg_replace("/^".$this->swap_pre."(\S+?)/", $this->dbprefix."\\1", $parts[$i]);
+					$parts[$i] = preg_replace('/^'.$this->swap_pre.'(\S+?)/', $this->dbprefix.'\\1', $parts[$i]);
 				}
-
 				// We only add the table prefix if it does not already exist
-				if (substr($parts[$i], 0, strlen($this->dbprefix)) != $this->dbprefix)
+				elseif (strpos($parts[$i], $this->dbprefix) !== 0)
 				{
 					$parts[$i] = $this->dbprefix.$parts[$i];
 				}
@@ -1361,31 +1942,30 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 
 			if ($protect_identifiers === TRUE)
 			{
-				$item = $this->_escape_identifiers($item);
+				$item = $this->escape_identifiers($item);
 			}
 
 			return $item.$alias;
 		}
 
-		// Is there a table prefix?  If not, no need to insert it
-		if ($this->dbprefix != '')
+		// Is there a table prefix? If not, no need to insert it
+		if ($this->dbprefix !== '')
 		{
 			// Verify table prefix and replace if necessary
-			if ($this->swap_pre != '' && strncmp($item, $this->swap_pre, strlen($this->swap_pre)) === 0)
+			if ($this->swap_pre !== '' && strpos($item, $this->swap_pre) === 0)
 			{
-				$item = preg_replace("/^".$this->swap_pre."(\S+?)/", $this->dbprefix."\\1", $item);
+				$item = preg_replace('/^'.$this->swap_pre.'(\S+?)/', $this->dbprefix.'\\1', $item);
 			}
-
 			// Do we prefix an item with no segments?
-			if ($prefix_single == TRUE AND substr($item, 0, strlen($this->dbprefix)) != $this->dbprefix)
+			elseif ($prefix_single === TRUE && strpos($item, $this->dbprefix) !== 0)
 			{
 				$item = $this->dbprefix.$item;
 			}
 		}
 
-		if ($protect_identifiers === TRUE AND ! in_array($item, $this->_reserved_identifiers))
+		if ($protect_identifiers === TRUE && ! in_array($item, $this->_reserved_identifiers))
 		{
-			$item = $this->_escape_identifiers($item);
+			$item = $this->escape_identifiers($item);
 		}
 
 		return $item.$alias;
@@ -1394,9 +1974,8 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Dummy method that allows Active Record class to be disabled
-	 *
-	 * This function is used extensively by every db driver.
+	 * Dummy method that allows Query Builder class to be disabled
+	 * and keep count_all() working.
 	 *
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
@@ -1405,6 +1984,3 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	}
 
 }
-
-/* End of file DB_driver.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/DB_driver.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/DB_forge.php b/system/database/DB_forge.php
index b92069bbc..3cb02ca4e 100644
--- a/system/database/DB_forge.php
+++ b/system/database/DB_forge.php
@@ -1,46 +1,173 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
- * Code Igniter
+ * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.0.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
- * Database Utility Class
+ * Database Forge Class
  *
  * @category	Database
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
  */
-class CI_DB_forge {
+abstract class CI_DB_forge {
+
+	/**
+	 * Database object
+	 *
+	 * @var	object
+	 */
+	protected $db;
+
+	/**
+	 * Fields data
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	public $fields		= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * Keys data
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	public $keys		= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * Primary Keys data
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	public $primary_keys	= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * Database character set
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $db_char_set	= '';
 
-	var $fields			= array();
-	var $keys			= array();
-	var $primary_keys	= array();
-	var $db_char_set	=	'';
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * CREATE DATABASE statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_create_database	= 'CREATE DATABASE %s';
+
+	/**
+	 * DROP DATABASE statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_drop_database	= 'DROP DATABASE %s';
+
+	/**
+	 * CREATE TABLE statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_create_table	= "%s %s (%s\n)";
 
 	/**
-	 * Constructor
+	 * CREATE TABLE IF statement
 	 *
-	 * Grabs the CI super object instance so we can access it.
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_create_table_if	= 'CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS';
+
+	/**
+	 * CREATE TABLE keys flag
+	 *
+	 * Whether table keys are created from within the
+	 * CREATE TABLE statement.
 	 *
+	 * @var	bool
 	 */
-	function __construct()
+	protected $_create_table_keys	= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * DROP TABLE IF EXISTS statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_drop_table_if	= 'DROP TABLE IF EXISTS';
+
+	/**
+	 * RENAME TABLE statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_rename_table	= 'ALTER TABLE %s RENAME TO %s;';
+
+	/**
+	 * UNSIGNED support
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool|array
+	 */
+	protected $_unsigned		= TRUE;
+
+	/**
+	 * NULL value representation in CREATE/ALTER TABLE statements
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_null		= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * DEFAULT value representation in CREATE/ALTER TABLE statements
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_default		= ' DEFAULT ';
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Class constructor
+	 *
+	 * @param	object	&$db	Database object
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function __construct(&$db)
 	{
-		// Assign the main database object to $this->db
-		$CI =& get_instance();
-		$this->db =& $CI->db;
-		log_message('debug', "Database Forge Class Initialized");
+		$this->db =& $db;
+		log_message('info', 'Database Forge Class Initialized');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -48,20 +175,26 @@ class CI_DB_forge {
 	/**
 	 * Create database
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the database name
+	 * @param	string	$db_name
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function create_database($db_name)
+	public function create_database($db_name)
 	{
-		$sql = $this->_create_database($db_name);
+		if ($this->_create_database === FALSE)
+		{
+			return ($this->db->db_debug) ? $this->db->display_error('db_unsupported_feature') : FALSE;
+		}
+		elseif ( ! $this->db->query(sprintf($this->_create_database, $this->db->escape_identifiers($db_name), $this->db->char_set, $this->db->dbcollat)))
+		{
+			return ($this->db->db_debug) ? $this->db->display_error('db_unable_to_drop') : FALSE;
+		}
 
-		if (is_bool($sql))
+		if ( ! empty($this->db->data_cache['db_names']))
 		{
-			return $sql;
+			$this->db->data_cache['db_names'][] = $db_name;
 		}
 
-		return $this->db->query($sql);
+		return TRUE;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -69,20 +202,30 @@ class CI_DB_forge {
 	/**
 	 * Drop database
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the database name
+	 * @param	string	$db_name
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function drop_database($db_name)
+	public function drop_database($db_name)
 	{
-		$sql = $this->_drop_database($db_name);
+		if ($this->_drop_database === FALSE)
+		{
+			return ($this->db->db_debug) ? $this->db->display_error('db_unsupported_feature') : FALSE;
+		}
+		elseif ( ! $this->db->query(sprintf($this->_drop_database, $this->db->escape_identifiers($db_name))))
+		{
+			return ($this->db->db_debug) ? $this->db->display_error('db_unable_to_drop') : FALSE;
+		}
 
-		if (is_bool($sql))
+		if ( ! empty($this->db->data_cache['db_names']))
 		{
-			return $sql;
+			$key = array_search(strtolower($db_name), array_map('strtolower', $this->db->data_cache['db_names']), TRUE);
+			if ($key !== FALSE)
+			{
+				unset($this->db->data_cache['db_names'][$key]);
+			}
 		}
 
-		return $this->db->query($sql);
+		return TRUE;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -90,26 +233,26 @@ class CI_DB_forge {
 	/**
 	 * Add Key
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	key
-	 * @param	string	type
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @param	string	$key
+	 * @param	bool	$primary
+	 * @return	CI_DB_forge
 	 */
-	function add_key($key = '', $primary = FALSE)
+	public function add_key($key, $primary = FALSE)
 	{
-		if (is_array($key))
+		// DO NOT change this! This condition is only applicable
+		// for PRIMARY keys because you can only have one such,
+		// and therefore all fields you add to it will be included
+		// in the same, composite PRIMARY KEY.
+		//
+		// It's not the same for regular indexes.
+		if ($primary === TRUE && is_array($key))
 		{
 			foreach ($key as $one)
 			{
 				$this->add_key($one, $primary);
 			}
 
-			return;
-		}
-
-		if ($key == '')
-		{
-			show_error('Key information is required for that operation.');
+			return $this;
 		}
 
 		if ($primary === TRUE)
@@ -120,6 +263,8 @@ class CI_DB_forge {
 		{
 			$this->keys[] = $key;
 		}
+
+		return $this;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -127,28 +272,22 @@ class CI_DB_forge {
 	/**
 	 * Add Field
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	collation
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @param	array	$field
+	 * @return	CI_DB_forge
 	 */
-	function add_field($field = '')
+	public function add_field($field)
 	{
-		if ($field == '')
-		{
-			show_error('Field information is required.');
-		}
-
 		if (is_string($field))
 		{
-			if ($field == 'id')
+			if ($field === 'id')
 			{
 				$this->add_field(array(
-										'id' => array(
-													'type' => 'INT',
-													'constraint' => 9,
-													'auto_increment' => TRUE
-													)
-								));
+					'id' => array(
+						'type' => 'INT',
+						'constraint' => 9,
+						'auto_increment' => TRUE
+					)
+				));
 				$this->add_key('id', TRUE);
 			}
 			else
@@ -167,6 +306,7 @@ class CI_DB_forge {
 			$this->fields = array_merge($this->fields, $field);
 		}
 
+		return $this;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -174,26 +314,133 @@ class CI_DB_forge {
 	/**
 	 * Create Table
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @param	string	$table		Table name
+	 * @param	bool	$if_not_exists	Whether to add IF NOT EXISTS condition
+	 * @param	array	$attributes	Associative array of table attributes
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function create_table($table = '', $if_not_exists = FALSE)
+	public function create_table($table, $if_not_exists = FALSE, array $attributes = array())
 	{
-		if ($table == '')
+		if ($table === '')
 		{
 			show_error('A table name is required for that operation.');
 		}
+		else
+		{
+			$table = $this->db->dbprefix.$table;
+		}
 
-		if (count($this->fields) == 0)
+		if (count($this->fields) === 0)
 		{
 			show_error('Field information is required.');
 		}
 
-		$sql = $this->_create_table($this->db->dbprefix.$table, $this->fields, $this->primary_keys, $this->keys, $if_not_exists);
+		$sql = $this->_create_table($table, $if_not_exists, $attributes);
+
+		if (is_bool($sql))
+		{
+			$this->_reset();
+			if ($sql === FALSE)
+			{
+				return ($this->db->db_debug) ? $this->db->display_error('db_unsupported_feature') : FALSE;
+			}
+		}
+
+		if (($result = $this->db->query($sql)) !== FALSE)
+		{
+			isset($this->db->data_cache['table_names']) && $this->db->data_cache['table_names'][] = $table;
+
+			// Most databases don't support creating indexes from within the CREATE TABLE statement
+			if ( ! empty($this->keys))
+			{
+				for ($i = 0, $sqls = $this->_process_indexes($table), $c = count($sqls); $i < $c; $i++)
+				{
+					$this->db->query($sqls[$i]);
+				}
+			}
+		}
 
 		$this->_reset();
-		return $this->db->query($sql);
+		return $result;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Create Table
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table		Table name
+	 * @param	bool	$if_not_exists	Whether to add 'IF NOT EXISTS' condition
+	 * @param	array	$attributes	Associative array of table attributes
+	 * @return	mixed
+	 */
+	protected function _create_table($table, $if_not_exists, $attributes)
+	{
+		if ($if_not_exists === TRUE && $this->_create_table_if === FALSE)
+		{
+			if ($this->db->table_exists($table))
+			{
+				return TRUE;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				$if_not_exists = FALSE;
+			}
+		}
+
+		$sql = ($if_not_exists)
+			? sprintf($this->_create_table_if, $this->db->escape_identifiers($table))
+			: 'CREATE TABLE';
+
+		$columns = $this->_process_fields(TRUE);
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($columns); $i < $c; $i++)
+		{
+			$columns[$i] = ($columns[$i]['_literal'] !== FALSE)
+					? "\n\t".$columns[$i]['_literal']
+					: "\n\t".$this->_process_column($columns[$i]);
+		}
+
+		$columns = implode(',', $columns)
+				.$this->_process_primary_keys($table);
+
+		// Are indexes created from within the CREATE TABLE statement? (e.g. in MySQL)
+		if ($this->_create_table_keys === TRUE)
+		{
+			$columns .= $this->_process_indexes($table);
+		}
+
+		// _create_table will usually have the following format: "%s %s (%s\n)"
+		$sql = sprintf($this->_create_table.'%s',
+			$sql,
+			$this->db->escape_identifiers($table),
+			$columns,
+			$this->_create_table_attr($attributes)
+		);
+
+		return $sql;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * CREATE TABLE attributes
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$attributes	Associative array of table attributes
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _create_table_attr($attributes)
+	{
+		$sql = '';
+
+		foreach (array_keys($attributes) as $key)
+		{
+			if (is_string($key))
+			{
+				$sql .= ' '.strtoupper($key).' '.$attributes[$key];
+			}
+		}
+
+		return $sql;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -201,85 +448,151 @@ class CI_DB_forge {
 	/**
 	 * Drop Table
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @param	string	$table_name	Table name
+	 * @param	bool	$if_exists	Whether to add an IF EXISTS condition
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function drop_table($table_name)
+	public function drop_table($table_name, $if_exists = FALSE)
 	{
-		$sql = $this->_drop_table($this->db->dbprefix.$table_name);
+		if ($table_name === '')
+		{
+			return ($this->db->db_debug) ? $this->db->display_error('db_table_name_required') : FALSE;
+		}
 
-		if (is_bool($sql))
+		if (($query = $this->_drop_table($this->db->dbprefix.$table_name, $if_exists)) === TRUE)
 		{
-			return $sql;
+			return TRUE;
 		}
 
-		return $this->db->query($sql);
+		$query = $this->db->query($query);
+
+		// Update table list cache
+		if ($query && ! empty($this->db->data_cache['table_names']))
+		{
+			$key = array_search(strtolower($this->db->dbprefix.$table_name), array_map('strtolower', $this->db->data_cache['table_names']), TRUE);
+			if ($key !== FALSE)
+			{
+				unset($this->db->data_cache['table_names'][$key]);
+			}
+		}
+
+		return $query;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Rename Table
+	 * Drop Table
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the old table name
-	 * @param	string	the new table name
-	 * @return	bool
+	 * Generates a platform-specific DROP TABLE string
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table		Table name
+	 * @param	bool	$if_exists	Whether to add an IF EXISTS condition
+	 * @return	mixed	(Returns a platform-specific DROP table string, or TRUE to indicate there's nothing to do)
 	 */
-	function rename_table($table_name, $new_table_name)
+	protected function _drop_table($table, $if_exists)
 	{
-		if ($table_name == '' OR $new_table_name == '')
+		$sql = 'DROP TABLE';
+
+		if ($if_exists)
 		{
-			show_error('A table name is required for that operation.');
+			if ($this->_drop_table_if === FALSE)
+			{
+				if ( ! $this->db->table_exists($table))
+				{
+					return TRUE;
+				}
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				$sql = sprintf($this->_drop_table_if, $this->db->escape_identifiers($table));
+			}
 		}
 
-		$sql = $this->_rename_table($this->db->dbprefix.$table_name, $this->db->dbprefix.$new_table_name);
-		return $this->db->query($sql);
+		return $sql.' '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($table);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Column Add
+	 * Rename Table
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	string	the column name
-	 * @param	string	the column definition
+	 * @param	string	$table_name	Old table name
+	 * @param	string	$new_table_name	New table name
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function add_column($table = '', $field = array(), $after_field = '')
+	public function rename_table($table_name, $new_table_name)
 	{
-		if ($table == '')
+		if ($table_name === '' OR $new_table_name === '')
 		{
 			show_error('A table name is required for that operation.');
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+		elseif ($this->_rename_table === FALSE)
+		{
+			return ($this->db->db_debug) ? $this->db->display_error('db_unsupported_feature') : FALSE;
 		}
 
-		// add field info into field array, but we can only do one at a time
-		// so we cycle through
+		$result = $this->db->query(sprintf($this->_rename_table,
+						$this->db->escape_identifiers($this->db->dbprefix.$table_name),
+						$this->db->escape_identifiers($this->db->dbprefix.$new_table_name))
+					);
 
-		foreach ($field as $k => $v)
+		if ($result && ! empty($this->db->data_cache['table_names']))
 		{
-			$this->add_field(array($k => $field[$k]));
+			$key = array_search(strtolower($this->db->dbprefix.$table_name), array_map('strtolower', $this->db->data_cache['table_names']), TRUE);
+			if ($key !== FALSE)
+			{
+				$this->db->data_cache['table_names'][$key] = $this->db->dbprefix.$new_table_name;
+			}
+		}
+
+		return $result;
+	}
 
-			if (count($this->fields) == 0)
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Column Add
+	 *
+	 * @todo	Remove deprecated $_after option in 3.1+
+	 * @param	string	$table	Table name
+	 * @param	array	$field	Column definition
+	 * @param	string	$_after	Column for AFTER clause (deprecated)
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function add_column($table, $field, $_after = NULL)
+	{
+		// Work-around for literal column definitions
+		is_array($field) OR $field = array($field);
+
+		foreach (array_keys($field) as $k)
+		{
+			// Backwards-compatibility work-around for MySQL/CUBRID AFTER clause (remove in 3.1+)
+			if ($_after !== NULL && is_array($field[$k]) && ! isset($field[$k]['after']))
 			{
-				show_error('Field information is required.');
+				$field[$k]['after'] = $_after;
 			}
 
-			$sql = $this->_alter_table('ADD', $this->db->dbprefix.$table, $this->fields, $after_field);
+			$this->add_field(array($k => $field[$k]));
+		}
 
-			$this->_reset();
+		$sqls = $this->_alter_table('ADD', $this->db->dbprefix.$table, $this->_process_fields());
+		$this->_reset();
+		if ($sqls === FALSE)
+		{
+			return ($this->db->db_debug) ? $this->db->display_error('db_unsupported_feature') : FALSE;
+		}
 
-			if ($this->db->query($sql) === FALSE)
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($sqls); $i < $c; $i++)
+		{
+			if ($this->db->query($sqls[$i]) === FALSE)
 			{
 				return FALSE;
 			}
 		}
 
 		return TRUE;
-
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -287,76 +600,419 @@ class CI_DB_forge {
 	/**
 	 * Column Drop
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	string	the column name
+	 * @param	string	$table		Table name
+	 * @param	string	$column_name	Column name
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function drop_column($table, $column_name)
+	{
+		$sql = $this->_alter_table('DROP', $this->db->dbprefix.$table, $column_name);
+		if ($sql === FALSE)
+		{
+			return ($this->db->db_debug) ? $this->db->display_error('db_unsupported_feature') : FALSE;
+		}
+
+		return $this->db->query($sql);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Column Modify
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table	Table name
+	 * @param	string	$field	Column definition
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function drop_column($table = '', $column_name = '')
+	public function modify_column($table, $field)
 	{
+		// Work-around for literal column definitions
+		is_array($field) OR $field = array($field);
 
-		if ($table == '')
+		foreach (array_keys($field) as $k)
 		{
-			show_error('A table name is required for that operation.');
+			$this->add_field(array($k => $field[$k]));
 		}
 
-		if ($column_name == '')
+		if (count($this->fields) === 0)
 		{
-			show_error('A column name is required for that operation.');
+			show_error('Field information is required.');
 		}
 
-		$sql = $this->_alter_table('DROP', $this->db->dbprefix.$table, $column_name);
+		$sqls = $this->_alter_table('CHANGE', $this->db->dbprefix.$table, $this->_process_fields());
+		$this->_reset();
+		if ($sqls === FALSE)
+		{
+			return ($this->db->db_debug) ? $this->db->display_error('db_unsupported_feature') : FALSE;
+		}
 
-		return $this->db->query($sql);
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($sqls); $i < $c; $i++)
+		{
+			if ($this->db->query($sqls[$i]) === FALSE)
+			{
+				return FALSE;
+			}
+		}
+
+		return TRUE;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Column Modify
+	 * ALTER TABLE
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	string	the column name
-	 * @param	string	the column definition
-	 * @return	bool
+	 * @param	string	$alter_type	ALTER type
+	 * @param	string	$table		Table name
+	 * @param	mixed	$field		Column definition
+	 * @return	string|string[]
 	 */
-	function modify_column($table = '', $field = array())
+	protected function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $field)
 	{
-		if ($table == '')
+		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($table).' ';
+
+		// DROP has everything it needs now.
+		if ($alter_type === 'DROP')
 		{
-			show_error('A table name is required for that operation.');
+			return $sql.'DROP COLUMN '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($field);
 		}
 
-		// add field info into field array, but we can only do one at a time
-		// so we cycle through
+		$sql .= ($alter_type === 'ADD')
+			? 'ADD '
+			: $alter_type.' COLUMN ';
 
-		foreach ($field as $k => $v)
+		$sqls = array();
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($field); $i < $c; $i++)
 		{
-			// If no name provided, use the current name
-			if ( ! isset($field[$k]['name']))
+			$sqls[] = $sql
+				.($field[$i]['_literal'] !== FALSE ? $field[$i]['_literal'] : $this->_process_column($field[$i]));
+		}
+
+		return $sqls;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Process fields
+	 *
+	 * @param	bool	$create_table
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	protected function _process_fields($create_table = FALSE)
+	{
+		$fields = array();
+
+		foreach ($this->fields as $key => $attributes)
+		{
+			if (is_int($key) && ! is_array($attributes))
 			{
-				$field[$k]['name'] = $k;
+				$fields[] = array('_literal' => $attributes);
+				continue;
 			}
 
-			$this->add_field(array($k => $field[$k]));
+			$attributes = array_change_key_case($attributes, CASE_UPPER);
 
-			if (count($this->fields) == 0)
+			if ($create_table === TRUE && empty($attributes['TYPE']))
 			{
-				show_error('Field information is required.');
+				continue;
 			}
 
-			$sql = $this->_alter_table('CHANGE', $this->db->dbprefix.$table, $this->fields);
+			isset($attributes['TYPE']) && $this->_attr_type($attributes);
 
-			$this->_reset();
+			$field = array(
+				'name'			=> $key,
+				'new_name'		=> isset($attributes['NAME']) ? $attributes['NAME'] : NULL,
+				'type'			=> isset($attributes['TYPE']) ? $attributes['TYPE'] : NULL,
+				'length'		=> '',
+				'unsigned'		=> '',
+				'null'			=> '',
+				'unique'		=> '',
+				'default'		=> '',
+				'auto_increment'	=> '',
+				'_literal'		=> FALSE
+			);
 
-			if ($this->db->query($sql) === FALSE)
+			isset($attributes['TYPE']) && $this->_attr_unsigned($attributes, $field);
+
+			if ($create_table === FALSE)
 			{
-				return FALSE;
+				if (isset($attributes['AFTER']))
+				{
+					$field['after'] = $attributes['AFTER'];
+				}
+				elseif (isset($attributes['FIRST']))
+				{
+					$field['first'] = (bool) $attributes['FIRST'];
+				}
+			}
+
+			$this->_attr_default($attributes, $field);
+
+			if (isset($attributes['NULL']))
+			{
+				if ($attributes['NULL'] === TRUE)
+				{
+					$field['null'] = empty($this->_null) ? '' : ' '.$this->_null;
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					$field['null'] = ' NOT NULL';
+				}
+			}
+			elseif ($create_table === TRUE)
+			{
+				$field['null'] = ' NOT NULL';
+			}
+
+			$this->_attr_auto_increment($attributes, $field);
+			$this->_attr_unique($attributes, $field);
+
+			if (isset($attributes['COMMENT']))
+			{
+				$field['comment'] = $this->db->escape($attributes['COMMENT']);
 			}
+
+			if (isset($attributes['TYPE']) && ! empty($attributes['CONSTRAINT']))
+			{
+				switch (strtoupper($attributes['TYPE']))
+				{
+					case 'ENUM':
+					case 'SET':
+						$attributes['CONSTRAINT'] = $this->db->escape($attributes['CONSTRAINT']);
+					default:
+						$field['length'] = is_array($attributes['CONSTRAINT'])
+							? '('.implode(',', $attributes['CONSTRAINT']).')'
+							: '('.$attributes['CONSTRAINT'].')';
+						break;
+				}
+			}
+
+			$fields[] = $field;
 		}
 
-		return TRUE;
+		return $fields;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Process column
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$field
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _process_column($field)
+	{
+		return $this->db->escape_identifiers($field['name'])
+			.' '.$field['type'].$field['length']
+			.$field['unsigned']
+			.$field['default']
+			.$field['null']
+			.$field['auto_increment']
+			.$field['unique'];
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Field attribute TYPE
+	 *
+	 * Performs a data type mapping between different databases.
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	&$attributes
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _attr_type(&$attributes)
+	{
+		// Usually overridden by drivers
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Field attribute UNSIGNED
+	 *
+	 * Depending on the _unsigned property value:
+	 *
+	 *	- TRUE will always set $field['unsigned'] to 'UNSIGNED'
+	 *	- FALSE will always set $field['unsigned'] to ''
+	 *	- array(TYPE) will set $field['unsigned'] to 'UNSIGNED',
+	 *		if $attributes['TYPE'] is found in the array
+	 *	- array(TYPE => UTYPE) will change $field['type'],
+	 *		from TYPE to UTYPE in case of a match
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	&$attributes
+	 * @param	array	&$field
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _attr_unsigned(&$attributes, &$field)
+	{
+		if (empty($attributes['UNSIGNED']) OR $attributes['UNSIGNED'] !== TRUE)
+		{
+			return;
+		}
+
+		// Reset the attribute in order to avoid issues if we do type conversion
+		$attributes['UNSIGNED'] = FALSE;
+
+		if (is_array($this->_unsigned))
+		{
+			foreach (array_keys($this->_unsigned) as $key)
+			{
+				if (is_int($key) && strcasecmp($attributes['TYPE'], $this->_unsigned[$key]) === 0)
+				{
+					$field['unsigned'] = ' UNSIGNED';
+					return;
+				}
+				elseif (is_string($key) && strcasecmp($attributes['TYPE'], $key) === 0)
+				{
+					$field['type'] = $key;
+					return;
+				}
+			}
+
+			return;
+		}
+
+		$field['unsigned'] = ($this->_unsigned === TRUE) ? ' UNSIGNED' : '';
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Field attribute DEFAULT
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	&$attributes
+	 * @param	array	&$field
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _attr_default(&$attributes, &$field)
+	{
+		if ($this->_default === FALSE)
+		{
+			return;
+		}
+
+		if (array_key_exists('DEFAULT', $attributes))
+		{
+			if ($attributes['DEFAULT'] === NULL)
+			{
+				$field['default'] = empty($this->_null) ? '' : $this->_default.$this->_null;
+
+				// Override the NULL attribute if that's our default
+				$attributes['NULL'] = TRUE;
+				$field['null'] = empty($this->_null) ? '' : ' '.$this->_null;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				$field['default'] = $this->_default.$this->db->escape($attributes['DEFAULT']);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Field attribute UNIQUE
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	&$attributes
+	 * @param	array	&$field
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _attr_unique(&$attributes, &$field)
+	{
+		if ( ! empty($attributes['UNIQUE']) && $attributes['UNIQUE'] === TRUE)
+		{
+			$field['unique'] = ' UNIQUE';
+		}
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Field attribute AUTO_INCREMENT
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	&$attributes
+	 * @param	array	&$field
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _attr_auto_increment(&$attributes, &$field)
+	{
+		if ( ! empty($attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT']) && $attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT'] === TRUE && stripos($field['type'], 'int') !== FALSE)
+		{
+			$field['auto_increment'] = ' AUTO_INCREMENT';
+		}
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Process primary keys
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table	Table name
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _process_primary_keys($table)
+	{
+		$sql = '';
+
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($this->primary_keys); $i < $c; $i++)
+		{
+			if ( ! isset($this->fields[$this->primary_keys[$i]]))
+			{
+				unset($this->primary_keys[$i]);
+			}
+		}
+
+		if (count($this->primary_keys) > 0)
+		{
+			$sql .= ",\n\tCONSTRAINT ".$this->db->escape_identifiers('pk_'.$table)
+				.' PRIMARY KEY('.implode(', ', $this->db->escape_identifiers($this->primary_keys)).')';
+		}
+
+		return $sql;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Process indexes
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table	Table name
+	 * @return	string[] list of SQL statements
+	 */
+	protected function _process_indexes($table)
+	{
+		$sqls = array();
+
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($this->keys); $i < $c; $i++)
+		{
+			if (is_array($this->keys[$i]))
+			{
+				for ($i2 = 0, $c2 = count($this->keys[$i]); $i2 < $c2; $i2++)
+				{
+					if ( ! isset($this->fields[$this->keys[$i][$i2]]))
+					{
+						unset($this->keys[$i][$i2]);
+						continue;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			elseif ( ! isset($this->fields[$this->keys[$i]]))
+			{
+				unset($this->keys[$i]);
+				continue;
+			}
+
+			is_array($this->keys[$i]) OR $this->keys[$i] = array($this->keys[$i]);
+
+			$sqls[] = 'CREATE INDEX '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($table.'_'.implode('_', $this->keys[$i]))
+				.' ON '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($table)
+				.' ('.implode(', ', $this->db->escape_identifiers($this->keys[$i])).');';
+		}
+
+		return $sqls;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -366,17 +1022,11 @@ class CI_DB_forge {
 	 *
 	 * Resets table creation vars
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function _reset()
+	protected function _reset()
 	{
-		$this->fields		= array();
-		$this->keys			= array();
-		$this->primary_keys	= array();
+		$this->fields = $this->keys = $this->primary_keys = array();
 	}
 
 }
-
-/* End of file DB_forge.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/DB_forge.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/DB_query_builder.php b/system/database/DB_query_builder.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9216651aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/database/DB_query_builder.php
@@ -0,0 +1,2805 @@
+<?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
+ *
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.0.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
+
+/**
+ * Query Builder Class
+ *
+ * This is the platform-independent base Query Builder implementation class.
+ *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @subpackage	Drivers
+ * @category	Database
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ */
+
+abstract class CI_DB_query_builder extends CI_DB_driver {
+
+	/**
+	 * Return DELETE SQL flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	protected $return_delete_sql		= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Reset DELETE data flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	protected $reset_delete_data		= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * QB SELECT data
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $qb_select			= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * QB DISTINCT flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	protected $qb_distinct			= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * QB FROM data
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $qb_from			= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * QB JOIN data
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $qb_join			= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * QB WHERE data
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $qb_where			= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * QB GROUP BY data
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $qb_groupby			= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * QB HAVING data
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $qb_having			= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * QB keys
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $qb_keys			= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * QB LIMIT data
+	 *
+	 * @var	int
+	 */
+	protected $qb_limit			= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * QB OFFSET data
+	 *
+	 * @var	int
+	 */
+	protected $qb_offset			= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * QB ORDER BY data
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $qb_orderby			= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * QB data sets
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $qb_set			= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * QB data set for update_batch()
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $qb_set_ub			= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * QB aliased tables list
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $qb_aliased_tables		= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * QB WHERE group started flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	protected $qb_where_group_started	= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * QB WHERE group count
+	 *
+	 * @var	int
+	 */
+	protected $qb_where_group_count		= 0;
+
+	// Query Builder Caching variables
+
+	/**
+	 * QB Caching flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	protected $qb_caching				= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * QB Cache exists list
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $qb_cache_exists			= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * QB Cache SELECT data
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $qb_cache_select			= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * QB Cache FROM data
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $qb_cache_from			= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * QB Cache JOIN data
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $qb_cache_join			= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * QB Cache aliased tables list
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $qb_cache_aliased_tables			= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * QB Cache WHERE data
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $qb_cache_where			= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * QB Cache GROUP BY data
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $qb_cache_groupby			= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * QB Cache HAVING data
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $qb_cache_having			= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * QB Cache ORDER BY data
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $qb_cache_orderby			= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * QB Cache data sets
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $qb_cache_set				= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * QB No Escape data
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $qb_no_escape 			= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * QB Cache No Escape data
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $qb_cache_no_escape			= array();
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Select
+	 *
+	 * Generates the SELECT portion of the query
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	mixed
+	 * @return	CI_DB_query_builder
+	 */
+	public function select($select = '*', $escape = NULL)
+	{
+		if (is_string($select))
+		{
+			$select = explode(',', $select);
+		}
+
+		// If the escape value was not set, we will base it on the global setting
+		is_bool($escape) OR $escape = $this->_protect_identifiers;
+
+		foreach ($select as $val)
+		{
+			$val = trim($val);
+
+			if ($val !== '')
+			{
+				$this->qb_select[] = $val;
+				$this->qb_no_escape[] = $escape;
+
+				if ($this->qb_caching === TRUE)
+				{
+					$this->qb_cache_select[] = $val;
+					$this->qb_cache_exists[] = 'select';
+					$this->qb_cache_no_escape[] = $escape;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		return $this;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Select Max
+	 *
+	 * Generates a SELECT MAX(field) portion of a query
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the field
+	 * @param	string	an alias
+	 * @return	CI_DB_query_builder
+	 */
+	public function select_max($select = '', $alias = '')
+	{
+		return $this->_max_min_avg_sum($select, $alias, 'MAX');
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Select Min
+	 *
+	 * Generates a SELECT MIN(field) portion of a query
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the field
+	 * @param	string	an alias
+	 * @return	CI_DB_query_builder
+	 */
+	public function select_min($select = '', $alias = '')
+	{
+		return $this->_max_min_avg_sum($select, $alias, 'MIN');
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Select Average
+	 *
+	 * Generates a SELECT AVG(field) portion of a query
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the field
+	 * @param	string	an alias
+	 * @return	CI_DB_query_builder
+	 */
+	public function select_avg($select = '', $alias = '')
+	{
+		return $this->_max_min_avg_sum($select, $alias, 'AVG');
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Select Sum
+	 *
+	 * Generates a SELECT SUM(field) portion of a query
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the field
+	 * @param	string	an alias
+	 * @return	CI_DB_query_builder
+	 */
+	public function select_sum($select = '', $alias = '')
+	{
+		return $this->_max_min_avg_sum($select, $alias, 'SUM');
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * SELECT [MAX|MIN|AVG|SUM]()
+	 *
+	 * @used-by	select_max()
+	 * @used-by	select_min()
+	 * @used-by	select_avg()
+	 * @used-by	select_sum()
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$select	Field name
+	 * @param	string	$alias
+	 * @param	string	$type
+	 * @return	CI_DB_query_builder
+	 */
+	protected function _max_min_avg_sum($select = '', $alias = '', $type = 'MAX')
+	{
+		if ( ! is_string($select) OR $select === '')
+		{
+			$this->display_error('db_invalid_query');
+		}
+
+		$type = strtoupper($type);
+
+		if ( ! in_array($type, array('MAX', 'MIN', 'AVG', 'SUM')))
+		{
+			show_error('Invalid function type: '.$type);
+		}
+
+		if ($alias === '')
+		{
+			$alias = $this->_create_alias_from_table(trim($select));
+		}
+
+		$sql = $type.'('.$this->protect_identifiers(trim($select)).') AS '.$this->escape_identifiers(trim($alias));
+
+		$this->qb_select[] = $sql;
+		$this->qb_no_escape[] = NULL;
+
+		if ($this->qb_caching === TRUE)
+		{
+			$this->qb_cache_select[] = $sql;
+			$this->qb_cache_exists[] = 'select';
+		}
+
+		return $this;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Determines the alias name based on the table
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$item
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _create_alias_from_table($item)
+	{
+		if (strpos($item, '.') !== FALSE)
+		{
+			$item = explode('.', $item);
+			return end($item);
+		}
+
+		return $item;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * DISTINCT
+	 *
+	 * Sets a flag which tells the query string compiler to add DISTINCT
+	 *
+	 * @param	bool	$val
+	 * @return	CI_DB_query_builder
+	 */
+	public function distinct($val = TRUE)
+	{
+		$this->qb_distinct = is_bool($val) ? $val : TRUE;
+		return $this;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * From
+	 *
+	 * Generates the FROM portion of the query
+	 *
+	 * @param	mixed	$from	can be a string or array
+	 * @return	CI_DB_query_builder
+	 */
+	public function from($from)
+	{
+		foreach ((array) $from as $val)
+		{
+			if (strpos($val, ',') !== FALSE)
+			{
+				foreach (explode(',', $val) as $v)
+				{
+					$v = trim($v);
+					$this->_track_aliases($v);
+
+					$this->qb_from[] = $v = $this->protect_identifiers($v, TRUE, NULL, FALSE);
+
+					if ($this->qb_caching === TRUE)
+					{
+						$this->qb_cache_from[] = $v;
+						$this->qb_cache_exists[] = 'from';
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				$val = trim($val);
+
+				// Extract any aliases that might exist. We use this information
+				// in the protect_identifiers to know whether to add a table prefix
+				$this->_track_aliases($val);
+
+				$this->qb_from[] = $val = $this->protect_identifiers($val, TRUE, NULL, FALSE);
+
+				if ($this->qb_caching === TRUE)
+				{
+					$this->qb_cache_from[] = $val;
+					$this->qb_cache_exists[] = 'from';
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		return $this;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * JOIN
+	 *
+	 * Generates the JOIN portion of the query
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string	the join condition
+	 * @param	string	the type of join
+	 * @param	string	whether not to try to escape identifiers
+	 * @return	CI_DB_query_builder
+	 */
+	public function join($table, $cond, $type = '', $escape = NULL)
+	{
+		if ($type !== '')
+		{
+			$type = strtoupper(trim($type));
+
+			if ( ! in_array($type, array('LEFT', 'RIGHT', 'OUTER', 'INNER', 'LEFT OUTER', 'RIGHT OUTER'), TRUE))
+			{
+				$type = '';
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				$type .= ' ';
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Extract any aliases that might exist. We use this information
+		// in the protect_identifiers to know whether to add a table prefix
+		$this->_track_aliases($table);
+
+		is_bool($escape) OR $escape = $this->_protect_identifiers;
+
+		if ( ! $this->_has_operator($cond))
+		{
+			$cond = ' USING ('.($escape ? $this->escape_identifiers($cond) : $cond).')';
+		}
+		elseif ($escape === FALSE)
+		{
+			$cond = ' ON '.$cond;
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			// Split multiple conditions
+			if (preg_match_all('/\sAND\s|\sOR\s/i', $cond, $joints, PREG_OFFSET_CAPTURE))
+			{
+				$conditions = array();
+				$joints = $joints[0];
+				array_unshift($joints, array('', 0));
+
+				for ($i = count($joints) - 1, $pos = strlen($cond); $i >= 0; $i--)
+				{
+					$joints[$i][1] += strlen($joints[$i][0]); // offset
+					$conditions[$i] = substr($cond, $joints[$i][1], $pos - $joints[$i][1]);
+					$pos = $joints[$i][1] - strlen($joints[$i][0]);
+					$joints[$i] = $joints[$i][0];
+				}
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				$conditions = array($cond);
+				$joints = array('');
+			}
+
+			$cond = ' ON ';
+			for ($i = 0, $c = count($conditions); $i < $c; $i++)
+			{
+				$operator = $this->_get_operator($conditions[$i]);
+				$cond .= $joints[$i];
+				$cond .= preg_match("/(\(*)?([\[\]\w\.'-]+)".preg_quote($operator)."(.*)/i", $conditions[$i], $match)
+					? $match[1].$this->protect_identifiers($match[2]).$operator.$this->protect_identifiers($match[3])
+					: $conditions[$i];
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Do we want to escape the table name?
+		if ($escape === TRUE)
+		{
+			$table = $this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE);
+		}
+
+		// Assemble the JOIN statement
+		$this->qb_join[] = $join = $type.'JOIN '.$table.$cond;
+
+		if ($this->qb_caching === TRUE)
+		{
+			$this->qb_cache_join[] = $join;
+			$this->qb_cache_exists[] = 'join';
+		}
+
+		return $this;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * WHERE
+	 *
+	 * Generates the WHERE portion of the query.
+	 * Separates multiple calls with 'AND'.
+	 *
+	 * @param	mixed
+	 * @param	mixed
+	 * @param	bool
+	 * @return	CI_DB_query_builder
+	 */
+	public function where($key, $value = NULL, $escape = NULL)
+	{
+		return $this->_wh('qb_where', $key, $value, 'AND ', $escape);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * OR WHERE
+	 *
+	 * Generates the WHERE portion of the query.
+	 * Separates multiple calls with 'OR'.
+	 *
+	 * @param	mixed
+	 * @param	mixed
+	 * @param	bool
+	 * @return	CI_DB_query_builder
+	 */
+	public function or_where($key, $value = NULL, $escape = NULL)
+	{
+		return $this->_wh('qb_where', $key, $value, 'OR ', $escape);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * WHERE, HAVING
+	 *
+	 * @used-by	where()
+	 * @used-by	or_where()
+	 * @used-by	having()
+	 * @used-by	or_having()
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$qb_key	'qb_where' or 'qb_having'
+	 * @param	mixed	$key
+	 * @param	mixed	$value
+	 * @param	string	$type
+	 * @param	bool	$escape
+	 * @return	CI_DB_query_builder
+	 */
+	protected function _wh($qb_key, $key, $value = NULL, $type = 'AND ', $escape = NULL)
+	{
+		$qb_cache_key = ($qb_key === 'qb_having') ? 'qb_cache_having' : 'qb_cache_where';
+
+		if ( ! is_array($key))
+		{
+			$key = array($key => $value);
+		}
+
+		// If the escape value was not set will base it on the global setting
+		is_bool($escape) OR $escape = $this->_protect_identifiers;
+
+		foreach ($key as $k => $v)
+		{
+			$prefix = (count($this->$qb_key) === 0 && count($this->$qb_cache_key) === 0)
+				? $this->_group_get_type('')
+				: $this->_group_get_type($type);
+
+			if ($v !== NULL)
+			{
+				if ($escape === TRUE)
+				{
+					$v = ' '.$this->escape($v);
+				}
+
+				if ( ! $this->_has_operator($k))
+				{
+					$k .= ' = ';
+				}
+			}
+			elseif ( ! $this->_has_operator($k))
+			{
+				// value appears not to have been set, assign the test to IS NULL
+				$k .= ' IS NULL';
+			}
+			elseif (preg_match('/\s*(!?=|<>|\sIS(?:\s+NOT)?\s)\s*$/i', $k, $match, PREG_OFFSET_CAPTURE))
+			{
+				$k = substr($k, 0, $match[0][1]).($match[1][0] === '=' ? ' IS NULL' : ' IS NOT NULL');
+			}
+
+			$this->{$qb_key}[] = array('condition' => $prefix.$k.$v, 'escape' => $escape);
+			if ($this->qb_caching === TRUE)
+			{
+				$this->{$qb_cache_key}[] = array('condition' => $prefix.$k.$v, 'escape' => $escape);
+				$this->qb_cache_exists[] = substr($qb_key, 3);
+			}
+
+		}
+
+		return $this;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * WHERE IN
+	 *
+	 * Generates a WHERE field IN('item', 'item') SQL query,
+	 * joined with 'AND' if appropriate.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$key	The field to search
+	 * @param	array	$values	The values searched on
+	 * @param	bool	$escape
+	 * @return	CI_DB_query_builder
+	 */
+	public function where_in($key = NULL, $values = NULL, $escape = NULL)
+	{
+		return $this->_where_in($key, $values, FALSE, 'AND ', $escape);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * OR WHERE IN
+	 *
+	 * Generates a WHERE field IN('item', 'item') SQL query,
+	 * joined with 'OR' if appropriate.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$key	The field to search
+	 * @param	array	$values	The values searched on
+	 * @param	bool	$escape
+	 * @return	CI_DB_query_builder
+	 */
+	public function or_where_in($key = NULL, $values = NULL, $escape = NULL)
+	{
+		return $this->_where_in($key, $values, FALSE, 'OR ', $escape);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * WHERE NOT IN
+	 *
+	 * Generates a WHERE field NOT IN('item', 'item') SQL query,
+	 * joined with 'AND' if appropriate.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$key	The field to search
+	 * @param	array	$values	The values searched on
+	 * @param	bool	$escape
+	 * @return	CI_DB_query_builder
+	 */
+	public function where_not_in($key = NULL, $values = NULL, $escape = NULL)
+	{
+		return $this->_where_in($key, $values, TRUE, 'AND ', $escape);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * OR WHERE NOT IN
+	 *
+	 * Generates a WHERE field NOT IN('item', 'item') SQL query,
+	 * joined with 'OR' if appropriate.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$key	The field to search
+	 * @param	array	$values	The values searched on
+	 * @param	bool	$escape
+	 * @return	CI_DB_query_builder
+	 */
+	public function or_where_not_in($key = NULL, $values = NULL, $escape = NULL)
+	{
+		return $this->_where_in($key, $values, TRUE, 'OR ', $escape);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Internal WHERE IN
+	 *
+	 * @used-by	where_in()
+	 * @used-by	or_where_in()
+	 * @used-by	where_not_in()
+	 * @used-by	or_where_not_in()
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$key	The field to search
+	 * @param	array	$values	The values searched on
+	 * @param	bool	$not	If the statement would be IN or NOT IN
+	 * @param	string	$type
+	 * @param	bool	$escape
+	 * @return	CI_DB_query_builder
+	 */
+	protected function _where_in($key = NULL, $values = NULL, $not = FALSE, $type = 'AND ', $escape = NULL)
+	{
+		if ($key === NULL OR $values === NULL)
+		{
+			return $this;
+		}
+
+		if ( ! is_array($values))
+		{
+			$values = array($values);
+		}
+
+		is_bool($escape) OR $escape = $this->_protect_identifiers;
+
+		$not = ($not) ? ' NOT' : '';
+
+		if ($escape === TRUE)
+		{
+			$where_in = array();
+			foreach ($values as $value)
+			{
+				$where_in[] = $this->escape($value);
+			}
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			$where_in = array_values($values);
+		}
+
+		$prefix = (count($this->qb_where) === 0 && count($this->qb_cache_where) === 0)
+			? $this->_group_get_type('')
+			: $this->_group_get_type($type);
+
+		$where_in = array(
+			'condition' => $prefix.$key.$not.' IN('.implode(', ', $where_in).')',
+			'escape' => $escape
+		);
+
+		$this->qb_where[] = $where_in;
+		if ($this->qb_caching === TRUE)
+		{
+			$this->qb_cache_where[] = $where_in;
+			$this->qb_cache_exists[] = 'where';
+		}
+
+		return $this;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * LIKE
+	 *
+	 * Generates a %LIKE% portion of the query.
+	 * Separates multiple calls with 'AND'.
+	 *
+	 * @param	mixed	$field
+	 * @param	string	$match
+	 * @param	string	$side
+	 * @param	bool	$escape
+	 * @return	CI_DB_query_builder
+	 */
+	public function like($field, $match = '', $side = 'both', $escape = NULL)
+	{
+		return $this->_like($field, $match, 'AND ', $side, '', $escape);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * NOT LIKE
+	 *
+	 * Generates a NOT LIKE portion of the query.
+	 * Separates multiple calls with 'AND'.
+	 *
+	 * @param	mixed	$field
+	 * @param	string	$match
+	 * @param	string	$side
+	 * @param	bool	$escape
+	 * @return	CI_DB_query_builder
+	 */
+	public function not_like($field, $match = '', $side = 'both', $escape = NULL)
+	{
+		return $this->_like($field, $match, 'AND ', $side, 'NOT', $escape);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * OR LIKE
+	 *
+	 * Generates a %LIKE% portion of the query.
+	 * Separates multiple calls with 'OR'.
+	 *
+	 * @param	mixed	$field
+	 * @param	string	$match
+	 * @param	string	$side
+	 * @param	bool	$escape
+	 * @return	CI_DB_query_builder
+	 */
+	public function or_like($field, $match = '', $side = 'both', $escape = NULL)
+	{
+		return $this->_like($field, $match, 'OR ', $side, '', $escape);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * OR NOT LIKE
+	 *
+	 * Generates a NOT LIKE portion of the query.
+	 * Separates multiple calls with 'OR'.
+	 *
+	 * @param	mixed	$field
+	 * @param	string	$match
+	 * @param	string	$side
+	 * @param	bool	$escape
+	 * @return	CI_DB_query_builder
+	 */
+	public function or_not_like($field, $match = '', $side = 'both', $escape = NULL)
+	{
+		return $this->_like($field, $match, 'OR ', $side, 'NOT', $escape);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Internal LIKE
+	 *
+	 * @used-by	like()
+	 * @used-by	or_like()
+	 * @used-by	not_like()
+	 * @used-by	or_not_like()
+	 *
+	 * @param	mixed	$field
+	 * @param	string	$match
+	 * @param	string	$type
+	 * @param	string	$side
+	 * @param	string	$not
+	 * @param	bool	$escape
+	 * @return	CI_DB_query_builder
+	 */
+	protected function _like($field, $match = '', $type = 'AND ', $side = 'both', $not = '', $escape = NULL)
+	{
+		if ( ! is_array($field))
+		{
+			$field = array($field => $match);
+		}
+
+		is_bool($escape) OR $escape = $this->_protect_identifiers;
+		// lowercase $side in case somebody writes e.g. 'BEFORE' instead of 'before' (doh)
+		$side = strtolower($side);
+
+		foreach ($field as $k => $v)
+		{
+			$prefix = (count($this->qb_where) === 0 && count($this->qb_cache_where) === 0)
+				? $this->_group_get_type('') : $this->_group_get_type($type);
+
+			if ($escape === TRUE)
+			{
+				$v = $this->escape_like_str($v);
+			}
+
+			if ($side === 'none')
+			{
+				$like_statement = "{$prefix} {$k} {$not} LIKE '{$v}'";
+			}
+			elseif ($side === 'before')
+			{
+				$like_statement = "{$prefix} {$k} {$not} LIKE '%{$v}'";
+			}
+			elseif ($side === 'after')
+			{
+				$like_statement = "{$prefix} {$k} {$not} LIKE '{$v}%'";
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				$like_statement = "{$prefix} {$k} {$not} LIKE '%{$v}%'";
+			}
+
+			// some platforms require an escape sequence definition for LIKE wildcards
+			if ($escape === TRUE && $this->_like_escape_str !== '')
+			{
+				$like_statement .= sprintf($this->_like_escape_str, $this->_like_escape_chr);
+			}
+
+			$this->qb_where[] = array('condition' => $like_statement, 'escape' => $escape);
+			if ($this->qb_caching === TRUE)
+			{
+				$this->qb_cache_where[] = array('condition' => $like_statement, 'escape' => $escape);
+				$this->qb_cache_exists[] = 'where';
+			}
+		}
+
+		return $this;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Starts a query group.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$not	(Internal use only)
+	 * @param	string	$type	(Internal use only)
+	 * @return	CI_DB_query_builder
+	 */
+	public function group_start($not = '', $type = 'AND ')
+	{
+		$type = $this->_group_get_type($type);
+
+		$this->qb_where_group_started = TRUE;
+		$prefix = (count($this->qb_where) === 0 && count($this->qb_cache_where) === 0) ? '' : $type;
+		$where = array(
+			'condition' => $prefix.$not.str_repeat(' ', ++$this->qb_where_group_count).' (',
+			'escape' => FALSE
+		);
+
+		$this->qb_where[] = $where;
+		if ($this->qb_caching)
+		{
+			$this->qb_cache_where[] = $where;
+		}
+
+		return $this;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Starts a query group, but ORs the group
+	 *
+	 * @return	CI_DB_query_builder
+	 */
+	public function or_group_start()
+	{
+		return $this->group_start('', 'OR ');
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Starts a query group, but NOTs the group
+	 *
+	 * @return	CI_DB_query_builder
+	 */
+	public function not_group_start()
+	{
+		return $this->group_start('NOT ', 'AND ');
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Starts a query group, but OR NOTs the group
+	 *
+	 * @return	CI_DB_query_builder
+	 */
+	public function or_not_group_start()
+	{
+		return $this->group_start('NOT ', 'OR ');
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Ends a query group
+	 *
+	 * @return	CI_DB_query_builder
+	 */
+	public function group_end()
+	{
+		$this->qb_where_group_started = FALSE;
+		$where = array(
+			'condition' => str_repeat(' ', $this->qb_where_group_count--).')',
+			'escape' => FALSE
+		);
+
+		$this->qb_where[] = $where;
+		if ($this->qb_caching)
+		{
+			$this->qb_cache_where[] = $where;
+		}
+
+		return $this;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Group_get_type
+	 *
+	 * @used-by	group_start()
+	 * @used-by	_like()
+	 * @used-by	_wh()
+	 * @used-by	_where_in()
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$type
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _group_get_type($type)
+	{
+		if ($this->qb_where_group_started)
+		{
+			$type = '';
+			$this->qb_where_group_started = FALSE;
+		}
+
+		return $type;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * GROUP BY
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$by
+	 * @param	bool	$escape
+	 * @return	CI_DB_query_builder
+	 */
+	public function group_by($by, $escape = NULL)
+	{
+		is_bool($escape) OR $escape = $this->_protect_identifiers;
+
+		if (is_string($by))
+		{
+			$by = ($escape === TRUE)
+				? explode(',', $by)
+				: array($by);
+		}
+
+		foreach ($by as $val)
+		{
+			$val = trim($val);
+
+			if ($val !== '')
+			{
+				$val = array('field' => $val, 'escape' => $escape);
+
+				$this->qb_groupby[] = $val;
+				if ($this->qb_caching === TRUE)
+				{
+					$this->qb_cache_groupby[] = $val;
+					$this->qb_cache_exists[] = 'groupby';
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		return $this;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * HAVING
+	 *
+	 * Separates multiple calls with 'AND'.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$key
+	 * @param	string	$value
+	 * @param	bool	$escape
+	 * @return	CI_DB_query_builder
+	 */
+	public function having($key, $value = NULL, $escape = NULL)
+	{
+		return $this->_wh('qb_having', $key, $value, 'AND ', $escape);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * OR HAVING
+	 *
+	 * Separates multiple calls with 'OR'.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$key
+	 * @param	string	$value
+	 * @param	bool	$escape
+	 * @return	CI_DB_query_builder
+	 */
+	public function or_having($key, $value = NULL, $escape = NULL)
+	{
+		return $this->_wh('qb_having', $key, $value, 'OR ', $escape);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * ORDER BY
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$orderby
+	 * @param	string	$direction	ASC, DESC or RANDOM
+	 * @param	bool	$escape
+	 * @return	CI_DB_query_builder
+	 */
+	public function order_by($orderby, $direction = '', $escape = NULL)
+	{
+		$direction = strtoupper(trim($direction));
+
+		if ($direction === 'RANDOM')
+		{
+			$direction = '';
+
+			// Do we have a seed value?
+			$orderby = ctype_digit((string) $orderby)
+				? sprintf($this->_random_keyword[1], $orderby)
+				: $this->_random_keyword[0];
+		}
+		elseif (empty($orderby))
+		{
+			return $this;
+		}
+		elseif ($direction !== '')
+		{
+			$direction = in_array($direction, array('ASC', 'DESC'), TRUE) ? ' '.$direction : '';
+		}
+
+		is_bool($escape) OR $escape = $this->_protect_identifiers;
+
+		if ($escape === FALSE)
+		{
+			$qb_orderby[] = array('field' => $orderby, 'direction' => $direction, 'escape' => FALSE);
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			$qb_orderby = array();
+			foreach (explode(',', $orderby) as $field)
+			{
+				$qb_orderby[] = ($direction === '' && preg_match('/\s+(ASC|DESC)$/i', rtrim($field), $match, PREG_OFFSET_CAPTURE))
+					? array('field' => ltrim(substr($field, 0, $match[0][1])), 'direction' => ' '.$match[1][0], 'escape' => TRUE)
+					: array('field' => trim($field), 'direction' => $direction, 'escape' => TRUE);
+			}
+		}
+
+		$this->qb_orderby = array_merge($this->qb_orderby, $qb_orderby);
+		if ($this->qb_caching === TRUE)
+		{
+			$this->qb_cache_orderby = array_merge($this->qb_cache_orderby, $qb_orderby);
+			$this->qb_cache_exists[] = 'orderby';
+		}
+
+		return $this;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * LIMIT
+	 *
+	 * @param	int	$value	LIMIT value
+	 * @param	int	$offset	OFFSET value
+	 * @return	CI_DB_query_builder
+	 */
+	public function limit($value, $offset = 0)
+	{
+		is_null($value) OR $this->qb_limit = (int) $value;
+		empty($offset) OR $this->qb_offset = (int) $offset;
+
+		return $this;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Sets the OFFSET value
+	 *
+	 * @param	int	$offset	OFFSET value
+	 * @return	CI_DB_query_builder
+	 */
+	public function offset($offset)
+	{
+		empty($offset) OR $this->qb_offset = (int) $offset;
+		return $this;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * LIMIT string
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific LIMIT clause.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$sql	SQL Query
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _limit($sql)
+	{
+		return $sql.' LIMIT '.($this->qb_offset ? $this->qb_offset.', ' : '').(int) $this->qb_limit;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * The "set" function.
+	 *
+	 * Allows key/value pairs to be set for inserting or updating
+	 *
+	 * @param	mixed
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	bool
+	 * @return	CI_DB_query_builder
+	 */
+	public function set($key, $value = '', $escape = NULL)
+	{
+		$key = $this->_object_to_array($key);
+
+		if ( ! is_array($key))
+		{
+			$key = array($key => $value);
+		}
+
+		is_bool($escape) OR $escape = $this->_protect_identifiers;
+
+		foreach ($key as $k => $v)
+		{
+			$this->qb_set[$this->protect_identifiers($k, FALSE, $escape)] = ($escape)
+				? $this->escape($v) : $v;
+		}
+
+		return $this;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Get SELECT query string
+	 *
+	 * Compiles a SELECT query string and returns the sql.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the table name to select from (optional)
+	 * @param	bool	TRUE: resets QB values; FALSE: leave QB values alone
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	public function get_compiled_select($table = '', $reset = TRUE)
+	{
+		if ($table !== '')
+		{
+			$this->_track_aliases($table);
+			$this->from($table);
+		}
+
+		$select = $this->_compile_select();
+
+		if ($reset === TRUE)
+		{
+			$this->_reset_select();
+		}
+
+		return $select;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Get
+	 *
+	 * Compiles the select statement based on the other functions called
+	 * and runs the query
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the table
+	 * @param	string	the limit clause
+	 * @param	string	the offset clause
+	 * @return	CI_DB_result
+	 */
+	public function get($table = '', $limit = NULL, $offset = NULL)
+	{
+		if ($table !== '')
+		{
+			$this->_track_aliases($table);
+			$this->from($table);
+		}
+
+		if ( ! empty($limit))
+		{
+			$this->limit($limit, $offset);
+		}
+
+		$result = $this->query($this->_compile_select());
+		$this->_reset_select();
+		return $result;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * "Count All Results" query
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query string that counts all records
+	 * returned by an Query Builder query.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	bool	the reset clause
+	 * @return	int
+	 */
+	public function count_all_results($table = '', $reset = TRUE)
+	{
+		if ($table !== '')
+		{
+			$this->_track_aliases($table);
+			$this->from($table);
+		}
+
+		// ORDER BY usage is often problematic here (most notably
+		// on Microsoft SQL Server) and ultimately unnecessary
+		// for selecting COUNT(*) ...
+		if ( ! empty($this->qb_orderby))
+		{
+			$orderby = $this->qb_orderby;
+			$this->qb_orderby = NULL;
+		}
+
+		$result = ($this->qb_distinct === TRUE OR ! empty($this->qb_groupby) OR ! empty($this->qb_cache_groupby) OR $this->qb_limit OR $this->qb_offset)
+			? $this->query($this->_count_string.$this->protect_identifiers('numrows')."\nFROM (\n".$this->_compile_select()."\n) CI_count_all_results")
+			: $this->query($this->_compile_select($this->_count_string.$this->protect_identifiers('numrows')));
+
+		if ($reset === TRUE)
+		{
+			$this->_reset_select();
+		}
+		// If we've previously reset the qb_orderby values, get them back
+		elseif ( ! isset($this->qb_orderby))
+		{
+			$this->qb_orderby = $orderby;
+		}
+
+		if ($result->num_rows() === 0)
+		{
+			return 0;
+		}
+
+		$row = $result->row();
+		return (int) $row->numrows;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Get_Where
+	 *
+	 * Allows the where clause, limit and offset to be added directly
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @param	string	$where
+	 * @param	int	$limit
+	 * @param	int	$offset
+	 * @return	CI_DB_result
+	 */
+	public function get_where($table = '', $where = NULL, $limit = NULL, $offset = NULL)
+	{
+		if ($table !== '')
+		{
+			$this->from($table);
+		}
+
+		if ($where !== NULL)
+		{
+			$this->where($where);
+		}
+
+		if ( ! empty($limit))
+		{
+			$this->limit($limit, $offset);
+		}
+
+		$result = $this->query($this->_compile_select());
+		$this->_reset_select();
+		return $result;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Insert_Batch
+	 *
+	 * Compiles batch insert strings and runs the queries
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table	Table to insert into
+	 * @param	array	$set 	An associative array of insert values
+	 * @param	bool	$escape	Whether to escape values and identifiers
+	 * @return	int	Number of rows inserted or FALSE on failure
+	 */
+	public function insert_batch($table, $set = NULL, $escape = NULL, $batch_size = 100)
+	{
+		if ($set === NULL)
+		{
+			if (empty($this->qb_set))
+			{
+				return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_must_use_set') : FALSE;
+			}
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			if (empty($set))
+			{
+				return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('insert_batch() called with no data') : FALSE;
+			}
+
+			$this->set_insert_batch($set, '', $escape);
+		}
+
+		if (strlen($table) === 0)
+		{
+			if ( ! isset($this->qb_from[0]))
+			{
+				return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_must_set_table') : FALSE;
+			}
+
+			$table = $this->qb_from[0];
+		}
+
+		// Batch this baby
+		$affected_rows = 0;
+		for ($i = 0, $total = count($this->qb_set); $i < $total; $i += $batch_size)
+		{
+			if ($this->query($this->_insert_batch($this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, $escape, FALSE), $this->qb_keys, array_slice($this->qb_set, $i, $batch_size))))
+			{
+				$affected_rows += $this->affected_rows();
+			}
+		}
+
+		$this->_reset_write();
+		return $affected_rows;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Insert batch statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific insert string from the supplied data.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table	Table name
+	 * @param	array	$keys	INSERT keys
+	 * @param	array	$values	INSERT values
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _insert_batch($table, $keys, $values)
+	{
+		return 'INSERT INTO '.$table.' ('.implode(', ', $keys).') VALUES '.implode(', ', $values);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * The "set_insert_batch" function.  Allows key/value pairs to be set for batch inserts
+	 *
+	 * @param	mixed
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	bool
+	 * @return	CI_DB_query_builder
+	 */
+	public function set_insert_batch($key, $value = '', $escape = NULL)
+	{
+		$key = $this->_object_to_array_batch($key);
+
+		if ( ! is_array($key))
+		{
+			$key = array($key => $value);
+		}
+
+		is_bool($escape) OR $escape = $this->_protect_identifiers;
+
+		$keys = array_keys($this->_object_to_array(reset($key)));
+		sort($keys);
+
+		foreach ($key as $row)
+		{
+			$row = $this->_object_to_array($row);
+			if (count(array_diff($keys, array_keys($row))) > 0 OR count(array_diff(array_keys($row), $keys)) > 0)
+			{
+				// batch function above returns an error on an empty array
+				$this->qb_set[] = array();
+				return;
+			}
+
+			ksort($row); // puts $row in the same order as our keys
+
+			if ($escape !== FALSE)
+			{
+				$clean = array();
+				foreach ($row as $value)
+				{
+					$clean[] = $this->escape($value);
+				}
+
+				$row = $clean;
+			}
+
+			$this->qb_set[] = '('.implode(',', $row).')';
+		}
+
+		foreach ($keys as $k)
+		{
+			$this->qb_keys[] = $this->protect_identifiers($k, FALSE, $escape);
+		}
+
+		return $this;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Get INSERT query string
+	 *
+	 * Compiles an insert query and returns the sql
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the table to insert into
+	 * @param	bool	TRUE: reset QB values; FALSE: leave QB values alone
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	public function get_compiled_insert($table = '', $reset = TRUE)
+	{
+		if ($this->_validate_insert($table) === FALSE)
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		$sql = $this->_insert(
+			$this->protect_identifiers(
+				$this->qb_from[0], TRUE, NULL, FALSE
+			),
+			array_keys($this->qb_set),
+			array_values($this->qb_set)
+		);
+
+		if ($reset === TRUE)
+		{
+			$this->_reset_write();
+		}
+
+		return $sql;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Insert
+	 *
+	 * Compiles an insert string and runs the query
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the table to insert data into
+	 * @param	array	an associative array of insert values
+	 * @param	bool	$escape	Whether to escape values and identifiers
+	 * @return	bool	TRUE on success, FALSE on failure
+	 */
+	public function insert($table = '', $set = NULL, $escape = NULL)
+	{
+		if ($set !== NULL)
+		{
+			$this->set($set, '', $escape);
+		}
+
+		if ($this->_validate_insert($table) === FALSE)
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		$sql = $this->_insert(
+			$this->protect_identifiers(
+				$this->qb_from[0], TRUE, $escape, FALSE
+			),
+			array_keys($this->qb_set),
+			array_values($this->qb_set)
+		);
+
+		$this->_reset_write();
+		return $this->query($sql);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Validate Insert
+	 *
+	 * This method is used by both insert() and get_compiled_insert() to
+	 * validate that the there data is actually being set and that table
+	 * has been chosen to be inserted into.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the table to insert data into
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _validate_insert($table = '')
+	{
+		if (count($this->qb_set) === 0)
+		{
+			return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_must_use_set') : FALSE;
+		}
+
+		if ($table !== '')
+		{
+			$this->qb_from[0] = $table;
+		}
+		elseif ( ! isset($this->qb_from[0]))
+		{
+			return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_must_set_table') : FALSE;
+		}
+
+		return TRUE;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Replace
+	 *
+	 * Compiles an replace into string and runs the query
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the table to replace data into
+	 * @param	array	an associative array of insert values
+	 * @return	bool	TRUE on success, FALSE on failure
+	 */
+	public function replace($table = '', $set = NULL)
+	{
+		if ($set !== NULL)
+		{
+			$this->set($set);
+		}
+
+		if (count($this->qb_set) === 0)
+		{
+			return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_must_use_set') : FALSE;
+		}
+
+		if ($table === '')
+		{
+			if ( ! isset($this->qb_from[0]))
+			{
+				return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_must_set_table') : FALSE;
+			}
+
+			$table = $this->qb_from[0];
+		}
+
+		$sql = $this->_replace($this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE), array_keys($this->qb_set), array_values($this->qb_set));
+
+		$this->_reset_write();
+		return $this->query($sql);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Replace statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific replace string from the supplied data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @param	array	the insert keys
+	 * @param	array	the insert values
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _replace($table, $keys, $values)
+	{
+		return 'REPLACE INTO '.$table.' ('.implode(', ', $keys).') VALUES ('.implode(', ', $values).')';
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * FROM tables
+	 *
+	 * Groups tables in FROM clauses if needed, so there is no confusion
+	 * about operator precedence.
+	 *
+	 * Note: This is only used (and overridden) by MySQL and CUBRID.
+	 *
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _from_tables()
+	{
+		return implode(', ', $this->qb_from);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Get UPDATE query string
+	 *
+	 * Compiles an update query and returns the sql
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the table to update
+	 * @param	bool	TRUE: reset QB values; FALSE: leave QB values alone
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	public function get_compiled_update($table = '', $reset = TRUE)
+	{
+		// Combine any cached components with the current statements
+		$this->_merge_cache();
+
+		if ($this->_validate_update($table) === FALSE)
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		$sql = $this->_update($this->qb_from[0], $this->qb_set);
+
+		if ($reset === TRUE)
+		{
+			$this->_reset_write();
+		}
+
+		return $sql;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * UPDATE
+	 *
+	 * Compiles an update string and runs the query.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @param	array	$set	An associative array of update values
+	 * @param	mixed	$where
+	 * @param	int	$limit
+	 * @return	bool	TRUE on success, FALSE on failure
+	 */
+	public function update($table = '', $set = NULL, $where = NULL, $limit = NULL)
+	{
+		// Combine any cached components with the current statements
+		$this->_merge_cache();
+
+		if ($set !== NULL)
+		{
+			$this->set($set);
+		}
+
+		if ($this->_validate_update($table) === FALSE)
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		if ($where !== NULL)
+		{
+			$this->where($where);
+		}
+
+		if ( ! empty($limit))
+		{
+			$this->limit($limit);
+		}
+
+		$sql = $this->_update($this->qb_from[0], $this->qb_set);
+		$this->_reset_write();
+		return $this->query($sql);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Validate Update
+	 *
+	 * This method is used by both update() and get_compiled_update() to
+	 * validate that data is actually being set and that a table has been
+	 * chosen to be update.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the table to update data on
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	protected function _validate_update($table)
+	{
+		if (count($this->qb_set) === 0)
+		{
+			return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_must_use_set') : FALSE;
+		}
+
+		if ($table !== '')
+		{
+			$this->qb_from = array($this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE));
+		}
+		elseif ( ! isset($this->qb_from[0]))
+		{
+			return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_must_set_table') : FALSE;
+		}
+
+		return TRUE;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Update_Batch
+	 *
+	 * Compiles an update string and runs the query
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the table to retrieve the results from
+	 * @param	array	an associative array of update values
+	 * @param	string	the where key
+	 * @return	int	number of rows affected or FALSE on failure
+	 */
+	public function update_batch($table, $set = NULL, $index = NULL, $batch_size = 100)
+	{
+		// Combine any cached components with the current statements
+		$this->_merge_cache();
+
+		if ($index === NULL)
+		{
+			return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_must_use_index') : FALSE;
+		}
+
+		if ($set === NULL)
+		{
+			if (empty($this->qb_set_ub))
+			{
+				return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_must_use_set') : FALSE;
+			}
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			if (empty($set))
+			{
+				return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('update_batch() called with no data') : FALSE;
+			}
+
+			$this->set_update_batch($set, $index);
+		}
+
+		if (strlen($table) === 0)
+		{
+			if ( ! isset($this->qb_from[0]))
+			{
+				return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_must_set_table') : FALSE;
+			}
+
+			$table = $this->qb_from[0];
+		}
+
+		// Batch this baby
+		$affected_rows = 0;
+		for ($i = 0, $total = count($this->qb_set_ub); $i < $total; $i += $batch_size)
+		{
+			if ($this->query($this->_update_batch($this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE), array_slice($this->qb_set_ub, $i, $batch_size), $index)))
+			{
+				$affected_rows += $this->affected_rows();
+			}
+
+			$this->qb_where = array();
+		}
+
+		$this->_reset_write();
+		return $affected_rows;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Update_Batch statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific batch update string from the supplied data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table	Table name
+	 * @param	array	$values	Update data
+	 * @param	string	$index	WHERE key
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _update_batch($table, $values, $index)
+	{
+		$ids = array();
+		foreach ($values as $key => $val)
+		{
+			$ids[] = $val[$index]['value'];
+
+			foreach (array_keys($val) as $field)
+			{
+				if ($field !== $index)
+				{
+					$final[$val[$field]['field']][] = 'WHEN '.$val[$index]['field'].' = '.$val[$index]['value'].' THEN '.$val[$field]['value'];
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		$cases = '';
+		foreach ($final as $k => $v)
+		{
+			$cases .= $k." = CASE \n"
+				.implode("\n", $v)."\n"
+				.'ELSE '.$k.' END, ';
+		}
+
+		$this->where($val[$index]['field'].' IN('.implode(',', $ids).')', NULL, FALSE);
+
+		return 'UPDATE '.$table.' SET '.substr($cases, 0, -2).$this->_compile_wh('qb_where');
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * The "set_update_batch" function.  Allows key/value pairs to be set for batch updating
+	 *
+	 * @param	array
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	bool
+	 * @return	CI_DB_query_builder
+	 */
+	public function set_update_batch($key, $index = '', $escape = NULL)
+	{
+		$key = $this->_object_to_array_batch($key);
+
+		if ( ! is_array($key))
+		{
+			// @todo error
+		}
+
+		is_bool($escape) OR $escape = $this->_protect_identifiers;
+
+		foreach ($key as $k => $v)
+		{
+			$index_set = FALSE;
+			$clean = array();
+			foreach ($v as $k2 => $v2)
+			{
+				if ($k2 === $index)
+				{
+					$index_set = TRUE;
+				}
+
+				$clean[$k2] = array(
+					'field'  => $this->protect_identifiers($k2, FALSE, $escape),
+					'value'  => ($escape === FALSE ? $v2 : $this->escape($v2))
+				);
+			}
+
+			if ($index_set === FALSE)
+			{
+				return $this->display_error('db_batch_missing_index');
+			}
+
+			$this->qb_set_ub[] = $clean;
+		}
+
+		return $this;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Empty Table
+	 *
+	 * Compiles a delete string and runs "DELETE FROM table"
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the table to empty
+	 * @return	bool	TRUE on success, FALSE on failure
+	 */
+	public function empty_table($table = '')
+	{
+		if ($table === '')
+		{
+			if ( ! isset($this->qb_from[0]))
+			{
+				return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_must_set_table') : FALSE;
+			}
+
+			$table = $this->qb_from[0];
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			$table = $this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE);
+		}
+
+		$sql = $this->_delete($table);
+		$this->_reset_write();
+		return $this->query($sql);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Truncate
+	 *
+	 * Compiles a truncate string and runs the query
+	 * If the database does not support the truncate() command
+	 * This function maps to "DELETE FROM table"
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the table to truncate
+	 * @return	bool	TRUE on success, FALSE on failure
+	 */
+	public function truncate($table = '')
+	{
+		if ($table === '')
+		{
+			if ( ! isset($this->qb_from[0]))
+			{
+				return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_must_set_table') : FALSE;
+			}
+
+			$table = $this->qb_from[0];
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			$table = $this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE);
+		}
+
+		$sql = $this->_truncate($table);
+		$this->_reset_write();
+		return $this->query($sql);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Truncate statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific truncate string from the supplied data
+	 *
+	 * If the database does not support the truncate() command,
+	 * then this method maps to 'DELETE FROM table'
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _truncate($table)
+	{
+		return 'TRUNCATE '.$table;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Get DELETE query string
+	 *
+	 * Compiles a delete query string and returns the sql
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the table to delete from
+	 * @param	bool	TRUE: reset QB values; FALSE: leave QB values alone
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	public function get_compiled_delete($table = '', $reset = TRUE)
+	{
+		$this->return_delete_sql = TRUE;
+		$sql = $this->delete($table, '', NULL, $reset);
+		$this->return_delete_sql = FALSE;
+		return $sql;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Delete
+	 *
+	 * Compiles a delete string and runs the query
+	 *
+	 * @param	mixed	the table(s) to delete from. String or array
+	 * @param	mixed	the where clause
+	 * @param	mixed	the limit clause
+	 * @param	bool
+	 * @return	mixed
+	 */
+	public function delete($table = '', $where = '', $limit = NULL, $reset_data = TRUE)
+	{
+		// Combine any cached components with the current statements
+		$this->_merge_cache();
+
+		if ($table === '')
+		{
+			if ( ! isset($this->qb_from[0]))
+			{
+				return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_must_set_table') : FALSE;
+			}
+
+			$table = $this->qb_from[0];
+		}
+		elseif (is_array($table))
+		{
+			empty($where) && $reset_data = FALSE;
+
+			foreach ($table as $single_table)
+			{
+				$this->delete($single_table, $where, $limit, $reset_data);
+			}
+
+			return;
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			$table = $this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE);
+		}
+
+		if ($where !== '')
+		{
+			$this->where($where);
+		}
+
+		if ( ! empty($limit))
+		{
+			$this->limit($limit);
+		}
+
+		if (count($this->qb_where) === 0)
+		{
+			return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_del_must_use_where') : FALSE;
+		}
+
+		$sql = $this->_delete($table);
+		if ($reset_data)
+		{
+			$this->_reset_write();
+		}
+
+		return ($this->return_delete_sql === TRUE) ? $sql : $this->query($sql);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Delete statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific delete string from the supplied data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _delete($table)
+	{
+		return 'DELETE FROM '.$table.$this->_compile_wh('qb_where')
+			.($this->qb_limit ? ' LIMIT '.$this->qb_limit : '');
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * DB Prefix
+	 *
+	 * Prepends a database prefix if one exists in configuration
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the table
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	public function dbprefix($table = '')
+	{
+		if ($table === '')
+		{
+			$this->display_error('db_table_name_required');
+		}
+
+		return $this->dbprefix.$table;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Set DB Prefix
+	 *
+	 * Set's the DB Prefix to something new without needing to reconnect
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the prefix
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	public function set_dbprefix($prefix = '')
+	{
+		return $this->dbprefix = $prefix;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Track Aliases
+	 *
+	 * Used to track SQL statements written with aliased tables.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	The table to inspect
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _track_aliases($table)
+	{
+		if (is_array($table))
+		{
+			foreach ($table as $t)
+			{
+				$this->_track_aliases($t);
+			}
+			return;
+		}
+
+		// Does the string contain a comma?  If so, we need to separate
+		// the string into discreet statements
+		if (strpos($table, ',') !== FALSE)
+		{
+			return $this->_track_aliases(explode(',', $table));
+		}
+
+		// if a table alias is used we can recognize it by a space
+		if (strpos($table, ' ') !== FALSE)
+		{
+			// if the alias is written with the AS keyword, remove it
+			$table = preg_replace('/\s+AS\s+/i', ' ', $table);
+
+			// Grab the alias
+			$table = trim(strrchr($table, ' '));
+
+			// Store the alias, if it doesn't already exist
+			if ( ! in_array($table, $this->qb_aliased_tables, TRUE))
+			{
+				$this->qb_aliased_tables[] = $table;
+				if ($this->qb_caching === TRUE && ! in_array($table, $this->qb_cache_aliased_tables, TRUE))
+				{
+					$this->qb_cache_aliased_tables[] = $table;
+					$this->qb_cache_exists[] = 'aliased_tables';
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Compile the SELECT statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a query string based on which functions were used.
+	 * Should not be called directly.
+	 *
+	 * @param	bool	$select_override
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _compile_select($select_override = FALSE)
+	{
+		// Combine any cached components with the current statements
+		$this->_merge_cache();
+
+		// Write the "select" portion of the query
+		if ($select_override !== FALSE)
+		{
+			$sql = $select_override;
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			$sql = ( ! $this->qb_distinct) ? 'SELECT ' : 'SELECT DISTINCT ';
+
+			if (count($this->qb_select) === 0)
+			{
+				$sql .= '*';
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				// Cycle through the "select" portion of the query and prep each column name.
+				// The reason we protect identifiers here rather than in the select() function
+				// is because until the user calls the from() function we don't know if there are aliases
+				foreach ($this->qb_select as $key => $val)
+				{
+					$no_escape = isset($this->qb_no_escape[$key]) ? $this->qb_no_escape[$key] : NULL;
+					$this->qb_select[$key] = $this->protect_identifiers($val, FALSE, $no_escape);
+				}
+
+				$sql .= implode(', ', $this->qb_select);
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Write the "FROM" portion of the query
+		if (count($this->qb_from) > 0)
+		{
+			$sql .= "\nFROM ".$this->_from_tables();
+		}
+
+		// Write the "JOIN" portion of the query
+		if (count($this->qb_join) > 0)
+		{
+			$sql .= "\n".implode("\n", $this->qb_join);
+		}
+
+		$sql .= $this->_compile_wh('qb_where')
+			.$this->_compile_group_by()
+			.$this->_compile_wh('qb_having')
+			.$this->_compile_order_by(); // ORDER BY
+
+		// LIMIT
+		if ($this->qb_limit OR $this->qb_offset)
+		{
+			return $this->_limit($sql."\n");
+		}
+
+		return $sql;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Compile WHERE, HAVING statements
+	 *
+	 * Escapes identifiers in WHERE and HAVING statements at execution time.
+	 *
+	 * Required so that aliases are tracked properly, regardless of whether
+	 * where(), or_where(), having(), or_having are called prior to from(),
+	 * join() and dbprefix is added only if needed.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$qb_key	'qb_where' or 'qb_having'
+	 * @return	string	SQL statement
+	 */
+	protected function _compile_wh($qb_key)
+	{
+		if (count($this->$qb_key) > 0)
+		{
+			for ($i = 0, $c = count($this->$qb_key); $i < $c; $i++)
+			{
+				// Is this condition already compiled?
+				if (is_string($this->{$qb_key}[$i]))
+				{
+					continue;
+				}
+				elseif ($this->{$qb_key}[$i]['escape'] === FALSE)
+				{
+					$this->{$qb_key}[$i] = $this->{$qb_key}[$i]['condition'];
+					continue;
+				}
+
+				// Split multiple conditions
+				$conditions = preg_split(
+					'/((?:^|\s+)AND\s+|(?:^|\s+)OR\s+)/i',
+					$this->{$qb_key}[$i]['condition'],
+					-1,
+					PREG_SPLIT_DELIM_CAPTURE | PREG_SPLIT_NO_EMPTY
+				);
+
+				for ($ci = 0, $cc = count($conditions); $ci < $cc; $ci++)
+				{
+					if (($op = $this->_get_operator($conditions[$ci])) === FALSE
+						OR ! preg_match('/^(\(?)(.*)('.preg_quote($op, '/').')\s*(.*(?<!\)))?(\)?)$/i', $conditions[$ci], $matches))
+					{
+						continue;
+					}
+
+					// $matches = array(
+					//	0 => '(test <= foo)',	/* the whole thing */
+					//	1 => '(',		/* optional */
+					//	2 => 'test',		/* the field name */
+					//	3 => ' <= ',		/* $op */
+					//	4 => 'foo',		/* optional, if $op is e.g. 'IS NULL' */
+					//	5 => ')'		/* optional */
+					// );
+
+					if ( ! empty($matches[4]))
+					{
+						$this->_is_literal($matches[4]) OR $matches[4] = $this->protect_identifiers(trim($matches[4]));
+						$matches[4] = ' '.$matches[4];
+					}
+
+					$conditions[$ci] = $matches[1].$this->protect_identifiers(trim($matches[2]))
+						.' '.trim($matches[3]).$matches[4].$matches[5];
+				}
+
+				$this->{$qb_key}[$i] = implode('', $conditions);
+			}
+
+			return ($qb_key === 'qb_having' ? "\nHAVING " : "\nWHERE ")
+				.implode("\n", $this->$qb_key);
+		}
+
+		return '';
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Compile GROUP BY
+	 *
+	 * Escapes identifiers in GROUP BY statements at execution time.
+	 *
+	 * Required so that aliases are tracked properly, regardless of whether
+	 * group_by() is called prior to from(), join() and dbprefix is added
+	 * only if needed.
+	 *
+	 * @return	string	SQL statement
+	 */
+	protected function _compile_group_by()
+	{
+		if (count($this->qb_groupby) > 0)
+		{
+			for ($i = 0, $c = count($this->qb_groupby); $i < $c; $i++)
+			{
+				// Is it already compiled?
+				if (is_string($this->qb_groupby[$i]))
+				{
+					continue;
+				}
+
+				$this->qb_groupby[$i] = ($this->qb_groupby[$i]['escape'] === FALSE OR $this->_is_literal($this->qb_groupby[$i]['field']))
+					? $this->qb_groupby[$i]['field']
+					: $this->protect_identifiers($this->qb_groupby[$i]['field']);
+			}
+
+			return "\nGROUP BY ".implode(', ', $this->qb_groupby);
+		}
+
+		return '';
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Compile ORDER BY
+	 *
+	 * Escapes identifiers in ORDER BY statements at execution time.
+	 *
+	 * Required so that aliases are tracked properly, regardless of whether
+	 * order_by() is called prior to from(), join() and dbprefix is added
+	 * only if needed.
+	 *
+	 * @return	string	SQL statement
+	 */
+	protected function _compile_order_by()
+	{
+		if (empty($this->qb_orderby))
+		{
+			return '';
+		}
+
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($this->qb_orderby); $i < $c; $i++)
+		{
+			if (is_string($this->qb_orderby[$i]))
+			{
+				continue;
+			}
+
+			if ($this->qb_orderby[$i]['escape'] !== FALSE && ! $this->_is_literal($this->qb_orderby[$i]['field']))
+			{
+				$this->qb_orderby[$i]['field'] = $this->protect_identifiers($this->qb_orderby[$i]['field']);
+			}
+
+			$this->qb_orderby[$i] = $this->qb_orderby[$i]['field'].$this->qb_orderby[$i]['direction'];
+		}
+
+		return "\nORDER BY ".implode(', ', $this->qb_orderby);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Object to Array
+	 *
+	 * Takes an object as input and converts the class variables to array key/vals
+	 *
+	 * @param	object
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	protected function _object_to_array($object)
+	{
+		if ( ! is_object($object))
+		{
+			return $object;
+		}
+
+		$array = array();
+		foreach (get_object_vars($object) as $key => $val)
+		{
+			// There are some built in keys we need to ignore for this conversion
+			if ( ! is_object($val) && ! is_array($val) && $key !== '_parent_name')
+			{
+				$array[$key] = $val;
+			}
+		}
+
+		return $array;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Object to Array
+	 *
+	 * Takes an object as input and converts the class variables to array key/vals
+	 *
+	 * @param	object
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	protected function _object_to_array_batch($object)
+	{
+		if ( ! is_object($object))
+		{
+			return $object;
+		}
+
+		$array = array();
+		$out = get_object_vars($object);
+		$fields = array_keys($out);
+
+		foreach ($fields as $val)
+		{
+			// There are some built in keys we need to ignore for this conversion
+			if ($val !== '_parent_name')
+			{
+				$i = 0;
+				foreach ($out[$val] as $data)
+				{
+					$array[$i++][$val] = $data;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		return $array;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Start Cache
+	 *
+	 * Starts QB caching
+	 *
+	 * @return	CI_DB_query_builder
+	 */
+	public function start_cache()
+	{
+		$this->qb_caching = TRUE;
+		return $this;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Stop Cache
+	 *
+	 * Stops QB caching
+	 *
+	 * @return	CI_DB_query_builder
+	 */
+	public function stop_cache()
+	{
+		$this->qb_caching = FALSE;
+		return $this;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Flush Cache
+	 *
+	 * Empties the QB cache
+	 *
+	 * @return	CI_DB_query_builder
+	 */
+	public function flush_cache()
+	{
+		$this->_reset_run(array(
+			'qb_cache_select'		=> array(),
+			'qb_cache_from'			=> array(),
+			'qb_cache_join'			=> array(),
+			'qb_cache_where'		=> array(),
+			'qb_cache_groupby'		=> array(),
+			'qb_cache_having'		=> array(),
+			'qb_cache_orderby'		=> array(),
+			'qb_cache_set'			=> array(),
+			'qb_cache_exists'		=> array(),
+			'qb_cache_no_escape'	=> array(),
+			'qb_cache_aliased_tables'	=> array()
+		));
+
+		return $this;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Merge Cache
+	 *
+	 * When called, this function merges any cached QB arrays with
+	 * locally called ones.
+	 *
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _merge_cache()
+	{
+		if (count($this->qb_cache_exists) === 0)
+		{
+			return;
+		}
+		elseif (in_array('select', $this->qb_cache_exists, TRUE))
+		{
+			$qb_no_escape = $this->qb_cache_no_escape;
+		}
+
+		foreach (array_unique($this->qb_cache_exists) as $val) // select, from, etc.
+		{
+			$qb_variable	= 'qb_'.$val;
+			$qb_cache_var	= 'qb_cache_'.$val;
+			$qb_new 	= $this->$qb_cache_var;
+
+			for ($i = 0, $c = count($this->$qb_variable); $i < $c; $i++)
+			{
+				if ( ! in_array($this->{$qb_variable}[$i], $qb_new, TRUE))
+				{
+					$qb_new[] = $this->{$qb_variable}[$i];
+					if ($val === 'select')
+					{
+						$qb_no_escape[] = $this->qb_no_escape[$i];
+					}
+				}
+			}
+
+			$this->$qb_variable = $qb_new;
+			if ($val === 'select')
+			{
+				$this->qb_no_escape = $qb_no_escape;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Is literal
+	 *
+	 * Determines if a string represents a literal value or a field name
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$str
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	protected function _is_literal($str)
+	{
+		$str = trim($str);
+
+		if (empty($str) OR ctype_digit($str) OR (string) (float) $str === $str OR in_array(strtoupper($str), array('TRUE', 'FALSE'), TRUE))
+		{
+			return TRUE;
+		}
+
+		static $_str;
+
+		if (empty($_str))
+		{
+			$_str = ($this->_escape_char !== '"')
+				? array('"', "'") : array("'");
+		}
+
+		return in_array($str[0], $_str, TRUE);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Reset Query Builder values.
+	 *
+	 * Publicly-visible method to reset the QB values.
+	 *
+	 * @return	CI_DB_query_builder
+	 */
+	public function reset_query()
+	{
+		$this->_reset_select();
+		$this->_reset_write();
+		return $this;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Resets the query builder values.  Called by the get() function
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	An array of fields to reset
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _reset_run($qb_reset_items)
+	{
+		foreach ($qb_reset_items as $item => $default_value)
+		{
+			$this->$item = $default_value;
+		}
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Resets the query builder values.  Called by the get() function
+	 *
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _reset_select()
+	{
+		$this->_reset_run(array(
+			'qb_select'		=> array(),
+			'qb_from'		=> array(),
+			'qb_join'		=> array(),
+			'qb_where'		=> array(),
+			'qb_groupby'		=> array(),
+			'qb_having'		=> array(),
+			'qb_orderby'		=> array(),
+			'qb_aliased_tables'	=> array(),
+			'qb_no_escape'		=> array(),
+			'qb_distinct'		=> FALSE,
+			'qb_limit'		=> FALSE,
+			'qb_offset'		=> FALSE
+		));
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Resets the query builder "write" values.
+	 *
+	 * Called by the insert() update() insert_batch() update_batch() and delete() functions
+	 *
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _reset_write()
+	{
+		$this->_reset_run(array(
+			'qb_set'	=> array(),
+			'qb_set_ub'	=> array(),
+			'qb_from'	=> array(),
+			'qb_join'	=> array(),
+			'qb_where'	=> array(),
+			'qb_orderby'	=> array(),
+			'qb_keys'	=> array(),
+			'qb_limit'	=> FALSE
+		));
+	}
+
+}
diff --git a/system/database/DB_result.php b/system/database/DB_result.php
index 5b4f60e4b..98d8876a7 100644
--- a/system/database/DB_result.php
+++ b/system/database/DB_result.php
@@ -1,19 +1,41 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.0.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * Database Result Class
@@ -23,33 +45,128 @@
  * class for the specific database will extend and instantiate it.
  *
  * @category	Database
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
  */
 class CI_DB_result {
 
-	var $conn_id				= NULL;
-	var $result_id				= NULL;
-	var $result_array			= array();
-	var $result_object			= array();
-	var $custom_result_object	= array();
-	var $current_row			= 0;
-	var $num_rows				= 0;
-	var $row_data				= NULL;
+	/**
+	 * Connection ID
+	 *
+	 * @var	resource|object
+	 */
+	public $conn_id;
+
+	/**
+	 * Result ID
+	 *
+	 * @var	resource|object
+	 */
+	public $result_id;
+
+	/**
+	 * Result Array
+	 *
+	 * @var	array[]
+	 */
+	public $result_array			= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * Result Object
+	 *
+	 * @var	object[]
+	 */
+	public $result_object			= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * Custom Result Object
+	 *
+	 * @var	object[]
+	 */
+	public $custom_result_object		= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * Current Row index
+	 *
+	 * @var	int
+	 */
+	public $current_row			= 0;
+
+	/**
+	 * Number of rows
+	 *
+	 * @var	int
+	 */
+	public $num_rows;
+
+	/**
+	 * Row data
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	public $row_data;
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Constructor
+	 *
+	 * @param	object	$driver_object
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function __construct(&$driver_object)
+	{
+		$this->conn_id = $driver_object->conn_id;
+		$this->result_id = $driver_object->result_id;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Number of rows in the result set
+	 *
+	 * @return	int
+	 */
+	public function num_rows()
+	{
+		if (is_int($this->num_rows))
+		{
+			return $this->num_rows;
+		}
+		elseif (count($this->result_array) > 0)
+		{
+			return $this->num_rows = count($this->result_array);
+		}
+		elseif (count($this->result_object) > 0)
+		{
+			return $this->num_rows = count($this->result_object);
+		}
+
+		return $this->num_rows = count($this->result_array());
+	}
 
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Query result.  Acts as a wrapper function for the following functions.
+	 * Query result. Acts as a wrapper function for the following functions.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	can be "object" or "array"
-	 * @return	mixed	either a result object or array
+	 * @param	string	$type	'object', 'array' or a custom class name
+	 * @return	array
 	 */
 	public function result($type = 'object')
 	{
-		if ($type == 'array') return $this->result_array();
-		else if ($type == 'object') return $this->result_object();
-		else return $this->custom_result_object($type);
+		if ($type === 'array')
+		{
+			return $this->result_array();
+		}
+		elseif ($type === 'object')
+		{
+			return $this->result_object();
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			return $this->custom_result_object($type);
+		}
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -57,48 +174,63 @@ class CI_DB_result {
 	/**
 	 * Custom query result.
 	 *
-	 * @param class_name A string that represents the type of object you want back
-	 * @return array of objects
+	 * @param	string	$class_name
+	 * @return	array
 	 */
 	public function custom_result_object($class_name)
 	{
-		if (array_key_exists($class_name, $this->custom_result_object))
+		if (isset($this->custom_result_object[$class_name]))
 		{
 			return $this->custom_result_object[$class_name];
 		}
-
-		if ($this->result_id === FALSE OR $this->num_rows() == 0)
+		elseif ( ! $this->result_id OR $this->num_rows === 0)
 		{
 			return array();
 		}
 
-		// add the data to the object
-		$this->_data_seek(0);
-		$result_object = array();
-
-		while ($row = $this->_fetch_object())
+		// Don't fetch the result set again if we already have it
+		$_data = NULL;
+		if (($c = count($this->result_array)) > 0)
+		{
+			$_data = 'result_array';
+		}
+		elseif (($c = count($this->result_object)) > 0)
 		{
-			$object = new $class_name();
+			$_data = 'result_object';
+		}
 
-			foreach ($row as $key => $value)
+		if ($_data !== NULL)
+		{
+			for ($i = 0; $i < $c; $i++)
 			{
-				$object->$key = $value;
+				$this->custom_result_object[$class_name][$i] = new $class_name();
+
+				foreach ($this->{$_data}[$i] as $key => $value)
+				{
+					$this->custom_result_object[$class_name][$i]->$key = $value;
+				}
 			}
 
-			$result_object[] = $object;
+			return $this->custom_result_object[$class_name];
 		}
 
-		// return the array
-		return $this->custom_result_object[$class_name] = $result_object;
+		is_null($this->row_data) OR $this->data_seek(0);
+		$this->custom_result_object[$class_name] = array();
+
+		while ($row = $this->_fetch_object($class_name))
+		{
+			$this->custom_result_object[$class_name][] = $row;
+		}
+
+		return $this->custom_result_object[$class_name];
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Query result.  "object" version.
+	 * Query result. "object" version.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	object
+	 * @return	array
 	 */
 	public function result_object()
 	{
@@ -107,15 +239,25 @@ class CI_DB_result {
 			return $this->result_object;
 		}
 
-		// In the event that query caching is on the result_id variable
-		// will return FALSE since there isn't a valid SQL resource so
-		// we'll simply return an empty array.
-		if ($this->result_id === FALSE OR $this->num_rows() == 0)
+		// In the event that query caching is on, the result_id variable
+		// will not be a valid resource so we'll simply return an empty
+		// array.
+		if ( ! $this->result_id OR $this->num_rows === 0)
 		{
 			return array();
 		}
 
-		$this->_data_seek(0);
+		if (($c = count($this->result_array)) > 0)
+		{
+			for ($i = 0; $i < $c; $i++)
+			{
+				$this->result_object[$i] = (object) $this->result_array[$i];
+			}
+
+			return $this->result_object;
+		}
+
+		is_null($this->row_data) OR $this->data_seek(0);
 		while ($row = $this->_fetch_object())
 		{
 			$this->result_object[] = $row;
@@ -127,9 +269,8 @@ class CI_DB_result {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Query result.  "array" version.
+	 * Query result. "array" version.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
 	public function result_array()
@@ -139,15 +280,25 @@ class CI_DB_result {
 			return $this->result_array;
 		}
 
-		// In the event that query caching is on the result_id variable
-		// will return FALSE since there isn't a valid SQL resource so
-		// we'll simply return an empty array.
-		if ($this->result_id === FALSE OR $this->num_rows() == 0)
+		// In the event that query caching is on, the result_id variable
+		// will not be a valid resource so we'll simply return an empty
+		// array.
+		if ( ! $this->result_id OR $this->num_rows === 0)
 		{
 			return array();
 		}
 
-		$this->_data_seek(0);
+		if (($c = count($this->result_object)) > 0)
+		{
+			for ($i = 0; $i < $c; $i++)
+			{
+				$this->result_array[$i] = (array) $this->result_object[$i];
+			}
+
+			return $this->result_array;
+		}
+
+		is_null($this->row_data) OR $this->data_seek(0);
 		while ($row = $this->_fetch_assoc())
 		{
 			$this->result_array[] = $row;
@@ -159,34 +310,32 @@ class CI_DB_result {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Query result.  Acts as a wrapper function for the following functions.
+	 * Row
+	 *
+	 * A wrapper method.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	string	can be "object" or "array"
-	 * @return	mixed	either a result object or array
+	 * @param	mixed	$n
+	 * @param	string	$type	'object' or 'array'
+	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
 	public function row($n = 0, $type = 'object')
 	{
 		if ( ! is_numeric($n))
 		{
 			// We cache the row data for subsequent uses
-			if ( ! is_array($this->row_data))
-			{
-				$this->row_data = $this->row_array(0);
-			}
+			is_array($this->row_data) OR $this->row_data = $this->row_array(0);
 
-			// array_key_exists() instead of isset() to allow for MySQL NULL values
-			if (array_key_exists($n, $this->row_data))
+			// array_key_exists() instead of isset() to allow for NULL values
+			if (empty($this->row_data) OR ! array_key_exists($n, $this->row_data))
 			{
-				return $this->row_data[$n];
+				return NULL;
 			}
-			// reset the $n variable if the result was not achieved
-			$n = 0;
+
+			return $this->row_data[$n];
 		}
 
-		if ($type == 'object') return $this->row_object($n);
-		else if ($type == 'array') return $this->row_array($n);
+		if ($type === 'object') return $this->row_object($n);
+		elseif ($type === 'array') return $this->row_array($n);
 		else return $this->custom_row_object($n, $type);
 	}
 
@@ -195,8 +344,9 @@ class CI_DB_result {
 	/**
 	 * Assigns an item into a particular column slot
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	object
+	 * @param	mixed	$key
+	 * @param	mixed	$value
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function set_row($key, $value = NULL)
 	{
@@ -212,11 +362,10 @@ class CI_DB_result {
 			{
 				$this->row_data[$k] = $v;
 			}
-
 			return;
 		}
 
-		if ($key != '' AND ! is_null($value))
+		if ($key !== '' && $value !== NULL)
 		{
 			$this->row_data[$key] = $value;
 		}
@@ -227,42 +376,44 @@ class CI_DB_result {
 	/**
 	 * Returns a single result row - custom object version
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
+	 * @param	int	$n
+	 * @param	string	$type
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
 	public function custom_row_object($n, $type)
 	{
-		$result = $this->custom_result_object($type);
+		isset($this->custom_result_object[$type]) OR $this->custom_result_object($type);
 
-		if (count($result) == 0)
+		if (count($this->custom_result_object[$type]) === 0)
 		{
-			return $result;
+			return NULL;
 		}
 
-		if ($n != $this->current_row AND isset($result[$n]))
+		if ($n !== $this->current_row && isset($this->custom_result_object[$type][$n]))
 		{
 			$this->current_row = $n;
 		}
 
-		return $result[$this->current_row];
+		return $this->custom_result_object[$type][$this->current_row];
 	}
 
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 	/**
 	 * Returns a single result row - object version
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
+	 * @param	int	$n
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
 	public function row_object($n = 0)
 	{
 		$result = $this->result_object();
-
-		if (count($result) == 0)
+		if (count($result) === 0)
 		{
-			return $result;
+			return NULL;
 		}
 
-		if ($n != $this->current_row AND isset($result[$n]))
+		if ($n !== $this->current_row && isset($result[$n]))
 		{
 			$this->current_row = $n;
 		}
@@ -275,19 +426,18 @@ class CI_DB_result {
 	/**
 	 * Returns a single result row - array version
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
+	 * @param	int	$n
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
 	public function row_array($n = 0)
 	{
 		$result = $this->result_array();
-
-		if (count($result) == 0)
+		if (count($result) === 0)
 		{
-			return $result;
+			return NULL;
 		}
 
-		if ($n != $this->current_row AND isset($result[$n]))
+		if ($n !== $this->current_row && isset($result[$n]))
 		{
 			$this->current_row = $n;
 		}
@@ -295,24 +445,18 @@ class CI_DB_result {
 		return $result[$this->current_row];
 	}
 
-
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
 	 * Returns the "first" row
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	object
+	 * @param	string	$type
+	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
 	public function first_row($type = 'object')
 	{
 		$result = $this->result($type);
-
-		if (count($result) == 0)
-		{
-			return $result;
-		}
-		return $result[0];
+		return (count($result) === 0) ? NULL : $result[0];
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -320,18 +464,13 @@ class CI_DB_result {
 	/**
 	 * Returns the "last" row
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	object
+	 * @param	string	$type
+	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
 	public function last_row($type = 'object')
 	{
 		$result = $this->result($type);
-
-		if (count($result) == 0)
-		{
-			return $result;
-		}
-		return $result[count($result) -1];
+		return (count($result) === 0) ? NULL : $result[count($result) - 1];
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -339,24 +478,20 @@ class CI_DB_result {
 	/**
 	 * Returns the "next" row
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	object
+	 * @param	string	$type
+	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
 	public function next_row($type = 'object')
 	{
 		$result = $this->result($type);
-
-		if (count($result) == 0)
+		if (count($result) === 0)
 		{
-			return $result;
+			return NULL;
 		}
 
-		if (isset($result[$this->current_row + 1]))
-		{
-			++$this->current_row;
-		}
-
-		return $result[$this->current_row];
+		return isset($result[$this->current_row + 1])
+			? $result[++$this->current_row]
+			: NULL;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -364,16 +499,15 @@ class CI_DB_result {
 	/**
 	 * Returns the "previous" row
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	object
+	 * @param	string	$type
+	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
 	public function previous_row($type = 'object')
 	{
 		$result = $this->result($type);
-
-		if (count($result) == 0)
+		if (count($result) === 0)
 		{
-			return $result;
+			return NULL;
 		}
 
 		if (isset($result[$this->current_row - 1]))
@@ -386,25 +520,147 @@ class CI_DB_result {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * The following functions are normally overloaded by the identically named
+	 * Returns an unbuffered row and move pointer to next row
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$type	'array', 'object' or a custom class name
+	 * @return	mixed
+	 */
+	public function unbuffered_row($type = 'object')
+	{
+		if ($type === 'array')
+		{
+			return $this->_fetch_assoc();
+		}
+		elseif ($type === 'object')
+		{
+			return $this->_fetch_object();
+		}
+
+		return $this->_fetch_object($type);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * The following methods are normally overloaded by the identically named
 	 * methods in the platform-specific driver -- except when query caching
-	 * is used.  When caching is enabled we do not load the other driver.
+	 * is used. When caching is enabled we do not load the other driver.
 	 * These functions are primarily here to prevent undefined function errors
-	 * when a cached result object is in use.  They are not otherwise fully
+	 * when a cached result object is in use. They are not otherwise fully
 	 * operational due to the unavailability of the database resource IDs with
 	 * cached results.
 	 */
-	public function num_rows() { return $this->num_rows; }
-	public function num_fields() { return 0; }
-	public function list_fields() { return array(); }
-	public function field_data() { return array(); }
-	public function free_result() { return TRUE; }
-	protected function _data_seek() { return TRUE; }
-	protected function _fetch_assoc() { return array(); }
-	protected function _fetch_object() { return array(); }
 
-}
-// END DB_result class
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Number of fields in the result set
+	 *
+	 * Overridden by driver result classes.
+	 *
+	 * @return	int
+	 */
+	public function num_fields()
+	{
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Fetch Field Names
+	 *
+	 * Generates an array of column names.
+	 *
+	 * Overridden by driver result classes.
+	 *
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	public function list_fields()
+	{
+		return array();
+	}
 
-/* End of file DB_result.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/DB_result.php */
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Field data
+	 *
+	 * Generates an array of objects containing field meta-data.
+	 *
+	 * Overridden by driver result classes.
+	 *
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	public function field_data()
+	{
+		return array();
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Free the result
+	 *
+	 * Overridden by driver result classes.
+	 *
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function free_result()
+	{
+		$this->result_id = FALSE;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Data Seek
+	 *
+	 * Moves the internal pointer to the desired offset. We call
+	 * this internally before fetching results to make sure the
+	 * result set starts at zero.
+	 *
+	 * Overridden by driver result classes.
+	 *
+	 * @param	int	$n
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function data_seek($n = 0)
+	{
+		return FALSE;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Result - associative array
+	 *
+	 * Returns the result set as an array.
+	 *
+	 * Overridden by driver result classes.
+	 *
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	protected function _fetch_assoc()
+	{
+		return array();
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Result - object
+	 *
+	 * Returns the result set as an object.
+	 *
+	 * Overridden by driver result classes.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$class_name
+	 * @return	object
+	 */
+	protected function _fetch_object($class_name = 'stdClass')
+	{
+		return new $class_name();
+	}
+
+}
diff --git a/system/database/DB_utility.php b/system/database/DB_utility.php
index 6a9d8cc59..25d842c09 100644
--- a/system/database/DB_utility.php
+++ b/system/database/DB_utility.php
@@ -1,45 +1,93 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.0.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * Database Utility Class
  *
  * @category	Database
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
  */
-class CI_DB_utility extends CI_DB_forge {
+abstract class CI_DB_utility {
+
+	/**
+	 * Database object
+	 *
+	 * @var	object
+	 */
+	protected $db;
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-	var $db;
-	var $data_cache		= array();
+	/**
+	 * List databases statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_list_databases		= FALSE;
 
 	/**
-	 * Constructor
+	 * OPTIMIZE TABLE statement
 	 *
-	 * Grabs the CI super object instance so we can access it.
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_optimize_table	= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * REPAIR TABLE statement
 	 *
+	 * @var	string
 	 */
-	function __construct()
-	{
-		// Assign the main database object to $this->db
-		$CI =& get_instance();
-		$this->db =& $CI->db;
+	protected $_repair_table	= FALSE;
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-		log_message('debug', "Database Utility Class Initialized");
+	/**
+	 * Class constructor
+	 *
+	 * @param	object	&$db	Database object
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function __construct(&$db)
+	{
+		$this->db =& $db;
+		log_message('info', 'Database Utility Class Initialized');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -47,29 +95,34 @@ class CI_DB_utility extends CI_DB_forge {
 	/**
 	 * List databases
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	bool
+	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function list_databases()
+	public function list_databases()
 	{
 		// Is there a cached result?
-		if (isset($this->data_cache['db_names']))
+		if (isset($this->db->data_cache['db_names']))
+		{
+			return $this->db->data_cache['db_names'];
+		}
+		elseif ($this->_list_databases === FALSE)
 		{
-			return $this->data_cache['db_names'];
+			return ($this->db->db_debug) ? $this->db->display_error('db_unsupported_feature') : FALSE;
 		}
 
-		$query = $this->db->query($this->_list_databases());
-		$dbs = array();
-		if ($query->num_rows() > 0)
+		$this->db->data_cache['db_names'] = array();
+
+		$query = $this->db->query($this->_list_databases);
+		if ($query === FALSE)
 		{
-			foreach ($query->result_array() as $row)
-			{
-				$dbs[] = current($row);
-			}
+			return $this->db->data_cache['db_names'];
+		}
+
+		for ($i = 0, $query = $query->result_array(), $c = count($query); $i < $c; $i++)
+		{
+			$this->db->data_cache['db_names'][] = current($query[$i]);
 		}
 
-		$this->data_cache['db_names'] = $dbs;
-		return $this->data_cache['db_names'];
+		return $this->db->data_cache['db_names'];
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -77,50 +130,37 @@ class CI_DB_utility extends CI_DB_forge {
 	/**
 	 * Determine if a particular database exists
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	boolean
+	 * @param	string	$database_name
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function database_exists($database_name)
+	public function database_exists($database_name)
 	{
-		// Some databases won't have access to the list_databases() function, so
-		// this is intended to allow them to override with their own functions as
-		// defined in $driver_utility.php
-		if (method_exists($this, '_database_exists'))
-		{
-			return $this->_database_exists($database_name);
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			return ( ! in_array($database_name, $this->list_databases())) ? FALSE : TRUE;
-		}
+		return in_array($database_name, $this->list_databases());
 	}
 
-
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
 	 * Optimize Table
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	bool
+	 * @param	string	$table_name
+	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
-	function optimize_table($table_name)
+	public function optimize_table($table_name)
 	{
-		$sql = $this->_optimize_table($table_name);
-
-		if (is_bool($sql))
+		if ($this->_optimize_table === FALSE)
 		{
-				show_error('db_must_use_set');
+			return ($this->db->db_debug) ? $this->db->display_error('db_unsupported_feature') : FALSE;
 		}
 
-		$query = $this->db->query($sql);
-		$res = $query->result_array();
+		$query = $this->db->query(sprintf($this->_optimize_table, $this->db->escape_identifiers($table_name)));
+		if ($query !== FALSE)
+		{
+			$query = $query->result_array();
+			return current($query);
+		}
 
-		// Note: Due to a bug in current() that affects some versions
-		// of PHP we can not pass function call directly into it
-		return current($res);
+		return FALSE;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -128,27 +168,26 @@ class CI_DB_utility extends CI_DB_forge {
 	/**
 	 * Optimize Database
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	array
+	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
-	function optimize_database()
+	public function optimize_database()
 	{
+		if ($this->_optimize_table === FALSE)
+		{
+			return ($this->db->db_debug) ? $this->db->display_error('db_unsupported_feature') : FALSE;
+		}
+
 		$result = array();
 		foreach ($this->db->list_tables() as $table_name)
 		{
-			$sql = $this->_optimize_table($table_name);
-
-			if (is_bool($sql))
+			$res = $this->db->query(sprintf($this->_optimize_table, $this->db->escape_identifiers($table_name)));
+			if (is_bool($res))
 			{
-				return $sql;
+				return $res;
 			}
 
-			$query = $this->db->query($sql);
-
 			// Build the result array...
-			// Note: Due to a bug in current() that affects some versions
-			// of PHP we can not pass function call directly into it
-			$res = $query->result_array();
+			$res = $res->result_array();
 			$res = current($res);
 			$key = str_replace($this->db->database.'.', '', current($res));
 			$keys = array_keys($res);
@@ -165,25 +204,24 @@ class CI_DB_utility extends CI_DB_forge {
 	/**
 	 * Repair Table
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	bool
+	 * @param	string	$table_name
+	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
-	function repair_table($table_name)
+	public function repair_table($table_name)
 	{
-		$sql = $this->_repair_table($table_name);
-
-		if (is_bool($sql))
+		if ($this->_repair_table === FALSE)
 		{
-			return $sql;
+			return ($this->db->db_debug) ? $this->db->display_error('db_unsupported_feature') : FALSE;
 		}
 
-		$query = $this->db->query($sql);
+		$query = $this->db->query(sprintf($this->_repair_table, $this->db->escape_identifiers($table_name)));
+		if (is_bool($query))
+		{
+			return $query;
+		}
 
-		// Note: Due to a bug in current() that affects some versions
-		// of PHP we can not pass function call directly into it
-		$res = $query->result_array();
-		return current($res);
+		$query = $query->result_array();
+		return current($query);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -191,14 +229,13 @@ class CI_DB_utility extends CI_DB_forge {
 	/**
 	 * Generate CSV from a query result object
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	object	The query result object
-	 * @param	string	The delimiter - comma by default
-	 * @param	string	The newline character - \n by default
-	 * @param	string	The enclosure - double quote by default
+	 * @param	object	$query		Query result object
+	 * @param	string	$delim		Delimiter (default: ,)
+	 * @param	string	$newline	Newline character (default: \n)
+	 * @param	string	$enclosure	Enclosure (default: ")
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function csv_from_result($query, $delim = ",", $newline = "\n", $enclosure = '"')
+	public function csv_from_result($query, $delim = ',', $newline = "\n", $enclosure = '"')
 	{
 		if ( ! is_object($query) OR ! method_exists($query, 'list_fields'))
 		{
@@ -206,25 +243,23 @@ class CI_DB_utility extends CI_DB_forge {
 		}
 
 		$out = '';
-
 		// First generate the headings from the table column names
 		foreach ($query->list_fields() as $name)
 		{
 			$out .= $enclosure.str_replace($enclosure, $enclosure.$enclosure, $name).$enclosure.$delim;
 		}
 
-		$out = rtrim($out);
-		$out .= $newline;
+		$out = substr($out, 0, -strlen($delim)).$newline;
 
 		// Next blast through the result array and build out the rows
-		foreach ($query->result_array() as $row)
+		while ($row = $query->unbuffered_row('array'))
 		{
+			$line = array();
 			foreach ($row as $item)
 			{
-				$out .= $enclosure.str_replace($enclosure, $enclosure.$enclosure, $item).$enclosure.$delim;
+				$line[] = $enclosure.str_replace($enclosure, $enclosure.$enclosure, $item).$enclosure;
 			}
-			$out = rtrim($out);
-			$out .= $newline;
+			$out .= implode($delim, $line).$newline;
 		}
 
 		return $out;
@@ -235,12 +270,11 @@ class CI_DB_utility extends CI_DB_forge {
 	/**
 	 * Generate XML data from a query result object
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	object	The query result object
-	 * @param	array	Any preferences
+	 * @param	object	$query	Query result object
+	 * @param	array	$params	Any preferences
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function xml_from_result($query, $params = array())
+	public function xml_from_result($query, $params = array())
 	{
 		if ( ! is_object($query) OR ! method_exists($query, 'list_fields'))
 		{
@@ -260,24 +294,21 @@ class CI_DB_utility extends CI_DB_forge {
 		extract($params);
 
 		// Load the xml helper
-		$CI =& get_instance();
-		$CI->load->helper('xml');
+		get_instance()->load->helper('xml');
 
 		// Generate the result
-		$xml = "<{$root}>".$newline;
-		foreach ($query->result_array() as $row)
+		$xml = '<'.$root.'>'.$newline;
+		while ($row = $query->unbuffered_row())
 		{
-			$xml .= $tab."<{$element}>".$newline;
-
+			$xml .= $tab.'<'.$element.'>'.$newline;
 			foreach ($row as $key => $val)
 			{
-				$xml .= $tab.$tab."<{$key}>".xml_convert($val)."</{$key}>".$newline;
+				$xml .= $tab.$tab.'<'.$key.'>'.xml_convert($val).'</'.$key.'>'.$newline;
 			}
-			$xml .= $tab."</{$element}>".$newline;
+			$xml .= $tab.'</'.$element.'>'.$newline;
 		}
-		$xml .= "</$root>".$newline;
 
-		return $xml;
+		return $xml.'</'.$root.'>'.$newline;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -285,10 +316,10 @@ class CI_DB_utility extends CI_DB_forge {
 	/**
 	 * Database Backup
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @param	array	$params
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function backup($params = array())
+	public function backup($params = array())
 	{
 		// If the parameters have not been submitted as an
 		// array then we know that it is simply the table
@@ -298,18 +329,17 @@ class CI_DB_utility extends CI_DB_forge {
 			$params = array('tables' => $params);
 		}
 
-		// ------------------------------------------------------
-
 		// Set up our default preferences
 		$prefs = array(
-							'tables'		=> array(),
-							'ignore'		=> array(),
-							'filename'		=> '',
-							'format'		=> 'gzip', // gzip, zip, txt
-							'add_drop'		=> TRUE,
-							'add_insert'	=> TRUE,
-							'newline'		=> "\n"
-						);
+			'tables'		=> array(),
+			'ignore'		=> array(),
+			'filename'		=> '',
+			'format'		=> 'gzip', // gzip, zip, txt
+			'add_drop'		=> TRUE,
+			'add_insert'		=> TRUE,
+			'newline'		=> "\n",
+			'foreign_key_checks'	=> TRUE
+		);
 
 		// Did the user submit any preferences? If so set them....
 		if (count($params) > 0)
@@ -323,92 +353,72 @@ class CI_DB_utility extends CI_DB_forge {
 			}
 		}
 
-		// ------------------------------------------------------
-
 		// Are we backing up a complete database or individual tables?
 		// If no table names were submitted we'll fetch the entire table list
-		if (count($prefs['tables']) == 0)
+		if (count($prefs['tables']) === 0)
 		{
 			$prefs['tables'] = $this->db->list_tables();
 		}
 
-		// ------------------------------------------------------
-
 		// Validate the format
 		if ( ! in_array($prefs['format'], array('gzip', 'zip', 'txt'), TRUE))
 		{
 			$prefs['format'] = 'txt';
 		}
 
-		// ------------------------------------------------------
-
-		// Is the encoder supported?  If not, we'll either issue an
+		// Is the encoder supported? If not, we'll either issue an
 		// error or use plain text depending on the debug settings
-		if (($prefs['format'] == 'gzip' AND ! @function_exists('gzencode'))
-		OR ($prefs['format'] == 'zip'  AND ! @function_exists('gzcompress')))
+		if (($prefs['format'] === 'gzip' && ! function_exists('gzencode'))
+			OR ($prefs['format'] === 'zip' && ! function_exists('gzcompress')))
 		{
 			if ($this->db->db_debug)
 			{
-				return $this->db->display_error('db_unsuported_compression');
+				return $this->db->display_error('db_unsupported_compression');
 			}
 
 			$prefs['format'] = 'txt';
 		}
 
-		// ------------------------------------------------------
-
-		// Set the filename if not provided - Only needed with Zip files
-		if ($prefs['filename'] == '' AND $prefs['format'] == 'zip')
-		{
-			$prefs['filename'] = (count($prefs['tables']) == 1) ? $prefs['tables'] : $this->db->database;
-			$prefs['filename'] .= '_'.date('Y-m-d_H-i', time());
-		}
-
-		// ------------------------------------------------------
-
-		// Was a Gzip file requested?
-		if ($prefs['format'] == 'gzip')
-		{
-			return gzencode($this->_backup($prefs));
-		}
-
-		// ------------------------------------------------------
-
-		// Was a text file requested?
-		if ($prefs['format'] == 'txt')
-		{
-			return $this->_backup($prefs);
-		}
-
-		// ------------------------------------------------------
-
 		// Was a Zip file requested?
-		if ($prefs['format'] == 'zip')
+		if ($prefs['format'] === 'zip')
 		{
-			// If they included the .zip file extension we'll remove it
-			if (preg_match("|.+?\.zip$|", $prefs['filename']))
+			// Set the filename if not provided (only needed with Zip files)
+			if ($prefs['filename'] === '')
 			{
-				$prefs['filename'] = str_replace('.zip', '', $prefs['filename']);
+				$prefs['filename'] = (count($prefs['tables']) === 1 ? $prefs['tables'] : $this->db->database)
+							.date('Y-m-d_H-i', time()).'.sql';
 			}
-
-			// Tack on the ".sql" file extension if needed
-			if ( ! preg_match("|.+?\.sql$|", $prefs['filename']))
+			else
 			{
-				$prefs['filename'] .= '.sql';
+				// If they included the .zip file extension we'll remove it
+				if (preg_match('|.+?\.zip$|', $prefs['filename']))
+				{
+					$prefs['filename'] = str_replace('.zip', '', $prefs['filename']);
+				}
+
+				// Tack on the ".sql" file extension if needed
+				if ( ! preg_match('|.+?\.sql$|', $prefs['filename']))
+				{
+					$prefs['filename'] .= '.sql';
+				}
 			}
 
 			// Load the Zip class and output it
-
 			$CI =& get_instance();
 			$CI->load->library('zip');
 			$CI->zip->add_data($prefs['filename'], $this->_backup($prefs));
 			return $CI->zip->get_zip();
 		}
+		elseif ($prefs['format'] === 'txt') // Was a text file requested?
+		{
+			return $this->_backup($prefs);
+		}
+		elseif ($prefs['format'] === 'gzip') // Was a Gzip file requested?
+		{
+			return gzencode($this->_backup($prefs));
+		}
 
+		return;
 	}
 
 }
-
-
-/* End of file DB_utility.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/DB_utility.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/cubrid/cubrid_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/cubrid/cubrid_driver.php
index 13bafa3ed..6e8aff7c6 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/cubrid/cubrid_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/cubrid/cubrid_driver.php
@@ -1,108 +1,135 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		Esen Sagynov
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 2.0.2
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 2.1.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * CUBRID Database Adapter Class
  *
  * Note: _DB is an extender class that the app controller
- * creates dynamically based on whether the active record
+ * creates dynamically based on whether the query builder
  * class is being used or not.
  *
  * @package		CodeIgniter
  * @subpackage	Drivers
  * @category	Database
  * @author		Esen Sagynov
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
  */
 class CI_DB_cubrid_driver extends CI_DB {
 
-	// Default CUBRID Broker port. Will be used unless user
-	// explicitly specifies another one.
-	const DEFAULT_PORT = 33000;
+	/**
+	 * Database driver
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $dbdriver = 'cubrid';
 
-	var $dbdriver = 'cubrid';
+	/**
+	 * Auto-commit flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	public $auto_commit = TRUE;
 
-	// The character used for escaping - no need in CUBRID
-	var	$_escape_char = '';
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-	// clause and character used for LIKE escape sequences - not used in CUBRID
-	var $_like_escape_str = '';
-	var $_like_escape_chr = '';
+	/**
+	 * Identifier escape character
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_escape_char = '`';
 
 	/**
-	 * The syntax to count rows is slightly different across different
-	 * database engines, so this string appears in each driver and is
-	 * used for the count_all() and count_all_results() functions.
+	 * ORDER BY random keyword
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
 	 */
-	var $_count_string = 'SELECT COUNT(*) AS ';
-	var $_random_keyword = ' RAND()'; // database specific random keyword
+	protected $_random_keyword = array('RANDOM()', 'RANDOM(%d)');
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Non-persistent database connection
+	 * Class constructor
 	 *
-	 * @access	private called by the base class
-	 * @return	resource
+	 * @param	array	$params
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function db_connect()
+	public function __construct($params)
 	{
-		// If no port is defined by the user, use the default value
-		if ($this->port == '')
-		{
-			$this->port = self::DEFAULT_PORT;
-		}
+		parent::__construct($params);
 
-		$conn = cubrid_connect($this->hostname, $this->port, $this->database, $this->username, $this->password);
-
-		if ($conn)
+		if (preg_match('/^CUBRID:[^:]+(:[0-9][1-9]{0,4})?:[^:]+:[^:]*:[^:]*:(\?.+)?$/', $this->dsn, $matches))
 		{
-			// Check if a user wants to run queries in dry, i.e. run the
-			// queries but not commit them.
-			if (isset($this->auto_commit) && ! $this->auto_commit)
-			{
-				cubrid_set_autocommit($conn, CUBRID_AUTOCOMMIT_FALSE);
-			}
-			else
+			if (stripos($matches[2], 'autocommit=off') !== FALSE)
 			{
-				cubrid_set_autocommit($conn, CUBRID_AUTOCOMMIT_TRUE);
-				$this->auto_commit = TRUE;
+				$this->auto_commit = FALSE;
 			}
 		}
-
-		return $conn;
+		else
+		{
+			// If no port is defined by the user, use the default value
+			empty($this->port) OR $this->port = 33000;
+		}
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Persistent database connection
-	 * In CUBRID persistent DB connection is supported natively in CUBRID
-	 * engine which can be configured in the CUBRID Broker configuration
-	 * file by setting the CCI_PCONNECT parameter to ON. In that case, all
-	 * connections established between the client application and the
-	 * server will become persistent. This is calling the same
-	 * @cubrid_connect function will establish persisten connection
-	 * considering that the CCI_PCONNECT is ON.
+	 * Non-persistent database connection
 	 *
-	 * @access	private called by the base class
+	 * @param	bool	$persistent
 	 * @return	resource
 	 */
-	function db_pconnect()
+	public function db_connect($persistent = FALSE)
 	{
-		return $this->db_connect();
+		if (preg_match('/^CUBRID:[^:]+(:[0-9][1-9]{0,4})?:[^:]+:([^:]*):([^:]*):(\?.+)?$/', $this->dsn, $matches))
+		{
+			$func = ($persistent !== TRUE) ? 'cubrid_connect_with_url' : 'cubrid_pconnect_with_url';
+			return ($matches[2] === '' && $matches[3] === '' && $this->username !== '' && $this->password !== '')
+				? $func($this->dsn, $this->username, $this->password)
+				: $func($this->dsn);
+		}
+
+		$func = ($persistent !== TRUE) ? 'cubrid_connect' : 'cubrid_pconnect';
+		return ($this->username !== '')
+			? $func($this->hostname, $this->port, $this->database, $this->username, $this->password)
+			: $func($this->hostname, $this->port, $this->database);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -113,10 +140,9 @@ class CI_DB_cubrid_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 * Keep / reestablish the db connection if no queries have been
 	 * sent for a length of time exceeding the server's idle timeout
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function reconnect()
+	public function reconnect()
 	{
 		if (cubrid_ping($this->conn_id) === FALSE)
 		{
@@ -127,54 +153,20 @@ class CI_DB_cubrid_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Select the database
-	 *
-	 * @access	private called by the base class
-	 * @return	resource
-	 */
-	function db_select()
-	{
-		// In CUBRID there is no need to select a database as the database
-		// is chosen at the connection time.
-		// So, to determine if the database is "selected", all we have to
-		// do is ping the server and return that value.
-		return cubrid_ping($this->conn_id);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Set client character set
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	resource
-	 */
-	function db_set_charset($charset, $collation)
-	{
-		// In CUBRID, there is no need to set charset or collation.
-		// This is why returning true will allow the application continue
-		// its normal process.
-		return TRUE;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Version number query string
+	 * Database version number
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _version()
+	public function version()
 	{
-		// To obtain the CUBRID Server version, no need to run the SQL query.
-		// CUBRID PHP API provides a function to determin this value.
-		// This is why we also need to add 'cubrid' value to the list of
-		// $driver_version_exceptions array in DB_driver class in
-		// version() function.
-		return cubrid_get_server_info($this->conn_id);
+		if (isset($this->data_cache['version']))
+		{
+			return $this->data_cache['version'];
+		}
+
+		return ( ! $this->conn_id OR ($version = cubrid_get_server_info($this->conn_id)) === FALSE)
+			? FALSE
+			: $this->data_cache['version'] = $version;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -182,31 +174,12 @@ class CI_DB_cubrid_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Execute the query
 	 *
-	 * @access	private called by the base class
-	 * @param	string	an SQL query
+	 * @param	string	$sql	an SQL query
 	 * @return	resource
 	 */
-	function _execute($sql)
+	protected function _execute($sql)
 	{
-		$sql = $this->_prep_query($sql);
-		return @cubrid_query($sql, $this->conn_id);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Prep the query
-	 *
-	 * If needed, each database adapter can prep the query string
-	 *
-	 * @access	private called by execute()
-	 * @param	string	an SQL query
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	function _prep_query($sql)
-	{
-		// No need to prepare
-		return $sql;
+		return cubrid_query($sql, $this->conn_id);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -214,30 +187,17 @@ class CI_DB_cubrid_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Begin Transaction
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function trans_begin($test_mode = FALSE)
+	protected function _trans_begin()
 	{
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
+		if (($autocommit = cubrid_get_autocommit($this->conn_id)) === NULL)
 		{
-			return TRUE;
+			return FALSE;
 		}
-
-		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ($this->_trans_depth > 0)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
-		// Reset the transaction failure flag.
-		// If the $test_mode flag is set to TRUE transactions will be rolled back
-		// even if the queries produce a successful result.
-		$this->_trans_failure = ($test_mode === TRUE) ? TRUE : FALSE;
-
-		if (cubrid_get_autocommit($this->conn_id))
+		elseif ($autocommit === TRUE)
 		{
-			cubrid_set_autocommit($this->conn_id, CUBRID_AUTOCOMMIT_FALSE);
+			return cubrid_set_autocommit($this->conn_id, CUBRID_AUTOCOMMIT_FALSE);
 		}
 
 		return TRUE;
@@ -248,27 +208,18 @@ class CI_DB_cubrid_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Commit Transaction
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function trans_commit()
+	protected function _trans_commit()
 	{
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
+		if ( ! cubrid_commit($this->conn_id))
 		{
-			return TRUE;
+			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ($this->_trans_depth > 0)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
-		cubrid_commit($this->conn_id);
-
 		if ($this->auto_commit && ! cubrid_get_autocommit($this->conn_id))
 		{
-			cubrid_set_autocommit($this->conn_id, CUBRID_AUTOCOMMIT_TRUE);
+			return cubrid_set_autocommit($this->conn_id, CUBRID_AUTOCOMMIT_TRUE);
 		}
 
 		return TRUE;
@@ -279,24 +230,15 @@ class CI_DB_cubrid_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Rollback Transaction
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function trans_rollback()
+	protected function _trans_rollback()
 	{
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
-		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ($this->_trans_depth > 0)
+		if ( ! cubrid_rollback($this->conn_id))
 		{
-			return TRUE;
+			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		cubrid_rollback($this->conn_id);
-
 		if ($this->auto_commit && ! cubrid_get_autocommit($this->conn_id))
 		{
 			cubrid_set_autocommit($this->conn_id, CUBRID_AUTOCOMMIT_TRUE);
@@ -308,41 +250,14 @@ class CI_DB_cubrid_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Escape String
+	 * Platform-dependent string escape
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	bool	whether or not the string will be used in a LIKE condition
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function escape_str($str, $like = FALSE)
+	protected function _escape_str($str)
 	{
-		if (is_array($str))
-		{
-			foreach ($str as $key => $val)
-			{
-				$str[$key] = $this->escape_str($val, $like);
-			}
-
-			return $str;
-		}
-
-		if (function_exists('cubrid_real_escape_string') AND is_resource($this->conn_id))
-		{
-			$str = cubrid_real_escape_string($str, $this->conn_id);
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			$str = addslashes($str);
-		}
-
-		// escape LIKE condition wildcards
-		if ($like === TRUE)
-		{
-			$str = str_replace(array('%', '_'), array('\\%', '\\_'), $str);
-		}
-
-		return $str;
+		return cubrid_real_escape_string($str, $this->conn_id);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -350,12 +265,11 @@ class CI_DB_cubrid_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Affected Rows
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	int
 	 */
-	function affected_rows()
+	public function affected_rows()
 	{
-		return @cubrid_affected_rows($this->conn_id);
+		return cubrid_affected_rows();
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -363,43 +277,11 @@ class CI_DB_cubrid_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Insert ID
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	int
 	 */
-	function insert_id()
+	public function insert_id()
 	{
-		return @cubrid_insert_id($this->conn_id);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * "Count All" query
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query string that counts all records in
-	 * the specified table
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	function count_all($table = '')
-	{
-		if ($table == '')
-		{
-			return 0;
-		}
-		
-		$query = $this->query($this->_count_string . $this->_protect_identifiers('numrows') . " FROM " . $this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE));
-
-		if ($query->num_rows() == 0)
-		{
-			return 0;
-		}
-
-		$row = $query->row();
-		$this->_reset_select();
-		return (int) $row->numrows;
+		return cubrid_insert_id($this->conn_id);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -409,17 +291,16 @@ class CI_DB_cubrid_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the table names can be fetched
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	boolean
+	 * @param	bool	$prefix_limit
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _list_tables($prefix_limit = FALSE)
+	protected function _list_tables($prefix_limit = FALSE)
 	{
-		$sql = "SHOW TABLES";
+		$sql = 'SHOW TABLES';
 
-		if ($prefix_limit !== FALSE AND $this->dbprefix != '')
+		if ($prefix_limit !== FALSE && $this->dbprefix !== '')
 		{
-			$sql .= " LIKE '".$this->escape_like_str($this->dbprefix)."%'";
+			return $sql." LIKE '".$this->escape_like_str($this->dbprefix)."%'";
 		}
 
 		return $sql;
@@ -432,343 +313,81 @@ class CI_DB_cubrid_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the column names can be fetched
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	function _list_columns($table = '')
-	{
-		return "SHOW COLUMNS FROM ".$this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Field data query
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that the column data can be retrieved
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	object
-	 */
-	function _field_data($table)
-	{
-		return "SELECT * FROM ".$table." LIMIT 1";
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * The error message string
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
+	 * @param	string	$table
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _error_message()
+	protected function _list_columns($table = '')
 	{
-		return cubrid_error($this->conn_id);
+		return 'SHOW COLUMNS FROM '.$this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * The error message number
+	 * Returns an object with field data
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function _error_number()
+	public function field_data($table)
 	{
-		return cubrid_errno($this->conn_id);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Escape the SQL Identifiers
-	 *
-	 * This function escapes column and table names
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	function _escape_identifiers($item)
-	{
-		if ($this->_escape_char == '')
-		{
-			return $item;
-		}
-
-		foreach ($this->_reserved_identifiers as $id)
+		if (($query = $this->query('SHOW COLUMNS FROM '.$this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE))) === FALSE)
 		{
-			if (strpos($item, '.'.$id) !== FALSE)
-			{
-				$str = $this->_escape_char. str_replace('.', $this->_escape_char.'.', $item);
-
-				// remove duplicates if the user already included the escape
-				return preg_replace('/['.$this->_escape_char.']+/', $this->_escape_char, $str);
-			}
+			return FALSE;
 		}
+		$query = $query->result_object();
 
-		if (strpos($item, '.') !== FALSE)
+		$retval = array();
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($query); $i < $c; $i++)
 		{
-			$str = $this->_escape_char.str_replace('.', $this->_escape_char.'.'.$this->_escape_char, $item).$this->_escape_char;
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			$str = $this->_escape_char.$item.$this->_escape_char;
-		}
+			$retval[$i]			= new stdClass();
+			$retval[$i]->name		= $query[$i]->Field;
 
-		// remove duplicates if the user already included the escape
-		return preg_replace('/['.$this->_escape_char.']+/', $this->_escape_char, $str);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+			sscanf($query[$i]->Type, '%[a-z](%d)',
+				$retval[$i]->type,
+				$retval[$i]->max_length
+			);
 
-	/**
-	 * From Tables
-	 *
-	 * This function implicitly groups FROM tables so there is no confusion
-	 * about operator precedence in harmony with SQL standards
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	type
-	 * @return	type
-	 */
-	function _from_tables($tables)
-	{
-		if ( ! is_array($tables))
-		{
-			$tables = array($tables);
+			$retval[$i]->default		= $query[$i]->Default;
+			$retval[$i]->primary_key	= (int) ($query[$i]->Key === 'PRI');
 		}
 
-		return '('.implode(', ', $tables).')';
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Insert statement
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific insert string from the supplied data
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the insert keys
-	 * @param	array	the insert values
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	function _insert($table, $keys, $values)
-	{
-		return "INSERT INTO ".$table." (\"".implode('", "', $keys)."\") VALUES (".implode(', ', $values).")";
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-
-	/**
-	 * Replace statement
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific replace string from the supplied data
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the insert keys
-	 * @param	array	the insert values
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	function _replace($table, $keys, $values)
-	{
-		return "REPLACE INTO ".$table." (\"".implode('", "', $keys)."\") VALUES (".implode(', ', $values).")";
+		return $retval;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Insert_batch statement
+	 * Error
 	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific insert string from the supplied data
+	 * Returns an array containing code and message of the last
+	 * database error that has occurred.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the insert keys
-	 * @param	array	the insert values
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function _insert_batch($table, $keys, $values)
+	public function error()
 	{
-		return "INSERT INTO ".$table." (\"".implode('", "', $keys)."\") VALUES ".implode(', ', $values);
+		return array('code' => cubrid_errno($this->conn_id), 'message' => cubrid_error($this->conn_id));
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-
 	/**
-	 * Update statement
+	 * FROM tables
 	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific update string from the supplied data
+	 * Groups tables in FROM clauses if needed, so there is no confusion
+	 * about operator precedence.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the update data
-	 * @param	array	the where clause
-	 * @param	array	the orderby clause
-	 * @param	array	the limit clause
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _update($table, $values, $where, $orderby = array(), $limit = FALSE)
+	protected function _from_tables()
 	{
-		foreach ($values as $key => $val)
+		if ( ! empty($this->qb_join) && count($this->qb_from) > 1)
 		{
-			$valstr[] = sprintf('"%s" = %s', $key, $val);
+			return '('.implode(', ', $this->qb_from).')';
 		}
 
-		$limit = ( ! $limit) ? '' : ' LIMIT '.$limit;
-
-		$orderby = (count($orderby) >= 1)?' ORDER BY '.implode(", ", $orderby):'';
-
-		$sql = "UPDATE ".$table." SET ".implode(', ', $valstr);
-
-		$sql .= ($where != '' AND count($where) >=1) ? " WHERE ".implode(" ", $where) : '';
-
-		$sql .= $orderby.$limit;
-
-		return $sql;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-
-	/**
-	 * Update_Batch statement
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific batch update string from the supplied data
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the update data
-	 * @param	array	the where clause
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	function _update_batch($table, $values, $index, $where = NULL)
-	{
-		$ids = array();
-		$where = ($where != '' AND count($where) >=1) ? implode(" ", $where).' AND ' : '';
-
-		foreach ($values as $key => $val)
-		{
-			$ids[] = $val[$index];
-
-			foreach (array_keys($val) as $field)
-			{
-				if ($field != $index)
-				{
-					$final[$field][] = 'WHEN '.$index.' = '.$val[$index].' THEN '.$val[$field];
-				}
-			}
-		}
-
-		$sql = "UPDATE ".$table." SET ";
-		$cases = '';
-
-		foreach ($final as $k => $v)
-		{
-			$cases .= $k.' = CASE '."\n";
-			foreach ($v as $row)
-			{
-				$cases .= $row."\n";
-			}
-
-			$cases .= 'ELSE '.$k.' END, ';
-		}
-
-		$sql .= substr($cases, 0, -2);
-
-		$sql .= ' WHERE '.$where.$index.' IN ('.implode(',', $ids).')';
-
-		return $sql;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-
-	/**
-	 * Truncate statement
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific truncate string from the supplied data
-	 * If the database does not support the truncate() command
-	 * This function maps to "DELETE FROM table"
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	function _truncate($table)
-	{
-		return "TRUNCATE ".$table;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Delete statement
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific delete string from the supplied data
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the where clause
-	 * @param	string	the limit clause
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	function _delete($table, $where = array(), $like = array(), $limit = FALSE)
-	{
-		$conditions = '';
-
-		if (count($where) > 0 OR count($like) > 0)
-		{
-			$conditions = "\nWHERE ";
-			$conditions .= implode("\n", $this->ar_where);
-
-			if (count($where) > 0 && count($like) > 0)
-			{
-				$conditions .= " AND ";
-			}
-			$conditions .= implode("\n", $like);
-		}
-
-		$limit = ( ! $limit) ? '' : ' LIMIT '.$limit;
-
-		return "DELETE FROM ".$table.$conditions.$limit;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Limit string
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific LIMIT clause
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the sql query string
-	 * @param	integer	the number of rows to limit the query to
-	 * @param	integer	the offset value
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	function _limit($sql, $limit, $offset)
-	{
-		if ($offset == 0)
-		{
-			$offset = '';
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			$offset .= ", ";
-		}
-
-		return $sql."LIMIT ".$offset.$limit;
+		return implode(', ', $this->qb_from);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -776,17 +395,11 @@ class CI_DB_cubrid_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Close DB Connection
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	resource
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function _close($conn_id)
+	protected function _close()
 	{
-		@cubrid_close($conn_id);
+		cubrid_close($this->conn_id);
 	}
 
 }
-
-
-/* End of file cubrid_driver.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/cubrid/cubrid_driver.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/cubrid/cubrid_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/cubrid/cubrid_forge.php
index 0c0b08a62..27bfc1466 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/cubrid/cubrid_forge.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/cubrid/cubrid_forge.php
@@ -1,288 +1,230 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		Esen Sagynov
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 2.1.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * CUBRID Forge Class
  *
  * @category	Database
  * @author		Esen Sagynov
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
  */
 class CI_DB_cubrid_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 
 	/**
-	 * Create database
+	 * CREATE DATABASE statement
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string	the database name
-	 * @return	bool
+	 * @var	string
 	 */
-	function _create_database($name)
-	{
-		// CUBRID does not allow to create a database in SQL. The GUI tools
-		// have to be used for this purpose.
-		return FALSE;
-	}
+	protected $_create_database	= FALSE;
 
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+	/**
+	 * CREATE TABLE keys flag
+	 *
+	 * Whether table keys are created from within the
+	 * CREATE TABLE statement.
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	protected $_create_table_keys	= TRUE;
 
 	/**
-	 * Drop database
+	 * DROP DATABASE statement
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string	the database name
-	 * @return	bool
+	 * @var	string
 	 */
-	function _drop_database($name)
-	{
-		// CUBRID does not allow to drop a database in SQL. The GUI tools
-		// have to be used for this purpose.
-		return FALSE;
-	}
+	protected $_drop_database	= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * CREATE TABLE IF statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_create_table_if	= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * UNSIGNED support
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $_unsigned		= array(
+		'SHORT'		=> 'INTEGER',
+		'SMALLINT'	=> 'INTEGER',
+		'INT'		=> 'BIGINT',
+		'INTEGER'	=> 'BIGINT',
+		'BIGINT'	=> 'NUMERIC',
+		'FLOAT'		=> 'DOUBLE',
+		'REAL'		=> 'DOUBLE'
+	);
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Process Fields
+	 * ALTER TABLE
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	mixed	the fields
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @param	string	$alter_type	ALTER type
+	 * @param	string	$table		Table name
+	 * @param	mixed	$field		Column definition
+	 * @return	string|string[]
 	 */
-	function _process_fields($fields)
+	protected function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $field)
 	{
-		$current_field_count = 0;
-		$sql = '';
+		if (in_array($alter_type, array('DROP', 'ADD'), TRUE))
+		{
+			return parent::_alter_table($alter_type, $table, $field);
+		}
 
-		foreach ($fields as $field=>$attributes)
+		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($table);
+		$sqls = array();
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($field); $i < $c; $i++)
 		{
-			// Numeric field names aren't allowed in databases, so if the key is
-			// numeric, we know it was assigned by PHP and the developer manually
-			// entered the field information, so we'll simply add it to the list
-			if (is_numeric($field))
+			if ($field[$i]['_literal'] !== FALSE)
 			{
-				$sql .= "\n\t$attributes";
+				$sqls[] = $sql.' CHANGE '.$field[$i]['_literal'];
 			}
 			else
 			{
-				$attributes = array_change_key_case($attributes, CASE_UPPER);
-
-				$sql .= "\n\t\"" . $this->db->_protect_identifiers($field) . "\"";
-
-				if (array_key_exists('NAME', $attributes))
-				{
-					$sql .= ' '.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($attributes['NAME']).' ';
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('TYPE', $attributes))
-				{
-					$sql .= ' '.$attributes['TYPE'];
-
-					if (array_key_exists('CONSTRAINT', $attributes))
-					{
-						switch ($attributes['TYPE'])
-						{
-							case 'decimal':
-							case 'float':
-							case 'numeric':
-								$sql .= '('.implode(',', $attributes['CONSTRAINT']).')';
-								break;
-							case 'enum': 	// As of version 8.4.0 CUBRID does not support
-											// enum data type.
-											break;
-							case 'set':
-								$sql .= '("'.implode('","', $attributes['CONSTRAINT']).'")';
-								break;
-							default:
-								$sql .= '('.$attributes['CONSTRAINT'].')';
-						}
-					}
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('UNSIGNED', $attributes) && $attributes['UNSIGNED'] === TRUE)
-				{
-					//$sql .= ' UNSIGNED';
-					// As of version 8.4.0 CUBRID does not support UNSIGNED INTEGER data type.
-					// Will be supported in the next release as a part of MySQL Compatibility.
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('DEFAULT', $attributes))
-				{
-					$sql .= ' DEFAULT \''.$attributes['DEFAULT'].'\'';
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('NULL', $attributes) && $attributes['NULL'] === TRUE)
-				{
-					$sql .= ' NULL';
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					$sql .= ' NOT NULL';
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('AUTO_INCREMENT', $attributes) && $attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT'] === TRUE)
-				{
-					$sql .= ' AUTO_INCREMENT';
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('UNIQUE', $attributes) && $attributes['UNIQUE'] === TRUE)
-				{
-					$sql .= ' UNIQUE';
-				}
-			}
-
-			// don't add a comma on the end of the last field
-			if (++$current_field_count < count($fields))
-			{
-				$sql .= ',';
+				$alter_type = empty($field[$i]['new_name']) ? ' MODIFY ' : ' CHANGE ';
+				$sqls[] = $sql.$alter_type.$this->_process_column($field[$i]);
 			}
 		}
 
-		return $sql;
+		return $sqls;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Create Table
+	 * Process column
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	mixed	the fields
-	 * @param	mixed	primary key(s)
-	 * @param	mixed	key(s)
-	 * @param	boolean	should 'IF NOT EXISTS' be added to the SQL
-	 * @return	bool
+	 * @param	array	$field
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _create_table($table, $fields, $primary_keys, $keys, $if_not_exists)
+	protected function _process_column($field)
 	{
-		$sql = 'CREATE TABLE ';
-
-		if ($if_not_exists === TRUE)
-		{
-			//$sql .= 'IF NOT EXISTS ';
-			// As of version 8.4.0 CUBRID does not support this SQL syntax.
-		}
-
-		$sql .= $this->db->_escape_identifiers($table)." (";
-
-		$sql .= $this->_process_fields($fields);
+		$extra_clause = isset($field['after'])
+			? ' AFTER '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($field['after']) : '';
 
-		// If there is a PK defined
-		if (count($primary_keys) > 0)
+		if (empty($extra_clause) && isset($field['first']) && $field['first'] === TRUE)
 		{
-			$key_name = "pk_" . $table . "_" .
-				$this->db->_protect_identifiers(implode('_', $primary_keys));
-			
-			$primary_keys = $this->db->_protect_identifiers($primary_keys);
-			$sql .= ",\n\tCONSTRAINT " . $key_name . " PRIMARY KEY(" . implode(', ', $primary_keys) . ")";
+			$extra_clause = ' FIRST';
 		}
 
-		if (is_array($keys) && count($keys) > 0)
-		{
-			foreach ($keys as $key)
-			{
-				if (is_array($key))
-				{
-					$key_name = $this->db->_protect_identifiers(implode('_', $key));
-					$key = $this->db->_protect_identifiers($key);
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					$key_name = $this->db->_protect_identifiers($key);
-					$key = array($key_name);
-				}
-				
-				$sql .= ",\n\tKEY \"{$key_name}\" (" . implode(', ', $key) . ")";
-			}
-		}
-
-		$sql .= "\n);";
-
-		return $sql;
+		return $this->db->escape_identifiers($field['name'])
+			.(empty($field['new_name']) ? '' : ' '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($field['new_name']))
+			.' '.$field['type'].$field['length']
+			.$field['unsigned']
+			.$field['null']
+			.$field['default']
+			.$field['auto_increment']
+			.$field['unique']
+			.$extra_clause;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Drop Table
+	 * Field attribute TYPE
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	string
+	 * Performs a data type mapping between different databases.
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	&$attributes
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function _drop_table($table)
+	protected function _attr_type(&$attributes)
 	{
-		return "DROP TABLE IF EXISTS ".$this->db->_escape_identifiers($table);
+		switch (strtoupper($attributes['TYPE']))
+		{
+			case 'TINYINT':
+				$attributes['TYPE'] = 'SMALLINT';
+				$attributes['UNSIGNED'] = FALSE;
+				return;
+			case 'MEDIUMINT':
+				$attributes['TYPE'] = 'INTEGER';
+				$attributes['UNSIGNED'] = FALSE;
+				return;
+			case 'LONGTEXT':
+				$attributes['TYPE'] = 'STRING';
+				return;
+			default: return;
+		}
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Alter table query
+	 * Process indexes
 	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that a table can be altered
-	 * Called by add_column(), drop_column(), and column_alter(),
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string	the ALTER type (ADD, DROP, CHANGE)
-	 * @param	string	the column name
-	 * @param	array	fields
-	 * @param	string	the field after which we should add the new field
-	 * @return	object
+	 * @param	string	$table	(ignored)
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $fields, $after_field = '')
+	protected function _process_indexes($table)
 	{
-		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($table)." $alter_type ";
+		$sql = '';
 
-		// DROP has everything it needs now.
-		if ($alter_type == 'DROP')
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($this->keys); $i < $c; $i++)
 		{
-			return $sql.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($fields);
-		}
+			if (is_array($this->keys[$i]))
+			{
+				for ($i2 = 0, $c2 = count($this->keys[$i]); $i2 < $c2; $i2++)
+				{
+					if ( ! isset($this->fields[$this->keys[$i][$i2]]))
+					{
+						unset($this->keys[$i][$i2]);
+						continue;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			elseif ( ! isset($this->fields[$this->keys[$i]]))
+			{
+				unset($this->keys[$i]);
+				continue;
+			}
 
-		$sql .= $this->_process_fields($fields);
+			is_array($this->keys[$i]) OR $this->keys[$i] = array($this->keys[$i]);
 
-		if ($after_field != '')
-		{
-			$sql .= ' AFTER ' . $this->db->_protect_identifiers($after_field);
+			$sql .= ",\n\tKEY ".$this->db->escape_identifiers(implode('_', $this->keys[$i]))
+				.' ('.implode(', ', $this->db->escape_identifiers($this->keys[$i])).')';
 		}
 
-		return $sql;
-	}
+		$this->keys = array();
 
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Rename a table
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that a table can be renamed
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string	the old table name
-	 * @param	string	the new table name
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	function _rename_table($table_name, $new_table_name)
-	{
-		$sql = 'RENAME TABLE '.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($table_name)." AS ".$this->db->_protect_identifiers($new_table_name);
 		return $sql;
 	}
 
 }
-
-/* End of file cubrid_forge.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/cubrid/cubrid_forge.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/cubrid/cubrid_result.php b/system/database/drivers/cubrid/cubrid_result.php
index 3f4dca935..251b70a63 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/cubrid/cubrid_result.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/cubrid/cubrid_result.php
@@ -1,19 +1,41 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		Esen Sagynov
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 2.0.2
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 2.1.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * CUBRID Result Class
@@ -22,19 +44,20 @@
  *
  * @category	Database
  * @author		Esen Sagynov
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
  */
 class CI_DB_cubrid_result extends CI_DB_result {
 
 	/**
 	 * Number of rows in the result set
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	int
 	 */
-	function num_rows()
+	public function num_rows()
 	{
-		return @cubrid_num_rows($this->result_id);
+		return is_int($this->num_rows)
+			? $this->num_rows
+			: $this->num_rows = cubrid_num_rows($this->result_id);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -42,12 +65,11 @@ class CI_DB_cubrid_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	/**
 	 * Number of fields in the result set
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	int
 	 */
-	function num_fields()
+	public function num_fields()
 	{
-		return @cubrid_num_fields($this->result_id);
+		return cubrid_num_fields($this->result_id);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -57,10 +79,9 @@ class CI_DB_cubrid_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 *
 	 * Generates an array of column names
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function list_fields()
+	public function list_fields()
 	{
 		return cubrid_column_names($this->result_id);
 	}
@@ -72,59 +93,19 @@ class CI_DB_cubrid_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 *
 	 * Generates an array of objects containing field meta-data
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function field_data()
+	public function field_data()
 	{
 		$retval = array();
 
-		$tablePrimaryKeys = array();
-
-		while ($field = cubrid_fetch_field($this->result_id))
+		for ($i = 0, $c = $this->num_fields(); $i < $c; $i++)
 		{
-			$F				= new stdClass();
-			$F->name		= $field->name;
-			$F->type		= $field->type;
-			$F->default		= $field->def;
-			$F->max_length	= $field->max_length;
-
-			// At this moment primary_key property is not returned when
-			// cubrid_fetch_field is called. The following code will
-			// provide a patch for it. primary_key property will be added
-			// in the next release.
-
-			// TODO: later version of CUBRID will provide primary_key
-			// property.
-			// When PK is defined in CUBRID, an index is automatically
-			// created in the db_index system table in the form of
-			// pk_tblname_fieldname. So the following will count how many
-			// columns are there which satisfy this format.
-			// The query will search for exact single columns, thus
-			// compound PK is not supported.
-			$res = cubrid_query($this->conn_id,
-				"SELECT COUNT(*) FROM db_index WHERE class_name = '" . $field->table .
-				"' AND is_primary_key = 'YES' AND index_name = 'pk_" .
-				$field->table . "_" . $field->name . "'"
-			);
-
-			if ($res)
-			{
-				$row = cubrid_fetch_array($res, CUBRID_NUM);
-				$F->primary_key = ($row[0] > 0 ? 1 : null);
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				$F->primary_key = null;
-			}
-
-			if (is_resource($res))
-			{
-				cubrid_close_request($res);
-				$this->result_id = FALSE;
-			}
-
-			$retval[] = $F;
+			$retval[$i]			= new stdClass();
+			$retval[$i]->name		= cubrid_field_name($this->result_id, $i);
+			$retval[$i]->type		= cubrid_field_type($this->result_id, $i);
+			$retval[$i]->max_length		= cubrid_field_len($this->result_id, $i);
+			$retval[$i]->primary_key	= (int) (strpos(cubrid_field_flags($this->result_id, $i), 'primary_key') !== FALSE);
 		}
 
 		return $retval;
@@ -135,13 +116,12 @@ class CI_DB_cubrid_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	/**
 	 * Free the result
 	 *
-	 * @return	null
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function free_result()
+	public function free_result()
 	{
-		if(is_resource($this->result_id) ||
-			get_resource_type($this->result_id) == "Unknown" &&
-			preg_match('/Resource id #/', strval($this->result_id)))
+		if (is_resource($this->result_id) OR
+			(get_resource_type($this->result_id) === 'Unknown' && preg_match('/Resource id #/', strval($this->result_id))))
 		{
 			cubrid_close_request($this->result_id);
 			$this->result_id = FALSE;
@@ -155,12 +135,12 @@ class CI_DB_cubrid_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 *
 	 * Moves the internal pointer to the desired offset. We call
 	 * this internally before fetching results to make sure the
-	 * result set starts at zero
+	 * result set starts at zero.
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	array
+	 * @param	int	$n
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function _data_seek($n = 0)
+	public function data_seek($n = 0)
 	{
 		return cubrid_data_seek($this->result_id, $n);
 	}
@@ -172,10 +152,9 @@ class CI_DB_cubrid_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 *
 	 * Returns the result set as an array
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function _fetch_assoc()
+	protected function _fetch_assoc()
 	{
 		return cubrid_fetch_assoc($this->result_id);
 	}
@@ -187,16 +166,12 @@ class CI_DB_cubrid_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 *
 	 * Returns the result set as an object
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
+	 * @param	string	$class_name
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	function _fetch_object()
+	protected function _fetch_object($class_name = 'stdClass')
 	{
-		return cubrid_fetch_object($this->result_id);
+		return cubrid_fetch_object($this->result_id, $class_name);
 	}
 
 }
-
-
-/* End of file cubrid_result.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/cubrid/cubrid_result.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/cubrid/cubrid_utility.php b/system/database/drivers/cubrid/cubrid_utility.php
index 3336a4914..555ae7a91 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/cubrid/cubrid_utility.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/cubrid/cubrid_utility.php
@@ -1,108 +1,79 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		Esen Sagynov
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 2.1.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * CUBRID Utility Class
  *
  * @category	Database
  * @author		Esen Sagynov
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
  */
 class CI_DB_cubrid_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 
 	/**
 	 * List databases
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function _list_databases()
+	public function list_databases()
 	{
-		// CUBRID does not allow to see the list of all databases on the
-		// server. It is the way its architecture is designed. Every
-		// database is independent and isolated.
-		// For this reason we can return only the name of the currect
-		// connected database.
-		if ($this->conn_id)
+		if (isset($this->db->data_cache['db_names']))
 		{
-			return "SELECT '" . $this->database . "'";
+			return $this->db->data_cache['db_names'];
 		}
-		else
-		{
-			return FALSE;
-		}
-	}
 
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Optimize table query
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that a table can be optimized
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	object
-	 * @link 	http://www.cubrid.org/manual/840/en/Optimize%20Database
-	 */
-	function _optimize_table($table)
-	{
-		// No SQL based support in CUBRID as of version 8.4.0. Database or
-		// table optimization can be performed using CUBRID Manager
-		// database administration tool. See the link above for more info.
-		return FALSE;
+		return $this->db->data_cache['db_names'] = cubrid_list_dbs($this->db->conn_id);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Repair table query
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that a table can be repaired
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	object
-	 * @link 	http://www.cubrid.org/manual/840/en/Checking%20Database%20Consistency
-	 */
-	function _repair_table($table)
-	{
-		// Not supported in CUBRID as of version 8.4.0. Database or
-		// table consistency can be checked using CUBRID Manager
-		// database administration tool. See the link above for more info.
-		return FALSE;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-	/**
 	 * CUBRID Export
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	array	Preferences
 	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
-	function _backup($params = array())
+	protected function _backup($params = array())
 	{
 		// No SQL based support in CUBRID as of version 8.4.0. Database or
 		// table backup can be performed using CUBRID Manager
 		// database administration tool.
-		return $this->db->display_error('db_unsuported_feature');
+		return $this->db->display_error('db_unsupported_feature');
 	}
 }
-
-/* End of file cubrid_utility.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/cubrid/cubrid_utility.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/cubrid/index.html b/system/database/drivers/cubrid/index.html
index c942a79ce..b702fbc39 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/cubrid/index.html
+++ b/system/database/drivers/cubrid/index.html
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
 <html>
 <head>
 	<title>403 Forbidden</title>
@@ -7,4 +8,4 @@
 <p>Directory access is forbidden.</p>
 
 </body>
-</html>
\ No newline at end of file
+</html>
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/ibase/ibase_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/ibase/ibase_driver.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3069d6699
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/database/drivers/ibase/ibase_driver.php
@@ -0,0 +1,413 @@
+<?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
+ *
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 3.0.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
+
+/**
+ * Firebird/Interbase Database Adapter Class
+ *
+ * Note: _DB is an extender class that the app controller
+ * creates dynamically based on whether the query builder
+ * class is being used or not.
+ *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @subpackage	Drivers
+ * @category	Database
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ */
+class CI_DB_ibase_driver extends CI_DB {
+
+	/**
+	 * Database driver
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $dbdriver = 'ibase';
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * ORDER BY random keyword
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $_random_keyword = array('RAND()', 'RAND()');
+
+	/**
+	 * IBase Transaction status flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	resource
+	 */
+	protected $_ibase_trans;
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Non-persistent database connection
+	 *
+	 * @param	bool	$persistent
+	 * @return	resource
+	 */
+	public function db_connect($persistent = FALSE)
+	{
+		return ($persistent === TRUE)
+			? ibase_pconnect($this->hostname.':'.$this->database, $this->username, $this->password, $this->char_set)
+			: ibase_connect($this->hostname.':'.$this->database, $this->username, $this->password, $this->char_set);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Database version number
+	 *
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	public function version()
+	{
+		if (isset($this->data_cache['version']))
+		{
+			return $this->data_cache['version'];
+		}
+
+		if (($service = ibase_service_attach($this->hostname, $this->username, $this->password)))
+		{
+			$this->data_cache['version'] = ibase_server_info($service, IBASE_SVC_SERVER_VERSION);
+
+			// Don't keep the service open
+			ibase_service_detach($service);
+			return $this->data_cache['version'];
+		}
+
+		return FALSE;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Execute the query
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$sql	an SQL query
+	 * @return	resource
+	 */
+	protected function _execute($sql)
+	{
+		return ibase_query(isset($this->_ibase_trans) ? $this->_ibase_trans : $this->conn_id, $sql);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Begin Transaction
+	 *
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	protected function _trans_begin()
+	{
+		if (($trans_handle = ibase_trans($this->conn_id)) === FALSE)
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		$this->_ibase_trans = $trans_handle;
+		return TRUE;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Commit Transaction
+	 *
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	protected function _trans_commit()
+	{
+		if (ibase_commit($this->_ibase_trans))
+		{
+			$this->_ibase_trans = NULL;
+			return TRUE;
+		}
+
+		return FALSE;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Rollback Transaction
+	 *
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	protected function _trans_rollback()
+	{
+		if (ibase_rollback($this->_ibase_trans))
+		{
+			$this->_ibase_trans = NULL;
+			return TRUE;
+		}
+
+		return FALSE;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Affected Rows
+	 *
+	 * @return	int
+	 */
+	public function affected_rows()
+	{
+		return ibase_affected_rows($this->conn_id);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Insert ID
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$generator_name
+	 * @param	int	$inc_by
+	 * @return	int
+	 */
+	public function insert_id($generator_name, $inc_by = 0)
+	{
+		//If a generator hasn't been used before it will return 0
+		return ibase_gen_id('"'.$generator_name.'"', $inc_by);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * List table query
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the table names can be fetched
+	 *
+	 * @param	bool	$prefix_limit
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _list_tables($prefix_limit = FALSE)
+	{
+		$sql = 'SELECT TRIM("RDB$RELATION_NAME") AS TABLE_NAME FROM "RDB$RELATIONS" WHERE "RDB$RELATION_NAME" NOT LIKE \'RDB$%\' AND "RDB$RELATION_NAME" NOT LIKE \'MON$%\'';
+
+		if ($prefix_limit !== FALSE && $this->dbprefix !== '')
+		{
+			return $sql.' AND TRIM("RDB$RELATION_NAME") AS TABLE_NAME LIKE \''.$this->escape_like_str($this->dbprefix)."%' "
+				.sprintf($this->_like_escape_str, $this->_like_escape_chr);
+		}
+
+		return $sql;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Show column query
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the column names can be fetched
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _list_columns($table = '')
+	{
+		return 'SELECT TRIM("RDB$FIELD_NAME") AS COLUMN_NAME FROM "RDB$RELATION_FIELDS" WHERE "RDB$RELATION_NAME" = '.$this->escape($table);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns an object with field data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	public function field_data($table)
+	{
+		$sql = 'SELECT "rfields"."RDB$FIELD_NAME" AS "name",
+				CASE "fields"."RDB$FIELD_TYPE"
+					WHEN 7 THEN \'SMALLINT\'
+					WHEN 8 THEN \'INTEGER\'
+					WHEN 9 THEN \'QUAD\'
+					WHEN 10 THEN \'FLOAT\'
+					WHEN 11 THEN \'DFLOAT\'
+					WHEN 12 THEN \'DATE\'
+					WHEN 13 THEN \'TIME\'
+					WHEN 14 THEN \'CHAR\'
+					WHEN 16 THEN \'INT64\'
+					WHEN 27 THEN \'DOUBLE\'
+					WHEN 35 THEN \'TIMESTAMP\'
+					WHEN 37 THEN \'VARCHAR\'
+					WHEN 40 THEN \'CSTRING\'
+					WHEN 261 THEN \'BLOB\'
+					ELSE NULL
+				END AS "type",
+				"fields"."RDB$FIELD_LENGTH" AS "max_length",
+				"rfields"."RDB$DEFAULT_VALUE" AS "default"
+			FROM "RDB$RELATION_FIELDS" "rfields"
+				JOIN "RDB$FIELDS" "fields" ON "rfields"."RDB$FIELD_SOURCE" = "fields"."RDB$FIELD_NAME"
+			WHERE "rfields"."RDB$RELATION_NAME" = '.$this->escape($table).'
+			ORDER BY "rfields"."RDB$FIELD_POSITION"';
+
+		return (($query = $this->query($sql)) !== FALSE)
+			? $query->result_object()
+			: FALSE;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Error
+	 *
+	 * Returns an array containing code and message of the last
+	 * database error that has occurred.
+	 *
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	public function error()
+	{
+		return array('code' => ibase_errcode(), 'message' => ibase_errmsg());
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Update statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific update string from the supplied data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @param	array	$values
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _update($table, $values)
+	{
+		$this->qb_limit = FALSE;
+		return parent::_update($table, $values);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Truncate statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific truncate string from the supplied data
+	 *
+	 * If the database does not support the TRUNCATE statement,
+	 * then this method maps to 'DELETE FROM table'
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _truncate($table)
+	{
+		return 'DELETE FROM '.$table;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Delete statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific delete string from the supplied data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _delete($table)
+	{
+		$this->qb_limit = FALSE;
+		return parent::_delete($table);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * LIMIT
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific LIMIT clause
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$sql	SQL Query
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _limit($sql)
+	{
+		// Limit clause depends on if Interbase or Firebird
+		if (stripos($this->version(), 'firebird') !== FALSE)
+		{
+			$select = 'FIRST '.$this->qb_limit
+				.($this->qb_offset ? ' SKIP '.$this->qb_offset : '');
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			$select = 'ROWS '
+				.($this->qb_offset ? $this->qb_offset.' TO '.($this->qb_limit + $this->qb_offset) : $this->qb_limit);
+		}
+
+		return preg_replace('`SELECT`i', 'SELECT '.$select, $sql, 1);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Insert batch statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific insert string from the supplied data.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table	Table name
+	 * @param	array	$keys	INSERT keys
+	 * @param	array	$values	INSERT values
+	 * @return	string|bool
+	 */
+	protected function _insert_batch($table, $keys, $values)
+	{
+		return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_unsupported_feature') : FALSE;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Close DB Connection
+	 *
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _close()
+	{
+		ibase_close($this->conn_id);
+	}
+
+}
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/ibase/ibase_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/ibase/ibase_forge.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..31352f128
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/database/drivers/ibase/ibase_forge.php
@@ -0,0 +1,251 @@
+<?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
+ *
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 3.0.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
+
+/**
+ * Interbase/Firebird Forge Class
+ *
+ * @category	Database
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ */
+class CI_DB_ibase_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
+
+	/**
+	 * CREATE TABLE IF statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_create_table_if	= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * RENAME TABLE statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_rename_table	= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * DROP TABLE IF statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_drop_table_if	= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * UNSIGNED support
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $_unsigned		= array(
+		'SMALLINT'	=> 'INTEGER',
+		'INTEGER'	=> 'INT64',
+		'FLOAT'		=> 'DOUBLE PRECISION'
+	);
+
+	/**
+	 * NULL value representation in CREATE/ALTER TABLE statements
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_null		= 'NULL';
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Create database
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$db_name
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function create_database($db_name)
+	{
+		// Firebird databases are flat files, so a path is required
+
+		// Hostname is needed for remote access
+		empty($this->db->hostname) OR $db_name = $this->hostname.':'.$db_name;
+
+		return parent::create_database('"'.$db_name.'"');
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Drop database
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$db_name	(ignored)
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function drop_database($db_name)
+	{
+		if ( ! ibase_drop_db($this->conn_id))
+		{
+			return ($this->db->db_debug) ? $this->db->display_error('db_unable_to_drop') : FALSE;
+		}
+		elseif ( ! empty($this->db->data_cache['db_names']))
+		{
+			$key = array_search(strtolower($this->db->database), array_map('strtolower', $this->db->data_cache['db_names']), TRUE);
+			if ($key !== FALSE)
+			{
+				unset($this->db->data_cache['db_names'][$key]);
+			}
+		}
+
+		return TRUE;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * ALTER TABLE
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$alter_type	ALTER type
+	 * @param	string	$table		Table name
+	 * @param	mixed	$field		Column definition
+	 * @return	string|string[]
+	 */
+	protected function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $field)
+ 	{
+		if (in_array($alter_type, array('DROP', 'ADD'), TRUE))
+		{
+			return parent::_alter_table($alter_type, $table, $field);
+		}
+
+		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($table);
+		$sqls = array();
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($field); $i < $c; $i++)
+		{
+			if ($field[$i]['_literal'] !== FALSE)
+			{
+				return FALSE;
+			}
+
+			if (isset($field[$i]['type']))
+			{
+				$sqls[] = $sql.' ALTER COLUMN '.$this->db->escape_identififers($field[$i]['name'])
+					.' TYPE '.$field[$i]['type'].$field[$i]['length'];
+			}
+
+			if ( ! empty($field[$i]['default']))
+			{
+				$sqls[] = $sql.' ALTER COLUMN '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($field[$i]['name'])
+					.' SET DEFAULT '.$field[$i]['default'];
+			}
+
+			if (isset($field[$i]['null']))
+			{
+				$sqls[] = 'UPDATE "RDB$RELATION_FIELDS" SET "RDB$NULL_FLAG" = '
+					.($field[$i]['null'] === TRUE ? 'NULL' : '1')
+					.' WHERE "RDB$FIELD_NAME" = '.$this->db->escape($field[$i]['name'])
+					.' AND "RDB$RELATION_NAME" = '.$this->db->escape($table);
+			}
+
+			if ( ! empty($field[$i]['new_name']))
+			{
+				$sqls[] = $sql.' ALTER COLUMN '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($field[$i]['name'])
+					.' TO '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($field[$i]['new_name']);
+			}
+		}
+
+		return $sqls;
+ 	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Process column
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$field
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _process_column($field)
+	{
+		return $this->db->escape_identifiers($field['name'])
+			.' '.$field['type'].$field['length']
+			.$field['null']
+			.$field['unique']
+			.$field['default'];
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Field attribute TYPE
+	 *
+	 * Performs a data type mapping between different databases.
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	&$attributes
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _attr_type(&$attributes)
+	{
+		switch (strtoupper($attributes['TYPE']))
+		{
+			case 'TINYINT':
+				$attributes['TYPE'] = 'SMALLINT';
+				$attributes['UNSIGNED'] = FALSE;
+				return;
+			case 'MEDIUMINT':
+				$attributes['TYPE'] = 'INTEGER';
+				$attributes['UNSIGNED'] = FALSE;
+				return;
+			case 'INT':
+				$attributes['TYPE'] = 'INTEGER';
+				return;
+			case 'BIGINT':
+				$attributes['TYPE'] = 'INT64';
+				return;
+			default: return;
+		}
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Field attribute AUTO_INCREMENT
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	&$attributes
+	 * @param	array	&$field
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _attr_auto_increment(&$attributes, &$field)
+	{
+		// Not supported
+	}
+
+}
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/ibase/ibase_result.php b/system/database/drivers/ibase/ibase_result.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7d7dd79ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/database/drivers/ibase/ibase_result.php
@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+<?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
+ *
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 3.0.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
+
+/**
+ * Interbase/Firebird Result Class
+ *
+ * This class extends the parent result class: CI_DB_result
+ *
+ * @category	Database
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ */
+class CI_DB_ibase_result extends CI_DB_result {
+
+	/**
+	 * Number of fields in the result set
+	 *
+	 * @return	int
+	 */
+	public function num_fields()
+	{
+		return ibase_num_fields($this->result_id);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Fetch Field Names
+	 *
+	 * Generates an array of column names
+	 *
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	public function list_fields()
+	{
+		$field_names = array();
+		for ($i = 0, $num_fields = $this->num_fields(); $i < $num_fields; $i++)
+		{
+			$info = ibase_field_info($this->result_id, $i);
+			$field_names[] = $info['name'];
+		}
+
+		return $field_names;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Field data
+	 *
+	 * Generates an array of objects containing field meta-data
+	 *
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	public function field_data()
+	{
+		$retval = array();
+		for ($i = 0, $c = $this->num_fields(); $i < $c; $i++)
+		{
+			$info = ibase_field_info($this->result_id, $i);
+
+			$retval[$i]			= new stdClass();
+			$retval[$i]->name		= $info['name'];
+			$retval[$i]->type		= $info['type'];
+			$retval[$i]->max_length		= $info['length'];
+		}
+
+		return $retval;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Free the result
+	 *
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function free_result()
+	{
+		ibase_free_result($this->result_id);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Result - associative array
+	 *
+	 * Returns the result set as an array
+	 *
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	protected function _fetch_assoc()
+	{
+		return ibase_fetch_assoc($this->result_id, IBASE_FETCH_BLOBS);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Result - object
+	 *
+	 * Returns the result set as an object
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$class_name
+	 * @return	object
+	 */
+	protected function _fetch_object($class_name = 'stdClass')
+	{
+		$row = ibase_fetch_object($this->result_id, IBASE_FETCH_BLOBS);
+
+		if ($class_name === 'stdClass' OR ! $row)
+		{
+			return $row;
+		}
+
+		$class_name = new $class_name();
+		foreach ($row as $key => $value)
+		{
+			$class_name->$key = $value;
+		}
+
+		return $class_name;
+	}
+
+}
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/ibase/ibase_utility.php b/system/database/drivers/ibase/ibase_utility.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3c152101a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/database/drivers/ibase/ibase_utility.php
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+<?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
+ *
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 3.0.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
+
+/**
+ * Interbase/Firebird Utility Class
+ *
+ * @category	Database
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ */
+class CI_DB_ibase_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
+
+	/**
+	 * Export
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$filename
+	 * @return	mixed
+	 */
+	protected function _backup($filename)
+	{
+		if ($service = ibase_service_attach($this->db->hostname, $this->db->username, $this->db->password))
+		{
+			$res = ibase_backup($service, $this->db->database, $filename.'.fbk');
+
+			// Close the service connection
+			ibase_service_detach($service);
+			return $res;
+		}
+
+		return FALSE;
+	}
+
+}
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/ibase/index.html b/system/database/drivers/ibase/index.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b702fbc39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/database/drivers/ibase/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+<head>
+	<title>403 Forbidden</title>
+</head>
+<body>
+
+<p>Directory access is forbidden.</p>
+
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/index.html b/system/database/drivers/index.html
index c942a79ce..b702fbc39 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/index.html
+++ b/system/database/drivers/index.html
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
 <html>
 <head>
 	<title>403 Forbidden</title>
@@ -7,4 +8,4 @@
 <p>Directory access is forbidden.</p>
 
 </body>
-</html>
\ No newline at end of file
+</html>
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/mssql/index.html b/system/database/drivers/mssql/index.html
index c942a79ce..b702fbc39 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/mssql/index.html
+++ b/system/database/drivers/mssql/index.html
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
 <html>
 <head>
 	<title>403 Forbidden</title>
@@ -7,4 +8,4 @@
 <p>Directory access is forbidden.</p>
 
 </body>
-</html>
\ No newline at end of file
+</html>
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_driver.php
index 1823edce8..a2ccd1c80 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_driver.php
@@ -1,648 +1,506 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.3.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * MS SQL Database Adapter Class
  *
  * Note: _DB is an extender class that the app controller
- * creates dynamically based on whether the active record
+ * creates dynamically based on whether the query builder
  * class is being used or not.
  *
  * @package		CodeIgniter
  * @subpackage	Drivers
  * @category	Database
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
  */
 class CI_DB_mssql_driver extends CI_DB {
 
-	var $dbdriver = 'mssql';
-
-	// The character used for escaping
-	var $_escape_char = '';
-
-	// clause and character used for LIKE escape sequences
-	var $_like_escape_str = " ESCAPE '%s' ";
-	var $_like_escape_chr = '!';
-
-	/**
-	 * The syntax to count rows is slightly different across different
-	 * database engines, so this string appears in each driver and is
-	 * used for the count_all() and count_all_results() functions.
-	 */
-	var $_count_string = "SELECT COUNT(*) AS ";
-	var $_random_keyword = ' ASC'; // not currently supported
-
 	/**
-	 * Non-persistent database connection
+	 * Database driver
 	 *
-	 * @access	private called by the base class
-	 * @return	resource
+	 * @var	string
 	 */
-	function db_connect()
-	{
-		if ($this->port != '')
-		{
-			$this->hostname .= ','.$this->port;
-		}
-
-		return @mssql_connect($this->hostname, $this->username, $this->password);
-	}
+	public $dbdriver = 'mssql';
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Persistent database connection
+	 * ORDER BY random keyword
 	 *
-	 * @access	private called by the base class
-	 * @return	resource
+	 * @var	array
 	 */
-	function db_pconnect()
-	{
-		if ($this->port != '')
-		{
-			$this->hostname .= ','.$this->port;
-		}
-
-		return @mssql_pconnect($this->hostname, $this->username, $this->password);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+	protected $_random_keyword = array('NEWID()', 'RAND(%d)');
 
 	/**
-	 * Reconnect
+	 * Quoted identifier flag
 	 *
-	 * Keep / reestablish the db connection if no queries have been
-	 * sent for a length of time exceeding the server's idle timeout
+	 * Whether to use SQL-92 standard quoted identifier
+	 * (double quotes) or brackets for identifier escaping.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @var	bool
 	 */
-	function reconnect()
-	{
-		// not implemented in MSSQL
-	}
+	protected $_quoted_identifier = TRUE;
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Select the database
+	 * Class constructor
 	 *
-	 * @access	private called by the base class
-	 * @return	resource
-	 */
-	function db_select()
-	{
-		// Note: The brackets are required in the event that the DB name
-		// contains reserved characters
-		return @mssql_select_db('['.$this->database.']', $this->conn_id);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Set client character set
+	 * Appends the port number to the hostname, if needed.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	resource
+	 * @param	array	$params
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function db_set_charset($charset, $collation)
+	public function __construct($params)
 	{
-		// @todo - add support if needed
-		return TRUE;
-	}
+		parent::__construct($params);
 
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Execute the query
-	 *
-	 * @access	private called by the base class
-	 * @param	string	an SQL query
-	 * @return	resource
-	 */
-	function _execute($sql)
-	{
-		$sql = $this->_prep_query($sql);
-		return @mssql_query($sql, $this->conn_id);
+		if ( ! empty($this->port))
+		{
+			$this->hostname .= (DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR === '\\' ? ',' : ':').$this->port;
+		}
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Prep the query
-	 *
-	 * If needed, each database adapter can prep the query string
+	 * Non-persistent database connection
 	 *
-	 * @access	private called by execute()
-	 * @param	string	an SQL query
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @param	bool	$persistent
+	 * @return	resource
 	 */
-	function _prep_query($sql)
+	public function db_connect($persistent = FALSE)
 	{
-		return $sql;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+		$this->conn_id = ($persistent)
+				? mssql_pconnect($this->hostname, $this->username, $this->password)
+				: mssql_connect($this->hostname, $this->username, $this->password);
 
-	/**
-	 * Begin Transaction
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	bool
-	 */
-	function trans_begin($test_mode = FALSE)
-	{
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
+		if ( ! $this->conn_id)
 		{
-			return TRUE;
+			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ($this->_trans_depth > 0)
+		// ----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+		// Select the DB... assuming a database name is specified in the config file
+		if ($this->database !== '' && ! $this->db_select())
 		{
-			return TRUE;
+			log_message('error', 'Unable to select database: '.$this->database);
+
+			return ($this->db_debug === TRUE)
+				? $this->display_error('db_unable_to_select', $this->database)
+				: FALSE;
 		}
 
-		// Reset the transaction failure flag.
-		// If the $test_mode flag is set to TRUE transactions will be rolled back
-		// even if the queries produce a successful result.
-		$this->_trans_failure = ($test_mode === TRUE) ? TRUE : FALSE;
+		// Determine how identifiers are escaped
+		$query = $this->query('SELECT CASE WHEN (@@OPTIONS | 256) = @@OPTIONS THEN 1 ELSE 0 END AS qi');
+		$query = $query->row_array();
+		$this->_quoted_identifier = empty($query) ? FALSE : (bool) $query['qi'];
+		$this->_escape_char = ($this->_quoted_identifier) ? '"' : array('[', ']');
 
-		$this->simple_query('BEGIN TRAN');
-		return TRUE;
+		return $this->conn_id;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Commit Transaction
+	 * Select the database
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
+	 * @param	string	$database
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function trans_commit()
+	public function db_select($database = '')
 	{
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
+		if ($database === '')
 		{
-			return TRUE;
+			$database = $this->database;
 		}
 
-		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ($this->_trans_depth > 0)
+		// Note: Escaping is required in the event that the DB name
+		// contains reserved characters.
+		if (mssql_select_db('['.$database.']', $this->conn_id))
 		{
+			$this->database = $database;
+			$this->data_cache = array();
 			return TRUE;
 		}
 
-		$this->simple_query('COMMIT TRAN');
-		return TRUE;
+		return FALSE;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Rollback Transaction
+	 * Execute the query
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	bool
+	 * @param	string	$sql	an SQL query
+	 * @return	mixed	resource if rows are returned, bool otherwise
 	 */
-	function trans_rollback()
+	protected function _execute($sql)
 	{
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
-		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ($this->_trans_depth > 0)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
-		$this->simple_query('ROLLBACK TRAN');
-		return TRUE;
+		return mssql_query($sql, $this->conn_id);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Escape String
+	 * Begin Transaction
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	bool	whether or not the string will be used in a LIKE condition
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function escape_str($str, $like = FALSE)
+	protected function _trans_begin()
 	{
-		if (is_array($str))
-		{
-			foreach ($str as $key => $val)
-			{
-				$str[$key] = $this->escape_str($val, $like);
-			}
-
-			return $str;
-		}
-
-		// Escape single quotes
-		$str = str_replace("'", "''", remove_invisible_characters($str));
-
-		// escape LIKE condition wildcards
-		if ($like === TRUE)
-		{
-			$str = str_replace(
-				array($this->_like_escape_chr, '%', '_'),
-				array($this->_like_escape_chr.$this->_like_escape_chr, $this->_like_escape_chr.'%', $this->_like_escape_chr.'_'),
-				$str
-			);
-		}
-
-		return $str;
+		return $this->simple_query('BEGIN TRAN');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Affected Rows
+	 * Commit Transaction
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function affected_rows()
+	protected function _trans_commit()
 	{
-		return @mssql_rows_affected($this->conn_id);
+		return $this->simple_query('COMMIT TRAN');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	* Insert ID
-	*
-	* Returns the last id created in the Identity column.
-	*
-	* @access public
-	* @return integer
-	*/
-	function insert_id()
-	{
-		$ver = self::_parse_major_version($this->version());
-		$sql = ($ver >= 8 ? "SELECT SCOPE_IDENTITY() AS last_id" : "SELECT @@IDENTITY AS last_id");
-		$query = $this->query($sql);
-		$row = $query->row();
-		return $row->last_id;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	* Parse major version
-	*
-	* Grabs the major version number from the
-	* database server version string passed in.
-	*
-	* @access private
-	* @param string $version
-	* @return int16 major version number
-	*/
-	function _parse_major_version($version)
+	 * Rollback Transaction
+	 *
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	protected function _trans_rollback()
 	{
-		preg_match('/([0-9]+)\.([0-9]+)\.([0-9]+)/', $version, $ver_info);
-		return $ver_info[1]; // return the major version b/c that's all we're interested in.
+		return $this->simple_query('ROLLBACK TRAN');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	* Version number query string
-	*
-	* @access public
-	* @return string
-	*/
-	function _version()
+	 * Affected Rows
+	 *
+	 * @return	int
+	 */
+	public function affected_rows()
 	{
-		return "SELECT @@VERSION AS ver";
+		return mssql_rows_affected($this->conn_id);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * "Count All" query
+	 * Insert ID
 	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query string that counts all records in
-	 * the specified database
+	 * Returns the last id created in the Identity column.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function count_all($table = '')
+	public function insert_id()
 	{
-		if ($table == '')
-		{
-			return 0;
-		}
-
-		$query = $this->query($this->_count_string . $this->_protect_identifiers('numrows') . " FROM " . $this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE));
-
-		if ($query->num_rows() == 0)
-		{
-			return 0;
-		}
+		$query = version_compare($this->version(), '8', '>=')
+			? 'SELECT SCOPE_IDENTITY() AS last_id'
+			: 'SELECT @@IDENTITY AS last_id';
 
-		$row = $query->row();
-		$this->_reset_select();
-		return (int) $row->numrows;
+		$query = $this->query($query);
+		$query = $query->row();
+		return $query->last_id;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * List table query
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the table names can be fetched
+	 * Set client character set
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	boolean
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @param	string	$charset
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function _list_tables($prefix_limit = FALSE)
+	protected function _db_set_charset($charset)
 	{
-		$sql = "SELECT name FROM sysobjects WHERE type = 'U' ORDER BY name";
-
-		// for future compatibility
-		if ($prefix_limit !== FALSE AND $this->dbprefix != '')
-		{
-			//$sql .= " LIKE '".$this->escape_like_str($this->dbprefix)."%' ".sprintf($this->_like_escape_str, $this->_like_escape_chr);
-			return FALSE; // not currently supported
-		}
-
-		return $sql;
+		return (ini_set('mssql.charset', $charset) !== FALSE);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * List column query
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the column names can be fetched
+	 * Version number query string
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string	the table name
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _list_columns($table = '')
+	protected function _version()
 	{
-		return "SELECT * FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.Columns WHERE TABLE_NAME = '".$table."'";
+		return "SELECT SERVERPROPERTY('ProductVersion') AS ver";
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Field data query
+	 * List table query
 	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that the column data can be retrieved
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the table names can be fetched
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	object
+	 * @param	bool	$prefix_limit
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _field_data($table)
+	protected function _list_tables($prefix_limit = FALSE)
 	{
-		return "SELECT TOP 1 * FROM ".$table;
-	}
+		$sql = 'SELECT '.$this->escape_identifiers('name')
+			.' FROM '.$this->escape_identifiers('sysobjects')
+			.' WHERE '.$this->escape_identifiers('type')." = 'U'";
 
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+		if ($prefix_limit !== FALSE && $this->dbprefix !== '')
+		{
+			$sql .= ' AND '.$this->escape_identifiers('name')." LIKE '".$this->escape_like_str($this->dbprefix)."%' "
+				.sprintf($this->_like_escape_str, $this->_like_escape_chr);
+		}
 
-	/**
-	 * The error message string
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	function _error_message()
-	{
-		return mssql_get_last_message();
+		return $sql.' ORDER BY '.$this->escape_identifiers('name');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * The error message number
+	 * List column query
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the column names can be fetched
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _error_number()
+	protected function _list_columns($table = '')
 	{
-		// Are error numbers supported?
-		return '';
+		return 'SELECT COLUMN_NAME
+			FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.Columns
+			WHERE UPPER(TABLE_NAME) = '.$this->escape(strtoupper($table));
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Escape the SQL Identifiers
-	 *
-	 * This function escapes column and table names
+	 * Returns an object with field data
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function _escape_identifiers($item)
+	public function field_data($table)
 	{
-		if ($this->_escape_char == '')
-		{
-			return $item;
-		}
+		$sql = 'SELECT COLUMN_NAME, DATA_TYPE, CHARACTER_MAXIMUM_LENGTH, NUMERIC_PRECISION, COLUMN_DEFAULT
+			FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.Columns
+			WHERE UPPER(TABLE_NAME) = '.$this->escape(strtoupper($table));
 
-		foreach ($this->_reserved_identifiers as $id)
+		if (($query = $this->query($sql)) === FALSE)
 		{
-			if (strpos($item, '.'.$id) !== FALSE)
-			{
-				$str = $this->_escape_char. str_replace('.', $this->_escape_char.'.', $item);
-
-				// remove duplicates if the user already included the escape
-				return preg_replace('/['.$this->_escape_char.']+/', $this->_escape_char, $str);
-			}
+			return FALSE;
 		}
+		$query = $query->result_object();
 
-		if (strpos($item, '.') !== FALSE)
-		{
-			$str = $this->_escape_char.str_replace('.', $this->_escape_char.'.'.$this->_escape_char, $item).$this->_escape_char;
-		}
-		else
+		$retval = array();
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($query); $i < $c; $i++)
 		{
-			$str = $this->_escape_char.$item.$this->_escape_char;
+			$retval[$i]			= new stdClass();
+			$retval[$i]->name		= $query[$i]->COLUMN_NAME;
+			$retval[$i]->type		= $query[$i]->DATA_TYPE;
+			$retval[$i]->max_length		= ($query[$i]->CHARACTER_MAXIMUM_LENGTH > 0) ? $query[$i]->CHARACTER_MAXIMUM_LENGTH : $query[$i]->NUMERIC_PRECISION;
+			$retval[$i]->default		= $query[$i]->COLUMN_DEFAULT;
 		}
 
-		// remove duplicates if the user already included the escape
-		return preg_replace('/['.$this->_escape_char.']+/', $this->_escape_char, $str);
+		return $retval;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * From Tables
+	 * Error
 	 *
-	 * This function implicitly groups FROM tables so there is no confusion
-	 * about operator precedence in harmony with SQL standards
+	 * Returns an array containing code and message of the last
+	 * database error that has occurred.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	type
-	 * @return	type
+	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function _from_tables($tables)
+	public function error()
 	{
-		if ( ! is_array($tables))
+		// We need this because the error info is discarded by the
+		// server the first time you request it, and query() already
+		// calls error() once for logging purposes when a query fails.
+		static $error = array('code' => 0, 'message' => NULL);
+
+		$message = mssql_get_last_message();
+		if ( ! empty($message))
 		{
-			$tables = array($tables);
+			$error['code']    = $this->query('SELECT @@ERROR AS code')->row()->code;
+			$error['message'] = $message;
 		}
 
-		return implode(', ', $tables);
+		return $error;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Insert statement
+	 * Update statement
 	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific insert string from the supplied data
+	 * Generates a platform-specific update string from the supplied data
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the insert keys
-	 * @param	array	the insert values
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @param	array	$values
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _insert($table, $keys, $values)
+	protected function _update($table, $values)
 	{
-		return "INSERT INTO ".$table." (".implode(', ', $keys).") VALUES (".implode(', ', $values).")";
+		$this->qb_limit = FALSE;
+		$this->qb_orderby = array();
+		return parent::_update($table, $values);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Update statement
+	 * Truncate statement
 	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific update string from the supplied data
+	 * Generates a platform-specific truncate string from the supplied data
+	 *
+	 * If the database does not support the TRUNCATE statement,
+	 * then this method maps to 'DELETE FROM table'
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the update data
-	 * @param	array	the where clause
-	 * @param	array	the orderby clause
-	 * @param	array	the limit clause
+	 * @param	string	$table
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _update($table, $values, $where, $orderby = array(), $limit = FALSE)
+	protected function _truncate($table)
 	{
-		foreach ($values as $key => $val)
-		{
-			$valstr[] = $key." = ".$val;
-		}
-
-		$limit = ( ! $limit) ? '' : ' LIMIT '.$limit;
-
-		$orderby = (count($orderby) >= 1)?' ORDER BY '.implode(", ", $orderby):'';
-
-		$sql = "UPDATE ".$table." SET ".implode(', ', $valstr);
-
-		$sql .= ($where != '' AND count($where) >=1) ? " WHERE ".implode(" ", $where) : '';
-
-		$sql .= $orderby.$limit;
-
-		return $sql;
+		return 'TRUNCATE TABLE '.$table;
 	}
 
-
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Truncate statement
+	 * Delete statement
 	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific truncate string from the supplied data
-	 * If the database does not support the truncate() command
-	 * This function maps to "DELETE FROM table"
+	 * Generates a platform-specific delete string from the supplied data
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @param	string	$table
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _truncate($table)
+	protected function _delete($table)
 	{
-		return "TRUNCATE ".$table;
+		if ($this->qb_limit)
+		{
+			return 'WITH ci_delete AS (SELECT TOP '.$this->qb_limit.' * FROM '.$table.$this->_compile_wh('qb_where').') DELETE FROM ci_delete';
+		}
+
+		return parent::_delete($table);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Delete statement
+	 * LIMIT
 	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific delete string from the supplied data
+	 * Generates a platform-specific LIMIT clause
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the where clause
-	 * @param	string	the limit clause
+	 * @param	string	$sql	SQL Query
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _delete($table, $where = array(), $like = array(), $limit = FALSE)
+	protected function _limit($sql)
 	{
-		$conditions = '';
+		$limit = $this->qb_offset + $this->qb_limit;
 
-		if (count($where) > 0 OR count($like) > 0)
+		// As of SQL Server 2005 (9.0.*) ROW_NUMBER() is supported,
+		// however an ORDER BY clause is required for it to work
+		if (version_compare($this->version(), '9', '>=') && $this->qb_offset && ! empty($this->qb_orderby))
 		{
-			$conditions = "\nWHERE ";
-			$conditions .= implode("\n", $this->ar_where);
+			$orderby = $this->_compile_order_by();
 
-			if (count($where) > 0 && count($like) > 0)
+			// We have to strip the ORDER BY clause
+			$sql = trim(substr($sql, 0, strrpos($sql, $orderby)));
+
+			// Get the fields to select from our subquery, so that we can avoid CI_rownum appearing in the actual results
+			if (count($this->qb_select) === 0)
 			{
-				$conditions .= " AND ";
+				$select = '*'; // Inevitable
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				// Use only field names and their aliases, everything else is out of our scope.
+				$select = array();
+				$field_regexp = ($this->_quoted_identifier)
+					? '("[^\"]+")' : '(\[[^\]]+\])';
+				for ($i = 0, $c = count($this->qb_select); $i < $c; $i++)
+				{
+					$select[] = preg_match('/(?:\s|\.)'.$field_regexp.'$/i', $this->qb_select[$i], $m)
+						? $m[1] : $this->qb_select[$i];
+				}
+				$select = implode(', ', $select);
 			}
-			$conditions .= implode("\n", $like);
-		}
 
-		$limit = ( ! $limit) ? '' : ' LIMIT '.$limit;
+			return 'SELECT '.$select." FROM (\n\n"
+				.preg_replace('/^(SELECT( DISTINCT)?)/i', '\\1 ROW_NUMBER() OVER('.trim($orderby).') AS '.$this->escape_identifiers('CI_rownum').', ', $sql)
+				."\n\n) ".$this->escape_identifiers('CI_subquery')
+				."\nWHERE ".$this->escape_identifiers('CI_rownum').' BETWEEN '.($this->qb_offset + 1).' AND '.$limit;
+		}
 
-		return "DELETE FROM ".$table.$conditions.$limit;
+		return preg_replace('/(^\SELECT (DISTINCT)?)/i','\\1 TOP '.$limit.' ', $sql);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Limit string
+	 * Insert batch statement
 	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific LIMIT clause
+	 * Generates a platform-specific insert string from the supplied data.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the sql query string
-	 * @param	integer	the number of rows to limit the query to
-	 * @param	integer	the offset value
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @param	string	$table	Table name
+	 * @param	array	$keys	INSERT keys
+	 * @param	array	$values	INSERT values
+	 * @return	string|bool
 	 */
-	function _limit($sql, $limit, $offset)
+	protected function _insert_batch($table, $keys, $values)
 	{
-		$i = $limit + $offset;
+		// Multiple-value inserts are only supported as of SQL Server 2008
+		if (version_compare($this->version(), '10', '>='))
+		{
+			return parent::_insert_batch($table, $keys, $values);
+		}
 
-		return preg_replace('/(^\SELECT (DISTINCT)?)/i','\\1 TOP '.$i.' ', $sql);
+		return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_unsupported_feature') : FALSE;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -650,18 +508,11 @@ class CI_DB_mssql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Close DB Connection
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	resource
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function _close($conn_id)
+	protected function _close()
 	{
-		@mssql_close($conn_id);
+		mssql_close($this->conn_id);
 	}
 
 }
-
-
-
-/* End of file mssql_driver.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_driver.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_forge.php
index acb4dc50b..6b6109868 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_forge.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_forge.php
@@ -1,248 +1,151 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.3.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * MS SQL Forge Class
  *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @subpackage	Drivers
  * @category	Database
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
  */
 class CI_DB_mssql_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 
 	/**
-	 * Create database
+	 * CREATE TABLE IF statement
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string	the database name
-	 * @return	bool
+	 * @var	string
 	 */
-	function _create_database($name)
-	{
-		return "CREATE DATABASE ".$name;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+	protected $_create_table_if	= "IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM sysobjects WHERE ID = object_id(N'%s') AND OBJECTPROPERTY(id, N'IsUserTable') = 1)\nCREATE TABLE";
 
 	/**
-	 * Drop database
+	 * DROP TABLE IF statement
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string	the database name
-	 * @return	bool
+	 * @var	string
 	 */
-	function _drop_database($name)
-	{
-		return "DROP DATABASE ".$name;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+	protected $_drop_table_if	= "IF EXISTS (SELECT * FROM sysobjects WHERE ID = object_id(N'%s') AND OBJECTPROPERTY(id, N'IsUserTable') = 1)\nDROP TABLE";
 
 	/**
-	 * Drop Table
+	 * UNSIGNED support
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	bool
+	 * @var	array
 	 */
-	function _drop_table($table)
-	{
-		return "DROP TABLE ".$this->db->_escape_identifiers($table);
-	}
+	protected $_unsigned		= array(
+		'TINYINT'	=> 'SMALLINT',
+		'SMALLINT'	=> 'INT',
+		'INT'		=> 'BIGINT',
+		'REAL'		=> 'FLOAT'
+	);
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Create Table
+	 * ALTER TABLE
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the fields
-	 * @param	mixed	primary key(s)
-	 * @param	mixed	key(s)
-	 * @param	boolean	should 'IF NOT EXISTS' be added to the SQL
-	 * @return	bool
+	 * @param	string	$alter_type	ALTER type
+	 * @param	string	$table		Table name
+	 * @param	mixed	$field		Column definition
+	 * @return	string|string[]
 	 */
-	function _create_table($table, $fields, $primary_keys, $keys, $if_not_exists)
+	protected function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $field)
 	{
-		$sql = 'CREATE TABLE ';
-
-		if ($if_not_exists === TRUE)
-		{
-			$sql .= 'IF NOT EXISTS ';
-		}
-
-		$sql .= $this->db->_escape_identifiers($table)." (";
-		$current_field_count = 0;
-
-		foreach ($fields as $field=>$attributes)
-		{
-			// Numeric field names aren't allowed in databases, so if the key is
-			// numeric, we know it was assigned by PHP and the developer manually
-			// entered the field information, so we'll simply add it to the list
-			if (is_numeric($field))
-			{
-				$sql .= "\n\t$attributes";
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				$attributes = array_change_key_case($attributes, CASE_UPPER);
-
-				$sql .= "\n\t".$this->db->_protect_identifiers($field);
-
-				$sql .=  ' '.$attributes['TYPE'];
-
-				if (array_key_exists('CONSTRAINT', $attributes))
-				{
-					$sql .= '('.$attributes['CONSTRAINT'].')';
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('UNSIGNED', $attributes) && $attributes['UNSIGNED'] === TRUE)
-				{
-					$sql .= ' UNSIGNED';
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('DEFAULT', $attributes))
-				{
-					$sql .= ' DEFAULT \''.$attributes['DEFAULT'].'\'';
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('NULL', $attributes) && $attributes['NULL'] === TRUE)
-				{
-					$sql .= ' NULL';
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					$sql .= ' NOT NULL';
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('AUTO_INCREMENT', $attributes) && $attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT'] === TRUE)
-				{
-					$sql .= ' AUTO_INCREMENT';
-				}
-			}
-
-			// don't add a comma on the end of the last field
-			if (++$current_field_count < count($fields))
-			{
-				$sql .= ',';
-			}
-		}
-
-		if (count($primary_keys) > 0)
+		if (in_array($alter_type, array('ADD', 'DROP'), TRUE))
 		{
-			$primary_keys = $this->db->_protect_identifiers($primary_keys);
-			$sql .= ",\n\tPRIMARY KEY (" . implode(', ', $primary_keys) . ")";
+			return parent::_alter_table($alter_type, $table, $field);
 		}
 
-		if (is_array($keys) && count($keys) > 0)
+		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($table).' ALTER COLUMN ';
+		$sqls = array();
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($field); $i < $c; $i++)
 		{
-			foreach ($keys as $key)
-			{
-				if (is_array($key))
-				{
-					$key = $this->db->_protect_identifiers($key);
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					$key = array($this->db->_protect_identifiers($key));
-				}
-
-				$sql .= ",\n\tFOREIGN KEY (" . implode(', ', $key) . ")";
-			}
+			$sqls[] = $sql.$this->_process_column($field[$i]);
 		}
 
-		$sql .= "\n)";
-
-		return $sql;
+		return $sqls;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Alter table query
+	 * Field attribute TYPE
 	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that a table can be altered
-	 * Called by add_column(), drop_column(), and column_alter(),
+	 * Performs a data type mapping between different databases.
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string	the ALTER type (ADD, DROP, CHANGE)
-	 * @param	string	the column name
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	string	the column definition
-	 * @param	string	the default value
-	 * @param	boolean	should 'NOT NULL' be added
-	 * @param	string	the field after which we should add the new field
-	 * @return	object
+	 * @param	array	&$attributes
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $column_name, $column_definition = '', $default_value = '', $null = '', $after_field = '')
+	protected function _attr_type(&$attributes)
 	{
-		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($table)." $alter_type ".$this->db->_protect_identifiers($column_name);
-
-		// DROP has everything it needs now.
-		if ($alter_type == 'DROP')
-		{
-			return $sql;
-		}
-
-		$sql .= " $column_definition";
-
-		if ($default_value != '')
-		{
-			$sql .= " DEFAULT \"$default_value\"";
-		}
-
-		if ($null === NULL)
-		{
-			$sql .= ' NULL';
-		}
-		else
+		if (isset($attributes['CONSTRAINT']) && strpos($attributes['TYPE'], 'INT') !== FALSE)
 		{
-			$sql .= ' NOT NULL';
+			unset($attributes['CONSTRAINT']);
 		}
 
-		if ($after_field != '')
+		switch (strtoupper($attributes['TYPE']))
 		{
-			$sql .= ' AFTER ' . $this->db->_protect_identifiers($after_field);
+			case 'MEDIUMINT':
+				$attributes['TYPE'] = 'INTEGER';
+				$attributes['UNSIGNED'] = FALSE;
+				return;
+			case 'INTEGER':
+				$attributes['TYPE'] = 'INT';
+				return;
+			default: return;
 		}
-
-		return $sql;
-
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Rename a table
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that a table can be renamed
+	 * Field attribute AUTO_INCREMENT
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string	the old table name
-	 * @param	string	the new table name
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @param	array	&$attributes
+	 * @param	array	&$field
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function _rename_table($table_name, $new_table_name)
+	protected function _attr_auto_increment(&$attributes, &$field)
 	{
-		// I think this syntax will work, but can find little documentation on renaming tables in MSSQL
-		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($table_name)." RENAME TO ".$this->db->_protect_identifiers($new_table_name);
-		return $sql;
+		if ( ! empty($attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT']) && $attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT'] === TRUE && stripos($field['type'], 'int') !== FALSE)
+		{
+			$field['auto_increment'] = ' IDENTITY(1,1)';
+		}
 	}
 
 }
-
-/* End of file mssql_forge.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_forge.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_result.php b/system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_result.php
index af4b3c541..38a0a0574 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_result.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_result.php
@@ -1,40 +1,65 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.3.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
- * MS SQL Result Class
+ * MSSQL Result Class
  *
  * This class extends the parent result class: CI_DB_result
  *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @subpackage	Drivers
  * @category	Database
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
  */
 class CI_DB_mssql_result extends CI_DB_result {
 
 	/**
 	 * Number of rows in the result set
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	int
 	 */
-	function num_rows()
+	public function num_rows()
 	{
-		return @mssql_num_rows($this->result_id);
+		return is_int($this->num_rows)
+			? $this->num_rows
+			: $this->num_rows = mssql_num_rows($this->result_id);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -42,12 +67,11 @@ class CI_DB_mssql_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	/**
 	 * Number of fields in the result set
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	int
 	 */
-	function num_fields()
+	public function num_fields()
 	{
-		return @mssql_num_fields($this->result_id);
+		return mssql_num_fields($this->result_id);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -57,12 +81,12 @@ class CI_DB_mssql_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 *
 	 * Generates an array of column names
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function list_fields()
+	public function list_fields()
 	{
 		$field_names = array();
+		mssql_field_seek($this->result_id, 0);
 		while ($field = mssql_fetch_field($this->result_id))
 		{
 			$field_names[] = $field->name;
@@ -78,22 +102,19 @@ class CI_DB_mssql_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 *
 	 * Generates an array of objects containing field meta-data
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function field_data()
+	public function field_data()
 	{
 		$retval = array();
-		while ($field = mssql_fetch_field($this->result_id))
+		for ($i = 0, $c = $this->num_fields(); $i < $c; $i++)
 		{
-			$F				= new stdClass();
-			$F->name		= $field->name;
-			$F->type		= $field->type;
-			$F->max_length	= $field->max_length;
-			$F->primary_key = 0;
-			$F->default		= '';
-
-			$retval[] = $F;
+			$field = mssql_fetch_field($this->result_id, $i);
+
+			$retval[$i]		= new stdClass();
+			$retval[$i]->name	= $field->name;
+			$retval[$i]->type	= $field->type;
+			$retval[$i]->max_length	= $field->max_length;
 		}
 
 		return $retval;
@@ -104,9 +125,9 @@ class CI_DB_mssql_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	/**
 	 * Free the result
 	 *
-	 * @return	null
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function free_result()
+	public function free_result()
 	{
 		if (is_resource($this->result_id))
 		{
@@ -120,14 +141,14 @@ class CI_DB_mssql_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	/**
 	 * Data Seek
 	 *
-	 * Moves the internal pointer to the desired offset.  We call
+	 * Moves the internal pointer to the desired offset. We call
 	 * this internally before fetching results to make sure the
-	 * result set starts at zero
+	 * result set starts at zero.
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	array
+	 * @param	int	$n
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function _data_seek($n = 0)
+	public function data_seek($n = 0)
 	{
 		return mssql_data_seek($this->result_id, $n);
 	}
@@ -139,10 +160,9 @@ class CI_DB_mssql_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 *
 	 * Returns the result set as an array
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function _fetch_assoc()
+	protected function _fetch_assoc()
 	{
 		return mssql_fetch_assoc($this->result_id);
 	}
@@ -154,16 +174,25 @@ class CI_DB_mssql_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 *
 	 * Returns the result set as an object
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
+	 * @param	string	$class_name
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	function _fetch_object()
+	protected function _fetch_object($class_name = 'stdClass')
 	{
-		return mssql_fetch_object($this->result_id);
-	}
+		$row = mssql_fetch_object($this->result_id);
 
-}
+		if ($class_name === 'stdClass' OR ! $row)
+		{
+			return $row;
+		}
 
+		$class_name = new $class_name();
+		foreach ($row as $key => $value)
+		{
+			$class_name->$key = $value;
+		}
 
-/* End of file mssql_result.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_result.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+		return $class_name;
+	}
+
+}
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_utility.php b/system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_utility.php
index 0e4e7be8c..95ce88f13 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_utility.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_utility.php
@@ -1,88 +1,77 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.3.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * MS SQL Utility Class
  *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @subpackage	Drivers
  * @category	Database
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
  */
 class CI_DB_mssql_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 
 	/**
-	 * List databases
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	bool
-	 */
-	function _list_databases()
-	{
-		return "EXEC sp_helpdb"; // Can also be: EXEC sp_databases
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Optimize table query
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that a table can be optimized
+	 * List databases statement
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	object
+	 * @var	string
 	 */
-	function _optimize_table($table)
-	{
-		return FALSE; // Is this supported in MS SQL?
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+	protected $_list_databases	= 'EXEC sp_helpdb'; // Can also be: EXEC sp_databases
 
 	/**
-	 * Repair table query
+	 * OPTIMIZE TABLE statement
 	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that a table can be repaired
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	object
+	 * @var	string
 	 */
-	function _repair_table($table)
-	{
-		return FALSE; // Is this supported in MS SQL?
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+	protected $_optimize_table	= 'ALTER INDEX all ON %s REORGANIZE';
 
 	/**
-	 * MSSQL Export
+	 * Export
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	array	Preferences
-	 * @return	mixed
+	 * @param	array	$params	Preferences
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function _backup($params = array())
+	protected function _backup($params = array())
 	{
 		// Currently unsupported
-		return $this->db->display_error('db_unsuported_feature');
+		return $this->db->display_error('db_unsupported_feature');
 	}
 
 }
-
-/* End of file mssql_utility.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_utility.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/mysql/index.html b/system/database/drivers/mysql/index.html
index c942a79ce..b702fbc39 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/mysql/index.html
+++ b/system/database/drivers/mysql/index.html
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
 <html>
 <head>
 	<title>403 Forbidden</title>
@@ -7,4 +8,4 @@
 <p>Directory access is forbidden.</p>
 
 </body>
-</html>
\ No newline at end of file
+</html>
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_driver.php
index 832b9d83e..71dad676e 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_driver.php
@@ -1,94 +1,175 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.0.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * MySQL Database Adapter Class
  *
  * Note: _DB is an extender class that the app controller
- * creates dynamically based on whether the active record
+ * creates dynamically based on whether the query builder
  * class is being used or not.
  *
  * @package		CodeIgniter
  * @subpackage	Drivers
  * @category	Database
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
  */
 class CI_DB_mysql_driver extends CI_DB {
 
-	var $dbdriver = 'mysql';
-
-	// The character used for escaping
-	var	$_escape_char = '`';
+	/**
+	 * Database driver
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $dbdriver = 'mysql';
 
-	// clause and character used for LIKE escape sequences - not used in MySQL
-	var $_like_escape_str = '';
-	var $_like_escape_chr = '';
+	/**
+	 * Compression flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	public $compress = FALSE;
 
 	/**
+	 * DELETE hack flag
+	 *
 	 * Whether to use the MySQL "delete hack" which allows the number
 	 * of affected rows to be shown. Uses a preg_replace when enabled,
 	 * adding a bit more processing to all queries.
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
 	 */
-	var $delete_hack = TRUE;
+	public $delete_hack = TRUE;
 
 	/**
-	 * The syntax to count rows is slightly different across different
-	 * database engines, so this string appears in each driver and is
-	 * used for the count_all() and count_all_results() functions.
+	 * Strict ON flag
+	 *
+	 * Whether we're running in strict SQL mode.
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
 	 */
-	var $_count_string = 'SELECT COUNT(*) AS ';
-	var $_random_keyword = ' RAND()'; // database specific random keyword
+	public $stricton;
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-	// whether SET NAMES must be used to set the character set
-	var $use_set_names;
-	
 	/**
-	 * Non-persistent database connection
+	 * Identifier escape character
 	 *
-	 * @access	private called by the base class
-	 * @return	resource
+	 * @var	string
 	 */
-	function db_connect()
+	protected $_escape_char = '`';
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Class constructor
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$params
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function __construct($params)
 	{
-		if ($this->port != '')
+		parent::__construct($params);
+
+		if ( ! empty($this->port))
 		{
 			$this->hostname .= ':'.$this->port;
 		}
-
-		return @mysql_connect($this->hostname, $this->username, $this->password, TRUE);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Persistent database connection
+	 * Non-persistent database connection
 	 *
-	 * @access	private called by the base class
+	 * @param	bool	$persistent
 	 * @return	resource
 	 */
-	function db_pconnect()
+	public function db_connect($persistent = FALSE)
 	{
-		if ($this->port != '')
+		$client_flags = ($this->compress === FALSE) ? 0 : MYSQL_CLIENT_COMPRESS;
+
+		if ($this->encrypt === TRUE)
 		{
-			$this->hostname .= ':'.$this->port;
+			$client_flags = $client_flags | MYSQL_CLIENT_SSL;
 		}
 
-		return @mysql_pconnect($this->hostname, $this->username, $this->password);
+		// Error suppression is necessary mostly due to PHP 5.5+ issuing E_DEPRECATED messages
+		$this->conn_id = ($persistent === TRUE)
+			? mysql_pconnect($this->hostname, $this->username, $this->password, $client_flags)
+			: mysql_connect($this->hostname, $this->username, $this->password, TRUE, $client_flags);
+
+		// ----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+		// Select the DB... assuming a database name is specified in the config file
+		if ($this->database !== '' && ! $this->db_select())
+		{
+			log_message('error', 'Unable to select database: '.$this->database);
+
+			return ($this->db_debug === TRUE)
+				? $this->display_error('db_unable_to_select', $this->database)
+				: FALSE;
+		}
+
+		if (isset($this->stricton) && is_resource($this->conn_id))
+		{
+			if ($this->stricton)
+			{
+				$this->simple_query('SET SESSION sql_mode = CONCAT(@@sql_mode, ",", "STRICT_ALL_TABLES")');
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				$this->simple_query(
+					'SET SESSION sql_mode =
+					REPLACE(REPLACE(REPLACE(REPLACE(REPLACE(REPLACE(
+					@@sql_mode,
+					"STRICT_ALL_TABLES,", ""),
+					",STRICT_ALL_TABLES", ""),
+					"STRICT_ALL_TABLES", ""),
+					"STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,", ""),
+					",STRICT_TRANS_TABLES", ""),
+					"STRICT_TRANS_TABLES", "")'
+				);
+			}
+		}
+
+		return $this->conn_id;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -99,10 +180,9 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 * Keep / reestablish the db connection if no queries have been
 	 * sent for a length of time exceeding the server's idle timeout
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function reconnect()
+	public function reconnect()
 	{
 		if (mysql_ping($this->conn_id) === FALSE)
 		{
@@ -115,12 +195,24 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Select the database
 	 *
-	 * @access	private called by the base class
-	 * @return	resource
+	 * @param	string	$database
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function db_select()
+	public function db_select($database = '')
 	{
-		return @mysql_select_db($this->database, $this->conn_id);
+		if ($database === '')
+		{
+			$database = $this->database;
+		}
+
+		if (mysql_select_db($database, $this->conn_id))
+		{
+			$this->database = $database;
+			$this->data_cache = array();
+			return TRUE;
+		}
+
+		return FALSE;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -128,40 +220,34 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Set client character set
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	resource
+	 * @param	string	$charset
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function db_set_charset($charset, $collation)
+	protected function _db_set_charset($charset)
 	{
-		if ( ! isset($this->use_set_names))
-		{
-			// mysql_set_charset() requires PHP >= 5.2.3 and MySQL >= 5.0.7, use SET NAMES as fallback
-			$this->use_set_names = (version_compare(PHP_VERSION, '5.2.3', '>=') && version_compare(mysql_get_server_info(), '5.0.7', '>=')) ? FALSE : TRUE;
-		}
-
-		if ($this->use_set_names === TRUE)
-		{
-			return @mysql_query("SET NAMES '".$this->escape_str($charset)."' COLLATE '".$this->escape_str($collation)."'", $this->conn_id);
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			return @mysql_set_charset($charset, $this->conn_id);
-		}
+		return mysql_set_charset($charset, $this->conn_id);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Version number query string
+	 * Database version number
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _version()
+	public function version()
 	{
-		return "SELECT version() AS ver";
+		if (isset($this->data_cache['version']))
+		{
+			return $this->data_cache['version'];
+		}
+
+		if ( ! $this->conn_id OR ($version = mysql_get_server_info($this->conn_id)) === FALSE)
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		return $this->data_cache['version'] = $version;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -169,14 +255,12 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Execute the query
 	 *
-	 * @access	private called by the base class
-	 * @param	string	an SQL query
-	 * @return	resource
+	 * @param	string	$sql	an SQL query
+	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
-	function _execute($sql)
+	protected function _execute($sql)
 	{
-		$sql = $this->_prep_query($sql);
-		return @mysql_query($sql, $this->conn_id);
+		return mysql_query($this->_prep_query($sql), $this->conn_id);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -186,20 +270,16 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * If needed, each database adapter can prep the query string
 	 *
-	 * @access	private called by execute()
-	 * @param	string	an SQL query
+	 * @param	string	$sql	an SQL query
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _prep_query($sql)
+	protected function _prep_query($sql)
 	{
-		// "DELETE FROM TABLE" returns 0 affected rows This hack modifies
-		// the query so that it returns the number of affected rows
-		if ($this->delete_hack === TRUE)
+		// mysql_affected_rows() returns 0 for "DELETE FROM TABLE" queries. This hack
+		// modifies the query so that it a proper number of affected rows is returned.
+		if ($this->delete_hack === TRUE && preg_match('/^\s*DELETE\s+FROM\s+(\S+)\s*$/i', $sql))
 		{
-			if (preg_match('/^\s*DELETE\s+FROM\s+(\S+)\s*$/i', $sql))
-			{
-				$sql = preg_replace("/^\s*DELETE\s+FROM\s+(\S+)\s*$/", "DELETE FROM \\1 WHERE 1=1", $sql);
-			}
+			return trim($sql).' WHERE 1=1';
 		}
 
 		return $sql;
@@ -210,30 +290,12 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Begin Transaction
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function trans_begin($test_mode = FALSE)
+	protected function _trans_begin()
 	{
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
-		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ($this->_trans_depth > 0)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
-		// Reset the transaction failure flag.
-		// If the $test_mode flag is set to TRUE transactions will be rolled back
-		// even if the queries produce a successful result.
-		$this->_trans_failure = ($test_mode === TRUE) ? TRUE : FALSE;
-
 		$this->simple_query('SET AUTOCOMMIT=0');
-		$this->simple_query('START TRANSACTION'); // can also be BEGIN or BEGIN WORK
-		return TRUE;
+		return $this->simple_query('START TRANSACTION'); // can also be BEGIN or BEGIN WORK
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -241,25 +303,17 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Commit Transaction
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function trans_commit()
+	protected function _trans_commit()
 	{
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
-		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ($this->_trans_depth > 0)
+		if ($this->simple_query('COMMIT'))
 		{
+			$this->simple_query('SET AUTOCOMMIT=1');
 			return TRUE;
 		}
 
-		$this->simple_query('COMMIT');
-		$this->simple_query('SET AUTOCOMMIT=1');
-		return TRUE;
+		return FALSE;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -267,69 +321,30 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Rollback Transaction
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function trans_rollback()
+	protected function _trans_rollback()
 	{
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
+		if ($this->simple_query('ROLLBACK'))
 		{
+			$this->simple_query('SET AUTOCOMMIT=1');
 			return TRUE;
 		}
 
-		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ($this->_trans_depth > 0)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
-		$this->simple_query('ROLLBACK');
-		$this->simple_query('SET AUTOCOMMIT=1');
-		return TRUE;
+		return FALSE;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Escape String
+	 * Platform-dependent string escape
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	bool	whether or not the string will be used in a LIKE condition
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function escape_str($str, $like = FALSE)
+	protected function _escape_str($str)
 	{
-		if (is_array($str))
-		{
-			foreach ($str as $key => $val)
-	   		{
-				$str[$key] = $this->escape_str($val, $like);
-	   		}
-
-	   		return $str;
-	   	}
-
-		if (function_exists('mysql_real_escape_string') AND is_resource($this->conn_id))
-		{
-			$str = mysql_real_escape_string($str, $this->conn_id);
-		}
-		elseif (function_exists('mysql_escape_string'))
-		{
-			$str = mysql_escape_string($str);
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			$str = addslashes($str);
-		}
-
-		// escape LIKE condition wildcards
-		if ($like === TRUE)
-		{
-			$str = str_replace(array('%', '_'), array('\\%', '\\_'), $str);
-		}
-
-		return $str;
+		return mysql_real_escape_string($str, $this->conn_id);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -337,12 +352,11 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Affected Rows
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	int
 	 */
-	function affected_rows()
+	public function affected_rows()
 	{
-		return @mysql_affected_rows($this->conn_id);
+		return mysql_affected_rows($this->conn_id);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -350,43 +364,11 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Insert ID
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	int
 	 */
-	function insert_id()
+	public function insert_id()
 	{
-		return @mysql_insert_id($this->conn_id);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * "Count All" query
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query string that counts all records in
-	 * the specified database
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	function count_all($table = '')
-	{
-		if ($table == '')
-		{
-			return 0;
-		}
-
-		$query = $this->query($this->_count_string . $this->_protect_identifiers('numrows') . " FROM " . $this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE));
-
-		if ($query->num_rows() == 0)
-		{
-			return 0;
-		}
-
-		$row = $query->row();
-		$this->_reset_select();
-		return (int) $row->numrows;
+		return mysql_insert_id($this->conn_id);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -396,17 +378,16 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the table names can be fetched
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	boolean
+	 * @param	bool	$prefix_limit
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _list_tables($prefix_limit = FALSE)
+	protected function _list_tables($prefix_limit = FALSE)
 	{
-		$sql = "SHOW TABLES FROM ".$this->_escape_char.$this->database.$this->_escape_char;
+		$sql = 'SHOW TABLES FROM '.$this->escape_identifiers($this->database);
 
-		if ($prefix_limit !== FALSE AND $this->dbprefix != '')
+		if ($prefix_limit !== FALSE && $this->dbprefix !== '')
 		{
-			$sql .= " LIKE '".$this->escape_like_str($this->dbprefix)."%'";
+			return $sql." LIKE '".$this->escape_like_str($this->dbprefix)."%'";
 		}
 
 		return $sql;
@@ -419,343 +400,81 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the column names can be fetched
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	function _list_columns($table = '')
-	{
-		return "SHOW COLUMNS FROM ".$this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Field data query
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that the column data can be retrieved
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	object
-	 */
-	function _field_data($table)
-	{
-		return "DESCRIBE ".$table;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * The error message string
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
+	 * @param	string	$table
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _error_message()
-	{
-		return mysql_error($this->conn_id);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * The error message number
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	integer
-	 */
-	function _error_number()
+	protected function _list_columns($table = '')
 	{
-		return mysql_errno($this->conn_id);
+		return 'SHOW COLUMNS FROM '.$this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Escape the SQL Identifiers
-	 *
-	 * This function escapes column and table names
+	 * Returns an object with field data
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function _escape_identifiers($item)
+	public function field_data($table)
 	{
-		if ($this->_escape_char == '')
+		if (($query = $this->query('SHOW COLUMNS FROM '.$this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE))) === FALSE)
 		{
-			return $item;
+			return FALSE;
 		}
+		$query = $query->result_object();
 
-		foreach ($this->_reserved_identifiers as $id)
+		$retval = array();
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($query); $i < $c; $i++)
 		{
-			if (strpos($item, '.'.$id) !== FALSE)
-			{
-				$str = $this->_escape_char. str_replace('.', $this->_escape_char.'.', $item);
+			$retval[$i]			= new stdClass();
+			$retval[$i]->name		= $query[$i]->Field;
 
-				// remove duplicates if the user already included the escape
-				return preg_replace('/['.$this->_escape_char.']+/', $this->_escape_char, $str);
-			}
-		}
+			sscanf($query[$i]->Type, '%[a-z](%d)',
+				$retval[$i]->type,
+				$retval[$i]->max_length
+			);
 
-		if (strpos($item, '.') !== FALSE)
-		{
-			$str = $this->_escape_char.str_replace('.', $this->_escape_char.'.'.$this->_escape_char, $item).$this->_escape_char;
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			$str = $this->_escape_char.$item.$this->_escape_char;
+			$retval[$i]->default		= $query[$i]->Default;
+			$retval[$i]->primary_key	= (int) ($query[$i]->Key === 'PRI');
 		}
 
-		// remove duplicates if the user already included the escape
-		return preg_replace('/['.$this->_escape_char.']+/', $this->_escape_char, $str);
+		return $retval;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * From Tables
+	 * Error
 	 *
-	 * This function implicitly groups FROM tables so there is no confusion
-	 * about operator precedence in harmony with SQL standards
+	 * Returns an array containing code and message of the last
+	 * database error that has occurred.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	type
-	 * @return	type
+	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function _from_tables($tables)
+	public function error()
 	{
-		if ( ! is_array($tables))
-		{
-			$tables = array($tables);
-		}
-
-		return '('.implode(', ', $tables).')';
+		return array('code' => mysql_errno($this->conn_id), 'message' => mysql_error($this->conn_id));
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Insert statement
+	 * FROM tables
 	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific insert string from the supplied data
+	 * Groups tables in FROM clauses if needed, so there is no confusion
+	 * about operator precedence.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the insert keys
-	 * @param	array	the insert values
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _insert($table, $keys, $values)
+	protected function _from_tables()
 	{
-		return "INSERT INTO ".$table." (".implode(', ', $keys).") VALUES (".implode(', ', $values).")";
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-
-	/**
-	 * Replace statement
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific replace string from the supplied data
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the insert keys
-	 * @param	array	the insert values
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	function _replace($table, $keys, $values)
-	{
-		return "REPLACE INTO ".$table." (".implode(', ', $keys).") VALUES (".implode(', ', $values).")";
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Insert_batch statement
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific insert string from the supplied data
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the insert keys
-	 * @param	array	the insert values
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	function _insert_batch($table, $keys, $values)
-	{
-		return "INSERT INTO ".$table." (".implode(', ', $keys).") VALUES ".implode(', ', $values);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-
-	/**
-	 * Update statement
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific update string from the supplied data
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the update data
-	 * @param	array	the where clause
-	 * @param	array	the orderby clause
-	 * @param	array	the limit clause
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	function _update($table, $values, $where, $orderby = array(), $limit = FALSE)
-	{
-		foreach ($values as $key => $val)
+		if ( ! empty($this->qb_join) && count($this->qb_from) > 1)
 		{
-			$valstr[] = $key . ' = ' . $val;
+			return '('.implode(', ', $this->qb_from).')';
 		}
 
-		$limit = ( ! $limit) ? '' : ' LIMIT '.$limit;
-
-		$orderby = (count($orderby) >= 1)?' ORDER BY '.implode(", ", $orderby):'';
-
-		$sql = "UPDATE ".$table." SET ".implode(', ', $valstr);
-
-		$sql .= ($where != '' AND count($where) >=1) ? " WHERE ".implode(" ", $where) : '';
-
-		$sql .= $orderby.$limit;
-
-		return $sql;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-
-	/**
-	 * Update_Batch statement
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific batch update string from the supplied data
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the update data
-	 * @param	array	the where clause
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	function _update_batch($table, $values, $index, $where = NULL)
-	{
-		$ids = array();
-		$where = ($where != '' AND count($where) >=1) ? implode(" ", $where).' AND ' : '';
-
-		foreach ($values as $key => $val)
-		{
-			$ids[] = $val[$index];
-
-			foreach (array_keys($val) as $field)
-			{
-				if ($field != $index)
-				{
-					$final[$field][] =  'WHEN '.$index.' = '.$val[$index].' THEN '.$val[$field];
-				}
-			}
-		}
-
-		$sql = "UPDATE ".$table." SET ";
-		$cases = '';
-
-		foreach ($final as $k => $v)
-		{
-			$cases .= $k.' = CASE '."\n";
-			foreach ($v as $row)
-			{
-				$cases .= $row."\n";
-			}
-
-			$cases .= 'ELSE '.$k.' END, ';
-		}
-
-		$sql .= substr($cases, 0, -2);
-
-		$sql .= ' WHERE '.$where.$index.' IN ('.implode(',', $ids).')';
-
-		return $sql;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-
-	/**
-	 * Truncate statement
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific truncate string from the supplied data
-	 * If the database does not support the truncate() command
-	 * This function maps to "DELETE FROM table"
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	function _truncate($table)
-	{
-		return "TRUNCATE ".$table;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Delete statement
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific delete string from the supplied data
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the where clause
-	 * @param	string	the limit clause
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	function _delete($table, $where = array(), $like = array(), $limit = FALSE)
-	{
-		$conditions = '';
-
-		if (count($where) > 0 OR count($like) > 0)
-		{
-			$conditions = "\nWHERE ";
-			$conditions .= implode("\n", $this->ar_where);
-
-			if (count($where) > 0 && count($like) > 0)
-			{
-				$conditions .= " AND ";
-			}
-			$conditions .= implode("\n", $like);
-		}
-
-		$limit = ( ! $limit) ? '' : ' LIMIT '.$limit;
-
-		return "DELETE FROM ".$table.$conditions.$limit;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Limit string
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific LIMIT clause
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the sql query string
-	 * @param	integer	the number of rows to limit the query to
-	 * @param	integer	the offset value
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	function _limit($sql, $limit, $offset)
-	{
-		if ($offset == 0)
-		{
-			$offset = '';
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			$offset .= ", ";
-		}
-
-		return $sql."LIMIT ".$offset.$limit;
+		return implode(', ', $this->qb_from);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -763,17 +482,13 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Close DB Connection
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	resource
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function _close($conn_id)
+	protected function _close()
 	{
-		@mysql_close($conn_id);
+		// Error suppression to avoid annoying E_WARNINGs in cases
+		// where the connection has already been closed for some reason.
+		@mysql_close($this->conn_id);
 	}
 
 }
-
-
-/* End of file mysql_driver.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_driver.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_forge.php
index bc419d1bd..7ed8f8d38 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_forge.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_forge.php
@@ -1,144 +1,123 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.0.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * MySQL Forge Class
  *
  * @category	Database
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
  */
 class CI_DB_mysql_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 
 	/**
-	 * Create database
+	 * CREATE DATABASE statement
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string	the database name
-	 * @return	bool
+	 * @var	string
 	 */
-	function _create_database($name)
-	{
-		return "CREATE DATABASE ".$name;
-	}
+	protected $_create_database	= 'CREATE DATABASE %s CHARACTER SET %s COLLATE %s';
 
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+	/**
+	 * CREATE TABLE keys flag
+	 *
+	 * Whether table keys are created from within the
+	 * CREATE TABLE statement.
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	protected $_create_table_keys	= TRUE;
 
 	/**
-	 * Drop database
+	 * UNSIGNED support
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string	the database name
-	 * @return	bool
+	 * @var	array
 	 */
-	function _drop_database($name)
-	{
-		return "DROP DATABASE ".$name;
-	}
+	protected $_unsigned		= array(
+		'TINYINT',
+		'SMALLINT',
+		'MEDIUMINT',
+		'INT',
+		'INTEGER',
+		'BIGINT',
+		'REAL',
+		'DOUBLE',
+		'DOUBLE PRECISION',
+		'FLOAT',
+		'DECIMAL',
+		'NUMERIC'
+	);
+
+	/**
+	 * NULL value representation in CREATE/ALTER TABLE statements
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_null = 'NULL';
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Process Fields
+	 * CREATE TABLE attributes
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	mixed	the fields
+	 * @param	array	$attributes	Associative array of table attributes
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _process_fields($fields)
+	protected function _create_table_attr($attributes)
 	{
-		$current_field_count = 0;
 		$sql = '';
 
-		foreach ($fields as $field=>$attributes)
+		foreach (array_keys($attributes) as $key)
 		{
-			// Numeric field names aren't allowed in databases, so if the key is
-			// numeric, we know it was assigned by PHP and the developer manually
-			// entered the field information, so we'll simply add it to the list
-			if (is_numeric($field))
+			if (is_string($key))
 			{
-				$sql .= "\n\t$attributes";
+				$sql .= ' '.strtoupper($key).' = '.$attributes[$key];
 			}
-			else
-			{
-				$attributes = array_change_key_case($attributes, CASE_UPPER);
-
-				$sql .= "\n\t".$this->db->_protect_identifiers($field);
-
-				if (array_key_exists('NAME', $attributes))
-				{
-					$sql .= ' '.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($attributes['NAME']).' ';
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('TYPE', $attributes))
-				{
-					$sql .=  ' '.$attributes['TYPE'];
-
-					if (array_key_exists('CONSTRAINT', $attributes))
-					{
-						switch ($attributes['TYPE'])
-						{
-							case 'decimal':
-							case 'float':
-							case 'numeric':
-								$sql .= '('.implode(',', $attributes['CONSTRAINT']).')';
-							break;
-
-							case 'enum':
-							case 'set':
-								$sql .= '("'.implode('","', $attributes['CONSTRAINT']).'")';
-							break;
-
-							default:
-								$sql .= '('.$attributes['CONSTRAINT'].')';
-						}
-					}
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('UNSIGNED', $attributes) && $attributes['UNSIGNED'] === TRUE)
-				{
-					$sql .= ' UNSIGNED';
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('DEFAULT', $attributes))
-				{
-					$sql .= ' DEFAULT \''.$attributes['DEFAULT'].'\'';
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('NULL', $attributes) && $attributes['NULL'] === TRUE)
-				{
-					$sql .= ' NULL';
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					$sql .= ' NOT NULL';
-				}
+		}
 
-				if (array_key_exists('AUTO_INCREMENT', $attributes) && $attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT'] === TRUE)
-				{
-					$sql .= ' AUTO_INCREMENT';
-				}
-			}
+		if ( ! empty($this->db->char_set) && ! strpos($sql, 'CHARACTER SET') && ! strpos($sql, 'CHARSET'))
+		{
+			$sql .= ' DEFAULT CHARACTER SET = '.$this->db->char_set;
+		}
 
-			// don't add a comma on the end of the last field
-			if (++$current_field_count < count($fields))
-			{
-				$sql .= ',';
-			}
+		if ( ! empty($this->db->dbcollat) && ! strpos($sql, 'COLLATE'))
+		{
+			$sql .= ' COLLATE = '.$this->db->dbcollat;
 		}
 
 		return $sql;
@@ -147,127 +126,118 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Create Table
+	 * ALTER TABLE
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	mixed	the fields
-	 * @param	mixed	primary key(s)
-	 * @param	mixed	key(s)
-	 * @param	boolean	should 'IF NOT EXISTS' be added to the SQL
-	 * @return	bool
+	 * @param	string	$alter_type	ALTER type
+	 * @param	string	$table		Table name
+	 * @param	mixed	$field		Column definition
+	 * @return	string|string[]
 	 */
-	function _create_table($table, $fields, $primary_keys, $keys, $if_not_exists)
+	protected function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $field)
 	{
-		$sql = 'CREATE TABLE ';
-
-		if ($if_not_exists === TRUE)
-		{
-			$sql .= 'IF NOT EXISTS ';
-		}
-
-		$sql .= $this->db->_escape_identifiers($table)." (";
-
-		$sql .= $this->_process_fields($fields);
-
-		if (count($primary_keys) > 0)
+		if ($alter_type === 'DROP')
 		{
-			$key_name = $this->db->_protect_identifiers(implode('_', $primary_keys));
-			$primary_keys = $this->db->_protect_identifiers($primary_keys);
-			$sql .= ",\n\tPRIMARY KEY ".$key_name." (" . implode(', ', $primary_keys) . ")";
+			return parent::_alter_table($alter_type, $table, $field);
 		}
 
-		if (is_array($keys) && count($keys) > 0)
+		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($table);
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($field); $i < $c; $i++)
 		{
-			foreach ($keys as $key)
+			if ($field[$i]['_literal'] !== FALSE)
+			{
+				$field[$i] = ($alter_type === 'ADD')
+						? "\n\tADD ".$field[$i]['_literal']
+						: "\n\tMODIFY ".$field[$i]['_literal'];
+			}
+			else
 			{
-				if (is_array($key))
+				if ($alter_type === 'ADD')
 				{
-					$key_name = $this->db->_protect_identifiers(implode('_', $key));
-					$key = $this->db->_protect_identifiers($key);
+					$field[$i]['_literal'] = "\n\tADD ";
 				}
 				else
 				{
-					$key_name = $this->db->_protect_identifiers($key);
-					$key = array($key_name);
+					$field[$i]['_literal'] = empty($field[$i]['new_name']) ? "\n\tMODIFY " : "\n\tCHANGE ";
 				}
 
-				$sql .= ",\n\tKEY {$key_name} (" . implode(', ', $key) . ")";
+				$field[$i] = $field[$i]['_literal'].$this->_process_column($field[$i]);
 			}
 		}
 
-		$sql .= "\n) DEFAULT CHARACTER SET {$this->db->char_set} COLLATE {$this->db->dbcollat};";
-
-		return $sql;
+		return array($sql.implode(',', $field));
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Drop Table
+	 * Process column
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
+	 * @param	array	$field
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _drop_table($table)
+	protected function _process_column($field)
 	{
-		return "DROP TABLE IF EXISTS ".$this->db->_escape_identifiers($table);
+		$extra_clause = isset($field['after'])
+			? ' AFTER '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($field['after']) : '';
+
+		if (empty($extra_clause) && isset($field['first']) && $field['first'] === TRUE)
+		{
+			$extra_clause = ' FIRST';
+		}
+
+
+		return $this->db->escape_identifiers($field['name'])
+			.(empty($field['new_name']) ? '' : ' '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($field['new_name']))
+			.' '.$field['type'].$field['length']
+			.$field['unsigned']
+			.$field['null']
+			.$field['default']
+			.$field['auto_increment']
+			.$field['unique']
+			.(empty($field['comment']) ? '' : ' COMMENT '.$field['comment'])
+			.$extra_clause;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Alter table query
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that a table can be altered
-	 * Called by add_column(), drop_column(), and column_alter(),
+	 * Process indexes
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string	the ALTER type (ADD, DROP, CHANGE)
-	 * @param	string	the column name
-	 * @param	array	fields
-	 * @param	string	the field after which we should add the new field
-	 * @return	object
+	 * @param	string	$table	(ignored)
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $fields, $after_field = '')
+	protected function _process_indexes($table)
 	{
-		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($table)." $alter_type ";
+		$sql = '';
 
-		// DROP has everything it needs now.
-		if ($alter_type == 'DROP')
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($this->keys); $i < $c; $i++)
 		{
-			return $sql.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($fields);
-		}
+			if (is_array($this->keys[$i]))
+			{
+				for ($i2 = 0, $c2 = count($this->keys[$i]); $i2 < $c2; $i2++)
+				{
+					if ( ! isset($this->fields[$this->keys[$i][$i2]]))
+					{
+						unset($this->keys[$i][$i2]);
+						continue;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			elseif ( ! isset($this->fields[$this->keys[$i]]))
+			{
+				unset($this->keys[$i]);
+				continue;
+			}
 
-		$sql .= $this->_process_fields($fields);
+			is_array($this->keys[$i]) OR $this->keys[$i] = array($this->keys[$i]);
 
-		if ($after_field != '')
-		{
-			$sql .= ' AFTER ' . $this->db->_protect_identifiers($after_field);
+			$sql .= ",\n\tKEY ".$this->db->escape_identifiers(implode('_', $this->keys[$i]))
+				.' ('.implode(', ', $this->db->escape_identifiers($this->keys[$i])).')';
 		}
 
-		return $sql;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+		$this->keys = array();
 
-	/**
-	 * Rename a table
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that a table can be renamed
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string	the old table name
-	 * @param	string	the new table name
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	function _rename_table($table_name, $new_table_name)
-	{
-		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($table_name)." RENAME TO ".$this->db->_protect_identifiers($new_table_name);
 		return $sql;
 	}
 
 }
-
-/* End of file mysql_forge.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_forge.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_result.php b/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_result.php
index 27a0132d0..7aa265ebb 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_result.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_result.php
@@ -1,19 +1,41 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.0.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * MySQL Result Class
@@ -21,20 +43,36 @@
  * This class extends the parent result class: CI_DB_result
  *
  * @category	Database
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
  */
 class CI_DB_mysql_result extends CI_DB_result {
 
 	/**
+	 * Class constructor
+	 *
+	 * @param	object	&$driver_object
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function __construct(&$driver_object)
+	{
+		parent::__construct($driver_object);
+
+		// Required, due to mysql_data_seek() causing nightmares
+		// with empty result sets
+		$this->num_rows = mysql_num_rows($this->result_id);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
 	 * Number of rows in the result set
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	int
 	 */
-	function num_rows()
+	public function num_rows()
 	{
-		return @mysql_num_rows($this->result_id);
+		return $this->num_rows;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -42,12 +80,11 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	/**
 	 * Number of fields in the result set
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	int
 	 */
-	function num_fields()
+	public function num_fields()
 	{
-		return @mysql_num_fields($this->result_id);
+		return mysql_num_fields($this->result_id);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -57,12 +94,12 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 *
 	 * Generates an array of column names
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function list_fields()
+	public function list_fields()
 	{
 		$field_names = array();
+		mysql_field_seek($this->result_id, 0);
 		while ($field = mysql_fetch_field($this->result_id))
 		{
 			$field_names[] = $field->name;
@@ -78,27 +115,18 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 *
 	 * Generates an array of objects containing field meta-data
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function field_data()
+	public function field_data()
 	{
 		$retval = array();
-		while ($field = mysql_fetch_object($this->result_id))
+		for ($i = 0, $c = $this->num_fields(); $i < $c; $i++)
 		{
-			preg_match('/([a-zA-Z]+)(\(\d+\))?/', $field->Type, $matches);
-
-			$type = (array_key_exists(1, $matches)) ? $matches[1] : NULL;
-			$length = (array_key_exists(2, $matches)) ? preg_replace('/[^\d]/', '', $matches[2]) : NULL;
-
-			$F				= new stdClass();
-			$F->name		= $field->Field;
-			$F->type		= $type;
-			$F->default		= $field->Default;
-			$F->max_length	= $length;
-			$F->primary_key = ( $field->Key == 'PRI' ? 1 : 0 );
-
-			$retval[] = $F;
+			$retval[$i]			= new stdClass();
+			$retval[$i]->name		= mysql_field_name($this->result_id, $i);
+			$retval[$i]->type		= mysql_field_type($this->result_id, $i);
+			$retval[$i]->max_length		= mysql_field_len($this->result_id, $i);
+			$retval[$i]->primary_key	= (int) (strpos(mysql_field_flags($this->result_id, $i), 'primary_key') !== FALSE);
 		}
 
 		return $retval;
@@ -109,9 +137,9 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	/**
 	 * Free the result
 	 *
-	 * @return	null
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function free_result()
+	public function free_result()
 	{
 		if (is_resource($this->result_id))
 		{
@@ -125,16 +153,18 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	/**
 	 * Data Seek
 	 *
-	 * Moves the internal pointer to the desired offset.  We call
+	 * Moves the internal pointer to the desired offset. We call
 	 * this internally before fetching results to make sure the
-	 * result set starts at zero
+	 * result set starts at zero.
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	array
+	 * @param	int	$n
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function _data_seek($n = 0)
+	public function data_seek($n = 0)
 	{
-		return mysql_data_seek($this->result_id, $n);
+		return $this->num_rows
+			? mysql_data_seek($this->result_id, $n)
+			: FALSE;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -144,10 +174,9 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 *
 	 * Returns the result set as an array
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function _fetch_assoc()
+	protected function _fetch_assoc()
 	{
 		return mysql_fetch_assoc($this->result_id);
 	}
@@ -159,16 +188,12 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 *
 	 * Returns the result set as an object
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
+	 * @param	string	$class_name
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	function _fetch_object()
+	protected function _fetch_object($class_name = 'stdClass')
 	{
-		return mysql_fetch_object($this->result_id);
+		return mysql_fetch_object($this->result_id, $class_name);
 	}
 
 }
-
-
-/* End of file mysql_result.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_result.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_utility.php b/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_utility.php
index f22c3d043..bc01fc58d 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_utility.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_utility.php
@@ -1,83 +1,83 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.0.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * MySQL Utility Class
  *
  * @category	Database
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
  */
 class CI_DB_mysql_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 
 	/**
-	 * List databases
+	 * List databases statement
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	bool
+	 * @var	string
 	 */
-	function _list_databases()
-	{
-		return "SHOW DATABASES";
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+	protected $_list_databases	= 'SHOW DATABASES';
 
 	/**
-	 * Optimize table query
+	 * OPTIMIZE TABLE statement
 	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that a table can be optimized
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	object
+	 * @var	string
 	 */
-	function _optimize_table($table)
-	{
-		return "OPTIMIZE TABLE ".$this->db->_escape_identifiers($table);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+	protected $_optimize_table	= 'OPTIMIZE TABLE %s';
 
 	/**
-	 * Repair table query
+	 * REPAIR TABLE statement
 	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that a table can be repaired
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	object
+	 * @var	string
 	 */
-	function _repair_table($table)
-	{
-		return "REPAIR TABLE ".$this->db->_escape_identifiers($table);
-	}
+	protected $_repair_table	= 'REPAIR TABLE %s';
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 	/**
-	 * MySQL Export
+	 * Export
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	array	Preferences
+	 * @param	array	$params	Preferences
 	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
-	function _backup($params = array())
+	protected function _backup($params = array())
 	{
-		if (count($params) == 0)
+		if (count($params) === 0)
 		{
 			return FALSE;
 		}
@@ -87,16 +87,23 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 
 		// Build the output
 		$output = '';
-		foreach ((array)$tables as $table)
+
+		// Do we need to include a statement to disable foreign key checks?
+		if ($foreign_key_checks === FALSE)
+		{
+			$output .= 'SET foreign_key_checks = 0;'.$newline;
+		}
+
+		foreach ( (array) $tables as $table)
 		{
 			// Is the table in the "ignore" list?
-			if (in_array($table, (array)$ignore, TRUE))
+			if (in_array($table, (array) $ignore, TRUE))
 			{
 				continue;
 			}
 
 			// Get the table schema
-			$query = $this->db->query("SHOW CREATE TABLE `".$this->db->database.'`.`'.$table.'`');
+			$query = $this->db->query('SHOW CREATE TABLE '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($this->db->database.'.'.$table));
 
 			// No result means the table name was invalid
 			if ($query === FALSE)
@@ -107,9 +114,9 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 			// Write out the table schema
 			$output .= '#'.$newline.'# TABLE STRUCTURE FOR: '.$table.$newline.'#'.$newline.$newline;
 
-			if ($add_drop == TRUE)
+			if ($add_drop === TRUE)
 			{
-				$output .= 'DROP TABLE IF EXISTS '.$table.';'.$newline.$newline;
+				$output .= 'DROP TABLE IF EXISTS '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table).';'.$newline.$newline;
 			}
 
 			$i = 0;
@@ -123,21 +130,21 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 			}
 
 			// If inserts are not needed we're done...
-			if ($add_insert == FALSE)
+			if ($add_insert === FALSE)
 			{
 				continue;
 			}
 
 			// Grab all the data from the current table
-			$query = $this->db->query("SELECT * FROM $table");
+			$query = $this->db->query('SELECT * FROM '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table));
 
-			if ($query->num_rows() == 0)
+			if ($query->num_rows() === 0)
 			{
 				continue;
 			}
 
 			// Fetch the field names and determine if the field is an
-			// integer type.  We use this info to decide whether to
+			// integer type. We use this info to decide whether to
 			// surround the data with quotes or not
 
 			$i = 0;
@@ -146,20 +153,17 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 			while ($field = mysql_fetch_field($query->result_id))
 			{
 				// Most versions of MySQL store timestamp as a string
-				$is_int[$i] = (in_array(
-										strtolower(mysql_field_type($query->result_id, $i)),
-										array('tinyint', 'smallint', 'mediumint', 'int', 'bigint'), //, 'timestamp'),
-										TRUE)
-										) ? TRUE : FALSE;
+				$is_int[$i] = in_array(strtolower(mysql_field_type($query->result_id, $i)),
+							array('tinyint', 'smallint', 'mediumint', 'int', 'bigint'), //, 'timestamp'),
+							TRUE);
 
 				// Create a string of field names
-				$field_str .= '`'.$field->name.'`, ';
+				$field_str .= $this->db->escape_identifiers($field->name).', ';
 				$i++;
 			}
 
 			// Trim off the end comma
-			$field_str = preg_replace( "/, $/" , "" , $field_str);
-
+			$field_str = preg_replace('/, $/' , '', $field_str);
 
 			// Build the insert string
 			foreach ($query->result_array() as $row)
@@ -177,14 +181,7 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 					else
 					{
 						// Escape the data if it's not an integer
-						if ($is_int[$i] == FALSE)
-						{
-							$val_str .= $this->db->escape($v);
-						}
-						else
-						{
-							$val_str .= $v;
-						}
+						$val_str .= ($is_int[$i] === FALSE) ? $this->db->escape($v) : $v;
 					}
 
 					// Append a comma
@@ -193,18 +190,22 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 				}
 
 				// Remove the comma at the end of the string
-				$val_str = preg_replace( "/, $/" , "" , $val_str);
+				$val_str = preg_replace('/, $/' , '', $val_str);
 
 				// Build the INSERT string
-				$output .= 'INSERT INTO '.$table.' ('.$field_str.') VALUES ('.$val_str.');'.$newline;
+				$output .= 'INSERT INTO '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table).' ('.$field_str.') VALUES ('.$val_str.');'.$newline;
 			}
 
 			$output .= $newline.$newline;
 		}
 
+		// Do we need to include a statement to re-enable foreign key checks?
+		if ($foreign_key_checks === FALSE)
+		{
+			$output .= 'SET foreign_key_checks = 1;'.$newline;
+		}
+
 		return $output;
 	}
-}
 
-/* End of file mysql_utility.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_utility.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/mysqli/index.html b/system/database/drivers/mysqli/index.html
index c942a79ce..b702fbc39 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/mysqli/index.html
+++ b/system/database/drivers/mysqli/index.html
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
 <html>
 <head>
 	<title>403 Forbidden</title>
@@ -7,4 +8,4 @@
 <p>Directory access is forbidden.</p>
 
 </body>
-</html>
\ No newline at end of file
+</html>
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_driver.php
index a0896d8aa..b59e89494 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_driver.php
@@ -1,413 +1,327 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.3.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
- * MySQLi Database Adapter Class - MySQLi only works with PHP 5
+ * MySQLi Database Adapter Class
  *
  * Note: _DB is an extender class that the app controller
- * creates dynamically based on whether the active record
+ * creates dynamically based on whether the query builder
  * class is being used or not.
  *
  * @package		CodeIgniter
  * @subpackage	Drivers
  * @category	Database
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
  */
 class CI_DB_mysqli_driver extends CI_DB {
 
-	var $dbdriver = 'mysqli';
-
-	// The character used for escaping
-	var $_escape_char = '`';
-
-	// clause and character used for LIKE escape sequences - not used in MySQL
-	var $_like_escape_str = '';
-	var $_like_escape_chr = '';
+	/**
+	 * Database driver
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $dbdriver = 'mysqli';
 
 	/**
-	 * The syntax to count rows is slightly different across different
-	 * database engines, so this string appears in each driver and is
-	 * used for the count_all() and count_all_results() functions.
+	 * Compression flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
 	 */
-	var $_count_string = "SELECT COUNT(*) AS ";
-	var $_random_keyword = ' RAND()'; // database specific random keyword
+	public $compress = FALSE;
 
 	/**
+	 * DELETE hack flag
+	 *
 	 * Whether to use the MySQL "delete hack" which allows the number
 	 * of affected rows to be shown. Uses a preg_replace when enabled,
 	 * adding a bit more processing to all queries.
-	 */
-	var $delete_hack = TRUE;
-
-	// whether SET NAMES must be used to set the character set
-	var $use_set_names;
-	
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Non-persistent database connection
 	 *
-	 * @access	private called by the base class
-	 * @return	resource
+	 * @var	bool
 	 */
-	function db_connect()
-	{
-		if ($this->port != '')
-		{
-			return @mysqli_connect($this->hostname, $this->username, $this->password, $this->database, $this->port);
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			return @mysqli_connect($this->hostname, $this->username, $this->password, $this->database);
-		}
-
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+	public $delete_hack = TRUE;
 
 	/**
-	 * Persistent database connection
+	 * Strict ON flag
+	 *
+	 * Whether we're running in strict SQL mode.
 	 *
-	 * @access	private called by the base class
-	 * @return	resource
+	 * @var	bool
 	 */
-	function db_pconnect()
-	{
-		return $this->db_connect();
-	}
+	public $stricton;
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Reconnect
-	 *
-	 * Keep / reestablish the db connection if no queries have been
-	 * sent for a length of time exceeding the server's idle timeout
+	 * Identifier escape character
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @var	string
 	 */
-	function reconnect()
-	{
-		if (mysqli_ping($this->conn_id) === FALSE)
-		{
-			$this->conn_id = FALSE;
-		}
-	}
+	protected $_escape_char = '`';
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Select the database
+	 * MySQLi object
 	 *
-	 * @access	private called by the base class
-	 * @return	resource
+	 * Has to be preserved without being assigned to $conn_id.
+	 *
+	 * @var	MySQLi
 	 */
-	function db_select()
-	{
-		return @mysqli_select_db($this->conn_id, $this->database);
-	}
+	protected $_mysqli;
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Set client character set
+	 * Database connection
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	resource
+	 * @param	bool	$persistent
+	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	function _db_set_charset($charset, $collation)
+	public function db_connect($persistent = FALSE)
 	{
-		if ( ! isset($this->use_set_names))
+		// Do we have a socket path?
+		if ($this->hostname[0] === '/')
 		{
-			// mysqli_set_charset() requires MySQL >= 5.0.7, use SET NAMES as fallback
-			$this->use_set_names = (version_compare(mysqli_get_server_info($this->conn_id), '5.0.7', '>=')) ? FALSE : TRUE;
-		}
-
-		if ($this->use_set_names === TRUE)
-		{
-			return @mysqli_query($this->conn_id, "SET NAMES '".$this->escape_str($charset)."' COLLATE '".$this->escape_str($collation)."'");
+			$hostname = NULL;
+			$port = NULL;
+			$socket = $this->hostname;
 		}
 		else
 		{
-			return @mysqli_set_charset($this->conn_id, $charset);
+			$hostname = ($persistent === TRUE)
+				? 'p:'.$this->hostname : $this->hostname;
+			$port = empty($this->port) ? NULL : $this->port;
+			$socket = NULL;
 		}
-	}
 
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+		$client_flags = ($this->compress === TRUE) ? MYSQLI_CLIENT_COMPRESS : 0;
+		$this->_mysqli = mysqli_init();
 
-	/**
-	 * Version number query string
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	function _version()
-	{
-		return "SELECT version() AS ver";
-	}
+		$this->_mysqli->options(MYSQLI_OPT_CONNECT_TIMEOUT, 10);
 
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+		if (isset($this->stricton))
+		{
+			if ($this->stricton)
+			{
+				$this->_mysqli->options(MYSQLI_INIT_COMMAND, 'SET SESSION sql_mode = CONCAT(@@sql_mode, ",", "STRICT_ALL_TABLES")');
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				$this->_mysqli->options(MYSQLI_INIT_COMMAND,
+					'SET SESSION sql_mode =
+					REPLACE(REPLACE(REPLACE(REPLACE(REPLACE(REPLACE(
+					@@sql_mode,
+					"STRICT_ALL_TABLES,", ""),
+					",STRICT_ALL_TABLES", ""),
+					"STRICT_ALL_TABLES", ""),
+					"STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,", ""),
+					",STRICT_TRANS_TABLES", ""),
+					"STRICT_TRANS_TABLES", "")'
+				);
+			}
+		}
 
-	/**
-	 * Execute the query
-	 *
-	 * @access	private called by the base class
-	 * @param	string	an SQL query
-	 * @return	resource
-	 */
-	function _execute($sql)
-	{
-		$sql = $this->_prep_query($sql);
-		$result = @mysqli_query($this->conn_id, $sql);
-		return $result;
-	}
+		if (is_array($this->encrypt))
+		{
+			$ssl = array();
+			empty($this->encrypt['ssl_key'])    OR $ssl['key']    = $this->encrypt['ssl_key'];
+			empty($this->encrypt['ssl_cert'])   OR $ssl['cert']   = $this->encrypt['ssl_cert'];
+			empty($this->encrypt['ssl_ca'])     OR $ssl['ca']     = $this->encrypt['ssl_ca'];
+			empty($this->encrypt['ssl_capath']) OR $ssl['capath'] = $this->encrypt['ssl_capath'];
+			empty($this->encrypt['ssl_cipher']) OR $ssl['cipher'] = $this->encrypt['ssl_cipher'];
+
+			if ( ! empty($ssl))
+			{
+				if (isset($this->encrypt['ssl_verify']))
+				{
+					if ($this->encrypt['ssl_verify'])
+					{
+						defined('MYSQLI_OPT_SSL_VERIFY_SERVER_CERT') && $this->_mysqli->options(MYSQLI_OPT_SSL_VERIFY_SERVER_CERT, TRUE);
+					}
+					// Apparently (when it exists), setting MYSQLI_OPT_SSL_VERIFY_SERVER_CERT
+					// to FALSE didn't do anything, so PHP 5.6.16 introduced yet another
+					// constant ...
+					//
+					// https://secure.php.net/ChangeLog-5.php#5.6.16
+					// https://bugs.php.net/bug.php?id=68344
+					elseif (defined('MYSQLI_CLIENT_SSL_DONT_VERIFY_SERVER_CERT'))
+					{
+						$client_flags |= MYSQLI_CLIENT_SSL_DONT_VERIFY_SERVER_CERT;
+					}
+				}
 
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+				$client_flags |= MYSQLI_CLIENT_SSL;
+				$this->_mysqli->ssl_set(
+					isset($ssl['key'])    ? $ssl['key']    : NULL,
+					isset($ssl['cert'])   ? $ssl['cert']   : NULL,
+					isset($ssl['ca'])     ? $ssl['ca']     : NULL,
+					isset($ssl['capath']) ? $ssl['capath'] : NULL,
+					isset($ssl['cipher']) ? $ssl['cipher'] : NULL
+				);
+			}
+		}
 
-	/**
-	 * Prep the query
-	 *
-	 * If needed, each database adapter can prep the query string
-	 *
-	 * @access	private called by execute()
-	 * @param	string	an SQL query
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	function _prep_query($sql)
-	{
-		// "DELETE FROM TABLE" returns 0 affected rows This hack modifies
-		// the query so that it returns the number of affected rows
-		if ($this->delete_hack === TRUE)
+		if ($this->_mysqli->real_connect($hostname, $this->username, $this->password, $this->database, $port, $socket, $client_flags))
 		{
-			if (preg_match('/^\s*DELETE\s+FROM\s+(\S+)\s*$/i', $sql))
+			// Prior to version 5.7.3, MySQL silently downgrades to an unencrypted connection if SSL setup fails
+			if (
+				($client_flags & MYSQLI_CLIENT_SSL)
+				&& version_compare($this->_mysqli->client_info, '5.7.3', '<=')
+				&& empty($this->_mysqli->query("SHOW STATUS LIKE 'ssl_cipher'")->fetch_object()->Value)
+			)
 			{
-				$sql = preg_replace("/^\s*DELETE\s+FROM\s+(\S+)\s*$/", "DELETE FROM \\1 WHERE 1=1", $sql);
+				$this->_mysqli->close();
+				$message = 'MySQLi was configured for an SSL connection, but got an unencrypted connection instead!';
+				log_message('error', $message);
+				return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error($message, '', TRUE) : FALSE;
 			}
+
+			return $this->_mysqli;
 		}
 
-		return $sql;
+		return FALSE;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Begin Transaction
+	 * Reconnect
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	bool
+	 * Keep / reestablish the db connection if no queries have been
+	 * sent for a length of time exceeding the server's idle timeout
+	 *
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function trans_begin($test_mode = FALSE)
+	public function reconnect()
 	{
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
+		if ($this->conn_id !== FALSE && $this->conn_id->ping() === FALSE)
 		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
-		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ($this->_trans_depth > 0)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
+			$this->conn_id = FALSE;
 		}
-
-		// Reset the transaction failure flag.
-		// If the $test_mode flag is set to TRUE transactions will be rolled back
-		// even if the queries produce a successful result.
-		$this->_trans_failure = ($test_mode === TRUE) ? TRUE : FALSE;
-
-		$this->simple_query('SET AUTOCOMMIT=0');
-		$this->simple_query('START TRANSACTION'); // can also be BEGIN or BEGIN WORK
-		return TRUE;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Commit Transaction
+	 * Select the database
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
+	 * @param	string	$database
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function trans_commit()
+	public function db_select($database = '')
 	{
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
+		if ($database === '')
 		{
-			return TRUE;
+			$database = $this->database;
 		}
 
-		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ($this->_trans_depth > 0)
+		if ($this->conn_id->select_db($database))
 		{
+			$this->database = $database;
+			$this->data_cache = array();
 			return TRUE;
 		}
 
-		$this->simple_query('COMMIT');
-		$this->simple_query('SET AUTOCOMMIT=1');
-		return TRUE;
+		return FALSE;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Rollback Transaction
+	 * Set client character set
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
+	 * @param	string	$charset
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function trans_rollback()
+	protected function _db_set_charset($charset)
 	{
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
-		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ($this->_trans_depth > 0)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
-		$this->simple_query('ROLLBACK');
-		$this->simple_query('SET AUTOCOMMIT=1');
-		return TRUE;
+		return $this->conn_id->set_charset($charset);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Escape String
+	 * Database version number
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	bool	whether or not the string will be used in a LIKE condition
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function escape_str($str, $like = FALSE)
+	public function version()
 	{
-		if (is_array($str))
+		if (isset($this->data_cache['version']))
 		{
-			foreach ($str as $key => $val)
-			{
-				$str[$key] = $this->escape_str($val, $like);
-			}
-
-			return $str;
+			return $this->data_cache['version'];
 		}
 
-		if (function_exists('mysqli_real_escape_string') AND is_object($this->conn_id))
-		{
-			$str = mysqli_real_escape_string($this->conn_id, $str);
-		}
-		elseif (function_exists('mysql_escape_string'))
-		{
-			$str = mysql_escape_string($str);
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			$str = addslashes($str);
-		}
-
-		// escape LIKE condition wildcards
-		if ($like === TRUE)
-		{
-			$str = str_replace(array('%', '_'), array('\\%', '\\_'), $str);
-		}
-
-		return $str;
+		return $this->data_cache['version'] = $this->conn_id->server_info;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Affected Rows
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	integer
-	 */
-	function affected_rows()
-	{
-		return @mysqli_affected_rows($this->conn_id);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Insert ID
+	 * Execute the query
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @param	string	$sql	an SQL query
+	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
-	function insert_id()
+	protected function _execute($sql)
 	{
-		return @mysqli_insert_id($this->conn_id);
+		return $this->conn_id->query($this->_prep_query($sql));
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * "Count All" query
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query string that counts all records in
-	 * the specified database
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	function count_all($table = '')
-	{
-		if ($table == '')
-		{
-			return 0;
-		}
-
-		$query = $this->query($this->_count_string . $this->_protect_identifiers('numrows') . " FROM " . $this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE));
-
-		if ($query->num_rows() == 0)
-		{
-			return 0;
-		}
-
-		$row = $query->row();
-		$this->_reset_select();
-		return (int) $row->numrows;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * List table query
+	 * Prep the query
 	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the table names can be fetched
+	 * If needed, each database adapter can prep the query string
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	boolean
+	 * @param	string	$sql	an SQL query
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _list_tables($prefix_limit = FALSE)
+	protected function _prep_query($sql)
 	{
-		$sql = "SHOW TABLES FROM ".$this->_escape_char.$this->database.$this->_escape_char;
-
-		if ($prefix_limit !== FALSE AND $this->dbprefix != '')
+		// mysqli_affected_rows() returns 0 for "DELETE FROM TABLE" queries. This hack
+		// modifies the query so that it a proper number of affected rows is returned.
+		if ($this->delete_hack === TRUE && preg_match('/^\s*DELETE\s+FROM\s+(\S+)\s*$/i', $sql))
 		{
-			$sql .= " LIKE '".$this->escape_like_str($this->dbprefix)."%'";
+			return trim($sql).' WHERE 1=1';
 		}
 
 		return $sql;
@@ -416,342 +330,203 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Show column query
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the column names can be fetched
+	 * Begin Transaction
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function _list_columns($table = '')
+	protected function _trans_begin()
 	{
-		return "SHOW COLUMNS FROM ".$this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE);
+		$this->conn_id->autocommit(FALSE);
+		return is_php('5.5')
+			? $this->conn_id->begin_transaction()
+			: $this->simple_query('START TRANSACTION'); // can also be BEGIN or BEGIN WORK
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Field data query
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that the column data can be retrieved
+	 * Commit Transaction
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	object
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function _field_data($table)
+	protected function _trans_commit()
 	{
-		return "DESCRIBE ".$table;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+		if ($this->conn_id->commit())
+		{
+			$this->conn_id->autocommit(TRUE);
+			return TRUE;
+		}
 
-	/**
-	 * The error message string
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	function _error_message()
-	{
-		return mysqli_error($this->conn_id);
+		return FALSE;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * The error message number
+	 * Rollback Transaction
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function _error_number()
+	protected function _trans_rollback()
 	{
-		return mysqli_errno($this->conn_id);
+		if ($this->conn_id->rollback())
+		{
+			$this->conn_id->autocommit(TRUE);
+			return TRUE;
+		}
+
+		return FALSE;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Escape the SQL Identifiers
-	 *
-	 * This function escapes column and table names
+	 * Platform-dependent string escape
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _escape_identifiers($item)
+	protected function _escape_str($str)
 	{
-		if ($this->_escape_char == '')
-		{
-			return $item;
-		}
-
-		foreach ($this->_reserved_identifiers as $id)
-		{
-			if (strpos($item, '.'.$id) !== FALSE)
-			{
-				$str = $this->_escape_char. str_replace('.', $this->_escape_char.'.', $item);
-
-				// remove duplicates if the user already included the escape
-				return preg_replace('/['.$this->_escape_char.']+/', $this->_escape_char, $str);
-			}
-		}
-
-		if (strpos($item, '.') !== FALSE)
-		{
-			$str = $this->_escape_char.str_replace('.', $this->_escape_char.'.'.$this->_escape_char, $item).$this->_escape_char;
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			$str = $this->_escape_char.$item.$this->_escape_char;
-		}
-
-		// remove duplicates if the user already included the escape
-		return preg_replace('/['.$this->_escape_char.']+/', $this->_escape_char, $str);
+		return $this->conn_id->real_escape_string($str);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * From Tables
-	 *
-	 * This function implicitly groups FROM tables so there is no confusion
-	 * about operator precedence in harmony with SQL standards
+	 * Affected Rows
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	type
-	 * @return	type
+	 * @return	int
 	 */
-	function _from_tables($tables)
+	public function affected_rows()
 	{
-		if ( ! is_array($tables))
-		{
-			$tables = array($tables);
-		}
-
-		return '('.implode(', ', $tables).')';
+		return $this->conn_id->affected_rows;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Insert statement
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific insert string from the supplied data
+	 * Insert ID
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the insert keys
-	 * @param	array	the insert values
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @return	int
 	 */
-	function _insert($table, $keys, $values)
+	public function insert_id()
 	{
-		return "INSERT INTO ".$table." (".implode(', ', $keys).") VALUES (".implode(', ', $values).")";
+		return $this->conn_id->insert_id;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Insert_batch statement
+	 * List table query
 	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific insert string from the supplied data
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the table names can be fetched
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the insert keys
-	 * @param	array	the insert values
+	 * @param	bool	$prefix_limit
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _insert_batch($table, $keys, $values)
+	protected function _list_tables($prefix_limit = FALSE)
 	{
-		return "INSERT INTO ".$table." (".implode(', ', $keys).") VALUES ".implode(', ', $values);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+		$sql = 'SHOW TABLES FROM '.$this->escape_identifiers($this->database);
 
+		if ($prefix_limit !== FALSE && $this->dbprefix !== '')
+		{
+			return $sql." LIKE '".$this->escape_like_str($this->dbprefix)."%'";
+		}
 
-	/**
-	 * Replace statement
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific replace string from the supplied data
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the insert keys
-	 * @param	array	the insert values
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	function _replace($table, $keys, $values)
-	{
-		return "REPLACE INTO ".$table." (".implode(', ', $keys).") VALUES (".implode(', ', $values).")";
+		return $sql;
 	}
-	
+
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Update statement
+	 * Show column query
 	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific update string from the supplied data
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the column names can be fetched
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the update data
-	 * @param	array	the where clause
-	 * @param	array	the orderby clause
-	 * @param	array	the limit clause
+	 * @param	string	$table
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _update($table, $values, $where, $orderby = array(), $limit = FALSE)
+	protected function _list_columns($table = '')
 	{
-		foreach ($values as $key => $val)
-		{
-			$valstr[] = $key." = ".$val;
-		}
-
-		$limit = ( ! $limit) ? '' : ' LIMIT '.$limit;
-
-		$orderby = (count($orderby) >= 1)?' ORDER BY '.implode(", ", $orderby):'';
-
-		$sql = "UPDATE ".$table." SET ".implode(', ', $valstr);
-
-		$sql .= ($where != '' AND count($where) >=1) ? " WHERE ".implode(" ", $where) : '';
-
-		$sql .= $orderby.$limit;
-
-		return $sql;
+		return 'SHOW COLUMNS FROM '.$this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Update_Batch statement
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific batch update string from the supplied data
+	 * Returns an object with field data
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the update data
-	 * @param	array	the where clause
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function _update_batch($table, $values, $index, $where = NULL)
+	public function field_data($table)
 	{
-		$ids = array();
-		$where = ($where != '' AND count($where) >=1) ? implode(" ", $where).' AND ' : '';
-
-		foreach ($values as $key => $val)
+		if (($query = $this->query('SHOW COLUMNS FROM '.$this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE))) === FALSE)
 		{
-			$ids[] = $val[$index];
-
-			foreach (array_keys($val) as $field)
-			{
-				if ($field != $index)
-				{
-					$final[$field][] =  'WHEN '.$index.' = '.$val[$index].' THEN '.$val[$field];
-				}
-			}
+			return FALSE;
 		}
+		$query = $query->result_object();
 
-		$sql = "UPDATE ".$table." SET ";
-		$cases = '';
-
-		foreach ($final as $k => $v)
+		$retval = array();
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($query); $i < $c; $i++)
 		{
-			$cases .= $k.' = CASE '."\n";
-			foreach ($v as $row)
-			{
-				$cases .= $row."\n";
-			}
-
-			$cases .= 'ELSE '.$k.' END, ';
-		}
+			$retval[$i]			= new stdClass();
+			$retval[$i]->name		= $query[$i]->Field;
 
-		$sql .= substr($cases, 0, -2);
+			sscanf($query[$i]->Type, '%[a-z](%d)',
+				$retval[$i]->type,
+				$retval[$i]->max_length
+			);
 
-		$sql .= ' WHERE '.$where.$index.' IN ('.implode(',', $ids).')';
+			$retval[$i]->default		= $query[$i]->Default;
+			$retval[$i]->primary_key	= (int) ($query[$i]->Key === 'PRI');
+		}
 
-		return $sql;
+		return $retval;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Truncate statement
+	 * Error
 	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific truncate string from the supplied data
-	 * If the database does not support the truncate() command
-	 * This function maps to "DELETE FROM table"
+	 * Returns an array containing code and message of the last
+	 * database error that has occurred.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function _truncate($table)
+	public function error()
 	{
-		return "TRUNCATE ".$table;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Delete statement
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific delete string from the supplied data
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the where clause
-	 * @param	string	the limit clause
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	function _delete($table, $where = array(), $like = array(), $limit = FALSE)
-	{
-		$conditions = '';
-
-		if (count($where) > 0 OR count($like) > 0)
+		if ( ! empty($this->_mysqli->connect_errno))
 		{
-			$conditions = "\nWHERE ";
-			$conditions .= implode("\n", $this->ar_where);
-
-			if (count($where) > 0 && count($like) > 0)
-			{
-				$conditions .= " AND ";
-			}
-			$conditions .= implode("\n", $like);
+			return array(
+				'code'    => $this->_mysqli->connect_errno,
+				'message' => $this->_mysqli->connect_error
+			);
 		}
 
-		$limit = ( ! $limit) ? '' : ' LIMIT '.$limit;
-
-		return "DELETE FROM ".$table.$conditions.$limit;
+		return array('code' => $this->conn_id->errno, 'message' => $this->conn_id->error);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Limit string
+	 * FROM tables
 	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific LIMIT clause
+	 * Groups tables in FROM clauses if needed, so there is no confusion
+	 * about operator precedence.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the sql query string
-	 * @param	integer	the number of rows to limit the query to
-	 * @param	integer	the offset value
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _limit($sql, $limit, $offset)
+	protected function _from_tables()
 	{
-		$sql .= "LIMIT ".$limit;
-
-		if ($offset > 0)
+		if ( ! empty($this->qb_join) && count($this->qb_from) > 1)
 		{
-			$sql .= " OFFSET ".$offset;
+			return '('.implode(', ', $this->qb_from).')';
 		}
 
-		return $sql;
+		return implode(', ', $this->qb_from);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -759,18 +534,11 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Close DB Connection
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	resource
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function _close($conn_id)
+	protected function _close()
 	{
-		@mysqli_close($conn_id);
+		$this->conn_id->close();
 	}
 
-
 }
-
-
-/* End of file mysqli_driver.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_driver.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_forge.php
index f11cd7f26..c5b23b6ca 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_forge.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_forge.php
@@ -1,129 +1,125 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.3.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * MySQLi Forge Class
  *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @subpackage	Drivers
  * @category	Database
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
  */
 class CI_DB_mysqli_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 
 	/**
-	 * Create database
+	 * CREATE DATABASE statement
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string	the database name
-	 * @return	bool
+	 * @var	string
 	 */
-	function _create_database($name)
-	{
-		return "CREATE DATABASE ".$name;
-	}
+	protected $_create_database	= 'CREATE DATABASE %s CHARACTER SET %s COLLATE %s';
 
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+	/**
+	 * CREATE TABLE keys flag
+	 *
+	 * Whether table keys are created from within the
+	 * CREATE TABLE statement.
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	protected $_create_table_keys	= TRUE;
 
 	/**
-	 * Drop database
+	 * UNSIGNED support
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string	the database name
-	 * @return	bool
+	 * @var	array
 	 */
-	function _drop_database($name)
-	{
-		return "DROP DATABASE ".$name;
-	}
+	protected $_unsigned		= array(
+		'TINYINT',
+		'SMALLINT',
+		'MEDIUMINT',
+		'INT',
+		'INTEGER',
+		'BIGINT',
+		'REAL',
+		'DOUBLE',
+		'DOUBLE PRECISION',
+		'FLOAT',
+		'DECIMAL',
+		'NUMERIC'
+	);
+
+	/**
+	 * NULL value representation in CREATE/ALTER TABLE statements
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_null = 'NULL';
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Process Fields
+	 * CREATE TABLE attributes
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	mixed	the fields
+	 * @param	array	$attributes	Associative array of table attributes
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _process_fields($fields)
+	protected function _create_table_attr($attributes)
 	{
-		$current_field_count = 0;
 		$sql = '';
 
-		foreach ($fields as $field=>$attributes)
+		foreach (array_keys($attributes) as $key)
 		{
-			// Numeric field names aren't allowed in databases, so if the key is
-			// numeric, we know it was assigned by PHP and the developer manually
-			// entered the field information, so we'll simply add it to the list
-			if (is_numeric($field))
+			if (is_string($key))
 			{
-				$sql .= "\n\t$attributes";
+				$sql .= ' '.strtoupper($key).' = '.$attributes[$key];
 			}
-			else
-			{
-				$attributes = array_change_key_case($attributes, CASE_UPPER);
-
-				$sql .= "\n\t".$this->db->_protect_identifiers($field);
-
-				if (array_key_exists('NAME', $attributes))
-				{
-					$sql .= ' '.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($attributes['NAME']).' ';
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('TYPE', $attributes))
-				{
-					$sql .=  ' '.$attributes['TYPE'];
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('CONSTRAINT', $attributes))
-				{
-					$sql .= '('.$attributes['CONSTRAINT'].')';
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('UNSIGNED', $attributes) && $attributes['UNSIGNED'] === TRUE)
-				{
-					$sql .= ' UNSIGNED';
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('DEFAULT', $attributes))
-				{
-					$sql .= ' DEFAULT \''.$attributes['DEFAULT'].'\'';
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('NULL', $attributes) && $attributes['NULL'] === TRUE)
-				{
-					$sql .= ' NULL';
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					$sql .= ' NOT NULL';
-				}
+		}
 
-				if (array_key_exists('AUTO_INCREMENT', $attributes) && $attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT'] === TRUE)
-				{
-					$sql .= ' AUTO_INCREMENT';
-				}
-			}
+		if ( ! empty($this->db->char_set) && ! strpos($sql, 'CHARACTER SET') && ! strpos($sql, 'CHARSET'))
+		{
+			$sql .= ' DEFAULT CHARACTER SET = '.$this->db->char_set;
+		}
 
-			// don't add a comma on the end of the last field
-			if (++$current_field_count < count($fields))
-			{
-				$sql .= ',';
-			}
+		if ( ! empty($this->db->dbcollat) && ! strpos($sql, 'COLLATE'))
+		{
+			$sql .= ' COLLATE = '.$this->db->dbcollat;
 		}
 
 		return $sql;
@@ -132,127 +128,117 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Create Table
+	 * ALTER TABLE
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	mixed	the fields
-	 * @param	mixed	primary key(s)
-	 * @param	mixed	key(s)
-	 * @param	boolean	should 'IF NOT EXISTS' be added to the SQL
-	 * @return	bool
+	 * @param	string	$alter_type	ALTER type
+	 * @param	string	$table		Table name
+	 * @param	mixed	$field		Column definition
+	 * @return	string|string[]
 	 */
-	function _create_table($table, $fields, $primary_keys, $keys, $if_not_exists)
+	protected function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $field)
 	{
-		$sql = 'CREATE TABLE ';
-
-		if ($if_not_exists === TRUE)
+		if ($alter_type === 'DROP')
 		{
-			$sql .= 'IF NOT EXISTS ';
+			return parent::_alter_table($alter_type, $table, $field);
 		}
 
-		$sql .= $this->db->_escape_identifiers($table)." (";
-
-		$sql .= $this->_process_fields($fields);
-
-		if (count($primary_keys) > 0)
+		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($table);
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($field); $i < $c; $i++)
 		{
-			$key_name = $this->db->_protect_identifiers(implode('_', $primary_keys));
-			$primary_keys = $this->db->_protect_identifiers($primary_keys);
-			$sql .= ",\n\tPRIMARY KEY ".$key_name." (" . implode(', ', $primary_keys) . ")";
-		}
-
-		if (is_array($keys) && count($keys) > 0)
-		{
-			foreach ($keys as $key)
+			if ($field[$i]['_literal'] !== FALSE)
+			{
+				$field[$i] = ($alter_type === 'ADD')
+						? "\n\tADD ".$field[$i]['_literal']
+						: "\n\tMODIFY ".$field[$i]['_literal'];
+			}
+			else
 			{
-				if (is_array($key))
+				if ($alter_type === 'ADD')
 				{
-					$key_name = $this->db->_protect_identifiers(implode('_', $key));
-					$key = $this->db->_protect_identifiers($key);
+					$field[$i]['_literal'] = "\n\tADD ";
 				}
 				else
 				{
-					$key_name = $this->db->_protect_identifiers($key);
-					$key = array($key_name);
+					$field[$i]['_literal'] = empty($field[$i]['new_name']) ? "\n\tMODIFY " : "\n\tCHANGE ";
 				}
 
-				$sql .= ",\n\tKEY {$key_name} (" . implode(', ', $key) . ")";
+				$field[$i] = $field[$i]['_literal'].$this->_process_column($field[$i]);
 			}
 		}
 
-		$sql .= "\n) DEFAULT CHARACTER SET {$this->db->char_set} COLLATE {$this->db->dbcollat};";
-
-		return $sql;
+		return array($sql.implode(',', $field));
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Drop Table
+	 * Process column
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
+	 * @param	array	$field
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _drop_table($table)
+	protected function _process_column($field)
 	{
-		return "DROP TABLE IF EXISTS ".$this->db->_escape_identifiers($table);
+		$extra_clause = isset($field['after'])
+			? ' AFTER '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($field['after']) : '';
+
+		if (empty($extra_clause) && isset($field['first']) && $field['first'] === TRUE)
+		{
+			$extra_clause = ' FIRST';
+		}
+
+		return $this->db->escape_identifiers($field['name'])
+			.(empty($field['new_name']) ? '' : ' '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($field['new_name']))
+			.' '.$field['type'].$field['length']
+			.$field['unsigned']
+			.$field['null']
+			.$field['default']
+			.$field['auto_increment']
+			.$field['unique']
+			.(empty($field['comment']) ? '' : ' COMMENT '.$field['comment'])
+			.$extra_clause;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Alter table query
+	 * Process indexes
 	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that a table can be altered
-	 * Called by add_column(), drop_column(), and column_alter(),
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string	the ALTER type (ADD, DROP, CHANGE)
-	 * @param	string	the column name
-	 * @param	array	fields
-	 * @param	string	the field after which we should add the new field
-	 * @return	object
+	 * @param	string	$table	(ignored)
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $fields, $after_field = '')
+	protected function _process_indexes($table)
 	{
-		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($table)." $alter_type ";
+		$sql = '';
 
-		// DROP has everything it needs now.
-		if ($alter_type == 'DROP')
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($this->keys); $i < $c; $i++)
 		{
-			return $sql.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($fields);
-		}
+			if (is_array($this->keys[$i]))
+			{
+				for ($i2 = 0, $c2 = count($this->keys[$i]); $i2 < $c2; $i2++)
+				{
+					if ( ! isset($this->fields[$this->keys[$i][$i2]]))
+					{
+						unset($this->keys[$i][$i2]);
+						continue;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			elseif ( ! isset($this->fields[$this->keys[$i]]))
+			{
+				unset($this->keys[$i]);
+				continue;
+			}
 
-		$sql .= $this->_process_fields($fields);
+			is_array($this->keys[$i]) OR $this->keys[$i] = array($this->keys[$i]);
 
-		if ($after_field != '')
-		{
-			$sql .= ' AFTER ' . $this->db->_protect_identifiers($after_field);
+			$sql .= ",\n\tKEY ".$this->db->escape_identifiers(implode('_', $this->keys[$i]))
+				.' ('.implode(', ', $this->db->escape_identifiers($this->keys[$i])).')';
 		}
 
-		return $sql;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+		$this->keys = array();
 
-	/**
-	 * Rename a table
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that a table can be renamed
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string	the old table name
-	 * @param	string	the new table name
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	function _rename_table($table_name, $new_table_name)
-	{
-		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($table_name)." RENAME TO ".$this->db->_protect_identifiers($new_table_name);
 		return $sql;
 	}
 
 }
-
-/* End of file mysqli_forge.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_forge.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_result.php b/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_result.php
index 4be381a4a..929c2b455 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_result.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_result.php
@@ -1,40 +1,65 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.3.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * MySQLi Result Class
  *
  * This class extends the parent result class: CI_DB_result
  *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @subpackage	Drivers
  * @category	Database
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
  */
 class CI_DB_mysqli_result extends CI_DB_result {
 
 	/**
 	 * Number of rows in the result set
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	int
 	 */
-	function num_rows()
+	public function num_rows()
 	{
-		return @mysqli_num_rows($this->result_id);
+		return is_int($this->num_rows)
+			? $this->num_rows
+			: $this->num_rows = $this->result_id->num_rows;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -42,12 +67,11 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	/**
 	 * Number of fields in the result set
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	int
 	 */
-	function num_fields()
+	public function num_fields()
 	{
-		return @mysqli_num_fields($this->result_id);
+		return $this->result_id->field_count;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -57,13 +81,13 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 *
 	 * Generates an array of column names
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function list_fields()
+	public function list_fields()
 	{
 		$field_names = array();
-		while ($field = mysqli_fetch_field($this->result_id))
+		$this->result_id->field_seek(0);
+		while ($field = $this->result_id->fetch_field())
 		{
 			$field_names[] = $field->name;
 		}
@@ -78,44 +102,37 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 *
 	 * Generates an array of objects containing field meta-data
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function field_data()
+	public function field_data()
 	{
 		$retval = array();
-		while ($field = mysqli_fetch_object($this->result_id))
+		$field_data = $this->result_id->fetch_fields();
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($field_data); $i < $c; $i++)
 		{
-			preg_match('/([a-zA-Z]+)(\(\d+\))?/', $field->Type, $matches);
-
-			$type = (array_key_exists(1, $matches)) ? $matches[1] : NULL;
-			$length = (array_key_exists(2, $matches)) ? preg_replace('/[^\d]/', '', $matches[2]) : NULL;
-
-			$F				= new stdClass();
-			$F->name		= $field->Field;
-			$F->type		= $type;
-			$F->default		= $field->Default;
-			$F->max_length	= $length;
-			$F->primary_key = ( $field->Key == 'PRI' ? 1 : 0 );
-
-			$retval[] = $F;
+			$retval[$i]			= new stdClass();
+			$retval[$i]->name		= $field_data[$i]->name;
+			$retval[$i]->type		= $field_data[$i]->type;
+			$retval[$i]->max_length		= $field_data[$i]->max_length;
+			$retval[$i]->primary_key	= (int) ($field_data[$i]->flags & 2);
+			$retval[$i]->default		= $field_data[$i]->def;
 		}
 
 		return $retval;
 	}
-	
+
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
 	 * Free the result
 	 *
-	 * @return	null
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function free_result()
+	public function free_result()
 	{
 		if (is_object($this->result_id))
 		{
-			mysqli_free_result($this->result_id);
+			$this->result_id->free();
 			$this->result_id = FALSE;
 		}
 	}
@@ -125,16 +142,16 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	/**
 	 * Data Seek
 	 *
-	 * Moves the internal pointer to the desired offset.  We call
+	 * Moves the internal pointer to the desired offset. We call
 	 * this internally before fetching results to make sure the
-	 * result set starts at zero
+	 * result set starts at zero.
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	array
+	 * @param	int	$n
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function _data_seek($n = 0)
+	public function data_seek($n = 0)
 	{
-		return mysqli_data_seek($this->result_id, $n);
+		return $this->result_id->data_seek($n);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -144,12 +161,11 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 *
 	 * Returns the result set as an array
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function _fetch_assoc()
+	protected function _fetch_assoc()
 	{
-		return mysqli_fetch_assoc($this->result_id);
+		return $this->result_id->fetch_assoc();
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -159,16 +175,12 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 *
 	 * Returns the result set as an object
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
+	 * @param	string	$class_name
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	function _fetch_object()
+	protected function _fetch_object($class_name = 'stdClass')
 	{
-		return mysqli_fetch_object($this->result_id);
+		return $this->result_id->fetch_object($class_name);
 	}
 
 }
-
-
-/* End of file mysqli_result.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_result.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_utility.php b/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_utility.php
index bc613a557..4a3dad4d1 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_utility.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_utility.php
@@ -1,87 +1,213 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.3.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * MySQLi Utility Class
  *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @subpackage	Drivers
  * @category	Database
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
  */
 class CI_DB_mysqli_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 
 	/**
-	 * List databases
+	 * List databases statement
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	bool
+	 * @var	string
 	 */
-	function _list_databases()
-	{
-		return "SHOW DATABASES";
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+	protected $_list_databases	= 'SHOW DATABASES';
 
 	/**
-	 * Optimize table query
+	 * OPTIMIZE TABLE statement
 	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that a table can be optimized
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	object
+	 * @var	string
 	 */
-	function _optimize_table($table)
-	{
-		return "OPTIMIZE TABLE ".$this->db->_escape_identifiers($table);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+	protected $_optimize_table	= 'OPTIMIZE TABLE %s';
 
 	/**
-	 * Repair table query
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that a table can be repaired
+	 * REPAIR TABLE statement
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	object
+	 * @var	string
 	 */
-	function _repair_table($table)
-	{
-		return "REPAIR TABLE ".$this->db->_escape_identifiers($table);
-	}
+	protected $_repair_table	= 'REPAIR TABLE %s';
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * MySQLi Export
+	 * Export
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	array	Preferences
+	 * @param	array	$params	Preferences
 	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
-	function _backup($params = array())
+	protected function _backup($params = array())
 	{
-		// Currently unsupported
-		return $this->db->display_error('db_unsuported_feature');
+		if (count($params) === 0)
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		// Extract the prefs for simplicity
+		extract($params);
+
+		// Build the output
+		$output = '';
+
+		// Do we need to include a statement to disable foreign key checks?
+		if ($foreign_key_checks === FALSE)
+		{
+			$output .= 'SET foreign_key_checks = 0;'.$newline;
+		}
+
+		foreach ( (array) $tables as $table)
+		{
+			// Is the table in the "ignore" list?
+			if (in_array($table, (array) $ignore, TRUE))
+			{
+				continue;
+			}
+
+			// Get the table schema
+			$query = $this->db->query('SHOW CREATE TABLE '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($this->db->database.'.'.$table));
+
+			// No result means the table name was invalid
+			if ($query === FALSE)
+			{
+				continue;
+			}
+
+			// Write out the table schema
+			$output .= '#'.$newline.'# TABLE STRUCTURE FOR: '.$table.$newline.'#'.$newline.$newline;
+
+			if ($add_drop === TRUE)
+			{
+				$output .= 'DROP TABLE IF EXISTS '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table).';'.$newline.$newline;
+			}
+
+			$i = 0;
+			$result = $query->result_array();
+			foreach ($result[0] as $val)
+			{
+				if ($i++ % 2)
+				{
+					$output .= $val.';'.$newline.$newline;
+				}
+			}
+
+			// If inserts are not needed we're done...
+			if ($add_insert === FALSE)
+			{
+				continue;
+			}
+
+			// Grab all the data from the current table
+			$query = $this->db->query('SELECT * FROM '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table));
+
+			if ($query->num_rows() === 0)
+			{
+				continue;
+			}
+
+			// Fetch the field names and determine if the field is an
+			// integer type. We use this info to decide whether to
+			// surround the data with quotes or not
+
+			$i = 0;
+			$field_str = '';
+			$is_int = array();
+			while ($field = $query->result_id->fetch_field())
+			{
+				// Most versions of MySQL store timestamp as a string
+				$is_int[$i] = in_array(strtolower($field->type),
+							array('tinyint', 'smallint', 'mediumint', 'int', 'bigint'), //, 'timestamp'),
+							TRUE);
+
+				// Create a string of field names
+				$field_str .= $this->db->escape_identifiers($field->name).', ';
+				$i++;
+			}
+
+			// Trim off the end comma
+			$field_str = preg_replace('/, $/' , '', $field_str);
+
+			// Build the insert string
+			foreach ($query->result_array() as $row)
+			{
+				$val_str = '';
+
+				$i = 0;
+				foreach ($row as $v)
+				{
+					// Is the value NULL?
+					if ($v === NULL)
+					{
+						$val_str .= 'NULL';
+					}
+					else
+					{
+						// Escape the data if it's not an integer
+						$val_str .= ($is_int[$i] === FALSE) ? $this->db->escape($v) : $v;
+					}
+
+					// Append a comma
+					$val_str .= ', ';
+					$i++;
+				}
+
+				// Remove the comma at the end of the string
+				$val_str = preg_replace('/, $/' , '', $val_str);
+
+				// Build the INSERT string
+				$output .= 'INSERT INTO '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table).' ('.$field_str.') VALUES ('.$val_str.');'.$newline;
+			}
+
+			$output .= $newline.$newline;
+		}
+
+		// Do we need to include a statement to re-enable foreign key checks?
+		if ($foreign_key_checks === FALSE)
+		{
+			$output .= 'SET foreign_key_checks = 1;'.$newline;
+		}
+
+		return $output;
 	}
-}
 
-/* End of file mysqli_utility.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_utility.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/oci8/index.html b/system/database/drivers/oci8/index.html
index c942a79ce..b702fbc39 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/oci8/index.html
+++ b/system/database/drivers/oci8/index.html
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
 <html>
 <head>
 	<title>403 Forbidden</title>
@@ -7,4 +8,4 @@
 <p>Directory access is forbidden.</p>
 
 </body>
-</html>
\ No newline at end of file
+</html>
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_driver.php
index 6255b330a..fb2f6b31b 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_driver.php
@@ -1,32 +1,54 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright   Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.4.1
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * oci8 Database Adapter Class
  *
  * Note: _DB is an extender class that the app controller
- * creates dynamically based on whether the active record
+ * creates dynamically based on whether the query builder
  * class is being used or not.
  *
  * @package		CodeIgniter
  * @subpackage  Drivers
  * @category	Database
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
  */
 
 /**
@@ -36,185 +58,244 @@
  * permit access to oracle databases
  *
  * @author	  Kelly McArdle
- *
  */
-
 class CI_DB_oci8_driver extends CI_DB {
 
-	var $dbdriver = 'oci8';
-
-	// The character used for excaping
-	var $_escape_char = '"';
-
-	// clause and character used for LIKE escape sequences
-	var $_like_escape_str = " escape '%s' ";
-	var $_like_escape_chr = '!';
-
 	/**
-	 * The syntax to count rows is slightly different across different
-	 * database engines, so this string appears in each driver and is
-	 * used for the count_all() and count_all_results() functions.
+	 * Database driver
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
 	 */
-	var $_count_string = "SELECT COUNT(1) AS ";
-	var $_random_keyword = ' ASC'; // not currently supported
+	public $dbdriver = 'oci8';
 
-	// Set "auto commit" by default
-	var $_commit = OCI_COMMIT_ON_SUCCESS;
+	/**
+	 * Statement ID
+	 *
+	 * @var	resource
+	 */
+	public $stmt_id;
 
-	// need to track statement id and cursor id
-	var $stmt_id;
-	var $curs_id;
+	/**
+	 * Cursor ID
+	 *
+	 * @var	resource
+	 */
+	public $curs_id;
 
-	// if we use a limit, we will add a field that will
-	// throw off num_fields later
-	var $limit_used;
+	/**
+	 * Commit mode flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	int
+	 */
+	public $commit_mode = OCI_COMMIT_ON_SUCCESS;
 
 	/**
-	 * Non-persistent database connection
+	 * Limit used flag
+	 *
+	 * If we use LIMIT, we'll add a field that will
+	 * throw off num_fields later.
 	 *
-	 * @access  private called by the base class
-	 * @return  resource
+	 * @var	bool
 	 */
-	public function db_connect()
-	{
-		return @oci_connect($this->username, $this->password, $this->hostname, $this->char_set);
-	}
+	public $limit_used;
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Persistent database connection
+	 * Reset $stmt_id flag
 	 *
-	 * @access  private called by the base class
-	 * @return  resource
+	 * Used by stored_procedure() to prevent _execute() from
+	 * re-setting the statement ID.
 	 */
-	public function db_pconnect()
-	{
-		return @oci_pconnect($this->username, $this->password, $this->hostname, $this->char_set);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+	protected $_reset_stmt_id = TRUE;
 
 	/**
-	 * Reconnect
+	 * List of reserved identifiers
 	 *
-	 * Keep / reestablish the db connection if no queries have been
-	 * sent for a length of time exceeding the server's idle timeout
+	 * Identifiers that must NOT be escaped.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @var	string[]
 	 */
-	public function reconnect()
-	{
-		// not implemented in oracle
-		return;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+	protected $_reserved_identifiers = array('*', 'rownum');
 
 	/**
-	 * Select the database
+	 * ORDER BY random keyword
 	 *
-	 * @access  private called by the base class
-	 * @return  resource
+	 * @var	array
 	 */
-	public function db_select()
-	{
-		// Not in Oracle - schemas are actually usernames
-		return TRUE;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+	protected $_random_keyword = array('ASC', 'ASC'); // not currently supported
 
 	/**
-	 * Set client character set
+	 * COUNT string
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	resource
+	 * @used-by	CI_DB_driver::count_all()
+	 * @used-by	CI_DB_query_builder::count_all_results()
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
 	 */
-	public function db_set_charset($charset, $collation)
-	{
-		// @todo - add support if needed
-		return TRUE;
-	}
+	protected $_count_string = 'SELECT COUNT(1) AS ';
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Version number query string
+	 * Class constructor
 	 *
-	 * @access  protected
-	 * @return  string
+	 * @param	array	$params
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	protected function _version()
+	public function __construct($params)
 	{
-		return oci_server_version($this->conn_id);
+		parent::__construct($params);
+
+		$valid_dsns = array(
+			'tns'	=> '/^\(DESCRIPTION=(\(.+\)){2,}\)$/', // TNS
+			// Easy Connect string (Oracle 10g+)
+			'ec'	=> '/^(\/\/)?[a-z0-9.:_-]+(:[1-9][0-9]{0,4})?(\/[a-z0-9$_]+)?(:[^\/])?(\/[a-z0-9$_]+)?$/i',
+			'in'	=> '/^[a-z0-9$_]+$/i' // Instance name (defined in tnsnames.ora)
+		);
+
+		/* Space characters don't have any effect when actually
+		 * connecting, but can be a hassle while validating the DSN.
+		 */
+		$this->dsn = str_replace(array("\n", "\r", "\t", ' '), '', $this->dsn);
+
+		if ($this->dsn !== '')
+		{
+			foreach ($valid_dsns as $regexp)
+			{
+				if (preg_match($regexp, $this->dsn))
+				{
+					return;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Legacy support for TNS in the hostname configuration field
+		$this->hostname = str_replace(array("\n", "\r", "\t", ' '), '', $this->hostname);
+		if (preg_match($valid_dsns['tns'], $this->hostname))
+		{
+			$this->dsn = $this->hostname;
+			return;
+		}
+		elseif ($this->hostname !== '' && strpos($this->hostname, '/') === FALSE && strpos($this->hostname, ':') === FALSE
+			&& (( ! empty($this->port) && ctype_digit($this->port)) OR $this->database !== ''))
+		{
+			/* If the hostname field isn't empty, doesn't contain
+			 * ':' and/or '/' and if port and/or database aren't
+			 * empty, then the hostname field is most likely indeed
+			 * just a hostname. Therefore we'll try and build an
+			 * Easy Connect string from these 3 settings, assuming
+			 * that the database field is a service name.
+			 */
+			$this->dsn = $this->hostname
+				.(( ! empty($this->port) && ctype_digit($this->port)) ? ':'.$this->port : '')
+				.($this->database !== '' ? '/'.ltrim($this->database, '/') : '');
+
+			if (preg_match($valid_dsns['ec'], $this->dsn))
+			{
+				return;
+			}
+		}
+
+		/* At this point, we can only try and validate the hostname and
+		 * database fields separately as DSNs.
+		 */
+		if (preg_match($valid_dsns['ec'], $this->hostname) OR preg_match($valid_dsns['in'], $this->hostname))
+		{
+			$this->dsn = $this->hostname;
+			return;
+		}
+
+		$this->database = str_replace(array("\n", "\r", "\t", ' '), '', $this->database);
+		foreach ($valid_dsns as $regexp)
+		{
+			if (preg_match($regexp, $this->database))
+			{
+				return;
+			}
+		}
+
+		/* Well - OK, an empty string should work as well.
+		 * PHP will try to use environment variables to
+		 * determine which Oracle instance to connect to.
+		 */
+		$this->dsn = '';
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Execute the query
+	 * Non-persistent database connection
 	 *
-	 * @access  protected  called by the base class
-	 * @param   string  an SQL query
-	 * @return  resource
+	 * @param	bool	$persistent
+	 * @return	resource
 	 */
-	protected function _execute($sql)
+	public function db_connect($persistent = FALSE)
 	{
-		// oracle must parse the query before it is run. All of the actions with
-		// the query are based on the statement id returned by ociparse
-		$this->stmt_id = FALSE;
-		$this->_set_stmt_id($sql);
-		oci_set_prefetch($this->stmt_id, 1000);
-		return @oci_execute($this->stmt_id, $this->_commit);
+		$func = ($persistent === TRUE) ? 'oci_pconnect' : 'oci_connect';
+		return empty($this->char_set)
+			? $func($this->username, $this->password, $this->dsn)
+			: $func($this->username, $this->password, $this->dsn, $this->char_set);
 	}
 
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 	/**
-	 * Generate a statement ID
+	 * Database version number
 	 *
-	 * @access  private
-	 * @param   string  an SQL query
-	 * @return  none
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	private function _set_stmt_id($sql)
+	public function version()
 	{
-		if ( ! is_resource($this->stmt_id))
+		if (isset($this->data_cache['version']))
+		{
+			return $this->data_cache['version'];
+		}
+
+		if ( ! $this->conn_id OR ($version_string = oci_server_version($this->conn_id)) === FALSE)
 		{
-			$this->stmt_id = oci_parse($this->conn_id, $this->_prep_query($sql));
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+		elseif (preg_match('#Release\s(\d+(?:\.\d+)+)#', $version_string, $match))
+		{
+			return $this->data_cache['version'] = $match[1];
 		}
+
+		return FALSE;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Prep the query
-	 *
-	 * If needed, each database adapter can prep the query string
+	 * Execute the query
 	 *
-	 * @access  private called by execute()
-	 * @param   string  an SQL query
-	 * @return  string
+	 * @param	string	$sql	an SQL query
+	 * @return	resource
 	 */
-	private function _prep_query($sql)
+	protected function _execute($sql)
 	{
-		return $sql;
+		/* Oracle must parse the query before it is run. All of the actions with
+		 * the query are based on the statement id returned by oci_parse().
+		 */
+		if ($this->_reset_stmt_id === TRUE)
+		{
+			$this->stmt_id = oci_parse($this->conn_id, $sql);
+		}
+
+		oci_set_prefetch($this->stmt_id, 1000);
+		return oci_execute($this->stmt_id, $this->commit_mode);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * getCursor.  Returns a cursor from the datbase
+	 * Get cursor. Returns a cursor from the database
 	 *
-	 * @access  public
-	 * @return  cursor id
+	 * @return	resource
 	 */
 	public function get_cursor()
 	{
-		$this->curs_id = oci_new_cursor($this->conn_id);
-		return $this->curs_id;
+		return $this->curs_id = oci_new_cursor($this->conn_id);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -222,52 +303,49 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Stored Procedure.  Executes a stored procedure
 	 *
-	 * @access  public
-	 * @param   package	 package stored procedure is in
-	 * @param   procedure   stored procedure to execute
-	 * @param   params	  array of parameters
-	 * @return  array
+	 * @param	string	package name in which the stored procedure is in
+	 * @param	string	stored procedure name to execute
+	 * @param	array	parameters
+	 * @return	mixed
 	 *
 	 * params array keys
 	 *
-	 * KEY	  OPTIONAL	NOTES
-	 * name		no		the name of the parameter should be in :<param_name> format
-	 * value	no		the value of the parameter.  If this is an OUT or IN OUT parameter,
-	 *					this should be a reference to a variable
-	 * type		yes		the type of the parameter
-	 * length	yes		the max size of the parameter
+	 * KEY      OPTIONAL  NOTES
+	 * name     no        the name of the parameter should be in :<param_name> format
+	 * value    no        the value of the parameter.  If this is an OUT or IN OUT parameter,
+	 *                    this should be a reference to a variable
+	 * type     yes       the type of the parameter
+	 * length   yes       the max size of the parameter
 	 */
-	public function stored_procedure($package, $procedure, $params)
+	public function stored_procedure($package, $procedure, array $params)
 	{
-		if ($package == '' OR $procedure == '' OR ! is_array($params))
+		if ($package === '' OR $procedure === '')
 		{
-			if ($this->db_debug)
-			{
-				log_message('error', 'Invalid query: '.$package.'.'.$procedure);
-				return $this->display_error('db_invalid_query');
-			}
-			return FALSE;
+			log_message('error', 'Invalid query: '.$package.'.'.$procedure);
+			return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_invalid_query') : FALSE;
 		}
 
-		// build the query string
-		$sql = "begin $package.$procedure(";
+		// Build the query string
+		$sql = 'BEGIN '.$package.'.'.$procedure.'(';
 
 		$have_cursor = FALSE;
 		foreach ($params as $param)
 		{
-			$sql .= $param['name'] . ",";
+			$sql .= $param['name'].',';
 
-			if (array_key_exists('type', $param) && ($param['type'] === OCI_B_CURSOR))
+			if (isset($param['type']) && $param['type'] === OCI_B_CURSOR)
 			{
 				$have_cursor = TRUE;
 			}
 		}
-		$sql = trim($sql, ",") . "); end;";
+		$sql = trim($sql, ',').'); END;';
 
-		$this->stmt_id = FALSE;
-		$this->_set_stmt_id($sql);
+		$this->_reset_stmt_id = FALSE;
+		$this->stmt_id = oci_parse($this->conn_id, $sql);
 		$this->_bind_params($params);
-		$this->query($sql, FALSE, $have_cursor);
+		$result = $this->query($sql, FALSE, $have_cursor);
+		$this->_reset_stmt_id = TRUE;
+		return $result;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -275,10 +353,10 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Bind parameters
 	 *
-	 * @access  private
-	 * @return  none
+	 * @param	array	$params
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	private function _bind_params($params)
+	protected function _bind_params($params)
 	{
 		if ( ! is_array($params) OR ! is_resource($this->stmt_id))
 		{
@@ -304,28 +382,11 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Begin Transaction
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	public function trans_begin($test_mode = FALSE)
+	protected function _trans_begin()
 	{
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
-		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ($this->_trans_depth > 0)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
-		// Reset the transaction failure flag.
-		// If the $test_mode flag is set to TRUE transactions will be rolled back
-		// even if the queries produce a successful result.
-		$this->_trans_failure = ($test_mode === TRUE) ? TRUE : FALSE;
-
-		$this->_commit = OCI_DEFAULT;
+		$this->commit_mode = OCI_NO_AUTO_COMMIT;
 		return TRUE;
 	}
 
@@ -334,25 +395,13 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Commit Transaction
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	public function trans_commit()
+	protected function _trans_commit()
 	{
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
+		$this->commit_mode = OCI_COMMIT_ON_SUCCESS;
 
-		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ($this->_trans_depth > 0)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
-		$ret = oci_commit($this->conn_id);
-		$this->_commit = OCI_COMMIT_ON_SUCCESS;
-		return $ret;
+		return oci_commit($this->conn_id);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -360,60 +409,12 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Rollback Transaction
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	public function trans_rollback()
+	protected function _trans_rollback()
 	{
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
-		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ($this->_trans_depth > 0)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
-		$ret = oci_rollback($this->conn_id);
-		$this->_commit = OCI_COMMIT_ON_SUCCESS;
-		return $ret;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Escape String
-	 *
-	 * @access  public
-	 * @param   string
-	 * @param	bool	whether or not the string will be used in a LIKE condition
-	 * @return  string
-	 */
-	public function escape_str($str, $like = FALSE)
-	{
-		if (is_array($str))
-		{
-			foreach ($str as $key => $val)
-			{
-				$str[$key] = $this->escape_str($val, $like);
-			}
-
-			return $str;
-		}
-
-		$str = remove_invisible_characters($str);
-
-		// escape LIKE condition wildcards
-		if ($like === TRUE)
-		{
-			$str = str_replace(	array('%', '_', $this->_like_escape_chr),
-								array($this->_like_escape_chr.'%', $this->_like_escape_chr.'_', $this->_like_escape_chr.$this->_like_escape_chr),
-								$str);
-		}
-
-		return $str;
+		$this->commit_mode = OCI_COMMIT_ON_SUCCESS;
+		return oci_rollback($this->conn_id);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -421,12 +422,11 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Affected Rows
 	 *
-	 * @access  public
-	 * @return  integer
+	 * @return	int
 	 */
 	public function affected_rows()
 	{
-		return @oci_num_rows($this->stmt_id);
+		return oci_num_rows($this->stmt_id);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -434,8 +434,7 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Insert ID
 	 *
-	 * @access  public
-	 * @return  integer
+	 * @return	int
 	 */
 	public function insert_id()
 	{
@@ -446,52 +445,21 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * "Count All" query
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query string that counts all records in
-	 * the specified database
-	 *
-	 * @access  public
-	 * @param   string
-	 * @return  string
-	 */
-	public function count_all($table = '')
-	{
-		if ($table == '')
-		{
-			return 0;
-		}
-
-		$query = $this->query($this->_count_string . $this->_protect_identifiers('numrows') . " FROM " . $this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE));
-
-		if ($query == FALSE)
-		{
-			return 0;
-		}
-
-		$row = $query->row();
-		$this->_reset_select();
-		return (int) $row->numrows;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
 	 * Show table query
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the table names can be fetched
 	 *
-	 * @access	protected
-	 * @param	boolean
+	 * @param	bool	$prefix_limit
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _list_tables($prefix_limit = FALSE)
 	{
-		$sql = "SELECT TABLE_NAME FROM ALL_TABLES";
+		$sql = 'SELECT "TABLE_NAME" FROM "ALL_TABLES"';
 
-		if ($prefix_limit !== FALSE AND $this->dbprefix != '')
+		if ($prefix_limit !== FALSE && $this->dbprefix !== '')
 		{
-			$sql .= " WHERE TABLE_NAME LIKE '".$this->escape_like_str($this->dbprefix)."%' ".sprintf($this->_like_escape_str, $this->_like_escape_chr);
+			return $sql.' WHERE "TABLE_NAME" LIKE \''.$this->escape_like_str($this->dbprefix)."%' "
+				.sprintf($this->_like_escape_str, $this->_like_escape_chr);
 		}
 
 		return $sql;
@@ -504,155 +472,129 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the column names can be fetched
 	 *
-	 * @access  protected
-	 * @param   string  the table name
-	 * @return  string
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _list_columns($table = '')
 	{
-		return "SELECT COLUMN_NAME FROM all_tab_columns WHERE table_name = '$table'";
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Field data query
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that the column data can be retrieved
-	 *
-	 * @access  public
-	 * @param   string  the table name
-	 * @return  object
-	 */
-	protected function _field_data($table)
-	{
-		return "SELECT * FROM ".$table." where rownum = 1";
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+		if (strpos($table, '.') !== FALSE)
+		{
+			sscanf($table, '%[^.].%s', $owner, $table);
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			$owner = $this->username;
+		}
 
-	/**
-	 * The error message string
-	 *
-	 * @access  protected
-	 * @return  string
-	 */
-	protected function _error_message()
-	{
-		// If the error was during connection, no conn_id should be passed
-		$error = is_resource($this->conn_id) ? oci_error($this->conn_id) : oci_error();
-		return $error['message'];
+		return 'SELECT COLUMN_NAME FROM ALL_TAB_COLUMNS
+			WHERE UPPER(OWNER) = '.$this->escape(strtoupper($owner)).'
+				AND UPPER(TABLE_NAME) = '.$this->escape(strtoupper($table));
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * The error message number
+	 * Returns an object with field data
 	 *
-	 * @access  protected
-	 * @return  integer
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	protected function _error_number()
+	public function field_data($table)
 	{
-		// Same as _error_message()
-		$error = is_resource($this->conn_id) ? oci_error($this->conn_id) : oci_error();
-		return $error['code'];
-	}
+		if (strpos($table, '.') !== FALSE)
+		{
+			sscanf($table, '%[^.].%s', $owner, $table);
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			$owner = $this->username;
+		}
 
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+		$sql = 'SELECT COLUMN_NAME, DATA_TYPE, CHAR_LENGTH, DATA_PRECISION, DATA_LENGTH, DATA_DEFAULT, NULLABLE
+			FROM ALL_TAB_COLUMNS
+			WHERE UPPER(OWNER) = '.$this->escape(strtoupper($owner)).'
+				AND UPPER(TABLE_NAME) = '.$this->escape(strtoupper($table));
 
-	/**
-	 * Escape the SQL Identifiers
-	 *
-	 * This function escapes column and table names
-	 *
-	 * @access	protected
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	protected function _escape_identifiers($item)
-	{
-		if ($this->_escape_char == '')
+		if (($query = $this->query($sql)) === FALSE)
 		{
-			return $item;
+			return FALSE;
 		}
+		$query = $query->result_object();
 
-		foreach ($this->_reserved_identifiers as $id)
+		$retval = array();
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($query); $i < $c; $i++)
 		{
-			if (strpos($item, '.'.$id) !== FALSE)
-			{
-				$str = $this->_escape_char. str_replace('.', $this->_escape_char.'.', $item);
+			$retval[$i]			= new stdClass();
+			$retval[$i]->name		= $query[$i]->COLUMN_NAME;
+			$retval[$i]->type		= $query[$i]->DATA_TYPE;
 
-				// remove duplicates if the user already included the escape
-				return preg_replace('/['.$this->_escape_char.']+/', $this->_escape_char, $str);
+			$length = ($query[$i]->CHAR_LENGTH > 0)
+				? $query[$i]->CHAR_LENGTH : $query[$i]->DATA_PRECISION;
+			if ($length === NULL)
+			{
+				$length = $query[$i]->DATA_LENGTH;
 			}
-		}
+			$retval[$i]->max_length		= $length;
 
-		if (strpos($item, '.') !== FALSE)
-		{
-			$str = $this->_escape_char.str_replace('.', $this->_escape_char.'.'.$this->_escape_char, $item).$this->_escape_char;
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			$str = $this->_escape_char.$item.$this->_escape_char;
+			$default = $query[$i]->DATA_DEFAULT;
+			if ($default === NULL && $query[$i]->NULLABLE === 'N')
+			{
+				$default = '';
+			}
+			$retval[$i]->default = $default;
 		}
 
-		// remove duplicates if the user already included the escape
-		return preg_replace('/['.$this->_escape_char.']+/', $this->_escape_char, $str);
+		return $retval;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * From Tables
+	 * Error
 	 *
-	 * This function implicitly groups FROM tables so there is no confusion
-	 * about operator precedence in harmony with SQL standards
+	 * Returns an array containing code and message of the last
+	 * database error that has occurred.
 	 *
-	 * @access	protected
-	 * @param	type
-	 * @return	type
+	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	protected function _from_tables($tables)
+	public function error()
 	{
-		if ( ! is_array($tables))
+		// oci_error() returns an array that already contains
+		// 'code' and 'message' keys, but it can return false
+		// if there was no error ....
+		if (is_resource($this->curs_id))
 		{
-			$tables = array($tables);
+			$error = oci_error($this->curs_id);
+		}
+		elseif (is_resource($this->stmt_id))
+		{
+			$error = oci_error($this->stmt_id);
+		}
+		elseif (is_resource($this->conn_id))
+		{
+			$error = oci_error($this->conn_id);
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			$error = oci_error();
 		}
 
-		return implode(', ', $tables);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Insert statement
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific insert string from the supplied data
-	 *
-	 * @access  public
-	 * @param   string  the table name
-	 * @param   array   the insert keys
-	 * @param   array   the insert values
-	 * @return  string
-	 */
-	protected function _insert($table, $keys, $values)
-	{
-		return "INSERT INTO ".$table." (".implode(', ', $keys).") VALUES (".implode(', ', $values).")";
+		return is_array($error)
+			? $error
+			: array('code' => '', 'message' => '');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Insert_batch statement
+	 * Insert batch statement
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific insert string from the supplied data
 	 *
-	 * @access      protected
-	 * @param       string  the table name
-	 * @param       array   the insert keys
-	 * @param       array   the insert values
-	 * @return      string
+	 * @param	string	$table	Table name
+	 * @param	array	$keys	INSERT keys
+	 * @param 	array	$values	INSERT values
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _insert_batch($table, $keys, $values)
 	{
@@ -661,47 +603,10 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_driver extends CI_DB {
 
 		for ($i = 0, $c = count($values); $i < $c; $i++)
 		{
-			$sql .= '	INTO ' . $table . ' (' . $keys . ') VALUES ' . $values[$i] . "\n";
+			$sql .= '	INTO '.$table.' ('.$keys.') VALUES '.$values[$i]."\n";
 		}
 
-		$sql .= 'SELECT * FROM dual';
-
-		return $sql;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Update statement
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific update string from the supplied data
-	 *
-	 * @access	protected
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the update data
-	 * @param	array	the where clause
-	 * @param	array	the orderby clause
-	 * @param	array	the limit clause
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	protected function _update($table, $values, $where, $orderby = array(), $limit = FALSE)
-	{
-		foreach ($values as $key => $val)
-		{
-			$valstr[] = $key." = ".$val;
-		}
-
-		$limit = ( ! $limit) ? '' : ' LIMIT '.$limit;
-
-		$orderby = (count($orderby) >= 1)?' ORDER BY '.implode(", ", $orderby):'';
-
-		$sql = "UPDATE ".$table." SET ".implode(', ', $valstr);
-
-		$sql .= ($where != '' AND count($where) >=1) ? " WHERE ".implode(" ", $where) : '';
-
-		$sql .= $orderby.$limit;
-
-		return $sql;
+		return $sql.'SELECT * FROM dual';
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -710,16 +615,16 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 * Truncate statement
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific truncate string from the supplied data
-	 * If the database does not support the truncate() command
-	 * This function maps to "DELETE FROM table"
 	 *
-	 * @access	protected
-	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * If the database does not support the TRUNCATE statement,
+	 * then this method maps to 'DELETE FROM table'
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _truncate($table)
 	{
-		return "TRUNCATE TABLE ".$table;
+		return 'TRUNCATE TABLE '.$table;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -729,60 +634,43 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific delete string from the supplied data
 	 *
-	 * @access	protected
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the where clause
-	 * @param	string	the limit clause
+	 * @param	string	$table
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	protected function _delete($table, $where = array(), $like = array(), $limit = FALSE)
+	protected function _delete($table)
 	{
-		$conditions = '';
-
-		if (count($where) > 0 OR count($like) > 0)
+		if ($this->qb_limit)
 		{
-			$conditions = "\nWHERE ";
-			$conditions .= implode("\n", $this->ar_where);
-
-			if (count($where) > 0 && count($like) > 0)
-			{
-				$conditions .= " AND ";
-			}
-			$conditions .= implode("\n", $like);
+			$this->where('rownum <= ',$this->qb_limit, FALSE);
+			$this->qb_limit = FALSE;
 		}
 
-		$limit = ( ! $limit) ? '' : ' LIMIT '.$limit;
-
-		return "DELETE FROM ".$table.$conditions.$limit;
+		return parent::_delete($table);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Limit string
+	 * LIMIT
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific LIMIT clause
 	 *
-	 * @access  protected
-	 * @param   string  the sql query string
-	 * @param   integer the number of rows to limit the query to
-	 * @param   integer the offset value
-	 * @return  string
+	 * @param	string	$sql	SQL Query
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	protected function _limit($sql, $limit, $offset)
+	protected function _limit($sql)
 	{
-		$limit = $offset + $limit;
-		$newsql = "SELECT * FROM (select inner_query.*, rownum rnum FROM ($sql) inner_query WHERE rownum < $limit)";
-
-		if ($offset != 0)
+		if (version_compare($this->version(), '12.1', '>='))
 		{
-			$newsql .= " WHERE rnum >= $offset";
+			// OFFSET-FETCH can be used only with the ORDER BY clause
+			empty($this->qb_orderby) && $sql .= ' ORDER BY 1';
+
+			return $sql.' OFFSET '.(int) $this->qb_offset.' ROWS FETCH NEXT '.$this->qb_limit.' ROWS ONLY';
 		}
 
-		// remember that we used limits
 		$this->limit_used = TRUE;
-
-		return $newsql;
+		return 'SELECT * FROM (SELECT inner_query.*, rownum rnum FROM ('.$sql.') inner_query WHERE rownum < '.($this->qb_offset + $this->qb_limit + 1).')'
+			.($this->qb_offset ? ' WHERE rnum >= '.($this->qb_offset + 1) : '');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -790,19 +678,11 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Close DB Connection
 	 *
-	 * @access  protected
-	 * @param   resource
-	 * @return  void
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	protected function _close($conn_id)
+	protected function _close()
 	{
-		@oci_close($conn_id);
+		oci_close($this->conn_id);
 	}
 
-
 }
-
-
-
-/* End of file oci8_driver.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_driver.php */
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_forge.php
index ab45220f3..724a76df4 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_forge.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_forge.php
@@ -1,248 +1,187 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.4.1
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * Oracle Forge Class
  *
  * @category	Database
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
  */
 class CI_DB_oci8_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 
 	/**
-	 * Create database
+	 * CREATE DATABASE statement
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the database name
-	 * @return	bool
+	 * @var	string
 	 */
-	function _create_database($name)
-	{
-		return FALSE;
-	}
+	protected $_create_database	= FALSE;
 
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+	/**
+	 * CREATE TABLE IF statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_create_table_if	= FALSE;
 
 	/**
-	 * Drop database
+	 * DROP DATABASE statement
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string	the database name
-	 * @return	bool
+	 * @var	string
 	 */
-	function _drop_database($name)
-	{
-		return FALSE;
-	}
+	protected $_drop_database	= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * DROP TABLE IF statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_drop_table_if	= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * UNSIGNED support
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool|array
+	 */
+	protected $_unsigned		= FALSE;
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Create Table
+	 * ALTER TABLE
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the fields
-	 * @param	mixed	primary key(s)
-	 * @param	mixed	key(s)
-	 * @param	boolean	should 'IF NOT EXISTS' be added to the SQL
-	 * @return	bool
+	 * @param	string	$alter_type	ALTER type
+	 * @param	string	$table		Table name
+	 * @param	mixed	$field		Column definition
+	 * @return	string|string[]
 	 */
-	function _create_table($table, $fields, $primary_keys, $keys, $if_not_exists)
+	protected function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $field)
 	{
-		$sql = 'CREATE TABLE ';
-
-		if ($if_not_exists === TRUE)
+		if ($alter_type === 'DROP')
 		{
-			$sql .= 'IF NOT EXISTS ';
+			return parent::_alter_table($alter_type, $table, $field);
+		}
+		elseif ($alter_type === 'CHANGE')
+		{
+			$alter_type = 'MODIFY';
 		}
 
-		$sql .= $this->db->_escape_identifiers($table)." (";
-		$current_field_count = 0;
-
-		foreach ($fields as $field=>$attributes)
+		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($table);
+		$sqls = array();
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($field); $i < $c; $i++)
 		{
-			// Numeric field names aren't allowed in databases, so if the key is
-			// numeric, we know it was assigned by PHP and the developer manually
-			// entered the field information, so we'll simply add it to the list
-			if (is_numeric($field))
+			if ($field[$i]['_literal'] !== FALSE)
 			{
-				$sql .= "\n\t$attributes";
+				$field[$i] = "\n\t".$field[$i]['_literal'];
 			}
 			else
 			{
-				$attributes = array_change_key_case($attributes, CASE_UPPER);
-
-				$sql .= "\n\t".$this->db->_protect_identifiers($field);
-
-				$sql .=  ' '.$attributes['TYPE'];
-
-				if (array_key_exists('CONSTRAINT', $attributes))
-				{
-					$sql .= '('.$attributes['CONSTRAINT'].')';
-				}
+				$field[$i]['_literal'] = "\n\t".$this->_process_column($field[$i]);
 
-				if (array_key_exists('UNSIGNED', $attributes) && $attributes['UNSIGNED'] === TRUE)
+				if ( ! empty($field[$i]['comment']))
 				{
-					$sql .= ' UNSIGNED';
+					$sqls[] = 'COMMENT ON COLUMN '
+						.$this->db->escape_identifiers($table).'.'.$this->db->escape_identifiers($field[$i]['name'])
+						.' IS '.$field[$i]['comment'];
 				}
 
-				if (array_key_exists('DEFAULT', $attributes))
+				if ($alter_type === 'MODIFY' && ! empty($field[$i]['new_name']))
 				{
-					$sql .= ' DEFAULT \''.$attributes['DEFAULT'].'\'';
+					$sqls[] = $sql.' RENAME COLUMN '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($field[$i]['name'])
+						.' TO '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($field[$i]['new_name']);
 				}
 
-				if (array_key_exists('NULL', $attributes) && $attributes['NULL'] === TRUE)
-				{
-					$sql .= ' NULL';
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					$sql .= ' NOT NULL';
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('AUTO_INCREMENT', $attributes) && $attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT'] === TRUE)
-				{
-					$sql .= ' AUTO_INCREMENT';
-				}
-			}
-
-			// don't add a comma on the end of the last field
-			if (++$current_field_count < count($fields))
-			{
-				$sql .= ',';
+				$field[$i] = "\n\t".$field[$i]['_literal'];
 			}
 		}
 
-		if (count($primary_keys) > 0)
-		{
-			$primary_keys = $this->db->_protect_identifiers($primary_keys);
-			$sql .= ",\n\tPRIMARY KEY (" . implode(', ', $primary_keys) . ")";
-		}
-
-		if (is_array($keys) && count($keys) > 0)
-		{
-			foreach ($keys as $key)
-			{
-				if (is_array($key))
-				{
-					$key = $this->db->_protect_identifiers($key);
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					$key = array($this->db->_protect_identifiers($key));
-				}
-
-				$sql .= ",\n\tUNIQUE COLUMNS (" . implode(', ', $key) . ")";
-			}
-		}
-
-		$sql .= "\n)";
+		$sql .= ' '.$alter_type.' ';
+		$sql .= (count($field) === 1)
+				? $field[0]
+				: '('.implode(',', $field).')';
 
-		return $sql;
+		// RENAME COLUMN must be executed after MODIFY
+		array_unshift($sqls, $sql);
+		return $sqls;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Drop Table
+	 * Field attribute AUTO_INCREMENT
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	bool
+	 * @param	array	&$attributes
+	 * @param	array	&$field
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function _drop_table($table)
+	protected function _attr_auto_increment(&$attributes, &$field)
 	{
-		return FALSE;
+		// Not supported - sequences and triggers must be used instead
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Alter table query
+	 * Field attribute TYPE
 	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that a table can be altered
-	 * Called by add_column(), drop_column(), and column_alter(),
+	 * Performs a data type mapping between different databases.
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string	the ALTER type (ADD, DROP, CHANGE)
-	 * @param	string	the column name
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	string	the column definition
-	 * @param	string	the default value
-	 * @param	boolean	should 'NOT NULL' be added
-	 * @param	string	the field after which we should add the new field
-	 * @return	object
+	 * @param	array	&$attributes
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $column_name, $column_definition = '', $default_value = '', $null = '', $after_field = '')
+	protected function _attr_type(&$attributes)
 	{
-		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($table)." $alter_type ".$this->db->_protect_identifiers($column_name);
-
-		// DROP has everything it needs now.
-		if ($alter_type == 'DROP')
-		{
-			return $sql;
-		}
-
-		$sql .= " $column_definition";
-
-		if ($default_value != '')
-		{
-			$sql .= " DEFAULT \"$default_value\"";
-		}
-
-		if ($null === NULL)
-		{
-			$sql .= ' NULL';
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			$sql .= ' NOT NULL';
-		}
-
-		if ($after_field != '')
+		switch (strtoupper($attributes['TYPE']))
 		{
-			$sql .= ' AFTER ' . $this->db->_protect_identifiers($after_field);
+			case 'TINYINT':
+				$attributes['TYPE'] = 'NUMBER';
+				return;
+			case 'MEDIUMINT':
+				$attributes['TYPE'] = 'NUMBER';
+				return;
+			case 'INT':
+				$attributes['TYPE'] = 'NUMBER';
+				return;
+			case 'BIGINT':
+				$attributes['TYPE'] = 'NUMBER';
+				return;
+			default: return;
 		}
-
-		return $sql;
-
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Rename a table
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that a table can be renamed
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string	the old table name
-	 * @param	string	the new table name
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	function _rename_table($table_name, $new_table_name)
-	{
-		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($table_name)." RENAME TO ".$this->db->_protect_identifiers($new_table_name);
-		return $sql;
 	}
-
-
 }
-
-/* End of file oci8_forge.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_forge.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_result.php b/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_result.php
index cdbee6870..0c3543333 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_result.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_result.php
@@ -1,19 +1,41 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright   Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.4.1
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * oci8 Result Class
@@ -21,37 +43,56 @@
  * This class extends the parent result class: CI_DB_result
  *
  * @category	Database
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
  */
 class CI_DB_oci8_result extends CI_DB_result {
 
+	/**
+	 * Statement ID
+	 *
+	 * @var	resource
+	 */
 	public $stmt_id;
+
+	/**
+	 * Cursor ID
+	 *
+	 * @var	resource
+	 */
 	public $curs_id;
+
+	/**
+	 * Limit used flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
 	public $limit_used;
 
 	/**
-	 * Number of rows in the result set.
+	 * Commit mode flag
 	 *
-	 * Oracle doesn't have a graceful way to retun the number of rows
-	 * so we have to use what amounts to a hack.
+	 * @var	int
+	 */
+	public $commit_mode;
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Class constructor
 	 *
-	 * @return  integer
+	 * @param	object	&$driver_object
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	public function num_rows()
+	public function __construct(&$driver_object)
 	{
-		if ($this->num_rows === 0 && count($this->result_array()) > 0)
-		{
-			$this->num_rows = count($this->result_array());
-			@oci_execute($this->stmt_id, OCI_DEFAULT);
-
-			if ($this->curs_id)
-			{
-				@oci_execute($this->curs_id, OCI_DEFAULT);
-			}
-		}
+		parent::__construct($driver_object);
 
-		return $this->num_rows;
+		$this->stmt_id = $driver_object->stmt_id;
+		$this->curs_id = $driver_object->curs_id;
+		$this->limit_used = $driver_object->limit_used;
+		$this->commit_mode =& $driver_object->commit_mode;
+		$driver_object->stmt_id = FALSE;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -59,20 +100,14 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	/**
 	 * Number of fields in the result set
 	 *
-	 * @access  public
-	 * @return  integer
+	 * @return	int
 	 */
 	public function num_fields()
 	{
-		$count = @oci_num_fields($this->stmt_id);
+		$count = oci_num_fields($this->stmt_id);
 
 		// if we used a limit we subtract it
-		if ($this->limit_used)
-		{
-			$count = $count - 1;
-		}
-
-		return $count;
+		return ($this->limit_used) ? $count - 1 : $count;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -82,7 +117,6 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 *
 	 * Generates an array of column names
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
 	public function list_fields()
@@ -102,18 +136,17 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 *
 	 * Generates an array of objects containing field meta-data
 	 *
-	 * @access  public
-	 * @return  array
+	 * @return	array
 	 */
 	public function field_data()
 	{
 		$retval = array();
 		for ($c = 1, $fieldCount = $this->num_fields(); $c <= $fieldCount; $c++)
 		{
-			$F			= new stdClass();
-			$F->name		= oci_field_name($this->stmt_id, $c);
-			$F->type		= oci_field_type($this->stmt_id, $c);
-			$F->max_length		= oci_field_size($this->stmt_id, $c);
+			$F		= new stdClass();
+			$F->name	= oci_field_name($this->stmt_id, $c);
+			$F->type	= oci_field_type($this->stmt_id, $c);
+			$F->max_length	= oci_field_size($this->stmt_id, $c);
 
 			$retval[] = $F;
 		}
@@ -126,7 +159,7 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	/**
 	 * Free the result
 	 *
-	 * @return	null
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function free_result()
 	{
@@ -135,6 +168,17 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_result extends CI_DB_result {
 			oci_free_statement($this->result_id);
 			$this->result_id = FALSE;
 		}
+
+		if (is_resource($this->stmt_id))
+		{
+			oci_free_statement($this->stmt_id);
+		}
+
+		if (is_resource($this->curs_id))
+		{
+			oci_cancel($this->curs_id);
+			$this->curs_id = NULL;
+		}
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -144,8 +188,7 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 *
 	 * Returns the result set as an array
 	 *
-	 * @access  protected
-	 * @return  array
+	 * @return	array
 	 */
 	protected function _fetch_assoc()
 	{
@@ -160,58 +203,27 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 *
 	 * Returns the result set as an object
 	 *
-	 * @access  protected
-	 * @return  object
+	 * @param	string	$class_name
+	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	protected function _fetch_object()
+	protected function _fetch_object($class_name = 'stdClass')
 	{
-		$id = ($this->curs_id) ? $this->curs_id : $this->stmt_id;
-		return @oci_fetch_object($id);
-	}
+		$row = ($this->curs_id)
+			? oci_fetch_object($this->curs_id)
+			: oci_fetch_object($this->stmt_id);
 
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Query result.  "array" version.
-	 *
-	 * @access  public
-	 * @return  array
-	 */
-	public function result_array()
-	{
-		if (count($this->result_array) > 0)
+		if ($class_name === 'stdClass' OR ! $row)
 		{
-			return $this->result_array;
+			return $row;
 		}
 
-		$row = NULL;
-		while ($row = $this->_fetch_assoc())
+		$class_name = new $class_name();
+		foreach ($row as $key => $value)
 		{
-			$this->result_array[] = $row;
+			$class_name->$key = $value;
 		}
 
-		return $this->result_array;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Data Seek
-	 *
-	 * Moves the internal pointer to the desired offset.  We call
-	 * this internally before fetching results to make sure the
-	 * result set starts at zero
-	 *
-	 * @access	protected
-	 * @return	array
-	 */
-	protected function _data_seek($n = 0)
-	{
-		return FALSE; // Not needed
+		return $class_name;
 	}
 
 }
-
-
-/* End of file oci8_result.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_result.php */
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_utility.php b/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_utility.php
index bdad0255d..ce0dfc5f8 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_utility.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_utility.php
@@ -1,87 +1,68 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.4.1
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * Oracle Utility Class
  *
  * @category	Database
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
  */
 class CI_DB_oci8_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 
 	/**
-	 * List databases
+	 * List databases statement
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	bool
+	 * @var	string
 	 */
-	function _list_databases()
-	{
-		return FALSE;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+	protected $_list_databases	= 'SELECT username FROM dba_users'; // Schemas are actual usernames
 
 	/**
-	 * Optimize table query
+	 * Export
 	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that a table can be optimized
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	object
-	 */
-	function _optimize_table($table)
-	{
-		return FALSE; // Is this supported in Oracle?
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Repair table query
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that a table can be repaired
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	object
-	 */
-	function _repair_table($table)
-	{
-		return FALSE; // Is this supported in Oracle?
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Oracle Export
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	array	Preferences
+	 * @param	array	$params	Preferences
 	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
-	function _backup($params = array())
+	protected function _backup($params = array())
 	{
 		// Currently unsupported
-		return $this->db->display_error('db_unsuported_feature');
+		return $this->db->display_error('db_unsupported_feature');
 	}
-}
 
-/* End of file oci8_utility.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_utility.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/odbc/index.html b/system/database/drivers/odbc/index.html
index c942a79ce..b702fbc39 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/odbc/index.html
+++ b/system/database/drivers/odbc/index.html
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
 <html>
 <head>
 	<title>403 Forbidden</title>
@@ -7,4 +8,4 @@
 <p>Directory access is forbidden.</p>
 
 </body>
-</html>
\ No newline at end of file
+</html>
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_driver.php
index 0e82d57ae..ef982fc63 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_driver.php
@@ -1,617 +1,414 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.3.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * ODBC Database Adapter Class
  *
  * Note: _DB is an extender class that the app controller
- * creates dynamically based on whether the active record
+ * creates dynamically based on whether the query builder
  * class is being used or not.
  *
  * @package		CodeIgniter
  * @subpackage	Drivers
  * @category	Database
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
  */
-class CI_DB_odbc_driver extends CI_DB {
-
-	var $dbdriver = 'odbc';
-
-	// the character used to excape - not necessary for ODBC
-	var $_escape_char = '';
-
-	// clause and character used for LIKE escape sequences
-	var $_like_escape_str = " {escape '%s'} ";
-	var $_like_escape_chr = '!';
+class CI_DB_odbc_driver extends CI_DB_driver {
 
 	/**
-	 * The syntax to count rows is slightly different across different
-	 * database engines, so this string appears in each driver and is
-	 * used for the count_all() and count_all_results() functions.
+	 * Database driver
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
 	 */
-	var $_count_string = "SELECT COUNT(*) AS ";
-	var $_random_keyword;
-
-
-	function __construct($params)
-	{
-		parent::__construct($params);
-
-		$this->_random_keyword = ' RND('.time().')'; // database specific random keyword
-	}
+	public $dbdriver = 'odbc';
 
 	/**
-	 * Non-persistent database connection
+	 * Database schema
 	 *
-	 * @access	private called by the base class
-	 * @return	resource
+	 * @var	string
 	 */
-	function db_connect()
-	{
-		return @odbc_connect($this->hostname, $this->username, $this->password);
-	}
+	public $schema = 'public';
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Persistent database connection
+	 * Identifier escape character
 	 *
-	 * @access	private called by the base class
-	 * @return	resource
+	 * Must be empty for ODBC.
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
 	 */
-	function db_pconnect()
-	{
-		return @odbc_pconnect($this->hostname, $this->username, $this->password);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+	protected $_escape_char = '';
 
 	/**
-	 * Reconnect
-	 *
-	 * Keep / reestablish the db connection if no queries have been
-	 * sent for a length of time exceeding the server's idle timeout
+	 * ESCAPE statement string
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @var	string
 	 */
-	function reconnect()
-	{
-		// not implemented in odbc
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+	protected $_like_escape_str = " {escape '%s'} ";
 
 	/**
-	 * Select the database
+	 * ORDER BY random keyword
 	 *
-	 * @access	private called by the base class
-	 * @return	resource
+	 * @var	array
 	 */
-	function db_select()
-	{
-		// Not needed for ODBC
-		return TRUE;
-	}
+	protected $_random_keyword = array('RND()', 'RND(%d)');
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Set client character set
+	 * ODBC result ID resource returned from odbc_prepare()
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	resource
+	 * @var	resource
 	 */
-	function db_set_charset($charset, $collation)
-	{
-		// @todo - add support if needed
-		return TRUE;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+	private $odbc_result;
 
 	/**
-	 * Version number query string
+	 * Values to use with odbc_execute() for prepared statements
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @var	array
 	 */
-	function _version()
-	{
-		return "SELECT version() AS ver";
-	}
+	private $binds = array();
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Execute the query
+	 * Class constructor
 	 *
-	 * @access	private called by the base class
-	 * @param	string	an SQL query
-	 * @return	resource
+	 * @param	array	$params
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function _execute($sql)
+	public function __construct($params)
 	{
-		$sql = $this->_prep_query($sql);
-		return @odbc_exec($this->conn_id, $sql);
+		parent::__construct($params);
+
+		// Legacy support for DSN in the hostname field
+		if (empty($this->dsn))
+		{
+			$this->dsn = $this->hostname;
+		}
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Prep the query
-	 *
-	 * If needed, each database adapter can prep the query string
+	 * Non-persistent database connection
 	 *
-	 * @access	private called by execute()
-	 * @param	string	an SQL query
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @param	bool	$persistent
+	 * @return	resource
 	 */
-	function _prep_query($sql)
+	public function db_connect($persistent = FALSE)
 	{
-		return $sql;
+		return ($persistent === TRUE)
+			? odbc_pconnect($this->dsn, $this->username, $this->password)
+			: odbc_connect($this->dsn, $this->username, $this->password);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Begin Transaction
+	 * Compile Bindings
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	bool
+	 * @param	string	$sql	SQL statement
+	 * @param	array	$binds	An array of values to bind
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function trans_begin($test_mode = FALSE)
+	public function compile_binds($sql, $binds)
 	{
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
+		if (empty($binds) OR empty($this->bind_marker) OR strpos($sql, $this->bind_marker) === FALSE)
 		{
-			return TRUE;
+			return $sql;
 		}
-
-		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ($this->_trans_depth > 0)
+		elseif ( ! is_array($binds))
 		{
-			return TRUE;
+			$binds = array($binds);
+			$bind_count = 1;
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			// Make sure we're using numeric keys
+			$binds = array_values($binds);
+			$bind_count = count($binds);
 		}
 
-		// Reset the transaction failure flag.
-		// If the $test_mode flag is set to TRUE transactions will be rolled back
-		// even if the queries produce a successful result.
-		$this->_trans_failure = ($test_mode === TRUE) ? TRUE : FALSE;
-
-		return odbc_autocommit($this->conn_id, FALSE);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+		// We'll need the marker length later
+		$ml = strlen($this->bind_marker);
 
-	/**
-	 * Commit Transaction
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	bool
-	 */
-	function trans_commit()
-	{
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
+		// Make sure not to replace a chunk inside a string that happens to match the bind marker
+		if ($c = preg_match_all("/'[^']*'|\"[^\"]*\"/i", $sql, $matches))
 		{
-			return TRUE;
+			$c = preg_match_all('/'.preg_quote($this->bind_marker, '/').'/i',
+				str_replace($matches[0],
+					str_replace($this->bind_marker, str_repeat(' ', $ml), $matches[0]),
+					$sql, $c),
+				$matches, PREG_OFFSET_CAPTURE);
+
+			// Bind values' count must match the count of markers in the query
+			if ($bind_count !== $c)
+			{
+				return $sql;
+			}
 		}
-
-		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ($this->_trans_depth > 0)
+		elseif (($c = preg_match_all('/'.preg_quote($this->bind_marker, '/').'/i', $sql, $matches, PREG_OFFSET_CAPTURE)) !== $bind_count)
 		{
-			return TRUE;
+			return $sql;
 		}
 
-		$ret = odbc_commit($this->conn_id);
-		odbc_autocommit($this->conn_id, TRUE);
-		return $ret;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Rollback Transaction
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	bool
-	 */
-	function trans_rollback()
-	{
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
+		if ($this->bind_marker !== '?')
 		{
-			return TRUE;
+			do
+			{
+				$c--;
+				$sql = substr_replace($sql, '?', $matches[0][$c][1], $ml);
+			}
+			while ($c !== 0);
 		}
 
-		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ($this->_trans_depth > 0)
+		if (FALSE !== ($this->odbc_result = odbc_prepare($this->conn_id, $sql)))
 		{
-			return TRUE;
+			$this->binds = array_values($binds);
 		}
 
-		$ret = odbc_rollback($this->conn_id);
-		odbc_autocommit($this->conn_id, TRUE);
-		return $ret;
+		return $sql;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Escape String
+	 * Execute the query
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	bool	whether or not the string will be used in a LIKE condition
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @param	string	$sql	an SQL query
+	 * @return	resource
 	 */
-	function escape_str($str, $like = FALSE)
+	protected function _execute($sql)
 	{
-		if (is_array($str))
+		if ( ! isset($this->odbc_result))
 		{
-			foreach ($str as $key => $val)
-			{
-				$str[$key] = $this->escape_str($val, $like);
-			}
-
-			return $str;
+			return odbc_exec($this->conn_id, $sql);
+		}
+		elseif ($this->odbc_result === FALSE)
+		{
+			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		// ODBC doesn't require escaping
-		$str = remove_invisible_characters($str);
-
-		// escape LIKE condition wildcards
-		if ($like === TRUE)
+		if (TRUE === ($success = odbc_execute($this->odbc_result, $this->binds)))
 		{
-			$str = str_replace(	array('%', '_', $this->_like_escape_chr),
-								array($this->_like_escape_chr.'%', $this->_like_escape_chr.'_', $this->_like_escape_chr.$this->_like_escape_chr),
-								$str);
+			// For queries that return result sets, return the result_id resource on success
+			$this->is_write_type($sql) OR $success = $this->odbc_result;
 		}
 
-		return $str;
-	}
+		$this->odbc_result = NULL;
+		$this->binds       = array();
 
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Affected Rows
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	integer
-	 */
-	function affected_rows()
-	{
-		return @odbc_num_rows($this->conn_id);
+		return $success;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Insert ID
+	 * Begin Transaction
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function insert_id()
+	protected function _trans_begin()
 	{
-		return @odbc_insert_id($this->conn_id);
+		return odbc_autocommit($this->conn_id, FALSE);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * "Count All" query
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query string that counts all records in
-	 * the specified database
+	 * Commit Transaction
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function count_all($table = '')
+	protected function _trans_commit()
 	{
-		if ($table == '')
+		if (odbc_commit($this->conn_id))
 		{
-			return 0;
-		}
-
-		$query = $this->query($this->_count_string . $this->_protect_identifiers('numrows') . " FROM " . $this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE));
-
-		if ($query->num_rows() == 0)
-		{
-			return 0;
+			odbc_autocommit($this->conn_id, TRUE);
+			return TRUE;
 		}
 
-		$row = $query->row();
-		$this->_reset_select();
-		return (int) $row->numrows;
+		return FALSE;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Show table query
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the table names can be fetched
+	 * Rollback Transaction
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	boolean
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function _list_tables($prefix_limit = FALSE)
+	protected function _trans_rollback()
 	{
-		$sql = "SHOW TABLES FROM `".$this->database."`";
-
-		if ($prefix_limit !== FALSE AND $this->dbprefix != '')
+		if (odbc_rollback($this->conn_id))
 		{
-			//$sql .= " LIKE '".$this->escape_like_str($this->dbprefix)."%' ".sprintf($this->_like_escape_str, $this->_like_escape_chr);
-			return FALSE; // not currently supported
+			odbc_autocommit($this->conn_id, TRUE);
+			return TRUE;
 		}
 
-		return $sql;
+		return FALSE;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Show column query
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the column names can be fetched
+	 * Determines if a query is a "write" type.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	function _list_columns($table = '')
-	{
-		return "SHOW COLUMNS FROM ".$table;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Field data query
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that the column data can be retrieved
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	object
+	 * @param	string	An SQL query string
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function _field_data($table)
+	public function is_write_type($sql)
 	{
-		return "SELECT TOP 1 FROM ".$table;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+		if (preg_match('#^(INSERT|UPDATE).*RETURNING\s.+(\,\s?.+)*$#is', $sql))
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
 
-	/**
-	 * The error message string
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	function _error_message()
-	{
-		return odbc_errormsg($this->conn_id);
+		return parent::is_write_type($sql);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * The error message number
+	 * Platform-dependent string escape
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	integer
-	 */
-	function _error_number()
-	{
-		return odbc_error($this->conn_id);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Escape the SQL Identifiers
-	 *
-	 * This function escapes column and table names
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _escape_identifiers($item)
+	protected function _escape_str($str)
 	{
-		if ($this->_escape_char == '')
-		{
-			return $item;
-		}
-
-		foreach ($this->_reserved_identifiers as $id)
-		{
-			if (strpos($item, '.'.$id) !== FALSE)
-			{
-				$str = $this->_escape_char. str_replace('.', $this->_escape_char.'.', $item);
-
-				// remove duplicates if the user already included the escape
-				return preg_replace('/['.$this->_escape_char.']+/', $this->_escape_char, $str);
-			}
-		}
-
-		if (strpos($item, '.') !== FALSE)
-		{
-			$str = $this->_escape_char.str_replace('.', $this->_escape_char.'.'.$this->_escape_char, $item).$this->_escape_char;
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			$str = $this->_escape_char.$item.$this->_escape_char;
-		}
-
-		// remove duplicates if the user already included the escape
-		return preg_replace('/['.$this->_escape_char.']+/', $this->_escape_char, $str);
+		$this->display_error('db_unsupported_feature');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * From Tables
-	 *
-	 * This function implicitly groups FROM tables so there is no confusion
-	 * about operator precedence in harmony with SQL standards
+	 * Affected Rows
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	type
-	 * @return	type
+	 * @return	int
 	 */
-	function _from_tables($tables)
+	public function affected_rows()
 	{
-		if ( ! is_array($tables))
-		{
-			$tables = array($tables);
-		}
-
-		return '('.implode(', ', $tables).')';
+		return odbc_num_rows($this->result_id);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Insert statement
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific insert string from the supplied data
+	 * Insert ID
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the insert keys
-	 * @param	array	the insert values
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function _insert($table, $keys, $values)
+	public function insert_id()
 	{
-		return "INSERT INTO ".$table." (".implode(', ', $keys).") VALUES (".implode(', ', $values).")";
+		return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_unsupported_feature') : FALSE;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Update statement
+	 * Show table query
 	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific update string from the supplied data
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the table names can be fetched
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the update data
-	 * @param	array	the where clause
-	 * @param	array	the orderby clause
-	 * @param	array	the limit clause
+	 * @param	bool	$prefix_limit
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _update($table, $values, $where, $orderby = array(), $limit = FALSE)
+	protected function _list_tables($prefix_limit = FALSE)
 	{
-		foreach ($values as $key => $val)
+		$sql = "SELECT table_name FROM information_schema.tables WHERE table_schema = '".$this->schema."'";
+
+		if ($prefix_limit !== FALSE && $this->dbprefix !== '')
 		{
-			$valstr[] = $key." = ".$val;
+			return $sql." AND table_name LIKE '".$this->escape_like_str($this->dbprefix)."%' "
+				.sprintf($this->_like_escape_str, $this->_like_escape_chr);
 		}
 
-		$limit = ( ! $limit) ? '' : ' LIMIT '.$limit;
-
-		$orderby = (count($orderby) >= 1)?' ORDER BY '.implode(", ", $orderby):'';
-
-		$sql = "UPDATE ".$table." SET ".implode(', ', $valstr);
-
-		$sql .= ($where != '' AND count($where) >=1) ? " WHERE ".implode(" ", $where) : '';
-
-		$sql .= $orderby.$limit;
-
 		return $sql;
 	}
 
-
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Truncate statement
+	 * Show column query
 	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific truncate string from the supplied data
-	 * If the database does not support the truncate() command
-	 * This function maps to "DELETE FROM table"
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the column names can be fetched
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @param	string	$table
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _truncate($table)
+	protected function _list_columns($table = '')
 	{
-		return $this->_delete($table);
+		return 'SHOW COLUMNS FROM '.$table;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Delete statement
+	 * Field data query
 	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific delete string from the supplied data
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that the column data can be retrieved
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the where clause
-	 * @param	string	the limit clause
+	 * @param	string	$table
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _delete($table, $where = array(), $like = array(), $limit = FALSE)
+	protected function _field_data($table)
 	{
-		$conditions = '';
-
-		if (count($where) > 0 OR count($like) > 0)
-		{
-			$conditions = "\nWHERE ";
-			$conditions .= implode("\n", $this->ar_where);
-
-			if (count($where) > 0 && count($like) > 0)
-			{
-				$conditions .= " AND ";
-			}
-			$conditions .= implode("\n", $like);
-		}
-
-		$limit = ( ! $limit) ? '' : ' LIMIT '.$limit;
-
-		return "DELETE FROM ".$table.$conditions.$limit;
+		return 'SELECT TOP 1 FROM '.$table;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Limit string
+	 * Error
 	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific LIMIT clause
+	 * Returns an array containing code and message of the last
+	 * database error that has occurred.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the sql query string
-	 * @param	integer	the number of rows to limit the query to
-	 * @param	integer	the offset value
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function _limit($sql, $limit, $offset)
+	public function error()
 	{
-		// Does ODBC doesn't use the LIMIT clause?
-		return $sql;
+		return array('code' => odbc_error($this->conn_id), 'message' => odbc_errormsg($this->conn_id));
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -619,19 +416,10 @@ class CI_DB_odbc_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Close DB Connection
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	resource
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function _close($conn_id)
+	protected function _close()
 	{
-		@odbc_close($conn_id);
+		odbc_close($this->conn_id);
 	}
-
-
 }
-
-
-
-/* End of file odbc_driver.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_driver.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_forge.php
index 46ba5c5bc..77b2fdf62 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_forge.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_forge.php
@@ -1,266 +1,86 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.3.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * ODBC Forge Class
  *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @subpackage	Drivers
  * @category	Database
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/database/
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/database/
  */
 class CI_DB_odbc_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 
 	/**
-	 * Create database
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string	the database name
-	 * @return	bool
-	 */
-	function _create_database()
-	{
-		// ODBC has no "create database" command since it's
-		// designed to connect to an existing database
-		if ($this->db->db_debug)
-		{
-			return $this->db->display_error('db_unsuported_feature');
-		}
-		return FALSE;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Drop database
+	 * CREATE TABLE IF statement
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string	the database name
-	 * @return	bool
+	 * @var	string
 	 */
-	function _drop_database($name)
-	{
-		// ODBC has no "drop database" command since it's
-		// designed to connect to an existing database
-		if ($this->db->db_debug)
-		{
-			return $this->db->display_error('db_unsuported_feature');
-		}
-		return FALSE;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Create Table
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the fields
-	 * @param	mixed	primary key(s)
-	 * @param	mixed	key(s)
-	 * @param	boolean	should 'IF NOT EXISTS' be added to the SQL
-	 * @return	bool
-	 */
-	function _create_table($table, $fields, $primary_keys, $keys, $if_not_exists)
-	{
-		$sql = 'CREATE TABLE ';
-
-		if ($if_not_exists === TRUE)
-		{
-			$sql .= 'IF NOT EXISTS ';
-		}
-
-		$sql .= $this->db->_escape_identifiers($table)." (";
-		$current_field_count = 0;
-
-		foreach ($fields as $field=>$attributes)
-		{
-			// Numeric field names aren't allowed in databases, so if the key is
-			// numeric, we know it was assigned by PHP and the developer manually
-			// entered the field information, so we'll simply add it to the list
-			if (is_numeric($field))
-			{
-				$sql .= "\n\t$attributes";
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				$attributes = array_change_key_case($attributes, CASE_UPPER);
-
-				$sql .= "\n\t".$this->db->_protect_identifiers($field);
-
-				$sql .=  ' '.$attributes['TYPE'];
-
-				if (array_key_exists('CONSTRAINT', $attributes))
-				{
-					$sql .= '('.$attributes['CONSTRAINT'].')';
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('UNSIGNED', $attributes) && $attributes['UNSIGNED'] === TRUE)
-				{
-					$sql .= ' UNSIGNED';
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('DEFAULT', $attributes))
-				{
-					$sql .= ' DEFAULT \''.$attributes['DEFAULT'].'\'';
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('NULL', $attributes) && $attributes['NULL'] === TRUE)
-				{
-					$sql .= ' NULL';
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					$sql .= ' NOT NULL';
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('AUTO_INCREMENT', $attributes) && $attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT'] === TRUE)
-				{
-					$sql .= ' AUTO_INCREMENT';
-				}
-			}
-
-			// don't add a comma on the end of the last field
-			if (++$current_field_count < count($fields))
-			{
-				$sql .= ',';
-			}
-		}
-
-		if (count($primary_keys) > 0)
-		{
-			$primary_keys = $this->db->_protect_identifiers($primary_keys);
-			$sql .= ",\n\tPRIMARY KEY (" . implode(', ', $primary_keys) . ")";
-		}
-
-		if (is_array($keys) && count($keys) > 0)
-		{
-			foreach ($keys as $key)
-			{
-				if (is_array($key))
-				{
-					$key = $this->db->_protect_identifiers($key);
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					$key = array($this->db->_protect_identifiers($key));
-				}
-
-				$sql .= ",\n\tFOREIGN KEY (" . implode(', ', $key) . ")";
-			}
-		}
-
-		$sql .= "\n)";
-
-		return $sql;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+	protected $_create_table_if	= FALSE;
 
 	/**
-	 * Drop Table
+	 * DROP TABLE IF statement
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	bool
+	 * @var	string
 	 */
-	function _drop_table($table)
-	{
-		// Not a supported ODBC feature
-		if ($this->db->db_debug)
-		{
-			return $this->db->display_error('db_unsuported_feature');
-		}
-		return FALSE;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+	protected $_drop_table_if	= FALSE;
 
 	/**
-	 * Alter table query
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that a table can be altered
-	 * Called by add_column(), drop_column(), and column_alter(),
+	 * UNSIGNED support
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string	the ALTER type (ADD, DROP, CHANGE)
-	 * @param	string	the column name
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	string	the column definition
-	 * @param	string	the default value
-	 * @param	boolean	should 'NOT NULL' be added
-	 * @param	string	the field after which we should add the new field
-	 * @return	object
+	 * @var	bool|array
 	 */
-	function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $column_name, $column_definition = '', $default_value = '', $null = '', $after_field = '')
-	{
-		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($table)." $alter_type ".$this->db->_protect_identifiers($column_name);
-
-		// DROP has everything it needs now.
-		if ($alter_type == 'DROP')
-		{
-			return $sql;
-		}
-
-		$sql .= " $column_definition";
-
-		if ($default_value != '')
-		{
-			$sql .= " DEFAULT \"$default_value\"";
-		}
-
-		if ($null === NULL)
-		{
-			$sql .= ' NULL';
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			$sql .= ' NOT NULL';
-		}
-
-		if ($after_field != '')
-		{
-			$sql .= ' AFTER ' . $this->db->_protect_identifiers($after_field);
-		}
-
-		return $sql;
-
-	}
-
+	protected $_unsigned		= FALSE;
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Rename a table
+	 * Field attribute AUTO_INCREMENT
 	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that a table can be renamed
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string	the old table name
-	 * @param	string	the new table name
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @param	array	&$attributes
+	 * @param	array	&$field
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function _rename_table($table_name, $new_table_name)
+	protected function _attr_auto_increment(&$attributes, &$field)
 	{
-		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($table_name)." RENAME TO ".$this->db->_protect_identifiers($new_table_name);
-		return $sql;
+		// Not supported (in most databases at least)
 	}
 
-
 }
-
-/* End of file odbc_forge.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_forge.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_result.php b/system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_result.php
index 0963e9796..845aa9c79 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_result.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_result.php
@@ -1,40 +1,82 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.3.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * ODBC Result Class
  *
  * This class extends the parent result class: CI_DB_result
  *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @subpackage	Drivers
  * @category	Database
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
  */
 class CI_DB_odbc_result extends CI_DB_result {
 
 	/**
 	 * Number of rows in the result set
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	int
 	 */
-	function num_rows()
+	public function num_rows()
 	{
-		return @odbc_num_rows($this->result_id);
+		if (is_int($this->num_rows))
+		{
+			return $this->num_rows;
+		}
+		elseif (($this->num_rows = odbc_num_rows($this->result_id)) !== -1)
+		{
+			return $this->num_rows;
+		}
+
+		// Work-around for ODBC subdrivers that don't support num_rows()
+		if (count($this->result_array) > 0)
+		{
+			return $this->num_rows = count($this->result_array);
+		}
+		elseif (count($this->result_object) > 0)
+		{
+			return $this->num_rows = count($this->result_object);
+		}
+
+		return $this->num_rows = count($this->result_array());
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -42,12 +84,11 @@ class CI_DB_odbc_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	/**
 	 * Number of fields in the result set
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	int
 	 */
-	function num_fields()
+	public function num_fields()
 	{
-		return @odbc_num_fields($this->result_id);
+		return odbc_num_fields($this->result_id);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -57,15 +98,19 @@ class CI_DB_odbc_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 *
 	 * Generates an array of column names
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function list_fields()
+	public function list_fields()
 	{
 		$field_names = array();
-		for ($i = 0; $i < $this->num_fields(); $i++)
+		$num_fields = $this->num_fields();
+
+		if ($num_fields > 0)
 		{
-			$field_names[]	= odbc_field_name($this->result_id, $i);
+			for ($i = 1; $i <= $num_fields; $i++)
+			{
+				$field_names[] = odbc_field_name($this->result_id, $i);
+			}
 		}
 
 		return $field_names;
@@ -78,22 +123,19 @@ class CI_DB_odbc_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 *
 	 * Generates an array of objects containing field meta-data
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function field_data()
+	public function field_data()
 	{
 		$retval = array();
-		for ($i = 0; $i < $this->num_fields(); $i++)
+		for ($i = 0, $odbc_index = 1, $c = $this->num_fields(); $i < $c; $i++, $odbc_index++)
 		{
-			$F				= new stdClass();
-			$F->name		= odbc_field_name($this->result_id, $i);
-			$F->type		= odbc_field_type($this->result_id, $i);
-			$F->max_length	= odbc_field_len($this->result_id, $i);
-			$F->primary_key = 0;
-			$F->default		= '';
-
-			$retval[] = $F;
+			$retval[$i]			= new stdClass();
+			$retval[$i]->name		= odbc_field_name($this->result_id, $odbc_index);
+			$retval[$i]->type		= odbc_field_type($this->result_id, $odbc_index);
+			$retval[$i]->max_length		= odbc_field_len($this->result_id, $odbc_index);
+			$retval[$i]->primary_key	= 0;
+			$retval[$i]->default		= '';
 		}
 
 		return $retval;
@@ -104,9 +146,9 @@ class CI_DB_odbc_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	/**
 	 * Free the result
 	 *
-	 * @return	null
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function free_result()
+	public function free_result()
 	{
 		if (is_resource($this->result_id))
 		{
@@ -118,111 +160,109 @@ class CI_DB_odbc_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Data Seek
+	 * Result - associative array
 	 *
-	 * Moves the internal pointer to the desired offset.  We call
-	 * this internally before fetching results to make sure the
-	 * result set starts at zero
+	 * Returns the result set as an array
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function _data_seek($n = 0)
+	protected function _fetch_assoc()
 	{
-		return FALSE;
+		return odbc_fetch_array($this->result_id);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Result - associative array
+	 * Result - object
 	 *
-	 * Returns the result set as an array
+	 * Returns the result set as an object
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	array
+	 * @param	string	$class_name
+	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	function _fetch_assoc()
+	protected function _fetch_object($class_name = 'stdClass')
 	{
-		if (function_exists('odbc_fetch_object'))
+		$row = odbc_fetch_object($this->result_id);
+
+		if ($class_name === 'stdClass' OR ! $row)
 		{
-			return odbc_fetch_array($this->result_id);
+			return $row;
 		}
-		else
+
+		$class_name = new $class_name();
+		foreach ($row as $key => $value)
 		{
-			return $this->_odbc_fetch_array($this->result_id);
+			$class_name->$key = $value;
 		}
+
+		return $class_name;
 	}
 
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+}
 
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+if ( ! function_exists('odbc_fetch_array'))
+{
 	/**
-	 * Result - object
+	 * ODBC Fetch array
 	 *
-	 * Returns the result set as an object
+	 * Emulates the native odbc_fetch_array() function when
+	 * it is not available (odbc_fetch_array() requires unixODBC)
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	object
+	 * @param	resource	&$result
+	 * @param	int		$rownumber
+	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function _fetch_object()
+	function odbc_fetch_array(&$result, $rownumber = 1)
 	{
-		if (function_exists('odbc_fetch_object'))
+		$rs = array();
+		if ( ! odbc_fetch_into($result, $rs, $rownumber))
 		{
-			return odbc_fetch_object($this->result_id);
+			return FALSE;
 		}
-		else
+
+		$rs_assoc = array();
+		foreach ($rs as $k => $v)
 		{
-			return $this->_odbc_fetch_object($this->result_id);
+			$field_name = odbc_field_name($result, $k+1);
+			$rs_assoc[$field_name] = $v;
 		}
+
+		return $rs_assoc;
 	}
+}
 
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
+if ( ! function_exists('odbc_fetch_object'))
+{
 	/**
-	 * Result - object
+	 * ODBC Fetch object
 	 *
-	 * subsititutes the odbc_fetch_object function when
-	 * not available (odbc_fetch_object requires unixODBC)
+	 * Emulates the native odbc_fetch_object() function when
+	 * it is not available.
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
+	 * @param	resource	&$result
+	 * @param	int		$rownumber
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	function _odbc_fetch_object(& $odbc_result) {
+	function odbc_fetch_object(&$result, $rownumber = 1)
+	{
 		$rs = array();
-		$rs_obj = FALSE;
-		if (odbc_fetch_into($odbc_result, $rs)) {
-			foreach ($rs as $k=>$v) {
-				$field_name= odbc_field_name($odbc_result, $k+1);
-				$rs_obj->$field_name = $v;
-			}
+		if ( ! odbc_fetch_into($result, $rs, $rownumber))
+		{
+			return FALSE;
 		}
-		return $rs_obj;
-	}
-
 
-	/**
-	 * Result - array
-	 *
-	 * subsititutes the odbc_fetch_array function when
-	 * not available (odbc_fetch_array requires unixODBC)
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	array
-	 */
-	function _odbc_fetch_array(& $odbc_result) {
-		$rs = array();
-		$rs_assoc = FALSE;
-		if (odbc_fetch_into($odbc_result, $rs)) {
-			$rs_assoc=array();
-			foreach ($rs as $k=>$v) {
-				$field_name= odbc_field_name($odbc_result, $k+1);
-				$rs_assoc[$field_name] = $v;
-			}
+		$rs_object = new stdClass();
+		foreach ($rs as $k => $v)
+		{
+			$field_name = odbc_field_name($result, $k+1);
+			$rs_object->$field_name = $v;
 		}
-		return $rs_assoc;
-	}
 
+		return $rs_object;
+	}
 }
-
-
-/* End of file odbc_result.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_result.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_utility.php b/system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_utility.php
index 293e21b7d..643f6ec0c 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_utility.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_utility.php
@@ -1,103 +1,63 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.3.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * ODBC Utility Class
  *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @subpackage	Drivers
  * @category	Database
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/database/
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/database/
  */
 class CI_DB_odbc_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 
 	/**
-	 * List databases
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	bool
-	 */
-	function _list_databases()
-	{
-		// Not sure if ODBC lets you list all databases...
-		if ($this->db->db_debug)
-		{
-			return $this->db->display_error('db_unsuported_feature');
-		}
-		return FALSE;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Optimize table query
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that a table can be optimized
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	object
-	 */
-	function _optimize_table($table)
-	{
-		// Not a supported ODBC feature
-		if ($this->db->db_debug)
-		{
-			return $this->db->display_error('db_unsuported_feature');
-		}
-		return FALSE;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Repair table query
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that a table can be repaired
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	object
-	 */
-	function _repair_table($table)
-	{
-		// Not a supported ODBC feature
-		if ($this->db->db_debug)
-		{
-			return $this->db->display_error('db_unsuported_feature');
-		}
-		return FALSE;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * ODBC Export
+	 * Export
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	array	Preferences
+	 * @param	array	$params	Preferences
 	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
-	function _backup($params = array())
+	protected function _backup($params = array())
 	{
 		// Currently unsupported
-		return $this->db->display_error('db_unsuported_feature');
+		return $this->db->display_error('db_unsupported_feature');
 	}
 
 }
-
-/* End of file odbc_utility.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_utility.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/pdo/index.html b/system/database/drivers/pdo/index.html
index c942a79ce..b702fbc39 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/pdo/index.html
+++ b/system/database/drivers/pdo/index.html
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
 <html>
 <head>
 	<title>403 Forbidden</title>
@@ -7,4 +8,4 @@
 <p>Directory access is forbidden.</p>
 
 </body>
-</html>
\ No newline at end of file
+</html>
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_driver.php
index e0e7dab65..6afc999c2 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_driver.php
@@ -1,811 +1,329 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 2.1.2
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 2.1.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * PDO Database Adapter Class
  *
  * Note: _DB is an extender class that the app controller
- * creates dynamically based on whether the active record
+ * creates dynamically based on whether the query builder
  * class is being used or not.
  *
  * @package		CodeIgniter
  * @subpackage	Drivers
  * @category	Database
  * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
  */
 class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 
-	var $dbdriver = 'pdo';
-
-	// the character used to excape - not necessary for PDO
-	var $_escape_char = '';
-	var $_like_escape_str;
-	var $_like_escape_chr;
-
-
-	/**
-	 * The syntax to count rows is slightly different across different
-	 * database engines, so this string appears in each driver and is
-	 * used for the count_all() and count_all_results() functions.
-	 */
-	var $_count_string = "SELECT COUNT(*) AS ";
-	var $_random_keyword;
-
-	var $options = array();
-
-	function __construct($params)
-	{
-		parent::__construct($params);
-
-		// clause and character used for LIKE escape sequences
-		if (strpos($this->hostname, 'mysql') !== FALSE)
-		{
-			$this->_like_escape_str = '';
-			$this->_like_escape_chr = '';
-
-			//Prior to this version, the charset can't be set in the dsn
-			if(is_php('5.3.6'))
-			{
-				$this->hostname .= ";charset={$this->char_set}";
-			}
-
-			//Set the charset with the connection options
-			$this->options['PDO::MYSQL_ATTR_INIT_COMMAND'] = "SET NAMES {$this->char_set}";
-		}
-		elseif (strpos($this->hostname, 'odbc') !== FALSE)
-		{
-			$this->_like_escape_str = " {escape '%s'} ";
-			$this->_like_escape_chr = '!';
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			$this->_like_escape_str = " ESCAPE '%s' ";
-			$this->_like_escape_chr = '!';
-		}
-
-		empty($this->database) OR $this->hostname .= ';dbname='.$this->database;
-
-		$this->trans_enabled = FALSE;
-
-		$this->_random_keyword = ' RND('.time().')'; // database specific random keyword
-	}
-
 	/**
-	 * Non-persistent database connection
+	 * Database driver
 	 *
-	 * @access	private called by the base class
-	 * @return	resource
+	 * @var	string
 	 */
-	function db_connect()
-	{
-		$this->options['PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE'] = PDO::ERRMODE_SILENT;
-
-		return new PDO($this->hostname, $this->username, $this->password, $this->options);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+	public $dbdriver = 'pdo';
 
 	/**
-	 * Persistent database connection
+	 * PDO Options
 	 *
-	 * @access	private called by the base class
-	 * @return	resource
+	 * @var	array
 	 */
-	function db_pconnect()
-	{
-		$this->options['PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE'] = PDO::ERRMODE_SILENT;
-		$this->options['PDO::ATTR_PERSISTENT'] = TRUE;
-	
-		return new PDO($this->hostname, $this->username, $this->password, $this->options);
-	}
+	public $options = array();
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Reconnect
+	 * Class constructor
 	 *
-	 * Keep / reestablish the db connection if no queries have been
-	 * sent for a length of time exceeding the server's idle timeout
+	 * Validates the DSN string and/or detects the subdriver.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
+	 * @param	array	$params
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function reconnect()
-	{
-		if ($this->db->db_debug)
-		{
-			return $this->db->display_error('db_unsuported_feature');
-		}
-		return FALSE;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Select the database
-	 *
-	 * @access	private called by the base class
-	 * @return	resource
-	 */
-	function db_select()
-	{
-		// Not needed for PDO
-		return TRUE;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Set client character set
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	resource
-	 */
-	function db_set_charset($charset, $collation)
-	{
-		// @todo - add support if needed
-		return TRUE;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Version number query string
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	function _version()
-	{
-		return $this->conn_id->getAttribute(PDO::ATTR_CLIENT_VERSION);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Execute the query
-	 *
-	 * @access	private called by the base class
-	 * @param	string	an SQL query
-	 * @return	object
-	 */
-	function _execute($sql)
+	public function __construct($params)
 	{
-		$sql = $this->_prep_query($sql);
-		$result_id = $this->conn_id->prepare($sql);
+		parent::__construct($params);
 
-		if (is_object($result_id) && ($result = $result_id->execute()))
+		if (preg_match('/([^:]+):/', $this->dsn, $match) && count($match) === 2)
 		{
-			if (is_numeric(stripos($sql, 'SELECT')))
-			{
-				$this->affect_rows = count($result_id->fetchAll());
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				$this->affect_rows = $result_id->rowCount();
-			}
+			// If there is a minimum valid dsn string pattern found, we're done
+			// This is for general PDO users, who tend to have a full DSN string.
+			$this->subdriver = $match[1];
+			return;
 		}
-		else
+		// Legacy support for DSN specified in the hostname field
+		elseif (preg_match('/([^:]+):/', $this->hostname, $match) && count($match) === 2)
 		{
-			$this->affect_rows = 0;
-			$result = FALSE;
+			$this->dsn = $this->hostname;
+			$this->hostname = NULL;
+			$this->subdriver = $match[1];
+			return;
 		}
-
-		return $result;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Prep the query
-	 *
-	 * If needed, each database adapter can prep the query string
-	 *
-	 * @access	private called by execute()
-	 * @param	string	an SQL query
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	function _prep_query($sql)
-	{
-		return $sql;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Begin Transaction
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	bool
-	 */
-	function trans_begin($test_mode = FALSE)
-	{
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
+		elseif (in_array($this->subdriver, array('mssql', 'sybase'), TRUE))
 		{
-			return TRUE;
+			$this->subdriver = 'dblib';
 		}
-
-		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ($this->_trans_depth > 0)
+		elseif ($this->subdriver === '4D')
 		{
-			return TRUE;
+			$this->subdriver = '4d';
 		}
-
-		// Reset the transaction failure flag.
-		// If the $test_mode flag is set to TRUE transactions will be rolled back
-		// even if the queries produce a successful result.
-		$this->_trans_failure = (bool) ($test_mode === TRUE);
-
-		return $this->conn_id->beginTransaction();
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Commit Transaction
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	bool
-	 */
-	function trans_commit()
-	{
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
+		elseif ( ! in_array($this->subdriver, array('4d', 'cubrid', 'dblib', 'firebird', 'ibm', 'informix', 'mysql', 'oci', 'odbc', 'pgsql', 'sqlite', 'sqlsrv'), TRUE))
 		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
+			log_message('error', 'PDO: Invalid or non-existent subdriver');
 
-		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ($this->_trans_depth > 0)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
+			if ($this->db_debug)
+			{
+				show_error('Invalid or non-existent PDO subdriver');
+			}
 		}
 
-		$ret = $this->conn->commit();
-		return $ret;
+		$this->dsn = NULL;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Rollback Transaction
+	 * Database connection
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	bool
+	 * @param	bool	$persistent
+	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	function trans_rollback()
+	public function db_connect($persistent = FALSE)
 	{
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
+		if ($persistent === TRUE)
 		{
-			return TRUE;
+			$this->options[PDO::ATTR_PERSISTENT] = TRUE;
 		}
 
-		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ($this->_trans_depth > 0)
+		try
 		{
-			return TRUE;
+			return new PDO($this->dsn, $this->username, $this->password, $this->options);
 		}
-
-		$ret = $this->conn_id->rollBack();
-		return $ret;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Escape String
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	bool	whether or not the string will be used in a LIKE condition
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	function escape_str($str, $like = FALSE)
-	{
-		if (is_array($str))
+		catch (PDOException $e)
 		{
-			foreach ($str as $key => $val)
+			if ($this->db_debug && empty($this->failover))
 			{
-				$str[$key] = $this->escape_str($val, $like);
+				$this->display_error($e->getMessage(), '', TRUE);
 			}
 
-			return $str;
-		}
-		
-		//Escape the string
-		$str = $this->conn_id->quote($str);
-		
-		//If there are duplicated quotes, trim them away
-		if (strpos($str, "'") === 0)
-		{
-			$str = substr($str, 1, -1);
-		}
-		
-		// escape LIKE condition wildcards
-		if ($like === TRUE)
-		{
-			$str = str_replace(	array('%', '_', $this->_like_escape_chr),
-								array($this->_like_escape_chr.'%', $this->_like_escape_chr.'_', $this->_like_escape_chr.$this->_like_escape_chr),
-								$str);
-		}
-
-		return $str;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Affected Rows
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	integer
-	 */
-	function affected_rows()
-	{
-		return $this->affect_rows;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Insert ID
-	 * 
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	integer
-	 */
-	function insert_id($name=NULL)
-	{
-		//Convenience method for postgres insertid
-		if (strpos($this->hostname, 'pgsql') !== FALSE)
-		{
-			$v = $this->_version();
-
-			$table	= func_num_args() > 0 ? func_get_arg(0) : NULL;
-
-			if ($table == NULL && $v >= '8.1')
-			{
-				$sql='SELECT LASTVAL() as ins_id';
-			}
-			$query = $this->query($sql);
-			$row = $query->row();
-			return $row->ins_id;
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			return $this->conn_id->lastInsertId($name);
+			return FALSE;
 		}
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * "Count All" query
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query string that counts all records in
-	 * the specified database
+	 * Database version number
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function count_all($table = '')
+	public function version()
 	{
-		if ($table == '')
+		if (isset($this->data_cache['version']))
 		{
-			return 0;
+			return $this->data_cache['version'];
 		}
 
-		$query = $this->query($this->_count_string . $this->_protect_identifiers('numrows') . " FROM " . $this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE));
-
-		if ($query->num_rows() == 0)
+		// Not all subdrivers support the getAttribute() method
+		try
 		{
-			return 0;
+			return $this->data_cache['version'] = $this->conn_id->getAttribute(PDO::ATTR_SERVER_VERSION);
 		}
-
-		$row = $query->row();
-		$this->_reset_select();
-		return (int) $row->numrows;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Show table query
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the table names can be fetched
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	boolean
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	function _list_tables($prefix_limit = FALSE)
-	{
-		$sql = "SHOW TABLES FROM `".$this->database."`";
-
-		if ($prefix_limit !== FALSE AND $this->dbprefix != '')
+		catch (PDOException $e)
 		{
-			//$sql .= " LIKE '".$this->escape_like_str($this->dbprefix)."%' ".sprintf($this->_like_escape_str, $this->_like_escape_chr);
-			return FALSE; // not currently supported
+			return parent::version();
 		}
-
-		return $sql;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Show column query
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the column names can be fetched
+	 * Execute the query
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @param	string	$sql	SQL query
+	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
-	function _list_columns($table = '')
+	protected function _execute($sql)
 	{
-		return "SHOW COLUMNS FROM ".$table;
+		return $this->conn_id->query($sql);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Field data query
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that the column data can be retrieved
+	 * Begin Transaction
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	object
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function _field_data($table)
+	protected function _trans_begin()
 	{
-		return "SELECT TOP 1 FROM ".$table;
+		return $this->conn_id->beginTransaction();
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * The error message string
+	 * Commit Transaction
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function _error_message()
+	protected function _trans_commit()
 	{
-		$error_array = $this->conn_id->errorInfo();
-		return $error_array[2];
+		return $this->conn_id->commit();
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * The error message number
+	 * Rollback Transaction
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function _error_number()
+	protected function _trans_rollback()
 	{
-		return $this->conn_id->errorCode();
+		return $this->conn_id->rollBack();
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Escape the SQL Identifiers
-	 *
-	 * This function escapes column and table names
+	 * Platform-dependent string escape
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _escape_identifiers($item)
+	protected function _escape_str($str)
 	{
-		if ($this->_escape_char == '')
-		{
-			return $item;
-		}
-
-		foreach ($this->_reserved_identifiers as $id)
-		{
-			if (strpos($item, '.'.$id) !== FALSE)
-			{
-				$str = $this->_escape_char. str_replace('.', $this->_escape_char.'.', $item);
-
-				// remove duplicates if the user already included the escape
-				return preg_replace('/['.$this->_escape_char.']+/', $this->_escape_char, $str);
-			}
-		}
-
-		if (strpos($item, '.') !== FALSE)
-		{
-			$str = $this->_escape_char.str_replace('.', $this->_escape_char.'.'.$this->_escape_char, $item).$this->_escape_char;
-			
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			$str = $this->_escape_char.$item.$this->_escape_char;
-		}
+		// Escape the string
+		$str = $this->conn_id->quote($str);
 
-		// remove duplicates if the user already included the escape
-		return preg_replace('/['.$this->_escape_char.']+/', $this->_escape_char, $str);
+		// If there are duplicated quotes, trim them away
+		return ($str[0] === "'")
+			? substr($str, 1, -1)
+			: $str;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * From Tables
-	 *
-	 * This function implicitly groups FROM tables so there is no confusion
-	 * about operator precedence in harmony with SQL standards
+	 * Affected Rows
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	type
-	 * @return	type
+	 * @return	int
 	 */
-	function _from_tables($tables)
+	public function affected_rows()
 	{
-		if ( ! is_array($tables))
-		{
-			$tables = array($tables);
-		}
-
-		return (count($tables) == 1) ? $tables[0] : '('.implode(', ', $tables).')';
+		return is_object($this->result_id) ? $this->result_id->rowCount() : 0;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Insert statement
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific insert string from the supplied data
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the insert keys
-	 * @param	array	the insert values
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	function _insert($table, $keys, $values)
-	{
-		return "INSERT INTO ".$table." (".implode(', ', $keys).") VALUES (".implode(', ', $values).")";
-	}
-	
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Insert_batch statement
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific insert string from the supplied data
+	 * Insert ID
 	 *
-	 * @access  public
-	 * @param   string  the table name
-	 * @param   array   the insert keys
-	 * @param   array   the insert values
-	 * @return  string
+	 * @param	string	$name
+	 * @return	int
 	 */
-	function _insert_batch($table, $keys, $values)
+	public function insert_id($name = NULL)
 	{
-		return "INSERT INTO ".$table." (".implode(', ', $keys).") VALUES ".implode(', ', $values);
+		return $this->conn_id->lastInsertId($name);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Update statement
+	 * Field data query
 	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific update string from the supplied data
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that the column data can be retrieved
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the update data
-	 * @param	array	the where clause
-	 * @param	array	the orderby clause
-	 * @param	array	the limit clause
+	 * @param	string	$table
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _update($table, $values, $where, $orderby = array(), $limit = FALSE)
+	protected function _field_data($table)
 	{
-		foreach ($values as $key => $val)
-		{
-			$valstr[] = $key." = ".$val;
-		}
-
-		$limit = ( ! $limit) ? '' : ' LIMIT '.$limit;
-
-		$orderby = (count($orderby) >= 1)?' ORDER BY '.implode(", ", $orderby):'';
-
-		$sql = "UPDATE ".$table." SET ".implode(', ', $valstr);
-
-		$sql .= ($where != '' AND count($where) >=1) ? " WHERE ".implode(" ", $where) : '';
-
-		$sql .= $orderby.$limit;
-
-		return $sql;
+		return 'SELECT TOP 1 * FROM '.$this->protect_identifiers($table);
 	}
-	
+
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Update_Batch statement
+	 * Error
 	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific batch update string from the supplied data
+	 * Returns an array containing code and message of the last
+	 * database error that has occurred.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the update data
-	 * @param	array	the where clause
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function _update_batch($table, $values, $index, $where = NULL)
+	public function error()
 	{
-		$ids = array();
-		$where = ($where != '' AND count($where) >=1) ? implode(" ", $where).' AND ' : '';
+		$error = array('code' => '00000', 'message' => '');
+		$pdo_error = $this->conn_id->errorInfo();
 
-		foreach ($values as $key => $val)
+		if (empty($pdo_error[0]))
 		{
-			$ids[] = $val[$index];
-
-			foreach (array_keys($val) as $field)
-			{
-				if ($field != $index)
-				{
-					$final[$field][] =  'WHEN '.$index.' = '.$val[$index].' THEN '.$val[$field];
-				}
-			}
+			return $error;
 		}
 
-		$sql = "UPDATE ".$table." SET ";
-		$cases = '';
-
-		foreach ($final as $k => $v)
+		$error['code'] = isset($pdo_error[1]) ? $pdo_error[0].'/'.$pdo_error[1] : $pdo_error[0];
+		if (isset($pdo_error[2]))
 		{
-			$cases .= $k.' = CASE '."\n";
-			foreach ($v as $row)
-			{
-				$cases .= $row."\n";
-			}
-
-			$cases .= 'ELSE '.$k.' END, ';
+			 $error['message'] = $pdo_error[2];
 		}
 
-		$sql .= substr($cases, 0, -2);
-
-		$sql .= ' WHERE '.$where.$index.' IN ('.implode(',', $ids).')';
-
-		return $sql;
+		return $error;
 	}
 
-
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
 	 * Truncate statement
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific truncate string from the supplied data
-	 * If the database does not support the truncate() command
-	 * This function maps to "DELETE FROM table"
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	function _truncate($table)
-	{
-		return $this->_delete($table);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Delete statement
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific delete string from the supplied data
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the where clause
-	 * @param	string	the limit clause
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	function _delete($table, $where = array(), $like = array(), $limit = FALSE)
-	{
-		$conditions = '';
-
-		if (count($where) > 0 OR count($like) > 0)
-		{
-			$conditions = "\nWHERE ";
-			$conditions .= implode("\n", $this->ar_where);
-
-			if (count($where) > 0 && count($like) > 0)
-			{
-				$conditions .= " AND ";
-			}
-			$conditions .= implode("\n", $like);
-		}
-
-		$limit = ( ! $limit) ? '' : ' LIMIT '.$limit;
-
-		return "DELETE FROM ".$table.$conditions.$limit;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Limit string
 	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific LIMIT clause
+	 * If the database does not support the TRUNCATE statement,
+	 * then this method maps to 'DELETE FROM table'
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the sql query string
-	 * @param	integer	the number of rows to limit the query to
-	 * @param	integer	the offset value
+	 * @param	string	$table
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _limit($sql, $limit, $offset)
-	{
-		if (strpos($this->hostname, 'cubrid') !== FALSE || strpos($this->hostname, 'sqlite') !== FALSE)
-		{
-			if ($offset == 0)
-			{
-				$offset = '';
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				$offset .= ", ";
-			}
-
-			return $sql."LIMIT ".$offset.$limit;
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			$sql .= "LIMIT ".$limit;
-
-			if ($offset > 0)
-			{
-				$sql .= " OFFSET ".$offset;
-			}
-			
-			return $sql;
-		}
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Close DB Connection
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	resource
-	 * @return	void
-	 */
-	function _close($conn_id)
+	protected function _truncate($table)
 	{
-		$this->conn_id = null;
+		return 'TRUNCATE TABLE '.$table;
 	}
 
-
 }
-
-
-
-/* End of file pdo_driver.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_driver.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_forge.php
index f7beb0a9a..685b6776d 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_forge.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_forge.php
@@ -1,266 +1,65 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 2.1.2
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 2.1.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * PDO Forge Class
  *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @subpackage	Drivers
  * @category	Database
  * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/database/
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/database/
  */
 class CI_DB_pdo_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 
 	/**
-	 * Create database
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string	the database name
-	 * @return	bool
-	 */
-	function _create_database()
-	{
-		// PDO has no "create database" command since it's
-		// designed to connect to an existing database
-		if ($this->db->db_debug)
-		{
-			return $this->db->display_error('db_unsuported_feature');
-		}
-		return FALSE;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Drop database
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string	the database name
-	 * @return	bool
-	 */
-	function _drop_database($name)
-	{
-		// PDO has no "drop database" command since it's
-		// designed to connect to an existing database
-		if ($this->db->db_debug)
-		{
-			return $this->db->display_error('db_unsuported_feature');
-		}
-		return FALSE;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Create Table
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the fields
-	 * @param	mixed	primary key(s)
-	 * @param	mixed	key(s)
-	 * @param	boolean	should 'IF NOT EXISTS' be added to the SQL
-	 * @return	bool
-	 */
-	function _create_table($table, $fields, $primary_keys, $keys, $if_not_exists)
-	{
-		$sql = 'CREATE TABLE ';
-
-		if ($if_not_exists === TRUE)
-		{
-			$sql .= 'IF NOT EXISTS ';
-		}
-
-		$sql .= $this->db->_escape_identifiers($table)." (";
-		$current_field_count = 0;
-
-		foreach ($fields as $field=>$attributes)
-		{
-			// Numeric field names aren't allowed in databases, so if the key is
-			// numeric, we know it was assigned by PHP and the developer manually
-			// entered the field information, so we'll simply add it to the list
-			if (is_numeric($field))
-			{
-				$sql .= "\n\t$attributes";
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				$attributes = array_change_key_case($attributes, CASE_UPPER);
-
-				$sql .= "\n\t".$this->db->_protect_identifiers($field);
-
-				$sql .=  ' '.$attributes['TYPE'];
-
-				if (array_key_exists('CONSTRAINT', $attributes))
-				{
-					$sql .= '('.$attributes['CONSTRAINT'].')';
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('UNSIGNED', $attributes) && $attributes['UNSIGNED'] === TRUE)
-				{
-					$sql .= ' UNSIGNED';
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('DEFAULT', $attributes))
-				{
-					$sql .= ' DEFAULT \''.$attributes['DEFAULT'].'\'';
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('NULL', $attributes) && $attributes['NULL'] === TRUE)
-				{
-					$sql .= ' NULL';
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					$sql .= ' NOT NULL';
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('AUTO_INCREMENT', $attributes) && $attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT'] === TRUE)
-				{
-					$sql .= ' AUTO_INCREMENT';
-				}
-			}
-
-			// don't add a comma on the end of the last field
-			if (++$current_field_count < count($fields))
-			{
-				$sql .= ',';
-			}
-		}
-
-		if (count($primary_keys) > 0)
-		{
-			$primary_keys = $this->db->_protect_identifiers($primary_keys);
-			$sql .= ",\n\tPRIMARY KEY (" . implode(', ', $primary_keys) . ")";
-		}
-
-		if (is_array($keys) && count($keys) > 0)
-		{
-			foreach ($keys as $key)
-			{
-				if (is_array($key))
-				{
-					$key = $this->db->_protect_identifiers($key);
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					$key = array($this->db->_protect_identifiers($key));
-				}
-
-				$sql .= ",\n\tFOREIGN KEY (" . implode(', ', $key) . ")";
-			}
-		}
-
-		$sql .= "\n)";
-
-		return $sql;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Drop Table
+	 * CREATE TABLE IF statement
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	bool
+	 * @var	string
 	 */
-	function _drop_table($table)
-	{
-		// Not a supported PDO feature
-		if ($this->db->db_debug)
-		{
-			return $this->db->display_error('db_unsuported_feature');
-		}
-		return FALSE;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+	protected $_create_table_if	= FALSE;
 
 	/**
-	 * Alter table query
+	 * DROP TABLE IF statement
 	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that a table can be altered
-	 * Called by add_column(), drop_column(), and column_alter(),
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string	the ALTER type (ADD, DROP, CHANGE)
-	 * @param	string	the column name
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	string	the column definition
-	 * @param	string	the default value
-	 * @param	boolean	should 'NOT NULL' be added
-	 * @param	string	the field after which we should add the new field
-	 * @return	object
+	 * @var	string
 	 */
-	function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $column_name, $column_definition = '', $default_value = '', $null = '', $after_field = '')
-	{
-		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($table)." $alter_type ".$this->db->_protect_identifiers($column_name);
-
-		// DROP has everything it needs now.
-		if ($alter_type == 'DROP')
-		{
-			return $sql;
-		}
-
-		$sql .= " $column_definition";
-
-		if ($default_value != '')
-		{
-			$sql .= " DEFAULT \"$default_value\"";
-		}
-
-		if ($null === NULL)
-		{
-			$sql .= ' NULL';
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			$sql .= ' NOT NULL';
-		}
-
-		if ($after_field != '')
-		{
-			$sql .= ' AFTER ' . $this->db->_protect_identifiers($after_field);
-		}
-
-		return $sql;
-
-	}
-
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Rename a table
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that a table can be renamed
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string	the old table name
-	 * @param	string	the new table name
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	function _rename_table($table_name, $new_table_name)
-	{
-		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($table_name)." RENAME TO ".$this->db->_protect_identifiers($new_table_name);
-		return $sql;
-	}
-
+	protected $_drop_table_if	= FALSE;
 
 }
-
-/* End of file pdo_forge.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_forge.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_result.php b/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_result.php
index 4843df43b..bbc2cdc5a 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_result.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_result.php
@@ -1,33 +1,55 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 2.1.2
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 2.1.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * PDO Result Class
  *
  * This class extends the parent result class: CI_DB_result
  *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @subpackage	Drivers
  * @category	Database
  * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
  */
 class CI_DB_pdo_result extends CI_DB_result {
 
-	public $num_rows;
-
 	/**
 	 * Number of rows in the result set
 	 *
@@ -39,14 +61,20 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_result extends CI_DB_result {
 		{
 			return $this->num_rows;
 		}
-		elseif (($this->num_rows = $this->result_id->rowCount()) > 0)
+		elseif (count($this->result_array) > 0)
 		{
-			return $this->num_rows;
+			return $this->num_rows = count($this->result_array);
+		}
+		elseif (count($this->result_object) > 0)
+		{
+			return $this->num_rows = count($this->result_object);
+		}
+		elseif (($num_rows = $this->result_id->rowCount()) > 0)
+		{
+			return $this->num_rows = $num_rows;
 		}
 
-		$this->num_rows = count($this->result_id->fetchAll());
-		$this->result_id->execute();
-		return $this->num_rows;
+		return $this->num_rows = count($this->result_array());
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -54,10 +82,9 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	/**
 	 * Number of fields in the result set
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	int
 	 */
-	function num_fields()
+	public function num_fields()
 	{
 		return $this->result_id->columnCount();
 	}
@@ -69,16 +96,20 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 *
 	 * Generates an array of column names
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	array
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function list_fields()
+	public function list_fields()
 	{
-		if ($this->db->db_debug)
+		$field_names = array();
+		for ($i = 0, $c = $this->num_fields(); $i < $c; $i++)
 		{
-			return $this->db->display_error('db_unsuported_feature');
+			// Might trigger an E_WARNING due to not all subdrivers
+			// supporting getColumnMeta()
+			$field_names[$i] = @$this->result_id->getColumnMeta($i);
+			$field_names[$i] = $field_names[$i]['name'];
 		}
-		return FALSE;
+
+		return $field_names;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -88,28 +119,34 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 *
 	 * Generates an array of objects containing field meta-data
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function field_data()
+	public function field_data()
 	{
-		$data = array();
-	
 		try
 		{
-			for($i = 0; $i < $this->num_fields(); $i++)
+			$retval = array();
+
+			for ($i = 0, $c = $this->num_fields(); $i < $c; $i++)
 			{
-				$data[] = $this->result_id->getColumnMeta($i);
+				$field = $this->result_id->getColumnMeta($i);
+
+				$retval[$i]			= new stdClass();
+				$retval[$i]->name		= $field['name'];
+				$retval[$i]->type		= $field['native_type'];
+				$retval[$i]->max_length		= ($field['len'] > 0) ? $field['len'] : NULL;
+				$retval[$i]->primary_key	= (int) ( ! empty($field['flags']) && in_array('primary_key', $field['flags'], TRUE));
 			}
-			
-			return $data;
+
+			return $retval;
 		}
 		catch (Exception $e)
 		{
 			if ($this->db->db_debug)
 			{
-				return $this->db->display_error('db_unsuported_feature');
+				return $this->db->display_error('db_unsupported_feature');
 			}
+
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 	}
@@ -119,9 +156,9 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	/**
 	 * Free the result
 	 *
-	 * @return	null
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function free_result()
+	public function free_result()
 	{
 		if (is_object($this->result_id))
 		{
@@ -132,31 +169,13 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Data Seek
-	 *
-	 * Moves the internal pointer to the desired offset.  We call
-	 * this internally before fetching results to make sure the
-	 * result set starts at zero
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	array
-	 */
-	function _data_seek($n = 0)
-	{
-		return FALSE;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
 	 * Result - associative array
 	 *
 	 * Returns the result set as an array
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function _fetch_assoc()
+	protected function _fetch_assoc()
 	{
 		return $this->result_id->fetch(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC);
 	}
@@ -168,16 +187,12 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 *
 	 * Returns the result set as an object
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
+	 * @param	string	$class_name
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	function _fetch_object()
-	{	
-		return $this->result_id->fetchObject();
+	protected function _fetch_object($class_name = 'stdClass')
+	{
+		return $this->result_id->fetchObject($class_name);
 	}
 
 }
-
-
-/* End of file pdo_result.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_result.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_utility.php b/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_utility.php
index 042ccef8d..5029cac94 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_utility.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_utility.php
@@ -1,103 +1,63 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 2.1.2
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 2.1.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * PDO Utility Class
  *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @subpackage	Drivers
  * @category	Database
  * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/database/
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/database/
  */
 class CI_DB_pdo_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 
 	/**
-	 * List databases
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	bool
-	 */
-	function _list_databases()
-	{
-		// Not sure if PDO lets you list all databases...
-		if ($this->db->db_debug)
-		{
-			return $this->db->display_error('db_unsuported_feature');
-		}
-		return FALSE;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Optimize table query
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that a table can be optimized
+	 * Export
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	object
-	 */
-	function _optimize_table($table)
-	{
-		// Not a supported PDO feature
-		if ($this->db->db_debug)
-		{
-			return $this->db->display_error('db_unsuported_feature');
-		}
-		return FALSE;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Repair table query
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that a table can be repaired
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	object
-	 */
-	function _repair_table($table)
-	{
-		// Not a supported PDO feature
-		if ($this->db->db_debug)
-		{
-			return $this->db->display_error('db_unsuported_feature');
-		}
-		return FALSE;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * PDO Export
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	array	Preferences
+	 * @param	array	$params	Preferences
 	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
-	function _backup($params = array())
+	protected function _backup($params = array())
 	{
 		// Currently unsupported
-		return $this->db->display_error('db_unsuported_feature');
+		return $this->db->display_error('db_unsupported_feature');
 	}
 
 }
-
-/* End of file pdo_utility.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_utility.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/index.html b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/index.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b702fbc39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+<head>
+	<title>403 Forbidden</title>
+</head>
+<body>
+
+<p>Directory access is forbidden.</p>
+
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_4d_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_4d_driver.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7eaeaa1fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_4d_driver.php
@@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
+<?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
+ *
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 3.0.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
+
+/**
+ * PDO 4D Database Adapter Class
+ *
+ * Note: _DB is an extender class that the app controller
+ * creates dynamically based on whether the query builder
+ * class is being used or not.
+ *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @subpackage	Drivers
+ * @category	Database
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ */
+class CI_DB_pdo_4d_driver extends CI_DB_pdo_driver {
+
+	/**
+	 * Sub-driver
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $subdriver = '4d';
+
+	/**
+	 * Identifier escape character
+	 *
+	 * @var	string[]
+	 */
+	protected $_escape_char = array('[', ']');
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Class constructor
+	 *
+	 * Builds the DSN if not already set.
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$params
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function __construct($params)
+	{
+		parent::__construct($params);
+
+		if (empty($this->dsn))
+		{
+			$this->dsn = '4D:host='.(empty($this->hostname) ? '127.0.0.1' : $this->hostname);
+
+			empty($this->port) OR $this->dsn .= ';port='.$this->port;
+			empty($this->database) OR $this->dsn .= ';dbname='.$this->database;
+			empty($this->char_set) OR $this->dsn .= ';charset='.$this->char_set;
+		}
+		elseif ( ! empty($this->char_set) && strpos($this->dsn, 'charset=', 3) === FALSE)
+		{
+			$this->dsn .= ';charset='.$this->char_set;
+		}
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Show table query
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the table names can be fetched
+	 *
+	 * @param	bool	$prefix_limit
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _list_tables($prefix_limit = FALSE)
+	{
+		$sql = 'SELECT '.$this->escape_identifiers('TABLE_NAME').' FROM '.$this->escape_identifiers('_USER_TABLES');
+
+		if ($prefix_limit === TRUE && $this->dbprefix !== '')
+		{
+			$sql .= ' WHERE '.$this->escape_identifiers('TABLE_NAME')." LIKE '".$this->escape_like_str($this->dbprefix)."%' "
+				.sprintf($this->_like_escape_str, $this->_like_escape_chr);
+		}
+
+		return $sql;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Show column query
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the column names can be fetched
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _list_columns($table = '')
+	{
+		return 'SELECT '.$this->escape_identifiers('COLUMN_NAME').' FROM '.$this->escape_identifiers('_USER_COLUMNS')
+			.' WHERE '.$this->escape_identifiers('TABLE_NAME').' = '.$this->escape($table);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Field data query
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that the column data can be retrieved
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _field_data($table)
+	{
+		return 'SELECT * FROM '.$this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE).' LIMIT 1';
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Update statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific update string from the supplied data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @param	array	$values
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _update($table, $values)
+	{
+		$this->qb_limit = FALSE;
+		$this->qb_orderby = array();
+		return parent::_update($table, $values);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Delete statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific delete string from the supplied data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _delete($table)
+	{
+		$this->qb_limit = FALSE;
+		return parent::_delete($table);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * LIMIT
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific LIMIT clause
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$sql	SQL Query
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _limit($sql)
+	{
+		return $sql.' LIMIT '.$this->qb_limit.($this->qb_offset ? ' OFFSET '.$this->qb_offset : '');
+	}
+
+}
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_4d_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_4d_forge.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3f636d3bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_4d_forge.php
@@ -0,0 +1,217 @@
+<?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
+ *
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 3.0.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
+
+/**
+ * PDO 4D Forge Class
+ *
+ * @category	Database
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ */
+class CI_DB_pdo_4d_forge extends CI_DB_pdo_forge {
+
+	/**
+	 * CREATE DATABASE statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_create_database	= 'CREATE SCHEMA %s';
+
+	/**
+	 * DROP DATABASE statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_drop_database	= 'DROP SCHEMA %s';
+
+	/**
+	 * CREATE TABLE IF statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_create_table_if	= 'CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS';
+
+	/**
+	 * RENAME TABLE statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_rename_table	= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * DROP TABLE IF statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_drop_table_if	= 'DROP TABLE IF EXISTS';
+
+	/**
+	 * UNSIGNED support
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $_unsigned		= array(
+		'INT16'		=> 'INT',
+		'SMALLINT'	=> 'INT',
+		'INT'		=> 'INT64',
+		'INT32'		=> 'INT64'
+	);
+
+	/**
+	 * DEFAULT value representation in CREATE/ALTER TABLE statements
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_default		= FALSE;
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * ALTER TABLE
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$alter_type	ALTER type
+	 * @param	string	$table		Table name
+	 * @param	mixed	$field		Column definition
+	 * @return	string|string[]
+	 */
+	protected function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $field)
+	{
+		if (in_array($alter_type, array('ADD', 'DROP'), TRUE))
+		{
+			return parent::_alter_table($alter_type, $table, $field);
+		}
+
+		// No method of modifying columns is supported
+		return FALSE;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Process column
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$field
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _process_column($field)
+	{
+		return $this->db->escape_identifiers($field['name'])
+			.' '.$field['type'].$field['length']
+			.$field['null']
+			.$field['unique']
+			.$field['auto_increment'];
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Field attribute TYPE
+	 *
+	 * Performs a data type mapping between different databases.
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	&$attributes
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _attr_type(&$attributes)
+	{
+		switch (strtoupper($attributes['TYPE']))
+		{
+			case 'TINYINT':
+				$attributes['TYPE'] = 'SMALLINT';
+				$attributes['UNSIGNED'] = FALSE;
+				return;
+			case 'MEDIUMINT':
+				$attributes['TYPE'] = 'INTEGER';
+				$attributes['UNSIGNED'] = FALSE;
+				return;
+			case 'INTEGER':
+				$attributes['TYPE'] = 'INT';
+				return;
+			case 'BIGINT':
+				$attributes['TYPE'] = 'INT64';
+				return;
+			default: return;
+		}
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Field attribute UNIQUE
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	&$attributes
+	 * @param	array	&$field
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _attr_unique(&$attributes, &$field)
+	{
+		if ( ! empty($attributes['UNIQUE']) && $attributes['UNIQUE'] === TRUE)
+		{
+			$field['unique'] = ' UNIQUE';
+
+			// UNIQUE must be used with NOT NULL
+			$field['null'] = ' NOT NULL';
+		}
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Field attribute AUTO_INCREMENT
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	&$attributes
+	 * @param	array	&$field
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _attr_auto_increment(&$attributes, &$field)
+	{
+		if ( ! empty($attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT']) && $attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT'] === TRUE)
+		{
+			if (stripos($field['type'], 'int') !== FALSE)
+			{
+				$field['auto_increment'] = ' AUTO_INCREMENT';
+			}
+			elseif (strcasecmp($field['type'], 'UUID') === 0)
+			{
+				$field['auto_increment'] = ' AUTO_GENERATE';
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+}
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_cubrid_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_cubrid_driver.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fc49e0dd0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_cubrid_driver.php
@@ -0,0 +1,209 @@
+<?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
+ *
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 3.0.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
+
+/**
+ * PDO CUBRID Database Adapter Class
+ *
+ * Note: _DB is an extender class that the app controller
+ * creates dynamically based on whether the query builder
+ * class is being used or not.
+ *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @subpackage	Drivers
+ * @category	Database
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ */
+class CI_DB_pdo_cubrid_driver extends CI_DB_pdo_driver {
+
+	/**
+	 * Sub-driver
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $subdriver = 'cubrid';
+
+	/**
+	 * Identifier escape character
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_escape_char = '`';
+
+	/**
+	 * ORDER BY random keyword
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	protected $_random_keyword = array('RANDOM()', 'RANDOM(%d)');
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Class constructor
+	 *
+	 * Builds the DSN if not already set.
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$params
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function __construct($params)
+	{
+		parent::__construct($params);
+
+		if (empty($this->dsn))
+		{
+			$this->dsn = 'cubrid:host='.(empty($this->hostname) ? '127.0.0.1' : $this->hostname);
+
+			empty($this->port) OR $this->dsn .= ';port='.$this->port;
+			empty($this->database) OR $this->dsn .= ';dbname='.$this->database;
+			empty($this->char_set) OR $this->dsn .= ';charset='.$this->char_set;
+		}
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Show table query
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the table names can be fetched
+	 *
+	 * @param	bool	$prefix_limit
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _list_tables($prefix_limit = FALSE)
+	{
+		$sql = 'SHOW TABLES';
+
+		if ($prefix_limit === TRUE && $this->dbprefix !== '')
+		{
+			return $sql." LIKE '".$this->escape_like_str($this->dbprefix)."%'";
+		}
+
+		return $sql;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Show column query
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the column names can be fetched
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _list_columns($table = '')
+	{
+		return 'SHOW COLUMNS FROM '.$this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns an object with field data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	public function field_data($table)
+	{
+		if (($query = $this->query('SHOW COLUMNS FROM '.$this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE))) === FALSE)
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+		$query = $query->result_object();
+
+		$retval = array();
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($query); $i < $c; $i++)
+		{
+			$retval[$i]			= new stdClass();
+			$retval[$i]->name		= $query[$i]->Field;
+
+			sscanf($query[$i]->Type, '%[a-z](%d)',
+				$retval[$i]->type,
+				$retval[$i]->max_length
+			);
+
+			$retval[$i]->default		= $query[$i]->Default;
+			$retval[$i]->primary_key	= (int) ($query[$i]->Key === 'PRI');
+		}
+
+		return $retval;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Truncate statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific truncate string from the supplied data
+	 *
+	 * If the database does not support the TRUNCATE statement,
+	 * then this method maps to 'DELETE FROM table'
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _truncate($table)
+	{
+		return 'TRUNCATE '.$table;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * FROM tables
+	 *
+	 * Groups tables in FROM clauses if needed, so there is no confusion
+	 * about operator precedence.
+	 *
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _from_tables()
+	{
+		if ( ! empty($this->qb_join) && count($this->qb_from) > 1)
+		{
+			return '('.implode(', ', $this->qb_from).')';
+		}
+
+		return implode(', ', $this->qb_from);
+	}
+
+}
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_cubrid_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_cubrid_forge.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..276cbb6bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_cubrid_forge.php
@@ -0,0 +1,230 @@
+<?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
+ *
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 3.0.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
+
+/**
+ * PDO CUBRID Forge Class
+ *
+ * @category	Database
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ */
+class CI_DB_pdo_cubrid_forge extends CI_DB_pdo_forge {
+
+	/**
+	 * CREATE DATABASE statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_create_database	= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * DROP DATABASE statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_drop_database	= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * CREATE TABLE keys flag
+	 *
+	 * Whether table keys are created from within the
+	 * CREATE TABLE statement.
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	protected $_create_table_keys	= TRUE;
+
+	/**
+	 * DROP TABLE IF statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_drop_table_if	= 'DROP TABLE IF EXISTS';
+
+	/**
+	 * UNSIGNED support
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $_unsigned		= array(
+		'SHORT'		=> 'INTEGER',
+		'SMALLINT'	=> 'INTEGER',
+		'INT'		=> 'BIGINT',
+		'INTEGER'	=> 'BIGINT',
+		'BIGINT'	=> 'NUMERIC',
+		'FLOAT'		=> 'DOUBLE',
+		'REAL'		=> 'DOUBLE'
+	);
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * ALTER TABLE
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$alter_type	ALTER type
+	 * @param	string	$table		Table name
+	 * @param	mixed	$field		Column definition
+	 * @return	string|string[]
+	 */
+	protected function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $field)
+	{
+		if (in_array($alter_type, array('DROP', 'ADD'), TRUE))
+		{
+			return parent::_alter_table($alter_type, $table, $field);
+		}
+
+		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($table);
+		$sqls = array();
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($field); $i < $c; $i++)
+		{
+			if ($field[$i]['_literal'] !== FALSE)
+			{
+				$sqls[] = $sql.' CHANGE '.$field[$i]['_literal'];
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				$alter_type = empty($field[$i]['new_name']) ? ' MODIFY ' : ' CHANGE ';
+				$sqls[] = $sql.$alter_type.$this->_process_column($field[$i]);
+			}
+		}
+
+		return $sqls;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Process column
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$field
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _process_column($field)
+	{
+		$extra_clause = isset($field['after'])
+			? ' AFTER '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($field['after']) : '';
+
+		if (empty($extra_clause) && isset($field['first']) && $field['first'] === TRUE)
+		{
+			$extra_clause = ' FIRST';
+		}
+
+		return $this->db->escape_identifiers($field['name'])
+			.(empty($field['new_name']) ? '' : ' '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($field['new_name']))
+			.' '.$field['type'].$field['length']
+			.$field['unsigned']
+			.$field['null']
+			.$field['default']
+			.$field['auto_increment']
+			.$field['unique']
+			.$extra_clause;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Field attribute TYPE
+	 *
+	 * Performs a data type mapping between different databases.
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	&$attributes
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _attr_type(&$attributes)
+	{
+		switch (strtoupper($attributes['TYPE']))
+		{
+			case 'TINYINT':
+				$attributes['TYPE'] = 'SMALLINT';
+				$attributes['UNSIGNED'] = FALSE;
+				return;
+			case 'MEDIUMINT':
+				$attributes['TYPE'] = 'INTEGER';
+				$attributes['UNSIGNED'] = FALSE;
+				return;
+			case 'LONGTEXT':
+				$attributes['TYPE'] = 'STRING';
+				return;
+			default: return;
+		}
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Process indexes
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table	(ignored)
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _process_indexes($table)
+	{
+		$sql = '';
+
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($this->keys); $i < $c; $i++)
+		{
+			if (is_array($this->keys[$i]))
+			{
+				for ($i2 = 0, $c2 = count($this->keys[$i]); $i2 < $c2; $i2++)
+				{
+					if ( ! isset($this->fields[$this->keys[$i][$i2]]))
+					{
+						unset($this->keys[$i][$i2]);
+						continue;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			elseif ( ! isset($this->fields[$this->keys[$i]]))
+			{
+				unset($this->keys[$i]);
+				continue;
+			}
+
+			is_array($this->keys[$i]) OR $this->keys[$i] = array($this->keys[$i]);
+
+			$sql .= ",\n\tKEY ".$this->db->escape_identifiers(implode('_', $this->keys[$i]))
+				.' ('.implode(', ', $this->db->escape_identifiers($this->keys[$i])).')';
+		}
+
+		$this->keys = array();
+
+		return $sql;
+	}
+
+}
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_dblib_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_dblib_driver.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..08243232e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_dblib_driver.php
@@ -0,0 +1,337 @@
+<?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
+ *
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 3.0.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
+
+/**
+ * PDO DBLIB Database Adapter Class
+ *
+ * Note: _DB is an extender class that the app controller
+ * creates dynamically based on whether the query builder
+ * class is being used or not.
+ *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @subpackage	Drivers
+ * @category	Database
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ */
+class CI_DB_pdo_dblib_driver extends CI_DB_pdo_driver {
+
+	/**
+	 * Sub-driver
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $subdriver = 'dblib';
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * ORDER BY random keyword
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $_random_keyword = array('NEWID()', 'RAND(%d)');
+
+	/**
+	 * Quoted identifier flag
+	 *
+	 * Whether to use SQL-92 standard quoted identifier
+	 * (double quotes) or brackets for identifier escaping.
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	protected $_quoted_identifier;
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Class constructor
+	 *
+	 * Builds the DSN if not already set.
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$params
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function __construct($params)
+	{
+		parent::__construct($params);
+
+		if (empty($this->dsn))
+		{
+			$this->dsn = $params['subdriver'].':host='.(empty($this->hostname) ? '127.0.0.1' : $this->hostname);
+
+			if ( ! empty($this->port))
+			{
+				$this->dsn .= (DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR === '\\' ? ',' : ':').$this->port;
+			}
+
+			empty($this->database) OR $this->dsn .= ';dbname='.$this->database;
+			empty($this->char_set) OR $this->dsn .= ';charset='.$this->char_set;
+			empty($this->appname) OR $this->dsn .= ';appname='.$this->appname;
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			if ( ! empty($this->char_set) && strpos($this->dsn, 'charset=', 6) === FALSE)
+			{
+				$this->dsn .= ';charset='.$this->char_set;
+			}
+
+			$this->subdriver = 'dblib';
+		}
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Database connection
+	 *
+	 * @param	bool	$persistent
+	 * @return	object
+	 */
+	public function db_connect($persistent = FALSE)
+	{
+		if ($persistent === TRUE)
+		{
+			log_message('debug', "dblib driver doesn't support persistent connections");
+		}
+
+		$this->conn_id = parent::db_connect(FALSE);
+
+		if ( ! is_object($this->conn_id))
+		{
+			return $this->conn_id;
+		}
+
+		// Determine how identifiers are escaped
+		$query = $this->query('SELECT CASE WHEN (@@OPTIONS | 256) = @@OPTIONS THEN 1 ELSE 0 END AS qi');
+		$query = $query->row_array();
+		$this->_quoted_identifier = empty($query) ? FALSE : (bool) $query['qi'];
+		$this->_escape_char = ($this->_quoted_identifier) ? '"' : array('[', ']');
+
+		return $this->conn_id;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Show table query
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the table names can be fetched
+	 *
+	 * @param	bool	$prefix_limit
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _list_tables($prefix_limit = FALSE)
+	{
+		$sql = 'SELECT '.$this->escape_identifiers('name')
+			.' FROM '.$this->escape_identifiers('sysobjects')
+			.' WHERE '.$this->escape_identifiers('type')." = 'U'";
+
+		if ($prefix_limit === TRUE && $this->dbprefix !== '')
+		{
+			$sql .= ' AND '.$this->escape_identifiers('name')." LIKE '".$this->escape_like_str($this->dbprefix)."%' "
+				.sprintf($this->_like_escape_str, $this->_like_escape_chr);
+		}
+
+		return $sql.' ORDER BY '.$this->escape_identifiers('name');
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Show column query
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the column names can be fetched
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _list_columns($table = '')
+	{
+		return 'SELECT COLUMN_NAME
+			FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.Columns
+			WHERE UPPER(TABLE_NAME) = '.$this->escape(strtoupper($table));
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns an object with field data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	public function field_data($table)
+	{
+		$sql = 'SELECT COLUMN_NAME, DATA_TYPE, CHARACTER_MAXIMUM_LENGTH, NUMERIC_PRECISION, COLUMN_DEFAULT
+			FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.Columns
+			WHERE UPPER(TABLE_NAME) = '.$this->escape(strtoupper($table));
+
+		if (($query = $this->query($sql)) === FALSE)
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+		$query = $query->result_object();
+
+		$retval = array();
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($query); $i < $c; $i++)
+		{
+			$retval[$i]			= new stdClass();
+			$retval[$i]->name		= $query[$i]->COLUMN_NAME;
+			$retval[$i]->type		= $query[$i]->DATA_TYPE;
+			$retval[$i]->max_length		= ($query[$i]->CHARACTER_MAXIMUM_LENGTH > 0) ? $query[$i]->CHARACTER_MAXIMUM_LENGTH : $query[$i]->NUMERIC_PRECISION;
+			$retval[$i]->default		= $query[$i]->COLUMN_DEFAULT;
+		}
+
+		return $retval;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Update statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific update string from the supplied data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @param	array	$values
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _update($table, $values)
+	{
+		$this->qb_limit = FALSE;
+		$this->qb_orderby = array();
+		return parent::_update($table, $values);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Delete statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific delete string from the supplied data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _delete($table)
+	{
+		if ($this->qb_limit)
+		{
+			return 'WITH ci_delete AS (SELECT TOP '.$this->qb_limit.' * FROM '.$table.$this->_compile_wh('qb_where').') DELETE FROM ci_delete';
+		}
+
+		return parent::_delete($table);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * LIMIT
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific LIMIT clause
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$sql	SQL Query
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _limit($sql)
+	{
+		$limit = $this->qb_offset + $this->qb_limit;
+
+		// As of SQL Server 2005 (9.0.*) ROW_NUMBER() is supported,
+		// however an ORDER BY clause is required for it to work
+		if (version_compare($this->version(), '9', '>=') && $this->qb_offset && ! empty($this->qb_orderby))
+		{
+			$orderby = $this->_compile_order_by();
+
+			// We have to strip the ORDER BY clause
+			$sql = trim(substr($sql, 0, strrpos($sql, $orderby)));
+
+			// Get the fields to select from our subquery, so that we can avoid CI_rownum appearing in the actual results
+			if (count($this->qb_select) === 0)
+			{
+				$select = '*'; // Inevitable
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				// Use only field names and their aliases, everything else is out of our scope.
+				$select = array();
+				$field_regexp = ($this->_quoted_identifier)
+					? '("[^\"]+")' : '(\[[^\]]+\])';
+				for ($i = 0, $c = count($this->qb_select); $i < $c; $i++)
+				{
+					$select[] = preg_match('/(?:\s|\.)'.$field_regexp.'$/i', $this->qb_select[$i], $m)
+						? $m[1] : $this->qb_select[$i];
+				}
+				$select = implode(', ', $select);
+			}
+
+			return 'SELECT '.$select." FROM (\n\n"
+				.preg_replace('/^(SELECT( DISTINCT)?)/i', '\\1 ROW_NUMBER() OVER('.trim($orderby).') AS '.$this->escape_identifiers('CI_rownum').', ', $sql)
+				."\n\n) ".$this->escape_identifiers('CI_subquery')
+				."\nWHERE ".$this->escape_identifiers('CI_rownum').' BETWEEN '.($this->qb_offset + 1).' AND '.$limit;
+		}
+
+		return preg_replace('/(^\SELECT (DISTINCT)?)/i','\\1 TOP '.$limit.' ', $sql);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Insert batch statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific insert string from the supplied data.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table	Table name
+	 * @param	array	$keys	INSERT keys
+	 * @param	array	$values	INSERT values
+	 * @return	string|bool
+	 */
+	protected function _insert_batch($table, $keys, $values)
+	{
+		// Multiple-value inserts are only supported as of SQL Server 2008
+		if (version_compare($this->version(), '10', '>='))
+		{
+			return parent::_insert_batch($table, $keys, $values);
+		}
+
+		return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_unsupported_feature') : FALSE;
+	}
+
+}
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_dblib_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_dblib_forge.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d0cca38dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_dblib_forge.php
@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+<?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
+ *
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 3.0.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
+
+/**
+ * PDO DBLIB Forge Class
+ *
+ * @category	Database
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ */
+class CI_DB_pdo_dblib_forge extends CI_DB_pdo_forge {
+
+	/**
+	 * CREATE TABLE IF statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_create_table_if	= "IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM sysobjects WHERE ID = object_id(N'%s') AND OBJECTPROPERTY(id, N'IsUserTable') = 1)\nCREATE TABLE";
+
+	/**
+	 * DROP TABLE IF statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_drop_table_if	= "IF EXISTS (SELECT * FROM sysobjects WHERE ID = object_id(N'%s') AND OBJECTPROPERTY(id, N'IsUserTable') = 1)\nDROP TABLE";
+
+	/**
+	 * UNSIGNED support
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $_unsigned		= array(
+		'TINYINT'	=> 'SMALLINT',
+		'SMALLINT'	=> 'INT',
+		'INT'		=> 'BIGINT',
+		'REAL'		=> 'FLOAT'
+	);
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * ALTER TABLE
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$alter_type	ALTER type
+	 * @param	string	$table		Table name
+	 * @param	mixed	$field		Column definition
+	 * @return	string|string[]
+	 */
+	protected function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $field)
+	{
+		if (in_array($alter_type, array('ADD', 'DROP'), TRUE))
+		{
+			return parent::_alter_table($alter_type, $table, $field);
+		}
+
+		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($table).' ALTER COLUMN ';
+		$sqls = array();
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($field); $i < $c; $i++)
+		{
+			$sqls[] = $sql.$this->_process_column($field[$i]);
+		}
+
+		return $sqls;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Field attribute TYPE
+	 *
+	 * Performs a data type mapping between different databases.
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	&$attributes
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _attr_type(&$attributes)
+	{
+		if (isset($attributes['CONSTRAINT']) && strpos($attributes['TYPE'], 'INT') !== FALSE)
+		{
+			unset($attributes['CONSTRAINT']);
+		}
+
+		switch (strtoupper($attributes['TYPE']))
+		{
+			case 'MEDIUMINT':
+				$attributes['TYPE'] = 'INTEGER';
+				$attributes['UNSIGNED'] = FALSE;
+				return;
+			case 'INTEGER':
+				$attributes['TYPE'] = 'INT';
+				return;
+			default: return;
+		}
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Field attribute AUTO_INCREMENT
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	&$attributes
+	 * @param	array	&$field
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _attr_auto_increment(&$attributes, &$field)
+	{
+		if ( ! empty($attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT']) && $attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT'] === TRUE && stripos($field['type'], 'int') !== FALSE)
+		{
+			$field['auto_increment'] = ' IDENTITY(1,1)';
+		}
+	}
+
+}
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_firebird_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_firebird_driver.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cb93f19b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_firebird_driver.php
@@ -0,0 +1,279 @@
+<?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
+ *
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 3.0.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
+
+/**
+ * PDO Firebird Database Adapter Class
+ *
+ * Note: _DB is an extender class that the app controller
+ * creates dynamically based on whether the query builder
+ * class is being used or not.
+ *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @subpackage	Drivers
+ * @category	Database
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ */
+class CI_DB_pdo_firebird_driver extends CI_DB_pdo_driver {
+
+	/**
+	 * Sub-driver
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $subdriver = 'firebird';
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * ORDER BY random keyword
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $_random_keyword = array('RAND()', 'RAND()');
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Class constructor
+	 *
+	 * Builds the DSN if not already set.
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$params
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function __construct($params)
+	{
+		parent::__construct($params);
+
+		if (empty($this->dsn))
+		{
+			$this->dsn = 'firebird:';
+
+			if ( ! empty($this->database))
+			{
+				$this->dsn .= 'dbname='.$this->database;
+			}
+			elseif ( ! empty($this->hostname))
+			{
+				$this->dsn .= 'dbname='.$this->hostname;
+			}
+
+			empty($this->char_set) OR $this->dsn .= ';charset='.$this->char_set;
+			empty($this->role) OR $this->dsn .= ';role='.$this->role;
+		}
+		elseif ( ! empty($this->char_set) && strpos($this->dsn, 'charset=', 9) === FALSE)
+		{
+			$this->dsn .= ';charset='.$this->char_set;
+		}
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Show table query
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the table names can be fetched
+	 *
+	 * @param	bool	$prefix_limit
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _list_tables($prefix_limit = FALSE)
+	{
+		$sql = 'SELECT "RDB$RELATION_NAME" FROM "RDB$RELATIONS" WHERE "RDB$RELATION_NAME" NOT LIKE \'RDB$%\' AND "RDB$RELATION_NAME" NOT LIKE \'MON$%\'';
+
+		if ($prefix_limit === TRUE && $this->dbprefix !== '')
+		{
+			return $sql.' AND "RDB$RELATION_NAME" LIKE \''.$this->escape_like_str($this->dbprefix)."%' "
+				.sprintf($this->_like_escape_str, $this->_like_escape_chr);
+		}
+
+		return $sql;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Show column query
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the column names can be fetched
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _list_columns($table = '')
+	{
+		return 'SELECT "RDB$FIELD_NAME" FROM "RDB$RELATION_FIELDS" WHERE "RDB$RELATION_NAME" = '.$this->escape($table);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns an object with field data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	public function field_data($table)
+	{
+		$sql = 'SELECT "rfields"."RDB$FIELD_NAME" AS "name",
+				CASE "fields"."RDB$FIELD_TYPE"
+					WHEN 7 THEN \'SMALLINT\'
+					WHEN 8 THEN \'INTEGER\'
+					WHEN 9 THEN \'QUAD\'
+					WHEN 10 THEN \'FLOAT\'
+					WHEN 11 THEN \'DFLOAT\'
+					WHEN 12 THEN \'DATE\'
+					WHEN 13 THEN \'TIME\'
+					WHEN 14 THEN \'CHAR\'
+					WHEN 16 THEN \'INT64\'
+					WHEN 27 THEN \'DOUBLE\'
+					WHEN 35 THEN \'TIMESTAMP\'
+					WHEN 37 THEN \'VARCHAR\'
+					WHEN 40 THEN \'CSTRING\'
+					WHEN 261 THEN \'BLOB\'
+					ELSE NULL
+				END AS "type",
+				"fields"."RDB$FIELD_LENGTH" AS "max_length",
+				"rfields"."RDB$DEFAULT_VALUE" AS "default"
+			FROM "RDB$RELATION_FIELDS" "rfields"
+				JOIN "RDB$FIELDS" "fields" ON "rfields"."RDB$FIELD_SOURCE" = "fields"."RDB$FIELD_NAME"
+			WHERE "rfields"."RDB$RELATION_NAME" = '.$this->escape($table).'
+			ORDER BY "rfields"."RDB$FIELD_POSITION"';
+
+		return (($query = $this->query($sql)) !== FALSE)
+			? $query->result_object()
+			: FALSE;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Update statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific update string from the supplied data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @param	array	$values
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _update($table, $values)
+	{
+		$this->qb_limit = FALSE;
+		return parent::_update($table, $values);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Truncate statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific truncate string from the supplied data
+	 *
+	 * If the database does not support the TRUNCATE statement,
+	 * then this method maps to 'DELETE FROM table'
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _truncate($table)
+	{
+		return 'DELETE FROM '.$table;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Delete statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific delete string from the supplied data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _delete($table)
+	{
+		$this->qb_limit = FALSE;
+		return parent::_delete($table);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * LIMIT
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific LIMIT clause
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$sql	SQL Query
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _limit($sql)
+	{
+		// Limit clause depends on if Interbase or Firebird
+		if (stripos($this->version(), 'firebird') !== FALSE)
+		{
+			$select = 'FIRST '.$this->qb_limit
+				.($this->qb_offset > 0 ? ' SKIP '.$this->qb_offset : '');
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			$select = 'ROWS '
+				.($this->qb_offset > 0 ? $this->qb_offset.' TO '.($this->qb_limit + $this->qb_offset) : $this->qb_limit);
+		}
+
+		return preg_replace('`SELECT`i', 'SELECT '.$select, $sql);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Insert batch statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific insert string from the supplied data.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table	Table name
+	 * @param	array	$keys	INSERT keys
+	 * @param	array	$values	INSERT values
+	 * @return	string|bool
+	 */
+	protected function _insert_batch($table, $keys, $values)
+	{
+		return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_unsupported_feature') : FALSE;
+	}
+}
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_firebird_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_firebird_forge.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..20c5a6897
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_firebird_forge.php
@@ -0,0 +1,237 @@
+<?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
+ *
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 3.0.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
+
+/**
+ * PDO Firebird Forge Class
+ *
+ * @category	Database
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ */
+class CI_DB_pdo_firebird_forge extends CI_DB_pdo_forge {
+
+	/**
+	 * RENAME TABLE statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_rename_table	= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * UNSIGNED support
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $_unsigned		= array(
+		'SMALLINT'	=> 'INTEGER',
+		'INTEGER'	=> 'INT64',
+		'FLOAT'		=> 'DOUBLE PRECISION'
+	);
+
+	/**
+	 * NULL value representation in CREATE/ALTER TABLE statements
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_null		= 'NULL';
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Create database
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$db_name
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	public function create_database($db_name)
+	{
+		// Firebird databases are flat files, so a path is required
+
+		// Hostname is needed for remote access
+		empty($this->db->hostname) OR $db_name = $this->hostname.':'.$db_name;
+
+		return parent::create_database('"'.$db_name.'"');
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Drop database
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$db_name	(ignored)
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function drop_database($db_name)
+	{
+		if ( ! ibase_drop_db($this->conn_id))
+		{
+			return ($this->db->db_debug) ? $this->db->display_error('db_unable_to_drop') : FALSE;
+		}
+		elseif ( ! empty($this->db->data_cache['db_names']))
+		{
+			$key = array_search(strtolower($this->db->database), array_map('strtolower', $this->db->data_cache['db_names']), TRUE);
+			if ($key !== FALSE)
+			{
+				unset($this->db->data_cache['db_names'][$key]);
+			}
+		}
+
+		return TRUE;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * ALTER TABLE
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$alter_type	ALTER type
+	 * @param	string	$table		Table name
+	 * @param	mixed	$field		Column definition
+	 * @return	string|string[]
+	 */
+	protected function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $field)
+ 	{
+		if (in_array($alter_type, array('DROP', 'ADD'), TRUE))
+		{
+			return parent::_alter_table($alter_type, $table, $field);
+		}
+
+		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($table);
+		$sqls = array();
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($field); $i < $c; $i++)
+		{
+			if ($field[$i]['_literal'] !== FALSE)
+			{
+				return FALSE;
+			}
+
+			if (isset($field[$i]['type']))
+			{
+				$sqls[] = $sql.' ALTER COLUMN '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($field[$i]['name'])
+					.' TYPE '.$field[$i]['type'].$field[$i]['length'];
+			}
+
+			if ( ! empty($field[$i]['default']))
+			{
+				$sqls[] = $sql.' ALTER COLUMN '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($field[$i]['name'])
+					.' SET DEFAULT '.$field[$i]['default'];
+			}
+
+			if (isset($field[$i]['null']))
+			{
+				$sqls[] = 'UPDATE "RDB$RELATION_FIELDS" SET "RDB$NULL_FLAG" = '
+					.($field[$i]['null'] === TRUE ? 'NULL' : '1')
+					.' WHERE "RDB$FIELD_NAME" = '.$this->db->escape($field[$i]['name'])
+					.' AND "RDB$RELATION_NAME" = '.$this->db->escape($table);
+			}
+
+			if ( ! empty($field[$i]['new_name']))
+			{
+				$sqls[] = $sql.' ALTER COLUMN '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($field[$i]['name'])
+					.' TO '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($field[$i]['new_name']);
+			}
+		}
+
+		return $sqls;
+ 	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Process column
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$field
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _process_column($field)
+	{
+		return $this->db->escape_identifiers($field['name'])
+			.' '.$field['type'].$field['length']
+			.$field['null']
+			.$field['unique']
+			.$field['default'];
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Field attribute TYPE
+	 *
+	 * Performs a data type mapping between different databases.
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	&$attributes
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _attr_type(&$attributes)
+	{
+		switch (strtoupper($attributes['TYPE']))
+		{
+			case 'TINYINT':
+				$attributes['TYPE'] = 'SMALLINT';
+				$attributes['UNSIGNED'] = FALSE;
+				return;
+			case 'MEDIUMINT':
+				$attributes['TYPE'] = 'INTEGER';
+				$attributes['UNSIGNED'] = FALSE;
+				return;
+			case 'INT':
+				$attributes['TYPE'] = 'INTEGER';
+				return;
+			case 'BIGINT':
+				$attributes['TYPE'] = 'INT64';
+				return;
+			default: return;
+		}
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Field attribute AUTO_INCREMENT
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	&$attributes
+	 * @param	array	&$field
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _attr_auto_increment(&$attributes, &$field)
+	{
+		// Not supported
+	}
+
+}
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_ibm_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_ibm_driver.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..26b556a78
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_ibm_driver.php
@@ -0,0 +1,244 @@
+<?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
+ *
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 3.0.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
+
+/**
+ * PDO IBM DB2 Database Adapter Class
+ *
+ * Note: _DB is an extender class that the app controller
+ * creates dynamically based on whether the query builder
+ * class is being used or not.
+ *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @subpackage	Drivers
+ * @category	Database
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ */
+class CI_DB_pdo_ibm_driver extends CI_DB_pdo_driver {
+
+	/**
+	 * Sub-driver
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $subdriver = 'ibm';
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Class constructor
+	 *
+	 * Builds the DSN if not already set.
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$params
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function __construct($params)
+	{
+		parent::__construct($params);
+
+		if (empty($this->dsn))
+		{
+			$this->dsn = 'ibm:';
+
+			// Pre-defined DSN
+			if (empty($this->hostname) && empty($this->HOSTNAME) && empty($this->port) && empty($this->PORT))
+			{
+				if (isset($this->DSN))
+				{
+					$this->dsn .= 'DSN='.$this->DSN;
+				}
+				elseif ( ! empty($this->database))
+				{
+					$this->dsn .= 'DSN='.$this->database;
+				}
+
+				return;
+			}
+
+			$this->dsn .= 'DRIVER='.(isset($this->DRIVER) ? '{'.$this->DRIVER.'}' : '{IBM DB2 ODBC DRIVER}').';';
+
+			if (isset($this->DATABASE))
+			{
+				$this->dsn .= 'DATABASE='.$this->DATABASE.';';
+			}
+			elseif ( ! empty($this->database))
+			{
+				$this->dsn .= 'DATABASE='.$this->database.';';
+			}
+
+			if (isset($this->HOSTNAME))
+			{
+				$this->dsn .= 'HOSTNAME='.$this->HOSTNAME.';';
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				$this->dsn .= 'HOSTNAME='.(empty($this->hostname) ? '127.0.0.1;' : $this->hostname.';');
+			}
+
+			if (isset($this->PORT))
+			{
+				$this->dsn .= 'PORT='.$this->port.';';
+			}
+			elseif ( ! empty($this->port))
+			{
+				$this->dsn .= ';PORT='.$this->port.';';
+			}
+
+			$this->dsn .= 'PROTOCOL='.(isset($this->PROTOCOL) ? $this->PROTOCOL.';' : 'TCPIP;');
+		}
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Show table query
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the table names can be fetched
+	 *
+	 * @param	bool	$prefix_limit
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _list_tables($prefix_limit = FALSE)
+	{
+		$sql = 'SELECT "tabname" FROM "syscat"."tables"
+			WHERE "type" = \'T\' AND LOWER("tabschema") = '.$this->escape(strtolower($this->database));
+
+		if ($prefix_limit === TRUE && $this->dbprefix !== '')
+		{
+			$sql .= ' AND "tabname" LIKE \''.$this->escape_like_str($this->dbprefix)."%' "
+				.sprintf($this->_like_escape_str, $this->_like_escape_chr);
+		}
+
+		return $sql;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Show column query
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the column names can be fetched
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	protected function _list_columns($table = '')
+	{
+		return 'SELECT "colname" FROM "syscat"."columns"
+			WHERE LOWER("tabschema") = '.$this->escape(strtolower($this->database)).'
+				AND LOWER("tabname") = '.$this->escape(strtolower($table));
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns an object with field data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	public function field_data($table)
+	{
+		$sql = 'SELECT "colname" AS "name", "typename" AS "type", "default" AS "default", "length" AS "max_length",
+				CASE "keyseq" WHEN NULL THEN 0 ELSE 1 END AS "primary_key"
+			FROM "syscat"."columns"
+			WHERE LOWER("tabschema") = '.$this->escape(strtolower($this->database)).'
+				AND LOWER("tabname") = '.$this->escape(strtolower($table)).'
+			ORDER BY "colno"';
+
+		return (($query = $this->query($sql)) !== FALSE)
+			? $query->result_object()
+			: FALSE;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Update statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific update string from the supplied data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @param	array	$values
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _update($table, $values)
+	{
+		$this->qb_limit = FALSE;
+		$this->qb_orderby = array();
+		return parent::_update($table, $values);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Delete statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific delete string from the supplied data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _delete($table)
+	{
+		$this->qb_limit = FALSE;
+		return parent::_delete($table);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * LIMIT
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific LIMIT clause
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$sql	SQL Query
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _limit($sql)
+	{
+		$sql .= ' FETCH FIRST '.($this->qb_limit + $this->qb_offset).' ROWS ONLY';
+
+		return ($this->qb_offset)
+			? 'SELECT * FROM ('.$sql.') WHERE rownum > '.$this->qb_offset
+			: $sql;
+	}
+
+}
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_ibm_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_ibm_forge.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4238ca082
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_ibm_forge.php
@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+<?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
+ *
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 3.0.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
+
+/**
+ * PDO IBM DB2 Forge Class
+ *
+ * @category	Database
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ */
+class CI_DB_pdo_ibm_forge extends CI_DB_pdo_forge {
+
+	/**
+	 * RENAME TABLE IF statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_rename_table	= 'RENAME TABLE %s TO %s';
+
+	/**
+	 * UNSIGNED support
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $_unsigned		= array(
+		'SMALLINT'	=> 'INTEGER',
+		'INT'		=> 'BIGINT',
+		'INTEGER'	=> 'BIGINT'
+	);
+
+	/**
+	 * DEFAULT value representation in CREATE/ALTER TABLE statements
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_default		= FALSE;
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * ALTER TABLE
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$alter_type	ALTER type
+	 * @param	string	$table		Table name
+	 * @param	mixed	$field		Column definition
+	 * @return	string|string[]
+	 */
+	protected function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $field)
+	{
+		if ($alter_type === 'CHANGE')
+		{
+			$alter_type = 'MODIFY';
+		}
+
+		return parent::_alter_table($alter_type, $table, $field);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Field attribute TYPE
+	 *
+	 * Performs a data type mapping between different databases.
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	&$attributes
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _attr_type(&$attributes)
+	{
+		switch (strtoupper($attributes['TYPE']))
+		{
+			case 'TINYINT':
+				$attributes['TYPE'] = 'SMALLINT';
+				$attributes['UNSIGNED'] = FALSE;
+				return;
+			case 'MEDIUMINT':
+				$attributes['TYPE'] = 'INTEGER';
+				$attributes['UNSIGNED'] = FALSE;
+				return;
+			default: return;
+		}
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Field attribute UNIQUE
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	&$attributes
+	 * @param	array	&$field
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _attr_unique(&$attributes, &$field)
+	{
+		if ( ! empty($attributes['UNIQUE']) && $attributes['UNIQUE'] === TRUE)
+		{
+			$field['unique'] = ' UNIQUE';
+
+			// UNIQUE must be used with NOT NULL
+			$field['null'] = ' NOT NULL';
+		}
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Field attribute AUTO_INCREMENT
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	&$attributes
+	 * @param	array	&$field
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _attr_auto_increment(&$attributes, &$field)
+	{
+		// Not supported
+	}
+
+}
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_informix_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_informix_driver.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..050171f64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_informix_driver.php
@@ -0,0 +1,309 @@
+<?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
+ *
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 3.0.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
+
+/**
+ * PDO Informix Database Adapter Class
+ *
+ * Note: _DB is an extender class that the app controller
+ * creates dynamically based on whether the query builder
+ * class is being used or not.
+ *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @subpackage	Drivers
+ * @category	Database
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ */
+class CI_DB_pdo_informix_driver extends CI_DB_pdo_driver {
+
+	/**
+	 * Sub-driver
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $subdriver = 'informix';
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * ORDER BY random keyword
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $_random_keyword = array('ASC', 'ASC'); // Currently not supported
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Class constructor
+	 *
+	 * Builds the DSN if not already set.
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$params
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function __construct($params)
+	{
+		parent::__construct($params);
+
+		if (empty($this->dsn))
+		{
+			$this->dsn = 'informix:';
+
+			// Pre-defined DSN
+			if (empty($this->hostname) && empty($this->host) && empty($this->port) && empty($this->service))
+			{
+				if (isset($this->DSN))
+				{
+					$this->dsn .= 'DSN='.$this->DSN;
+				}
+				elseif ( ! empty($this->database))
+				{
+					$this->dsn .= 'DSN='.$this->database;
+				}
+
+				return;
+			}
+
+			if (isset($this->host))
+			{
+				$this->dsn .= 'host='.$this->host;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				$this->dsn .= 'host='.(empty($this->hostname) ? '127.0.0.1' : $this->hostname);
+			}
+
+			if (isset($this->service))
+			{
+				$this->dsn .= '; service='.$this->service;
+			}
+			elseif ( ! empty($this->port))
+			{
+				$this->dsn .= '; service='.$this->port;
+			}
+
+			empty($this->database) OR $this->dsn .= '; database='.$this->database;
+			empty($this->server) OR $this->dsn .= '; server='.$this->server;
+
+			$this->dsn .= '; protocol='.(isset($this->protocol) ? $this->protocol : 'onsoctcp')
+				.'; EnableScrollableCursors=1';
+		}
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Show table query
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the table names can be fetched
+	 *
+	 * @param	bool	$prefix_limit
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _list_tables($prefix_limit = FALSE)
+	{
+		$sql = 'SELECT "tabname" FROM "systables"
+			WHERE "tabid" > 99 AND "tabtype" = \'T\' AND LOWER("owner") = '.$this->escape(strtolower($this->username));
+
+		if ($prefix_limit === TRUE && $this->dbprefix !== '')
+		{
+			$sql .= ' AND "tabname" LIKE \''.$this->escape_like_str($this->dbprefix)."%' "
+				.sprintf($this->_like_escape_str, $this->_like_escape_chr);
+		}
+
+		return $sql;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Show column query
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the column names can be fetched
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _list_columns($table = '')
+	{
+		if (strpos($table, '.') !== FALSE)
+		{
+			sscanf($table, '%[^.].%s', $owner, $table);
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			$owner = $this->username;
+		}
+
+		return 'SELECT "colname" FROM "systables", "syscolumns"
+			WHERE "systables"."tabid" = "syscolumns"."tabid"
+				AND "systables"."tabtype" = \'T\'
+				AND LOWER("systables"."owner") = '.$this->escape(strtolower($owner)).'
+				AND LOWER("systables"."tabname") = '.$this->escape(strtolower($table));
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns an object with field data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	public function field_data($table)
+	{
+		$sql = 'SELECT "syscolumns"."colname" AS "name",
+				CASE "syscolumns"."coltype"
+					WHEN 0 THEN \'CHAR\'
+					WHEN 1 THEN \'SMALLINT\'
+					WHEN 2 THEN \'INTEGER\'
+					WHEN 3 THEN \'FLOAT\'
+					WHEN 4 THEN \'SMALLFLOAT\'
+					WHEN 5 THEN \'DECIMAL\'
+					WHEN 6 THEN \'SERIAL\'
+					WHEN 7 THEN \'DATE\'
+					WHEN 8 THEN \'MONEY\'
+					WHEN 9 THEN \'NULL\'
+					WHEN 10 THEN \'DATETIME\'
+					WHEN 11 THEN \'BYTE\'
+					WHEN 12 THEN \'TEXT\'
+					WHEN 13 THEN \'VARCHAR\'
+					WHEN 14 THEN \'INTERVAL\'
+					WHEN 15 THEN \'NCHAR\'
+					WHEN 16 THEN \'NVARCHAR\'
+					WHEN 17 THEN \'INT8\'
+					WHEN 18 THEN \'SERIAL8\'
+					WHEN 19 THEN \'SET\'
+					WHEN 20 THEN \'MULTISET\'
+					WHEN 21 THEN \'LIST\'
+					WHEN 22 THEN \'Unnamed ROW\'
+					WHEN 40 THEN \'LVARCHAR\'
+					WHEN 41 THEN \'BLOB/CLOB/BOOLEAN\'
+					WHEN 4118 THEN \'Named ROW\'
+					ELSE "syscolumns"."coltype"
+				END AS "type",
+				"syscolumns"."collength" as "max_length",
+				CASE "sysdefaults"."type"
+					WHEN \'L\' THEN "sysdefaults"."default"
+					ELSE NULL
+				END AS "default"
+			FROM "syscolumns", "systables", "sysdefaults"
+			WHERE "syscolumns"."tabid" = "systables"."tabid"
+				AND "systables"."tabid" = "sysdefaults"."tabid"
+				AND "syscolumns"."colno" = "sysdefaults"."colno"
+				AND "systables"."tabtype" = \'T\'
+				AND LOWER("systables"."owner") = '.$this->escape(strtolower($this->username)).'
+				AND LOWER("systables"."tabname") = '.$this->escape(strtolower($table)).'
+			ORDER BY "syscolumns"."colno"';
+
+		return (($query = $this->query($sql)) !== FALSE)
+			? $query->result_object()
+			: FALSE;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Update statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific update string from the supplied data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @param	array	$values
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _update($table, $values)
+	{
+		$this->qb_limit = FALSE;
+		$this->qb_orderby = array();
+		return parent::_update($table, $values);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Truncate statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific truncate string from the supplied data
+	 *
+	 * If the database does not support the TRUNCATE statement,
+	 * then this method maps to 'DELETE FROM table'
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _truncate($table)
+	{
+		return 'TRUNCATE TABLE ONLY '.$table;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Delete statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific delete string from the supplied data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _delete($table)
+	{
+		$this->qb_limit = FALSE;
+		return parent::_delete($table);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * LIMIT
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific LIMIT clause
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$sql	$SQL Query
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _limit($sql)
+	{
+		$select = 'SELECT '.($this->qb_offset ? 'SKIP '.$this->qb_offset : '').'FIRST '.$this->qb_limit.' ';
+		return preg_replace('/^(SELECT\s)/i', $select, $sql, 1);
+	}
+
+}
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_informix_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_informix_forge.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2ddc2a933
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_informix_forge.php
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+<?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
+ *
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 3.0.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
+
+/**
+ * PDO Informix Forge Class
+ *
+ * @category	Database
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ */
+class CI_DB_pdo_informix_forge extends CI_DB_pdo_forge {
+
+	/**
+	 * RENAME TABLE statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_rename_table	= 'RENAME TABLE %s TO %s';
+
+	/**
+	 * UNSIGNED support
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $_unsigned		= array(
+		'SMALLINT'	=> 'INTEGER',
+		'INT'		=> 'BIGINT',
+		'INTEGER'	=> 'BIGINT',
+		'REAL'		=> 'DOUBLE PRECISION',
+		'SMALLFLOAT'	=> 'DOUBLE PRECISION'
+	);
+
+	/**
+	 * DEFAULT value representation in CREATE/ALTER TABLE statements
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_default		= ', ';
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * ALTER TABLE
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$alter_type	ALTER type
+	 * @param	string	$table		Table name
+	 * @param	mixed	$field		Column definition
+	 * @return	string|string[]
+	 */
+	protected function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $field)
+	{
+		if ($alter_type === 'CHANGE')
+		{
+			$alter_type = 'MODIFY';
+		}
+
+		return parent::_alter_table($alter_type, $table, $field);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Field attribute TYPE
+	 *
+	 * Performs a data type mapping between different databases.
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	&$attributes
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _attr_type(&$attributes)
+	{
+		switch (strtoupper($attributes['TYPE']))
+		{
+			case 'TINYINT':
+				$attributes['TYPE'] = 'SMALLINT';
+				$attributes['UNSIGNED'] = FALSE;
+				return;
+			case 'MEDIUMINT':
+				$attributes['TYPE'] = 'INTEGER';
+				$attributes['UNSIGNED'] = FALSE;
+				return;
+			case 'BYTE':
+			case 'TEXT':
+			case 'BLOB':
+			case 'CLOB':
+				$attributes['UNIQUE'] = FALSE;
+				if (isset($attributes['DEFAULT']))
+				{
+					unset($attributes['DEFAULT']);
+				}
+				return;
+			default: return;
+		}
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Field attribute UNIQUE
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	&$attributes
+	 * @param	array	&$field
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _attr_unique(&$attributes, &$field)
+	{
+		if ( ! empty($attributes['UNIQUE']) && $attributes['UNIQUE'] === TRUE)
+		{
+			$field['unique'] = ' UNIQUE CONSTRAINT '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($field['name']);
+		}
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Field attribute AUTO_INCREMENT
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	&$attributes
+	 * @param	array	&$field
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _attr_auto_increment(&$attributes, &$field)
+	{
+		// Not supported
+	}
+
+}
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_mysql_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_mysql_driver.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..64b13d827
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_mysql_driver.php
@@ -0,0 +1,374 @@
+<?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
+ *
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 3.0.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
+
+/**
+ * PDO MySQL Database Adapter Class
+ *
+ * Note: _DB is an extender class that the app controller
+ * creates dynamically based on whether the query builder
+ * class is being used or not.
+ *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @subpackage	Drivers
+ * @category	Database
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ */
+class CI_DB_pdo_mysql_driver extends CI_DB_pdo_driver {
+
+	/**
+	 * Sub-driver
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $subdriver = 'mysql';
+
+	/**
+	 * Compression flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	public $compress = FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Strict ON flag
+	 *
+	 * Whether we're running in strict SQL mode.
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	public $stricton;
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Identifier escape character
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_escape_char = '`';
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Class constructor
+	 *
+	 * Builds the DSN if not already set.
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$params
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function __construct($params)
+	{
+		parent::__construct($params);
+
+		if (empty($this->dsn))
+		{
+			$this->dsn = 'mysql:host='.(empty($this->hostname) ? '127.0.0.1' : $this->hostname);
+
+			empty($this->port) OR $this->dsn .= ';port='.$this->port;
+			empty($this->database) OR $this->dsn .= ';dbname='.$this->database;
+			empty($this->char_set) OR $this->dsn .= ';charset='.$this->char_set;
+		}
+		elseif ( ! empty($this->char_set) && strpos($this->dsn, 'charset=', 6) === FALSE)
+		{
+			$this->dsn .= ';charset='.$this->char_set;
+		}
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Database connection
+	 *
+	 * @param	bool	$persistent
+	 * @return	object
+	 */
+	public function db_connect($persistent = FALSE)
+	{
+		if (isset($this->stricton))
+		{
+			if ($this->stricton)
+			{
+				$sql = 'CONCAT(@@sql_mode, ",", "STRICT_ALL_TABLES")';
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				$sql = 'REPLACE(REPLACE(REPLACE(REPLACE(REPLACE(REPLACE(
+                                        @@sql_mode,
+                                        "STRICT_ALL_TABLES,", ""),
+                                        ",STRICT_ALL_TABLES", ""),
+                                        "STRICT_ALL_TABLES", ""),
+                                        "STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,", ""),
+                                        ",STRICT_TRANS_TABLES", ""),
+                                        "STRICT_TRANS_TABLES", "")';
+			}
+
+			if ( ! empty($sql))
+			{
+				if (empty($this->options[PDO::MYSQL_ATTR_INIT_COMMAND]))
+				{
+					$this->options[PDO::MYSQL_ATTR_INIT_COMMAND] = 'SET SESSION sql_mode = '.$sql;
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					$this->options[PDO::MYSQL_ATTR_INIT_COMMAND] .= ', @@session.sql_mode = '.$sql;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		if ($this->compress === TRUE)
+		{
+			$this->options[PDO::MYSQL_ATTR_COMPRESS] = TRUE;
+		}
+
+		if (is_array($this->encrypt))
+		{
+			$ssl = array();
+			empty($this->encrypt['ssl_key'])    OR $ssl[PDO::MYSQL_ATTR_SSL_KEY]    = $this->encrypt['ssl_key'];
+			empty($this->encrypt['ssl_cert'])   OR $ssl[PDO::MYSQL_ATTR_SSL_CERT]   = $this->encrypt['ssl_cert'];
+			empty($this->encrypt['ssl_ca'])     OR $ssl[PDO::MYSQL_ATTR_SSL_CA]     = $this->encrypt['ssl_ca'];
+			empty($this->encrypt['ssl_capath']) OR $ssl[PDO::MYSQL_ATTR_SSL_CAPATH] = $this->encrypt['ssl_capath'];
+			empty($this->encrypt['ssl_cipher']) OR $ssl[PDO::MYSQL_ATTR_SSL_CIPHER] = $this->encrypt['ssl_cipher'];
+
+			// DO NOT use array_merge() here!
+			// It re-indexes numeric keys and the PDO_MYSQL_ATTR_SSL_* constants are integers.
+			empty($ssl) OR $this->options += $ssl;
+		}
+
+		// Prior to version 5.7.3, MySQL silently downgrades to an unencrypted connection if SSL setup fails
+		if (
+			($pdo = parent::db_connect($persistent)) !== FALSE
+			&& ! empty($ssl)
+			&& version_compare($pdo->getAttribute(PDO::ATTR_CLIENT_VERSION), '5.7.3', '<=')
+			&& empty($pdo->query("SHOW STATUS LIKE 'ssl_cipher'")->fetchObject()->Value)
+		)
+		{
+			$message = 'PDO_MYSQL was configured for an SSL connection, but got an unencrypted connection instead!';
+			log_message('error', $message);
+			return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error($message, '', TRUE) : FALSE;
+		}
+
+		return $pdo;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Select the database
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$database
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function db_select($database = '')
+	{
+		if ($database === '')
+		{
+			$database = $this->database;
+		}
+
+		if (FALSE !== $this->simple_query('USE '.$this->escape_identifiers($database)))
+		{
+			$this->database = $database;
+			$this->data_cache = array();
+			return TRUE;
+		}
+
+		return FALSE;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Begin Transaction
+	 *
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	protected function _trans_begin()
+	{
+		$this->conn_id->setAttribute(PDO::ATTR_AUTOCOMMIT, FALSE);
+		return $this->conn_id->beginTransaction();
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Commit Transaction
+	 *
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	protected function _trans_commit()
+	{
+		if ($this->conn_id->commit())
+		{
+			$this->conn_id->setAttribute(PDO::ATTR_AUTOCOMMIT, TRUE);
+			return TRUE;
+		}
+
+		return FALSE;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Rollback Transaction
+	 *
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	protected function _trans_rollback()
+	{
+		if ($this->conn_id->rollBack())
+		{
+			$this->conn_id->setAttribute(PDO::ATTR_AUTOCOMMIT, TRUE);
+			return TRUE;
+		}
+
+		return FALSE;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Show table query
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the table names can be fetched
+	 *
+	 * @param	bool	$prefix_limit
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _list_tables($prefix_limit = FALSE)
+	{
+		$sql = 'SHOW TABLES';
+
+		if ($prefix_limit === TRUE && $this->dbprefix !== '')
+		{
+			return $sql." LIKE '".$this->escape_like_str($this->dbprefix)."%'";
+		}
+
+		return $sql;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Show column query
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the column names can be fetched
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _list_columns($table = '')
+	{
+		return 'SHOW COLUMNS FROM '.$this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns an object with field data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	public function field_data($table)
+	{
+		if (($query = $this->query('SHOW COLUMNS FROM '.$this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE))) === FALSE)
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+		$query = $query->result_object();
+
+		$retval = array();
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($query); $i < $c; $i++)
+		{
+			$retval[$i]			= new stdClass();
+			$retval[$i]->name		= $query[$i]->Field;
+
+			sscanf($query[$i]->Type, '%[a-z](%d)',
+				$retval[$i]->type,
+				$retval[$i]->max_length
+			);
+
+			$retval[$i]->default		= $query[$i]->Default;
+			$retval[$i]->primary_key	= (int) ($query[$i]->Key === 'PRI');
+		}
+
+		return $retval;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Truncate statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific truncate string from the supplied data
+	 *
+	 * If the database does not support the TRUNCATE statement,
+	 * then this method maps to 'DELETE FROM table'
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _truncate($table)
+	{
+		return 'TRUNCATE '.$table;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * FROM tables
+	 *
+	 * Groups tables in FROM clauses if needed, so there is no confusion
+	 * about operator precedence.
+	 *
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _from_tables()
+	{
+		if ( ! empty($this->qb_join) && count($this->qb_from) > 1)
+		{
+			return '('.implode(', ', $this->qb_from).')';
+		}
+
+		return implode(', ', $this->qb_from);
+	}
+
+}
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_mysql_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_mysql_forge.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c7a92b826
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_mysql_forge.php
@@ -0,0 +1,256 @@
+<?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
+ *
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 3.0.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
+
+/**
+ * PDO MySQL Forge Class
+ *
+ * @category	Database
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ */
+class CI_DB_pdo_mysql_forge extends CI_DB_pdo_forge {
+
+	/**
+	 * CREATE DATABASE statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_create_database	= 'CREATE DATABASE %s CHARACTER SET %s COLLATE %s';
+
+	/**
+	 * CREATE TABLE IF statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_create_table_if	= 'CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS';
+
+	/**
+	 * CREATE TABLE keys flag
+	 *
+	 * Whether table keys are created from within the
+	 * CREATE TABLE statement.
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	protected $_create_table_keys	= TRUE;
+
+	/**
+	 * DROP TABLE IF statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_drop_table_if	= 'DROP TABLE IF EXISTS';
+
+	/**
+	 * UNSIGNED support
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $_unsigned		= array(
+		'TINYINT',
+		'SMALLINT',
+		'MEDIUMINT',
+		'INT',
+		'INTEGER',
+		'BIGINT',
+		'REAL',
+		'DOUBLE',
+		'DOUBLE PRECISION',
+		'FLOAT',
+		'DECIMAL',
+		'NUMERIC'
+	);
+
+	/**
+	 * NULL value representation in CREATE/ALTER TABLE statements
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_null = 'NULL';
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * CREATE TABLE attributes
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$attributes	Associative array of table attributes
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _create_table_attr($attributes)
+	{
+		$sql = '';
+
+		foreach (array_keys($attributes) as $key)
+		{
+			if (is_string($key))
+			{
+				$sql .= ' '.strtoupper($key).' = '.$attributes[$key];
+			}
+		}
+
+		if ( ! empty($this->db->char_set) && ! strpos($sql, 'CHARACTER SET') && ! strpos($sql, 'CHARSET'))
+		{
+			$sql .= ' DEFAULT CHARACTER SET = '.$this->db->char_set;
+		}
+
+		if ( ! empty($this->db->dbcollat) && ! strpos($sql, 'COLLATE'))
+		{
+			$sql .= ' COLLATE = '.$this->db->dbcollat;
+		}
+
+		return $sql;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * ALTER TABLE
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$alter_type	ALTER type
+	 * @param	string	$table		Table name
+	 * @param	mixed	$field		Column definition
+	 * @return	string|string[]
+	 */
+	protected function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $field)
+	{
+		if ($alter_type === 'DROP')
+		{
+			return parent::_alter_table($alter_type, $table, $field);
+		}
+
+		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($table);
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($field); $i < $c; $i++)
+		{
+			if ($field[$i]['_literal'] !== FALSE)
+			{
+				$field[$i] = ($alter_type === 'ADD')
+						? "\n\tADD ".$field[$i]['_literal']
+						: "\n\tMODIFY ".$field[$i]['_literal'];
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				if ($alter_type === 'ADD')
+				{
+					$field[$i]['_literal'] = "\n\tADD ";
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					$field[$i]['_literal'] = empty($field[$i]['new_name']) ? "\n\tMODIFY " : "\n\tCHANGE ";
+				}
+
+				$field[$i] = $field[$i]['_literal'].$this->_process_column($field[$i]);
+			}
+		}
+
+		return array($sql.implode(',', $field));
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Process column
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$field
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _process_column($field)
+	{
+		$extra_clause = isset($field['after'])
+			? ' AFTER '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($field['after']) : '';
+
+		if (empty($extra_clause) && isset($field['first']) && $field['first'] === TRUE)
+		{
+			$extra_clause = ' FIRST';
+		}
+
+		return $this->db->escape_identifiers($field['name'])
+			.(empty($field['new_name']) ? '' : ' '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($field['new_name']))
+			.' '.$field['type'].$field['length']
+			.$field['unsigned']
+			.$field['null']
+			.$field['default']
+			.$field['auto_increment']
+			.$field['unique']
+			.(empty($field['comment']) ? '' : ' COMMENT '.$field['comment'])
+			.$extra_clause;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Process indexes
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table	(ignored)
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _process_indexes($table)
+	{
+		$sql = '';
+
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($this->keys); $i < $c; $i++)
+		{
+			if (is_array($this->keys[$i]))
+			{
+				for ($i2 = 0, $c2 = count($this->keys[$i]); $i2 < $c2; $i2++)
+				{
+					if ( ! isset($this->fields[$this->keys[$i][$i2]]))
+					{
+						unset($this->keys[$i][$i2]);
+						continue;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			elseif ( ! isset($this->fields[$this->keys[$i]]))
+			{
+				unset($this->keys[$i]);
+				continue;
+			}
+
+			is_array($this->keys[$i]) OR $this->keys[$i] = array($this->keys[$i]);
+
+			$sql .= ",\n\tKEY ".$this->db->escape_identifiers(implode('_', $this->keys[$i]))
+				.' ('.implode(', ', $this->db->escape_identifiers($this->keys[$i])).')';
+		}
+
+		$this->keys = array();
+
+		return $sql;
+	}
+
+}
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_oci_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_oci_driver.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..abf9167d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_oci_driver.php
@@ -0,0 +1,326 @@
+<?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
+ *
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 3.0.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
+
+/**
+ * PDO Oracle Database Adapter Class
+ *
+ * Note: _DB is an extender class that the app controller
+ * creates dynamically based on whether the query builder
+ * class is being used or not.
+ *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @subpackage	Drivers
+ * @category	Database
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ */
+class CI_DB_pdo_oci_driver extends CI_DB_pdo_driver {
+
+	/**
+	 * Sub-driver
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $subdriver = 'oci';
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * List of reserved identifiers
+	 *
+	 * Identifiers that must NOT be escaped.
+	 *
+	 * @var	string[]
+	 */
+	protected $_reserved_identifiers = array('*', 'rownum');
+
+	/**
+	 * ORDER BY random keyword
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $_random_keyword = array('ASC', 'ASC'); // Currently not supported
+
+	/**
+	 * COUNT string
+	 *
+	 * @used-by	CI_DB_driver::count_all()
+	 * @used-by	CI_DB_query_builder::count_all_results()
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_count_string = 'SELECT COUNT(1) AS ';
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Class constructor
+	 *
+	 * Builds the DSN if not already set.
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$params
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function __construct($params)
+	{
+		parent::__construct($params);
+
+		if (empty($this->dsn))
+		{
+			$this->dsn = 'oci:dbname=';
+
+			// Oracle has a slightly different PDO DSN format (Easy Connect),
+			// which also supports pre-defined DSNs.
+			if (empty($this->hostname) && empty($this->port))
+			{
+				$this->dsn .= $this->database;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				$this->dsn .= '//'.(empty($this->hostname) ? '127.0.0.1' : $this->hostname)
+					.(empty($this->port) ? '' : ':'.$this->port).'/';
+
+				empty($this->database) OR $this->dsn .= $this->database;
+			}
+
+			empty($this->char_set) OR $this->dsn .= ';charset='.$this->char_set;
+		}
+		elseif ( ! empty($this->char_set) && strpos($this->dsn, 'charset=', 4) === FALSE)
+		{
+			$this->dsn .= ';charset='.$this->char_set;
+		}
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Database version number
+	 *
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	public function version()
+	{
+		if (isset($this->data_cache['version']))
+		{
+			return $this->data_cache['version'];
+		}
+
+		$version_string = parent::version();
+		if (preg_match('#Release\s(?<version>\d+(?:\.\d+)+)#', $version_string, $match))
+		{
+			return $this->data_cache['version'] = $match[1];
+		}
+
+		return FALSE;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Show table query
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the table names can be fetched
+	 *
+	 * @param	bool	$prefix_limit
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _list_tables($prefix_limit = FALSE)
+	{
+		$sql = 'SELECT "TABLE_NAME" FROM "ALL_TABLES"';
+
+		if ($prefix_limit === TRUE && $this->dbprefix !== '')
+		{
+			return $sql.' WHERE "TABLE_NAME" LIKE \''.$this->escape_like_str($this->dbprefix)."%' "
+				.sprintf($this->_like_escape_str, $this->_like_escape_chr);
+		}
+
+		return $sql;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Show column query
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the column names can be fetched
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _list_columns($table = '')
+	{
+		if (strpos($table, '.') !== FALSE)
+		{
+			sscanf($table, '%[^.].%s', $owner, $table);
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			$owner = $this->username;
+		}
+
+		return 'SELECT COLUMN_NAME FROM ALL_TAB_COLUMNS
+			WHERE UPPER(OWNER) = '.$this->escape(strtoupper($owner)).'
+				AND UPPER(TABLE_NAME) = '.$this->escape(strtoupper($table));
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns an object with field data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	public function field_data($table)
+	{
+		if (strpos($table, '.') !== FALSE)
+		{
+			sscanf($table, '%[^.].%s', $owner, $table);
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			$owner = $this->username;
+		}
+
+		$sql = 'SELECT COLUMN_NAME, DATA_TYPE, CHAR_LENGTH, DATA_PRECISION, DATA_LENGTH, DATA_DEFAULT, NULLABLE
+			FROM ALL_TAB_COLUMNS
+			WHERE UPPER(OWNER) = '.$this->escape(strtoupper($owner)).'
+				AND UPPER(TABLE_NAME) = '.$this->escape(strtoupper($table));
+
+		if (($query = $this->query($sql)) === FALSE)
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+		$query = $query->result_object();
+
+		$retval = array();
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($query); $i < $c; $i++)
+		{
+			$retval[$i]			= new stdClass();
+			$retval[$i]->name		= $query[$i]->COLUMN_NAME;
+			$retval[$i]->type		= $query[$i]->DATA_TYPE;
+
+			$length = ($query[$i]->CHAR_LENGTH > 0)
+				? $query[$i]->CHAR_LENGTH : $query[$i]->DATA_PRECISION;
+			if ($length === NULL)
+			{
+				$length = $query[$i]->DATA_LENGTH;
+			}
+			$retval[$i]->max_length		= $length;
+
+			$default = $query[$i]->DATA_DEFAULT;
+			if ($default === NULL && $query[$i]->NULLABLE === 'N')
+			{
+				$default = '';
+			}
+			$retval[$i]->default		= $query[$i]->COLUMN_DEFAULT;
+		}
+
+		return $retval;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Insert batch statement
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table	Table name
+	 * @param	array	$keys	INSERT keys
+	 * @param	array	$values	INSERT values
+	 * @return 	string
+	 */
+	protected function _insert_batch($table, $keys, $values)
+	{
+		$keys = implode(', ', $keys);
+		$sql = "INSERT ALL\n";
+
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($values); $i < $c; $i++)
+		{
+			$sql .= '	INTO '.$table.' ('.$keys.') VALUES '.$values[$i]."\n";
+		}
+
+		return $sql.'SELECT * FROM dual';
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Delete statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific delete string from the supplied data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _delete($table)
+	{
+		if ($this->qb_limit)
+		{
+			$this->where('rownum <= ',$this->qb_limit, FALSE);
+			$this->qb_limit = FALSE;
+		}
+
+		return parent::_delete($table);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * LIMIT
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific LIMIT clause
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$sql	SQL Query
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _limit($sql)
+	{
+		if (version_compare($this->version(), '12.1', '>='))
+		{
+			// OFFSET-FETCH can be used only with the ORDER BY clause
+			empty($this->qb_orderby) && $sql .= ' ORDER BY 1';
+
+			return $sql.' OFFSET '.(int) $this->qb_offset.' ROWS FETCH NEXT '.$this->qb_limit.' ROWS ONLY';
+		}
+
+		return 'SELECT * FROM (SELECT inner_query.*, rownum rnum FROM ('.$sql.') inner_query WHERE rownum < '.($this->qb_offset + $this->qb_limit + 1).')'
+			.($this->qb_offset ? ' WHERE rnum >= '.($this->qb_offset + 1): '');
+	}
+
+}
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_oci_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_oci_forge.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..813207b8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_oci_forge.php
@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+<?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
+ *
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 3.0.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
+
+/**
+ * PDO Oracle Forge Class
+ *
+ * @category	Database
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ */
+class CI_DB_pdo_oci_forge extends CI_DB_pdo_forge {
+
+	/**
+	 * CREATE DATABASE statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_create_database	= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * CREATE TABLE IF statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_create_table_if	= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * DROP DATABASE statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_drop_database	= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * UNSIGNED support
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool|array
+	 */
+	protected $_unsigned		= FALSE;
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * ALTER TABLE
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$alter_type	ALTER type
+	 * @param	string	$table		Table name
+	 * @param	mixed	$field		Column definition
+	 * @return	string|string[]
+	 */
+	protected function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $field)
+	{
+		if ($alter_type === 'DROP')
+		{
+			return parent::_alter_table($alter_type, $table, $field);
+		}
+		elseif ($alter_type === 'CHANGE')
+		{
+			$alter_type = 'MODIFY';
+		}
+
+		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($table);
+		$sqls = array();
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($field); $i < $c; $i++)
+		{
+			if ($field[$i]['_literal'] !== FALSE)
+			{
+				$field[$i] = "\n\t".$field[$i]['_literal'];
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				$field[$i]['_literal'] = "\n\t".$this->_process_column($field[$i]);
+
+				if ( ! empty($field[$i]['comment']))
+				{
+					$sqls[] = 'COMMENT ON COLUMN '
+						.$this->db->escape_identifiers($table).'.'.$this->db->escape_identifiers($field[$i]['name'])
+						.' IS '.$field[$i]['comment'];
+				}
+
+				if ($alter_type === 'MODIFY' && ! empty($field[$i]['new_name']))
+				{
+					$sqls[] = $sql.' RENAME COLUMN '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($field[$i]['name'])
+						.' TO '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($field[$i]['new_name']);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		$sql .= ' '.$alter_type.' ';
+		$sql .= (count($field) === 1)
+				? $field[0]
+				: '('.implode(',', $field).')';
+
+		// RENAME COLUMN must be executed after MODIFY
+		array_unshift($sqls, $sql);
+		return $sql;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Field attribute AUTO_INCREMENT
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	&$attributes
+	 * @param	array	&$field
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _attr_auto_increment(&$attributes, &$field)
+	{
+		// Not supported - sequences and triggers must be used instead
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Field attribute TYPE
+	 *
+	 * Performs a data type mapping between different databases.
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	&$attributes
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _attr_type(&$attributes)
+	{
+		switch (strtoupper($attributes['TYPE']))
+		{
+			case 'TINYINT':
+				$attributes['TYPE'] = 'NUMBER';
+				return;
+			case 'MEDIUMINT':
+				$attributes['TYPE'] = 'NUMBER';
+				return;
+			case 'INT':
+				$attributes['TYPE'] = 'NUMBER';
+				return;
+			case 'BIGINT':
+				$attributes['TYPE'] = 'NUMBER';
+				return;
+			default: return;
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_odbc_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_odbc_driver.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..066dd9614
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_odbc_driver.php
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+<?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
+ *
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 3.0.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
+
+/**
+ * PDO ODBC Database Adapter Class
+ *
+ * Note: _DB is an extender class that the app controller
+ * creates dynamically based on whether the query builder
+ * class is being used or not.
+ *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @subpackage	Drivers
+ * @category	Database
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ */
+class CI_DB_pdo_odbc_driver extends CI_DB_pdo_driver {
+
+	/**
+	 * Sub-driver
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $subdriver = 'odbc';
+
+	/**
+	 * Database schema
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $schema = 'public';
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Identifier escape character
+	 *
+	 * Must be empty for ODBC.
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_escape_char = '';
+
+	/**
+	 * ESCAPE statement string
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_like_escape_str = " {escape '%s'} ";
+
+	/**
+	 * ORDER BY random keyword
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $_random_keyword = array('RND()', 'RND(%d)');
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Class constructor
+	 *
+	 * Builds the DSN if not already set.
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$params
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function __construct($params)
+	{
+		parent::__construct($params);
+
+		if (empty($this->dsn))
+		{
+			$this->dsn = 'odbc:';
+
+			// Pre-defined DSN
+			if (empty($this->hostname) && empty($this->HOSTNAME) && empty($this->port) && empty($this->PORT))
+			{
+				if (isset($this->DSN))
+				{
+					$this->dsn .= 'DSN='.$this->DSN;
+				}
+				elseif ( ! empty($this->database))
+				{
+					$this->dsn .= 'DSN='.$this->database;
+				}
+
+				return;
+			}
+
+			// If the DSN is not pre-configured - try to build an IBM DB2 connection string
+			$this->dsn .= 'DRIVER='.(isset($this->DRIVER) ? '{'.$this->DRIVER.'}' : '{IBM DB2 ODBC DRIVER}').';';
+
+			if (isset($this->DATABASE))
+			{
+				$this->dsn .= 'DATABASE='.$this->DATABASE.';';
+			}
+			elseif ( ! empty($this->database))
+			{
+				$this->dsn .= 'DATABASE='.$this->database.';';
+			}
+
+			if (isset($this->HOSTNAME))
+			{
+				$this->dsn .= 'HOSTNAME='.$this->HOSTNAME.';';
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				$this->dsn .= 'HOSTNAME='.(empty($this->hostname) ? '127.0.0.1;' : $this->hostname.';');
+			}
+
+			if (isset($this->PORT))
+			{
+				$this->dsn .= 'PORT='.$this->port.';';
+			}
+			elseif ( ! empty($this->port))
+			{
+				$this->dsn .= ';PORT='.$this->port.';';
+			}
+
+			$this->dsn .= 'PROTOCOL='.(isset($this->PROTOCOL) ? $this->PROTOCOL.';' : 'TCPIP;');
+		}
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Platform-dependent string escape
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _escape_str($str)
+	{
+		$this->display_error('db_unsupported_feature');
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Determines if a query is a "write" type.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	An SQL query string
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function is_write_type($sql)
+	{
+		if (preg_match('#^(INSERT|UPDATE).*RETURNING\s.+(\,\s?.+)*$#is', $sql))
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		return parent::is_write_type($sql);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Show table query
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the table names can be fetched
+	 *
+	 * @param	bool	$prefix_limit
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _list_tables($prefix_limit = FALSE)
+	{
+		$sql = "SELECT table_name FROM information_schema.tables WHERE table_schema = '".$this->schema."'";
+
+		if ($prefix_limit !== FALSE && $this->dbprefix !== '')
+		{
+			return $sql." AND table_name LIKE '".$this->escape_like_str($this->dbprefix)."%' "
+				.sprintf($this->_like_escape_str, $this->_like_escape_chr);
+		}
+
+		return $sql;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Show column query
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the column names can be fetched
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _list_columns($table = '')
+	{
+		return 'SELECT column_name FROM information_schema.columns WHERE table_name = '.$this->escape($table);
+	}
+}
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_odbc_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_odbc_forge.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a2a3bada3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_odbc_forge.php
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+<?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
+ *
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 3.0.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
+
+/**
+ * PDO ODBC Forge Class
+ *
+ * @category	Database
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/database/
+ */
+class CI_DB_pdo_odbc_forge extends CI_DB_pdo_forge {
+
+	/**
+	 * UNSIGNED support
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool|array
+	 */
+	protected $_unsigned		= FALSE;
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Field attribute AUTO_INCREMENT
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	&$attributes
+	 * @param	array	&$field
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _attr_auto_increment(&$attributes, &$field)
+	{
+		// Not supported (in most databases at least)
+	}
+
+}
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_pgsql_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_pgsql_driver.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9aed3a2fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_pgsql_driver.php
@@ -0,0 +1,384 @@
+<?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
+ *
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 3.0.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
+
+/**
+ * PDO PostgreSQL Database Adapter Class
+ *
+ * Note: _DB is an extender class that the app controller
+ * creates dynamically based on whether the query builder
+ * class is being used or not.
+ *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @subpackage	Drivers
+ * @category	Database
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ */
+class CI_DB_pdo_pgsql_driver extends CI_DB_pdo_driver {
+
+	/**
+	 * Sub-driver
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $subdriver = 'pgsql';
+
+	/**
+	 * Database schema
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $schema = 'public';
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * ORDER BY random keyword
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $_random_keyword = array('RANDOM()', 'RANDOM()');
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Class constructor
+	 *
+	 * Builds the DSN if not already set.
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$params
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function __construct($params)
+	{
+		parent::__construct($params);
+
+		if (empty($this->dsn))
+		{
+			$this->dsn = 'pgsql:host='.(empty($this->hostname) ? '127.0.0.1' : $this->hostname);
+
+			empty($this->port) OR $this->dsn .= ';port='.$this->port;
+			empty($this->database) OR $this->dsn .= ';dbname='.$this->database;
+
+			if ( ! empty($this->username))
+			{
+				$this->dsn .= ';username='.$this->username;
+				empty($this->password) OR $this->dsn .= ';password='.$this->password;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Database connection
+	 *
+	 * @param	bool	$persistent
+	 * @return	object
+	 */
+	public function db_connect($persistent = FALSE)
+	{
+		$this->conn_id = parent::db_connect($persistent);
+
+		if (is_object($this->conn_id) && ! empty($this->schema))
+		{
+			$this->simple_query('SET search_path TO '.$this->schema.',public');
+		}
+
+		return $this->conn_id;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Insert ID
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$name
+	 * @return	int
+	 */
+	public function insert_id($name = NULL)
+	{
+		if ($name === NULL && version_compare($this->version(), '8.1', '>='))
+		{
+			$query = $this->query('SELECT LASTVAL() AS ins_id');
+			$query = $query->row();
+			return $query->ins_id;
+		}
+
+		return $this->conn_id->lastInsertId($name);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Determines if a query is a "write" type.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	An SQL query string
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function is_write_type($sql)
+	{
+		if (preg_match('#^(INSERT|UPDATE).*RETURNING\s.+(\,\s?.+)*$#is', $sql))
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		return parent::is_write_type($sql);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * "Smart" Escape String
+	 *
+	 * Escapes data based on type
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$str
+	 * @return	mixed
+	 */
+	public function escape($str)
+	{
+		if (is_bool($str))
+		{
+			return ($str) ? 'TRUE' : 'FALSE';
+		}
+
+		return parent::escape($str);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * ORDER BY
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$orderby
+	 * @param	string	$direction	ASC, DESC or RANDOM
+	 * @param	bool	$escape
+	 * @return	object
+	 */
+	public function order_by($orderby, $direction = '', $escape = NULL)
+	{
+		$direction = strtoupper(trim($direction));
+		if ($direction === 'RANDOM')
+		{
+			if ( ! is_float($orderby) && ctype_digit((string) $orderby))
+			{
+				$orderby = ($orderby > 1)
+					? (float) '0.'.$orderby
+					: (float) $orderby;
+			}
+
+			if (is_float($orderby))
+			{
+				$this->simple_query('SET SEED '.$orderby);
+			}
+
+			$orderby = $this->_random_keyword[0];
+			$direction = '';
+			$escape = FALSE;
+		}
+
+		return parent::order_by($orderby, $direction, $escape);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Show table query
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the table names can be fetched
+	 *
+	 * @param	bool	$prefix_limit
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _list_tables($prefix_limit = FALSE)
+	{
+		$sql = 'SELECT "table_name" FROM "information_schema"."tables" WHERE "table_schema" = \''.$this->schema."'";
+
+		if ($prefix_limit === TRUE && $this->dbprefix !== '')
+		{
+			return $sql.' AND "table_name" LIKE \''
+				.$this->escape_like_str($this->dbprefix)."%' "
+				.sprintf($this->_like_escape_str, $this->_like_escape_chr);
+		}
+
+		return $sql;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * List column query
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the column names can be fetched
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _list_columns($table = '')
+	{
+		return 'SELECT "column_name"
+			FROM "information_schema"."columns"
+			WHERE LOWER("table_name") = '.$this->escape(strtolower($table));
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns an object with field data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	public function field_data($table)
+	{
+		$sql = 'SELECT "column_name", "data_type", "character_maximum_length", "numeric_precision", "column_default"
+			FROM "information_schema"."columns"
+			WHERE LOWER("table_name") = '.$this->escape(strtolower($table));
+
+		if (($query = $this->query($sql)) === FALSE)
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+		$query = $query->result_object();
+
+		$retval = array();
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($query); $i < $c; $i++)
+		{
+			$retval[$i]			= new stdClass();
+			$retval[$i]->name		= $query[$i]->column_name;
+			$retval[$i]->type		= $query[$i]->data_type;
+			$retval[$i]->max_length		= ($query[$i]->character_maximum_length > 0) ? $query[$i]->character_maximum_length : $query[$i]->numeric_precision;
+			$retval[$i]->default		= $query[$i]->column_default;
+		}
+
+		return $retval;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Update statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific update string from the supplied data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @param	array	$values
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _update($table, $values)
+	{
+		$this->qb_limit = FALSE;
+		$this->qb_orderby = array();
+		return parent::_update($table, $values);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Update_Batch statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific batch update string from the supplied data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table	Table name
+	 * @param	array	$values	Update data
+	 * @param	string	$index	WHERE key
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _update_batch($table, $values, $index)
+	{
+		$ids = array();
+		foreach ($values as $key => $val)
+		{
+			$ids[] = $val[$index]['value'];
+
+			foreach (array_keys($val) as $field)
+			{
+				if ($field !== $index)
+				{
+					$final[$val[$field]['field']][] = 'WHEN '.$val[$index]['value'].' THEN '.$val[$field]['value'];
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		$cases = '';
+		foreach ($final as $k => $v)
+		{
+			$cases .= $k.' = (CASE '.$val[$index]['field']."\n"
+				.implode("\n", $v)."\n"
+				.'ELSE '.$k.' END), ';
+		}
+
+		$this->where($val[$index]['field'].' IN('.implode(',', $ids).')', NULL, FALSE);
+
+		return 'UPDATE '.$table.' SET '.substr($cases, 0, -2).$this->_compile_wh('qb_where');
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Delete statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific delete string from the supplied data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _delete($table)
+	{
+		$this->qb_limit = FALSE;
+		return parent::_delete($table);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * LIMIT
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific LIMIT clause
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$sql	SQL Query
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _limit($sql)
+	{
+		return $sql.' LIMIT '.$this->qb_limit.($this->qb_offset ? ' OFFSET '.$this->qb_offset : '');
+	}
+
+}
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_pgsql_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_pgsql_forge.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b00af4ad0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_pgsql_forge.php
@@ -0,0 +1,210 @@
+<?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
+ *
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 3.0.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
+
+/**
+ * PDO PostgreSQL Forge Class
+ *
+ * @category	Database
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ */
+class CI_DB_pdo_pgsql_forge extends CI_DB_pdo_forge {
+
+	/**
+	 * DROP TABLE IF statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_drop_table_if	= 'DROP TABLE IF EXISTS';
+
+	/**
+	 * UNSIGNED support
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $_unsigned		= array(
+		'INT2'		=> 'INTEGER',
+		'SMALLINT'	=> 'INTEGER',
+		'INT'		=> 'BIGINT',
+		'INT4'		=> 'BIGINT',
+		'INTEGER'	=> 'BIGINT',
+		'INT8'		=> 'NUMERIC',
+		'BIGINT'	=> 'NUMERIC',
+		'REAL'		=> 'DOUBLE PRECISION',
+		'FLOAT'		=> 'DOUBLE PRECISION'
+	);
+
+	/**
+	 * NULL value representation in CREATE/ALTER TABLE statements
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_null = 'NULL';
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Class constructor
+	 *
+	 * @param	object	&$db	Database object
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function __construct(&$db)
+	{
+		parent::__construct($db);
+
+		if (version_compare($this->db->version(), '9.0', '>'))
+		{
+			$this->create_table_if = 'CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS';
+		}
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * ALTER TABLE
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$alter_type	ALTER type
+	 * @param	string	$table		Table name
+	 * @param	mixed	$field		Column definition
+	 * @return	string|string[]
+	 */
+	protected function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $field)
+ 	{
+		if (in_array($alter_type, array('DROP', 'ADD'), TRUE))
+		{
+			return parent::_alter_table($alter_type, $table, $field);
+		}
+
+		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($table);
+		$sqls = array();
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($field); $i < $c; $i++)
+		{
+			if ($field[$i]['_literal'] !== FALSE)
+			{
+				return FALSE;
+			}
+
+			if (version_compare($this->db->version(), '8', '>=') && isset($field[$i]['type']))
+			{
+				$sqls[] = $sql.' ALTER COLUMN '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($field[$i]['name'])
+					.' TYPE '.$field[$i]['type'].$field[$i]['length'];
+			}
+
+			if ( ! empty($field[$i]['default']))
+			{
+				$sqls[] = $sql.' ALTER COLUMN '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($field[$i]['name'])
+					.' SET DEFAULT '.$field[$i]['default'];
+			}
+
+			if (isset($field[$i]['null']))
+			{
+				$sqls[] = $sql.' ALTER COLUMN '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($field[$i]['name'])
+					.($field[$i]['null'] === TRUE ? ' DROP NOT NULL' : ' SET NOT NULL');
+			}
+
+			if ( ! empty($field[$i]['new_name']))
+			{
+				$sqls[] = $sql.' RENAME COLUMN '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($field[$i]['name'])
+					.' TO '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($field[$i]['new_name']);
+			}
+
+			if ( ! empty($field[$i]['comment']))
+			{
+				$sqls[] = 'COMMENT ON COLUMN '
+					.$this->db->escape_identifiers($table).'.'.$this->db->escape_identifiers($field[$i]['name'])
+					.' IS '.$field[$i]['comment'];
+			}
+		}
+
+		return $sqls;
+ 	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Field attribute TYPE
+	 *
+	 * Performs a data type mapping between different databases.
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	&$attributes
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _attr_type(&$attributes)
+	{
+		// Reset field lengths for data types that don't support it
+		if (isset($attributes['CONSTRAINT']) && stripos($attributes['TYPE'], 'int') !== FALSE)
+		{
+			$attributes['CONSTRAINT'] = NULL;
+		}
+
+		switch (strtoupper($attributes['TYPE']))
+		{
+			case 'TINYINT':
+				$attributes['TYPE'] = 'SMALLINT';
+				$attributes['UNSIGNED'] = FALSE;
+				return;
+			case 'MEDIUMINT':
+				$attributes['TYPE'] = 'INTEGER';
+				$attributes['UNSIGNED'] = FALSE;
+				return;
+			default: return;
+		}
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Field attribute AUTO_INCREMENT
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	&$attributes
+	 * @param	array	&$field
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _attr_auto_increment(&$attributes, &$field)
+	{
+		if ( ! empty($attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT']) && $attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT'] === TRUE)
+		{
+			$field['type'] = ($field['type'] === 'NUMERIC')
+				? 'BIGSERIAL'
+				: 'SERIAL';
+		}
+	}
+
+}
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_sqlite_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_sqlite_driver.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9b70f3ea6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_sqlite_driver.php
@@ -0,0 +1,219 @@
+<?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
+ *
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 3.0.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
+
+/**
+ * PDO SQLite Database Adapter Class
+ *
+ * Note: _DB is an extender class that the app controller
+ * creates dynamically based on whether the query builder
+ * class is being used or not.
+ *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @subpackage	Drivers
+ * @category	Database
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ */
+class CI_DB_pdo_sqlite_driver extends CI_DB_pdo_driver {
+
+	/**
+	 * Sub-driver
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $subdriver = 'sqlite';
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * ORDER BY random keyword
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $_random_keyword = array('RANDOM()', 'RANDOM()');
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Class constructor
+	 *
+	 * Builds the DSN if not already set.
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$params
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function __construct($params)
+	{
+		parent::__construct($params);
+
+		if (empty($this->dsn))
+		{
+			$this->dsn = 'sqlite:';
+
+			if (empty($this->database) && empty($this->hostname))
+			{
+				$this->database = ':memory:';
+			}
+
+			$this->database = empty($this->database) ? $this->hostname : $this->database;
+		}
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Show table query
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the table names can be fetched
+	 *
+	 * @param	bool	$prefix_limit
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _list_tables($prefix_limit = FALSE)
+	{
+		$sql = 'SELECT "NAME" FROM "SQLITE_MASTER" WHERE "TYPE" = \'table\'';
+
+		if ($prefix_limit === TRUE && $this->dbprefix !== '')
+		{
+			return $sql.' AND "NAME" LIKE \''.$this->escape_like_str($this->dbprefix)."%' "
+				.sprintf($this->_like_escape_str, $this->_like_escape_chr);
+		}
+
+		return $sql;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Fetch Field Names
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table	Table name
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	public function list_fields($table)
+	{
+		// Is there a cached result?
+		if (isset($this->data_cache['field_names'][$table]))
+		{
+			return $this->data_cache['field_names'][$table];
+		}
+
+		if (($result = $this->query('PRAGMA TABLE_INFO('.$this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE).')')) === FALSE)
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		$this->data_cache['field_names'][$table] = array();
+		foreach ($result->result_array() as $row)
+		{
+			$this->data_cache['field_names'][$table][] = $row['name'];
+		}
+
+		return $this->data_cache['field_names'][$table];
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns an object with field data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	public function field_data($table)
+	{
+		if (($query = $this->query('PRAGMA TABLE_INFO('.$this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE).')')) === FALSE)
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		$query = $query->result_array();
+		if (empty($query))
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		$retval = array();
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($query); $i < $c; $i++)
+		{
+			$retval[$i]			= new stdClass();
+			$retval[$i]->name		= $query[$i]['name'];
+			$retval[$i]->type		= $query[$i]['type'];
+			$retval[$i]->max_length		= NULL;
+			$retval[$i]->default		= $query[$i]['dflt_value'];
+			$retval[$i]->primary_key	= isset($query[$i]['pk']) ? (int) $query[$i]['pk'] : 0;
+		}
+
+		return $retval;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Replace statement
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table	Table name
+	 * @param	array	$keys	INSERT keys
+	 * @param	array	$values	INSERT values
+	 * @return 	string
+	 */
+	protected function _replace($table, $keys, $values)
+	{
+		return 'INSERT OR '.parent::_replace($table, $keys, $values);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Truncate statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific truncate string from the supplied data
+	 *
+	 * If the database does not support the TRUNCATE statement,
+	 * then this method maps to 'DELETE FROM table'
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _truncate($table)
+	{
+		return 'DELETE FROM '.$table;
+	}
+
+}
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_sqlite_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_sqlite_forge.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..18c475b17
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_sqlite_forge.php
@@ -0,0 +1,238 @@
+<?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
+ *
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 3.0.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
+
+/**
+ * PDO SQLite Forge Class
+ *
+ * @category	Database
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ */
+class CI_DB_pdo_sqlite_forge extends CI_DB_pdo_forge {
+
+	/**
+	 * CREATE TABLE IF statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_create_table_if	= 'CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS';
+
+	/**
+	 * DROP TABLE IF statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_drop_table_if	= 'DROP TABLE IF EXISTS';
+
+	/**
+	 * UNSIGNED support
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool|array
+	 */
+	protected $_unsigned		= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * NULL value representation in CREATE/ALTER TABLE statements
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_null		= 'NULL';
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Class constructor
+	 *
+	 * @param	object	&$db	Database object
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function __construct(&$db)
+	{
+		parent::__construct($db);
+
+		if (version_compare($this->db->version(), '3.3', '<'))
+		{
+			$this->_create_table_if = FALSE;
+			$this->_drop_table_if   = FALSE;
+		}
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Create database
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$db_name	(ignored)
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function create_database($db_name)
+	{
+		// In SQLite, a database is created when you connect to the database.
+		// We'll return TRUE so that an error isn't generated
+		return TRUE;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Drop database
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$db_name	(ignored)
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function drop_database($db_name)
+	{
+		// In SQLite, a database is dropped when we delete a file
+		if (file_exists($this->db->database))
+		{
+			// We need to close the pseudo-connection first
+			$this->db->close();
+			if ( ! @unlink($this->db->database))
+			{
+				return $this->db->db_debug ? $this->db->display_error('db_unable_to_drop') : FALSE;
+			}
+			elseif ( ! empty($this->db->data_cache['db_names']))
+			{
+				$key = array_search(strtolower($this->db->database), array_map('strtolower', $this->db->data_cache['db_names']), TRUE);
+				if ($key !== FALSE)
+				{
+					unset($this->db->data_cache['db_names'][$key]);
+				}
+			}
+
+			return TRUE;
+		}
+
+		return $this->db->db_debug ? $this->db->display_error('db_unable_to_drop') : FALSE;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * ALTER TABLE
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$alter_type	ALTER type
+	 * @param	string	$table		Table name
+	 * @param	mixed	$field		Column definition
+	 * @return	string|string[]
+	 */
+	protected function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $field)
+	{
+		if ($alter_type === 'DROP' OR $alter_type === 'CHANGE')
+		{
+			// drop_column():
+			//	BEGIN TRANSACTION;
+			//	CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE t1_backup(a,b);
+			//	INSERT INTO t1_backup SELECT a,b FROM t1;
+			//	DROP TABLE t1;
+			//	CREATE TABLE t1(a,b);
+			//	INSERT INTO t1 SELECT a,b FROM t1_backup;
+			//	DROP TABLE t1_backup;
+			//	COMMIT;
+
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		return parent::_alter_table($alter_type, $table, $field);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Process column
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$field
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _process_column($field)
+	{
+		return $this->db->escape_identifiers($field['name'])
+			.' '.$field['type']
+			.$field['auto_increment']
+			.$field['null']
+			.$field['unique']
+			.$field['default'];
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Field attribute TYPE
+	 *
+	 * Performs a data type mapping between different databases.
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	&$attributes
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _attr_type(&$attributes)
+	{
+		switch (strtoupper($attributes['TYPE']))
+		{
+			case 'ENUM':
+			case 'SET':
+				$attributes['TYPE'] = 'TEXT';
+				return;
+			default: return;
+		}
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Field attribute AUTO_INCREMENT
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	&$attributes
+	 * @param	array	&$field
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _attr_auto_increment(&$attributes, &$field)
+	{
+		if ( ! empty($attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT']) && $attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT'] === TRUE && stripos($field['type'], 'int') !== FALSE)
+		{
+			$field['type'] = 'INTEGER PRIMARY KEY';
+			$field['default'] = '';
+			$field['null'] = '';
+			$field['unique'] = '';
+			$field['auto_increment'] = ' AUTOINCREMENT';
+
+			$this->primary_keys = array();
+		}
+	}
+
+}
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_sqlsrv_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_sqlsrv_driver.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..07c429eec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_sqlsrv_driver.php
@@ -0,0 +1,369 @@
+<?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
+ *
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 3.0.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
+
+/**
+ * PDO SQLSRV Database Adapter Class
+ *
+ * Note: _DB is an extender class that the app controller
+ * creates dynamically based on whether the query builder
+ * class is being used or not.
+ *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @subpackage	Drivers
+ * @category	Database
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ */
+class CI_DB_pdo_sqlsrv_driver extends CI_DB_pdo_driver {
+
+	/**
+	 * Sub-driver
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $subdriver = 'sqlsrv';
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * ORDER BY random keyword
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $_random_keyword = array('NEWID()', 'RAND(%d)');
+
+	/**
+	 * Quoted identifier flag
+	 *
+	 * Whether to use SQL-92 standard quoted identifier
+	 * (double quotes) or brackets for identifier escaping.
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	protected $_quoted_identifier;
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Class constructor
+	 *
+	 * Builds the DSN if not already set.
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$params
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function __construct($params)
+	{
+		parent::__construct($params);
+
+		if (empty($this->dsn))
+		{
+			$this->dsn = 'sqlsrv:Server='.(empty($this->hostname) ? '127.0.0.1' : $this->hostname);
+
+			empty($this->port) OR $this->dsn .= ','.$this->port;
+			empty($this->database) OR $this->dsn .= ';Database='.$this->database;
+
+			// Some custom options
+
+			if (isset($this->QuotedId))
+			{
+				$this->dsn .= ';QuotedId='.$this->QuotedId;
+				$this->_quoted_identifier = (bool) $this->QuotedId;
+			}
+
+			if (isset($this->ConnectionPooling))
+			{
+				$this->dsn .= ';ConnectionPooling='.$this->ConnectionPooling;
+			}
+
+			if ($this->encrypt === TRUE)
+			{
+				$this->dsn .= ';Encrypt=1';
+			}
+
+			if (isset($this->TraceOn))
+			{
+				$this->dsn .= ';TraceOn='.$this->TraceOn;
+			}
+
+			if (isset($this->TrustServerCertificate))
+			{
+				$this->dsn .= ';TrustServerCertificate='.$this->TrustServerCertificate;
+			}
+
+			empty($this->APP) OR $this->dsn .= ';APP='.$this->APP;
+			empty($this->Failover_Partner) OR $this->dsn .= ';Failover_Partner='.$this->Failover_Partner;
+			empty($this->LoginTimeout) OR $this->dsn .= ';LoginTimeout='.$this->LoginTimeout;
+			empty($this->MultipleActiveResultSets) OR $this->dsn .= ';MultipleActiveResultSets='.$this->MultipleActiveResultSets;
+			empty($this->TraceFile) OR $this->dsn .= ';TraceFile='.$this->TraceFile;
+			empty($this->WSID) OR $this->dsn .= ';WSID='.$this->WSID;
+		}
+		elseif (preg_match('/QuotedId=(0|1)/', $this->dsn, $match))
+		{
+			$this->_quoted_identifier = (bool) $match[1];
+		}
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Database connection
+	 *
+	 * @param	bool	$persistent
+	 * @return	object
+	 */
+	public function db_connect($persistent = FALSE)
+	{
+		if ( ! empty($this->char_set) && preg_match('/utf[^8]*8/i', $this->char_set))
+		{
+			$this->options[PDO::SQLSRV_ENCODING_UTF8] = 1;
+		}
+
+		$this->conn_id = parent::db_connect($persistent);
+
+		if ( ! is_object($this->conn_id) OR is_bool($this->_quoted_identifier))
+		{
+			return $this->conn_id;
+		}
+
+		// Determine how identifiers are escaped
+		$query = $this->query('SELECT CASE WHEN (@@OPTIONS | 256) = @@OPTIONS THEN 1 ELSE 0 END AS qi');
+		$query = $query->row_array();
+		$this->_quoted_identifier = empty($query) ? FALSE : (bool) $query['qi'];
+		$this->_escape_char = ($this->_quoted_identifier) ? '"' : array('[', ']');
+
+		return $this->conn_id;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Show table query
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the table names can be fetched
+	 *
+	 * @param	bool	$prefix_limit
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _list_tables($prefix_limit = FALSE)
+	{
+		$sql = 'SELECT '.$this->escape_identifiers('name')
+			.' FROM '.$this->escape_identifiers('sysobjects')
+			.' WHERE '.$this->escape_identifiers('type')." = 'U'";
+
+		if ($prefix_limit === TRUE && $this->dbprefix !== '')
+		{
+			$sql .= ' AND '.$this->escape_identifiers('name')." LIKE '".$this->escape_like_str($this->dbprefix)."%' "
+				.sprintf($this->_like_escape_str, $this->_like_escape_chr);
+		}
+
+		return $sql.' ORDER BY '.$this->escape_identifiers('name');
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Show column query
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the column names can be fetched
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _list_columns($table = '')
+	{
+		return 'SELECT COLUMN_NAME
+			FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.Columns
+			WHERE UPPER(TABLE_NAME) = '.$this->escape(strtoupper($table));
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns an object with field data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	public function field_data($table)
+	{
+		$sql = 'SELECT COLUMN_NAME, DATA_TYPE, CHARACTER_MAXIMUM_LENGTH, NUMERIC_PRECISION, COLUMN_DEFAULT
+			FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.Columns
+			WHERE UPPER(TABLE_NAME) = '.$this->escape(strtoupper($table));
+
+		if (($query = $this->query($sql)) === FALSE)
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+		$query = $query->result_object();
+
+		$retval = array();
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($query); $i < $c; $i++)
+		{
+			$retval[$i]			= new stdClass();
+			$retval[$i]->name		= $query[$i]->COLUMN_NAME;
+			$retval[$i]->type		= $query[$i]->DATA_TYPE;
+			$retval[$i]->max_length		= ($query[$i]->CHARACTER_MAXIMUM_LENGTH > 0) ? $query[$i]->CHARACTER_MAXIMUM_LENGTH : $query[$i]->NUMERIC_PRECISION;
+			$retval[$i]->default		= $query[$i]->COLUMN_DEFAULT;
+		}
+
+		return $retval;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Update statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific update string from the supplied data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @param	array	$values
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _update($table, $values)
+	{
+		$this->qb_limit = FALSE;
+		$this->qb_orderby = array();
+		return parent::_update($table, $values);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Delete statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific delete string from the supplied data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _delete($table)
+	{
+		if ($this->qb_limit)
+		{
+			return 'WITH ci_delete AS (SELECT TOP '.$this->qb_limit.' * FROM '.$table.$this->_compile_wh('qb_where').') DELETE FROM ci_delete';
+		}
+
+		return parent::_delete($table);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * LIMIT
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific LIMIT clause
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$sql	SQL Query
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _limit($sql)
+	{
+		// As of SQL Server 2012 (11.0.*) OFFSET is supported
+		if (version_compare($this->version(), '11', '>='))
+		{
+			// SQL Server OFFSET-FETCH can be used only with the ORDER BY clause
+			empty($this->qb_orderby) && $sql .= ' ORDER BY 1';
+
+			return $sql.' OFFSET '.(int) $this->qb_offset.' ROWS FETCH NEXT '.$this->qb_limit.' ROWS ONLY';
+		}
+
+		$limit = $this->qb_offset + $this->qb_limit;
+
+		// An ORDER BY clause is required for ROW_NUMBER() to work
+		if ($this->qb_offset && ! empty($this->qb_orderby))
+		{
+			$orderby = $this->_compile_order_by();
+
+			// We have to strip the ORDER BY clause
+			$sql = trim(substr($sql, 0, strrpos($sql, $orderby)));
+
+			// Get the fields to select from our subquery, so that we can avoid CI_rownum appearing in the actual results
+			if (count($this->qb_select) === 0)
+			{
+				$select = '*'; // Inevitable
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				// Use only field names and their aliases, everything else is out of our scope.
+				$select = array();
+				$field_regexp = ($this->_quoted_identifier)
+					? '("[^\"]+")' : '(\[[^\]]+\])';
+				for ($i = 0, $c = count($this->qb_select); $i < $c; $i++)
+				{
+					$select[] = preg_match('/(?:\s|\.)'.$field_regexp.'$/i', $this->qb_select[$i], $m)
+						? $m[1] : $this->qb_select[$i];
+				}
+				$select = implode(', ', $select);
+			}
+
+			return 'SELECT '.$select." FROM (\n\n"
+				.preg_replace('/^(SELECT( DISTINCT)?)/i', '\\1 ROW_NUMBER() OVER('.trim($orderby).') AS '.$this->escape_identifiers('CI_rownum').', ', $sql)
+				."\n\n) ".$this->escape_identifiers('CI_subquery')
+				."\nWHERE ".$this->escape_identifiers('CI_rownum').' BETWEEN '.($this->qb_offset + 1).' AND '.$limit;
+		}
+
+		return preg_replace('/(^\SELECT (DISTINCT)?)/i','\\1 TOP '.$limit.' ', $sql);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Insert batch statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific insert string from the supplied data.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table	Table name
+	 * @param	array	$keys	INSERT keys
+	 * @param	array	$values	INSERT values
+	 * @return	string|bool
+	 */
+	protected function _insert_batch($table, $keys, $values)
+	{
+		// Multiple-value inserts are only supported as of SQL Server 2008
+		if (version_compare($this->version(), '10', '>='))
+		{
+			return parent::_insert_batch($table, $keys, $values);
+		}
+
+		return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_unsupported_feature') : FALSE;
+	}
+
+}
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_sqlsrv_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_sqlsrv_forge.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..82a0d515d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/database/drivers/pdo/subdrivers/pdo_sqlsrv_forge.php
@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+<?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
+ *
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 3.0.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
+
+/**
+ * PDO SQLSRV Forge Class
+ *
+ * @category	Database
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ */
+class CI_DB_pdo_sqlsrv_forge extends CI_DB_pdo_forge {
+
+	/**
+	 * CREATE TABLE IF statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_create_table_if	= "IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM sysobjects WHERE ID = object_id(N'%s') AND OBJECTPROPERTY(id, N'IsUserTable') = 1)\nCREATE TABLE";
+
+	/**
+	 * DROP TABLE IF statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_drop_table_if	= "IF EXISTS (SELECT * FROM sysobjects WHERE ID = object_id(N'%s') AND OBJECTPROPERTY(id, N'IsUserTable') = 1)\nDROP TABLE";
+
+	/**
+	 * UNSIGNED support
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $_unsigned		= array(
+		'TINYINT'	=> 'SMALLINT',
+		'SMALLINT'	=> 'INT',
+		'INT'		=> 'BIGINT',
+		'REAL'		=> 'FLOAT'
+	);
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * ALTER TABLE
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$alter_type	ALTER type
+	 * @param	string	$table		Table name
+	 * @param	mixed	$field		Column definition
+	 * @return	string|string[]
+	 */
+	protected function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $field)
+	{
+		if (in_array($alter_type, array('ADD', 'DROP'), TRUE))
+		{
+			return parent::_alter_table($alter_type, $table, $field);
+		}
+
+		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($table).' ALTER COLUMN ';
+		$sqls = array();
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($field); $i < $c; $i++)
+		{
+			$sqls[] = $sql.$this->_process_column($field[$i]);
+		}
+
+		return $sqls;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Field attribute TYPE
+	 *
+	 * Performs a data type mapping between different databases.
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	&$attributes
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _attr_type(&$attributes)
+	{
+		if (isset($attributes['CONSTRAINT']) && strpos($attributes['TYPE'], 'INT') !== FALSE)
+		{
+			unset($attributes['CONSTRAINT']);
+		}
+
+		switch (strtoupper($attributes['TYPE']))
+		{
+			case 'MEDIUMINT':
+				$attributes['TYPE'] = 'INTEGER';
+				$attributes['UNSIGNED'] = FALSE;
+				return;
+			case 'INTEGER':
+				$attributes['TYPE'] = 'INT';
+				return;
+			default: return;
+		}
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Field attribute AUTO_INCREMENT
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	&$attributes
+	 * @param	array	&$field
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _attr_auto_increment(&$attributes, &$field)
+	{
+		if ( ! empty($attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT']) && $attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT'] === TRUE && stripos($field['type'], 'int') !== FALSE)
+		{
+			$field['auto_increment'] = ' IDENTITY(1,1)';
+		}
+	}
+
+}
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/postgre/index.html b/system/database/drivers/postgre/index.html
index c942a79ce..b702fbc39 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/postgre/index.html
+++ b/system/database/drivers/postgre/index.html
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
 <html>
 <head>
 	<title>403 Forbidden</title>
@@ -7,4 +8,4 @@
 <p>Directory access is forbidden.</p>
 
 </body>
-</html>
\ No newline at end of file
+</html>
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_driver.php
index c9365fdb1..bcdfc060a 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_driver.php
@@ -1,102 +1,172 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.3.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * Postgre Database Adapter Class
  *
  * Note: _DB is an extender class that the app controller
- * creates dynamically based on whether the active record
+ * creates dynamically based on whether the query builder
  * class is being used or not.
  *
  * @package		CodeIgniter
  * @subpackage	Drivers
  * @category	Database
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
  */
 class CI_DB_postgre_driver extends CI_DB {
 
-	var $dbdriver = 'postgre';
+	/**
+	 * Database driver
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $dbdriver = 'postgre';
 
-	var $_escape_char = '"';
+	/**
+	 * Database schema
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $schema = 'public';
 
-	// clause and character used for LIKE escape sequences
-	var $_like_escape_str = " ESCAPE '%s' ";
-	var $_like_escape_chr = '!';
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * The syntax to count rows is slightly different across different
-	 * database engines, so this string appears in each driver and is
-	 * used for the count_all() and count_all_results() functions.
+	 * ORDER BY random keyword
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
 	 */
-	var $_count_string = "SELECT COUNT(*) AS ";
-	var $_random_keyword = ' RANDOM()'; // database specific random keyword
+	protected $_random_keyword = array('RANDOM()', 'RANDOM()');
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Connection String
+	 * Class constructor
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	string
+	 * Creates a DSN string to be used for db_connect() and db_pconnect()
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$params
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function _connect_string()
+	public function __construct($params)
 	{
-		$components = array(
-								'hostname'	=> 'host',
-								'port'		=> 'port',
-								'database'	=> 'dbname',
-								'username'	=> 'user',
-								'password'	=> 'password'
-							);
-
-		$connect_string = "";
-		foreach ($components as $key => $val)
+		parent::__construct($params);
+
+		if ( ! empty($this->dsn))
+		{
+			return;
+		}
+
+		$this->dsn === '' OR $this->dsn = '';
+
+		if (strpos($this->hostname, '/') !== FALSE)
+		{
+			// If UNIX sockets are used, we shouldn't set a port
+			$this->port = '';
+		}
+
+		$this->hostname === '' OR $this->dsn = 'host='.$this->hostname.' ';
+
+		if ( ! empty($this->port) && ctype_digit($this->port))
+		{
+			$this->dsn .= 'port='.$this->port.' ';
+		}
+
+		if ($this->username !== '')
+		{
+			$this->dsn .= 'user='.$this->username.' ';
+
+			/* An empty password is valid!
+			 *
+			 * $db['password'] = NULL must be done in order to ignore it.
+			 */
+			$this->password === NULL OR $this->dsn .= "password='".$this->password."' ";
+		}
+
+		$this->database === '' OR $this->dsn .= 'dbname='.$this->database.' ';
+
+		/* We don't have these options as elements in our standard configuration
+		 * array, but they might be set by parse_url() if the configuration was
+		 * provided via string. Example:
+		 *
+		 * postgre://username:password@localhost:5432/database?connect_timeout=5&sslmode=1
+		 */
+		foreach (array('connect_timeout', 'options', 'sslmode', 'service') as $key)
 		{
-			if (isset($this->$key) && $this->$key != '')
+			if (isset($this->$key) && is_string($this->$key) && $this->$key !== '')
 			{
-				$connect_string .= " $val=".$this->$key;
+				$this->dsn .= $key."='".$this->$key."' ";
 			}
 		}
-		return trim($connect_string);
+
+		$this->dsn = rtrim($this->dsn);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Non-persistent database connection
+	 * Database connection
 	 *
-	 * @access	private called by the base class
+	 * @param	bool	$persistent
 	 * @return	resource
 	 */
-	function db_connect()
+	public function db_connect($persistent = FALSE)
 	{
-		return @pg_connect($this->_connect_string());
-	}
+		$this->conn_id = ($persistent === TRUE)
+			? pg_pconnect($this->dsn)
+			: pg_connect($this->dsn);
 
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+		if ($this->conn_id !== FALSE)
+		{
+			if ($persistent === TRUE
+				&& pg_connection_status($this->conn_id) === PGSQL_CONNECTION_BAD
+				&& pg_ping($this->conn_id) === FALSE
+			)
+			{
+				return FALSE;
+			}
 
-	/**
-	 * Persistent database connection
-	 *
-	 * @access	private called by the base class
-	 * @return	resource
-	 */
-	function db_pconnect()
-	{
-		return @pg_pconnect($this->_connect_string());
+			empty($this->schema) OR $this->simple_query('SET search_path TO '.$this->schema.',public');
+		}
+
+		return $this->conn_id;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -107,10 +177,9 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 * Keep / reestablish the db connection if no queries have been
 	 * sent for a length of time exceeding the server's idle timeout
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function reconnect()
+	public function reconnect()
 	{
 		if (pg_ping($this->conn_id) === FALSE)
 		{
@@ -121,188 +190,147 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Select the database
+	 * Set client character set
 	 *
-	 * @access	private called by the base class
-	 * @return	resource
+	 * @param	string	$charset
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function db_select()
+	protected function _db_set_charset($charset)
 	{
-		// Not needed for Postgre so we'll return TRUE
-		return TRUE;
+		return (pg_set_client_encoding($this->conn_id, $charset) === 0);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Set client character set
+	 * Database version number
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	resource
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function db_set_charset($charset, $collation)
+	public function version()
 	{
-		// @todo - add support if needed
-		return TRUE;
+		if (isset($this->data_cache['version']))
+		{
+			return $this->data_cache['version'];
+		}
+
+		if ( ! $this->conn_id OR ($pg_version = pg_version($this->conn_id)) === FALSE)
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		/* If PHP was compiled with PostgreSQL lib versions earlier
+		 * than 7.4, pg_version() won't return the server version
+		 * and so we'll have to fall back to running a query in
+		 * order to get it.
+		 */
+		return isset($pg_version['server'])
+			? $this->data_cache['version'] = $pg_version['server']
+			: parent::version();
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Version number query string
+	 * Execute the query
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @param	string	$sql	an SQL query
+	 * @return	resource
 	 */
-	function _version()
+	protected function _execute($sql)
 	{
-		$pg_version = pg_version($this->conn_id);
-		return $pg_version;
+		return pg_query($this->conn_id, $sql);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Execute the query
+	 * Begin Transaction
 	 *
-	 * @access	private called by the base class
-	 * @param	string	an SQL query
-	 * @return	resource
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function _execute($sql)
+	protected function _trans_begin()
 	{
-		$sql = $this->_prep_query($sql);
-		return @pg_query($this->conn_id, $sql);
+		return (bool) pg_query($this->conn_id, 'BEGIN');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Prep the query
-	 *
-	 * If needed, each database adapter can prep the query string
+	 * Commit Transaction
 	 *
-	 * @access	private called by execute()
-	 * @param	string	an SQL query
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function _prep_query($sql)
+	protected function _trans_commit()
 	{
-		return $sql;
+		return (bool) pg_query($this->conn_id, 'COMMIT');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Begin Transaction
+	 * Rollback Transaction
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function trans_begin($test_mode = FALSE)
+	protected function _trans_rollback()
 	{
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
-		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ($this->_trans_depth > 0)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
-		// Reset the transaction failure flag.
-		// If the $test_mode flag is set to TRUE transactions will be rolled back
-		// even if the queries produce a successful result.
-		$this->_trans_failure = ($test_mode === TRUE) ? TRUE : FALSE;
-
-		return @pg_exec($this->conn_id, "begin");
+		return (bool) pg_query($this->conn_id, 'ROLLBACK');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Commit Transaction
+	 * Determines if a query is a "write" type.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
+	 * @param	string	An SQL query string
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function trans_commit()
+	public function is_write_type($sql)
 	{
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
+		if (preg_match('#^(INSERT|UPDATE).*RETURNING\s.+(\,\s?.+)*$#is', $sql))
 		{
-			return TRUE;
+			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ($this->_trans_depth > 0)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
-		return @pg_exec($this->conn_id, "commit");
+		return parent::is_write_type($sql);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Rollback Transaction
+	 * Platform-dependent string escape
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	bool
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function trans_rollback()
+	protected function _escape_str($str)
 	{
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
-		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ($this->_trans_depth > 0)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
-		return @pg_exec($this->conn_id, "rollback");
+		return pg_escape_string($this->conn_id, $str);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Escape String
+	 * "Smart" Escape String
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	bool	whether or not the string will be used in a LIKE condition
-	 * @return	string
+	 * Escapes data based on type
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$str
+	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
-	function escape_str($str, $like = FALSE)
+	public function escape($str)
 	{
-		if (is_array($str))
+		if (is_php('5.4.4') && (is_string($str) OR (is_object($str) && method_exists($str, '__toString'))))
 		{
-			foreach ($str as $key => $val)
-			{
-				$str[$key] = $this->escape_str($val, $like);
-			}
-
-			return $str;
+			return pg_escape_literal($this->conn_id, $str);
 		}
-
-		$str = pg_escape_string($str);
-
-		// escape LIKE condition wildcards
-		if ($like === TRUE)
+		elseif (is_bool($str))
 		{
-			$str = str_replace(	array('%', '_', $this->_like_escape_chr),
-								array($this->_like_escape_chr.'%', $this->_like_escape_chr.'_', $this->_like_escape_chr.$this->_like_escape_chr),
-								$str);
+			return ($str) ? 'TRUE' : 'FALSE';
 		}
 
-		return $str;
+		return parent::escape($str);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -310,12 +338,11 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Affected Rows
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	int
 	 */
-	function affected_rows()
+	public function affected_rows()
 	{
-		return @pg_affected_rows($this->result_id);
+		return pg_affected_rows($this->result_id);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -323,71 +350,45 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Insert ID
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function insert_id()
+	public function insert_id()
 	{
-		$v = $this->_version();
-		$v = $v['server'];
+		$v = pg_version($this->conn_id);
+		$v = isset($v['server']) ? $v['server'] : 0; // 'server' key is only available since PosgreSQL 7.4
 
-		$table	= func_num_args() > 0 ? func_get_arg(0) : NULL;
-		$column	= func_num_args() > 1 ? func_get_arg(1) : NULL;
+		$table	= (func_num_args() > 0) ? func_get_arg(0) : NULL;
+		$column	= (func_num_args() > 1) ? func_get_arg(1) : NULL;
 
-		if ($table == NULL && $v >= '8.1')
+		if ($table === NULL && $v >= '8.1')
 		{
-			$sql='SELECT LASTVAL() as ins_id';
+			$sql = 'SELECT LASTVAL() AS ins_id';
 		}
-		elseif ($table != NULL && $column != NULL && $v >= '8.0')
+		elseif ($table !== NULL)
 		{
-			$sql = sprintf("SELECT pg_get_serial_sequence('%s','%s') as seq", $table, $column);
-			$query = $this->query($sql);
-			$row = $query->row();
-			$sql = sprintf("SELECT CURRVAL('%s') as ins_id", $row->seq);
-		}
-		elseif ($table != NULL)
-		{
-			// seq_name passed in table parameter
-			$sql = sprintf("SELECT CURRVAL('%s') as ins_id", $table);
+			if ($column !== NULL && $v >= '8.0')
+			{
+				$sql = 'SELECT pg_get_serial_sequence(\''.$table."', '".$column."') AS seq";
+				$query = $this->query($sql);
+				$query = $query->row();
+				$seq = $query->seq;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				// seq_name passed in table parameter
+				$seq = $table;
+			}
+
+			$sql = 'SELECT CURRVAL(\''.$seq."') AS ins_id";
 		}
 		else
 		{
 			return pg_last_oid($this->result_id);
 		}
-		$query = $this->query($sql);
-		$row = $query->row();
-		return $row->ins_id;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * "Count All" query
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query string that counts all records in
-	 * the specified database
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	function count_all($table = '')
-	{
-		if ($table == '')
-		{
-			return 0;
-		}
-
-		$query = $this->query($this->_count_string . $this->_protect_identifiers('numrows') . " FROM " . $this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE));
-
-		if ($query->num_rows() == 0)
-		{
-			return 0;
-		}
 
-		$row = $query->row();
-		$this->_reset_select();
-		return (int) $row->numrows;
+		$query = $this->query($sql);
+		$query = $query->row();
+		return (int) $query->ins_id;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -397,17 +398,18 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the table names can be fetched
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	boolean
+	 * @param	bool	$prefix_limit
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _list_tables($prefix_limit = FALSE)
+	protected function _list_tables($prefix_limit = FALSE)
 	{
-		$sql = "SELECT table_name FROM information_schema.tables WHERE table_schema = 'public'";
+		$sql = 'SELECT "table_name" FROM "information_schema"."tables" WHERE "table_schema" = \''.$this->schema."'";
 
-		if ($prefix_limit !== FALSE AND $this->dbprefix != '')
+		if ($prefix_limit !== FALSE && $this->dbprefix !== '')
 		{
-			$sql .= " AND table_name LIKE '".$this->escape_like_str($this->dbprefix)."%' ".sprintf($this->_like_escape_str, $this->_like_escape_chr);
+			return $sql.' AND "table_name" LIKE \''
+				.$this->escape_like_str($this->dbprefix)."%' "
+				.sprintf($this->_like_escape_str, $this->_like_escape_chr);
 		}
 
 		return $sql;
@@ -416,212 +418,160 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Show column query
+	 * List column query
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the column names can be fetched
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @param	string	$table
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _list_columns($table = '')
+	protected function _list_columns($table = '')
 	{
-		return "SELECT column_name FROM information_schema.columns WHERE table_name ='".$table."'";
+		return 'SELECT "column_name"
+			FROM "information_schema"."columns"
+			WHERE LOWER("table_name") = '.$this->escape(strtolower($table));
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Field data query
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that the column data can be retrieved
+	 * Returns an object with field data
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	object
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function _field_data($table)
+	public function field_data($table)
 	{
-		return "SELECT * FROM ".$table." LIMIT 1";
-	}
+		$sql = 'SELECT "column_name", "data_type", "character_maximum_length", "numeric_precision", "column_default"
+			FROM "information_schema"."columns"
+			WHERE LOWER("table_name") = '.$this->escape(strtolower($table));
 
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+		if (($query = $this->query($sql)) === FALSE)
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+		$query = $query->result_object();
 
-	/**
-	 * The error message string
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	function _error_message()
-	{
-		return pg_last_error($this->conn_id);
+		$retval = array();
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($query); $i < $c; $i++)
+		{
+			$retval[$i]			= new stdClass();
+			$retval[$i]->name		= $query[$i]->column_name;
+			$retval[$i]->type		= $query[$i]->data_type;
+			$retval[$i]->max_length		= ($query[$i]->character_maximum_length > 0) ? $query[$i]->character_maximum_length : $query[$i]->numeric_precision;
+			$retval[$i]->default		= $query[$i]->column_default;
+		}
+
+		return $retval;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * The error message number
+	 * Error
+	 *
+	 * Returns an array containing code and message of the last
+	 * database error that has occurred.
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function _error_number()
+	public function error()
 	{
-		return '';
+		return array('code' => '', 'message' => pg_last_error($this->conn_id));
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Escape the SQL Identifiers
+	 * ORDER BY
 	 *
-	 * This function escapes column and table names
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @param	string	$orderby
+	 * @param	string	$direction	ASC, DESC or RANDOM
+	 * @param	bool	$escape
+	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	function _escape_identifiers($item)
+	public function order_by($orderby, $direction = '', $escape = NULL)
 	{
-		if ($this->_escape_char == '')
-		{
-			return $item;
-		}
-
-		foreach ($this->_reserved_identifiers as $id)
+		$direction = strtoupper(trim($direction));
+		if ($direction === 'RANDOM')
 		{
-			if (strpos($item, '.'.$id) !== FALSE)
+			if ( ! is_float($orderby) && ctype_digit((string) $orderby))
 			{
-				$str = $this->_escape_char. str_replace('.', $this->_escape_char.'.', $item);
-
-				// remove duplicates if the user already included the escape
-				return preg_replace('/['.$this->_escape_char.']+/', $this->_escape_char, $str);
+				$orderby = ($orderby > 1)
+					? (float) '0.'.$orderby
+					: (float) $orderby;
 			}
-		}
-
-		if (strpos($item, '.') !== FALSE)
-		{
-			$str = $this->_escape_char.str_replace('.', $this->_escape_char.'.'.$this->_escape_char, $item).$this->_escape_char;
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			$str = $this->_escape_char.$item.$this->_escape_char;
-		}
 
-		// remove duplicates if the user already included the escape
-		return preg_replace('/['.$this->_escape_char.']+/', $this->_escape_char, $str);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+			if (is_float($orderby))
+			{
+				$this->simple_query('SET SEED '.$orderby);
+			}
 
-	/**
-	 * From Tables
-	 *
-	 * This function implicitly groups FROM tables so there is no confusion
-	 * about operator precedence in harmony with SQL standards
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	type
-	 * @return	type
-	 */
-	function _from_tables($tables)
-	{
-		if ( ! is_array($tables))
-		{
-			$tables = array($tables);
+			$orderby = $this->_random_keyword[0];
+			$direction = '';
+			$escape = FALSE;
 		}
 
-		return implode(', ', $tables);
+		return parent::order_by($orderby, $direction, $escape);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Insert statement
+	 * Update statement
 	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific insert string from the supplied data
+	 * Generates a platform-specific update string from the supplied data
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the insert keys
-	 * @param	array	the insert values
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @param	array	$values
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _insert($table, $keys, $values)
-	{
-		return "INSERT INTO ".$table." (".implode(', ', $keys).") VALUES (".implode(', ', $values).")";
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Insert_batch statement
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific insert string from the supplied data
-	 *
-	 * @access  public
-	 * @param   string  the table name
-	 * @param   array   the insert keys
-	 * @param   array   the insert values
-	 * @return  string
-	 */
-	function _insert_batch($table, $keys, $values)
+	protected function _update($table, $values)
 	{
-		return "INSERT INTO ".$table." (".implode(', ', $keys).") VALUES ".implode(', ', $values);
+		$this->qb_limit = FALSE;
+		$this->qb_orderby = array();
+		return parent::_update($table, $values);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Update statement
+	 * Update_Batch statement
 	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific update string from the supplied data
+	 * Generates a platform-specific batch update string from the supplied data
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the update data
-	 * @param	array	the where clause
-	 * @param	array	the orderby clause
-	 * @param	array	the limit clause
+	 * @param	string	$table	Table name
+	 * @param	array	$values	Update data
+	 * @param	string	$index	WHERE key
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _update($table, $values, $where, $orderby = array(), $limit = FALSE)
+	protected function _update_batch($table, $values, $index)
 	{
+		$ids = array();
 		foreach ($values as $key => $val)
 		{
-			$valstr[] = $key." = ".$val;
-		}
+			$ids[] = $val[$index]['value'];
 
-		$limit = ( ! $limit) ? '' : ' LIMIT '.$limit;
-
-		$orderby = (count($orderby) >= 1)?' ORDER BY '.implode(", ", $orderby):'';
-
-		$sql = "UPDATE ".$table." SET ".implode(', ', $valstr);
-
-		$sql .= ($where != '' AND count($where) >=1) ? " WHERE ".implode(" ", $where) : '';
-
-		$sql .= $orderby.$limit;
+			foreach (array_keys($val) as $field)
+			{
+				if ($field !== $index)
+				{
+					$final[$val[$field]['field']][] = 'WHEN '.$val[$index]['value'].' THEN '.$val[$field]['value'];
+				}
+			}
+		}
 
-		return $sql;
-	}
+		$cases = '';
+		foreach ($final as $k => $v)
+		{
+			$cases .= $k.' = (CASE '.$val[$index]['field']."\n"
+				.implode("\n", $v)."\n"
+				.'ELSE '.$k.' END), ';
+		}
 
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+		$this->where($val[$index]['field'].' IN('.implode(',', $ids).')', NULL, FALSE);
 
-	/**
-	 * Truncate statement
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific truncate string from the supplied data
-	 * If the database does not support the truncate() command
-	 * This function maps to "DELETE FROM table"
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	function _truncate($table)
-	{
-		return "TRUNCATE ".$table;
+		return 'UPDATE '.$table.' SET '.substr($cases, 0, -2).$this->_compile_wh('qb_where');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -631,55 +581,28 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific delete string from the supplied data
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the where clause
-	 * @param	string	the limit clause
+	 * @param	string	$table
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _delete($table, $where = array(), $like = array(), $limit = FALSE)
+	protected function _delete($table)
 	{
-		$conditions = '';
-
-		if (count($where) > 0 OR count($like) > 0)
-		{
-			$conditions = "\nWHERE ";
-			$conditions .= implode("\n", $this->ar_where);
-
-			if (count($where) > 0 && count($like) > 0)
-			{
-				$conditions .= " AND ";
-			}
-			$conditions .= implode("\n", $like);
-		}
-
-		$limit = ( ! $limit) ? '' : ' LIMIT '.$limit;
-
-		return "DELETE FROM ".$table.$conditions.$limit;
+		$this->qb_limit = FALSE;
+		return parent::_delete($table);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 	/**
-	 * Limit string
+	 * LIMIT
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific LIMIT clause
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the sql query string
-	 * @param	integer	the number of rows to limit the query to
-	 * @param	integer	the offset value
+	 * @param	string	$sql	SQL Query
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _limit($sql, $limit, $offset)
+	protected function _limit($sql)
 	{
-		$sql .= "LIMIT ".$limit;
-
-		if ($offset > 0)
-		{
-			$sql .= " OFFSET ".$offset;
-		}
-
-		return $sql;
+		return $sql.' LIMIT '.$this->qb_limit.($this->qb_offset ? ' OFFSET '.$this->qb_offset : '');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -687,18 +610,11 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Close DB Connection
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	resource
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function _close($conn_id)
+	protected function _close()
 	{
-		@pg_close($conn_id);
+		pg_close($this->conn_id);
 	}
 
-
 }
-
-
-/* End of file postgre_driver.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_driver.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_forge.php
index d9997a433..cdbff4c4b 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_forge.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_forge.php
@@ -1,299 +1,205 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.3.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * Postgre Forge Class
  *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @subpackage	Drivers
  * @category	Database
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
  */
 class CI_DB_postgre_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 
 	/**
-	 * Create database
+	 * UNSIGNED support
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string	the database name
-	 * @return	bool
+	 * @var	array
 	 */
-	function _create_database($name)
-	{
-		return "CREATE DATABASE ".$name;
-	}
+	protected $_unsigned		= array(
+		'INT2'		=> 'INTEGER',
+		'SMALLINT'	=> 'INTEGER',
+		'INT'		=> 'BIGINT',
+		'INT4'		=> 'BIGINT',
+		'INTEGER'	=> 'BIGINT',
+		'INT8'		=> 'NUMERIC',
+		'BIGINT'	=> 'NUMERIC',
+		'REAL'		=> 'DOUBLE PRECISION',
+		'FLOAT'		=> 'DOUBLE PRECISION'
+	);
+
+	/**
+	 * NULL value representation in CREATE/ALTER TABLE statements
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_null = 'NULL';
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Drop database
+	 * Class constructor
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string	the database name
-	 * @return	bool
+	 * @param	object	&$db	Database object
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function _drop_database($name)
+	public function __construct(&$db)
 	{
-		return "DROP DATABASE ".$name;
+		parent::__construct($db);
+
+		if (version_compare($this->db->version(), '9.0', '>'))
+		{
+			$this->create_table_if = 'CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS';
+		}
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Create Table
+	 * ALTER TABLE
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the fields
-	 * @param	mixed	primary key(s)
-	 * @param	mixed	key(s)
-	 * @param	boolean	should 'IF NOT EXISTS' be added to the SQL
-	 * @return	bool
+	 * @param	string	$alter_type	ALTER type
+	 * @param	string	$table		Table name
+	 * @param	mixed	$field		Column definition
+	 * @return	string|string[]
 	 */
-	function _create_table($table, $fields, $primary_keys, $keys, $if_not_exists)
-	{
-		$sql = 'CREATE TABLE ';
-
-		if ($if_not_exists === TRUE)
+	protected function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $field)
+ 	{
+		if (in_array($alter_type, array('DROP', 'ADD'), TRUE))
 		{
-			if ($this->db->table_exists($table))
-			{
-				return "SELECT * FROM $table"; // Needs to return innocous but valid SQL statement
-			}
+			return parent::_alter_table($alter_type, $table, $field);
 		}
 
-		$sql .= $this->db->_escape_identifiers($table)." (";
-		$current_field_count = 0;
-
-		foreach ($fields as $field=>$attributes)
+		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($table);
+		$sqls = array();
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($field); $i < $c; $i++)
 		{
-			// Numeric field names aren't allowed in databases, so if the key is
-			// numeric, we know it was assigned by PHP and the developer manually
-			// entered the field information, so we'll simply add it to the list
-			if (is_numeric($field))
+			if ($field[$i]['_literal'] !== FALSE)
 			{
-				$sql .= "\n\t$attributes";
+				return FALSE;
 			}
-			else
-			{
-				$attributes = array_change_key_case($attributes, CASE_UPPER);
-
-				$sql .= "\n\t".$this->db->_protect_identifiers($field);
-
-				$is_unsigned = (array_key_exists('UNSIGNED', $attributes) && $attributes['UNSIGNED'] === TRUE);
 
-				// Convert datatypes to be PostgreSQL-compatible
-				switch (strtoupper($attributes['TYPE']))
-				{
-					case 'TINYINT':
-						$attributes['TYPE'] = 'SMALLINT';
-						break;
-					case 'SMALLINT':
-						$attributes['TYPE'] = ($is_unsigned) ? 'INTEGER' : 'SMALLINT';
-						break;
-					case 'MEDIUMINT':
-						$attributes['TYPE'] = 'INTEGER';
-						break;
-					case 'INT':
-						$attributes['TYPE'] = ($is_unsigned) ? 'BIGINT' : 'INTEGER';
-						break;
-					case 'BIGINT':
-						$attributes['TYPE'] = ($is_unsigned) ? 'NUMERIC' : 'BIGINT';
-						break;
-					case 'DOUBLE':
-						$attributes['TYPE'] = 'DOUBLE PRECISION';
-						break;
-					case 'DATETIME':
-						$attributes['TYPE'] = 'TIMESTAMP';
-						break;
-					case 'LONGTEXT':
-						$attributes['TYPE'] = 'TEXT';
-						break;
-					case 'BLOB':
-						$attributes['TYPE'] = 'BYTEA';
-						break;
-				}
-
-				// If this is an auto-incrementing primary key, use the serial data type instead
-				if (in_array($field, $primary_keys) && array_key_exists('AUTO_INCREMENT', $attributes) 
-					&& $attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT'] === TRUE)
-				{
-					$sql .= ' SERIAL';
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					$sql .=  ' '.$attributes['TYPE'];
-				}
-
-				// Modified to prevent constraints with integer data types
-				if (array_key_exists('CONSTRAINT', $attributes) && strpos($attributes['TYPE'], 'INT') === false)
-				{
-					$sql .= '('.$attributes['CONSTRAINT'].')';
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('DEFAULT', $attributes))
-				{
-					$sql .= ' DEFAULT \''.$attributes['DEFAULT'].'\'';
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('NULL', $attributes) && $attributes['NULL'] === TRUE)
-				{
-					$sql .= ' NULL';
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					$sql .= ' NOT NULL';
-				}
-
-				// Added new attribute to create unqite fields. Also works with MySQL
-				if (array_key_exists('UNIQUE', $attributes) && $attributes['UNIQUE'] === TRUE)
-				{
-					$sql .= ' UNIQUE';
-				}
+			if (version_compare($this->db->version(), '8', '>=') && isset($field[$i]['type']))
+			{
+				$sqls[] = $sql.' ALTER COLUMN '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($field[$i]['name'])
+					.' TYPE '.$field[$i]['type'].$field[$i]['length'];
 			}
 
-			// don't add a comma on the end of the last field
-			if (++$current_field_count < count($fields))
+			if ( ! empty($field[$i]['default']))
 			{
-				$sql .= ',';
+				$sqls[] = $sql.' ALTER COLUMN '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($field[$i]['name'])
+					.' SET DEFAULT '.$field[$i]['default'];
 			}
-		}
 
-		if (count($primary_keys) > 0)
-		{
-			// Something seems to break when passing an array to _protect_identifiers()
-			foreach ($primary_keys as $index => $key)
+			if (isset($field[$i]['null']))
 			{
-				$primary_keys[$index] = $this->db->_protect_identifiers($key);
+				$sqls[] = $sql.' ALTER COLUMN '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($field[$i]['name'])
+					.($field[$i]['null'] === TRUE ? ' DROP NOT NULL' : ' SET NOT NULL');
 			}
 
-			$sql .= ",\n\tPRIMARY KEY (" . implode(', ', $primary_keys) . ")";
-		}
-
-		$sql .= "\n);";
-
-		if (is_array($keys) && count($keys) > 0)
-		{
-			foreach ($keys as $key)
+			if ( ! empty($field[$i]['new_name']))
 			{
-				if (is_array($key))
-				{
-					$key = $this->db->_protect_identifiers($key);
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					$key = array($this->db->_protect_identifiers($key));
-				}
+				$sqls[] = $sql.' RENAME COLUMN '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($field[$i]['name'])
+					.' TO '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($field[$i]['new_name']);
+			}
 
-				foreach ($key as $field)
-				{
-					$sql .= "CREATE INDEX " . $table . "_" . str_replace(array('"', "'"), '', $field) . "_index ON $table ($field); ";
-				}
+			if ( ! empty($field[$i]['comment']))
+			{
+				$sqls[] = 'COMMENT ON COLUMN '
+					.$this->db->escape_identifiers($table).'.'.$this->db->escape_identifiers($field[$i]['name'])
+					.' IS '.$field[$i]['comment'];
 			}
 		}
 
-		return $sql;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Drop Table
-	 *
-	 * @access    private
-	 * @return    bool
-	 */
-	function _drop_table($table)
-	{
-		return "DROP TABLE IF EXISTS ".$this->db->_escape_identifiers($table)." CASCADE";
-	}
+		return $sqls;
+ 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Alter table query
+	 * Field attribute TYPE
 	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that a table can be altered
-	 * Called by add_column(), drop_column(), and column_alter(),
+	 * Performs a data type mapping between different databases.
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string	the ALTER type (ADD, DROP, CHANGE)
-	 * @param	string	the column name
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	string	the column definition
-	 * @param	string	the default value
-	 * @param	boolean	should 'NOT NULL' be added
-	 * @param	string	the field after which we should add the new field
-	 * @return	object
+	 * @param	array	&$attributes
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $column_name, $column_definition = '', $default_value = '', $null = '', $after_field = '')
+	protected function _attr_type(&$attributes)
 	{
-		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($table)." $alter_type ".$this->db->_protect_identifiers($column_name);
-
-		// DROP has everything it needs now.
-		if ($alter_type == 'DROP')
+		// Reset field lengths for data types that don't support it
+		if (isset($attributes['CONSTRAINT']) && stripos($attributes['TYPE'], 'int') !== FALSE)
 		{
-			return $sql;
+			$attributes['CONSTRAINT'] = NULL;
 		}
 
-		$sql .= " $column_definition";
-
-		if ($default_value != '')
-		{
-			$sql .= " DEFAULT \"$default_value\"";
-		}
-
-		if ($null === NULL)
-		{
-			$sql .= ' NULL';
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			$sql .= ' NOT NULL';
-		}
-
-		if ($after_field != '')
+		switch (strtoupper($attributes['TYPE']))
 		{
-			$sql .= ' AFTER ' . $this->db->_protect_identifiers($after_field);
+			case 'TINYINT':
+				$attributes['TYPE'] = 'SMALLINT';
+				$attributes['UNSIGNED'] = FALSE;
+				return;
+			case 'MEDIUMINT':
+				$attributes['TYPE'] = 'INTEGER';
+				$attributes['UNSIGNED'] = FALSE;
+				return;
+			default: return;
 		}
-
-		return $sql;
-
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Rename a table
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that a table can be renamed
+	 * Field attribute AUTO_INCREMENT
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string	the old table name
-	 * @param	string	the new table name
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @param	array	&$attributes
+	 * @param	array	&$field
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function _rename_table($table_name, $new_table_name)
+	protected function _attr_auto_increment(&$attributes, &$field)
 	{
-		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($table_name)." RENAME TO ".$this->db->_protect_identifiers($new_table_name);
-		return $sql;
+		if ( ! empty($attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT']) && $attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT'] === TRUE)
+		{
+			$field['type'] = ($field['type'] === 'NUMERIC')
+				? 'BIGSERIAL'
+				: 'SERIAL';
+		}
 	}
 
-
 }
-
-/* End of file postgre_forge.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_forge.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_result.php b/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_result.php
index 8655f7aee..57864a7f3 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_result.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_result.php
@@ -1,40 +1,65 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.3.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * Postgres Result Class
  *
  * This class extends the parent result class: CI_DB_result
  *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @subpackage	Drivers
  * @category	Database
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
  */
 class CI_DB_postgre_result extends CI_DB_result {
 
 	/**
 	 * Number of rows in the result set
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	int
 	 */
-	function num_rows()
+	public function num_rows()
 	{
-		return @pg_num_rows($this->result_id);
+		return is_int($this->num_rows)
+			? $this->num_rows
+			: $this->num_rows = pg_num_rows($this->result_id);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -42,12 +67,11 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	/**
 	 * Number of fields in the result set
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	int
 	 */
-	function num_fields()
+	public function num_fields()
 	{
-		return @pg_num_fields($this->result_id);
+		return pg_num_fields($this->result_id);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -57,13 +81,12 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 *
 	 * Generates an array of column names
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function list_fields()
+	public function list_fields()
 	{
 		$field_names = array();
-		for ($i = 0; $i < $this->num_fields(); $i++)
+		for ($i = 0, $c = $this->num_fields(); $i < $c; $i++)
 		{
 			$field_names[] = pg_field_name($this->result_id, $i);
 		}
@@ -78,22 +101,17 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 *
 	 * Generates an array of objects containing field meta-data
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function field_data()
+	public function field_data()
 	{
 		$retval = array();
-		for ($i = 0; $i < $this->num_fields(); $i++)
+		for ($i = 0, $c = $this->num_fields(); $i < $c; $i++)
 		{
-			$F				= new stdClass();
-			$F->name		= pg_field_name($this->result_id, $i);
-			$F->type		= pg_field_type($this->result_id, $i);
-			$F->max_length	= pg_field_size($this->result_id, $i);
-			$F->primary_key = 0;
-			$F->default		= '';
-
-			$retval[] = $F;
+			$retval[$i]			= new stdClass();
+			$retval[$i]->name		= pg_field_name($this->result_id, $i);
+			$retval[$i]->type		= pg_field_type($this->result_id, $i);
+			$retval[$i]->max_length		= pg_field_size($this->result_id, $i);
 		}
 
 		return $retval;
@@ -104,9 +122,9 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	/**
 	 * Free the result
 	 *
-	 * @return	null
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function free_result()
+	public function free_result()
 	{
 		if (is_resource($this->result_id))
 		{
@@ -120,14 +138,14 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	/**
 	 * Data Seek
 	 *
-	 * Moves the internal pointer to the desired offset.  We call
+	 * Moves the internal pointer to the desired offset. We call
 	 * this internally before fetching results to make sure the
-	 * result set starts at zero
+	 * result set starts at zero.
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	array
+	 * @param	int	$n
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function _data_seek($n = 0)
+	public function data_seek($n = 0)
 	{
 		return pg_result_seek($this->result_id, $n);
 	}
@@ -139,10 +157,9 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 *
 	 * Returns the result set as an array
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function _fetch_assoc()
+	protected function _fetch_assoc()
 	{
 		return pg_fetch_assoc($this->result_id);
 	}
@@ -154,16 +171,12 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 *
 	 * Returns the result set as an object
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
+	 * @param	string	$class_name
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	function _fetch_object()
+	protected function _fetch_object($class_name = 'stdClass')
 	{
-		return pg_fetch_object($this->result_id);
+		return pg_fetch_object($this->result_id, NULL, $class_name);
 	}
 
 }
-
-
-/* End of file postgre_result.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_result.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_utility.php b/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_utility.php
index d7af1a7ef..5ca358da5 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_utility.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_utility.php
@@ -1,88 +1,78 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.3.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * Postgre Utility Class
  *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @subpackage	Drivers
  * @category	Database
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
  */
 class CI_DB_postgre_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 
 	/**
-	 * List databases
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	bool
-	 */
-	function _list_databases()
-	{
-		return "SELECT datname FROM pg_database";
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Optimize table query
-	 *
-	 * Is table optimization supported in Postgre?
+	 * List databases statement
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	object
+	 * @var	string
 	 */
-	function _optimize_table($table)
-	{
-		return FALSE;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+	protected $_list_databases	= 'SELECT datname FROM pg_database';
 
 	/**
-	 * Repair table query
-	 *
-	 * Are table repairs supported in Postgre?
+	 * OPTIMIZE TABLE statement
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	object
+	 * @var	string
 	 */
-	function _repair_table($table)
-	{
-		return FALSE;
-	}
+	protected $_optimize_table	= 'REINDEX TABLE %s';
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Postgre Export
+	 * Export
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	array	Preferences
+	 * @param	array	$params	Preferences
 	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
-	function _backup($params = array())
+	protected function _backup($params = array())
 	{
 		// Currently unsupported
-		return $this->db->display_error('db_unsuported_feature');
+		return $this->db->display_error('db_unsupported_feature');
 	}
 }
-
-
-/* End of file postgre_utility.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_utility.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/sqlite/index.html b/system/database/drivers/sqlite/index.html
index c942a79ce..b702fbc39 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/sqlite/index.html
+++ b/system/database/drivers/sqlite/index.html
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
 <html>
 <head>
 	<title>403 Forbidden</title>
@@ -7,4 +8,4 @@
 <p>Directory access is forbidden.</p>
 
 </body>
-</html>
\ No newline at end of file
+</html>
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_driver.php
index 05ea6dd93..03c96e448 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_driver.php
@@ -1,158 +1,105 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.3.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * SQLite Database Adapter Class
  *
  * Note: _DB is an extender class that the app controller
- * creates dynamically based on whether the active record
+ * creates dynamically based on whether the query builder
  * class is being used or not.
  *
  * @package		CodeIgniter
  * @subpackage	Drivers
  * @category	Database
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
  */
 class CI_DB_sqlite_driver extends CI_DB {
 
-	var $dbdriver = 'sqlite';
-
-	// The character used to escape with - not needed for SQLite
-	var $_escape_char = '';
-
-	// clause and character used for LIKE escape sequences
-	var $_like_escape_str = " ESCAPE '%s' ";
-	var $_like_escape_chr = '!';
-
-	/**
-	 * The syntax to count rows is slightly different across different
-	 * database engines, so this string appears in each driver and is
-	 * used for the count_all() and count_all_results() functions.
-	 */
-	var $_count_string = "SELECT COUNT(*) AS ";
-	var $_random_keyword = ' Random()'; // database specific random keyword
-
-	/**
-	 * Non-persistent database connection
-	 *
-	 * @access	private called by the base class
-	 * @return	resource
-	 */
-	function db_connect()
-	{
-		if ( ! $conn_id = @sqlite_open($this->database, FILE_WRITE_MODE, $error))
-		{
-			log_message('error', $error);
-
-			if ($this->db_debug)
-			{
-				$this->display_error($error, '', TRUE);
-			}
-
-			return FALSE;
-		}
-
-		return $conn_id;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
 	/**
-	 * Persistent database connection
+	 * Database driver
 	 *
-	 * @access	private called by the base class
-	 * @return	resource
+	 * @var	string
 	 */
-	function db_pconnect()
-	{
-		if ( ! $conn_id = @sqlite_popen($this->database, FILE_WRITE_MODE, $error))
-		{
-			log_message('error', $error);
-
-			if ($this->db_debug)
-			{
-				$this->display_error($error, '', TRUE);
-			}
-
-			return FALSE;
-		}
-
-		return $conn_id;
-	}
+	public $dbdriver = 'sqlite';
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Reconnect
-	 *
-	 * Keep / reestablish the db connection if no queries have been
-	 * sent for a length of time exceeding the server's idle timeout
+	 * ORDER BY random keyword
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @var	array
 	 */
-	function reconnect()
-	{
-		// not implemented in SQLite
-	}
+	protected $_random_keyword = array('RANDOM()', 'RANDOM()');
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Select the database
+	 * Non-persistent database connection
 	 *
-	 * @access	private called by the base class
+	 * @param	bool	$persistent
 	 * @return	resource
 	 */
-	function db_select()
+	public function db_connect($persistent = FALSE)
 	{
-		return TRUE;
-	}
+		$error = NULL;
+		$conn_id = ($persistent === TRUE)
+			? sqlite_popen($this->database, 0666, $error)
+			: sqlite_open($this->database, 0666, $error);
 
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+		isset($error) && log_message('error', $error);
 
-	/**
-	 * Set client character set
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	resource
-	 */
-	function db_set_charset($charset, $collation)
-	{
-		// @todo - add support if needed
-		return TRUE;
+		return $conn_id;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Version number query string
+	 * Database version number
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _version()
+	public function version()
 	{
-		return sqlite_libversion();
+		return isset($this->data_cache['version'])
+			? $this->data_cache['version']
+			: $this->data_cache['version'] = sqlite_libversion();
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -160,30 +107,14 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Execute the query
 	 *
-	 * @access	private called by the base class
-	 * @param	string	an SQL query
+	 * @param	string	$sql	an SQL query
 	 * @return	resource
 	 */
-	function _execute($sql)
-	{
-		$sql = $this->_prep_query($sql);
-		return @sqlite_query($this->conn_id, $sql);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Prep the query
-	 *
-	 * If needed, each database adapter can prep the query string
-	 *
-	 * @access	private called by execute()
-	 * @param	string	an SQL query
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	function _prep_query($sql)
+	protected function _execute($sql)
 	{
-		return $sql;
+		return $this->is_write_type($sql)
+			? sqlite_exec($this->conn_id, $sql)
+			: sqlite_query($this->conn_id, $sql);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -191,29 +122,11 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Begin Transaction
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function trans_begin($test_mode = FALSE)
+	protected function _trans_begin()
 	{
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
-		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ($this->_trans_depth > 0)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
-		// Reset the transaction failure flag.
-		// If the $test_mode flag is set to TRUE transactions will be rolled back
-		// even if the queries produce a successful result.
-		$this->_trans_failure = ($test_mode === TRUE) ? TRUE : FALSE;
-
-		$this->simple_query('BEGIN TRANSACTION');
-		return TRUE;
+		return $this->simple_query('BEGIN TRANSACTION');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -221,24 +134,11 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Commit Transaction
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function trans_commit()
+	protected function _trans_commit()
 	{
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
-		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ($this->_trans_depth > 0)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
-		$this->simple_query('COMMIT');
-		return TRUE;
+		return $this->simple_query('COMMIT');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -246,59 +146,24 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Rollback Transaction
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function trans_rollback()
+	protected function _trans_rollback()
 	{
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
-		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ($this->_trans_depth > 0)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
-		$this->simple_query('ROLLBACK');
-		return TRUE;
+		return $this->simple_query('ROLLBACK');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Escape String
+	 * Platform-dependant string escape
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	bool	whether or not the string will be used in a LIKE condition
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function escape_str($str, $like = FALSE)
+	protected function _escape_str($str)
 	{
-		if (is_array($str))
-		{
-			foreach ($str as $key => $val)
-			{
-				$str[$key] = $this->escape_str($val, $like);
-			}
-
-			return $str;
-		}
-
-		$str = sqlite_escape_string($str);
-
-		// escape LIKE condition wildcards
-		if ($like === TRUE)
-		{
-			$str = str_replace(	array('%', '_', $this->_like_escape_chr),
-								array($this->_like_escape_chr.'%', $this->_like_escape_chr.'_', $this->_like_escape_chr.$this->_like_escape_chr),
-								$str);
-		}
-
-		return $str;
+		return sqlite_escape_string($str);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -306,10 +171,9 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Affected Rows
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	int
 	 */
-	function affected_rows()
+	public function affected_rows()
 	{
 		return sqlite_changes($this->conn_id);
 	}
@@ -319,43 +183,11 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Insert ID
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	int
 	 */
-	function insert_id()
+	public function insert_id()
 	{
-		return @sqlite_last_insert_rowid($this->conn_id);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * "Count All" query
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query string that counts all records in
-	 * the specified database
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	function count_all($table = '')
-	{
-		if ($table == '')
-		{
-			return 0;
-		}
-
-		$query = $this->query($this->_count_string . $this->_protect_identifiers('numrows') . " FROM " . $this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE));
-
-		if ($query->num_rows() == 0)
-		{
-			return 0;
-		}
-
-		$row = $query->row();
-		$this->_reset_select();
-		return (int) $row->numrows;
+		return sqlite_last_insert_rowid($this->conn_id);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -365,18 +197,18 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the table names can be fetched
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	boolean
+	 * @param	bool	$prefix_limit
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _list_tables($prefix_limit = FALSE)
+	protected function _list_tables($prefix_limit = FALSE)
 	{
-		$sql = "SELECT name from sqlite_master WHERE type='table'";
+		$sql = "SELECT name FROM sqlite_master WHERE type='table'";
 
-		if ($prefix_limit !== FALSE AND $this->dbprefix != '')
+		if ($prefix_limit !== FALSE && $this->dbprefix != '')
 		{
-			$sql .= " AND 'name' LIKE '".$this->escape_like_str($this->dbprefix)."%' ".sprintf($this->_like_escape_str, $this->_like_escape_chr);
+			return $sql." AND 'name' LIKE '".$this->escape_like_str($this->dbprefix)."%' ".sprintf($this->_like_escape_str, $this->_like_escape_chr);
 		}
+
 		return $sql;
 	}
 
@@ -387,11 +219,10 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the column names can be fetched
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function _list_columns($table = '')
+	protected function _list_columns($table = '')
 	{
 		// Not supported
 		return FALSE;
@@ -400,240 +231,88 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Field data query
+	 * Returns an object with field data
 	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that the column data can be retrieved
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	object
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function _field_data($table)
+	public function field_data($table)
 	{
-		return "SELECT * FROM ".$table." LIMIT 1";
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * The error message string
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	function _error_message()
-	{
-		return sqlite_error_string(sqlite_last_error($this->conn_id));
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * The error message number
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	integer
-	 */
-	function _error_number()
-	{
-		return sqlite_last_error($this->conn_id);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Escape the SQL Identifiers
-	 *
-	 * This function escapes column and table names
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	function _escape_identifiers($item)
-	{
-		if ($this->_escape_char == '')
-		{
-			return $item;
-		}
-
-		foreach ($this->_reserved_identifiers as $id)
+		if (($query = $this->query('PRAGMA TABLE_INFO('.$this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE).')')) === FALSE)
 		{
-			if (strpos($item, '.'.$id) !== FALSE)
-			{
-				$str = $this->_escape_char. str_replace('.', $this->_escape_char.'.', $item);
-
-				// remove duplicates if the user already included the escape
-				return preg_replace('/['.$this->_escape_char.']+/', $this->_escape_char, $str);
-			}
+			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		if (strpos($item, '.') !== FALSE)
-		{
-			$str = $this->_escape_char.str_replace('.', $this->_escape_char.'.'.$this->_escape_char, $item).$this->_escape_char;
-		}
-		else
+		$query = $query->result_array();
+		if (empty($query))
 		{
-			$str = $this->_escape_char.$item.$this->_escape_char;
+			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		// remove duplicates if the user already included the escape
-		return preg_replace('/['.$this->_escape_char.']+/', $this->_escape_char, $str);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * From Tables
-	 *
-	 * This function implicitly groups FROM tables so there is no confusion
-	 * about operator precedence in harmony with SQL standards
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	type
-	 * @return	type
-	 */
-	function _from_tables($tables)
-	{
-		if ( ! is_array($tables))
+		$retval = array();
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($query); $i < $c; $i++)
 		{
-			$tables = array($tables);
+			$retval[$i]			= new stdClass();
+			$retval[$i]->name		= $query[$i]['name'];
+			$retval[$i]->type		= $query[$i]['type'];
+			$retval[$i]->max_length		= NULL;
+			$retval[$i]->default		= $query[$i]['dflt_value'];
+			$retval[$i]->primary_key	= isset($query[$i]['pk']) ? (int) $query[$i]['pk'] : 0;
 		}
 
-		return '('.implode(', ', $tables).')';
+		return $retval;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Insert statement
+	 * Error
 	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific insert string from the supplied data
+	 * Returns an array containing code and message of the last
+	 * database error that has occured.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the insert keys
-	 * @param	array	the insert values
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function _insert($table, $keys, $values)
+	public function error()
 	{
-		return "INSERT INTO ".$table." (".implode(', ', $keys).") VALUES (".implode(', ', $values).")";
+		$error = array('code' => sqlite_last_error($this->conn_id));
+		$error['message'] = sqlite_error_string($error['code']);
+		return $error;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Update statement
+	 * Replace statement
 	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific update string from the supplied data
+	 * Generates a platform-specific replace string from the supplied data
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the update data
-	 * @param	array	the where clause
-	 * @param	array	the orderby clause
-	 * @param	array	the limit clause
+	 * @param	string	$table	Table name
+	 * @param	array	$keys	INSERT keys
+	 * @param	array	$values	INSERT values
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _update($table, $values, $where, $orderby = array(), $limit = FALSE)
+	protected function _replace($table, $keys, $values)
 	{
-		foreach ($values as $key => $val)
-		{
-			$valstr[] = $key." = ".$val;
-		}
-
-		$limit = ( ! $limit) ? '' : ' LIMIT '.$limit;
-
-		$orderby = (count($orderby) >= 1)?' ORDER BY '.implode(", ", $orderby):'';
-
-		$sql = "UPDATE ".$table." SET ".implode(', ', $valstr);
-
-		$sql .= ($where != '' AND count($where) >=1) ? " WHERE ".implode(" ", $where) : '';
-
-		$sql .= $orderby.$limit;
-
-		return $sql;
+		return 'INSERT OR '.parent::_replace($table, $keys, $values);
 	}
 
-
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
 	 * Truncate statement
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific truncate string from the supplied data
-	 * If the database does not support the truncate() command
-	 * This function maps to "DELETE FROM table"
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	function _truncate($table)
-	{
-		return $this->_delete($table);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Delete statement
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific delete string from the supplied data
+	 * If the database does not support the TRUNCATE statement,
+	 * then this function maps to 'DELETE FROM table'
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the where clause
-	 * @param	string	the limit clause
+	 * @param	string	$table
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _delete($table, $where = array(), $like = array(), $limit = FALSE)
+	protected function _truncate($table)
 	{
-		$conditions = '';
-
-		if (count($where) > 0 OR count($like) > 0)
-		{
-			$conditions = "\nWHERE ";
-			$conditions .= implode("\n", $this->ar_where);
-
-			if (count($where) > 0 && count($like) > 0)
-			{
-				$conditions .= " AND ";
-			}
-			$conditions .= implode("\n", $like);
-		}
-
-		$limit = ( ! $limit) ? '' : ' LIMIT '.$limit;
-
-		return "DELETE FROM ".$table.$conditions.$limit;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Limit string
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific LIMIT clause
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the sql query string
-	 * @param	integer	the number of rows to limit the query to
-	 * @param	integer	the offset value
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	function _limit($sql, $limit, $offset)
-	{
-		if ($offset == 0)
-		{
-			$offset = '';
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			$offset .= ", ";
-		}
-
-		return $sql."LIMIT ".$offset.$limit;
+		return 'DELETE FROM '.$table;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -641,18 +320,11 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Close DB Connection
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	resource
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function _close($conn_id)
+	protected function _close()
 	{
-		@sqlite_close($conn_id);
+		sqlite_close($this->conn_id);
 	}
 
-
 }
-
-
-/* End of file sqlite_driver.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_driver.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_forge.php
index a15e94d3b..a0fc0cdb0 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_forge.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_forge.php
@@ -1,37 +1,81 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.3.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * SQLite Forge Class
  *
  * @category	Database
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
  */
 class CI_DB_sqlite_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 
 	/**
+	 * CREATE TABLE IF statement
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_create_table_if	= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * UNSIGNED support
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool|array
+	 */
+	protected $_unsigned		= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * NULL value representation in CREATE/ALTER TABLE statements
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_null		= 'NULL';
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
 	 * Create database
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the database name
+	 * @param	string	$db_name	(ignored)
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function _create_database()
+	public function create_database($db_name)
 	{
 		// In SQLite, a database is created when you connect to the database.
 		// We'll return TRUE so that an error isn't generated
@@ -43,223 +87,119 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 	/**
 	 * Drop database
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string	the database name
+	 * @param	string	$db_name	(ignored)
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function _drop_database($name)
+	public function drop_database($db_name)
 	{
-		if ( ! @file_exists($this->db->database) OR ! @unlink($this->db->database))
+		if ( ! file_exists($this->db->database) OR ! @unlink($this->db->database))
+		{
+			return ($this->db->db_debug) ? $this->db->display_error('db_unable_to_drop') : FALSE;
+		}
+		elseif ( ! empty($this->db->data_cache['db_names']))
 		{
-			if ($this->db->db_debug)
+			$key = array_search(strtolower($this->db->database), array_map('strtolower', $this->db->data_cache['db_names']), TRUE);
+			if ($key !== FALSE)
 			{
-				return $this->db->display_error('db_unable_to_drop');
+				unset($this->db->data_cache['db_names'][$key]);
 			}
-			return FALSE;
 		}
+
 		return TRUE;
 	}
+
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Create Table
+	 * ALTER TABLE
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the fields
-	 * @param	mixed	primary key(s)
-	 * @param	mixed	key(s)
-	 * @param	boolean	should 'IF NOT EXISTS' be added to the SQL
-	 * @return	bool
+	 * @todo	implement drop_column(), modify_column()
+	 * @param	string	$alter_type	ALTER type
+	 * @param	string	$table		Table name
+	 * @param	mixed	$field		Column definition
+	 * @return	string|string[]
 	 */
-	function _create_table($table, $fields, $primary_keys, $keys, $if_not_exists)
+	protected function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $field)
 	{
-		$sql = 'CREATE TABLE ';
-
-		// IF NOT EXISTS added to SQLite in 3.3.0
-		if ($if_not_exists === TRUE && version_compare($this->db->_version(), '3.3.0', '>=') === TRUE)
+		if ($alter_type === 'DROP' OR $alter_type === 'CHANGE')
 		{
-			$sql .= 'IF NOT EXISTS ';
-		}
-
-		$sql .= $this->db->_escape_identifiers($table)."(";
-		$current_field_count = 0;
-
-		foreach ($fields as $field=>$attributes)
-		{
-			// Numeric field names aren't allowed in databases, so if the key is
-			// numeric, we know it was assigned by PHP and the developer manually
-			// entered the field information, so we'll simply add it to the list
-			if (is_numeric($field))
-			{
-				$sql .= "\n\t$attributes";
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				$attributes = array_change_key_case($attributes, CASE_UPPER);
-
-				$sql .= "\n\t".$this->db->_protect_identifiers($field);
-
-				$sql .=  ' '.$attributes['TYPE'];
-
-				if (array_key_exists('CONSTRAINT', $attributes))
-				{
-					$sql .= '('.$attributes['CONSTRAINT'].')';
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('UNSIGNED', $attributes) && $attributes['UNSIGNED'] === TRUE)
-				{
-					$sql .= ' UNSIGNED';
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('DEFAULT', $attributes))
-				{
-					$sql .= ' DEFAULT \''.$attributes['DEFAULT'].'\'';
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('NULL', $attributes) && $attributes['NULL'] === TRUE)
-				{
-					$sql .= ' NULL';
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					$sql .= ' NOT NULL';
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('AUTO_INCREMENT', $attributes) && $attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT'] === TRUE)
-				{
-					$sql .= ' AUTO_INCREMENT';
-				}
-			}
+			// drop_column():
+			//	BEGIN TRANSACTION;
+			//	CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE t1_backup(a,b);
+			//	INSERT INTO t1_backup SELECT a,b FROM t1;
+			//	DROP TABLE t1;
+			//	CREATE TABLE t1(a,b);
+			//	INSERT INTO t1 SELECT a,b FROM t1_backup;
+			//	DROP TABLE t1_backup;
+			//	COMMIT;
 
-			// don't add a comma on the end of the last field
-			if (++$current_field_count < count($fields))
-			{
-				$sql .= ',';
-			}
-		}
-
-		if (count($primary_keys) > 0)
-		{
-			$primary_keys = $this->db->_protect_identifiers($primary_keys);
-			$sql .= ",\n\tPRIMARY KEY (" . implode(', ', $primary_keys) . ")";
-		}
-
-		if (is_array($keys) && count($keys) > 0)
-		{
-			foreach ($keys as $key)
-			{
-				if (is_array($key))
-				{
-					$key = $this->db->_protect_identifiers($key);
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					$key = array($this->db->_protect_identifiers($key));
-				}
-
-				$sql .= ",\n\tUNIQUE (" . implode(', ', $key) . ")";
-			}
+			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		$sql .= "\n)";
-
-		return $sql;
+		return parent::_alter_table($alter_type, $table, $field);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Drop Table
-	 *
-	 *  Unsupported feature in SQLite
+	 * Process column
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	bool
+	 * @param	array	$field
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _drop_table($table)
+	protected function _process_column($field)
 	{
-		if ($this->db->db_debug)
-		{
-			return $this->db->display_error('db_unsuported_feature');
-		}
-		return array();
+		return $this->db->escape_identifiers($field['name'])
+			.' '.$field['type']
+			.$field['auto_increment']
+			.$field['null']
+			.$field['unique']
+			.$field['default'];
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Alter table query
+	 * Field attribute TYPE
 	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that a table can be altered
-	 * Called by add_column(), drop_column(), and column_alter(),
+	 * Performs a data type mapping between different databases.
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string	the ALTER type (ADD, DROP, CHANGE)
-	 * @param	string	the column name
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	string	the column definition
-	 * @param	string	the default value
-	 * @param	boolean	should 'NOT NULL' be added
-	 * @param	string	the field after which we should add the new field
-	 * @return	object
+	 * @param	array	&$attributes
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $column_name, $column_definition = '', $default_value = '', $null = '', $after_field = '')
+	protected function _attr_type(&$attributes)
 	{
-		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($table)." $alter_type ".$this->db->_protect_identifiers($column_name);
-
-		// DROP has everything it needs now.
-		if ($alter_type == 'DROP')
+		switch (strtoupper($attributes['TYPE']))
 		{
-			// SQLite does not support dropping columns
-			// http://www.sqlite.org/omitted.html
-			// http://www.sqlite.org/faq.html#q11
-			return FALSE;
+			case 'ENUM':
+			case 'SET':
+				$attributes['TYPE'] = 'TEXT';
+				return;
+			default: return;
 		}
-
-		$sql .= " $column_definition";
-
-		if ($default_value != '')
-		{
-			$sql .= " DEFAULT \"$default_value\"";
-		}
-
-		if ($null === NULL)
-		{
-			$sql .= ' NULL';
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			$sql .= ' NOT NULL';
-		}
-
-		if ($after_field != '')
-		{
-			$sql .= ' AFTER ' . $this->db->_protect_identifiers($after_field);
-		}
-
-		return $sql;
-
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Rename a table
+	 * Field attribute AUTO_INCREMENT
 	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that a table can be renamed
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string	the old table name
-	 * @param	string	the new table name
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @param	array	&$attributes
+	 * @param	array	&$field
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function _rename_table($table_name, $new_table_name)
+	protected function _attr_auto_increment(&$attributes, &$field)
 	{
-		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($table_name)." RENAME TO ".$this->db->_protect_identifiers($new_table_name);
-		return $sql;
+		if ( ! empty($attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT']) && $attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT'] === TRUE && stripos($field['type'], 'int') !== FALSE)
+		{
+			$field['type'] = 'INTEGER PRIMARY KEY';
+			$field['default'] = '';
+			$field['null'] = '';
+			$field['unique'] = '';
+			$field['auto_increment'] = ' AUTOINCREMENT';
+
+			$this->primary_keys = array();
+		}
 	}
-}
 
-/* End of file sqlite_forge.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_forge.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_result.php b/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_result.php
index 9e519dffd..34d3ac3c1 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_result.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_result.php
@@ -1,19 +1,41 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.3.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * SQLite Result Class
@@ -21,20 +43,21 @@
  * This class extends the parent result class: CI_DB_result
  *
  * @category	Database
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
  */
 class CI_DB_sqlite_result extends CI_DB_result {
 
 	/**
 	 * Number of rows in the result set
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	int
 	 */
-	function num_rows()
+	public function num_rows()
 	{
-		return @sqlite_num_rows($this->result_id);
+		return is_int($this->num_rows)
+			? $this->num_rows
+			: $this->num_rows = @sqlite_num_rows($this->result_id);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -42,10 +65,9 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	/**
 	 * Number of fields in the result set
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	int
 	 */
-	function num_fields()
+	public function num_fields()
 	{
 		return @sqlite_num_fields($this->result_id);
 	}
@@ -57,15 +79,14 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 *
 	 * Generates an array of column names
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function list_fields()
+	public function list_fields()
 	{
 		$field_names = array();
-		for ($i = 0; $i < $this->num_fields(); $i++)
+		for ($i = 0, $c = $this->num_fields(); $i < $c; $i++)
 		{
-			$field_names[] = sqlite_field_name($this->result_id, $i);
+			$field_names[$i] = sqlite_field_name($this->result_id, $i);
 		}
 
 		return $field_names;
@@ -78,22 +99,17 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 *
 	 * Generates an array of objects containing field meta-data
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function field_data()
+	public function field_data()
 	{
 		$retval = array();
-		for ($i = 0; $i < $this->num_fields(); $i++)
+		for ($i = 0, $c = $this->num_fields(); $i < $c; $i++)
 		{
-			$F				= new stdClass();
-			$F->name		= sqlite_field_name($this->result_id, $i);
-			$F->type		= 'varchar';
-			$F->max_length	= 0;
-			$F->primary_key = 0;
-			$F->default		= '';
-
-			$retval[] = $F;
+			$retval[$i]			= new stdClass();
+			$retval[$i]->name		= sqlite_field_name($this->result_id, $i);
+			$retval[$i]->type		= NULL;
+			$retval[$i]->max_length		= NULL;
 		}
 
 		return $retval;
@@ -102,28 +118,16 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Free the result
-	 *
-	 * @return	null
-	 */
-	function free_result()
-	{
-		// Not implemented in SQLite
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
 	 * Data Seek
 	 *
-	 * Moves the internal pointer to the desired offset.  We call
+	 * Moves the internal pointer to the desired offset. We call
 	 * this internally before fetching results to make sure the
-	 * result set starts at zero
+	 * result set starts at zero.
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	array
+	 * @param	int	$n
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function _data_seek($n = 0)
+	public function data_seek($n = 0)
 	{
 		return sqlite_seek($this->result_id, $n);
 	}
@@ -135,10 +139,9 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 *
 	 * Returns the result set as an array
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function _fetch_assoc()
+	protected function _fetch_assoc()
 	{
 		return sqlite_fetch_array($this->result_id);
 	}
@@ -150,30 +153,12 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 *
 	 * Returns the result set as an object
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
+	 * @param	string	$class_name
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	function _fetch_object()
+	protected function _fetch_object($class_name = 'stdClass')
 	{
-		if (function_exists('sqlite_fetch_object'))
-		{
-			return sqlite_fetch_object($this->result_id);
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			$arr = sqlite_fetch_array($this->result_id, SQLITE_ASSOC);
-			if (is_array($arr))
-			{
-				$obj = (object) $arr;
-				return $obj;
-			} else {
-				return NULL;
-			}
-		}
+		return sqlite_fetch_object($this->result_id, $class_name);
 	}
 
 }
-
-
-/* End of file sqlite_result.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_result.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_utility.php b/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_utility.php
index 481b735be..90ca4b161 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_utility.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_utility.php
@@ -1,96 +1,61 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.3.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * SQLite Utility Class
  *
  * @category	Database
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
  */
 class CI_DB_sqlite_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 
 	/**
-	 * List databases
-	 *
-	 * I don't believe you can do a database listing with SQLite
-	 * since each database is its own file.  I suppose we could
-	 * try reading a directory looking for SQLite files, but
-	 * that doesn't seem like a terribly good idea
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	bool
-	 */
-	function _list_databases()
-	{
-		if ($this->db_debug)
-		{
-			return $this->db->display_error('db_unsuported_feature');
-		}
-		return array();
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Optimize table query
-	 *
-	 * Is optimization even supported in SQLite?
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	object
-	 */
-	function _optimize_table($table)
-	{
-		return FALSE;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Repair table query
-	 *
-	 * Are table repairs even supported in SQLite?
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	object
-	 */
-	function _repair_table($table)
-	{
-		return FALSE;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * SQLite Export
+	 * Export
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	array	Preferences
+	 * @param	array	$params	Preferences
 	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
-	function _backup($params = array())
+	protected function _backup($params = array())
 	{
 		// Currently unsupported
-		return $this->db->display_error('db_unsuported_feature');
+		return $this->db->display_error('db_unsupported_feature');
 	}
-}
 
-/* End of file sqlite_utility.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_utility.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/sqlite3/index.html b/system/database/drivers/sqlite3/index.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b702fbc39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/database/drivers/sqlite3/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+<head>
+	<title>403 Forbidden</title>
+</head>
+<body>
+
+<p>Directory access is forbidden.</p>
+
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/sqlite3/sqlite3_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/sqlite3/sqlite3_driver.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d131baad7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/database/drivers/sqlite3/sqlite3_driver.php
@@ -0,0 +1,350 @@
+<?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
+ *
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 3.0.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
+
+/**
+ * SQLite3 Database Adapter Class
+ *
+ * Note: _DB is an extender class that the app controller
+ * creates dynamically based on whether the query builder
+ * class is being used or not.
+ *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @subpackage	Drivers
+ * @category	Database
+ * @author		Andrey Andreev
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ */
+class CI_DB_sqlite3_driver extends CI_DB {
+
+	/**
+	 * Database driver
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $dbdriver = 'sqlite3';
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * ORDER BY random keyword
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $_random_keyword = array('RANDOM()', 'RANDOM()');
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Non-persistent database connection
+	 *
+	 * @param	bool	$persistent
+	 * @return	SQLite3
+	 */
+	public function db_connect($persistent = FALSE)
+	{
+		if ($persistent)
+		{
+			log_message('debug', 'SQLite3 doesn\'t support persistent connections');
+		}
+
+		try
+		{
+			return ( ! $this->password)
+				? new SQLite3($this->database)
+				: new SQLite3($this->database, SQLITE3_OPEN_READWRITE | SQLITE3_OPEN_CREATE, $this->password);
+		}
+		catch (Exception $e)
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Database version number
+	 *
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	public function version()
+	{
+		if (isset($this->data_cache['version']))
+		{
+			return $this->data_cache['version'];
+		}
+
+		$version = SQLite3::version();
+		return $this->data_cache['version'] = $version['versionString'];
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Execute the query
+	 *
+	 * @todo	Implement use of SQLite3::querySingle(), if needed
+	 * @param	string	$sql
+	 * @return	mixed	SQLite3Result object or bool
+	 */
+	protected function _execute($sql)
+	{
+		return $this->is_write_type($sql)
+			? $this->conn_id->exec($sql)
+			: $this->conn_id->query($sql);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Begin Transaction
+	 *
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	protected function _trans_begin()
+	{
+		return $this->conn_id->exec('BEGIN TRANSACTION');
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Commit Transaction
+	 *
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	protected function _trans_commit()
+	{
+		return $this->conn_id->exec('END TRANSACTION');
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Rollback Transaction
+	 *
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	protected function _trans_rollback()
+	{
+		return $this->conn_id->exec('ROLLBACK');
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Platform-dependent string escape
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _escape_str($str)
+	{
+		return $this->conn_id->escapeString($str);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Affected Rows
+	 *
+	 * @return	int
+	 */
+	public function affected_rows()
+	{
+		return $this->conn_id->changes();
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Insert ID
+	 *
+	 * @return	int
+	 */
+	public function insert_id()
+	{
+		return $this->conn_id->lastInsertRowID();
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Show table query
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the table names can be fetched
+	 *
+	 * @param	bool	$prefix_limit
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _list_tables($prefix_limit = FALSE)
+	{
+		return 'SELECT "NAME" FROM "SQLITE_MASTER" WHERE "TYPE" = \'table\''
+			.(($prefix_limit !== FALSE && $this->dbprefix != '')
+				? ' AND "NAME" LIKE \''.$this->escape_like_str($this->dbprefix).'%\' '.sprintf($this->_like_escape_str, $this->_like_escape_chr)
+				: '');
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Fetch Field Names
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table	Table name
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	public function list_fields($table)
+	{
+		// Is there a cached result?
+		if (isset($this->data_cache['field_names'][$table]))
+		{
+			return $this->data_cache['field_names'][$table];
+		}
+
+		if (($result = $this->query('PRAGMA TABLE_INFO('.$this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE).')')) === FALSE)
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		$this->data_cache['field_names'][$table] = array();
+		foreach ($result->result_array() as $row)
+		{
+			$this->data_cache['field_names'][$table][] = $row['name'];
+		}
+
+		return $this->data_cache['field_names'][$table];
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns an object with field data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	public function field_data($table)
+	{
+		if (($query = $this->query('PRAGMA TABLE_INFO('.$this->protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE).')')) === FALSE)
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		$query = $query->result_array();
+		if (empty($query))
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		$retval = array();
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($query); $i < $c; $i++)
+		{
+			$retval[$i]			= new stdClass();
+			$retval[$i]->name		= $query[$i]['name'];
+			$retval[$i]->type		= $query[$i]['type'];
+			$retval[$i]->max_length		= NULL;
+			$retval[$i]->default		= $query[$i]['dflt_value'];
+			$retval[$i]->primary_key	= isset($query[$i]['pk']) ? (int) $query[$i]['pk'] : 0;
+		}
+
+		return $retval;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Error
+	 *
+	 * Returns an array containing code and message of the last
+	 * database error that has occurred.
+	 *
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	public function error()
+	{
+		return array('code' => $this->conn_id->lastErrorCode(), 'message' => $this->conn_id->lastErrorMsg());
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Replace statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific replace string from the supplied data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table	Table name
+	 * @param	array	$keys	INSERT keys
+	 * @param	array	$values	INSERT values
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _replace($table, $keys, $values)
+	{
+		return 'INSERT OR '.parent::_replace($table, $keys, $values);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Truncate statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific truncate string from the supplied data
+	 *
+	 * If the database does not support the TRUNCATE statement,
+	 * then this method maps to 'DELETE FROM table'
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _truncate($table)
+	{
+		return 'DELETE FROM '.$table;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Close DB Connection
+	 *
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _close()
+	{
+		$this->conn_id->close();
+	}
+
+}
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/sqlite3/sqlite3_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/sqlite3/sqlite3_forge.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5ee6daae3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/database/drivers/sqlite3/sqlite3_forge.php
@@ -0,0 +1,225 @@
+<?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
+ *
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 3.0.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
+
+/**
+ * SQLite3 Forge Class
+ *
+ * @category	Database
+ * @author	Andrey Andreev
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ */
+class CI_DB_sqlite3_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
+
+	/**
+	 * UNSIGNED support
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool|array
+	 */
+	protected $_unsigned		= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * NULL value representation in CREATE/ALTER TABLE statements
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_null		= 'NULL';
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Class constructor
+	 *
+	 * @param	object	&$db	Database object
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function __construct(&$db)
+	{
+		parent::__construct($db);
+
+		if (version_compare($this->db->version(), '3.3', '<'))
+		{
+			$this->_create_table_if = FALSE;
+			$this->_drop_table_if   = FALSE;
+		}
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Create database
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$db_name
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function create_database($db_name)
+	{
+		// In SQLite, a database is created when you connect to the database.
+		// We'll return TRUE so that an error isn't generated
+		return TRUE;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Drop database
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$db_name	(ignored)
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function drop_database($db_name)
+	{
+		// In SQLite, a database is dropped when we delete a file
+		if (file_exists($this->db->database))
+		{
+			// We need to close the pseudo-connection first
+			$this->db->close();
+			if ( ! @unlink($this->db->database))
+			{
+				return $this->db->db_debug ? $this->db->display_error('db_unable_to_drop') : FALSE;
+			}
+			elseif ( ! empty($this->db->data_cache['db_names']))
+			{
+				$key = array_search(strtolower($this->db->database), array_map('strtolower', $this->db->data_cache['db_names']), TRUE);
+				if ($key !== FALSE)
+				{
+					unset($this->db->data_cache['db_names'][$key]);
+				}
+			}
+
+			return TRUE;
+		}
+
+		return $this->db->db_debug ? $this->db->display_error('db_unable_to_drop') : FALSE;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * ALTER TABLE
+	 *
+	 * @todo	implement drop_column(), modify_column()
+	 * @param	string	$alter_type	ALTER type
+	 * @param	string	$table		Table name
+	 * @param	mixed	$field		Column definition
+	 * @return	string|string[]
+	 */
+	protected function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $field)
+	{
+		if ($alter_type === 'DROP' OR $alter_type === 'CHANGE')
+		{
+			// drop_column():
+			//	BEGIN TRANSACTION;
+			//	CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE t1_backup(a,b);
+			//	INSERT INTO t1_backup SELECT a,b FROM t1;
+			//	DROP TABLE t1;
+			//	CREATE TABLE t1(a,b);
+			//	INSERT INTO t1 SELECT a,b FROM t1_backup;
+			//	DROP TABLE t1_backup;
+			//	COMMIT;
+
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		return parent::_alter_table($alter_type, $table, $field);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Process column
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$field
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _process_column($field)
+	{
+		return $this->db->escape_identifiers($field['name'])
+			.' '.$field['type']
+			.$field['auto_increment']
+			.$field['null']
+			.$field['unique']
+			.$field['default'];
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Field attribute TYPE
+	 *
+	 * Performs a data type mapping between different databases.
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	&$attributes
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _attr_type(&$attributes)
+	{
+		switch (strtoupper($attributes['TYPE']))
+		{
+			case 'ENUM':
+			case 'SET':
+				$attributes['TYPE'] = 'TEXT';
+				return;
+			default: return;
+		}
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Field attribute AUTO_INCREMENT
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	&$attributes
+	 * @param	array	&$field
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _attr_auto_increment(&$attributes, &$field)
+	{
+		if ( ! empty($attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT']) && $attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT'] === TRUE && stripos($field['type'], 'int') !== FALSE)
+		{
+			$field['type'] = 'INTEGER PRIMARY KEY';
+			$field['default'] = '';
+			$field['null'] = '';
+			$field['unique'] = '';
+			$field['auto_increment'] = ' AUTOINCREMENT';
+
+			$this->primary_keys = array();
+		}
+	}
+
+}
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/sqlite3/sqlite3_result.php b/system/database/drivers/sqlite3/sqlite3_result.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..03751f0dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/database/drivers/sqlite3/sqlite3_result.php
@@ -0,0 +1,194 @@
+<?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
+ *
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 3.0.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
+
+/**
+ * SQLite3 Result Class
+ *
+ * This class extends the parent result class: CI_DB_result
+ *
+ * @category	Database
+ * @author		Andrey Andreev
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ */
+class CI_DB_sqlite3_result extends CI_DB_result {
+
+	/**
+	 * Number of fields in the result set
+	 *
+	 * @return	int
+	 */
+	public function num_fields()
+	{
+		return $this->result_id->numColumns();
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Fetch Field Names
+	 *
+	 * Generates an array of column names
+	 *
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	public function list_fields()
+	{
+		$field_names = array();
+		for ($i = 0, $c = $this->num_fields(); $i < $c; $i++)
+		{
+			$field_names[] = $this->result_id->columnName($i);
+		}
+
+		return $field_names;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Field data
+	 *
+	 * Generates an array of objects containing field meta-data
+	 *
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	public function field_data()
+	{
+		static $data_types = array(
+			SQLITE3_INTEGER	=> 'integer',
+			SQLITE3_FLOAT	=> 'float',
+			SQLITE3_TEXT	=> 'text',
+			SQLITE3_BLOB	=> 'blob',
+			SQLITE3_NULL	=> 'null'
+		);
+
+		$retval = array();
+		for ($i = 0, $c = $this->num_fields(); $i < $c; $i++)
+		{
+			$retval[$i]			= new stdClass();
+			$retval[$i]->name		= $this->result_id->columnName($i);
+
+			$type = $this->result_id->columnType($i);
+			$retval[$i]->type		= isset($data_types[$type]) ? $data_types[$type] : $type;
+
+			$retval[$i]->max_length		= NULL;
+		}
+
+		return $retval;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Free the result
+	 *
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function free_result()
+	{
+		if (is_object($this->result_id))
+		{
+			$this->result_id->finalize();
+			$this->result_id = NULL;
+		}
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Result - associative array
+	 *
+	 * Returns the result set as an array
+	 *
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	protected function _fetch_assoc()
+	{
+		return $this->result_id->fetchArray(SQLITE3_ASSOC);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Result - object
+	 *
+	 * Returns the result set as an object
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$class_name
+	 * @return	object
+	 */
+	protected function _fetch_object($class_name = 'stdClass')
+	{
+		// No native support for fetching rows as objects
+		if (($row = $this->result_id->fetchArray(SQLITE3_ASSOC)) === FALSE)
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+		elseif ($class_name === 'stdClass')
+		{
+			return (object) $row;
+		}
+
+		$class_name = new $class_name();
+		foreach (array_keys($row) as $key)
+		{
+			$class_name->$key = $row[$key];
+		}
+
+		return $class_name;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Data Seek
+	 *
+	 * Moves the internal pointer to the desired offset. We call
+	 * this internally before fetching results to make sure the
+	 * result set starts at zero.
+	 *
+	 * @param	int	$n	(ignored)
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	public function data_seek($n = 0)
+	{
+		// Only resetting to the start of the result set is supported
+		return ($n > 0) ? FALSE : $this->result_id->reset();
+	}
+
+}
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/sqlite3/sqlite3_utility.php b/system/database/drivers/sqlite3/sqlite3_utility.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..20d562f96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/database/drivers/sqlite3/sqlite3_utility.php
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+<?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
+ *
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 3.0.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
+
+/**
+ * SQLite3 Utility Class
+ *
+ * @category	Database
+ * @author	Andrey Andreev
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ */
+class CI_DB_sqlite3_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
+
+	/**
+	 * Export
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$params	Preferences
+	 * @return	mixed
+	 */
+	protected function _backup($params = array())
+	{
+		// Not supported
+		return $this->db->display_error('db_unsupported_feature');
+	}
+
+}
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/sqlsrv/index.html b/system/database/drivers/sqlsrv/index.html
index c942a79ce..b702fbc39 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/sqlsrv/index.html
+++ b/system/database/drivers/sqlsrv/index.html
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
 <html>
 <head>
 	<title>403 Forbidden</title>
@@ -7,4 +8,4 @@
 <p>Directory access is forbidden.</p>
 
 </body>
-</html>
\ No newline at end of file
+</html>
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/sqlsrv/sqlsrv_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/sqlsrv/sqlsrv_driver.php
index 328c8fe7d..a43e2539a 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/sqlsrv/sqlsrv_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/sqlsrv/sqlsrv_driver.php
@@ -1,351 +1,280 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 2.0.3
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * SQLSRV Database Adapter Class
  *
  * Note: _DB is an extender class that the app controller
- * creates dynamically based on whether the active record
+ * creates dynamically based on whether the query builder
  * class is being used or not.
  *
  * @package		CodeIgniter
  * @subpackage	Drivers
  * @category	Database
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
  */
 class CI_DB_sqlsrv_driver extends CI_DB {
 
-	var $dbdriver = 'sqlsrv';
-
-	// The character used for escaping
-	var $_escape_char = '';
-
-	// clause and character used for LIKE escape sequences
-	var $_like_escape_str = " ESCAPE '%s' ";
-	var $_like_escape_chr = '!';
-
-	/**
-	 * The syntax to count rows is slightly different across different
-	 * database engines, so this string appears in each driver and is
-	 * used for the count_all() and count_all_results() functions.
-	 */
-	var $_count_string = "SELECT COUNT(*) AS ";
-	var $_random_keyword = ' ASC'; // not currently supported
-
 	/**
-	 * Non-persistent database connection
+	 * Database driver
 	 *
-	 * @access	private called by the base class
-	 * @return	resource
+	 * @var	string
 	 */
-	function db_connect($pooling = false)
-	{
-		// Check for a UTF-8 charset being passed as CI's default 'utf8'.
-		$character_set = (0 === strcasecmp('utf8', $this->char_set)) ? 'UTF-8' : $this->char_set;
-
-		$connection = array(
-			'UID'				=> empty($this->username) ? '' : $this->username,
-			'PWD'				=> empty($this->password) ? '' : $this->password,
-			'Database'			=> $this->database,
-			'ConnectionPooling' => $pooling ? 1 : 0,
-			'CharacterSet'		=> $character_set,
-			'ReturnDatesAsStrings' => 1
-		);
-		
-		// If the username and password are both empty, assume this is a 
-		// 'Windows Authentication Mode' connection.
-		if(empty($connection['UID']) && empty($connection['PWD'])) {
-			unset($connection['UID'], $connection['PWD']);
-		}
-
-		return sqlsrv_connect($this->hostname, $connection);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+	public $dbdriver = 'sqlsrv';
 
 	/**
-	 * Persistent database connection
+	 * Scrollable flag
 	 *
-	 * @access	private called by the base class
-	 * @return	resource
-	 */
-	function db_pconnect()
-	{
-		$this->db_connect(TRUE);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Reconnect
+	 * Determines what cursor type to use when executing queries.
 	 *
-	 * Keep / reestablish the db connection if no queries have been
-	 * sent for a length of time exceeding the server's idle timeout
+	 * FALSE or SQLSRV_CURSOR_FORWARD would increase performance,
+	 * but would disable num_rows() (and possibly insert_id())
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @var	mixed
 	 */
-	function reconnect()
-	{
-		// not implemented in MSSQL
-	}
+	public $scrollable;
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Select the database
+	 * ORDER BY random keyword
 	 *
-	 * @access	private called by the base class
-	 * @return	resource
+	 * @var	array
 	 */
-	function db_select()
-	{
-		return $this->_execute('USE ' . $this->database);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+	protected $_random_keyword = array('NEWID()', 'RAND(%d)');
 
 	/**
-	 * Set client character set
+	 * Quoted identifier flag
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	resource
+	 * Whether to use SQL-92 standard quoted identifier
+	 * (double quotes) or brackets for identifier escaping.
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
 	 */
-	function db_set_charset($charset, $collation)
-	{
-		// @todo - add support if needed
-		return TRUE;
-	}
+	protected $_quoted_identifier = TRUE;
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Execute the query
+	 * Class constructor
 	 *
-	 * @access	private called by the base class
-	 * @param	string	an SQL query
-	 * @return	resource
+	 * @param	array	$params
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function _execute($sql)
+	public function __construct($params)
 	{
-		$sql = $this->_prep_query($sql);
-		return sqlsrv_query($this->conn_id, $sql, null, array(
-			'Scrollable'				=> SQLSRV_CURSOR_STATIC,
-			'SendStreamParamsAtExec'	=> true
-		));
+		parent::__construct($params);
+
+		// This is only supported as of SQLSRV 3.0
+		if ($this->scrollable === NULL)
+		{
+			$this->scrollable = defined('SQLSRV_CURSOR_CLIENT_BUFFERED')
+				? SQLSRV_CURSOR_CLIENT_BUFFERED
+				: FALSE;
+		}
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Prep the query
+	 * Database connection
 	 *
-	 * If needed, each database adapter can prep the query string
-	 *
-	 * @access	private called by execute()
-	 * @param	string	an SQL query
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @param	bool	$pooling
+	 * @return	resource
 	 */
-	function _prep_query($sql)
+	public function db_connect($pooling = FALSE)
 	{
-		return $sql;
-	}
+		$charset = in_array(strtolower($this->char_set), array('utf-8', 'utf8'), TRUE)
+			? 'UTF-8' : SQLSRV_ENC_CHAR;
 
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+		$connection = array(
+			'UID'			=> empty($this->username) ? '' : $this->username,
+			'PWD'			=> empty($this->password) ? '' : $this->password,
+			'Database'		=> $this->database,
+			'ConnectionPooling'	=> ($pooling === TRUE) ? 1 : 0,
+			'CharacterSet'		=> $charset,
+			'Encrypt'		=> ($this->encrypt === TRUE) ? 1 : 0,
+			'ReturnDatesAsStrings'	=> 1
+		);
 
-	/**
-	 * Begin Transaction
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	bool
-	 */
-	function trans_begin($test_mode = FALSE)
-	{
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
+		// If the username and password are both empty, assume this is a
+		// 'Windows Authentication Mode' connection.
+		if (empty($connection['UID']) && empty($connection['PWD']))
 		{
-			return TRUE;
+			unset($connection['UID'], $connection['PWD']);
 		}
 
-		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ($this->_trans_depth > 0)
+		if (FALSE !== ($this->conn_id = sqlsrv_connect($this->hostname, $connection)))
 		{
-			return TRUE;
+			// Determine how identifiers are escaped
+			$query = $this->query('SELECT CASE WHEN (@@OPTIONS | 256) = @@OPTIONS THEN 1 ELSE 0 END AS qi');
+			$query = $query->row_array();
+			$this->_quoted_identifier = empty($query) ? FALSE : (bool) $query['qi'];
+			$this->_escape_char = ($this->_quoted_identifier) ? '"' : array('[', ']');
 		}
 
-		// Reset the transaction failure flag.
-		// If the $test_mode flag is set to TRUE transactions will be rolled back
-		// even if the queries produce a successful result.
-		$this->_trans_failure = ($test_mode === TRUE) ? TRUE : FALSE;
-
-		return sqlsrv_begin_transaction($this->conn_id);
+		return $this->conn_id;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Commit Transaction
+	 * Select the database
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
+	 * @param	string	$database
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function trans_commit()
+	public function db_select($database = '')
 	{
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
+		if ($database === '')
 		{
-			return TRUE;
+			$database = $this->database;
 		}
 
-		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ($this->_trans_depth > 0)
+		if ($this->_execute('USE '.$this->escape_identifiers($database)))
 		{
+			$this->database = $database;
+			$this->data_cache = array();
 			return TRUE;
 		}
 
-		return sqlsrv_commit($this->conn_id);
+		return FALSE;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Rollback Transaction
+	 * Execute the query
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	bool
+	 * @param	string	$sql	an SQL query
+	 * @return	resource
 	 */
-	function trans_rollback()
+	protected function _execute($sql)
 	{
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
-		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ($this->_trans_depth > 0)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
-		return sqlsrv_rollback($this->conn_id);
+		return ($this->scrollable === FALSE OR $this->is_write_type($sql))
+			? sqlsrv_query($this->conn_id, $sql)
+			: sqlsrv_query($this->conn_id, $sql, NULL, array('Scrollable' => $this->scrollable));
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Escape String
+	 * Begin Transaction
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	bool	whether or not the string will be used in a LIKE condition
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function escape_str($str, $like = FALSE)
+	protected function _trans_begin()
 	{
-		// Escape single quotes
-		return str_replace("'", "''", $str);
+		return sqlsrv_begin_transaction($this->conn_id);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Affected Rows
+	 * Commit Transaction
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function affected_rows()
+	protected function _trans_commit()
 	{
-		return @sqlrv_rows_affected($this->conn_id);
+		return sqlsrv_commit($this->conn_id);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	* Insert ID
-	*
-	* Returns the last id created in the Identity column.
-	*
-	* @access public
-	* @return integer
-	*/
-	function insert_id()
+	 * Rollback Transaction
+	 *
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	protected function _trans_rollback()
 	{
-		return $this->query('select @@IDENTITY as insert_id')->row('insert_id');
+		return sqlsrv_rollback($this->conn_id);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	* Parse major version
-	*
-	* Grabs the major version number from the
-	* database server version string passed in.
-	*
-	* @access private
-	* @param string $version
-	* @return int16 major version number
-	*/
-	function _parse_major_version($version)
+	 * Affected Rows
+	 *
+	 * @return	int
+	 */
+	public function affected_rows()
 	{
-		preg_match('/([0-9]+)\.([0-9]+)\.([0-9]+)/', $version, $ver_info);
-		return $ver_info[1]; // return the major version b/c that's all we're interested in.
+		return sqlsrv_rows_affected($this->result_id);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	* Version number query string
-	*
-	* @access public
-	* @return string
-	*/
-	function _version()
+	 * Insert ID
+	 *
+	 * Returns the last id created in the Identity column.
+	 *
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	public function insert_id()
 	{
-		$info = sqlsrv_server_info($this->conn_id);
-		return sprintf("select '%s' as ver", $info['SQLServerVersion']);
+		return $this->query('SELECT SCOPE_IDENTITY() AS insert_id')->row()->insert_id;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * "Count All" query
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query string that counts all records in
-	 * the specified database
+	 * Database version number
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function count_all($table = '')
+	public function version()
 	{
-		if ($table == '')
-			return '0';
-	
-		$query = $this->query("SELECT COUNT(*) AS numrows FROM " . $this->dbprefix . $table);
-		
-		if ($query->num_rows() == 0)
-			return '0';
-
-		$row = $query->row();
-		$this->_reset_select();
-		return $row->numrows;
+		if (isset($this->data_cache['version']))
+		{
+			return $this->data_cache['version'];
+		}
+
+		if ( ! $this->conn_id OR ($info = sqlsrv_server_info($this->conn_id)) === FALSE)
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		return $this->data_cache['version'] = $info['SQLServerVersion'];
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -355,13 +284,22 @@ class CI_DB_sqlsrv_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the table names can be fetched
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	boolean
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @param	bool
+	 * @return	string	$prefix_limit
 	 */
-	function _list_tables($prefix_limit = FALSE)
+	protected function _list_tables($prefix_limit = FALSE)
 	{
-		return "SELECT name FROM sysobjects WHERE type = 'U' ORDER BY name";
+		$sql = 'SELECT '.$this->escape_identifiers('name')
+			.' FROM '.$this->escape_identifiers('sysobjects')
+			.' WHERE '.$this->escape_identifiers('type')." = 'U'";
+
+		if ($prefix_limit === TRUE && $this->dbprefix !== '')
+		{
+			$sql .= ' AND '.$this->escape_identifiers('name')." LIKE '".$this->escape_like_str($this->dbprefix)."%' "
+				.sprintf($this->_escape_like_str, $this->_escape_like_chr);
+		}
+
+		return $sql.' ORDER BY '.$this->escape_identifiers('name');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -371,210 +309,223 @@ class CI_DB_sqlsrv_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the column names can be fetched
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @param	string	$table
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _list_columns($table = '')
+	protected function _list_columns($table = '')
 	{
-		return "SELECT * FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.Columns WHERE TABLE_NAME = '".$this->_escape_table($table)."'";
+		return 'SELECT COLUMN_NAME
+			FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.Columns
+			WHERE UPPER(TABLE_NAME) = '.$this->escape(strtoupper($table));
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Field data query
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that the column data can be retrieved
+	 * Returns an object with field data
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	object
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function _field_data($table)
+	public function field_data($table)
 	{
-		return "SELECT TOP 1 * FROM " . $this->_escape_table($table);	
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+		$sql = 'SELECT COLUMN_NAME, DATA_TYPE, CHARACTER_MAXIMUM_LENGTH, NUMERIC_PRECISION, COLUMN_DEFAULT
+			FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.Columns
+			WHERE UPPER(TABLE_NAME) = '.$this->escape(strtoupper($table));
 
-	/**
-	 * The error message string
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	function _error_message()
-	{
-		$error = array_shift(sqlsrv_errors());
-		return !empty($error['message']) ? $error['message'] : null;
-	}
+		if (($query = $this->query($sql)) === FALSE)
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+		$query = $query->result_object();
 
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+		$retval = array();
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($query); $i < $c; $i++)
+		{
+			$retval[$i]			= new stdClass();
+			$retval[$i]->name		= $query[$i]->COLUMN_NAME;
+			$retval[$i]->type		= $query[$i]->DATA_TYPE;
+			$retval[$i]->max_length		= ($query[$i]->CHARACTER_MAXIMUM_LENGTH > 0) ? $query[$i]->CHARACTER_MAXIMUM_LENGTH : $query[$i]->NUMERIC_PRECISION;
+			$retval[$i]->default		= $query[$i]->COLUMN_DEFAULT;
+		}
 
-	/**
-	 * The error message number
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	integer
-	 */
-	function _error_number()
-	{
-		$error = array_shift(sqlsrv_errors());
-		return isset($error['SQLSTATE']) ? $error['SQLSTATE'] : null;
+		return $retval;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Escape Table Name
+	 * Error
 	 *
-	 * This function adds backticks if the table name has a period
-	 * in it. Some DBs will get cranky unless periods are escaped
+	 * Returns an array containing code and message of the last
+	 * database error that has occurred.
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function _escape_table($table)
+	public function error()
 	{
-		return $table;
-	}	
-
+		$error = array('code' => '00000', 'message' => '');
+		$sqlsrv_errors = sqlsrv_errors(SQLSRV_ERR_ERRORS);
 
-	/**
-	 * Escape the SQL Identifiers
-	 *
-	 * This function escapes column and table names
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	function _escape_identifiers($item)
-	{
-		return $item;
-	}
+		if ( ! is_array($sqlsrv_errors))
+		{
+			return $error;
+		}
 
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+		$sqlsrv_error = array_shift($sqlsrv_errors);
+		if (isset($sqlsrv_error['SQLSTATE']))
+		{
+			$error['code'] = isset($sqlsrv_error['code']) ? $sqlsrv_error['SQLSTATE'].'/'.$sqlsrv_error['code'] : $sqlsrv_error['SQLSTATE'];
+		}
+		elseif (isset($sqlsrv_error['code']))
+		{
+			$error['code'] = $sqlsrv_error['code'];
+		}
 
-	/**
-	 * From Tables
-	 *
-	 * This function implicitly groups FROM tables so there is no confusion
-	 * about operator precedence in harmony with SQL standards
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	type
-	 * @return	type
-	 */
-	function _from_tables($tables)
-	{
-		if ( ! is_array($tables))
+		if (isset($sqlsrv_error['message']))
 		{
-			$tables = array($tables);
+			$error['message'] = $sqlsrv_error['message'];
 		}
 
-		return implode(', ', $tables);
+		return $error;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Insert statement
+	 * Update statement
 	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific insert string from the supplied data
+	 * Generates a platform-specific update string from the supplied data
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the insert keys
-	 * @param	array	the insert values
+	 * @param	string	$table
+	 * @param	array	$values
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _insert($table, $keys, $values)
-	{	
-		return "INSERT INTO ".$this->_escape_table($table)." (".implode(', ', $keys).") VALUES (".implode(', ', $values).")";
+	protected function _update($table, $values)
+	{
+		$this->qb_limit = FALSE;
+		$this->qb_orderby = array();
+		return parent::_update($table, $values);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Update statement
+	 * Truncate statement
 	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific update string from the supplied data
+	 * Generates a platform-specific truncate string from the supplied data
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the update data
-	 * @param	array	the where clause
-	 * @param	array	the orderby clause
-	 * @param	array	the limit clause
+	 * If the database does not support the TRUNCATE statement,
+	 * then this method maps to 'DELETE FROM table'
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$table
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _update($table, $values, $where)
+	protected function _truncate($table)
 	{
-		foreach($values as $key => $val)
-		{
-			$valstr[] = $key." = ".$val;
-		}
-	
-		return "UPDATE ".$this->_escape_table($table)." SET ".implode(', ', $valstr)." WHERE ".implode(" ", $where);
+		return 'TRUNCATE TABLE '.$table;
 	}
-	
+
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Truncate statement
+	 * Delete statement
 	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific truncate string from the supplied data
-	 * If the database does not support the truncate() command
-	 * This function maps to "DELETE FROM table"
+	 * Generates a platform-specific delete string from the supplied data
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @param	string	$table
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _truncate($table)
+	protected function _delete($table)
 	{
-		return "TRUNCATE TABLE ".$table;
+		if ($this->qb_limit)
+		{
+			return 'WITH ci_delete AS (SELECT TOP '.$this->qb_limit.' * FROM '.$table.$this->_compile_wh('qb_where').') DELETE FROM ci_delete';
+		}
+
+		return parent::_delete($table);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Delete statement
+	 * LIMIT
 	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific delete string from the supplied data
+	 * Generates a platform-specific LIMIT clause
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the where clause
-	 * @param	string	the limit clause
+	 * @param	string	$sql	SQL Query
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _delete($table, $where)
+	protected function _limit($sql)
 	{
-		return "DELETE FROM ".$this->_escape_table($table)." WHERE ".implode(" ", $where);
+		// As of SQL Server 2012 (11.0.*) OFFSET is supported
+		if (version_compare($this->version(), '11', '>='))
+		{
+			// SQL Server OFFSET-FETCH can be used only with the ORDER BY clause
+			empty($this->qb_orderby) && $sql .= ' ORDER BY 1';
+
+			return $sql.' OFFSET '.(int) $this->qb_offset.' ROWS FETCH NEXT '.$this->qb_limit.' ROWS ONLY';
+		}
+
+		$limit = $this->qb_offset + $this->qb_limit;
+
+		// An ORDER BY clause is required for ROW_NUMBER() to work
+		if ($this->qb_offset && ! empty($this->qb_orderby))
+		{
+			$orderby = $this->_compile_order_by();
+
+			// We have to strip the ORDER BY clause
+			$sql = trim(substr($sql, 0, strrpos($sql, $orderby)));
+
+			// Get the fields to select from our subquery, so that we can avoid CI_rownum appearing in the actual results
+			if (count($this->qb_select) === 0)
+			{
+				$select = '*'; // Inevitable
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				// Use only field names and their aliases, everything else is out of our scope.
+				$select = array();
+				$field_regexp = ($this->_quoted_identifier)
+					? '("[^\"]+")' : '(\[[^\]]+\])';
+				for ($i = 0, $c = count($this->qb_select); $i < $c; $i++)
+				{
+					$select[] = preg_match('/(?:\s|\.)'.$field_regexp.'$/i', $this->qb_select[$i], $m)
+						? $m[1] : $this->qb_select[$i];
+				}
+				$select = implode(', ', $select);
+			}
+
+			return 'SELECT '.$select." FROM (\n\n"
+				.preg_replace('/^(SELECT( DISTINCT)?)/i', '\\1 ROW_NUMBER() OVER('.trim($orderby).') AS '.$this->escape_identifiers('CI_rownum').', ', $sql)
+				."\n\n) ".$this->escape_identifiers('CI_subquery')
+				."\nWHERE ".$this->escape_identifiers('CI_rownum').' BETWEEN '.($this->qb_offset + 1).' AND '.$limit;
+		}
+
+		return preg_replace('/(^\SELECT (DISTINCT)?)/i','\\1 TOP '.$limit.' ', $sql);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Limit string
+	 * Insert batch statement
 	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific LIMIT clause
+	 * Generates a platform-specific insert string from the supplied data.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the sql query string
-	 * @param	integer	the number of rows to limit the query to
-	 * @param	integer	the offset value
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @param	string	$table	Table name
+	 * @param	array	$keys	INSERT keys
+	 * @param	array	$values	INSERT values
+	 * @return	string|bool
 	 */
-	function _limit($sql, $limit, $offset)
+	protected function _insert_batch($table, $keys, $values)
 	{
-		$i = $limit + $offset;
-	
-		return preg_replace('/(^\SELECT (DISTINCT)?)/i','\\1 TOP '.$i.' ', $sql);		
+		// Multiple-value inserts are only supported as of SQL Server 2008
+		if (version_compare($this->version(), '10', '>='))
+		{
+			return parent::_insert_batch($table, $keys, $values);
+		}
+
+		return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_unsupported_feature') : FALSE;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -582,18 +533,11 @@ class CI_DB_sqlsrv_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Close DB Connection
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	resource
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function _close($conn_id)
+	protected function _close()
 	{
-		@sqlsrv_close($conn_id);
+		sqlsrv_close($this->conn_id);
 	}
 
 }
-
-
-
-/* End of file mssql_driver.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_driver.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/sqlsrv/sqlsrv_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/sqlsrv/sqlsrv_forge.php
index 8f879d2f6..aa8490ee4 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/sqlsrv/sqlsrv_forge.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/sqlsrv/sqlsrv_forge.php
@@ -1,245 +1,149 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 2.0.3
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * SQLSRV Forge Class
  *
  * @category	Database
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
  */
 class CI_DB_sqlsrv_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 
 	/**
-	 * Create database
+	 * CREATE TABLE IF statement
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string	the database name
-	 * @return	bool
+	 * @var	string
 	 */
-	function _create_database($name)
-	{
-		return "CREATE DATABASE ".$name;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+	protected $_create_table_if	= "IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM sysobjects WHERE ID = object_id(N'%s') AND OBJECTPROPERTY(id, N'IsUserTable') = 1)\nCREATE TABLE";
 
 	/**
-	 * Drop database
+	 * DROP TABLE IF statement
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string	the database name
-	 * @return	bool
+	 * @var	string
 	 */
-	function _drop_database($name)
-	{
-		return "DROP DATABASE ".$name;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+	protected $_drop_table_if	= "IF EXISTS (SELECT * FROM sysobjects WHERE ID = object_id(N'%s') AND OBJECTPROPERTY(id, N'IsUserTable') = 1)\nDROP TABLE";
 
 	/**
-	 * Drop Table
+	 * UNSIGNED support
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	bool
+	 * @var	array
 	 */
-	function _drop_table($table)
-	{
-		return "IF (EXISTS (SELECT * FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES WHERE TABLE_SCHEMA = 'dbo' AND  TABLE_NAME = '"
-			.$table."')) DROP TABLE [dbo].[".$table."]";
-	}
+	protected $_unsigned		= array(
+		'TINYINT'	=> 'SMALLINT',
+		'SMALLINT'	=> 'INT',
+		'INT'		=> 'BIGINT',
+		'REAL'		=> 'FLOAT'
+	);
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Create Table
+	 * ALTER TABLE
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	array	the fields
-	 * @param	mixed	primary key(s)
-	 * @param	mixed	key(s)
-	 * @param	boolean	should 'IF NOT EXISTS' be added to the SQL
-	 * @return	bool
+	 * @param	string	$alter_type	ALTER type
+	 * @param	string	$table		Table name
+	 * @param	mixed	$field		Column definition
+	 * @return	string|string[]
 	 */
-	function _create_table($table, $fields, $primary_keys, $keys, $if_not_exists)
+	protected function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $field)
 	{
-		$sql = '';
-		if ($if_not_exists === TRUE)
-		{
-			$sql = "IF (NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES WHERE TABLE_SCHEMA = 'dbo' AND  TABLE_NAME = ";
-		}
-		$sql .= $this->db->_escape_identifiers($table).")) CREATE TABLE ".$this->db->_escape_identifiers($table)." (";
-		$current_field_count = 0;
-
-		foreach ($fields as $field=>$attributes)
-		{
-			// Numeric field names aren't allowed in databases, so if the key is
-			// numeric, we know it was assigned by PHP and the developer manually
-			// entered the field information, so we'll simply add it to the list
-			if (is_numeric($field))
-			{
-				$sql .= "\n\t$attributes";
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				$attributes = array_change_key_case($attributes, CASE_UPPER);
-
-				$sql .= "\n\t".$this->db->_protect_identifiers($field);
-
-				$sql .=  ' '.$attributes['TYPE'];
-
-				if (array_key_exists('CONSTRAINT', $attributes))
-				{
-					$sql .= '('.$attributes['CONSTRAINT'].')';
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('UNSIGNED', $attributes) && $attributes['UNSIGNED'] === TRUE)
-				{
-					$sql .= ' UNSIGNED';
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('DEFAULT', $attributes))
-				{
-					$sql .= ' DEFAULT \''.$attributes['DEFAULT'].'\'';
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('NULL', $attributes) && $attributes['NULL'] === TRUE)
-				{
-					$sql .= ' NULL';
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					$sql .= ' NOT NULL';
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('AUTO_INCREMENT', $attributes) && $attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT'] === TRUE)
-				{
-					$sql .= ' IDENTITY(1,1)';
-				}
-			}
-
-			// don't add a comma on the end of the last field
-			if (++$current_field_count < count($fields))
-			{
-				$sql .= ',';
-			}
-		}
-
-		if (count($primary_keys) > 0)
+		if (in_array($alter_type, array('ADD', 'DROP'), TRUE))
 		{
-			$primary_keys = $this->db->_protect_identifiers($primary_keys);
-			$sql .= ",\n\tPRIMARY KEY (" . implode(', ', $primary_keys) . ")";
+			return parent::_alter_table($alter_type, $table, $field);
 		}
 
-		if (is_array($keys) && count($keys) > 0)
+		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->escape_identifiers($table).' ALTER COLUMN ';
+		$sqls = array();
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($field); $i < $c; $i++)
 		{
-			foreach ($keys as $key)
-			{
-				if (is_array($key))
-				{
-					$key = $this->db->_protect_identifiers($key);
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					$key = array($this->db->_protect_identifiers($key));
-				}
-
-				$sql .= ",\n\tFOREIGN KEY (" . implode(', ', $key) . ")";
-			}
+			$sqls[] = $sql.$this->_process_column($field[$i]);
 		}
 
-		$sql .= "\n)";
-
-		return $sql;
+		return $sqls;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Alter table query
+	 * Field attribute TYPE
 	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that a table can be altered
-	 * Called by add_column(), drop_column(), and column_alter(),
+	 * Performs a data type mapping between different databases.
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string	the ALTER type (ADD, DROP, CHANGE)
-	 * @param	string	the column name
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @param	string	the column definition
-	 * @param	string	the default value
-	 * @param	boolean	should 'NOT NULL' be added
-	 * @param	string	the field after which we should add the new field
-	 * @return	object
+	 * @param	array	&$attributes
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $column_name, $column_definition = '', $default_value = '', $null = '', $after_field = '')
+	protected function _attr_type(&$attributes)
 	{
-		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($table)." $alter_type ".$this->db->_protect_identifiers($column_name);
-
-		// DROP has everything it needs now.
-		if ($alter_type == 'DROP')
-		{
-			return $sql;
-		}
-
-		$sql .= " $column_definition";
-
-		if ($default_value != '')
-		{
-			$sql .= " DEFAULT \"$default_value\"";
-		}
-
-		if ($null === NULL)
-		{
-			$sql .= ' NULL';
-		}
-		else
+		if (isset($attributes['CONSTRAINT']) && strpos($attributes['TYPE'], 'INT') !== FALSE)
 		{
-			$sql .= ' NOT NULL';
+			unset($attributes['CONSTRAINT']);
 		}
 
-		if ($after_field != '')
+		switch (strtoupper($attributes['TYPE']))
 		{
-			$sql .= ' AFTER ' . $this->db->_protect_identifiers($after_field);
+			case 'MEDIUMINT':
+				$attributes['TYPE'] = 'INTEGER';
+				$attributes['UNSIGNED'] = FALSE;
+				return;
+			case 'INTEGER':
+				$attributes['TYPE'] = 'INT';
+				return;
+			default: return;
 		}
-
-		return $sql;
-
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Rename a table
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that a table can be renamed
+	 * Field attribute AUTO_INCREMENT
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string	the old table name
-	 * @param	string	the new table name
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @param	array	&$attributes
+	 * @param	array	&$field
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function _rename_table($table_name, $new_table_name)
+	protected function _attr_auto_increment(&$attributes, &$field)
 	{
-		return 'EXEC sp_rename '.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($table_name).", ".$this->db->_protect_identifiers($new_table_name);
+		if ( ! empty($attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT']) && $attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT'] === TRUE && stripos($field['type'], 'int') !== FALSE)
+		{
+			$field['auto_increment'] = ' IDENTITY(1,1)';
+		}
 	}
 
 }
-
-/* End of file sqlsrv_forge.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/sqlsrv/sqlsrv_forge.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/sqlsrv/sqlsrv_result.php b/system/database/drivers/sqlsrv/sqlsrv_result.php
index a5c972669..f784ebea8 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/sqlsrv/sqlsrv_result.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/sqlsrv/sqlsrv_result.php
@@ -1,19 +1,41 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 2.0.3
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * SQLSRV Result Class
@@ -21,20 +43,51 @@
  * This class extends the parent result class: CI_DB_result
  *
  * @category	Database
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
  */
 class CI_DB_sqlsrv_result extends CI_DB_result {
 
 	/**
+	 * Scrollable flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	mixed
+	 */
+	public $scrollable;
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Constructor
+	 *
+	 * @param	object	$driver_object
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function __construct(&$driver_object)
+	{
+		parent::__construct($driver_object);
+
+		$this->scrollable = $driver_object->scrollable;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
 	 * Number of rows in the result set
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	int
 	 */
-	function num_rows()
+	public function num_rows()
 	{
-		return @sqlsrv_num_rows($this->result_id);
+		// sqlsrv_num_rows() doesn't work with the FORWARD and DYNAMIC cursors (FALSE is the same as FORWARD)
+		if ( ! in_array($this->scrollable, array(FALSE, SQLSRV_CURSOR_FORWARD, SQLSRV_CURSOR_DYNAMIC), TRUE))
+		{
+			return parent::num_rows();
+		}
+
+		return is_int($this->num_rows)
+			? $this->num_rows
+			: $this->num_rows = sqlsrv_num_rows($this->result_id);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -42,10 +95,9 @@ class CI_DB_sqlsrv_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	/**
 	 * Number of fields in the result set
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	int
 	 */
-	function num_fields()
+	public function num_fields()
 	{
 		return @sqlsrv_num_fields($this->result_id);
 	}
@@ -57,17 +109,16 @@ class CI_DB_sqlsrv_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 *
 	 * Generates an array of column names
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function list_fields()
+	public function list_fields()
 	{
 		$field_names = array();
-		foreach(sqlsrv_field_metadata($this->result_id) as $offset => $field)
+		foreach (sqlsrv_field_metadata($this->result_id) as $offset => $field)
 		{
 			$field_names[] = $field['Name'];
 		}
-		
+
 		return $field_names;
 	}
 
@@ -78,24 +129,19 @@ class CI_DB_sqlsrv_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 *
 	 * Generates an array of objects containing field meta-data
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function field_data()
+	public function field_data()
 	{
 		$retval = array();
-		foreach(sqlsrv_field_metadata($this->result_id) as $offset => $field)
+		foreach (sqlsrv_field_metadata($this->result_id) as $i => $field)
 		{
-			$F 				= new stdClass();
-			$F->name 		= $field['Name'];
-			$F->type 		= $field['Type'];
-			$F->max_length	= $field['Size'];
-			$F->primary_key = 0;
-			$F->default		= '';
-			
-			$retval[] = $F;
+			$retval[$i]		= new stdClass();
+			$retval[$i]->name	= $field['Name'];
+			$retval[$i]->type	= $field['Type'];
+			$retval[$i]->max_length	= $field['Size'];
 		}
-		
+
 		return $retval;
 	}
 
@@ -104,9 +150,9 @@ class CI_DB_sqlsrv_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	/**
 	 * Free the result
 	 *
-	 * @return	null
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function free_result()
+	public function free_result()
 	{
 		if (is_resource($this->result_id))
 		{
@@ -118,31 +164,13 @@ class CI_DB_sqlsrv_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Data Seek
-	 *
-	 * Moves the internal pointer to the desired offset.  We call
-	 * this internally before fetching results to make sure the
-	 * result set starts at zero
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	array
-	 */
-	function _data_seek($n = 0)
-	{
-		// Not implemented
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
 	 * Result - associative array
 	 *
 	 * Returns the result set as an array
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function _fetch_assoc()
+	protected function _fetch_assoc()
 	{
 		return sqlsrv_fetch_array($this->result_id, SQLSRV_FETCH_ASSOC);
 	}
@@ -154,16 +182,12 @@ class CI_DB_sqlsrv_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 *
 	 * Returns the result set as an object
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
+	 * @param	string	$class_name
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	function _fetch_object()
+	protected function _fetch_object($class_name = 'stdClass')
 	{
-		return sqlsrv_fetch_object($this->result_id);
+		return sqlsrv_fetch_object($this->result_id, $class_name);
 	}
 
 }
-
-
-/* End of file mssql_result.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_result.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/sqlsrv/sqlsrv_utility.php b/system/database/drivers/sqlsrv/sqlsrv_utility.php
index 0004bfdd2..19c93d0c6 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/sqlsrv/sqlsrv_utility.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/sqlsrv/sqlsrv_utility.php
@@ -1,88 +1,77 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 2.0.3
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * SQLSRV Utility Class
  *
  * @category	Database
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
  */
 class CI_DB_sqlsrv_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 
 	/**
-	 * List databases
+	 * List databases statement
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	bool
+	 * @var	string
 	 */
-	function _list_databases()
-	{
-		return "EXEC sp_helpdb"; // Can also be: EXEC sp_databases
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+	protected $_list_databases	= 'EXEC sp_helpdb'; // Can also be: EXEC sp_databases
 
 	/**
-	 * Optimize table query
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that a table can be optimized
+	 * OPTIMIZE TABLE statement
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	object
+	 * @var	string
 	 */
-	function _optimize_table($table)
-	{
-		return FALSE; // Is this supported in MS SQL?
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Repair table query
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that a table can be repaired
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	object
-	 */
-	function _repair_table($table)
-	{
-		return FALSE; // Is this supported in MS SQL?
-	}
+	protected $_optimize_table	= 'ALTER INDEX all ON %s REORGANIZE';
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * MSSQL Export
+	 * Export
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	array	Preferences
-	 * @return	mixed
+	 * @param	array	$params	Preferences
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function _backup($params = array())
+	protected function _backup($params = array())
 	{
 		// Currently unsupported
-		return $this->db->display_error('db_unsuported_feature');
+		return $this->db->display_error('db_unsupported_feature');
 	}
 
 }
-
-/* End of file mssql_utility.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_utility.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/index.html b/system/database/index.html
index c942a79ce..b702fbc39 100644
--- a/system/database/index.html
+++ b/system/database/index.html
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
 <html>
 <head>
 	<title>403 Forbidden</title>
@@ -7,4 +8,4 @@
 <p>Directory access is forbidden.</p>
 
 </body>
-</html>
\ No newline at end of file
+</html>
diff --git a/system/fonts/index.html b/system/fonts/index.html
index c942a79ce..b702fbc39 100644
--- a/system/fonts/index.html
+++ b/system/fonts/index.html
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
 <html>
 <head>
 	<title>403 Forbidden</title>
@@ -7,4 +8,4 @@
 <p>Directory access is forbidden.</p>
 
 </body>
-</html>
\ No newline at end of file
+</html>
diff --git a/system/helpers/array_helper.php b/system/helpers/array_helper.php
index 2e620dbe5..74c7c15a8 100644
--- a/system/helpers/array_helper.php
+++ b/system/helpers/array_helper.php
@@ -1,19 +1,41 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.0.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * CodeIgniter Array Helpers
@@ -21,99 +43,73 @@
  * @package		CodeIgniter
  * @subpackage	Helpers
  * @category	Helpers
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/helpers/array_helper.html
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/helpers/array_helper.html
  */
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Element
- *
- * Lets you determine whether an array index is set and whether it has a value.
- * If the element is empty it returns FALSE (or whatever you specify as the default value.)
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	string
- * @param	array
- * @param	mixed
- * @return	mixed	depends on what the array contains
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('element'))
 {
-	function element($item, $array, $default = FALSE)
+	/**
+	 * Element
+	 *
+	 * Lets you determine whether an array index is set and whether it has a value.
+	 * If the element is empty it returns NULL (or whatever you specify as the default value.)
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	array
+	 * @param	mixed
+	 * @return	mixed	depends on what the array contains
+	 */
+	function element($item, array $array, $default = NULL)
 	{
-		if ( ! isset($array[$item]) OR $array[$item] == "")
-		{
-			return $default;
-		}
-
-		return $array[$item];
+		return array_key_exists($item, $array) ? $array[$item] : $default;
 	}
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Random Element - Takes an array as input and returns a random element
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	array
- * @return	mixed	depends on what the array contains
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('random_element'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Random Element - Takes an array as input and returns a random element
+	 *
+	 * @param	array
+	 * @return	mixed	depends on what the array contains
+	 */
 	function random_element($array)
 	{
-		if ( ! is_array($array))
-		{
-			return $array;
-		}
-
-		return $array[array_rand($array)];
+		return is_array($array) ? $array[array_rand($array)] : $array;
 	}
 }
 
 // --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Elements
- *
- * Returns only the array items specified.  Will return a default value if
- * it is not set.
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	array
- * @param	array
- * @param	mixed
- * @return	mixed	depends on what the array contains
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('elements'))
 {
-	function elements($items, $array, $default = FALSE)
+	/**
+	 * Elements
+	 *
+	 * Returns only the array items specified. Will return a default value if
+	 * it is not set.
+	 *
+	 * @param	array
+	 * @param	array
+	 * @param	mixed
+	 * @return	mixed	depends on what the array contains
+	 */
+	function elements($items, array $array, $default = NULL)
 	{
 		$return = array();
-		
-		if ( ! is_array($items))
-		{
-			$items = array($items);
-		}
-		
+
+		is_array($items) OR $items = array($items);
+
 		foreach ($items as $item)
 		{
-			if (isset($array[$item]))
-			{
-				$return[$item] = $array[$item];
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				$return[$item] = $default;
-			}
+			$return[$item] = array_key_exists($item, $array) ? $array[$item] : $default;
 		}
 
 		return $return;
 	}
 }
-
-/* End of file array_helper.php */
-/* Location: ./system/helpers/array_helper.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/helpers/captcha_helper.php b/system/helpers/captcha_helper.php
index bcc7dbc72..8f44806cc 100644
--- a/system/helpers/captcha_helper.php
+++ b/system/helpers/captcha_helper.php
@@ -1,19 +1,41 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.0.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * CodeIgniter CAPTCHA Helper
@@ -21,59 +43,60 @@
  * @package		CodeIgniter
  * @subpackage	Helpers
  * @category	Helpers
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/helpers/xml_helper.html
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/helpers/captcha_helper.html
  */
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Create CAPTCHA
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	array	array of data for the CAPTCHA
- * @param	string	path to create the image in
- * @param	string	URL to the CAPTCHA image folder
- * @param	string	server path to font
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('create_captcha'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Create CAPTCHA
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$data		data for the CAPTCHA
+	 * @param	string	$img_path	path to create the image in
+	 * @param	string	$img_url	URL to the CAPTCHA image folder
+	 * @param	string	$font_path	server path to font
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function create_captcha($data = '', $img_path = '', $img_url = '', $font_path = '')
 	{
-		$defaults = array('word' => '', 'img_path' => '', 'img_url' => '', 'img_width' => '150', 'img_height' => '30', 'font_path' => '', 'expiration' => 7200);
+		$defaults = array(
+			'word'		=> '',
+			'img_path'	=> '',
+			'img_url'	=> '',
+			'img_width'	=> '150',
+			'img_height'	=> '30',
+			'font_path'	=> '',
+			'expiration'	=> 7200,
+			'word_length'	=> 8,
+			'font_size'	=> 16,
+			'img_id'	=> '',
+			'pool'		=> '0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ',
+			'colors'	=> array(
+				'background'	=> array(255,255,255),
+				'border'	=> array(153,102,102),
+				'text'		=> array(204,153,153),
+				'grid'		=> array(255,182,182)
+			)
+		);
 
 		foreach ($defaults as $key => $val)
 		{
-			if ( ! is_array($data))
+			if ( ! is_array($data) && empty($$key))
 			{
-				if ( ! isset($$key) OR $$key == '')
-				{
-					$$key = $val;
-				}
+				$$key = $val;
 			}
 			else
 			{
-				$$key = ( ! isset($data[$key])) ? $val : $data[$key];
+				$$key = isset($data[$key]) ? $data[$key] : $val;
 			}
 		}
 
-		if ($img_path == '' OR $img_url == '')
-		{
-			return FALSE;
-		}
-
-		if ( ! @is_dir($img_path))
-		{
-			return FALSE;
-		}
-
-		if ( ! is_writable($img_path))
-		{
-			return FALSE;
-		}
-
-		if ( ! extension_loaded('gd'))
+		if ($img_path === '' OR $img_url === ''
+			OR ! is_dir($img_path) OR ! is_really_writable($img_path)
+			OR ! extension_loaded('gd'))
 		{
 			return FALSE;
 		}
@@ -82,21 +105,15 @@ if ( ! function_exists('create_captcha'))
 		// Remove old images
 		// -----------------------------------
 
-		list($usec, $sec) = explode(" ", microtime());
-		$now = ((float)$usec + (float)$sec);
+		$now = microtime(TRUE);
 
 		$current_dir = @opendir($img_path);
-
 		while ($filename = @readdir($current_dir))
 		{
-			if ($filename != "." and $filename != ".." and $filename != "index.html")
+			if (in_array(substr($filename, -4), array('.jpg', '.png'))
+				&& (str_replace(array('.jpg', '.png'), '', $filename) + $expiration) < $now)
 			{
-				$name = str_replace(".jpg", "", $filename);
-
-				if (($name + $expiration) < $now)
-				{
-					@unlink($img_path.$filename);
-				}
+				@unlink($img_path.$filename);
 			}
 		}
 
@@ -106,141 +123,219 @@ if ( ! function_exists('create_captcha'))
 		// Do we have a "word" yet?
 		// -----------------------------------
 
-	   if ($word == '')
-	   {
-			$pool = '0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ';
+		if (empty($word))
+		{
+			$word = '';
+			$pool_length = strlen($pool);
+			$rand_max = $pool_length - 1;
 
-			$str = '';
-			for ($i = 0; $i < 8; $i++)
+			// PHP7 or a suitable polyfill
+			if (function_exists('random_int'))
 			{
-				$str .= substr($pool, mt_rand(0, strlen($pool) -1), 1);
+				try
+				{
+					for ($i = 0; $i < $word_length; $i++)
+					{
+						$word .= $pool[random_int(0, $rand_max)];
+					}
+				}
+				catch (Exception $e)
+				{
+					// This means fallback to the next possible
+					// alternative to random_int()
+					$word = '';
+				}
 			}
+		}
 
-			$word = $str;
-	   }
-
-		// -----------------------------------
-		// Determine angle and position
-		// -----------------------------------
+		if (empty($word))
+		{
+			// Nobody will have a larger character pool than
+			// 256 characters, but let's handle it just in case ...
+			//
+			// No, I do not care that the fallback to mt_rand() can
+			// handle it; if you trigger this, you're very obviously
+			// trying to break it. -- Narf
+			if ($pool_length > 256)
+			{
+				return FALSE;
+			}
 
-		$length	= strlen($word);
-		$angle	= ($length >= 6) ? rand(-($length-6), ($length-6)) : 0;
-		$x_axis	= rand(6, (360/$length)-16);
-		$y_axis = ($angle >= 0 ) ? rand($img_height, $img_width) : rand(6, $img_height);
+			// We'll try using the operating system's PRNG first,
+			// which we can access through CI_Security::get_random_bytes()
+			$security = get_instance()->security;
 
-		// -----------------------------------
-		// Create image
-		// -----------------------------------
+			// To avoid numerous get_random_bytes() calls, we'll
+			// just try fetching as much bytes as we need at once.
+			if (($bytes = $security->get_random_bytes($pool_length)) !== FALSE)
+			{
+				$byte_index = $word_index = 0;
+				while ($word_index < $word_length)
+				{
+					// Do we have more random data to use?
+					// It could be exhausted by previous iterations
+					// ignoring bytes higher than $rand_max.
+					if ($byte_index === $pool_length)
+					{
+						// No failures should be possible if the
+						// first get_random_bytes() call didn't
+						// return FALSE, but still ...
+						for ($i = 0; $i < 5; $i++)
+						{
+							if (($bytes = $security->get_random_bytes($pool_length)) === FALSE)
+							{
+								continue;
+							}
+
+							$byte_index = 0;
+							break;
+						}
+
+						if ($bytes === FALSE)
+						{
+							// Sadly, this means fallback to mt_rand()
+							$word = '';
+							break;
+						}
+					}
+
+					list(, $rand_index) = unpack('C', $bytes[$byte_index++]);
+					if ($rand_index > $rand_max)
+					{
+						continue;
+					}
+
+					$word .= $pool[$rand_index];
+					$word_index++;
+				}
+			}
+		}
 
-		// PHP.net recommends imagecreatetruecolor(), but it isn't always available
-		if (function_exists('imagecreatetruecolor'))
+		if (empty($word))
 		{
-			$im = imagecreatetruecolor($img_width, $img_height);
+			for ($i = 0; $i < $word_length; $i++)
+			{
+				$word .= $pool[mt_rand(0, $rand_max)];
+			}
 		}
-		else
+		elseif ( ! is_string($word))
 		{
-			$im = imagecreate($img_width, $img_height);
+			$word = (string) $word;
 		}
 
 		// -----------------------------------
-		//  Assign colors
+		// Determine angle and position
 		// -----------------------------------
+		$length	= strlen($word);
+		$angle	= ($length >= 6) ? mt_rand(-($length-6), ($length-6)) : 0;
+		$x_axis	= mt_rand(6, (360/$length)-16);
+		$y_axis = ($angle >= 0) ? mt_rand($img_height, $img_width) : mt_rand(6, $img_height);
 
-		$bg_color		= imagecolorallocate ($im, 255, 255, 255);
-		$border_color	= imagecolorallocate ($im, 153, 102, 102);
-		$text_color		= imagecolorallocate ($im, 204, 153, 153);
-		$grid_color		= imagecolorallocate($im, 255, 182, 182);
-		$shadow_color	= imagecolorallocate($im, 255, 240, 240);
+		// Create image
+		// PHP.net recommends imagecreatetruecolor(), but it isn't always available
+		$im = function_exists('imagecreatetruecolor')
+			? imagecreatetruecolor($img_width, $img_height)
+			: imagecreate($img_width, $img_height);
 
 		// -----------------------------------
-		//  Create the rectangle
-		// -----------------------------------
+		//  Assign colors
+		// ----------------------------------
+
+		is_array($colors) OR $colors = $defaults['colors'];
+
+		foreach (array_keys($defaults['colors']) as $key)
+		{
+			// Check for a possible missing value
+			is_array($colors[$key]) OR $colors[$key] = $defaults['colors'][$key];
+			$colors[$key] = imagecolorallocate($im, $colors[$key][0], $colors[$key][1], $colors[$key][2]);
+		}
 
-		ImageFilledRectangle($im, 0, 0, $img_width, $img_height, $bg_color);
+		// Create the rectangle
+		ImageFilledRectangle($im, 0, 0, $img_width, $img_height, $colors['background']);
 
 		// -----------------------------------
 		//  Create the spiral pattern
 		// -----------------------------------
-
 		$theta		= 1;
 		$thetac		= 7;
 		$radius		= 16;
 		$circles	= 20;
 		$points		= 32;
 
-		for ($i = 0; $i < ($circles * $points) - 1; $i++)
+		for ($i = 0, $cp = ($circles * $points) - 1; $i < $cp; $i++)
 		{
-			$theta = $theta + $thetac;
-			$rad = $radius * ($i / $points );
+			$theta += $thetac;
+			$rad = $radius * ($i / $points);
 			$x = ($rad * cos($theta)) + $x_axis;
 			$y = ($rad * sin($theta)) + $y_axis;
-			$theta = $theta + $thetac;
+			$theta += $thetac;
 			$rad1 = $radius * (($i + 1) / $points);
 			$x1 = ($rad1 * cos($theta)) + $x_axis;
-			$y1 = ($rad1 * sin($theta )) + $y_axis;
-			imageline($im, $x, $y, $x1, $y1, $grid_color);
-			$theta = $theta - $thetac;
+			$y1 = ($rad1 * sin($theta)) + $y_axis;
+			imageline($im, $x, $y, $x1, $y1, $colors['grid']);
+			$theta -= $thetac;
 		}
 
 		// -----------------------------------
 		//  Write the text
 		// -----------------------------------
 
-		$use_font = ($font_path != '' AND file_exists($font_path) AND function_exists('imagettftext')) ? TRUE : FALSE;
-
-		if ($use_font == FALSE)
+		$use_font = ($font_path !== '' && file_exists($font_path) && function_exists('imagettftext'));
+		if ($use_font === FALSE)
 		{
-			$font_size = 5;
-			$x = rand(0, $img_width/($length/3));
+			($font_size > 5) && $font_size = 5;
+			$x = mt_rand(0, $img_width / ($length / 3));
 			$y = 0;
 		}
 		else
 		{
-			$font_size	= 16;
-			$x = rand(0, $img_width/($length/1.5));
-			$y = $font_size+2;
+			($font_size > 30) && $font_size = 30;
+			$x = mt_rand(0, $img_width / ($length / 1.5));
+			$y = $font_size + 2;
 		}
 
-		for ($i = 0; $i < strlen($word); $i++)
+		for ($i = 0; $i < $length; $i++)
 		{
-			if ($use_font == FALSE)
+			if ($use_font === FALSE)
 			{
-				$y = rand(0 , $img_height/2);
-				imagestring($im, $font_size, $x, $y, substr($word, $i, 1), $text_color);
-				$x += ($font_size*2);
+				$y = mt_rand(0 , $img_height / 2);
+				imagestring($im, $font_size, $x, $y, $word[$i], $colors['text']);
+				$x += ($font_size * 2);
 			}
 			else
 			{
-				$y = rand($img_height/2, $img_height-3);
-				imagettftext($im, $font_size, $angle, $x, $y, $text_color, $font_path, substr($word, $i, 1));
+				$y = mt_rand($img_height / 2, $img_height - 3);
+				imagettftext($im, $font_size, $angle, $x, $y, $colors['text'], $font_path, $word[$i]);
 				$x += $font_size;
 			}
 		}
 
-
-		// -----------------------------------
-		//  Create the border
-		// -----------------------------------
-
-		imagerectangle($im, 0, 0, $img_width-1, $img_height-1, $border_color);
+		// Create the border
+		imagerectangle($im, 0, 0, $img_width - 1, $img_height - 1, $colors['border']);
 
 		// -----------------------------------
 		//  Generate the image
 		// -----------------------------------
+		$img_url = rtrim($img_url, '/').'/';
 
-		$img_name = $now.'.jpg';
-
-		ImageJPEG($im, $img_path.$img_name);
-
-		$img = "<img src=\"$img_url$img_name\" width=\"$img_width\" height=\"$img_height\" style=\"border:0;\" alt=\" \" />";
+		if (function_exists('imagejpeg'))
+		{
+			$img_filename = $now.'.jpg';
+			imagejpeg($im, $img_path.$img_filename);
+		}
+		elseif (function_exists('imagepng'))
+		{
+			$img_filename = $now.'.png';
+			imagepng($im, $img_path.$img_filename);
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
 
+		$img = '<img '.($img_id === '' ? '' : 'id="'.$img_id.'"').' src="'.$img_url.$img_filename.'" style="width: '.$img_width.'; height: '.$img_height .'; border: 0;" alt=" " />';
 		ImageDestroy($im);
 
-		return array('word' => $word, 'time' => $now, 'image' => $img);
+		return array('word' => $word, 'time' => $now, 'image' => $img, 'filename' => $img_filename);
 	}
 }
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-/* End of file captcha_helper.php */
-/* Location: ./system/heleprs/captcha_helper.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/helpers/cookie_helper.php b/system/helpers/cookie_helper.php
index 98670c193..b943edbae 100644
--- a/system/helpers/cookie_helper.php
+++ b/system/helpers/cookie_helper.php
@@ -1,19 +1,41 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.0.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * CodeIgniter Cookie Helpers
@@ -21,83 +43,71 @@
  * @package		CodeIgniter
  * @subpackage	Helpers
  * @category	Helpers
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/helpers/cookie_helper.html
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/helpers/cookie_helper.html
  */
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Set cookie
- *
- * Accepts six parameter, or you can submit an associative
- * array in the first parameter containing all the values.
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	mixed
- * @param	string	the value of the cookie
- * @param	string	the number of seconds until expiration
- * @param	string	the cookie domain.  Usually:  .yourdomain.com
- * @param	string	the cookie path
- * @param	string	the cookie prefix
- * @return	void
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('set_cookie'))
 {
-	function set_cookie($name = '', $value = '', $expire = '', $domain = '', $path = '/', $prefix = '', $secure = FALSE)
+	/**
+	 * Set cookie
+	 *
+	 * Accepts seven parameters, or you can submit an associative
+	 * array in the first parameter containing all the values.
+	 *
+	 * @param	mixed
+	 * @param	string	the value of the cookie
+	 * @param	string	the number of seconds until expiration
+	 * @param	string	the cookie domain.  Usually:  .yourdomain.com
+	 * @param	string	the cookie path
+	 * @param	string	the cookie prefix
+	 * @param	bool	true makes the cookie secure
+	 * @param	bool	true makes the cookie accessible via http(s) only (no javascript)
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	function set_cookie($name, $value = '', $expire = '', $domain = '', $path = '/', $prefix = '', $secure = NULL, $httponly = NULL)
 	{
 		// Set the config file options
-		$CI =& get_instance();
-		$CI->input->set_cookie($name, $value, $expire, $domain, $path, $prefix, $secure);
+		get_instance()->input->set_cookie($name, $value, $expire, $domain, $path, $prefix, $secure, $httponly);
 	}
 }
 
 // --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Fetch an item from the COOKIE array
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	string
- * @param	bool
- * @return	mixed
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('get_cookie'))
 {
-	function get_cookie($index = '', $xss_clean = FALSE)
+	/**
+	 * Fetch an item from the COOKIE array
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	bool
+	 * @return	mixed
+	 */
+	function get_cookie($index, $xss_clean = NULL)
 	{
-		$CI =& get_instance();
-
-		$prefix = '';
-
-		if ( ! isset($_COOKIE[$index]) && config_item('cookie_prefix') != '')
-		{
-			$prefix = config_item('cookie_prefix');
-		}
-
-		return $CI->input->cookie($prefix.$index, $xss_clean);
+		is_bool($xss_clean) OR $xss_clean = (config_item('global_xss_filtering') === TRUE);
+		$prefix = isset($_COOKIE[$index]) ? '' : config_item('cookie_prefix');
+		return get_instance()->input->cookie($prefix.$index, $xss_clean);
 	}
 }
 
 // --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Delete a COOKIE
- *
- * @param	mixed
- * @param	string	the cookie domain.  Usually:  .yourdomain.com
- * @param	string	the cookie path
- * @param	string	the cookie prefix
- * @return	void
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('delete_cookie'))
 {
-	function delete_cookie($name = '', $domain = '', $path = '/', $prefix = '')
+	/**
+	 * Delete a COOKIE
+	 *
+	 * @param	mixed
+	 * @param	string	the cookie domain. Usually: .yourdomain.com
+	 * @param	string	the cookie path
+	 * @param	string	the cookie prefix
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	function delete_cookie($name, $domain = '', $path = '/', $prefix = '')
 	{
 		set_cookie($name, '', '', $domain, $path, $prefix);
 	}
 }
-
-
-/* End of file cookie_helper.php */
-/* Location: ./system/helpers/cookie_helper.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/helpers/date_helper.php b/system/helpers/date_helper.php
index 27aa48241..bb1504260 100644
--- a/system/helpers/date_helper.php
+++ b/system/helpers/date_helper.php
@@ -1,19 +1,41 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.0.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * CodeIgniter Date Helpers
@@ -21,184 +43,177 @@
  * @package		CodeIgniter
  * @subpackage	Helpers
  * @category	Helpers
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/helpers/date_helper.html
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/helpers/date_helper.html
  */
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Get "now" time
- *
- * Returns time() or its GMT equivalent based on the config file preference
- *
- * @access	public
- * @return	integer
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('now'))
 {
-	function now()
+	/**
+	 * Get "now" time
+	 *
+	 * Returns time() based on the timezone parameter or on the
+	 * "time_reference" setting
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @return	int
+	 */
+	function now($timezone = NULL)
 	{
-		$CI =& get_instance();
-
-		if (strtolower($CI->config->item('time_reference')) == 'gmt')
+		if (empty($timezone))
 		{
-			$now = time();
-			$system_time = mktime(gmdate("H", $now), gmdate("i", $now), gmdate("s", $now), gmdate("m", $now), gmdate("d", $now), gmdate("Y", $now));
-
-			if (strlen($system_time) < 10)
-			{
-				$system_time = time();
-				log_message('error', 'The Date class could not set a proper GMT timestamp so the local time() value was used.');
-			}
-
-			return $system_time;
+			$timezone = config_item('time_reference');
 		}
-		else
+
+		if ($timezone === 'local' OR $timezone === date_default_timezone_get())
 		{
 			return time();
 		}
+
+		$datetime = new DateTime('now', new DateTimeZone($timezone));
+		sscanf($datetime->format('j-n-Y G:i:s'), '%d-%d-%d %d:%d:%d', $day, $month, $year, $hour, $minute, $second);
+
+		return mktime($hour, $minute, $second, $month, $day, $year);
 	}
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Convert MySQL Style Datecodes
- *
- * This function is identical to PHPs date() function,
- * except that it allows date codes to be formatted using
- * the MySQL style, where each code letter is preceded
- * with a percent sign:  %Y %m %d etc...
- *
- * The benefit of doing dates this way is that you don't
- * have to worry about escaping your text letters that
- * match the date codes.
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	string
- * @param	integer
- * @return	integer
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('mdate'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Convert MySQL Style Datecodes
+	 *
+	 * This function is identical to PHPs date() function,
+	 * except that it allows date codes to be formatted using
+	 * the MySQL style, where each code letter is preceded
+	 * with a percent sign:  %Y %m %d etc...
+	 *
+	 * The benefit of doing dates this way is that you don't
+	 * have to worry about escaping your text letters that
+	 * match the date codes.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	int
+	 * @return	int
+	 */
 	function mdate($datestr = '', $time = '')
 	{
-		if ($datestr == '')
+		if ($datestr === '')
+		{
 			return '';
-
-		if ($time == '')
+		}
+		elseif (empty($time))
+		{
 			$time = now();
+		}
+
+		$datestr = str_replace(
+			'%\\',
+			'',
+			preg_replace('/([a-z]+?){1}/i', '\\\\\\1', $datestr)
+		);
 
-		$datestr = str_replace('%\\', '', preg_replace("/([a-z]+?){1}/i", "\\\\\\1", $datestr));
 		return date($datestr, $time);
 	}
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Standard Date
- *
- * Returns a date formatted according to the submitted standard.
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	string	the chosen format
- * @param	integer	Unix timestamp
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('standard_date'))
 {
-	function standard_date($fmt = 'DATE_RFC822', $time = '')
+	/**
+	 * Standard Date
+	 *
+	 * Returns a date formatted according to the submitted standard.
+	 *
+	 * As of PHP 5.2, the DateTime extension provides constants that
+	 * serve for the exact same purpose and are used with date().
+	 *
+	 * @todo	Remove in version 3.1+.
+	 * @deprecated	3.0.0	Use PHP's native date() instead.
+	 * @link	http://www.php.net/manual/en/class.datetime.php#datetime.constants.types
+	 *
+	 * @example	date(DATE_RFC822, now()); // default
+	 * @example	date(DATE_W3C, $time); // a different format and time
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$fmt = 'DATE_RFC822'	the chosen format
+	 * @param	int	$time = NULL		Unix timestamp
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	function standard_date($fmt = 'DATE_RFC822', $time = NULL)
 	{
-		$formats = array(
-						'DATE_ATOM'		=>	'%Y-%m-%dT%H:%i:%s%Q',
-						'DATE_COOKIE'	=>	'%l, %d-%M-%y %H:%i:%s UTC',
-						'DATE_ISO8601'	=>	'%Y-%m-%dT%H:%i:%s%Q',
-						'DATE_RFC822'	=>	'%D, %d %M %y %H:%i:%s %O',
-						'DATE_RFC850'	=>	'%l, %d-%M-%y %H:%i:%s UTC',
-						'DATE_RFC1036'	=>	'%D, %d %M %y %H:%i:%s %O',
-						'DATE_RFC1123'	=>	'%D, %d %M %Y %H:%i:%s %O',
-						'DATE_RSS'		=>	'%D, %d %M %Y %H:%i:%s %O',
-						'DATE_W3C'		=>	'%Y-%m-%dT%H:%i:%s%Q'
-						);
-
-		if ( ! isset($formats[$fmt]))
+		if (empty($time))
+		{
+			$time = now();
+		}
+
+		// Procedural style pre-defined constants from the DateTime extension
+		if (strpos($fmt, 'DATE_') !== 0 OR defined($fmt) === FALSE)
 		{
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		return mdate($formats[$fmt], $time);
+		return date(constant($fmt), $time);
 	}
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Timespan
- *
- * Returns a span of seconds in this format:
- *	10 days 14 hours 36 minutes 47 seconds
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	integer	a number of seconds
- * @param	integer	Unix timestamp
- * @return	integer
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('timespan'))
 {
-	function timespan($seconds = 1, $time = '')
+	/**
+	 * Timespan
+	 *
+	 * Returns a span of seconds in this format:
+	 *	10 days 14 hours 36 minutes 47 seconds
+	 *
+	 * @param	int	a number of seconds
+	 * @param	int	Unix timestamp
+	 * @param	int	a number of display units
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	function timespan($seconds = 1, $time = '', $units = 7)
 	{
 		$CI =& get_instance();
 		$CI->lang->load('date');
 
-		if ( ! is_numeric($seconds))
-		{
-			$seconds = 1;
-		}
-
-		if ( ! is_numeric($time))
-		{
-			$time = time();
-		}
+		is_numeric($seconds) OR $seconds = 1;
+		is_numeric($time) OR $time = time();
+		is_numeric($units) OR $units = 7;
 
-		if ($time <= $seconds)
-		{
-			$seconds = 1;
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			$seconds = $time - $seconds;
-		}
+		$seconds = ($time <= $seconds) ? 1 : $time - $seconds;
 
-		$str = '';
-		$years = floor($seconds / 31536000);
+		$str = array();
+		$years = floor($seconds / 31557600);
 
 		if ($years > 0)
 		{
-			$str .= $years.' '.$CI->lang->line((($years	> 1) ? 'date_years' : 'date_year')).', ';
+			$str[] = $years.' '.$CI->lang->line($years > 1 ? 'date_years' : 'date_year');
 		}
 
-		$seconds -= $years * 31536000;
-		$months = floor($seconds / 2628000);
+		$seconds -= $years * 31557600;
+		$months = floor($seconds / 2629743);
 
-		if ($years > 0 OR $months > 0)
+		if (count($str) < $units && ($years > 0 OR $months > 0))
 		{
 			if ($months > 0)
 			{
-				$str .= $months.' '.$CI->lang->line((($months	> 1) ? 'date_months' : 'date_month')).', ';
+				$str[] = $months.' '.$CI->lang->line($months > 1 ? 'date_months' : 'date_month');
 			}
 
-			$seconds -= $months * 2628000;
+			$seconds -= $months * 2629743;
 		}
 
 		$weeks = floor($seconds / 604800);
 
-		if ($years > 0 OR $months > 0 OR $weeks > 0)
+		if (count($str) < $units && ($years > 0 OR $months > 0 OR $weeks > 0))
 		{
 			if ($weeks > 0)
 			{
-				$str .= $weeks.' '.$CI->lang->line((($weeks	> 1) ? 'date_weeks' : 'date_week')).', ';
+				$str[] = $weeks.' '.$CI->lang->line($weeks > 1 ? 'date_weeks' : 'date_week');
 			}
 
 			$seconds -= $weeks * 604800;
@@ -206,11 +221,11 @@ if ( ! function_exists('timespan'))
 
 		$days = floor($seconds / 86400);
 
-		if ($months > 0 OR $weeks > 0 OR $days > 0)
+		if (count($str) < $units && ($months > 0 OR $weeks > 0 OR $days > 0))
 		{
 			if ($days > 0)
 			{
-				$str .= $days.' '.$CI->lang->line((($days	> 1) ? 'date_days' : 'date_day')).', ';
+				$str[] = $days.' '.$CI->lang->line($days > 1 ? 'date_days' : 'date_day');
 			}
 
 			$seconds -= $days * 86400;
@@ -218,11 +233,11 @@ if ( ! function_exists('timespan'))
 
 		$hours = floor($seconds / 3600);
 
-		if ($days > 0 OR $hours > 0)
+		if (count($str) < $units && ($days > 0 OR $hours > 0))
 		{
 			if ($hours > 0)
 			{
-				$str .= $hours.' '.$CI->lang->line((($hours	> 1) ? 'date_hours' : 'date_hour')).', ';
+				$str[] = $hours.' '.$CI->lang->line($hours > 1 ? 'date_hours' : 'date_hour');
 			}
 
 			$seconds -= $hours * 3600;
@@ -230,55 +245,63 @@ if ( ! function_exists('timespan'))
 
 		$minutes = floor($seconds / 60);
 
-		if ($days > 0 OR $hours > 0 OR $minutes > 0)
+		if (count($str) < $units && ($days > 0 OR $hours > 0 OR $minutes > 0))
 		{
 			if ($minutes > 0)
 			{
-				$str .= $minutes.' '.$CI->lang->line((($minutes	> 1) ? 'date_minutes' : 'date_minute')).', ';
+				$str[] = $minutes.' '.$CI->lang->line($minutes > 1 ? 'date_minutes' : 'date_minute');
 			}
 
 			$seconds -= $minutes * 60;
 		}
 
-		if ($str == '')
+		if (count($str) === 0)
 		{
-			$str .= $seconds.' '.$CI->lang->line((($seconds	> 1) ? 'date_seconds' : 'date_second')).', ';
+			$str[] = $seconds.' '.$CI->lang->line($seconds > 1 ? 'date_seconds' : 'date_second');
 		}
 
-		return substr(trim($str), 0, -1);
+		return implode(', ', $str);
 	}
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Number of days in a month
- *
- * Takes a month/year as input and returns the number of days
- * for the given month/year. Takes leap years into consideration.
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	integer a numeric month
- * @param	integer	a numeric year
- * @return	integer
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('days_in_month'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Number of days in a month
+	 *
+	 * Takes a month/year as input and returns the number of days
+	 * for the given month/year. Takes leap years into consideration.
+	 *
+	 * @param	int	a numeric month
+	 * @param	int	a numeric year
+	 * @return	int
+	 */
 	function days_in_month($month = 0, $year = '')
 	{
 		if ($month < 1 OR $month > 12)
 		{
 			return 0;
 		}
-
-		if ( ! is_numeric($year) OR strlen($year) != 4)
+		elseif ( ! is_numeric($year) OR strlen($year) !== 4)
 		{
 			$year = date('Y');
 		}
 
+		if (defined('CAL_GREGORIAN'))
+		{
+			return cal_days_in_month(CAL_GREGORIAN, $month, $year);
+		}
+
+		if ($year >= 1970)
+		{
+			return (int) date('t', mktime(12, 0, 0, $month, 1, $year));
+		}
+
 		if ($month == 2)
 		{
-			if ($year % 400 == 0 OR ($year % 4 == 0 AND $year % 100 != 0))
+			if ($year % 400 === 0 OR ($year % 4 === 0 && $year % 100 !== 0))
 			{
 				return 29;
 			}
@@ -291,112 +314,110 @@ if ( ! function_exists('days_in_month'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Converts a local Unix timestamp to GMT
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	integer Unix timestamp
- * @return	integer
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('local_to_gmt'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Converts a local Unix timestamp to GMT
+	 *
+	 * @param	int	Unix timestamp
+	 * @return	int
+	 */
 	function local_to_gmt($time = '')
 	{
-		if ($time == '')
+		if ($time === '')
+		{
 			$time = time();
+		}
 
-		return mktime( gmdate("H", $time), gmdate("i", $time), gmdate("s", $time), gmdate("m", $time), gmdate("d", $time), gmdate("Y", $time));
+		return mktime(
+			gmdate('G', $time),
+			gmdate('i', $time),
+			gmdate('s', $time),
+			gmdate('n', $time),
+			gmdate('j', $time),
+			gmdate('Y', $time)
+		);
 	}
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Converts GMT time to a localized value
- *
- * Takes a Unix timestamp (in GMT) as input, and returns
- * at the local value based on the timezone and DST setting
- * submitted
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	integer Unix timestamp
- * @param	string	timezone
- * @param	bool	whether DST is active
- * @return	integer
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('gmt_to_local'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Converts GMT time to a localized value
+	 *
+	 * Takes a Unix timestamp (in GMT) as input, and returns
+	 * at the local value based on the timezone and DST setting
+	 * submitted
+	 *
+	 * @param	int	Unix timestamp
+	 * @param	string	timezone
+	 * @param	bool	whether DST is active
+	 * @return	int
+	 */
 	function gmt_to_local($time = '', $timezone = 'UTC', $dst = FALSE)
 	{
-		if ($time == '')
+		if ($time === '')
 		{
 			return now();
 		}
 
 		$time += timezones($timezone) * 3600;
 
-		if ($dst == TRUE)
-		{
-			$time += 3600;
-		}
-
-		return $time;
+		return ($dst === TRUE) ? $time + 3600 : $time;
 	}
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Converts a MySQL Timestamp to Unix
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	integer Unix timestamp
- * @return	integer
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('mysql_to_unix'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Converts a MySQL Timestamp to Unix
+	 *
+	 * @param	int	MySQL timestamp YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS
+	 * @return	int	Unix timstamp
+	 */
 	function mysql_to_unix($time = '')
 	{
 		// We'll remove certain characters for backward compatibility
 		// since the formatting changed with MySQL 4.1
 		// YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS
 
-		$time = str_replace('-', '', $time);
-		$time = str_replace(':', '', $time);
-		$time = str_replace(' ', '', $time);
+		$time = str_replace(array('-', ':', ' '), '', $time);
 
 		// YYYYMMDDHHMMSS
-		return  mktime(
-						substr($time, 8, 2),
-						substr($time, 10, 2),
-						substr($time, 12, 2),
-						substr($time, 4, 2),
-						substr($time, 6, 2),
-						substr($time, 0, 4)
-						);
+		return mktime(
+			substr($time, 8, 2),
+			substr($time, 10, 2),
+			substr($time, 12, 2),
+			substr($time, 4, 2),
+			substr($time, 6, 2),
+			substr($time, 0, 4)
+		);
 	}
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Unix to "Human"
- *
- * Formats Unix timestamp to the following prototype: 2006-08-21 11:35 PM
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	integer Unix timestamp
- * @param	bool	whether to show seconds
- * @param	string	format: us or euro
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('unix_to_human'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Unix to "Human"
+	 *
+	 * Formats Unix timestamp to the following prototype: 2006-08-21 11:35 PM
+	 *
+	 * @param	int	Unix timestamp
+	 * @param	bool	whether to show seconds
+	 * @param	string	format: us or euro
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function unix_to_human($time = '', $seconds = FALSE, $fmt = 'us')
 	{
-		$r  = date('Y', $time).'-'.date('m', $time).'-'.date('d', $time).' ';
+		$r = date('Y', $time).'-'.date('m', $time).'-'.date('d', $time).' ';
 
-		if ($fmt == 'us')
+		if ($fmt === 'us')
 		{
 			$r .= date('h', $time).':'.date('i', $time);
 		}
@@ -410,9 +431,9 @@ if ( ! function_exists('unix_to_human'))
 			$r .= ':'.date('s', $time);
 		}
 
-		if ($fmt == 'us')
+		if ($fmt === 'us')
 		{
-			$r .= ' '.date('A', $time);
+			return $r.' '.date('A', $time);
 		}
 
 		return $r;
@@ -421,191 +442,301 @@ if ( ! function_exists('unix_to_human'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Convert "human" date to GMT
- *
- * Reverses the above process
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	string	format: us or euro
- * @return	integer
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('human_to_unix'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Convert "human" date to GMT
+	 *
+	 * Reverses the above process
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	format: us or euro
+	 * @return	int
+	 */
 	function human_to_unix($datestr = '')
 	{
-		if ($datestr == '')
+		if ($datestr === '')
 		{
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		$datestr = trim($datestr);
-		$datestr = preg_replace("/\040+/", ' ', $datestr);
+		$datestr = preg_replace('/\040+/', ' ', trim($datestr));
 
-		if ( ! preg_match('/^[0-9]{2,4}\-[0-9]{1,2}\-[0-9]{1,2}\s[0-9]{1,2}:[0-9]{1,2}(?::[0-9]{1,2})?(?:\s[AP]M)?$/i', $datestr))
+		if ( ! preg_match('/^(\d{2}|\d{4})\-[0-9]{1,2}\-[0-9]{1,2}\s[0-9]{1,2}:[0-9]{1,2}(?::[0-9]{1,2})?(?:\s[AP]M)?$/i', $datestr))
 		{
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		$split = explode(' ', $datestr);
+		sscanf($datestr, '%d-%d-%d %s %s', $year, $month, $day, $time, $ampm);
+		sscanf($time, '%d:%d:%d', $hour, $min, $sec);
+		isset($sec) OR $sec = 0;
 
-		$ex = explode("-", $split['0']);
+		if (isset($ampm))
+		{
+			$ampm = strtolower($ampm);
 
-		$year  = (strlen($ex['0']) == 2) ? '20'.$ex['0'] : $ex['0'];
-		$month = (strlen($ex['1']) == 1) ? '0'.$ex['1']  : $ex['1'];
-		$day   = (strlen($ex['2']) == 1) ? '0'.$ex['2']  : $ex['2'];
+			if ($ampm[0] === 'p' && $hour < 12)
+			{
+				$hour += 12;
+			}
+			elseif ($ampm[0] === 'a' && $hour === 12)
+			{
+				$hour = 0;
+			}
+		}
 
-		$ex = explode(":", $split['1']);
+		return mktime($hour, $min, $sec, $month, $day, $year);
+	}
+}
 
-		$hour = (strlen($ex['0']) == 1) ? '0'.$ex['0'] : $ex['0'];
-		$min  = (strlen($ex['1']) == 1) ? '0'.$ex['1'] : $ex['1'];
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-		if (isset($ex['2']) && preg_match('/[0-9]{1,2}/', $ex['2']))
+if ( ! function_exists('nice_date'))
+{
+	/**
+	 * Turns many "reasonably-date-like" strings into something
+	 * that is actually useful. This only works for dates after unix epoch.
+	 *
+	 * @deprecated	3.1.3	Use DateTime::createFromFormat($input_format, $input)->format($output_format);
+	 * @param	string	The terribly formatted date-like string
+	 * @param	string	Date format to return (same as php date function)
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	function nice_date($bad_date = '', $format = FALSE)
+	{
+		if (empty($bad_date))
 		{
-			$sec  = (strlen($ex['2']) == 1) ? '0'.$ex['2'] : $ex['2'];
+			return 'Unknown';
 		}
-		else
+		elseif (empty($format))
 		{
-			// Unless specified, seconds get set to zero.
-			$sec = '00';
+			$format = 'U';
 		}
 
-		if (isset($split['2']))
+		// Date like: YYYYMM
+		if (preg_match('/^\d{6}$/i', $bad_date))
 		{
-			$ampm = strtolower($split['2']);
+			if (in_array(substr($bad_date, 0, 2), array('19', '20')))
+			{
+				$year  = substr($bad_date, 0, 4);
+				$month = substr($bad_date, 4, 2);
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				$month  = substr($bad_date, 0, 2);
+				$year   = substr($bad_date, 2, 4);
+			}
 
-			if (substr($ampm, 0, 1) == 'p' AND $hour < 12)
-				$hour = $hour + 12;
+			return date($format, strtotime($year.'-'.$month.'-01'));
+		}
 
-			if (substr($ampm, 0, 1) == 'a' AND $hour == 12)
-				$hour =  '00';
+		// Date Like: YYYYMMDD
+		if (preg_match('/^\d{8}$/i', $bad_date, $matches))
+		{
+			return DateTime::createFromFormat('Ymd', $bad_date)->format($format);
+		}
 
-			if (strlen($hour) == 1)
-				$hour = '0'.$hour;
+		// Date Like: MM-DD-YYYY __or__ M-D-YYYY (or anything in between)
+		if (preg_match('/^(\d{1,2})-(\d{1,2})-(\d{4})$/i', $bad_date, $matches))
+		{
+			return date($format, strtotime($matches[3].'-'.$matches[1].'-'.$matches[2]));
 		}
 
-		return mktime($hour, $min, $sec, $month, $day, $year);
+		// Any other kind of string, when converted into UNIX time,
+		// produces "0 seconds after epoc..." is probably bad...
+		// return "Invalid Date".
+		if (date('U', strtotime($bad_date)) === '0')
+		{
+			return 'Invalid Date';
+		}
+
+		// It's probably a valid-ish date format already
+		return date($format, strtotime($bad_date));
 	}
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Timezone Menu
- *
- * Generates a drop-down menu of timezones.
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	string	timezone
- * @param	string	classname
- * @param	string	menu name
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('timezone_menu'))
 {
-	function timezone_menu($default = 'UTC', $class = "", $name = 'timezones')
+	/**
+	 * Timezone Menu
+	 *
+	 * Generates a drop-down menu of timezones.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	timezone
+	 * @param	string	classname
+	 * @param	string	menu name
+	 * @param	mixed	attributes
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	function timezone_menu($default = 'UTC', $class = '', $name = 'timezones', $attributes = '')
 	{
 		$CI =& get_instance();
 		$CI->lang->load('date');
 
-		if ($default == 'GMT')
-			$default = 'UTC';
+		$default = ($default === 'GMT') ? 'UTC' : $default;
 
 		$menu = '<select name="'.$name.'"';
 
-		if ($class != '')
+		if ($class !== '')
 		{
 			$menu .= ' class="'.$class.'"';
 		}
 
-		$menu .= ">\n";
+		$menu .= _stringify_attributes($attributes).">\n";
 
 		foreach (timezones() as $key => $val)
 		{
-			$selected = ($default == $key) ? " selected='selected'" : '';
-			$menu .= "<option value='{$key}'{$selected}>".$CI->lang->line($key)."</option>\n";
+			$selected = ($default === $key) ? ' selected="selected"' : '';
+			$menu .= '<option value="'.$key.'"'.$selected.'>'.$CI->lang->line($key)."</option>\n";
 		}
 
-		$menu .= "</select>";
-
-		return $menu;
+		return $menu.'</select>';
 	}
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Timezones
- *
- * Returns an array of timezones.  This is a helper function
- * for various other ones in this library
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	string	timezone
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('timezones'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Timezones
+	 *
+	 * Returns an array of timezones. This is a helper function
+	 * for various other ones in this library
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	timezone
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function timezones($tz = '')
 	{
 		// Note: Don't change the order of these even though
 		// some items appear to be in the wrong order
 
 		$zones = array(
-						'UM12'		=> -12,
-						'UM11'		=> -11,
-						'UM10'		=> -10,
-						'UM95'		=> -9.5,
-						'UM9'		=> -9,
-						'UM8'		=> -8,
-						'UM7'		=> -7,
-						'UM6'		=> -6,
-						'UM5'		=> -5,
-						'UM45'		=> -4.5,
-						'UM4'		=> -4,
-						'UM35'		=> -3.5,
-						'UM3'		=> -3,
-						'UM2'		=> -2,
-						'UM1'		=> -1,
-						'UTC'		=> 0,
-						'UP1'		=> +1,
-						'UP2'		=> +2,
-						'UP3'		=> +3,
-						'UP35'		=> +3.5,
-						'UP4'		=> +4,
-						'UP45'		=> +4.5,
-						'UP5'		=> +5,
-						'UP55'		=> +5.5,
-						'UP575'		=> +5.75,
-						'UP6'		=> +6,
-						'UP65'		=> +6.5,
-						'UP7'		=> +7,
-						'UP8'		=> +8,
-						'UP875'		=> +8.75,
-						'UP9'		=> +9,
-						'UP95'		=> +9.5,
-						'UP10'		=> +10,
-						'UP105'		=> +10.5,
-						'UP11'		=> +11,
-						'UP115'		=> +11.5,
-						'UP12'		=> +12,
-						'UP1275'	=> +12.75,
-						'UP13'		=> +13,
-						'UP14'		=> +14
-					);
-
-		if ($tz == '')
+			'UM12'		=> -12,
+			'UM11'		=> -11,
+			'UM10'		=> -10,
+			'UM95'		=> -9.5,
+			'UM9'		=> -9,
+			'UM8'		=> -8,
+			'UM7'		=> -7,
+			'UM6'		=> -6,
+			'UM5'		=> -5,
+			'UM45'		=> -4.5,
+			'UM4'		=> -4,
+			'UM35'		=> -3.5,
+			'UM3'		=> -3,
+			'UM2'		=> -2,
+			'UM1'		=> -1,
+			'UTC'		=> 0,
+			'UP1'		=> +1,
+			'UP2'		=> +2,
+			'UP3'		=> +3,
+			'UP35'		=> +3.5,
+			'UP4'		=> +4,
+			'UP45'		=> +4.5,
+			'UP5'		=> +5,
+			'UP55'		=> +5.5,
+			'UP575'		=> +5.75,
+			'UP6'		=> +6,
+			'UP65'		=> +6.5,
+			'UP7'		=> +7,
+			'UP8'		=> +8,
+			'UP875'		=> +8.75,
+			'UP9'		=> +9,
+			'UP95'		=> +9.5,
+			'UP10'		=> +10,
+			'UP105'		=> +10.5,
+			'UP11'		=> +11,
+			'UP115'		=> +11.5,
+			'UP12'		=> +12,
+			'UP1275'	=> +12.75,
+			'UP13'		=> +13,
+			'UP14'		=> +14
+		);
+
+		if ($tz === '')
 		{
 			return $zones;
 		}
 
-		if ($tz == 'GMT')
-			$tz = 'UTC';
-
-		return ( ! isset($zones[$tz])) ? 0 : $zones[$tz];
+		return isset($zones[$tz]) ? $zones[$tz] : 0;
 	}
 }
 
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+if ( ! function_exists('date_range'))
+{
+	/**
+	 * Date range
+	 *
+	 * Returns a list of dates within a specified period.
+	 *
+	 * @param	int	unix_start	UNIX timestamp of period start date
+	 * @param	int	unix_end|days	UNIX timestamp of period end date
+	 *					or interval in days.
+	 * @param	mixed	is_unix		Specifies whether the second parameter
+	 *					is a UNIX timestamp or a day interval
+	 *					 - TRUE or 'unix' for a timestamp
+	 *					 - FALSE or 'days' for an interval
+	 * @param	string  date_format	Output date format, same as in date()
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	function date_range($unix_start = '', $mixed = '', $is_unix = TRUE, $format = 'Y-m-d')
+	{
+		if ($unix_start == '' OR $mixed == '' OR $format == '')
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		$is_unix = ! ( ! $is_unix OR $is_unix === 'days');
+
+		// Validate input and try strtotime() on invalid timestamps/intervals, just in case
+		if ( ( ! ctype_digit((string) $unix_start) && ($unix_start = @strtotime($unix_start)) === FALSE)
+			OR ( ! ctype_digit((string) $mixed) && ($is_unix === FALSE OR ($mixed = @strtotime($mixed)) === FALSE))
+			OR ($is_unix === TRUE && $mixed < $unix_start))
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
 
-/* End of file date_helper.php */
-/* Location: ./system/helpers/date_helper.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+		if ($is_unix && ($unix_start == $mixed OR date($format, $unix_start) === date($format, $mixed)))
+		{
+			return array(date($format, $unix_start));
+		}
+
+		$range = array();
+
+		$from = new DateTime();
+		$from->setTimestamp($unix_start);
+
+		if ($is_unix)
+		{
+			$arg = new DateTime();
+			$arg->setTimestamp($mixed);
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			$arg = (int) $mixed;
+		}
+
+		$period = new DatePeriod($from, new DateInterval('P1D'), $arg);
+		foreach ($period as $date)
+		{
+			$range[] = $date->format($format);
+		}
+
+		/* If a period end date was passed to the DatePeriod constructor, it might not
+		 * be in our results. Not sure if this is a bug or it's just possible because
+		 * the end date might actually be less than 24 hours away from the previously
+		 * generated DateTime object, but either way - we have to append it manually.
+		 */
+		if ( ! is_int($arg) && $range[count($range) - 1] !== $arg->format($format))
+		{
+			$range[] = $arg->format($format);
+		}
+
+		return $range;
+	}
+}
diff --git a/system/helpers/directory_helper.php b/system/helpers/directory_helper.php
index 0c0c39c0d..2785241e6 100644
--- a/system/helpers/directory_helper.php
+++ b/system/helpers/directory_helper.php
@@ -1,19 +1,41 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.0.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * CodeIgniter Directory Helpers
@@ -21,26 +43,27 @@
  * @package		CodeIgniter
  * @subpackage	Helpers
  * @category	Helpers
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/helpers/directory_helper.html
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/helpers/directory_helper.html
  */
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Create a Directory Map
- *
- * Reads the specified directory and builds an array
- * representation of it.  Sub-folders contained with the
- * directory will be mapped as well.
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	string	path to source
- * @param	int		depth of directories to traverse (0 = fully recursive, 1 = current dir, etc)
- * @return	array
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('directory_map'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Create a Directory Map
+	 *
+	 * Reads the specified directory and builds an array
+	 * representation of it. Sub-folders contained with the
+	 * directory will be mapped as well.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$source_dir		Path to source
+	 * @param	int	$directory_depth	Depth of directories to traverse
+	 *						(0 = fully recursive, 1 = current dir, etc)
+	 * @param	bool	$hidden			Whether to show hidden files
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
 	function directory_map($source_dir, $directory_depth = 0, $hidden = FALSE)
 	{
 		if ($fp = @opendir($source_dir))
@@ -52,14 +75,16 @@ if ( ! function_exists('directory_map'))
 			while (FALSE !== ($file = readdir($fp)))
 			{
 				// Remove '.', '..', and hidden files [optional]
-				if ( ! trim($file, '.') OR ($hidden == FALSE && $file[0] == '.'))
+				if ($file === '.' OR $file === '..' OR ($hidden === FALSE && $file[0] === '.'))
 				{
 					continue;
 				}
 
-				if (($directory_depth < 1 OR $new_depth > 0) && @is_dir($source_dir.$file))
+				is_dir($source_dir.$file) && $file .= DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR;
+
+				if (($directory_depth < 1 OR $new_depth > 0) && is_dir($source_dir.$file))
 				{
-					$filedata[$file] = directory_map($source_dir.$file.DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR, $new_depth, $hidden);
+					$filedata[$file] = directory_map($source_dir.$file, $new_depth, $hidden);
 				}
 				else
 				{
@@ -74,7 +99,3 @@ if ( ! function_exists('directory_map'))
 		return FALSE;
 	}
 }
-
-
-/* End of file directory_helper.php */
-/* Location: ./system/helpers/directory_helper.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/helpers/download_helper.php b/system/helpers/download_helper.php
index 34e29447a..b2a1458de 100644
--- a/system/helpers/download_helper.php
+++ b/system/helpers/download_helper.php
@@ -1,19 +1,41 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.0.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * CodeIgniter Download Helpers
@@ -21,87 +43,116 @@
  * @package		CodeIgniter
  * @subpackage	Helpers
  * @category	Helpers
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/helpers/download_helper.html
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/helpers/download_helper.html
  */
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Force Download
- *
- * Generates headers that force a download to happen
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	string	filename
- * @param	mixed	the data to be downloaded
- * @return	void
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('force_download'))
 {
-	function force_download($filename = '', $data = '')
+	/**
+	 * Force Download
+	 *
+	 * Generates headers that force a download to happen
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	filename
+	 * @param	mixed	the data to be downloaded
+	 * @param	bool	whether to try and send the actual file MIME type
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	function force_download($filename = '', $data = '', $set_mime = FALSE)
 	{
-		if ($filename == '' OR $data == '')
+		if ($filename === '' OR $data === '')
 		{
-			return FALSE;
+			return;
 		}
+		elseif ($data === NULL)
+		{
+			if ( ! @is_file($filename) OR ($filesize = @filesize($filename)) === FALSE)
+			{
+				return;
+			}
 
-		// Try to determine if the filename includes a file extension.
-		// We need it in order to set the MIME type
-		if (FALSE === strpos($filename, '.'))
+			$filepath = $filename;
+			$filename = explode('/', str_replace(DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR, '/', $filename));
+			$filename = end($filename);
+		}
+		else
 		{
-			return FALSE;
+			$filesize = strlen($data);
 		}
 
-		// Grab the file extension
+		// Set the default MIME type to send
+		$mime = 'application/octet-stream';
+
 		$x = explode('.', $filename);
 		$extension = end($x);
 
-		// Load the mime types
-		if (defined('ENVIRONMENT') AND is_file(APPPATH.'config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/mimes.php'))
+		if ($set_mime === TRUE)
 		{
-			include(APPPATH.'config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/mimes.php');
+			if (count($x) === 1 OR $extension === '')
+			{
+				/* If we're going to detect the MIME type,
+				 * we'll need a file extension.
+				 */
+				return;
+			}
+
+			// Load the mime types
+			$mimes =& get_mimes();
+
+			// Only change the default MIME if we can find one
+			if (isset($mimes[$extension]))
+			{
+				$mime = is_array($mimes[$extension]) ? $mimes[$extension][0] : $mimes[$extension];
+			}
 		}
-		elseif (is_file(APPPATH.'config/mimes.php'))
+
+		/* It was reported that browsers on Android 2.1 (and possibly older as well)
+		 * need to have the filename extension upper-cased in order to be able to
+		 * download it.
+		 *
+		 * Reference: http://digiblog.de/2011/04/19/android-and-the-download-file-headers/
+		 */
+		if (count($x) !== 1 && isset($_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT']) && preg_match('/Android\s(1|2\.[01])/', $_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT']))
 		{
-			include(APPPATH.'config/mimes.php');
+			$x[count($x) - 1] = strtoupper($extension);
+			$filename = implode('.', $x);
 		}
 
-		// Set a default mime if we can't find it
-		if ( ! isset($mimes[$extension]))
+		if ($data === NULL && ($fp = @fopen($filepath, 'rb')) === FALSE)
 		{
-			$mime = 'application/octet-stream';
+			return;
 		}
-		else
+
+		// Clean output buffer
+		if (ob_get_level() !== 0 && @ob_end_clean() === FALSE)
 		{
-			$mime = (is_array($mimes[$extension])) ? $mimes[$extension][0] : $mimes[$extension];
+			@ob_clean();
 		}
 
 		// Generate the server headers
-		if (strpos($_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT'], "MSIE") !== FALSE)
+		header('Content-Type: '.$mime);
+		header('Content-Disposition: attachment; filename="'.$filename.'"');
+		header('Expires: 0');
+		header('Content-Transfer-Encoding: binary');
+		header('Content-Length: '.$filesize);
+		header('Cache-Control: private, no-transform, no-store, must-revalidate');
+
+		// If we have raw data - just dump it
+		if ($data !== NULL)
 		{
-			header('Content-Type: "'.$mime.'"');
-			header('Content-Disposition: attachment; filename="'.$filename.'"');
-			header('Expires: 0');
-			header('Cache-Control: must-revalidate, post-check=0, pre-check=0');
-			header("Content-Transfer-Encoding: binary");
-			header('Pragma: public');
-			header("Content-Length: ".strlen($data));
+			exit($data);
 		}
-		else
+
+		// Flush 1MB chunks of data
+		while ( ! feof($fp) && ($data = fread($fp, 1048576)) !== FALSE)
 		{
-			header('Content-Type: "'.$mime.'"');
-			header('Content-Disposition: attachment; filename="'.$filename.'"');
-			header("Content-Transfer-Encoding: binary");
-			header('Expires: 0');
-			header('Pragma: no-cache');
-			header("Content-Length: ".strlen($data));
+			echo $data;
 		}
 
-		exit($data);
+		fclose($fp);
+		exit;
 	}
 }
-
-
-/* End of file download_helper.php */
-/* Location: ./system/helpers/download_helper.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/helpers/email_helper.php b/system/helpers/email_helper.php
index 8c2e222c5..b3755d453 100644
--- a/system/helpers/email_helper.php
+++ b/system/helpers/email_helper.php
@@ -1,19 +1,41 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.0.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * CodeIgniter Email Helpers
@@ -21,42 +43,42 @@
  * @package		CodeIgniter
  * @subpackage	Helpers
  * @category	Helpers
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/helpers/email_helper.html
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/helpers/email_helper.html
  */
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Validate email address
- *
- * @access	public
- * @return	bool
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('valid_email'))
 {
-	function valid_email($address)
+	/**
+	 * Validate email address
+	 *
+	 * @deprecated	3.0.0	Use PHP's filter_var() instead
+	 * @param	string	$email
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	function valid_email($email)
 	{
-		return ( ! preg_match("/^([a-z0-9\+_\-]+)(\.[a-z0-9\+_\-]+)*@([a-z0-9\-]+\.)+[a-z]{2,6}$/ix", $address)) ? FALSE : TRUE;
+		return (bool) filter_var($email, FILTER_VALIDATE_EMAIL);
 	}
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Send an email
- *
- * @access	public
- * @return	bool
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('send_email'))
 {
-	function send_email($recipient, $subject = 'Test email', $message = 'Hello World')
+	/**
+	 * Send an email
+	 *
+	 * @deprecated	3.0.0	Use PHP's mail() instead
+	 * @param	string	$recipient
+	 * @param	string	$subject
+	 * @param	string	$message
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	function send_email($recipient, $subject, $message)
 	{
 		return mail($recipient, $subject, $message);
 	}
 }
-
-
-/* End of file email_helper.php */
-/* Location: ./system/helpers/email_helper.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/helpers/file_helper.php b/system/helpers/file_helper.php
index 791a4622d..d227f4684 100644
--- a/system/helpers/file_helper.php
+++ b/system/helpers/file_helper.php
@@ -1,19 +1,41 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.0.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * CodeIgniter File Helpers
@@ -21,71 +43,46 @@
  * @package		CodeIgniter
  * @subpackage	Helpers
  * @category	Helpers
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/helpers/file_helpers.html
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/helpers/file_helper.html
  */
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Read File
- *
- * Opens the file specfied in the path and returns it as a string.
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	string	path to file
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('read_file'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Read File
+	 *
+	 * Opens the file specified in the path and returns it as a string.
+	 *
+	 * @todo	Remove in version 3.1+.
+	 * @deprecated	3.0.0	It is now just an alias for PHP's native file_get_contents().
+	 * @param	string	$file	Path to file
+	 * @return	string	File contents
+	 */
 	function read_file($file)
 	{
-		if ( ! file_exists($file))
-		{
-			return FALSE;
-		}
-
-		if (function_exists('file_get_contents'))
-		{
-			return file_get_contents($file);
-		}
-
-		if ( ! $fp = @fopen($file, FOPEN_READ))
-		{
-			return FALSE;
-		}
-
-		flock($fp, LOCK_SH);
-
-		$data = '';
-		if (filesize($file) > 0)
-		{
-			$data =& fread($fp, filesize($file));
-		}
-
-		flock($fp, LOCK_UN);
-		fclose($fp);
-
-		return $data;
+		return @file_get_contents($file);
 	}
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Write File
- *
- * Writes data to the file specified in the path.
- * Creates a new file if non-existent.
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	string	path to file
- * @param	string	file data
- * @return	bool
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('write_file'))
 {
-	function write_file($path, $data, $mode = FOPEN_WRITE_CREATE_DESTRUCTIVE)
+	/**
+	 * Write File
+	 *
+	 * Writes data to the file specified in the path.
+	 * Creates a new file if non-existent.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$path	File path
+	 * @param	string	$data	Data to write
+	 * @param	string	$mode	fopen() mode (default: 'wb')
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	function write_file($path, $data, $mode = 'wb')
 	{
 		if ( ! $fp = @fopen($path, $mode))
 		{
@@ -93,35 +90,44 @@ if ( ! function_exists('write_file'))
 		}
 
 		flock($fp, LOCK_EX);
-		fwrite($fp, $data);
+
+		for ($result = $written = 0, $length = strlen($data); $written < $length; $written += $result)
+		{
+			if (($result = fwrite($fp, substr($data, $written))) === FALSE)
+			{
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+
 		flock($fp, LOCK_UN);
 		fclose($fp);
 
-		return TRUE;
+		return is_int($result);
 	}
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Delete Files
- *
- * Deletes all files contained in the supplied directory path.
- * Files must be writable or owned by the system in order to be deleted.
- * If the second parameter is set to TRUE, any directories contained
- * within the supplied base directory will be nuked as well.
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	string	path to file
- * @param	bool	whether to delete any directories found in the path
- * @return	bool
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('delete_files'))
 {
-	function delete_files($path, $del_dir = FALSE, $level = 0)
+	/**
+	 * Delete Files
+	 *
+	 * Deletes all files contained in the supplied directory path.
+	 * Files must be writable or owned by the system in order to be deleted.
+	 * If the second parameter is set to TRUE, any directories contained
+	 * within the supplied base directory will be nuked as well.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$path		File path
+	 * @param	bool	$del_dir	Whether to delete any directories found in the path
+	 * @param	bool	$htdocs		Whether to skip deleting .htaccess and index page files
+	 * @param	int	$_level		Current directory depth level (default: 0; internal use only)
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	function delete_files($path, $del_dir = FALSE, $htdocs = FALSE, $_level = 0)
 	{
 		// Trim the trailing slash
-		$path = rtrim($path, DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR);
+		$path = rtrim($path, '/\\');
 
 		if ( ! $current_dir = @opendir($path))
 		{
@@ -130,49 +136,44 @@ if ( ! function_exists('delete_files'))
 
 		while (FALSE !== ($filename = @readdir($current_dir)))
 		{
-			if ($filename != "." and $filename != "..")
+			if ($filename !== '.' && $filename !== '..')
 			{
-				if (is_dir($path.DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR.$filename))
+				$filepath = $path.DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR.$filename;
+
+				if (is_dir($filepath) && $filename[0] !== '.' && ! is_link($filepath))
 				{
-					// Ignore empty folders
-					if (substr($filename, 0, 1) != '.')
-					{
-						delete_files($path.DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR.$filename, $del_dir, $level + 1);
-					}
+					delete_files($filepath, $del_dir, $htdocs, $_level + 1);
 				}
-				else
+				elseif ($htdocs !== TRUE OR ! preg_match('/^(\.htaccess|index\.(html|htm|php)|web\.config)$/i', $filename))
 				{
-					unlink($path.DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR.$filename);
+					@unlink($filepath);
 				}
 			}
 		}
-		@closedir($current_dir);
 
-		if ($del_dir == TRUE AND $level > 0)
-		{
-			return @rmdir($path);
-		}
+		closedir($current_dir);
 
-		return TRUE;
+		return ($del_dir === TRUE && $_level > 0)
+			? @rmdir($path)
+			: TRUE;
 	}
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Get Filenames
- *
- * Reads the specified directory and builds an array containing the filenames.
- * Any sub-folders contained within the specified path are read as well.
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	string	path to source
- * @param	bool	whether to include the path as part of the filename
- * @param	bool	internal variable to determine recursion status - do not use in calls
- * @return	array
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('get_filenames'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Get Filenames
+	 *
+	 * Reads the specified directory and builds an array containing the filenames.
+	 * Any sub-folders contained within the specified path are read as well.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	path to source
+	 * @param	bool	whether to include the path as part of the filename
+	 * @param	bool	internal variable to determine recursion status - do not use in calls
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
 	function get_filenames($source_dir, $include_path = FALSE, $_recursion = FALSE)
 	{
 		static $_filedata = array();
@@ -188,42 +189,41 @@ if ( ! function_exists('get_filenames'))
 
 			while (FALSE !== ($file = readdir($fp)))
 			{
-				if (@is_dir($source_dir.$file) && strncmp($file, '.', 1) !== 0)
+				if (is_dir($source_dir.$file) && $file[0] !== '.')
 				{
 					get_filenames($source_dir.$file.DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR, $include_path, TRUE);
 				}
-				elseif (strncmp($file, '.', 1) !== 0)
+				elseif ($file[0] !== '.')
 				{
-					$_filedata[] = ($include_path == TRUE) ? $source_dir.$file : $file;
+					$_filedata[] = ($include_path === TRUE) ? $source_dir.$file : $file;
 				}
 			}
+
+			closedir($fp);
 			return $_filedata;
 		}
-		else
-		{
-			return FALSE;
-		}
+
+		return FALSE;
 	}
 }
 
 // --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Get Directory File Information
- *
- * Reads the specified directory and builds an array containing the filenames,
- * filesize, dates, and permissions
- *
- * Any sub-folders contained within the specified path are read as well.
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	string	path to source
- * @param	bool	Look only at the top level directory specified?
- * @param	bool	internal variable to determine recursion status - do not use in calls
- * @return	array
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('get_dir_file_info'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Get Directory File Information
+	 *
+	 * Reads the specified directory and builds an array containing the filenames,
+	 * filesize, dates, and permissions
+	 *
+	 * Any sub-folders contained within the specified path are read as well.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	path to source
+	 * @param	bool	Look only at the top level directory specified?
+	 * @param	bool	internal variable to determine recursion status - do not use in calls
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
 	function get_dir_file_info($source_dir, $top_level_only = TRUE, $_recursion = FALSE)
 	{
 		static $_filedata = array();
@@ -238,49 +238,46 @@ if ( ! function_exists('get_dir_file_info'))
 				$source_dir = rtrim(realpath($source_dir), DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR).DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR;
 			}
 
-			// foreach (scandir($source_dir, 1) as $file) // In addition to being PHP5+, scandir() is simply not as fast
+			// Used to be foreach (scandir($source_dir, 1) as $file), but scandir() is simply not as fast
 			while (FALSE !== ($file = readdir($fp)))
 			{
-				if (@is_dir($source_dir.$file) AND strncmp($file, '.', 1) !== 0 AND $top_level_only === FALSE)
+				if (is_dir($source_dir.$file) && $file[0] !== '.' && $top_level_only === FALSE)
 				{
 					get_dir_file_info($source_dir.$file.DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR, $top_level_only, TRUE);
 				}
-				elseif (strncmp($file, '.', 1) !== 0)
+				elseif ($file[0] !== '.')
 				{
 					$_filedata[$file] = get_file_info($source_dir.$file);
 					$_filedata[$file]['relative_path'] = $relative_path;
 				}
 			}
 
+			closedir($fp);
 			return $_filedata;
 		}
-		else
-		{
-			return FALSE;
-		}
+
+		return FALSE;
 	}
 }
 
 // --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
-* Get File Info
-*
-* Given a file and path, returns the name, path, size, date modified
-* Second parameter allows you to explicitly declare what information you want returned
-* Options are: name, server_path, size, date, readable, writable, executable, fileperms
-* Returns FALSE if the file cannot be found.
-*
-* @access	public
-* @param	string	path to file
-* @param	mixed	array or comma separated string of information returned
-* @return	array
-*/
 if ( ! function_exists('get_file_info'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Get File Info
+	 *
+	 * Given a file and path, returns the name, path, size, date modified
+	 * Second parameter allows you to explicitly declare what information you want returned
+	 * Options are: name, server_path, size, date, readable, writable, executable, fileperms
+	 * Returns FALSE if the file cannot be found.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	path to file
+	 * @param	mixed	array or comma separated string of information returned
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
 	function get_file_info($file, $returned_values = array('name', 'server_path', 'size', 'date'))
 	{
-
 		if ( ! file_exists($file))
 		{
 			return FALSE;
@@ -296,7 +293,7 @@ if ( ! function_exists('get_file_info'))
 			switch ($key)
 			{
 				case 'name':
-					$fileinfo['name'] = substr(strrchr($file, DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR), 1);
+					$fileinfo['name'] = basename($file);
 					break;
 				case 'server_path':
 					$fileinfo['server_path'] = $file;
@@ -311,8 +308,7 @@ if ( ! function_exists('get_file_info'))
 					$fileinfo['readable'] = is_readable($file);
 					break;
 				case 'writable':
-					// There are known problems using is_weritable on IIS.  It may not be reliable - consider fileperms()
-					$fileinfo['writable'] = is_writable($file);
+					$fileinfo['writable'] = is_really_writable($file);
 					break;
 				case 'executable':
 					$fileinfo['executable'] = is_executable($file);
@@ -329,104 +325,87 @@ if ( ! function_exists('get_file_info'))
 
 // --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Get Mime by Extension
- *
- * Translates a file extension into a mime type based on config/mimes.php.
- * Returns FALSE if it can't determine the type, or open the mime config file
- *
- * Note: this is NOT an accurate way of determining file mime types, and is here strictly as a convenience
- * It should NOT be trusted, and should certainly NOT be used for security
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	string	path to file
- * @return	mixed
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('get_mime_by_extension'))
 {
-	function get_mime_by_extension($file)
+	/**
+	 * Get Mime by Extension
+	 *
+	 * Translates a file extension into a mime type based on config/mimes.php.
+	 * Returns FALSE if it can't determine the type, or open the mime config file
+	 *
+	 * Note: this is NOT an accurate way of determining file mime types, and is here strictly as a convenience
+	 * It should NOT be trusted, and should certainly NOT be used for security
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$filename	File name
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	function get_mime_by_extension($filename)
 	{
-		$extension = strtolower(substr(strrchr($file, '.'), 1));
-
-		global $mimes;
+		static $mimes;
 
 		if ( ! is_array($mimes))
 		{
-			if (defined('ENVIRONMENT') AND is_file(APPPATH.'config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/mimes.php'))
-			{
-				include(APPPATH.'config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/mimes.php');
-			}
-			elseif (is_file(APPPATH.'config/mimes.php'))
-			{
-				include(APPPATH.'config/mimes.php');
-			}
+			$mimes = get_mimes();
 
-			if ( ! is_array($mimes))
+			if (empty($mimes))
 			{
 				return FALSE;
 			}
 		}
 
-		if (array_key_exists($extension, $mimes))
+		$extension = strtolower(substr(strrchr($filename, '.'), 1));
+
+		if (isset($mimes[$extension]))
 		{
-			if (is_array($mimes[$extension]))
-			{
-				// Multiple mime types, just give the first one
-				return current($mimes[$extension]);
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				return $mimes[$extension];
-			}
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			return FALSE;
+			return is_array($mimes[$extension])
+				? current($mimes[$extension]) // Multiple mime types, just give the first one
+				: $mimes[$extension];
 		}
+
+		return FALSE;
 	}
 }
 
 // --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Symbolic Permissions
- *
- * Takes a numeric value representing a file's permissions and returns
- * standard symbolic notation representing that value
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	int
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('symbolic_permissions'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Symbolic Permissions
+	 *
+	 * Takes a numeric value representing a file's permissions and returns
+	 * standard symbolic notation representing that value
+	 *
+	 * @param	int	$perms	Permissions
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function symbolic_permissions($perms)
 	{
-		if (($perms & 0xC000) == 0xC000)
+		if (($perms & 0xC000) === 0xC000)
 		{
 			$symbolic = 's'; // Socket
 		}
-		elseif (($perms & 0xA000) == 0xA000)
+		elseif (($perms & 0xA000) === 0xA000)
 		{
 			$symbolic = 'l'; // Symbolic Link
 		}
-		elseif (($perms & 0x8000) == 0x8000)
+		elseif (($perms & 0x8000) === 0x8000)
 		{
 			$symbolic = '-'; // Regular
 		}
-		elseif (($perms & 0x6000) == 0x6000)
+		elseif (($perms & 0x6000) === 0x6000)
 		{
 			$symbolic = 'b'; // Block special
 		}
-		elseif (($perms & 0x4000) == 0x4000)
+		elseif (($perms & 0x4000) === 0x4000)
 		{
 			$symbolic = 'd'; // Directory
 		}
-		elseif (($perms & 0x2000) == 0x2000)
+		elseif (($perms & 0x2000) === 0x2000)
 		{
 			$symbolic = 'c'; // Character special
 		}
-		elseif (($perms & 0x1000) == 0x1000)
+		elseif (($perms & 0x1000) === 0x1000)
 		{
 			$symbolic = 'p'; // FIFO pipe
 		}
@@ -436,19 +415,19 @@ if ( ! function_exists('symbolic_permissions'))
 		}
 
 		// Owner
-		$symbolic .= (($perms & 0x0100) ? 'r' : '-');
-		$symbolic .= (($perms & 0x0080) ? 'w' : '-');
-		$symbolic .= (($perms & 0x0040) ? (($perms & 0x0800) ? 's' : 'x' ) : (($perms & 0x0800) ? 'S' : '-'));
+		$symbolic .= (($perms & 0x0100) ? 'r' : '-')
+			.(($perms & 0x0080) ? 'w' : '-')
+			.(($perms & 0x0040) ? (($perms & 0x0800) ? 's' : 'x' ) : (($perms & 0x0800) ? 'S' : '-'));
 
 		// Group
-		$symbolic .= (($perms & 0x0020) ? 'r' : '-');
-		$symbolic .= (($perms & 0x0010) ? 'w' : '-');
-		$symbolic .= (($perms & 0x0008) ? (($perms & 0x0400) ? 's' : 'x' ) : (($perms & 0x0400) ? 'S' : '-'));
+		$symbolic .= (($perms & 0x0020) ? 'r' : '-')
+			.(($perms & 0x0010) ? 'w' : '-')
+			.(($perms & 0x0008) ? (($perms & 0x0400) ? 's' : 'x' ) : (($perms & 0x0400) ? 'S' : '-'));
 
 		// World
-		$symbolic .= (($perms & 0x0004) ? 'r' : '-');
-		$symbolic .= (($perms & 0x0002) ? 'w' : '-');
-		$symbolic .= (($perms & 0x0001) ? (($perms & 0x0200) ? 't' : 'x' ) : (($perms & 0x0200) ? 'T' : '-'));
+		$symbolic .= (($perms & 0x0004) ? 'r' : '-')
+			.(($perms & 0x0002) ? 'w' : '-')
+			.(($perms & 0x0001) ? (($perms & 0x0200) ? 't' : 'x' ) : (($perms & 0x0200) ? 'T' : '-'));
 
 		return $symbolic;
 	}
@@ -456,24 +435,19 @@ if ( ! function_exists('symbolic_permissions'))
 
 // --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Octal Permissions
- *
- * Takes a numeric value representing a file's permissions and returns
- * a three character string representing the file's octal permissions
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	int
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('octal_permissions'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Octal Permissions
+	 *
+	 * Takes a numeric value representing a file's permissions and returns
+	 * a three character string representing the file's octal permissions
+	 *
+	 * @param	int	$perms	Permissions
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function octal_permissions($perms)
 	{
 		return substr(sprintf('%o', $perms), -3);
 	}
 }
-
-
-/* End of file file_helper.php */
-/* Location: ./system/helpers/file_helper.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/helpers/form_helper.php b/system/helpers/form_helper.php
index 7e2c3a0ae..13f196318 100644
--- a/system/helpers/form_helper.php
+++ b/system/helpers/form_helper.php
@@ -1,19 +1,41 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.0.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * CodeIgniter Form Helpers
@@ -21,58 +43,94 @@
  * @package		CodeIgniter
  * @subpackage	Helpers
  * @category	Helpers
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/helpers/form_helper.html
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/helpers/form_helper.html
  */
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Form Declaration
- *
- * Creates the opening portion of the form.
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	string	the URI segments of the form destination
- * @param	array	a key/value pair of attributes
- * @param	array	a key/value pair hidden data
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('form_open'))
 {
-	function form_open($action = '', $attributes = '', $hidden = array())
+	/**
+	 * Form Declaration
+	 *
+	 * Creates the opening portion of the form.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the URI segments of the form destination
+	 * @param	array	a key/value pair of attributes
+	 * @param	array	a key/value pair hidden data
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	function form_open($action = '', $attributes = array(), $hidden = array())
 	{
 		$CI =& get_instance();
 
-		if ($attributes == '')
+		// If no action is provided then set to the current url
+		if ( ! $action)
 		{
-			$attributes = 'method="post"';
+			$action = $CI->config->site_url($CI->uri->uri_string());
 		}
-
 		// If an action is not a full URL then turn it into one
-		if ($action && strpos($action, '://') === FALSE)
+		elseif (strpos($action, '://') === FALSE)
 		{
 			$action = $CI->config->site_url($action);
 		}
 
-		// If no action is provided then set to the current url
-		$action OR $action = $CI->config->site_url($CI->uri->uri_string());
+		$attributes = _attributes_to_string($attributes);
 
-		$form = '<form action="'.$action.'"';
+		if (stripos($attributes, 'method=') === FALSE)
+		{
+			$attributes .= ' method="post"';
+		}
 
-		$form .= _attributes_to_string($attributes, TRUE);
+		if (stripos($attributes, 'accept-charset=') === FALSE)
+		{
+			$attributes .= ' accept-charset="'.strtolower(config_item('charset')).'"';
+		}
 
-		$form .= '>';
+		$form = '<form action="'.$action.'"'.$attributes.">\n";
 
-		// Add CSRF field if enabled, but leave it out for GET requests and requests to external websites	
-		if ($CI->config->item('csrf_protection') === TRUE AND ! (strpos($action, $CI->config->base_url()) === FALSE OR strpos($form, 'method="get"')))	
+		if (is_array($hidden))
 		{
-			$hidden[$CI->security->get_csrf_token_name()] = $CI->security->get_csrf_hash();
+			foreach ($hidden as $name => $value)
+			{
+				$form .= '<input type="hidden" name="'.$name.'" value="'.html_escape($value).'" />'."\n";
+			}
 		}
 
-		if (is_array($hidden) AND count($hidden) > 0)
+		// Add CSRF field if enabled, but leave it out for GET requests and requests to external websites
+		if ($CI->config->item('csrf_protection') === TRUE && strpos($action, $CI->config->base_url()) !== FALSE && ! stripos($form, 'method="get"'))
 		{
-			$form .= sprintf("<div style=\"display:none\">%s</div>", form_hidden($hidden));
+			// Prepend/append random-length "white noise" around the CSRF
+			// token input, as a form of protection against BREACH attacks
+			if (FALSE !== ($noise = $CI->security->get_random_bytes(1)))
+			{
+				list(, $noise) = unpack('c', $noise);
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				$noise = mt_rand(-128, 127);
+			}
+
+			// Prepend if $noise has a negative value, append if positive, do nothing for zero
+			$prepend = $append = '';
+			if ($noise < 0)
+			{
+				$prepend = str_repeat(" ", abs($noise));
+			}
+			elseif ($noise > 0)
+			{
+				$append  = str_repeat(" ", $noise);
+			}
+
+			$form .= sprintf(
+				'%s<input type="hidden" name="%s" value="%s" />%s%s',
+				$prepend,
+				$CI->security->get_csrf_token_name(),
+				$CI->security->get_csrf_hash(),
+				$append,
+				"\n"
+			);
 		}
 
 		return $form;
@@ -81,19 +139,18 @@ if ( ! function_exists('form_open'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Form Declaration - Multipart type
- *
- * Creates the opening portion of the form, but with "multipart/form-data".
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	string	the URI segments of the form destination
- * @param	array	a key/value pair of attributes
- * @param	array	a key/value pair hidden data
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('form_open_multipart'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Form Declaration - Multipart type
+	 *
+	 * Creates the opening portion of the form, but with "multipart/form-data".
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the URI segments of the form destination
+	 * @param	array	a key/value pair of attributes
+	 * @param	array	a key/value pair hidden data
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function form_open_multipart($action = '', $attributes = array(), $hidden = array())
 	{
 		if (is_string($attributes))
@@ -111,19 +168,19 @@ if ( ! function_exists('form_open_multipart'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Hidden Input Field
- *
- * Generates hidden fields.  You can pass a simple key/value string or an associative
- * array with multiple values.
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	mixed
- * @param	string
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('form_hidden'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Hidden Input Field
+	 *
+	 * Generates hidden fields. You can pass a simple key/value string or
+	 * an associative array with multiple values.
+	 *
+	 * @param	mixed	$name		Field name
+	 * @param	string	$value		Field value
+	 * @param	bool	$recursing
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function form_hidden($name, $value = '', $recursing = FALSE)
 	{
 		static $form;
@@ -139,18 +196,19 @@ if ( ! function_exists('form_hidden'))
 			{
 				form_hidden($key, $val, TRUE);
 			}
+
 			return $form;
 		}
 
 		if ( ! is_array($value))
 		{
-			$form .= '<input type="hidden" name="'.$name.'" value="'.form_prep($value, $name).'" />'."\n";
+			$form .= '<input type="hidden" name="'.$name.'" value="'.html_escape($value)."\" />\n";
 		}
 		else
 		{
 			foreach ($value as $k => $v)
 			{
-				$k = (is_int($k)) ? '' : $k;
+				$k = is_int($k) ? '' : $k;
 				form_hidden($name.'['.$k.']', $v, TRUE);
 			}
 		}
@@ -161,47 +219,45 @@ if ( ! function_exists('form_hidden'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Text Input Field
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	mixed
- * @param	string
- * @param	string
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('form_input'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Text Input Field
+	 *
+	 * @param	mixed
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	mixed
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function form_input($data = '', $value = '', $extra = '')
 	{
-		$defaults = array('type' => 'text', 'name' => (( ! is_array($data)) ? $data : ''), 'value' => $value);
+		$defaults = array(
+			'type' => 'text',
+			'name' => is_array($data) ? '' : $data,
+			'value' => $value
+		);
 
-		return "<input "._parse_form_attributes($data, $defaults).$extra." />";
+		return '<input '._parse_form_attributes($data, $defaults)._attributes_to_string($extra)." />\n";
 	}
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Password Field
- *
- * Identical to the input function but adds the "password" type
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	mixed
- * @param	string
- * @param	string
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('form_password'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Password Field
+	 *
+	 * Identical to the input function but adds the "password" type
+	 *
+	 * @param	mixed
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	mixed
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function form_password($data = '', $value = '', $extra = '')
 	{
-		if ( ! is_array($data))
-		{
-			$data = array('name' => $data);
-		}
-
+		is_array($data) OR $data = array('name' => $data);
 		$data['type'] = 'password';
 		return form_input($data, $value, $extra);
 	}
@@ -209,47 +265,47 @@ if ( ! function_exists('form_password'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Upload Field
- *
- * Identical to the input function but adds the "file" type
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	mixed
- * @param	string
- * @param	string
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('form_upload'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Upload Field
+	 *
+	 * Identical to the input function but adds the "file" type
+	 *
+	 * @param	mixed
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	mixed
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function form_upload($data = '', $value = '', $extra = '')
 	{
-		if ( ! is_array($data))
-		{
-			$data = array('name' => $data);
-		}
-
+		$defaults = array('type' => 'file', 'name' => '');
+		is_array($data) OR $data = array('name' => $data);
 		$data['type'] = 'file';
-		return form_input($data, $value, $extra);
+
+		return '<input '._parse_form_attributes($data, $defaults)._attributes_to_string($extra)." />\n";
 	}
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Textarea field
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	mixed
- * @param	string
- * @param	string
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('form_textarea'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Textarea field
+	 *
+	 * @param	mixed	$data
+	 * @param	string	$value
+	 * @param	mixed	$extra
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function form_textarea($data = '', $value = '', $extra = '')
 	{
-		$defaults = array('name' => (( ! is_array($data)) ? $data : ''), 'cols' => '40', 'rows' => '10');
+		$defaults = array(
+			'name' => is_array($data) ? '' : $data,
+			'cols' => '40',
+			'rows' => '10'
+		);
 
 		if ( ! is_array($data) OR ! isset($data['value']))
 		{
@@ -261,28 +317,29 @@ if ( ! function_exists('form_textarea'))
 			unset($data['value']); // textareas don't use the value attribute
 		}
 
-		$name = (is_array($data)) ? $data['name'] : $data;
-		return "<textarea "._parse_form_attributes($data, $defaults).$extra.">".form_prep($val, $name)."</textarea>";
+		return '<textarea '._parse_form_attributes($data, $defaults)._attributes_to_string($extra).'>'
+			.html_escape($val)
+			."</textarea>\n";
 	}
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Multi-select menu
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	string
- * @param	array
- * @param	mixed
- * @param	string
- * @return	type
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('form_multiselect'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Multi-select menu
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	array
+	 * @param	mixed
+	 * @param	mixed
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function form_multiselect($name = '', $options = array(), $selected = array(), $extra = '')
 	{
-		if ( ! strpos($extra, 'multiple'))
+		$extra = _attributes_to_string($extra);
+		if (stripos($extra, 'multiple') === FALSE)
 		{
 			$extra .= ' multiple="multiple"';
 		}
@@ -293,91 +350,117 @@ if ( ! function_exists('form_multiselect'))
 
 // --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Drop-down Menu
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	string
- * @param	array
- * @param	string
- * @param	string
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('form_dropdown'))
 {
-	function form_dropdown($name = '', $options = array(), $selected = array(), $extra = '')
+	/**
+	 * Drop-down Menu
+	 *
+	 * @param	mixed	$data
+	 * @param	mixed	$options
+	 * @param	mixed	$selected
+	 * @param	mixed	$extra
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	function form_dropdown($data = '', $options = array(), $selected = array(), $extra = '')
 	{
-		if ( ! is_array($selected))
+		$defaults = array();
+
+		if (is_array($data))
 		{
-			$selected = array($selected);
+			if (isset($data['selected']))
+			{
+				$selected = $data['selected'];
+				unset($data['selected']); // select tags don't have a selected attribute
+			}
+
+			if (isset($data['options']))
+			{
+				$options = $data['options'];
+				unset($data['options']); // select tags don't use an options attribute
+			}
 		}
+		else
+		{
+			$defaults = array('name' => $data);
+		}
+
+		is_array($selected) OR $selected = array($selected);
+		is_array($options) OR $options = array($options);
 
 		// If no selected state was submitted we will attempt to set it automatically
-		if (count($selected) === 0)
+		if (empty($selected))
 		{
-			// If the form name appears in the $_POST array we have a winner!
-			if (isset($_POST[$name]))
+			if (is_array($data))
 			{
-				$selected = array($_POST[$name]);
+				if (isset($data['name'], $_POST[$data['name']]))
+				{
+					$selected = array($_POST[$data['name']]);
+				}
+			}
+			elseif (isset($_POST[$data]))
+			{
+				$selected = array($_POST[$data]);
 			}
 		}
 
-		if ($extra != '') $extra = ' '.$extra;
+		$extra = _attributes_to_string($extra);
 
-		$multiple = (count($selected) > 1 && strpos($extra, 'multiple') === FALSE) ? ' multiple="multiple"' : '';
+		$multiple = (count($selected) > 1 && stripos($extra, 'multiple') === FALSE) ? ' multiple="multiple"' : '';
 
-		$form = '<select name="'.$name.'"'.$extra.$multiple.">\n";
+		$form = '<select '.rtrim(_parse_form_attributes($data, $defaults)).$extra.$multiple.">\n";
 
 		foreach ($options as $key => $val)
 		{
 			$key = (string) $key;
 
-			if (is_array($val) && ! empty($val))
+			if (is_array($val))
 			{
-				$form .= '<optgroup label="'.$key.'">'."\n";
+				if (empty($val))
+				{
+					continue;
+				}
+
+				$form .= '<optgroup label="'.$key."\">\n";
 
 				foreach ($val as $optgroup_key => $optgroup_val)
 				{
-					$sel = (in_array($optgroup_key, $selected)) ? ' selected="selected"' : '';
-
-					$form .= '<option value="'.$optgroup_key.'"'.$sel.'>'.(string) $optgroup_val."</option>\n";
+					$sel = in_array($optgroup_key, $selected) ? ' selected="selected"' : '';
+					$form .= '<option value="'.html_escape($optgroup_key).'"'.$sel.'>'
+						.(string) $optgroup_val."</option>\n";
 				}
 
-				$form .= '</optgroup>'."\n";
+				$form .= "</optgroup>\n";
 			}
 			else
 			{
-				$sel = (in_array($key, $selected)) ? ' selected="selected"' : '';
-
-				$form .= '<option value="'.$key.'"'.$sel.'>'.(string) $val."</option>\n";
+				$form .= '<option value="'.html_escape($key).'"'
+					.(in_array($key, $selected) ? ' selected="selected"' : '').'>'
+					.(string) $val."</option>\n";
 			}
 		}
 
-		$form .= '</select>';
-
-		return $form;
+		return $form."</select>\n";
 	}
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Checkbox Field
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	mixed
- * @param	string
- * @param	bool
- * @param	string
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('form_checkbox'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Checkbox Field
+	 *
+	 * @param	mixed
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	bool
+	 * @param	mixed
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function form_checkbox($data = '', $value = '', $checked = FALSE, $extra = '')
 	{
-		$defaults = array('type' => 'checkbox', 'name' => (( ! is_array($data)) ? $data : ''), 'value' => $value);
+		$defaults = array('type' => 'checkbox', 'name' => ( ! is_array($data) ? $data : ''), 'value' => $value);
 
-		if (is_array($data) AND array_key_exists('checked', $data))
+		if (is_array($data) && array_key_exists('checked', $data))
 		{
 			$checked = $data['checked'];
 
@@ -400,167 +483,159 @@ if ( ! function_exists('form_checkbox'))
 			unset($defaults['checked']);
 		}
 
-		return "<input "._parse_form_attributes($data, $defaults).$extra." />";
+		return '<input '._parse_form_attributes($data, $defaults)._attributes_to_string($extra)." />\n";
 	}
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Radio Button
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	mixed
- * @param	string
- * @param	bool
- * @param	string
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('form_radio'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Radio Button
+	 *
+	 * @param	mixed
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	bool
+	 * @param	mixed
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function form_radio($data = '', $value = '', $checked = FALSE, $extra = '')
 	{
-		if ( ! is_array($data))
-		{
-			$data = array('name' => $data);
-		}
-
+		is_array($data) OR $data = array('name' => $data);
 		$data['type'] = 'radio';
+
 		return form_checkbox($data, $value, $checked, $extra);
 	}
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Submit Button
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	mixed
- * @param	string
- * @param	string
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('form_submit'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Submit Button
+	 *
+	 * @param	mixed
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	mixed
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function form_submit($data = '', $value = '', $extra = '')
 	{
-		$defaults = array('type' => 'submit', 'name' => (( ! is_array($data)) ? $data : ''), 'value' => $value);
+		$defaults = array(
+			'type' => 'submit',
+			'name' => is_array($data) ? '' : $data,
+			'value' => $value
+		);
 
-		return "<input "._parse_form_attributes($data, $defaults).$extra." />";
+		return '<input '._parse_form_attributes($data, $defaults)._attributes_to_string($extra)." />\n";
 	}
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Reset Button
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	mixed
- * @param	string
- * @param	string
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('form_reset'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Reset Button
+	 *
+	 * @param	mixed
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	mixed
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function form_reset($data = '', $value = '', $extra = '')
 	{
-		$defaults = array('type' => 'reset', 'name' => (( ! is_array($data)) ? $data : ''), 'value' => $value);
+		$defaults = array(
+			'type' => 'reset',
+			'name' => is_array($data) ? '' : $data,
+			'value' => $value
+		);
 
-		return "<input "._parse_form_attributes($data, $defaults).$extra." />";
+		return '<input '._parse_form_attributes($data, $defaults)._attributes_to_string($extra)." />\n";
 	}
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Form Button
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	mixed
- * @param	string
- * @param	string
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('form_button'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Form Button
+	 *
+	 * @param	mixed
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	mixed
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function form_button($data = '', $content = '', $extra = '')
 	{
-		$defaults = array('name' => (( ! is_array($data)) ? $data : ''), 'type' => 'button');
+		$defaults = array(
+			'name' => is_array($data) ? '' : $data,
+			'type' => 'button'
+		);
 
-		if ( is_array($data) AND isset($data['content']))
+		if (is_array($data) && isset($data['content']))
 		{
 			$content = $data['content'];
 			unset($data['content']); // content is not an attribute
 		}
 
-		return "<button "._parse_form_attributes($data, $defaults).$extra.">".$content."</button>";
+		return '<button '._parse_form_attributes($data, $defaults)._attributes_to_string($extra).'>'
+			.$content
+			."</button>\n";
 	}
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Form Label Tag
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	string	The text to appear onscreen
- * @param	string	The id the label applies to
- * @param	string	Additional attributes
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('form_label'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Form Label Tag
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	The text to appear onscreen
+	 * @param	string	The id the label applies to
+	 * @param	mixed	Additional attributes
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function form_label($label_text = '', $id = '', $attributes = array())
 	{
 
 		$label = '<label';
 
-		if ($id != '')
+		if ($id !== '')
 		{
-			$label .= " for=\"$id\"";
+			$label .= ' for="'.$id.'"';
 		}
 
-		if (is_array($attributes) AND count($attributes) > 0)
-		{
-			foreach ($attributes as $key => $val)
-			{
-				$label .= ' '.$key.'="'.$val.'"';
-			}
-		}
-
-		$label .= ">$label_text</label>";
+		$label .= _attributes_to_string($attributes);
 
-		return $label;
+		return $label.'>'.$label_text.'</label>';
 	}
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-/**
- * Fieldset Tag
- *
- * Used to produce <fieldset><legend>text</legend>.  To close fieldset
- * use form_fieldset_close()
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	string	The legend text
- * @param	string	Additional attributes
- * @return	string
- */
+
 if ( ! function_exists('form_fieldset'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Fieldset Tag
+	 *
+	 * Used to produce <fieldset><legend>text</legend>.  To close fieldset
+	 * use form_fieldset_close()
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	The legend text
+	 * @param	array	Additional attributes
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function form_fieldset($legend_text = '', $attributes = array())
 	{
-		$fieldset = "<fieldset";
-
-		$fieldset .= _attributes_to_string($attributes, FALSE);
-
-		$fieldset .= ">\n";
-
-		if ($legend_text != '')
+		$fieldset = '<fieldset'._attributes_to_string($attributes).">\n";
+		if ($legend_text !== '')
 		{
-			$fieldset .= "<legend>$legend_text</legend>\n";
+			return $fieldset.'<legend>'.$legend_text."</legend>\n";
 		}
 
 		return $fieldset;
@@ -569,306 +644,250 @@ if ( ! function_exists('form_fieldset'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Fieldset Close Tag
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	string
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('form_fieldset_close'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Fieldset Close Tag
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function form_fieldset_close($extra = '')
 	{
-		return "</fieldset>".$extra;
+		return '</fieldset>'.$extra;
 	}
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Form Close Tag
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	string
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('form_close'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Form Close Tag
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function form_close($extra = '')
 	{
-		return "</form>".$extra;
+		return '</form>'.$extra;
 	}
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Form Prep
- *
- * Formats text so that it can be safely placed in a form field in the event it has HTML tags.
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	string
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('form_prep'))
 {
-	function form_prep($str = '', $field_name = '')
+	/**
+	 * Form Prep
+	 *
+	 * Formats text so that it can be safely placed in a form field in the event it has HTML tags.
+	 *
+	 * @deprecated	3.0.0	An alias for html_escape()
+	 * @param	string|string[]	$str		Value to escape
+	 * @return	string|string[]	Escaped values
+	 */
+	function form_prep($str)
 	{
-		static $prepped_fields = array();
-
-		// if the field name is an array we do this recursively
-		if (is_array($str))
-		{
-			foreach ($str as $key => $val)
-			{
-				$str[$key] = form_prep($val);
-			}
-
-			return $str;
-		}
-
-		if ($str === '')
-		{
-			return '';
-		}
-
-		// we've already prepped a field with this name
-		// @todo need to figure out a way to namespace this so
-		// that we know the *exact* field and not just one with
-		// the same name
-		if (isset($prepped_fields[$field_name]))
-		{
-			return $str;
-		}
-
-		$str = htmlspecialchars($str);
-
-		// In case htmlspecialchars misses these.
-		$str = str_replace(array("'", '"'), array("&#39;", "&quot;"), $str);
-
-		if ($field_name != '')
-		{
-			$prepped_fields[$field_name] = $field_name;
-		}
-
-		return $str;
+		return html_escape($str, TRUE);
 	}
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Form Value
- *
- * Grabs a value from the POST array for the specified field so you can
- * re-populate an input field or textarea.  If Form Validation
- * is active it retrieves the info from the validation class
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	string
- * @return	mixed
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('set_value'))
 {
-	function set_value($field = '', $default = '')
+	/**
+	 * Form Value
+	 *
+	 * Grabs a value from the POST array for the specified field so you can
+	 * re-populate an input field or textarea. If Form Validation
+	 * is active it retrieves the info from the validation class
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$field		Field name
+	 * @param	string	$default	Default value
+	 * @param	bool	$html_escape	Whether to escape HTML special characters or not
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	function set_value($field, $default = '', $html_escape = TRUE)
 	{
-		if (FALSE === ($OBJ =& _get_validation_object()))
-		{
-			if ( ! isset($_POST[$field]))
-			{
-				return $default;
-			}
+		$CI =& get_instance();
 
-			return form_prep($_POST[$field], $field);
-		}
+		$value = (isset($CI->form_validation) && is_object($CI->form_validation) && $CI->form_validation->has_rule($field))
+			? $CI->form_validation->set_value($field, $default)
+			: $CI->input->post($field, FALSE);
 
-		return form_prep($OBJ->set_value($field, $default), $field);
+		isset($value) OR $value = $default;
+		return ($html_escape) ? html_escape($value) : $value;
 	}
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Set Select
- *
- * Let's you set the selected value of a <select> menu via data in the POST array.
- * If Form Validation is active it retrieves the info from the validation class
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	string
- * @param	string
- * @param	bool
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('set_select'))
 {
-	function set_select($field = '', $value = '', $default = FALSE)
+	/**
+	 * Set Select
+	 *
+	 * Let's you set the selected value of a <select> menu via data in the POST array.
+	 * If Form Validation is active it retrieves the info from the validation class
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	bool
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	function set_select($field, $value = '', $default = FALSE)
 	{
-		$OBJ =& _get_validation_object();
+		$CI =& get_instance();
 
-		if ($OBJ === FALSE)
+		if (isset($CI->form_validation) && is_object($CI->form_validation) && $CI->form_validation->has_rule($field))
 		{
-			if ( ! isset($_POST[$field]))
-			{
-				if (count($_POST) === 0 AND $default == TRUE)
-				{
-					return ' selected="selected"';
-				}
-				return '';
-			}
-
-			$field = $_POST[$field];
+			return $CI->form_validation->set_select($field, $value, $default);
+		}
+		elseif (($input = $CI->input->post($field, FALSE)) === NULL)
+		{
+			return ($default === TRUE) ? ' selected="selected"' : '';
+		}
 
-			if (is_array($field))
-			{
-				if ( ! in_array($value, $field))
-				{
-					return '';
-				}
-			}
-			else
+		$value = (string) $value;
+		if (is_array($input))
+		{
+			// Note: in_array('', array(0)) returns TRUE, do not use it
+			foreach ($input as &$v)
 			{
-				if (($field == '' OR $value == '') OR ($field != $value))
+				if ($value === $v)
 				{
-					return '';
+					return ' selected="selected"';
 				}
 			}
 
-			return ' selected="selected"';
+			return '';
 		}
 
-		return $OBJ->set_select($field, $value, $default);
+		return ($input === $value) ? ' selected="selected"' : '';
 	}
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Set Checkbox
- *
- * Let's you set the selected value of a checkbox via the value in the POST array.
- * If Form Validation is active it retrieves the info from the validation class
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	string
- * @param	string
- * @param	bool
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('set_checkbox'))
 {
-	function set_checkbox($field = '', $value = '', $default = FALSE)
+	/**
+	 * Set Checkbox
+	 *
+	 * Let's you set the selected value of a checkbox via the value in the POST array.
+	 * If Form Validation is active it retrieves the info from the validation class
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	bool
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	function set_checkbox($field, $value = '', $default = FALSE)
 	{
-		$OBJ =& _get_validation_object();
+		$CI =& get_instance();
 
-		if ($OBJ === FALSE)
+		if (isset($CI->form_validation) && is_object($CI->form_validation) && $CI->form_validation->has_rule($field))
 		{
-			if ( ! isset($_POST[$field]))
-			{
-				if (count($_POST) === 0 AND $default == TRUE)
-				{
-					return ' checked="checked"';
-				}
-				return '';
-			}
+			return $CI->form_validation->set_checkbox($field, $value, $default);
+		}
 
-			$field = $_POST[$field];
+		// Form inputs are always strings ...
+		$value = (string) $value;
+		$input = $CI->input->post($field, FALSE);
 
-			if (is_array($field))
-			{
-				if ( ! in_array($value, $field))
-				{
-					return '';
-				}
-			}
-			else
+		if (is_array($input))
+		{
+			// Note: in_array('', array(0)) returns TRUE, do not use it
+			foreach ($input as &$v)
 			{
-				if (($field == '' OR $value == '') OR ($field != $value))
+				if ($value === $v)
 				{
-					return '';
+					return ' checked="checked"';
 				}
 			}
 
-			return ' checked="checked"';
+			return '';
+		}
+
+		// Unchecked checkbox and radio inputs are not even submitted by browsers ...
+		if ($CI->input->method() === 'post')
+		{
+			return ($input === $value) ? ' checked="checked"' : '';
 		}
 
-		return $OBJ->set_checkbox($field, $value, $default);
+		return ($default === TRUE) ? ' checked="checked"' : '';
 	}
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Set Radio
- *
- * Let's you set the selected value of a radio field via info in the POST array.
- * If Form Validation is active it retrieves the info from the validation class
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	string
- * @param	string
- * @param	bool
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('set_radio'))
 {
-	function set_radio($field = '', $value = '', $default = FALSE)
+	/**
+	 * Set Radio
+	 *
+	 * Let's you set the selected value of a radio field via info in the POST array.
+	 * If Form Validation is active it retrieves the info from the validation class
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$field
+	 * @param	string	$value
+	 * @param	bool	$default
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	function set_radio($field, $value = '', $default = FALSE)
 	{
-		$OBJ =& _get_validation_object();
+		$CI =& get_instance();
 
-		if ($OBJ === FALSE)
+		if (isset($CI->form_validation) && is_object($CI->form_validation) && $CI->form_validation->has_rule($field))
 		{
-			if ( ! isset($_POST[$field]))
-			{
-				if (count($_POST) === 0 AND $default == TRUE)
-				{
-					return ' checked="checked"';
-				}
-				return '';
-			}
+			return $CI->form_validation->set_radio($field, $value, $default);
+		}
 
-			$field = $_POST[$field];
+		// Form inputs are always strings ...
+		$value = (string) $value;
+		$input = $CI->input->post($field, FALSE);
 
-			if (is_array($field))
-			{
-				if ( ! in_array($value, $field))
-				{
-					return '';
-				}
-			}
-			else
+		if (is_array($input))
+		{
+			// Note: in_array('', array(0)) returns TRUE, do not use it
+			foreach ($input as &$v)
 			{
-				if (($field == '' OR $value == '') OR ($field != $value))
+				if ($value === $v)
 				{
-					return '';
+					return ' checked="checked"';
 				}
 			}
 
-			return ' checked="checked"';
+			return '';
+		}
+
+		// Unchecked checkbox and radio inputs are not even submitted by browsers ...
+		if ($CI->input->method() === 'post')
+		{
+			return ($input === $value) ? ' checked="checked"' : '';
 		}
 
-		return $OBJ->set_radio($field, $value, $default);
+		return ($default === TRUE) ? ' checked="checked"' : '';
 	}
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Form Error
- *
- * Returns the error for a specific form field.  This is a helper for the
- * form validation class.
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	string
- * @param	string
- * @param	string
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('form_error'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Form Error
+	 *
+	 * Returns the error for a specific form field. This is a helper for the
+	 * form validation class.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function form_error($field = '', $prefix = '', $suffix = '')
 	{
 		if (FALSE === ($OBJ =& _get_validation_object()))
@@ -882,19 +901,18 @@ if ( ! function_exists('form_error'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Validation Error String
- *
- * Returns all the errors associated with a form submission.  This is a helper
- * function for the form validation class.
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	string
- * @param	string
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('validation_errors'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Validation Error String
+	 *
+	 * Returns all the errors associated with a form submission. This is a helper
+	 * function for the form validation class.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function validation_errors($prefix = '', $suffix = '')
 	{
 		if (FALSE === ($OBJ =& _get_validation_object()))
@@ -908,18 +926,17 @@ if ( ! function_exists('validation_errors'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Parse the form attributes
- *
- * Helper function used by some of the form helpers
- *
- * @access	private
- * @param	array
- * @param	array
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('_parse_form_attributes'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Parse the form attributes
+	 *
+	 * Helper function used by some of the form helpers
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$attributes	List of attributes
+	 * @param	array	$default	Default values
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function _parse_form_attributes($attributes, $default)
 	{
 		if (is_array($attributes))
@@ -943,12 +960,16 @@ if ( ! function_exists('_parse_form_attributes'))
 
 		foreach ($default as $key => $val)
 		{
-			if ($key == 'value')
+			if ($key === 'value')
 			{
-				$val = form_prep($val, $default['name']);
+				$val = html_escape($val);
+			}
+			elseif ($key === 'name' && ! strlen($default['name']))
+			{
+				continue;
 			}
 
-			$att .= $key . '="' . $val . '" ';
+			$att .= $key.'="'.$val.'" ';
 		}
 
 		return $att;
@@ -957,54 +978,32 @@ if ( ! function_exists('_parse_form_attributes'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Attributes To String
- *
- * Helper function used by some of the form helpers
- *
- * @access	private
- * @param	mixed
- * @param	bool
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('_attributes_to_string'))
 {
-	function _attributes_to_string($attributes, $formtag = FALSE)
+	/**
+	 * Attributes To String
+	 *
+	 * Helper function used by some of the form helpers
+	 *
+	 * @param	mixed
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	function _attributes_to_string($attributes)
 	{
-		if (is_string($attributes) AND strlen($attributes) > 0)
+		if (empty($attributes))
 		{
-			if ($formtag == TRUE AND strpos($attributes, 'method=') === FALSE)
-			{
-				$attributes .= ' method="post"';
-			}
-
-			if ($formtag == TRUE AND strpos($attributes, 'accept-charset=') === FALSE)
-			{
-				$attributes .= ' accept-charset="'.strtolower(config_item('charset')).'"';
-			}
-
-		return ' '.$attributes;
+			return '';
 		}
 
-		if (is_object($attributes) AND count($attributes) > 0)
+		if (is_object($attributes))
 		{
-			$attributes = (array)$attributes;
+			$attributes = (array) $attributes;
 		}
 
-		if (is_array($attributes) AND count($attributes) > 0)
+		if (is_array($attributes))
 		{
 			$atts = '';
 
-			if ( ! isset($attributes['method']) AND $formtag === TRUE)
-			{
-				$atts .= ' method="post"';
-			}
-
-			if ( ! isset($attributes['accept-charset']) AND $formtag === TRUE)
-			{
-				$atts .= ' accept-charset="'.strtolower(config_item('charset')).'"';
-			}
-
 			foreach ($attributes as $key => $val)
 			{
 				$atts .= ' '.$key.'="'.$val.'"';
@@ -1012,43 +1011,45 @@ if ( ! function_exists('_attributes_to_string'))
 
 			return $atts;
 		}
+
+		if (is_string($attributes))
+		{
+			return ' '.$attributes;
+		}
+
+		return FALSE;
 	}
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Validation Object
- *
- * Determines what the form validation class was instantiated as, fetches
- * the object and returns it.
- *
- * @access	private
- * @return	mixed
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('_get_validation_object'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Validation Object
+	 *
+	 * Determines what the form validation class was instantiated as, fetches
+	 * the object and returns it.
+	 *
+	 * @return	mixed
+	 */
 	function &_get_validation_object()
 	{
 		$CI =& get_instance();
 
 		// We set this as a variable since we're returning by reference.
 		$return = FALSE;
-		
-		if (FALSE !== ($object = $CI->load->is_loaded('form_validation')))
+
+		if (FALSE !== ($object = $CI->load->is_loaded('Form_validation')))
 		{
 			if ( ! isset($CI->$object) OR ! is_object($CI->$object))
 			{
 				return $return;
 			}
-			
+
 			return $CI->$object;
 		}
-		
+
 		return $return;
 	}
 }
-
-
-/* End of file form_helper.php */
-/* Location: ./system/helpers/form_helper.php */
diff --git a/system/helpers/html_helper.php b/system/helpers/html_helper.php
index 8e6d39334..87a5f9b23 100644
--- a/system/helpers/html_helper.php
+++ b/system/helpers/html_helper.php
@@ -1,19 +1,41 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.0.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * CodeIgniter HTML Helpers
@@ -21,46 +43,43 @@
  * @package		CodeIgniter
  * @subpackage	Helpers
  * @category	Helpers
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/helpers/html_helper.html
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/helpers/html_helper.html
  */
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Heading
- *
- * Generates an HTML heading tag.  First param is the data.
- * Second param is the size of the heading tag.
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	string
- * @param	integer
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('heading'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Heading
+	 *
+	 * Generates an HTML heading tag.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	content
+	 * @param	int	heading level
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function heading($data = '', $h = '1', $attributes = '')
 	{
-		$attributes = ($attributes != '') ? ' '.$attributes : $attributes;
-		return "<h".$h.$attributes.">".$data."</h".$h.">";
+		return '<h'.$h._stringify_attributes($attributes).'>'.$data.'</h'.$h.'>';
 	}
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Unordered List
- *
- * Generates an HTML unordered list from an single or multi-dimensional array.
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	array
- * @param	mixed
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('ul'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Unordered List
+	 *
+	 * Generates an HTML unordered list from an single or multi-dimensional array.
+	 *
+	 * @param	array
+	 * @param	mixed
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function ul($list, $attributes = '')
 	{
 		return _list('ul', $list, $attributes);
@@ -69,18 +88,17 @@ if ( ! function_exists('ul'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Ordered List
- *
- * Generates an HTML ordered list from an single or multi-dimensional array.
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	array
- * @param	mixed
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('ol'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Ordered List
+	 *
+	 * Generates an HTML ordered list from an single or multi-dimensional array.
+	 *
+	 * @param	array
+	 * @param	mixed
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function ol($list, $attributes = '')
 	{
 		return _list('ol', $list, $attributes);
@@ -89,21 +107,20 @@ if ( ! function_exists('ol'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Generates the list
- *
- * Generates an HTML ordered list from an single or multi-dimensional array.
- *
- * @access	private
- * @param	string
- * @param	mixed
- * @param	mixed
- * @param	integer
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('_list'))
 {
-	function _list($type = 'ul', $list, $attributes = '', $depth = 0)
+	/**
+	 * Generates the list
+	 *
+	 * Generates an HTML ordered list from an single or multi-dimensional array.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	mixed
+	 * @param	mixed
+	 * @param	int
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	function _list($type = 'ul', $list = array(), $attributes = '', $depth = 0)
 	{
 		// If an array wasn't submitted there's nothing to do...
 		if ( ! is_array($list))
@@ -112,25 +129,10 @@ if ( ! function_exists('_list'))
 		}
 
 		// Set the indentation based on the depth
-		$out = str_repeat(" ", $depth);
+		$out = str_repeat(' ', $depth)
+			// Write the opening list tag
+			.'<'.$type._stringify_attributes($attributes).">\n";
 
-		// Were any attributes submitted?  If so generate a string
-		if (is_array($attributes))
-		{
-			$atts = '';
-			foreach ($attributes as $key => $val)
-			{
-				$atts .= ' ' . $key . '="' . $val . '"';
-			}
-			$attributes = $atts;
-		}
-		elseif (is_string($attributes) AND strlen($attributes) > 0)
-		{
-			$attributes = ' '. $attributes;
-		}
-
-		// Write the opening list tag
-		$out .= "<".$type.$attributes.">\n";
 
 		// Cycle through the list elements.  If an array is
 		// encountered we will recursively call _list()
@@ -140,8 +142,7 @@ if ( ! function_exists('_list'))
 		{
 			$_last_list_item = $key;
 
-			$out .= str_repeat(" ", $depth + 2);
-			$out .= "<li>";
+			$out .= str_repeat(' ', $depth + 2).'<li>';
 
 			if ( ! is_array($val))
 			{
@@ -149,55 +150,32 @@ if ( ! function_exists('_list'))
 			}
 			else
 			{
-				$out .= $_last_list_item."\n";
-				$out .= _list($type, $val, '', $depth + 4);
-				$out .= str_repeat(" ", $depth + 2);
+				$out .= $_last_list_item."\n"._list($type, $val, '', $depth + 4).str_repeat(' ', $depth + 2);
 			}
 
 			$out .= "</li>\n";
 		}
 
-		// Set the indentation for the closing tag
-		$out .= str_repeat(" ", $depth);
-
-		// Write the closing list tag
-		$out .= "</".$type.">\n";
-
-		return $out;
+		// Set the indentation for the closing tag and apply it
+		return $out.str_repeat(' ', $depth).'</'.$type.">\n";
 	}
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Generates HTML BR tags based on number supplied
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	integer
- * @return	string
- */
-if ( ! function_exists('br'))
-{
-	function br($num = 1)
-	{
-		return str_repeat("<br />", $num);
-	}
-}
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-/**
- * Image
- *
- * Generates an <img /> element
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	mixed
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('img'))
 {
-	function img($src = '', $index_page = FALSE)
+	/**
+	 * Image
+	 *
+	 * Generates an <img /> element
+	 *
+	 * @param	mixed
+	 * @param	bool
+	 * @param	mixed
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	function img($src = '', $index_page = FALSE, $attributes = '')
 	{
 		if ( ! is_array($src) )
 		{
@@ -212,112 +190,101 @@ if ( ! function_exists('img'))
 
 		$img = '<img';
 
-		foreach ($src as $k=>$v)
+		foreach ($src as $k => $v)
 		{
-
-			if ($k == 'src' AND strpos($v, '://') === FALSE)
+			if ($k === 'src' && ! preg_match('#^(data:[a-z,;])|(([a-z]+:)?(?<!data:)//)#i', $v))
 			{
-				$CI =& get_instance();
-
 				if ($index_page === TRUE)
 				{
-					$img .= ' src="'.$CI->config->site_url($v).'"';
+					$img .= ' src="'.get_instance()->config->site_url($v).'"';
 				}
 				else
 				{
-					$img .= ' src="'.$CI->config->slash_item('base_url').$v.'"';
+					$img .= ' src="'.get_instance()->config->slash_item('base_url').$v.'"';
 				}
 			}
 			else
 			{
-				$img .= " $k=\"$v\"";
+				$img .= ' '.$k.'="'.$v.'"';
 			}
 		}
 
-		$img .= '/>';
-
-		return $img;
+		return $img._stringify_attributes($attributes).' />';
 	}
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Doctype
- *
- * Generates a page document type declaration
- *
- * Valid options are xhtml-11, xhtml-strict, xhtml-trans, xhtml-frame,
- * html4-strict, html4-trans, and html4-frame.  Values are saved in the
- * doctypes config file.
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	string	type	The doctype to be generated
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('doctype'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Doctype
+	 *
+	 * Generates a page document type declaration
+	 *
+	 * Examples of valid options: html5, xhtml-11, xhtml-strict, xhtml-trans,
+	 * xhtml-frame, html4-strict, html4-trans, and html4-frame.
+	 * All values are saved in the doctypes config file.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	type	The doctype to be generated
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function doctype($type = 'xhtml1-strict')
 	{
-		global $_doctypes;
+		static $doctypes;
 
-		if ( ! is_array($_doctypes))
+		if ( ! is_array($doctypes))
 		{
-			if (defined('ENVIRONMENT') AND is_file(APPPATH.'config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/doctypes.php'))
+			if (file_exists(APPPATH.'config/doctypes.php'))
 			{
-				include(APPPATH.'config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/doctypes.php');
+				include(APPPATH.'config/doctypes.php');
 			}
-			elseif (is_file(APPPATH.'config/doctypes.php'))
+
+			if (file_exists(APPPATH.'config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/doctypes.php'))
 			{
-				include(APPPATH.'config/doctypes.php');
+				include(APPPATH.'config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/doctypes.php');
 			}
 
-			if ( ! is_array($_doctypes))
+			if (empty($_doctypes) OR ! is_array($_doctypes))
 			{
+				$doctypes = array();
 				return FALSE;
 			}
-		}
 
-		if (isset($_doctypes[$type]))
-		{
-			return $_doctypes[$type];
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			return FALSE;
+			$doctypes = $_doctypes;
 		}
+
+		return isset($doctypes[$type]) ? $doctypes[$type] : FALSE;
 	}
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Link
- *
- * Generates link to a CSS file
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	mixed	stylesheet hrefs or an array
- * @param	string	rel
- * @param	string	type
- * @param	string	title
- * @param	string	media
- * @param	boolean	should index_page be added to the css path
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('link_tag'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Link
+	 *
+	 * Generates link to a CSS file
+	 *
+	 * @param	mixed	stylesheet hrefs or an array
+	 * @param	string	rel
+	 * @param	string	type
+	 * @param	string	title
+	 * @param	string	media
+	 * @param	bool	should index_page be added to the css path
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function link_tag($href = '', $rel = 'stylesheet', $type = 'text/css', $title = '', $media = '', $index_page = FALSE)
 	{
 		$CI =& get_instance();
-
 		$link = '<link ';
 
 		if (is_array($href))
 		{
-			foreach ($href as $k=>$v)
+			foreach ($href as $k => $v)
 			{
-				if ($k == 'href' AND strpos($v, '://') === FALSE)
+				if ($k === 'href' && ! preg_match('#^([a-z]+:)?//#i', $v))
 				{
 					if ($index_page === TRUE)
 					{
@@ -330,15 +297,13 @@ if ( ! function_exists('link_tag'))
 				}
 				else
 				{
-					$link .= "$k=\"$v\" ";
+					$link .= $k.'="'.$v.'" ';
 				}
 			}
-
-			$link .= "/>";
 		}
 		else
 		{
-			if ( strpos($href, '://') !== FALSE)
+			if (preg_match('#^([a-z]+:)?//#i', $href))
 			{
 				$link .= 'href="'.$href.'" ';
 			}
@@ -353,35 +318,34 @@ if ( ! function_exists('link_tag'))
 
 			$link .= 'rel="'.$rel.'" type="'.$type.'" ';
 
-			if ($media	!= '')
+			if ($media !== '')
 			{
 				$link .= 'media="'.$media.'" ';
 			}
 
-			if ($title	!= '')
+			if ($title !== '')
 			{
 				$link .= 'title="'.$title.'" ';
 			}
-
-			$link .= '/>';
 		}
 
-
-		return $link;
+		return $link."/>\n";
 	}
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Generates meta tags from an array of key/values
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	array
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('meta'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Generates meta tags from an array of key/values
+	 *
+	 * @param	array
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function meta($name = '', $content = '', $type = 'name', $newline = "\n")
 	{
 		// Since we allow the data to be passes as a string, a simple array
@@ -390,22 +354,19 @@ if ( ! function_exists('meta'))
 		{
 			$name = array(array('name' => $name, 'content' => $content, 'type' => $type, 'newline' => $newline));
 		}
-		else
+		elseif (isset($name['name']))
 		{
 			// Turn single array into multidimensional
-			if (isset($name['name']))
-			{
-				$name = array($name);
-			}
+			$name = array($name);
 		}
 
 		$str = '';
 		foreach ($name as $meta)
 		{
-			$type		= ( ! isset($meta['type']) OR $meta['type'] == 'name') ? 'name' : 'http-equiv';
-			$name		= ( ! isset($meta['name']))		? ''	: $meta['name'];
-			$content	= ( ! isset($meta['content']))	? ''	: $meta['content'];
-			$newline	= ( ! isset($meta['newline']))	? "\n"	: $meta['newline'];
+			$type		= (isset($meta['type']) && $meta['type'] !== 'name')	? 'http-equiv' : 'name';
+			$name		= isset($meta['name'])					? $meta['name'] : '';
+			$content	= isset($meta['content'])				? $meta['content'] : '';
+			$newline	= isset($meta['newline'])				? $meta['newline'] : "\n";
 
 			$str .= '<meta '.$type.'="'.$name.'" content="'.$content.'" />'.$newline;
 		}
@@ -416,21 +377,34 @@ if ( ! function_exists('meta'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Generates non-breaking space entities based on number supplied
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	integer
- * @return	string
- */
-if ( ! function_exists('nbs'))
+if ( ! function_exists('br'))
 {
-	function nbs($num = 1)
+	/**
+	 * Generates HTML BR tags based on number supplied
+	 *
+	 * @deprecated	3.0.0	Use str_repeat() instead
+	 * @param	int	$count	Number of times to repeat the tag
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	function br($count = 1)
 	{
-		return str_repeat("&nbsp;", $num);
+		return str_repeat('<br />', $count);
 	}
 }
 
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/* End of file html_helper.php */
-/* Location: ./system/helpers/html_helper.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+if ( ! function_exists('nbs'))
+{
+	/**
+	 * Generates non-breaking space entities based on number supplied
+	 *
+	 * @deprecated	3.0.0	Use str_repeat() instead
+	 * @param	int
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	function nbs($num = 1)
+	{
+		return str_repeat('&nbsp;', $num);
+	}
+}
diff --git a/system/helpers/index.html b/system/helpers/index.html
index c942a79ce..b702fbc39 100644
--- a/system/helpers/index.html
+++ b/system/helpers/index.html
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
 <html>
 <head>
 	<title>403 Forbidden</title>
@@ -7,4 +8,4 @@
 <p>Directory access is forbidden.</p>
 
 </body>
-</html>
\ No newline at end of file
+</html>
diff --git a/system/helpers/inflector_helper.php b/system/helpers/inflector_helper.php
index e93ada0c8..4a6805fbb 100644
--- a/system/helpers/inflector_helper.php
+++ b/system/helpers/inflector_helper.php
@@ -1,19 +1,41 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.0.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * CodeIgniter Inflector Helpers
@@ -21,58 +43,62 @@
  * @package		CodeIgniter
  * @subpackage	Helpers
  * @category	Helpers
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/helpers/directory_helper.html
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/helpers/inflector_helper.html
  */
 
-
 // --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Singular
- *
- * Takes a plural word and makes it singular
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	string
- * @return	str
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('singular'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Singular
+	 *
+	 * Takes a plural word and makes it singular
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$str	Input string
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function singular($str)
 	{
 		$result = strval($str);
 
+		if ( ! is_countable($result))
+		{
+			return $result;
+		}
+
 		$singular_rules = array(
-			'/(matr)ices$/'         => '\1ix',
-			'/(vert|ind)ices$/'     => '\1ex',
-			'/^(ox)en/'             => '\1',
-			'/(alias)es$/'          => '\1',
-			'/([octop|vir])i$/'     => '\1us',
-			'/(cris|ax|test)es$/'   => '\1is',
-			'/(shoe)s$/'            => '\1',
-			'/(o)es$/'              => '\1',
-			'/(bus|campus)es$/'     => '\1',
-			'/([m|l])ice$/'         => '\1ouse',
-			'/(x|ch|ss|sh)es$/'     => '\1',
-			'/(m)ovies$/'           => '\1\2ovie',
-			'/(s)eries$/'           => '\1\2eries',
-			'/([^aeiouy]|qu)ies$/'  => '\1y',
-			'/([lr])ves$/'          => '\1f',
-			'/(tive)s$/'            => '\1',
-			'/(hive)s$/'            => '\1',
-			'/([^f])ves$/'          => '\1fe',
-			'/(^analy)ses$/'        => '\1sis',
+			'/(matr)ices$/'		=> '\1ix',
+			'/(vert|ind)ices$/'	=> '\1ex',
+			'/^(ox)en/'		=> '\1',
+			'/(alias)es$/'		=> '\1',
+			'/([octop|vir])i$/'	=> '\1us',
+			'/(cris|ax|test)es$/'	=> '\1is',
+			'/(shoe)s$/'		=> '\1',
+			'/(o)es$/'		=> '\1',
+			'/(bus|campus)es$/'	=> '\1',
+			'/([m|l])ice$/'		=> '\1ouse',
+			'/(x|ch|ss|sh)es$/'	=> '\1',
+			'/(m)ovies$/'		=> '\1\2ovie',
+			'/(s)eries$/'		=> '\1\2eries',
+			'/([^aeiouy]|qu)ies$/'	=> '\1y',
+			'/([lr])ves$/'		=> '\1f',
+			'/(tive)s$/'		=> '\1',
+			'/(hive)s$/'		=> '\1',
+			'/([^f])ves$/'		=> '\1fe',
+			'/(^analy)ses$/'	=> '\1sis',
 			'/((a)naly|(b)a|(d)iagno|(p)arenthe|(p)rogno|(s)ynop|(t)he)ses$/' => '\1\2sis',
-			'/([ti])a$/'            => '\1um',
-			'/(p)eople$/'           => '\1\2erson',
-			'/(m)en$/'              => '\1an',
-			'/(s)tatuses$/'         => '\1\2tatus',
-			'/(c)hildren$/'         => '\1\2hild',
-			'/(n)ews$/'             => '\1\2ews',
-			'/([^u])s$/'            => '\1',
+			'/([ti])a$/'		=> '\1um',
+			'/(p)eople$/'		=> '\1\2erson',
+			'/(m)en$/'		=> '\1an',
+			'/(s)tatuses$/'		=> '\1\2tatus',
+			'/(c)hildren$/'		=> '\1\2hild',
+			'/(n)ews$/'		=> '\1\2ews',
+			'/(quiz)zes$/'		=> '\1',
+			'/([^us])s$/'		=> '\1'
 		);
-		
+
 		foreach ($singular_rules as $rule => $replacement)
 		{
 			if (preg_match($rule, $result))
@@ -88,23 +114,27 @@ if ( ! function_exists('singular'))
 
 // --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Plural
- *
- * Takes a singular word and makes it plural
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	string
- * @param	bool
- * @return	str
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('plural'))
 {
-	function plural($str, $force = FALSE)
+	/**
+	 * Plural
+	 *
+	 * Takes a singular word and makes it plural
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$str	Input string
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	function plural($str)
 	{
 		$result = strval($str);
-	
+
+		if ( ! is_countable($result))
+		{
+			return $result;
+		}
+
 		$plural_rules = array(
+			'/(quiz)$/'                => '\1zes',      // quizzes
 			'/^(ox)$/'                 => '\1\2en',     // ox
 			'/([m|l])ouse$/'           => '\1ice',      // mouse, louse
 			'/(matr|vert|ind)ix|ex$/'  => '\1ices',     // matrix, vertex, index
@@ -119,7 +149,7 @@ if ( ! function_exists('plural'))
 			'/(c)hild$/'               => '\1hildren',  // child
 			'/(buffal|tomat)o$/'       => '\1\2oes',    // buffalo, tomato
 			'/(bu|campu)s$/'           => '\1\2ses',    // bus, campus
-			'/(alias|status|virus)/'   => '\1es',       // alias
+			'/(alias|status|virus)$/'  => '\1es',       // alias
 			'/(octop)us$/'             => '\1i',        // octopus
 			'/(ax|cris|test)is$/'      => '\1es',       // axis, crisis
 			'/s$/'                     => 's',          // no change (compatibility)
@@ -141,63 +171,106 @@ if ( ! function_exists('plural'))
 
 // --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Camelize
- *
- * Takes multiple words separated by spaces or underscores and camelizes them
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	string
- * @return	str
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('camelize'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Camelize
+	 *
+	 * Takes multiple words separated by spaces or underscores and camelizes them
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$str	Input string
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function camelize($str)
 	{
-		$str = 'x'.strtolower(trim($str));
-		$str = ucwords(preg_replace('/[\s_]+/', ' ', $str));
-		return substr(str_replace(' ', '', $str), 1);
+		return strtolower($str[0]).substr(str_replace(' ', '', ucwords(preg_replace('/[\s_]+/', ' ', $str))), 1);
 	}
 }
 
 // --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Underscore
- *
- * Takes multiple words separated by spaces and underscores them
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	string
- * @return	str
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('underscore'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Underscore
+	 *
+	 * Takes multiple words separated by spaces and underscores them
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$str	Input string
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function underscore($str)
 	{
-		return preg_replace('/[\s]+/', '_', strtolower(trim($str)));
+		return preg_replace('/[\s]+/', '_', trim(MB_ENABLED ? mb_strtolower($str) : strtolower($str)));
 	}
 }
 
 // --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Humanize
- *
- * Takes multiple words separated by underscores and changes them to spaces
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	string
- * @return	str
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('humanize'))
 {
-	function humanize($str)
+	/**
+	 * Humanize
+	 *
+	 * Takes multiple words separated by the separator and changes them to spaces
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$str		Input string
+	 * @param 	string	$separator	Input separator
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	function humanize($str, $separator = '_')
 	{
-		return ucwords(preg_replace('/[_]+/', ' ', strtolower(trim($str))));
+		return ucwords(preg_replace('/['.preg_quote($separator).']+/', ' ', trim(MB_ENABLED ? mb_strtolower($str) : strtolower($str))));
 	}
 }
 
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/* End of file inflector_helper.php */
-/* Location: ./system/helpers/inflector_helper.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+if ( ! function_exists('is_countable'))
+{
+	/**
+	 * Checks if the given word has a plural version.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$word	Word to check
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	function is_countable($word)
+	{
+		return ! in_array(
+			strtolower($word),
+			array(
+				'audio',
+				'bison',
+				'chassis',
+				'compensation',
+				'coreopsis',
+				'data',
+				'deer',
+				'education',
+				'emoji',
+				'equipment',
+				'fish',
+				'furniture',
+				'gold',
+				'information',
+				'knowledge',
+				'love',
+				'rain',
+				'money',
+				'moose',
+				'nutrition',
+				'offspring',
+				'plankton',
+				'pokemon',
+				'police',
+				'rice',
+				'series',
+				'sheep',
+				'species',
+				'swine',
+				'traffic',
+				'wheat'
+			)
+		);
+	}
+}
diff --git a/system/helpers/language_helper.php b/system/helpers/language_helper.php
index e8a28858f..d26cf5b8d 100644
--- a/system/helpers/language_helper.php
+++ b/system/helpers/language_helper.php
@@ -1,19 +1,41 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.0.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * CodeIgniter Language Helpers
@@ -21,38 +43,33 @@
  * @package		CodeIgniter
  * @subpackage	Helpers
  * @category	Helpers
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/helpers/language_helper.html
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/helpers/language_helper.html
  */
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Lang
- *
- * Fetches a language variable and optionally outputs a form label
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	string	the language line
- * @param	string	the id of the form element
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('lang'))
 {
-	function lang($line, $id = '')
+	/**
+	 * Lang
+	 *
+	 * Fetches a language variable and optionally outputs a form label
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$line		The language line
+	 * @param	string	$for		The "for" value (id of the form element)
+	 * @param	array	$attributes	Any additional HTML attributes
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	function lang($line, $for = '', $attributes = array())
 	{
-		$CI =& get_instance();
-		$line = $CI->lang->line($line);
+		$line = get_instance()->lang->line($line);
 
-		if ($id != '')
+		if ($for !== '')
 		{
-			$line = '<label for="'.$id.'">'.$line."</label>";
+			$line = '<label for="'.$for.'"'._stringify_attributes($attributes).'>'.$line.'</label>';
 		}
 
 		return $line;
 	}
 }
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-/* End of file language_helper.php */
-/* Location: ./system/helpers/language_helper.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/helpers/number_helper.php b/system/helpers/number_helper.php
index f18fee83d..cc8a7760c 100644
--- a/system/helpers/number_helper.php
+++ b/system/helpers/number_helper.php
@@ -1,19 +1,41 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.0.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * CodeIgniter Number Helpers
@@ -21,21 +43,21 @@
  * @package		CodeIgniter
  * @subpackage	Helpers
  * @category	Helpers
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/helpers/number_helper.html
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/helpers/number_helper.html
  */
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Formats a numbers as bytes, based on size, and adds the appropriate suffix
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	mixed	// will be cast as int
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('byte_format'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Formats a numbers as bytes, based on size, and adds the appropriate suffix
+	 *
+	 * @param	mixed	will be cast as int
+	 * @param	int
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function byte_format($num, $precision = 1)
 	{
 		$CI =& get_instance();
@@ -70,7 +92,3 @@ if ( ! function_exists('byte_format'))
 		return number_format($num, $precision).' '.$unit;
 	}
 }
-
-
-/* End of file number_helper.php */
-/* Location: ./system/helpers/number_helper.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/helpers/path_helper.php b/system/helpers/path_helper.php
index 0ecb7ed3b..6896cb97b 100644
--- a/system/helpers/path_helper.php
+++ b/system/helpers/path_helper.php
@@ -1,19 +1,41 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.0.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * CodeIgniter Path Helpers
@@ -21,52 +43,40 @@
  * @package		CodeIgniter
  * @subpackage	Helpers
  * @category	Helpers
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/helpers/xml_helper.html
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/helpers/path_helper.html
  */
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Set Realpath
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	string
- * @param	bool	checks to see if the path exists
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('set_realpath'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Set Realpath
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	bool	checks to see if the path exists
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function set_realpath($path, $check_existance = FALSE)
 	{
-		// Security check to make sure the path is NOT a URL.  No remote file inclusion!
-		if (preg_match("#^(http:\/\/|https:\/\/|www\.|ftp|[0-9]{1,3}\.[0-9]{1,3}\.[0-9]{1,3}\.[0-9]{1,3})#i", $path))
+		// Security check to make sure the path is NOT a URL. No remote file inclusion!
+		if (preg_match('#^(http:\/\/|https:\/\/|www\.|ftp|php:\/\/)#i', $path) OR filter_var($path, FILTER_VALIDATE_IP) === $path)
 		{
 			show_error('The path you submitted must be a local server path, not a URL');
 		}
 
 		// Resolve the path
-		if (function_exists('realpath') AND @realpath($path) !== FALSE)
+		if (realpath($path) !== FALSE)
 		{
-			$path = realpath($path).'/';
+			$path = realpath($path);
 		}
-
-		// Add a trailing slash
-		$path = preg_replace("#([^/])/*$#", "\\1/", $path);
-
-		// Make sure the path exists
-		if ($check_existance == TRUE)
+		elseif ($check_existance && ! is_dir($path) && ! is_file($path))
 		{
-			if ( ! is_dir($path))
-			{
-				show_error('Not a valid path: '.$path);
-			}
+			show_error('Not a valid path: '.$path);
 		}
 
-		return $path;
+		// Add a trailing slash, if this is a directory
+		return is_dir($path) ? rtrim($path, DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR).DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR : $path;
 	}
 }
-
-
-/* End of file path_helper.php */
-/* Location: ./system/helpers/path_helper.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/helpers/security_helper.php b/system/helpers/security_helper.php
index cfb1e9d2d..5e2970a5c 100644
--- a/system/helpers/security_helper.php
+++ b/system/helpers/security_helper.php
@@ -1,19 +1,41 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.0.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * CodeIgniter Security Helpers
@@ -21,108 +43,95 @@
  * @package		CodeIgniter
  * @subpackage	Helpers
  * @category	Helpers
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/helpers/security_helper.html
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/helpers/security_helper.html
  */
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * XSS Filtering
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	string
- * @param	bool	whether or not the content is an image file
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('xss_clean'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * XSS Filtering
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	bool	whether or not the content is an image file
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function xss_clean($str, $is_image = FALSE)
 	{
-		$CI =& get_instance();
-		return $CI->security->xss_clean($str, $is_image);
+		return get_instance()->security->xss_clean($str, $is_image);
 	}
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Sanitize Filename
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	string
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('sanitize_filename'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Sanitize Filename
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function sanitize_filename($filename)
 	{
-		$CI =& get_instance();
-		return $CI->security->sanitize_filename($filename);
+		return get_instance()->security->sanitize_filename($filename);
 	}
 }
 
 // --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Hash encode a string
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	string
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('do_hash'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Hash encode a string
+	 *
+	 * @todo	Remove in version 3.1+.
+	 * @deprecated	3.0.0	Use PHP's native hash() instead.
+	 * @param	string	$str
+	 * @param	string	$type = 'sha1'
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function do_hash($str, $type = 'sha1')
 	{
-		if ($type == 'sha1')
-		{
-			return sha1($str);
-		}
-		else
+		if ( ! in_array(strtolower($type), hash_algos()))
 		{
-			return md5($str);
+			$type = 'md5';
 		}
+
+		return hash($type, $str);
 	}
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Strip Image Tags
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	string
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('strip_image_tags'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Strip Image Tags
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function strip_image_tags($str)
 	{
-		$str = preg_replace("#<img\s+.*?src\s*=\s*[\"'](.+?)[\"'].*?\>#", "\\1", $str);
-		$str = preg_replace("#<img\s+.*?src\s*=\s*(.+?).*?\>#", "\\1", $str);
-
-		return $str;
+		return get_instance()->security->strip_image_tags($str);
 	}
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Convert PHP tags to entities
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	string
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('encode_php_tags'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Convert PHP tags to entities
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function encode_php_tags($str)
 	{
-		return str_replace(array('<?php', '<?PHP', '<?', '?>'),  array('&lt;?php', '&lt;?PHP', '&lt;?', '?&gt;'), $str);
+		return str_replace(array('<?', '?>'), array('&lt;?', '?&gt;'), $str);
 	}
 }
-
-
-/* End of file security_helper.php */
-/* Location: ./system/helpers/security_helper.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/helpers/smiley_helper.php b/system/helpers/smiley_helper.php
index eb325c5cb..2c9a3b4a6 100644
--- a/system/helpers/smiley_helper.php
+++ b/system/helpers/smiley_helper.php
@@ -1,19 +1,41 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.0.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * CodeIgniter Smiley Helpers
@@ -21,133 +43,119 @@
  * @package		CodeIgniter
  * @subpackage	Helpers
  * @category	Helpers
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/helpers/smiley_helper.html
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/helpers/smiley_helper.html
+ * @deprecated	3.0.0	This helper is too specific for CI.
  */
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Smiley Javascript
- *
- * Returns the javascript required for the smiley insertion.  Optionally takes
- * an array of aliases to loosely couple the smiley array to the view.
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	mixed	alias name or array of alias->field_id pairs
- * @param	string	field_id if alias name was passed in
- * @return	array
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('smiley_js'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Smiley Javascript
+	 *
+	 * Returns the javascript required for the smiley insertion.  Optionally takes
+	 * an array of aliases to loosely couple the smiley array to the view.
+	 *
+	 * @param	mixed	alias name or array of alias->field_id pairs
+	 * @param	string	field_id if alias name was passed in
+	 * @param	bool
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
 	function smiley_js($alias = '', $field_id = '', $inline = TRUE)
 	{
 		static $do_setup = TRUE;
-
 		$r = '';
 
-		if ($alias != '' && ! is_array($alias))
+		if ($alias !== '' && ! is_array($alias))
 		{
 			$alias = array($alias => $field_id);
 		}
 
 		if ($do_setup === TRUE)
 		{
-				$do_setup = FALSE;
-
-				$m = array();
+			$do_setup = FALSE;
+			$m = array();
 
-				if (is_array($alias))
+			if (is_array($alias))
+			{
+				foreach ($alias as $name => $id)
 				{
-					foreach ($alias as $name => $id)
-					{
-						$m[] = '"'.$name.'" : "'.$id.'"';
-					}
+					$m[] = '"'.$name.'" : "'.$id.'"';
 				}
+			}
 
-				$m = '{'.implode(',', $m).'}';
+			$m = '{'.implode(',', $m).'}';
 
-				$r .= <<<EOF
-				var smiley_map = {$m};
+			$r .= <<<EOF
+			var smiley_map = {$m};
 
-				function insert_smiley(smiley, field_id) {
-					var el = document.getElementById(field_id), newStart;
+			function insert_smiley(smiley, field_id) {
+				var el = document.getElementById(field_id), newStart;
 
-					if ( ! el && smiley_map[field_id]) {
-						el = document.getElementById(smiley_map[field_id]);
+				if ( ! el && smiley_map[field_id]) {
+					el = document.getElementById(smiley_map[field_id]);
 
-						if ( ! el)
-							return false;
-					}
+					if ( ! el)
+						return false;
+				}
 
-					el.focus();
-					smiley = " " + smiley;
+				el.focus();
+				smiley = " " + smiley;
 
-					if ('selectionStart' in el) {
-						newStart = el.selectionStart + smiley.length;
+				if ('selectionStart' in el) {
+					newStart = el.selectionStart + smiley.length;
 
-						el.value = el.value.substr(0, el.selectionStart) +
-										smiley +
-										el.value.substr(el.selectionEnd, el.value.length);
-						el.setSelectionRange(newStart, newStart);
-					}
-					else if (document.selection) {
-						document.selection.createRange().text = smiley;
-					}
+					el.value = el.value.substr(0, el.selectionStart) +
+									smiley +
+									el.value.substr(el.selectionEnd, el.value.length);
+					el.setSelectionRange(newStart, newStart);
 				}
+				else if (document.selection) {
+					document.selection.createRange().text = smiley;
+				}
+			}
 EOF;
 		}
-		else
+		elseif (is_array($alias))
 		{
-			if (is_array($alias))
+			foreach ($alias as $name => $id)
 			{
-				foreach ($alias as $name => $id)
-				{
-					$r .= 'smiley_map["'.$name.'"] = "'.$id.'";'."\n";
-				}
+				$r .= 'smiley_map["'.$name.'"] = "'.$id."\";\n";
 			}
 		}
 
-		if ($inline)
-		{
-			return '<script type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8">/*<![CDATA[ */'.$r.'// ]]></script>';
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			return $r;
-		}
+		return ($inline)
+			? '<script type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8">/*<![CDATA[ */'.$r.'// ]]></script>'
+			: $r;
 	}
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Get Clickable Smileys
- *
- * Returns an array of image tag links that can be clicked to be inserted
- * into a form field.
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	string	the URL to the folder containing the smiley images
- * @return	array
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('get_clickable_smileys'))
 {
-	function get_clickable_smileys($image_url, $alias = '', $smileys = NULL)
+	/**
+	 * Get Clickable Smileys
+	 *
+	 * Returns an array of image tag links that can be clicked to be inserted
+	 * into a form field.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the URL to the folder containing the smiley images
+	 * @param	array
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	function get_clickable_smileys($image_url, $alias = '')
 	{
 		// For backward compatibility with js_insert_smiley
-
 		if (is_array($alias))
 		{
 			$smileys = $alias;
 		}
-
-		if ( ! is_array($smileys))
+		elseif (FALSE === ($smileys = _get_smiley_array()))
 		{
-			if (FALSE === ($smileys = _get_smiley_array()))
-			{
-				return $smileys;
-			}
+			return FALSE;
 		}
 
 		// Add a trailing slash to the file path if needed
@@ -157,7 +165,7 @@ if ( ! function_exists('get_clickable_smileys'))
 		foreach ($smileys as $key => $val)
 		{
 			// Keep duplicates from being used, which can happen if the
-			// mapping array contains multiple identical replacements.  For example:
+			// mapping array contains multiple identical replacements. For example:
 			// :-) and :) might be replaced with the same image so both smileys
 			// will be in the array.
 			if (isset($used[$smileys[$key][0]]))
@@ -165,8 +173,7 @@ if ( ! function_exists('get_clickable_smileys'))
 				continue;
 			}
 
-			$link[] = "<a href=\"javascript:void(0);\" onclick=\"insert_smiley('".$key."', '".$alias."')\"><img src=\"".$image_url.$smileys[$key][0]."\" width=\"".$smileys[$key][1]."\" height=\"".$smileys[$key][2]."\" alt=\"".$smileys[$key][3]."\" style=\"border:0;\" /></a>";
-
+			$link[] = '<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="insert_smiley(\''.$key.'\', \''.$alias.'\')"><img src="'.$image_url.$smileys[$key][0].'" alt="'.$smileys[$key][3].'" style="width: '.$smileys[$key][1].'; height: '.$smileys[$key][2].'; border: 0;" /></a>';
 			$used[$smileys[$key][0]] = TRUE;
 		}
 
@@ -176,39 +183,31 @@ if ( ! function_exists('get_clickable_smileys'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Parse Smileys
- *
- * Takes a string as input and swaps any contained smileys for the actual image
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	string	the text to be parsed
- * @param	string	the URL to the folder containing the smiley images
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('parse_smileys'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Parse Smileys
+	 *
+	 * Takes a string as input and swaps any contained smileys for the actual image
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the text to be parsed
+	 * @param	string	the URL to the folder containing the smiley images
+	 * @param	array
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function parse_smileys($str = '', $image_url = '', $smileys = NULL)
 	{
-		if ($image_url == '')
+		if ($image_url === '' OR ( ! is_array($smileys) && FALSE === ($smileys = _get_smiley_array())))
 		{
 			return $str;
 		}
 
-		if ( ! is_array($smileys))
-		{
-			if (FALSE === ($smileys = _get_smiley_array()))
-			{
-				return $str;
-			}
-		}
-
 		// Add a trailing slash to the file path if needed
-		$image_url = preg_replace("/(.+?)\/*$/", "\\1/",  $image_url);
+		$image_url = rtrim($image_url, '/').'/';
 
 		foreach ($smileys as $key => $val)
 		{
-			$str = str_replace($key, "<img src=\"".$image_url.$smileys[$key][0]."\" width=\"".$smileys[$key][1]."\" height=\"".$smileys[$key][2]."\" alt=\"".$smileys[$key][3]."\" style=\"border:0;\" />", $str);
+			$str = str_replace($key, '<img src="'.$image_url.$smileys[$key][0].'" alt="'.$smileys[$key][3].'" style="width: '.$smileys[$key][1].'; height: '.$smileys[$key][2].'; border: 0;" />', $str);
 		}
 
 		return $str;
@@ -217,65 +216,40 @@ if ( ! function_exists('parse_smileys'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Get Smiley Array
- *
- * Fetches the config/smiley.php file
- *
- * @access	private
- * @return	mixed
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('_get_smiley_array'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Get Smiley Array
+	 *
+	 * Fetches the config/smiley.php file
+	 *
+	 * @return	mixed
+	 */
 	function _get_smiley_array()
 	{
-		if (defined('ENVIRONMENT') AND file_exists(APPPATH.'config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/smileys.php'))
-		{
-		    include(APPPATH.'config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/smileys.php');
-		}
-		elseif (file_exists(APPPATH.'config/smileys.php'))
-		{
-			include(APPPATH.'config/smileys.php');
-		}
-		
-		if (isset($smileys) AND is_array($smileys))
+		static $_smileys;
+
+		if ( ! is_array($_smileys))
 		{
-			return $smileys;
-		}
+			if (file_exists(APPPATH.'config/smileys.php'))
+			{
+				include(APPPATH.'config/smileys.php');
+			}
 
-		return FALSE;
-	}
-}
+			if (file_exists(APPPATH.'config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/smileys.php'))
+			{
+				include(APPPATH.'config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/smileys.php');
+			}
 
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+			if (empty($smileys) OR ! is_array($smileys))
+			{
+				$_smileys = array();
+				return FALSE;
+			}
 
-/**
- * JS Insert Smiley
- *
- * Generates the javascript function needed to insert smileys into a form field
- *
- * DEPRECATED as of version 1.7.2, use smiley_js instead
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	string	form name
- * @param	string	field name
- * @return	string
- */
-if ( ! function_exists('js_insert_smiley'))
-{
-	function js_insert_smiley($form_name = '', $form_field = '')
-	{
-		return <<<EOF
-<script type="text/javascript">
-	function insert_smiley(smiley)
-	{
-		document.{$form_name}.{$form_field}.value += " " + smiley;
-	}
-</script>
-EOF;
+			$_smileys = $smileys;
+		}
+
+		return $_smileys;
 	}
 }
-
-
-/* End of file smiley_helper.php */
-/* Location: ./system/helpers/smiley_helper.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/helpers/string_helper.php b/system/helpers/string_helper.php
index 9a2f2be31..93446b82f 100644
--- a/system/helpers/string_helper.php
+++ b/system/helpers/string_helper.php
@@ -1,19 +1,41 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.0.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * CodeIgniter String Helpers
@@ -21,29 +43,31 @@
  * @package		CodeIgniter
  * @subpackage	Helpers
  * @category	Helpers
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/helpers/string_helper.html
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/helpers/string_helper.html
  */
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Trim Slashes
- *
- * Removes any leading/trailing slashes from a string:
- *
- * /this/that/theother/
- *
- * becomes:
- *
- * this/that/theother
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	string
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('trim_slashes'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Trim Slashes
+	 *
+	 * Removes any leading/trailing slashes from a string:
+	 *
+	 * /this/that/theother/
+	 *
+	 * becomes:
+	 *
+	 * this/that/theother
+	 *
+	 * @todo	Remove in version 3.1+.
+	 * @deprecated	3.0.0	This is just an alias for PHP's native trim()
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function trim_slashes($str)
 	{
 		return trim($str, '/');
@@ -52,29 +76,26 @@ if ( ! function_exists('trim_slashes'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Strip Slashes
- *
- * Removes slashes contained in a string or in an array
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	mixed	string or array
- * @return	mixed	string or array
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('strip_slashes'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Strip Slashes
+	 *
+	 * Removes slashes contained in a string or in an array
+	 *
+	 * @param	mixed	string or array
+	 * @return	mixed	string or array
+	 */
 	function strip_slashes($str)
 	{
-		if (is_array($str))
+		if ( ! is_array($str))
 		{
-			foreach ($str as $key => $val)
-			{
-				$str[$key] = strip_slashes($val);
-			}
+			return stripslashes($str);
 		}
-		else
+
+		foreach ($str as $key => $val)
 		{
-			$str = stripslashes($str);
+			$str[$key] = strip_slashes($val);
 		}
 
 		return $str;
@@ -83,17 +104,16 @@ if ( ! function_exists('strip_slashes'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Strip Quotes
- *
- * Removes single and double quotes from a string
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	string
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('strip_quotes'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Strip Quotes
+	 *
+	 * Removes single and double quotes from a string
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function strip_quotes($str)
 	{
 		return str_replace(array('"', "'"), '', $str);
@@ -102,17 +122,16 @@ if ( ! function_exists('strip_quotes'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Quotes to Entities
- *
- * Converts single and double quotes to entities
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	string
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('quotes_to_entities'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Quotes to Entities
+	 *
+	 * Converts single and double quotes to entities
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function quotes_to_entities($str)
 	{
 		return str_replace(array("\'","\"","'",'"'), array("&#39;","&quot;","&#39;","&quot;"), $str);
@@ -121,164 +140,144 @@ if ( ! function_exists('quotes_to_entities'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Reduce Double Slashes
- *
- * Converts double slashes in a string to a single slash,
- * except those found in http://
- *
- * http://www.some-site.com//index.php
- *
- * becomes:
- *
- * http://www.some-site.com/index.php
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	string
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('reduce_double_slashes'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Reduce Double Slashes
+	 *
+	 * Converts double slashes in a string to a single slash,
+	 * except those found in http://
+	 *
+	 * http://www.some-site.com//index.php
+	 *
+	 * becomes:
+	 *
+	 * http://www.some-site.com/index.php
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function reduce_double_slashes($str)
 	{
-		return preg_replace("#(^|[^:])//+#", "\\1/", $str);
+		return preg_replace('#(^|[^:])//+#', '\\1/', $str);
 	}
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Reduce Multiples
- *
- * Reduces multiple instances of a particular character.  Example:
- *
- * Fred, Bill,, Joe, Jimmy
- *
- * becomes:
- *
- * Fred, Bill, Joe, Jimmy
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	string
- * @param	string	the character you wish to reduce
- * @param	bool	TRUE/FALSE - whether to trim the character from the beginning/end
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('reduce_multiples'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Reduce Multiples
+	 *
+	 * Reduces multiple instances of a particular character.  Example:
+	 *
+	 * Fred, Bill,, Joe, Jimmy
+	 *
+	 * becomes:
+	 *
+	 * Fred, Bill, Joe, Jimmy
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string	the character you wish to reduce
+	 * @param	bool	TRUE/FALSE - whether to trim the character from the beginning/end
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function reduce_multiples($str, $character = ',', $trim = FALSE)
 	{
 		$str = preg_replace('#'.preg_quote($character, '#').'{2,}#', $character, $str);
-
-		if ($trim === TRUE)
-		{
-			$str = trim($str, $character);
-		}
-
-		return $str;
+		return ($trim === TRUE) ? trim($str, $character) : $str;
 	}
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Create a Random String
- *
- * Useful for generating passwords or hashes.
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	string	type of random string.  basic, alpha, alunum, numeric, nozero, unique, md5, encrypt and sha1
- * @param	integer	number of characters
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('random_string'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Create a "Random" String
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	type of random string.  basic, alpha, alnum, numeric, nozero, unique, md5, encrypt and sha1
+	 * @param	int	number of characters
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function random_string($type = 'alnum', $len = 8)
 	{
-		switch($type)
+		switch ($type)
 		{
-			case 'basic'	: return mt_rand();
-				break;
-			case 'alnum'	:
-			case 'numeric'	:
-			case 'nozero'	:
-			case 'alpha'	:
-
-					switch ($type)
-					{
-						case 'alpha'	:	$pool = 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ';
-							break;
-						case 'alnum'	:	$pool = '0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ';
-							break;
-						case 'numeric'	:	$pool = '0123456789';
-							break;
-						case 'nozero'	:	$pool = '123456789';
-							break;
-					}
-
-					$str = '';
-					for ($i=0; $i < $len; $i++)
-					{
-						$str .= substr($pool, mt_rand(0, strlen($pool) -1), 1);
-					}
-					return $str;
-				break;
-			case 'unique'	:
-			case 'md5'		:
-
-						return md5(uniqid(mt_rand()));
-				break;
-			case 'encrypt'	:
-			case 'sha1'	:
-
-						$CI =& get_instance();
-						$CI->load->helper('security');
-
-						return do_hash(uniqid(mt_rand(), TRUE), 'sha1');
-				break;
+			case 'basic':
+				return mt_rand();
+			case 'alnum':
+			case 'numeric':
+			case 'nozero':
+			case 'alpha':
+				switch ($type)
+				{
+					case 'alpha':
+						$pool = 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ';
+						break;
+					case 'alnum':
+						$pool = '0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ';
+						break;
+					case 'numeric':
+						$pool = '0123456789';
+						break;
+					case 'nozero':
+						$pool = '123456789';
+						break;
+				}
+				return substr(str_shuffle(str_repeat($pool, ceil($len / strlen($pool)))), 0, $len);
+			case 'unique': // todo: remove in 3.1+
+			case 'md5':
+				return md5(uniqid(mt_rand()));
+			case 'encrypt': // todo: remove in 3.1+
+			case 'sha1':
+				return sha1(uniqid(mt_rand(), TRUE));
 		}
 	}
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Add's _1 to a string or increment the ending number to allow _2, _3, etc
- *
- * @param   string  $str  required
- * @param   string  $separator  What should the duplicate number be appended with
- * @param   string  $first  Which number should be used for the first dupe increment
- * @return  string
- */
-function increment_string($str, $separator = '_', $first = 1)
+if ( ! function_exists('increment_string'))
 {
-	preg_match('/(.+)'.$separator.'([0-9]+)$/', $str, $match);
-
-	return isset($match[2]) ? $match[1].$separator.($match[2] + 1) : $str.$separator.$first;
+	/**
+	 * Add's _1 to a string or increment the ending number to allow _2, _3, etc
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	required
+	 * @param	string	What should the duplicate number be appended with
+	 * @param	string	Which number should be used for the first dupe increment
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	function increment_string($str, $separator = '_', $first = 1)
+	{
+		preg_match('/(.+)'.preg_quote($separator, '/').'([0-9]+)$/', $str, $match);
+		return isset($match[2]) ? $match[1].$separator.($match[2] + 1) : $str.$separator.$first;
+	}
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Alternator
- *
- * Allows strings to be alternated.  See docs...
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	string (as many parameters as needed)
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('alternator'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Alternator
+	 *
+	 * Allows strings to be alternated. See docs...
+	 *
+	 * @param	string (as many parameters as needed)
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function alternator()
 	{
 		static $i;
 
-		if (func_num_args() == 0)
+		if (func_num_args() === 0)
 		{
 			$i = 0;
 			return '';
 		}
+
 		$args = func_get_args();
 		return $args[($i++ % count($args))];
 	}
@@ -286,22 +285,20 @@ if ( ! function_exists('alternator'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Repeater function
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	string
- * @param	integer	number of repeats
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('repeater'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Repeater function
+	 *
+	 * @todo	Remove in version 3.1+.
+	 * @deprecated	3.0.0	This is just an alias for PHP's native str_repeat()
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$data	String to repeat
+	 * @param	int	$num	Number of repeats
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function repeater($data, $num = 1)
 	{
-		return (($num > 0) ? str_repeat($data, $num) : '');
+		return ($num > 0) ? str_repeat($data, $num) : '';
 	}
 }
-
-
-/* End of file string_helper.php */
-/* Location: ./system/helpers/string_helper.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/helpers/text_helper.php b/system/helpers/text_helper.php
index 8be50d077..217729b70 100644
--- a/system/helpers/text_helper.php
+++ b/system/helpers/text_helper.php
@@ -1,19 +1,41 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.0.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * CodeIgniter Text Helpers
@@ -21,35 +43,34 @@
  * @package		CodeIgniter
  * @subpackage	Helpers
  * @category	Helpers
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/helpers/text_helper.html
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/helpers/text_helper.html
  */
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Word Limiter
- *
- * Limits a string to X number of words.
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	string
- * @param	integer
- * @param	string	the end character. Usually an ellipsis
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('word_limiter'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Word Limiter
+	 *
+	 * Limits a string to X number of words.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	int
+	 * @param	string	the end character. Usually an ellipsis
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function word_limiter($str, $limit = 100, $end_char = '&#8230;')
 	{
-		if (trim($str) == '')
+		if (trim($str) === '')
 		{
 			return $str;
 		}
 
 		preg_match('/^\s*+(?:\S++\s*+){1,'.(int) $limit.'}/', $str, $matches);
 
-		if (strlen($str) == strlen($matches[0]))
+		if (strlen($str) === strlen($matches[0]))
 		{
 			$end_char = '';
 		}
@@ -60,43 +81,43 @@ if ( ! function_exists('word_limiter'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Character Limiter
- *
- * Limits the string based on the character count.  Preserves complete words
- * so the character count may not be exactly as specified.
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	string
- * @param	integer
- * @param	string	the end character. Usually an ellipsis
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('character_limiter'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Character Limiter
+	 *
+	 * Limits the string based on the character count.  Preserves complete words
+	 * so the character count may not be exactly as specified.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	int
+	 * @param	string	the end character. Usually an ellipsis
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function character_limiter($str, $n = 500, $end_char = '&#8230;')
 	{
-		if (strlen($str) < $n)
+		if (mb_strlen($str) < $n)
 		{
 			return $str;
 		}
 
-		$str = preg_replace("/\s+/", ' ', str_replace(array("\r\n", "\r", "\n"), ' ', $str));
+		// a bit complicated, but faster than preg_replace with \s+
+		$str = preg_replace('/ {2,}/', ' ', str_replace(array("\r", "\n", "\t", "\v", "\f"), ' ', $str));
 
-		if (strlen($str) <= $n)
+		if (mb_strlen($str) <= $n)
 		{
 			return $str;
 		}
 
-		$out = "";
+		$out = '';
 		foreach (explode(' ', trim($str)) as $val)
 		{
 			$out .= $val.' ';
 
-			if (strlen($out) >= $n)
+			if (mb_strlen($out) >= $n)
 			{
 				$out = trim($out);
-				return (strlen($out) == strlen($str)) ? $out : $out.$end_char;
+				return (mb_strlen($out) === mb_strlen($str)) ? $out : $out.$end_char;
 			}
 		}
 	}
@@ -104,24 +125,23 @@ if ( ! function_exists('character_limiter'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * High ASCII to Entities
- *
- * Converts High ascii text and MS Word special characters to character entities
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	string
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('ascii_to_entities'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * High ASCII to Entities
+	 *
+	 * Converts high ASCII text and MS Word special characters to character entities
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$str
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function ascii_to_entities($str)
 	{
-		$count	= 1;
-		$out	= '';
-		$temp	= array();
-
-		for ($i = 0, $s = strlen($str); $i < $s; $i++)
+		$out = '';
+		$length = defined('MB_OVERLOAD_STRING')
+			? mb_strlen($str, '8bit') - 1
+			: strlen($str) - 1;
+		for ($i = 0, $count = 1, $temp = array(); $i <= $length; $i++)
 		{
 			$ordinal = ord($str[$i]);
 
@@ -131,9 +151,9 @@ if ( ! function_exists('ascii_to_entities'))
 					If the $temp array has a value but we have moved on, then it seems only
 					fair that we output that entity and restart $temp before continuing. -Paul
 				*/
-				if (count($temp) == 1)
+				if (count($temp) === 1)
 				{
-					$out  .= '&#'.array_shift($temp).';';
+					$out .= '&#'.array_shift($temp).';';
 					$count = 1;
 				}
 
@@ -141,21 +161,28 @@ if ( ! function_exists('ascii_to_entities'))
 			}
 			else
 			{
-				if (count($temp) == 0)
+				if (count($temp) === 0)
 				{
 					$count = ($ordinal < 224) ? 2 : 3;
 				}
 
 				$temp[] = $ordinal;
 
-				if (count($temp) == $count)
+				if (count($temp) === $count)
 				{
-					$number = ($count == 3) ? (($temp['0'] % 16) * 4096) + (($temp['1'] % 64) * 64) + ($temp['2'] % 64) : (($temp['0'] % 32) * 64) + ($temp['1'] % 64);
+					$number = ($count === 3)
+						? (($temp[0] % 16) * 4096) + (($temp[1] % 64) * 64) + ($temp[2] % 64)
+						: (($temp[0] % 32) * 64) + ($temp[1] % 64);
 
 					$out .= '&#'.$number.';';
 					$count = 1;
 					$temp = array();
 				}
+				// If this is the last iteration, just output whatever we have
+				elseif ($i === $length)
+				{
+					$out .= '&#'.implode(';', $temp).';';
+				}
 			}
 		}
 
@@ -165,26 +192,24 @@ if ( ! function_exists('ascii_to_entities'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Entities to ASCII
- *
- * Converts character entities back to ASCII
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	string
- * @param	bool
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('entities_to_ascii'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Entities to ASCII
+	 *
+	 * Converts character entities back to ASCII
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	bool
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function entities_to_ascii($str, $all = TRUE)
 	{
 		if (preg_match_all('/\&#(\d+)\;/', $str, $matches))
 		{
-			for ($i = 0, $s = count($matches['0']); $i < $s; $i++)
+			for ($i = 0, $s = count($matches[0]); $i < $s; $i++)
 			{
-				$digits = $matches['1'][$i];
-
+				$digits = $matches[1][$i];
 				$out = '';
 
 				if ($digits < 128)
@@ -194,25 +219,26 @@ if ( ! function_exists('entities_to_ascii'))
 				}
 				elseif ($digits < 2048)
 				{
-					$out .= chr(192 + (($digits - ($digits % 64)) / 64));
-					$out .= chr(128 + ($digits % 64));
+					$out .= chr(192 + (($digits - ($digits % 64)) / 64)).chr(128 + ($digits % 64));
 				}
 				else
 				{
-					$out .= chr(224 + (($digits - ($digits % 4096)) / 4096));
-					$out .= chr(128 + ((($digits % 4096) - ($digits % 64)) / 64));
-					$out .= chr(128 + ($digits % 64));
+					$out .= chr(224 + (($digits - ($digits % 4096)) / 4096))
+						.chr(128 + ((($digits % 4096) - ($digits % 64)) / 64))
+						.chr(128 + ($digits % 64));
 				}
 
-				$str = str_replace($matches['0'][$i], $out, $str);
+				$str = str_replace($matches[0][$i], $out, $str);
 			}
 		}
 
 		if ($all)
 		{
-			$str = str_replace(array("&amp;", "&lt;", "&gt;", "&quot;", "&apos;", "&#45;"),
-								array("&","<",">","\"", "'", "-"),
-								$str);
+			return str_replace(
+				array('&amp;', '&lt;', '&gt;', '&quot;', '&apos;', '&#45;'),
+				array('&', '<', '>', '"', "'", '-'),
+				$str
+			);
 		}
 
 		return $str;
@@ -221,21 +247,20 @@ if ( ! function_exists('entities_to_ascii'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Word Censoring Function
- *
- * Supply a string and an array of disallowed words and any
- * matched words will be converted to #### or to the replacement
- * word you've submitted.
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	string	the text string
- * @param	string	the array of censoered words
- * @param	string	the optional replacement value
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('word_censor'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Word Censoring Function
+	 *
+	 * Supply a string and an array of disallowed words and any
+	 * matched words will be converted to #### or to the replacement
+	 * word you've submitted.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the text string
+	 * @param	string	the array of censored words
+	 * @param	string	the optional replacement value
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function word_censor($str, $censored, $replacement = '')
 	{
 		if ( ! is_array($censored))
@@ -253,13 +278,28 @@ if ( ! function_exists('word_censor'))
 
 		foreach ($censored as $badword)
 		{
-			if ($replacement != '')
+			$badword = str_replace('\*', '\w*?', preg_quote($badword, '/'));
+			if ($replacement !== '')
 			{
-				$str = preg_replace("/({$delim})(".str_replace('\*', '\w*?', preg_quote($badword, '/')).")({$delim})/i", "\\1{$replacement}\\3", $str);
+				$str = preg_replace(
+					"/({$delim})(".$badword.")({$delim})/i",
+					"\\1{$replacement}\\3",
+					$str
+				);
 			}
-			else
+			elseif (preg_match_all("/{$delim}(".$badword."){$delim}/i", $str, $matches, PREG_PATTERN_ORDER | PREG_OFFSET_CAPTURE))
 			{
-				$str = preg_replace("/({$delim})(".str_replace('\*', '\w*?', preg_quote($badword, '/')).")({$delim})/ie", "'\\1'.str_repeat('#', strlen('\\2')).'\\3'", $str);
+				$matches = $matches[1];
+				for ($i = count($matches) - 1; $i >= 0; $i--)
+				{
+					$length = strlen($matches[$i][0]);
+					$str = substr_replace(
+						$str,
+						str_repeat('#', $length),
+						$matches[$i][1],
+						$length
+					);
+				}
 			}
 		}
 
@@ -269,145 +309,146 @@ if ( ! function_exists('word_censor'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Code Highlighter
- *
- * Colorizes code strings
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	string	the text string
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('highlight_code'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Code Highlighter
+	 *
+	 * Colorizes code strings
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the text string
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function highlight_code($str)
 	{
-		// The highlight string function encodes and highlights
-		// brackets so we need them to start raw
-		$str = str_replace(array('&lt;', '&gt;'), array('<', '>'), $str);
-
-		// Replace any existing PHP tags to temporary markers so they don't accidentally
-		// break the string out of PHP, and thus, thwart the highlighting.
-
-		$str = str_replace(array('<?', '?>', '<%', '%>', '\\', '</script>'),
-							array('phptagopen', 'phptagclose', 'asptagopen', 'asptagclose', 'backslashtmp', 'scriptclose'), $str);
+		/* The highlight string function encodes and highlights
+		 * brackets so we need them to start raw.
+		 *
+		 * Also replace any existing PHP tags to temporary markers
+		 * so they don't accidentally break the string out of PHP,
+		 * and thus, thwart the highlighting.
+		 */
+		$str = str_replace(
+			array('&lt;', '&gt;', '<?', '?>', '<%', '%>', '\\', '</script>'),
+			array('<', '>', 'phptagopen', 'phptagclose', 'asptagopen', 'asptagclose', 'backslashtmp', 'scriptclose'),
+			$str
+		);
 
 		// The highlight_string function requires that the text be surrounded
 		// by PHP tags, which we will remove later
-		$str = '<?php '.$str.' ?>'; // <?
-
-		// All the magic happens here, baby!
-		$str = highlight_string($str, TRUE);
-
-		// Prior to PHP 5, the highligh function used icky <font> tags
-		// so we'll replace them with <span> tags.
-
-		if (abs(PHP_VERSION) < 5)
-		{
-			$str = str_replace(array('<font ', '</font>'), array('<span ', '</span>'), $str);
-			$str = preg_replace('#color="(.*?)"#', 'style="color: \\1"', $str);
-		}
+		$str = highlight_string('<?php '.$str.' ?>', TRUE);
 
 		// Remove our artificially added PHP, and the syntax highlighting that came with it
-		$str = preg_replace('/<span style="color: #([A-Z0-9]+)">&lt;\?php(&nbsp;| )/i', '<span style="color: #$1">', $str);
-		$str = preg_replace('/(<span style="color: #[A-Z0-9]+">.*?)\?&gt;<\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/code>/is', "$1</span>\n</span>\n</code>", $str);
-		$str = preg_replace('/<span style="color: #[A-Z0-9]+"\><\/span>/i', '', $str);
+		$str = preg_replace(
+			array(
+				'/<span style="color: #([A-Z0-9]+)">&lt;\?php(&nbsp;| )/i',
+				'/(<span style="color: #[A-Z0-9]+">.*?)\?&gt;<\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/code>/is',
+				'/<span style="color: #[A-Z0-9]+"\><\/span>/i'
+			),
+			array(
+				'<span style="color: #$1">',
+				"$1</span>\n</span>\n</code>",
+				''
+			),
+			$str
+		);
 
 		// Replace our markers back to PHP tags.
-		$str = str_replace(array('phptagopen', 'phptagclose', 'asptagopen', 'asptagclose', 'backslashtmp', 'scriptclose'),
-							array('&lt;?', '?&gt;', '&lt;%', '%&gt;', '\\', '&lt;/script&gt;'), $str);
-
-		return $str;
+		return str_replace(
+			array('phptagopen', 'phptagclose', 'asptagopen', 'asptagclose', 'backslashtmp', 'scriptclose'),
+			array('&lt;?', '?&gt;', '&lt;%', '%&gt;', '\\', '&lt;/script&gt;'),
+			$str
+		);
 	}
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Phrase Highlighter
- *
- * Highlights a phrase within a text string
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	string	the text string
- * @param	string	the phrase you'd like to highlight
- * @param	string	the openging tag to precede the phrase with
- * @param	string	the closing tag to end the phrase with
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('highlight_phrase'))
 {
-	function highlight_phrase($str, $phrase, $tag_open = '<strong>', $tag_close = '</strong>')
+	/**
+	 * Phrase Highlighter
+	 *
+	 * Highlights a phrase within a text string
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$str		the text string
+	 * @param	string	$phrase		the phrase you'd like to highlight
+	 * @param	string	$tag_open	the openging tag to precede the phrase with
+	 * @param	string	$tag_close	the closing tag to end the phrase with
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	function highlight_phrase($str, $phrase, $tag_open = '<mark>', $tag_close = '</mark>')
 	{
-		if ($str == '')
-		{
-			return '';
-		}
-
-		if ($phrase != '')
-		{
-			return preg_replace('/('.preg_quote($phrase, '/').')/i', $tag_open."\\1".$tag_close, $str);
-		}
-
-		return $str;
+		return ($str !== '' && $phrase !== '')
+			? preg_replace('/('.preg_quote($phrase, '/').')/i'.(UTF8_ENABLED ? 'u' : ''), $tag_open.'\\1'.$tag_close, $str)
+			: $str;
 	}
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Convert Accented Foreign Characters to ASCII
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	string	the text string
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('convert_accented_characters'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Convert Accented Foreign Characters to ASCII
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$str	Input string
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function convert_accented_characters($str)
 	{
-		if (defined('ENVIRONMENT') AND is_file(APPPATH.'config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/foreign_chars.php'))
-		{
-			include(APPPATH.'config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/foreign_chars.php');
-		}
-		elseif (is_file(APPPATH.'config/foreign_chars.php'))
-		{
-			include(APPPATH.'config/foreign_chars.php');
-		}
+		static $array_from, $array_to;
 
-		if ( ! isset($foreign_characters))
+		if ( ! is_array($array_from))
 		{
-			return $str;
+			if (file_exists(APPPATH.'config/foreign_chars.php'))
+			{
+				include(APPPATH.'config/foreign_chars.php');
+			}
+
+			if (file_exists(APPPATH.'config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/foreign_chars.php'))
+			{
+				include(APPPATH.'config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/foreign_chars.php');
+			}
+
+			if (empty($foreign_characters) OR ! is_array($foreign_characters))
+			{
+				$array_from = array();
+				$array_to = array();
+
+				return $str;
+			}
+
+			$array_from = array_keys($foreign_characters);
+			$array_to = array_values($foreign_characters);
 		}
 
-		return preg_replace(array_keys($foreign_characters), array_values($foreign_characters), $str);
+		return preg_replace($array_from, $array_to, $str);
 	}
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Word Wrap
- *
- * Wraps text at the specified character.  Maintains the integrity of words.
- * Anything placed between {unwrap}{/unwrap} will not be word wrapped, nor
- * will URLs.
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	string	the text string
- * @param	integer	the number of characters to wrap at
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('word_wrap'))
 {
-	function word_wrap($str, $charlim = '76')
+	/**
+	 * Word Wrap
+	 *
+	 * Wraps text at the specified character. Maintains the integrity of words.
+	 * Anything placed between {unwrap}{/unwrap} will not be word wrapped, nor
+	 * will URLs.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$str		the text string
+	 * @param	int	$charlim = 76	the number of characters to wrap at
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	function word_wrap($str, $charlim = 76)
 	{
-		// Se the character limit
-		if ( ! is_numeric($charlim))
-			$charlim = 76;
+		// Set the character limit
+		is_numeric($charlim) OR $charlim = 76;
 
 		// Reduce multiple spaces
-		$str = preg_replace("| +|", " ", $str);
+		$str = preg_replace('| +|', ' ', $str);
 
 		// Standardize newlines
 		if (strpos($str, "\r") !== FALSE)
@@ -418,58 +459,56 @@ if ( ! function_exists('word_wrap'))
 		// If the current word is surrounded by {unwrap} tags we'll
 		// strip the entire chunk and replace it with a marker.
 		$unwrap = array();
-		if (preg_match_all("|(\{unwrap\}.+?\{/unwrap\})|s", $str, $matches))
+		if (preg_match_all('|\{unwrap\}(.+?)\{/unwrap\}|s', $str, $matches))
 		{
-			for ($i = 0; $i < count($matches['0']); $i++)
+			for ($i = 0, $c = count($matches[0]); $i < $c; $i++)
 			{
-				$unwrap[] = $matches['1'][$i];
-				$str = str_replace($matches['1'][$i], "{{unwrapped".$i."}}", $str);
+				$unwrap[] = $matches[1][$i];
+				$str = str_replace($matches[0][$i], '{{unwrapped'.$i.'}}', $str);
 			}
 		}
 
 		// Use PHP's native function to do the initial wordwrap.
 		// We set the cut flag to FALSE so that any individual words that are
-		// too long get left alone.  In the next step we'll deal with them.
+		// too long get left alone. In the next step we'll deal with them.
 		$str = wordwrap($str, $charlim, "\n", FALSE);
 
 		// Split the string into individual lines of text and cycle through them
-		$output = "";
+		$output = '';
 		foreach (explode("\n", $str) as $line)
 		{
 			// Is the line within the allowed character count?
 			// If so we'll join it to the output and continue
-			if (strlen($line) <= $charlim)
+			if (mb_strlen($line) <= $charlim)
 			{
 				$output .= $line."\n";
 				continue;
 			}
 
 			$temp = '';
-			while ((strlen($line)) > $charlim)
+			while (mb_strlen($line) > $charlim)
 			{
 				// If the over-length word is a URL we won't wrap it
-				if (preg_match("!\[url.+\]|://|wwww.!", $line))
+				if (preg_match('!\[url.+\]|://|www\.!', $line))
 				{
 					break;
 				}
 
 				// Trim the word down
-				$temp .= substr($line, 0, $charlim-1);
-				$line = substr($line, $charlim-1);
+				$temp .= mb_substr($line, 0, $charlim - 1);
+				$line = mb_substr($line, $charlim - 1);
 			}
 
 			// If $temp contains data it means we had to split up an over-length
 			// word into smaller chunks so we'll add it back to our current line
-			if ($temp != '')
+			if ($temp !== '')
 			{
-				$output .= $temp."\n".$line;
+				$output .= $temp."\n".$line."\n";
 			}
 			else
 			{
-				$output .= $line;
+				$output .= $line."\n";
 			}
-
-			$output .= "\n";
 		}
 
 		// Put our markers back
@@ -477,59 +516,52 @@ if ( ! function_exists('word_wrap'))
 		{
 			foreach ($unwrap as $key => $val)
 			{
-				$output = str_replace("{{unwrapped".$key."}}", $val, $output);
+				$output = str_replace('{{unwrapped'.$key.'}}', $val, $output);
 			}
 		}
 
-		// Remove the unwrap tags
-		$output = str_replace(array('{unwrap}', '{/unwrap}'), '', $output);
-
 		return $output;
 	}
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Ellipsize String
- *
- * This function will strip tags from a string, split it at its max_length and ellipsize
- *
- * @param	string		string to ellipsize
- * @param	integer		max length of string
- * @param	mixed		int (1|0) or float, .5, .2, etc for position to split
- * @param	string		ellipsis ; Default '...'
- * @return	string		ellipsized string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('ellipsize'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Ellipsize String
+	 *
+	 * This function will strip tags from a string, split it at its max_length and ellipsize
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	string to ellipsize
+	 * @param	int	max length of string
+	 * @param	mixed	int (1|0) or float, .5, .2, etc for position to split
+	 * @param	string	ellipsis ; Default '...'
+	 * @return	string	ellipsized string
+	 */
 	function ellipsize($str, $max_length, $position = 1, $ellipsis = '&hellip;')
 	{
 		// Strip tags
 		$str = trim(strip_tags($str));
 
 		// Is the string long enough to ellipsize?
-		if (strlen($str) <= $max_length)
+		if (mb_strlen($str) <= $max_length)
 		{
 			return $str;
 		}
 
-		$beg = substr($str, 0, floor($max_length * $position));
-
+		$beg = mb_substr($str, 0, floor($max_length * $position));
 		$position = ($position > 1) ? 1 : $position;
 
 		if ($position === 1)
 		{
-			$end = substr($str, 0, -($max_length - strlen($beg)));
+			$end = mb_substr($str, 0, -($max_length - mb_strlen($beg)));
 		}
 		else
 		{
-			$end = substr($str, -($max_length - strlen($beg)));
+			$end = mb_substr($str, -($max_length - mb_strlen($beg)));
 		}
 
 		return $beg.$ellipsis.$end;
 	}
 }
-
-/* End of file text_helper.php */
-/* Location: ./system/helpers/text_helper.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/helpers/typography_helper.php b/system/helpers/typography_helper.php
index 21364fb8e..183e117bf 100644
--- a/system/helpers/typography_helper.php
+++ b/system/helpers/typography_helper.php
@@ -1,19 +1,41 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.0.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * CodeIgniter Typography Helpers
@@ -21,73 +43,62 @@
  * @package		CodeIgniter
  * @subpackage	Helpers
  * @category	Helpers
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/helpers/typography_helper.html
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/helpers/typography_helper.html
  */
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Convert newlines to HTML line breaks except within PRE tags
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	string
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('nl2br_except_pre'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Convert newlines to HTML line breaks except within PRE tags
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function nl2br_except_pre($str)
 	{
 		$CI =& get_instance();
-
 		$CI->load->library('typography');
-
 		return $CI->typography->nl2br_except_pre($str);
 	}
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Auto Typography Wrapper Function
- *
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	string
- * @param	bool	whether to allow javascript event handlers
- * @param	bool	whether to reduce multiple instances of double newlines to two
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('auto_typography'))
 {
-	function auto_typography($str, $strip_js_event_handlers = TRUE, $reduce_linebreaks = FALSE)
+	/**
+	 * Auto Typography Wrapper Function
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$str
+	 * @param	bool	$reduce_linebreaks = FALSE	whether to reduce multiple instances of double newlines to two
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	function auto_typography($str, $reduce_linebreaks = FALSE)
 	{
 		$CI =& get_instance();
 		$CI->load->library('typography');
-		return $CI->typography->auto_typography($str, $strip_js_event_handlers, $reduce_linebreaks);
+		return $CI->typography->auto_typography($str, $reduce_linebreaks);
 	}
 }
 
-
 // --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * HTML Entities Decode
- *
- * This function is a replacement for html_entity_decode()
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	string
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('entity_decode'))
 {
-	function entity_decode($str, $charset='UTF-8')
+	/**
+	 * HTML Entities Decode
+	 *
+	 * This function is a replacement for html_entity_decode()
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	function entity_decode($str, $charset = NULL)
 	{
-		global $SEC;
-		return $SEC->entity_decode($str, $charset);
+		return get_instance()->security->entity_decode($str, $charset);
 	}
 }
-
-/* End of file typography_helper.php */
-/* Location: ./system/helpers/typography_helper.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/helpers/url_helper.php b/system/helpers/url_helper.php
index 0e410d81c..84023affd 100644
--- a/system/helpers/url_helper.php
+++ b/system/helpers/url_helper.php
@@ -1,19 +1,41 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.0.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * CodeIgniter URL Helpers
@@ -21,66 +43,63 @@
  * @package		CodeIgniter
  * @subpackage	Helpers
  * @category	Helpers
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/helpers/url_helper.html
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/helpers/url_helper.html
  */
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Site URL
- *
- * Create a local URL based on your basepath. Segments can be passed via the
- * first parameter either as a string or an array.
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	string
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('site_url'))
 {
-	function site_url($uri = '')
+	/**
+	 * Site URL
+	 *
+	 * Create a local URL based on your basepath. Segments can be passed via the
+	 * first parameter either as a string or an array.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$uri
+	 * @param	string	$protocol
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	function site_url($uri = '', $protocol = NULL)
 	{
-		$CI =& get_instance();
-		return $CI->config->site_url($uri);
+		return get_instance()->config->site_url($uri, $protocol);
 	}
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Base URL
- * 
- * Create a local URL based on your basepath.
- * Segments can be passed in as a string or an array, same as site_url
- * or a URL to a file can be passed in, e.g. to an image file.
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param string
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('base_url'))
 {
-	function base_url($uri = '')
+	/**
+	 * Base URL
+	 *
+	 * Create a local URL based on your basepath.
+	 * Segments can be passed in as a string or an array, same as site_url
+	 * or a URL to a file can be passed in, e.g. to an image file.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$uri
+	 * @param	string	$protocol
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	function base_url($uri = '', $protocol = NULL)
 	{
-		$CI =& get_instance();
-		return $CI->config->base_url($uri);
+		return get_instance()->config->base_url($uri, $protocol);
 	}
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Current URL
- *
- * Returns the full URL (including segments) of the page where this
- * function is placed
- *
- * @access	public
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('current_url'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Current URL
+	 *
+	 * Returns the full URL (including segments) of the page where this
+	 * function is placed
+	 *
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function current_url()
 	{
 		$CI =& get_instance();
@@ -89,78 +108,69 @@ if ( ! function_exists('current_url'))
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-/**
- * URL String
- *
- * Returns the URI segments.
- *
- * @access	public
- * @return	string
- */
+
 if ( ! function_exists('uri_string'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * URL String
+	 *
+	 * Returns the URI segments.
+	 *
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function uri_string()
 	{
-		$CI =& get_instance();
-		return $CI->uri->uri_string();
+		return get_instance()->uri->uri_string();
 	}
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Index page
- *
- * Returns the "index_page" from your config file
- *
- * @access	public
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('index_page'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Index page
+	 *
+	 * Returns the "index_page" from your config file
+	 *
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function index_page()
 	{
-		$CI =& get_instance();
-		return $CI->config->item('index_page');
+		return get_instance()->config->item('index_page');
 	}
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Anchor Link
- *
- * Creates an anchor based on the local URL.
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	string	the URL
- * @param	string	the link title
- * @param	mixed	any attributes
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('anchor'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Anchor Link
+	 *
+	 * Creates an anchor based on the local URL.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the URL
+	 * @param	string	the link title
+	 * @param	mixed	any attributes
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function anchor($uri = '', $title = '', $attributes = '')
 	{
 		$title = (string) $title;
 
-		if ( ! is_array($uri))
-		{
-			$site_url = ( ! preg_match('!^\w+://! i', $uri)) ? site_url($uri) : $uri;
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			$site_url = site_url($uri);
-		}
+		$site_url = is_array($uri)
+			? site_url($uri)
+			: (preg_match('#^(\w+:)?//#i', $uri) ? $uri : site_url($uri));
 
-		if ($title == '')
+		if ($title === '')
 		{
 			$title = $site_url;
 		}
 
-		if ($attributes != '')
+		if ($attributes !== '')
 		{
-			$attributes = _parse_attributes($attributes);
+			$attributes = _stringify_attributes($attributes);
 		}
 
 		return '<a href="'.$site_url.'"'.$attributes.'>'.$title.'</a>';
@@ -169,139 +179,141 @@ if ( ! function_exists('anchor'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Anchor Link - Pop-up version
- *
- * Creates an anchor based on the local URL. The link
- * opens a new window based on the attributes specified.
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	string	the URL
- * @param	string	the link title
- * @param	mixed	any attributes
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('anchor_popup'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Anchor Link - Pop-up version
+	 *
+	 * Creates an anchor based on the local URL. The link
+	 * opens a new window based on the attributes specified.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the URL
+	 * @param	string	the link title
+	 * @param	mixed	any attributes
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function anchor_popup($uri = '', $title = '', $attributes = FALSE)
 	{
 		$title = (string) $title;
+		$site_url = preg_match('#^(\w+:)?//#i', $uri) ? $uri : site_url($uri);
 
-		$site_url = ( ! preg_match('!^\w+://! i', $uri)) ? site_url($uri) : $uri;
-
-		if ($title == '')
+		if ($title === '')
 		{
 			$title = $site_url;
 		}
 
 		if ($attributes === FALSE)
 		{
-			return "<a href='javascript:void(0);' onclick=\"window.open('".$site_url."', '_blank');\">".$title."</a>";
+			return '<a href="'.$site_url.'" onclick="window.open(\''.$site_url."', '_blank'); return false;\">".$title.'</a>';
 		}
 
 		if ( ! is_array($attributes))
 		{
-			$attributes = array();
-		}
+			$attributes = array($attributes);
 
-		foreach (array('width' => '800', 'height' => '600', 'scrollbars' => 'yes', 'status' => 'yes', 'resizable' => 'yes', 'screenx' => '0', 'screeny' => '0', ) as $key => $val)
+			// Ref: http://www.w3schools.com/jsref/met_win_open.asp
+			$window_name = '_blank';
+		}
+		elseif ( ! empty($attributes['window_name']))
 		{
-			$atts[$key] = ( ! isset($attributes[$key])) ? $val : $attributes[$key];
-			unset($attributes[$key]);
+			$window_name = $attributes['window_name'];
+			unset($attributes['window_name']);
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			$window_name = '_blank';
 		}
 
-		if ($attributes != '')
+		foreach (array('width' => '800', 'height' => '600', 'scrollbars' => 'yes', 'menubar' => 'no', 'status' => 'yes', 'resizable' => 'yes', 'screenx' => '0', 'screeny' => '0') as $key => $val)
 		{
-			$attributes = _parse_attributes($attributes);
+			$atts[$key] = isset($attributes[$key]) ? $attributes[$key] : $val;
+			unset($attributes[$key]);
 		}
 
-		return "<a href='javascript:void(0);' onclick=\"window.open('".$site_url."', '_blank', '"._parse_attributes($atts, TRUE)."');\"$attributes>".$title."</a>";
+		$attributes = _stringify_attributes($attributes);
+
+		return '<a href="'.$site_url
+			.'" onclick="window.open(\''.$site_url."', '".$window_name."', '"._stringify_attributes($atts, TRUE)."'); return false;\""
+			.$attributes.'>'.$title.'</a>';
 	}
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Mailto Link
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	string	the email address
- * @param	string	the link title
- * @param	mixed	any attributes
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('mailto'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Mailto Link
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the email address
+	 * @param	string	the link title
+	 * @param	mixed	any attributes
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function mailto($email, $title = '', $attributes = '')
 	{
 		$title = (string) $title;
 
-		if ($title == "")
+		if ($title === '')
 		{
 			$title = $email;
 		}
 
-		$attributes = _parse_attributes($attributes);
-
-		return '<a href="mailto:'.$email.'"'.$attributes.'>'.$title.'</a>';
+		return '<a href="mailto:'.$email.'"'._stringify_attributes($attributes).'>'.$title.'</a>';
 	}
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Encoded Mailto Link
- *
- * Create a spam-protected mailto link written in Javascript
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	string	the email address
- * @param	string	the link title
- * @param	mixed	any attributes
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('safe_mailto'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Encoded Mailto Link
+	 *
+	 * Create a spam-protected mailto link written in Javascript
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the email address
+	 * @param	string	the link title
+	 * @param	mixed	any attributes
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function safe_mailto($email, $title = '', $attributes = '')
 	{
 		$title = (string) $title;
 
-		if ($title == "")
+		if ($title === '')
 		{
 			$title = $email;
 		}
 
-		for ($i = 0; $i < 16; $i++)
-		{
-			$x[] = substr('<a href="mailto:', $i, 1);
-		}
+		$x = str_split('<a href="mailto:', 1);
 
-		for ($i = 0; $i < strlen($email); $i++)
+		for ($i = 0, $l = strlen($email); $i < $l; $i++)
 		{
-			$x[] = "|".ord(substr($email, $i, 1));
+			$x[] = '|'.ord($email[$i]);
 		}
 
 		$x[] = '"';
 
-		if ($attributes != '')
+		if ($attributes !== '')
 		{
 			if (is_array($attributes))
 			{
 				foreach ($attributes as $key => $val)
 				{
-					$x[] =  ' '.$key.'="';
-					for ($i = 0; $i < strlen($val); $i++)
+					$x[] = ' '.$key.'="';
+					for ($i = 0, $l = strlen($val); $i < $l; $i++)
 					{
-						$x[] = "|".ord(substr($val, $i, 1));
+						$x[] = '|'.ord($val[$i]);
 					}
 					$x[] = '"';
 				}
 			}
 			else
 			{
-				for ($i = 0; $i < strlen($attributes); $i++)
+				for ($i = 0, $l = strlen($attributes); $i < $l; $i++)
 				{
-					$x[] = substr($attributes, $i, 1);
+					$x[] = $attributes[$i];
 				}
 			}
 		}
@@ -309,26 +321,28 @@ if ( ! function_exists('safe_mailto'))
 		$x[] = '>';
 
 		$temp = array();
-		for ($i = 0; $i < strlen($title); $i++)
+		for ($i = 0, $l = strlen($title); $i < $l; $i++)
 		{
 			$ordinal = ord($title[$i]);
 
 			if ($ordinal < 128)
 			{
-				$x[] = "|".$ordinal;
+				$x[] = '|'.$ordinal;
 			}
 			else
 			{
-				if (count($temp) == 0)
+				if (count($temp) === 0)
 				{
 					$count = ($ordinal < 224) ? 2 : 3;
 				}
 
 				$temp[] = $ordinal;
-				if (count($temp) == $count)
+				if (count($temp) === $count)
 				{
-					$number = ($count == 3) ? (($temp['0'] % 16) * 4096) + (($temp['1'] % 64) * 64) + ($temp['2'] % 64) : (($temp['0'] % 32) * 64) + ($temp['1'] % 64);
-					$x[] = "|".$number;
+					$number = ($count === 3)
+							? (($temp[0] % 16) * 4096) + (($temp[1] % 64) * 64) + ($temp[2] % 64)
+							: (($temp[0] % 32) * 64) + ($temp[1] % 64);
+					$x[] = '|'.$number;
 					$count = 1;
 					$temp = array();
 				}
@@ -338,89 +352,75 @@ if ( ! function_exists('safe_mailto'))
 		$x[] = '<'; $x[] = '/'; $x[] = 'a'; $x[] = '>';
 
 		$x = array_reverse($x);
-		ob_start();
-
-	?><script type="text/javascript">
-	//<![CDATA[
-	var l=new Array();
-	<?php
-	$i = 0;
-	foreach ($x as $val){ ?>l[<?php echo $i++; ?>]='<?php echo $val; ?>';<?php } ?>
-
-	for (var i = l.length-1; i >= 0; i=i-1){
-	if (l[i].substring(0, 1) == '|') document.write("&#"+unescape(l[i].substring(1))+";");
-	else document.write(unescape(l[i]));}
-	//]]>
-	</script><?php
-
-		$buffer = ob_get_contents();
-		ob_end_clean();
-		return $buffer;
+
+		$output = "<script type=\"text/javascript\">\n"
+			."\t//<![CDATA[\n"
+			."\tvar l=new Array();\n";
+
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($x); $i < $c; $i++)
+		{
+			$output .= "\tl[".$i."] = '".$x[$i]."';\n";
+		}
+
+		$output .= "\n\tfor (var i = l.length-1; i >= 0; i=i-1) {\n"
+			."\t\tif (l[i].substring(0, 1) === '|') document.write(\"&#\"+unescape(l[i].substring(1))+\";\");\n"
+			."\t\telse document.write(unescape(l[i]));\n"
+			."\t}\n"
+			."\t//]]>\n"
+			.'</script>';
+
+		return $output;
 	}
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Auto-linker
- *
- * Automatically links URL and Email addresses.
- * Note: There's a bit of extra code here to deal with
- * URLs or emails that end in a period.  We'll strip these
- * off and add them after the link.
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	string	the string
- * @param	string	the type: email, url, or both
- * @param	bool	whether to create pop-up links
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('auto_link'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Auto-linker
+	 *
+	 * Automatically links URL and Email addresses.
+	 * Note: There's a bit of extra code here to deal with
+	 * URLs or emails that end in a period. We'll strip these
+	 * off and add them after the link.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the string
+	 * @param	string	the type: email, url, or both
+	 * @param	bool	whether to create pop-up links
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function auto_link($str, $type = 'both', $popup = FALSE)
 	{
-		if ($type != 'email')
+		// Find and replace any URLs.
+		if ($type !== 'email' && preg_match_all('#(\w*://|www\.)[^\s()<>;]+\w#i', $str, $matches, PREG_OFFSET_CAPTURE | PREG_SET_ORDER))
 		{
-			if (preg_match_all("#(^|\s|\()((http(s?)://)|(www\.))(\w+[^\s\)\<]+)#i", $str, $matches))
-			{
-				$pop = ($popup == TRUE) ? " target=\"_blank\" " : "";
-
-				for ($i = 0; $i < count($matches['0']); $i++)
-				{
-					$period = '';
-					if (preg_match("|\.$|", $matches['6'][$i]))
-					{
-						$period = '.';
-						$matches['6'][$i] = substr($matches['6'][$i], 0, -1);
-					}
+			// Set our target HTML if using popup links.
+			$target = ($popup) ? ' target="_blank"' : '';
 
-					$str = str_replace($matches['0'][$i],
-										$matches['1'][$i].'<a href="http'.
-										$matches['4'][$i].'://'.
-										$matches['5'][$i].
-										$matches['6'][$i].'"'.$pop.'>http'.
-										$matches['4'][$i].'://'.
-										$matches['5'][$i].
-										$matches['6'][$i].'</a>'.
-										$period, $str);
-				}
+			// We process the links in reverse order (last -> first) so that
+			// the returned string offsets from preg_match_all() are not
+			// moved as we add more HTML.
+			foreach (array_reverse($matches) as $match)
+			{
+				// $match[0] is the matched string/link
+				// $match[1] is either a protocol prefix or 'www.'
+				//
+				// With PREG_OFFSET_CAPTURE, both of the above is an array,
+				// where the actual value is held in [0] and its offset at the [1] index.
+				$a = '<a href="'.(strpos($match[1][0], '/') ? '' : 'http://').$match[0][0].'"'.$target.'>'.$match[0][0].'</a>';
+				$str = substr_replace($str, $a, $match[0][1], strlen($match[0][0]));
 			}
 		}
 
-		if ($type != 'url')
+		// Find and replace any emails.
+		if ($type !== 'url' && preg_match_all('#([\w\.\-\+]+@[a-z0-9\-]+\.[a-z0-9\-\.]+[^[:punct:]\s])#i', $str, $matches, PREG_OFFSET_CAPTURE))
 		{
-			if (preg_match_all("/([a-zA-Z0-9_\.\-\+]+)@([a-zA-Z0-9\-]+)\.([a-zA-Z0-9\-\.]*)/i", $str, $matches))
+			foreach (array_reverse($matches[0]) as $match)
 			{
-				for ($i = 0; $i < count($matches['0']); $i++)
+				if (filter_var($match[0], FILTER_VALIDATE_EMAIL) !== FALSE)
 				{
-					$period = '';
-					if (preg_match("|\.$|", $matches['3'][$i]))
-					{
-						$period = '.';
-						$matches['3'][$i] = substr($matches['3'][$i], 0, -1);
-					}
-
-					$str = str_replace($matches['0'][$i], safe_mailto($matches['1'][$i].'@'.$matches['2'][$i].'.'.$matches['3'][$i]).$period, $str);
+					$str = substr_replace($str, safe_mailto($match[0]), $match[1], strlen($match[0]));
 				}
 			}
 		}
@@ -431,20 +431,19 @@ if ( ! function_exists('auto_link'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Prep URL
- *
- * Simply adds the http:// part if no scheme is included
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	string	the URL
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('prep_url'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Prep URL
+	 *
+	 * Simply adds the http:// part if no scheme is included
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the URL
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function prep_url($str = '')
 	{
-		if ($str == 'http://' OR $str == '')
+		if ($str === 'http://' OR $str === '')
 		{
 			return '';
 		}
@@ -453,7 +452,7 @@ if ( ! function_exists('prep_url'))
 
 		if ( ! $url OR ! isset($url['scheme']))
 		{
-			$str = 'http://'.$str;
+			return 'http://'.$str;
 		}
 
 		return $str;
@@ -462,45 +461,46 @@ if ( ! function_exists('prep_url'))
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Create URL Title
- *
- * Takes a "title" string as input and creates a
- * human-friendly URL string with a "separator" string 
- * as the word separator.
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	string	the string
- * @param	string	the separator
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('url_title'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Create URL Title
+	 *
+	 * Takes a "title" string as input and creates a
+	 * human-friendly URL string with a "separator" string
+	 * as the word separator.
+	 *
+	 * @todo	Remove old 'dash' and 'underscore' usage in 3.1+.
+	 * @param	string	$str		Input string
+	 * @param	string	$separator	Word separator
+	 *			(usually '-' or '_')
+	 * @param	bool	$lowercase	Whether to transform the output string to lowercase
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function url_title($str, $separator = '-', $lowercase = FALSE)
 	{
-		if ($separator == 'dash') 
+		if ($separator === 'dash')
 		{
-		    $separator = '-';
+			$separator = '-';
 		}
-		else if ($separator == 'underscore')
+		elseif ($separator === 'underscore')
 		{
-		    $separator = '_';
+			$separator = '_';
 		}
-		
-		$q_separator = preg_quote($separator);
+
+		$q_separator = preg_quote($separator, '#');
 
 		$trans = array(
-			'&.+?;'                 => '',
-			'[^a-z0-9 _-]'          => '',
-			'\s+'                   => $separator,
-			'('.$q_separator.')+'   => $separator
+			'&.+?;'			=> '',
+			'[^\w\d _-]'		=> '',
+			'\s+'			=> $separator,
+			'('.$q_separator.')+'	=> $separator
 		);
 
 		$str = strip_tags($str);
-
 		foreach ($trans as $key => $val)
 		{
-			$str = preg_replace("#".$key."#i", $val, $str);
+			$str = preg_replace('#'.$key.'#i'.(UTF8_ENABLED ? 'u' : ''), $val, $str);
 		}
 
 		if ($lowercase === TRUE)
@@ -508,87 +508,62 @@ if ( ! function_exists('url_title'))
 			$str = strtolower($str);
 		}
 
-		return trim($str, $separator);
+		return trim(trim($str, $separator));
 	}
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Header Redirect
- *
- * Header redirect in two flavors
- * For very fine grained control over headers, you could use the Output
- * Library's set_header() function.
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	string	the URL
- * @param	string	the method: location or redirect
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('redirect'))
 {
-	function redirect($uri = '', $method = 'location', $http_response_code = 302)
+	/**
+	 * Header Redirect
+	 *
+	 * Header redirect in two flavors
+	 * For very fine grained control over headers, you could use the Output
+	 * Library's set_header() function.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$uri	URL
+	 * @param	string	$method	Redirect method
+	 *			'auto', 'location' or 'refresh'
+	 * @param	int	$code	HTTP Response status code
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	function redirect($uri = '', $method = 'auto', $code = NULL)
 	{
-		if ( ! preg_match('#^https?://#i', $uri))
+		if ( ! preg_match('#^(\w+:)?//#i', $uri))
 		{
 			$uri = site_url($uri);
 		}
 
-		switch($method)
-		{
-			case 'refresh'	: header("Refresh:0;url=".$uri);
-				break;
-			default			: header("Location: ".$uri, TRUE, $http_response_code);
-				break;
-		}
-		exit;
-	}
-}
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-/**
- * Parse out the attributes
- *
- * Some of the functions use this
- *
- * @access	private
- * @param	array
- * @param	bool
- * @return	string
- */
-if ( ! function_exists('_parse_attributes'))
-{
-	function _parse_attributes($attributes, $javascript = FALSE)
-	{
-		if (is_string($attributes))
+		// IIS environment likely? Use 'refresh' for better compatibility
+		if ($method === 'auto' && isset($_SERVER['SERVER_SOFTWARE']) && strpos($_SERVER['SERVER_SOFTWARE'], 'Microsoft-IIS') !== FALSE)
 		{
-			return ($attributes != '') ? ' '.$attributes : '';
+			$method = 'refresh';
 		}
-
-		$att = '';
-		foreach ($attributes as $key => $val)
+		elseif ($method !== 'refresh' && (empty($code) OR ! is_numeric($code)))
 		{
-			if ($javascript == TRUE)
+			if (isset($_SERVER['SERVER_PROTOCOL'], $_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD']) && $_SERVER['SERVER_PROTOCOL'] === 'HTTP/1.1')
 			{
-				$att .= $key . '=' . $val . ',';
+				$code = ($_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'] !== 'GET')
+					? 303	// reference: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post/Redirect/Get
+					: 307;
 			}
 			else
 			{
-				$att .= ' ' . $key . '="' . $val . '"';
+				$code = 302;
 			}
 		}
 
-		if ($javascript == TRUE AND $att != '')
+		switch ($method)
 		{
-			$att = substr($att, 0, -1);
+			case 'refresh':
+				header('Refresh:0;url='.$uri);
+				break;
+			default:
+				header('Location: '.$uri, TRUE, $code);
+				break;
 		}
-
-		return $att;
+		exit;
 	}
 }
-
-
-/* End of file url_helper.php */
-/* Location: ./system/helpers/url_helper.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/helpers/xml_helper.php b/system/helpers/xml_helper.php
index 6c36e1cac..a12ee25db 100644
--- a/system/helpers/xml_helper.php
+++ b/system/helpers/xml_helper.php
@@ -1,19 +1,41 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.0.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * CodeIgniter XML Helpers
@@ -21,51 +43,48 @@
  * @package		CodeIgniter
  * @subpackage	Helpers
  * @category	Helpers
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/helpers/xml_helper.html
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/helpers/xml_helper.html
  */
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/**
- * Convert Reserved XML characters to Entities
- *
- * @access	public
- * @param	string
- * @return	string
- */
 if ( ! function_exists('xml_convert'))
 {
+	/**
+	 * Convert Reserved XML characters to Entities
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	bool
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
 	function xml_convert($str, $protect_all = FALSE)
 	{
 		$temp = '__TEMP_AMPERSANDS__';
 
 		// Replace entities to temporary markers so that
 		// ampersands won't get messed up
-		$str = preg_replace("/&#(\d+);/", "$temp\\1;", $str);
+		$str = preg_replace('/&#(\d+);/', $temp.'\\1;', $str);
 
 		if ($protect_all === TRUE)
 		{
-			$str = preg_replace("/&(\w+);/",  "$temp\\1;", $str);
+			$str = preg_replace('/&(\w+);/', $temp.'\\1;', $str);
 		}
 
-		$str = str_replace(array("&","<",">","\"", "'", "-"),
-							array("&amp;", "&lt;", "&gt;", "&quot;", "&apos;", "&#45;"),
-							$str);
+		$str = str_replace(
+			array('&', '<', '>', '"', "'", '-'),
+			array('&amp;', '&lt;', '&gt;', '&quot;', '&apos;', '&#45;'),
+			$str
+		);
 
 		// Decode the temp markers back to entities
-		$str = preg_replace("/$temp(\d+);/","&#\\1;",$str);
+		$str = preg_replace('/'.$temp.'(\d+);/', '&#\\1;', $str);
 
 		if ($protect_all === TRUE)
 		{
-			$str = preg_replace("/$temp(\w+);/","&\\1;", $str);
+			return preg_replace('/'.$temp.'(\w+);/', '&\\1;', $str);
 		}
 
 		return $str;
 	}
 }
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-/* End of file xml_helper.php */
-/* Location: ./system/helpers/xml_helper.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/index.html b/system/index.html
index c942a79ce..b702fbc39 100644
--- a/system/index.html
+++ b/system/index.html
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
 <html>
 <head>
 	<title>403 Forbidden</title>
@@ -7,4 +8,4 @@
 <p>Directory access is forbidden.</p>
 
 </body>
-</html>
\ No newline at end of file
+</html>
diff --git a/system/language/english/calendar_lang.php b/system/language/english/calendar_lang.php
index 3e6312361..77911e983 100644
--- a/system/language/english/calendar_lang.php
+++ b/system/language/english/calendar_lang.php
@@ -1,51 +1,84 @@
 <?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
+ *
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.0.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
-$lang['cal_su']			= "Su";
-$lang['cal_mo']			= "Mo";
-$lang['cal_tu']			= "Tu";
-$lang['cal_we']			= "We";
-$lang['cal_th']			= "Th";
-$lang['cal_fr']			= "Fr";
-$lang['cal_sa']			= "Sa";
-$lang['cal_sun']		= "Sun";
-$lang['cal_mon']		= "Mon";
-$lang['cal_tue']		= "Tue";
-$lang['cal_wed']		= "Wed";
-$lang['cal_thu']		= "Thu";
-$lang['cal_fri']		= "Fri";
-$lang['cal_sat']		= "Sat";
-$lang['cal_sunday']		= "Sunday";
-$lang['cal_monday']		= "Monday";
-$lang['cal_tuesday']	= "Tuesday";
-$lang['cal_wednesday']	= "Wednesday";
-$lang['cal_thursday']	= "Thursday";
-$lang['cal_friday']		= "Friday";
-$lang['cal_saturday']	= "Saturday";
-$lang['cal_jan']		= "Jan";
-$lang['cal_feb']		= "Feb";
-$lang['cal_mar']		= "Mar";
-$lang['cal_apr']		= "Apr";
-$lang['cal_may']		= "May";
-$lang['cal_jun']		= "Jun";
-$lang['cal_jul']		= "Jul";
-$lang['cal_aug']		= "Aug";
-$lang['cal_sep']		= "Sep";
-$lang['cal_oct']		= "Oct";
-$lang['cal_nov']		= "Nov";
-$lang['cal_dec']		= "Dec";
-$lang['cal_january']	= "January";
-$lang['cal_february']	= "February";
-$lang['cal_march']		= "March";
-$lang['cal_april']		= "April";
-$lang['cal_mayl']		= "May";
-$lang['cal_june']		= "June";
-$lang['cal_july']		= "July";
-$lang['cal_august']		= "August";
-$lang['cal_september']	= "September";
-$lang['cal_october']	= "October";
-$lang['cal_november']	= "November";
-$lang['cal_december']	= "December";
-
-
-/* End of file calendar_lang.php */
-/* Location: ./system/language/english/calendar_lang.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+$lang['cal_su'] = 'Su';
+$lang['cal_mo'] = 'Mo';
+$lang['cal_tu'] = 'Tu';
+$lang['cal_we'] = 'We';
+$lang['cal_th'] = 'Th';
+$lang['cal_fr'] = 'Fr';
+$lang['cal_sa'] = 'Sa';
+$lang['cal_sun'] = 'Sun';
+$lang['cal_mon'] = 'Mon';
+$lang['cal_tue'] = 'Tue';
+$lang['cal_wed'] = 'Wed';
+$lang['cal_thu'] = 'Thu';
+$lang['cal_fri'] = 'Fri';
+$lang['cal_sat'] = 'Sat';
+$lang['cal_sunday'] = 'Sunday';
+$lang['cal_monday'] = 'Monday';
+$lang['cal_tuesday'] = 'Tuesday';
+$lang['cal_wednesday'] = 'Wednesday';
+$lang['cal_thursday'] = 'Thursday';
+$lang['cal_friday'] = 'Friday';
+$lang['cal_saturday'] = 'Saturday';
+$lang['cal_jan'] = 'Jan';
+$lang['cal_feb'] = 'Feb';
+$lang['cal_mar'] = 'Mar';
+$lang['cal_apr'] = 'Apr';
+$lang['cal_may'] = 'May';
+$lang['cal_jun'] = 'Jun';
+$lang['cal_jul'] = 'Jul';
+$lang['cal_aug'] = 'Aug';
+$lang['cal_sep'] = 'Sep';
+$lang['cal_oct'] = 'Oct';
+$lang['cal_nov'] = 'Nov';
+$lang['cal_dec'] = 'Dec';
+$lang['cal_january'] = 'January';
+$lang['cal_february'] = 'February';
+$lang['cal_march'] = 'March';
+$lang['cal_april'] = 'April';
+$lang['cal_mayl'] = 'May';
+$lang['cal_june'] = 'June';
+$lang['cal_july'] = 'July';
+$lang['cal_august'] = 'August';
+$lang['cal_september'] = 'September';
+$lang['cal_october'] = 'October';
+$lang['cal_november'] = 'November';
+$lang['cal_december'] = 'December';
diff --git a/system/language/english/date_lang.php b/system/language/english/date_lang.php
index c0ace16ef..bb454edfb 100644
--- a/system/language/english/date_lang.php
+++ b/system/language/english/date_lang.php
@@ -1,22 +1,59 @@
 <?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
+ *
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.0.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
-$lang['date_year'] = "Year";
-$lang['date_years'] = "Years";
-$lang['date_month'] = "Month";
-$lang['date_months'] = "Months";
-$lang['date_week'] = "Week";
-$lang['date_weeks'] = "Weeks";
-$lang['date_day'] = "Day";
-$lang['date_days'] = "Days";
-$lang['date_hour'] = "Hour";
-$lang['date_hours'] = "Hours";
-$lang['date_minute'] = "Minute";
-$lang['date_minutes'] = "Minutes";
-$lang['date_second'] = "Second";
-$lang['date_seconds'] = "Seconds";
+$lang['date_year'] = 'Year';
+$lang['date_years'] = 'Years';
+$lang['date_month'] = 'Month';
+$lang['date_months'] = 'Months';
+$lang['date_week'] = 'Week';
+$lang['date_weeks'] = 'Weeks';
+$lang['date_day'] = 'Day';
+$lang['date_days'] = 'Days';
+$lang['date_hour'] = 'Hour';
+$lang['date_hours'] = 'Hours';
+$lang['date_minute'] = 'Minute';
+$lang['date_minutes'] = 'Minutes';
+$lang['date_second'] = 'Second';
+$lang['date_seconds'] = 'Seconds';
 
 $lang['UM12']	= '(UTC -12:00) Baker/Howland Island';
-$lang['UM11']	= '(UTC -11:00) Samoa Time Zone, Niue';
+$lang['UM11']	= '(UTC -11:00) Niue';
 $lang['UM10']	= '(UTC -10:00) Hawaii-Aleutian Standard Time, Cook Islands, Tahiti';
 $lang['UM95']	= '(UTC -9:30) Marquesas Islands';
 $lang['UM9']	= '(UTC -9:00) Alaska Standard Time, Gambier Islands';
@@ -33,7 +70,7 @@ $lang['UM1']	= '(UTC -1:00) Azores, Cape Verde Islands';
 $lang['UTC']	= '(UTC) Greenwich Mean Time, Western European Time';
 $lang['UP1']	= '(UTC +1:00) Central European Time, West Africa Time';
 $lang['UP2']	= '(UTC +2:00) Central Africa Time, Eastern European Time, Kaliningrad Time';
-$lang['UP3']	= '(UTC +3:00) Moscow Time, East Africa Time';
+$lang['UP3']	= '(UTC +3:00) Moscow Time, East Africa Time, Arabia Standard Time';
 $lang['UP35']	= '(UTC +3:30) Iran Standard Time';
 $lang['UP4']	= '(UTC +4:00) Azerbaijan Standard Time, Samara Time';
 $lang['UP45']	= '(UTC +4:30) Afghanistan';
@@ -49,13 +86,9 @@ $lang['UP9']	= '(UTC +9:00) Japan Standard Time, Korea Standard Time, Yakutsk Ti
 $lang['UP95']	= '(UTC +9:30) Australian Central Standard Time';
 $lang['UP10']	= '(UTC +10:00) Australian Eastern Standard Time, Vladivostok Time';
 $lang['UP105']	= '(UTC +10:30) Lord Howe Island';
-$lang['UP11']	= '(UTC +11:00) Magadan Time, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu';
+$lang['UP11']	= '(UTC +11:00) Srednekolymsk Time, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu';
 $lang['UP115']	= '(UTC +11:30) Norfolk Island';
 $lang['UP12']	= '(UTC +12:00) Fiji, Gilbert Islands, Kamchatka Time, New Zealand Standard Time';
 $lang['UP1275']	= '(UTC +12:45) Chatham Islands Standard Time';
-$lang['UP13']	= '(UTC +13:00) Phoenix Islands Time, Tonga';
+$lang['UP13']	= '(UTC +13:00) Samoa Time Zone, Phoenix Islands Time, Tonga';
 $lang['UP14']	= '(UTC +14:00) Line Islands';
-
-
-/* End of file date_lang.php */
-/* Location: ./system/language/english/date_lang.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/language/english/db_lang.php b/system/language/english/db_lang.php
index 79b82c73a..b44bda951 100644
--- a/system/language/english/db_lang.php
+++ b/system/language/english/db_lang.php
@@ -1,4 +1,41 @@
 <?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
+ *
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.0.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 $lang['db_invalid_connection_str'] = 'Unable to determine the database settings based on the connection string you submitted.';
 $lang['db_unable_to_connect'] = 'Unable to connect to your database server using the provided settings.';
@@ -15,8 +52,8 @@ $lang['db_field_param_missing'] = 'To fetch fields requires the name of the tabl
 $lang['db_unsupported_function'] = 'This feature is not available for the database you are using.';
 $lang['db_transaction_failure'] = 'Transaction failure: Rollback performed.';
 $lang['db_unable_to_drop'] = 'Unable to drop the specified database.';
-$lang['db_unsuported_feature'] = 'Unsupported feature of the database platform you are using.';
-$lang['db_unsuported_compression'] = 'The file compression format you chose is not supported by your server.';
+$lang['db_unsupported_feature'] = 'Unsupported feature of the database platform you are using.';
+$lang['db_unsupported_compression'] = 'The file compression format you chose is not supported by your server.';
 $lang['db_filepath_error'] = 'Unable to write data to the file path you have submitted.';
 $lang['db_invalid_cache_path'] = 'The cache path you submitted is not valid or writable.';
 $lang['db_table_name_required'] = 'A table name is required for that operation.';
@@ -24,6 +61,3 @@ $lang['db_column_name_required'] = 'A column name is required for that operation
 $lang['db_column_definition_required'] = 'A column definition is required for that operation.';
 $lang['db_unable_to_set_charset'] = 'Unable to set client connection character set: %s';
 $lang['db_error_heading'] = 'A Database Error Occurred';
-
-/* End of file db_lang.php */
-/* Location: ./system/language/english/db_lang.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/language/english/email_lang.php b/system/language/english/email_lang.php
index e3bd113cb..22dc0fa78 100644
--- a/system/language/english/email_lang.php
+++ b/system/language/english/email_lang.php
@@ -1,24 +1,58 @@
 <?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
+ *
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.0.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
-$lang['email_must_be_array'] = "The email validation method must be passed an array.";
-$lang['email_invalid_address'] = "Invalid email address: %s";
-$lang['email_attachment_missing'] = "Unable to locate the following email attachment: %s";
-$lang['email_attachment_unreadable'] = "Unable to open this attachment: %s";
-$lang['email_no_recipients'] = "You must include recipients: To, Cc, or Bcc";
-$lang['email_send_failure_phpmail'] = "Unable to send email using PHP mail().  Your server might not be configured to send mail using this method.";
-$lang['email_send_failure_sendmail'] = "Unable to send email using PHP Sendmail.  Your server might not be configured to send mail using this method.";
-$lang['email_send_failure_smtp'] = "Unable to send email using PHP SMTP.  Your server might not be configured to send mail using this method.";
-$lang['email_sent'] = "Your message has been successfully sent using the following protocol: %s";
-$lang['email_no_socket'] = "Unable to open a socket to Sendmail. Please check settings.";
-$lang['email_no_hostname'] = "You did not specify a SMTP hostname.";
-$lang['email_smtp_error'] = "The following SMTP error was encountered: %s";
-$lang['email_no_smtp_unpw'] = "Error: You must assign a SMTP username and password.";
-$lang['email_failed_smtp_login'] = "Failed to send AUTH LOGIN command. Error: %s";
-$lang['email_smtp_auth_un'] = "Failed to authenticate username. Error: %s";
-$lang['email_smtp_auth_pw'] = "Failed to authenticate password. Error: %s";
-$lang['email_smtp_data_failure'] = "Unable to send data: %s";
-$lang['email_exit_status'] = "Exit status code: %s";
-
-
-/* End of file email_lang.php */
-/* Location: ./system/language/english/email_lang.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+$lang['email_must_be_array'] = 'The email validation method must be passed an array.';
+$lang['email_invalid_address'] = 'Invalid email address: %s';
+$lang['email_attachment_missing'] = 'Unable to locate the following email attachment: %s';
+$lang['email_attachment_unreadable'] = 'Unable to open this attachment: %s';
+$lang['email_no_from'] = 'Cannot send mail with no "From" header.';
+$lang['email_no_recipients'] = 'You must include recipients: To, Cc, or Bcc';
+$lang['email_send_failure_phpmail'] = 'Unable to send email using PHP mail(). Your server might not be configured to send mail using this method.';
+$lang['email_send_failure_sendmail'] = 'Unable to send email using PHP Sendmail. Your server might not be configured to send mail using this method.';
+$lang['email_send_failure_smtp'] = 'Unable to send email using PHP SMTP. Your server might not be configured to send mail using this method.';
+$lang['email_sent'] = 'Your message has been successfully sent using the following protocol: %s';
+$lang['email_no_socket'] = 'Unable to open a socket to Sendmail. Please check settings.';
+$lang['email_no_hostname'] = 'You did not specify a SMTP hostname.';
+$lang['email_smtp_error'] = 'The following SMTP error was encountered: %s';
+$lang['email_no_smtp_unpw'] = 'Error: You must assign a SMTP username and password.';
+$lang['email_failed_smtp_login'] = 'Failed to send AUTH LOGIN command. Error: %s';
+$lang['email_smtp_auth_un'] = 'Failed to authenticate username. Error: %s';
+$lang['email_smtp_auth_pw'] = 'Failed to authenticate password. Error: %s';
+$lang['email_smtp_data_failure'] = 'Unable to send data: %s';
+$lang['email_exit_status'] = 'Exit status code: %s';
diff --git a/system/language/english/form_validation_lang.php b/system/language/english/form_validation_lang.php
index 3418f29ab..aa9ff330b 100644
--- a/system/language/english/form_validation_lang.php
+++ b/system/language/english/form_validation_lang.php
@@ -1,29 +1,68 @@
 <?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
+ *
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.0.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
-$lang['required']			= "The %s field is required.";
-$lang['isset']				= "The %s field must have a value.";
-$lang['valid_email']		= "The %s field must contain a valid email address.";
-$lang['valid_emails']		= "The %s field must contain all valid email addresses.";
-$lang['valid_url']			= "The %s field must contain a valid URL.";
-$lang['valid_ip']			= "The %s field must contain a valid IP.";
-$lang['min_length']			= "The %s field must be at least %s characters in length.";
-$lang['max_length']			= "The %s field can not exceed %s characters in length.";
-$lang['exact_length']		= "The %s field must be exactly %s characters in length.";
-$lang['alpha']				= "The %s field may only contain alphabetical characters.";
-$lang['alpha_numeric']		= "The %s field may only contain alpha-numeric characters.";
-$lang['alpha_dash']			= "The %s field may only contain alpha-numeric characters, underscores, and dashes.";
-$lang['numeric']			= "The %s field must contain only numbers.";
-$lang['is_numeric']			= "The %s field must contain only numeric characters.";
-$lang['integer']			= "The %s field must contain an integer.";
-$lang['regex_match']		= "The %s field is not in the correct format.";
-$lang['matches']			= "The %s field does not match the %s field.";
-$lang['is_unique'] 			= "The %s field must contain a unique value.";
-$lang['is_natural']			= "The %s field must contain only positive numbers.";
-$lang['is_natural_no_zero']	= "The %s field must contain a number greater than zero.";
-$lang['decimal']			= "The %s field must contain a decimal number.";
-$lang['less_than']			= "The %s field must contain a number less than %s.";
-$lang['greater_than']		= "The %s field must contain a number greater than %s.";
-
-
-/* End of file form_validation_lang.php */
-/* Location: ./system/language/english/form_validation_lang.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+$lang['form_validation_required']		= 'The {field} field is required.';
+$lang['form_validation_isset']			= 'The {field} field must have a value.';
+$lang['form_validation_valid_email']		= 'The {field} field must contain a valid email address.';
+$lang['form_validation_valid_emails']		= 'The {field} field must contain all valid email addresses.';
+$lang['form_validation_valid_url']		= 'The {field} field must contain a valid URL.';
+$lang['form_validation_valid_ip']		= 'The {field} field must contain a valid IP.';
+$lang['form_validation_min_length']		= 'The {field} field must be at least {param} characters in length.';
+$lang['form_validation_max_length']		= 'The {field} field cannot exceed {param} characters in length.';
+$lang['form_validation_exact_length']		= 'The {field} field must be exactly {param} characters in length.';
+$lang['form_validation_alpha']			= 'The {field} field may only contain alphabetical characters.';
+$lang['form_validation_alpha_numeric']		= 'The {field} field may only contain alpha-numeric characters.';
+$lang['form_validation_alpha_numeric_spaces']	= 'The {field} field may only contain alpha-numeric characters and spaces.';
+$lang['form_validation_alpha_dash']		= 'The {field} field may only contain alpha-numeric characters, underscores, and dashes.';
+$lang['form_validation_numeric']		= 'The {field} field must contain only numbers.';
+$lang['form_validation_is_numeric']		= 'The {field} field must contain only numeric characters.';
+$lang['form_validation_integer']		= 'The {field} field must contain an integer.';
+$lang['form_validation_regex_match']		= 'The {field} field is not in the correct format.';
+$lang['form_validation_matches']		= 'The {field} field does not match the {param} field.';
+$lang['form_validation_differs']		= 'The {field} field must differ from the {param} field.';
+$lang['form_validation_is_unique'] 		= 'The {field} field must contain a unique value.';
+$lang['form_validation_is_natural']		= 'The {field} field must only contain digits.';
+$lang['form_validation_is_natural_no_zero']	= 'The {field} field must only contain digits and must be greater than zero.';
+$lang['form_validation_decimal']		= 'The {field} field must contain a decimal number.';
+$lang['form_validation_less_than']		= 'The {field} field must contain a number less than {param}.';
+$lang['form_validation_less_than_equal_to']	= 'The {field} field must contain a number less than or equal to {param}.';
+$lang['form_validation_greater_than']		= 'The {field} field must contain a number greater than {param}.';
+$lang['form_validation_greater_than_equal_to']	= 'The {field} field must contain a number greater than or equal to {param}.';
+$lang['form_validation_error_message_not_set']	= 'Unable to access an error message corresponding to your field name {field}.';
+$lang['form_validation_in_list']		= 'The {field} field must be one of: {param}.';
diff --git a/system/language/english/ftp_lang.php b/system/language/english/ftp_lang.php
index 1e5168cf8..eada3e5d5 100644
--- a/system/language/english/ftp_lang.php
+++ b/system/language/english/ftp_lang.php
@@ -1,18 +1,51 @@
 <?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
+ *
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.0.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
-$lang['ftp_no_connection']			= "Unable to locate a valid connection ID. Please make sure you are connected before peforming any file routines.";
-$lang['ftp_unable_to_connect']		= "Unable to connect to your FTP server using the supplied hostname.";
-$lang['ftp_unable_to_login']		= "Unable to login to your FTP server. Please check your username and password.";
-$lang['ftp_unable_to_makdir']		= "Unable to create the directory you have specified.";
-$lang['ftp_unable_to_changedir']	= "Unable to change directories.";
-$lang['ftp_unable_to_chmod']		= "Unable to set file permissions. Please check your path. Note: This feature is only available in PHP 5 or higher.";
-$lang['ftp_unable_to_upload']		= "Unable to upload the specified file. Please check your path.";
-$lang['ftp_unable_to_download']		= "Unable to download the specified file. Please check your path.";
-$lang['ftp_no_source_file']			= "Unable to locate the source file. Please check your path.";
-$lang['ftp_unable_to_rename']		= "Unable to rename the file.";
-$lang['ftp_unable_to_delete']		= "Unable to delete the file.";
-$lang['ftp_unable_to_move']			= "Unable to move the file. Please make sure the destination directory exists.";
-
-
-/* End of file ftp_lang.php */
-/* Location: ./system/language/english/ftp_lang.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+$lang['ftp_no_connection']		= 'Unable to locate a valid connection ID. Please make sure you are connected before performing any file routines.';
+$lang['ftp_unable_to_connect']		= 'Unable to connect to your FTP server using the supplied hostname.';
+$lang['ftp_unable_to_login']		= 'Unable to login to your FTP server. Please check your username and password.';
+$lang['ftp_unable_to_mkdir']		= 'Unable to create the directory you have specified.';
+$lang['ftp_unable_to_changedir']	= 'Unable to change directories.';
+$lang['ftp_unable_to_chmod']		= 'Unable to set file permissions. Please check your path.';
+$lang['ftp_unable_to_upload']		= 'Unable to upload the specified file. Please check your path.';
+$lang['ftp_unable_to_download']		= 'Unable to download the specified file. Please check your path.';
+$lang['ftp_no_source_file']		= 'Unable to locate the source file. Please check your path.';
+$lang['ftp_unable_to_rename']		= 'Unable to rename the file.';
+$lang['ftp_unable_to_delete']		= 'Unable to delete the file.';
+$lang['ftp_unable_to_move']		= 'Unable to move the file. Please make sure the destination directory exists.';
diff --git a/system/language/english/imglib_lang.php b/system/language/english/imglib_lang.php
index 66505da07..218874cfe 100644
--- a/system/language/english/imglib_lang.php
+++ b/system/language/english/imglib_lang.php
@@ -1,24 +1,57 @@
 <?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
+ *
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.0.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
-$lang['imglib_source_image_required'] = "You must specify a source image in your preferences.";
-$lang['imglib_gd_required'] = "The GD image library is required for this feature.";
-$lang['imglib_gd_required_for_props'] = "Your server must support the GD image library in order to determine the image properties.";
-$lang['imglib_unsupported_imagecreate'] = "Your server does not support the GD function required to process this type of image.";
-$lang['imglib_gif_not_supported'] = "GIF images are often not supported due to licensing restrictions.  You may have to use JPG or PNG images instead.";
-$lang['imglib_jpg_not_supported'] = "JPG images are not supported.";
-$lang['imglib_png_not_supported'] = "PNG images are not supported.";
-$lang['imglib_jpg_or_png_required'] = "The image resize protocol specified in your preferences only works with JPEG or PNG image types.";
-$lang['imglib_copy_error'] = "An error was encountered while attempting to replace the file.  Please make sure your file directory is writable.";
-$lang['imglib_rotate_unsupported'] = "Image rotation does not appear to be supported by your server.";
-$lang['imglib_libpath_invalid'] = "The path to your image library is not correct.  Please set the correct path in your image preferences.";
-$lang['imglib_image_process_failed'] = "Image processing failed.  Please verify that your server supports the chosen protocol and that the path to your image library is correct.";
-$lang['imglib_rotation_angle_required'] = "An angle of rotation is required to rotate the image.";
-$lang['imglib_writing_failed_gif'] = "GIF image.";
-$lang['imglib_invalid_path'] = "The path to the image is not correct.";
-$lang['imglib_copy_failed'] = "The image copy routine failed.";
-$lang['imglib_missing_font'] = "Unable to find a font to use.";
-$lang['imglib_save_failed'] = "Unable to save the image.  Please make sure the image and file directory are writable.";
-
-
-/* End of file imglib_lang.php */
-/* Location: ./system/language/english/imglib_lang.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+$lang['imglib_source_image_required'] = 'You must specify a source image in your preferences.';
+$lang['imglib_gd_required'] = 'The GD image library is required for this feature.';
+$lang['imglib_gd_required_for_props'] = 'Your server must support the GD image library in order to determine the image properties.';
+$lang['imglib_unsupported_imagecreate'] = 'Your server does not support the GD function required to process this type of image.';
+$lang['imglib_gif_not_supported'] = 'GIF images are often not supported due to licensing restrictions. You may have to use JPG or PNG images instead.';
+$lang['imglib_jpg_not_supported'] = 'JPG images are not supported.';
+$lang['imglib_png_not_supported'] = 'PNG images are not supported.';
+$lang['imglib_jpg_or_png_required'] = 'The image resize protocol specified in your preferences only works with JPEG or PNG image types.';
+$lang['imglib_copy_error'] = 'An error was encountered while attempting to replace the file. Please make sure your file directory is writable.';
+$lang['imglib_rotate_unsupported'] = 'Image rotation does not appear to be supported by your server.';
+$lang['imglib_libpath_invalid'] = 'The path to your image library is not correct. Please set the correct path in your image preferences.';
+$lang['imglib_image_process_failed'] = 'Image processing failed. Please verify that your server supports the chosen protocol and that the path to your image library is correct.';
+$lang['imglib_rotation_angle_required'] = 'An angle of rotation is required to rotate the image.';
+$lang['imglib_invalid_path'] = 'The path to the image is not correct.';
+$lang['imglib_invalid_image'] = 'The provided image is not valid.';
+$lang['imglib_copy_failed'] = 'The image copy routine failed.';
+$lang['imglib_missing_font'] = 'Unable to find a font to use.';
+$lang['imglib_save_failed'] = 'Unable to save the image. Please make sure the image and file directory are writable.';
diff --git a/system/language/english/index.html b/system/language/english/index.html
index c942a79ce..b702fbc39 100644
--- a/system/language/english/index.html
+++ b/system/language/english/index.html
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
 <html>
 <head>
 	<title>403 Forbidden</title>
@@ -7,4 +8,4 @@
 <p>Directory access is forbidden.</p>
 
 </body>
-</html>
\ No newline at end of file
+</html>
diff --git a/system/language/english/migration_lang.php b/system/language/english/migration_lang.php
index f17530f00..168496090 100644
--- a/system/language/english/migration_lang.php
+++ b/system/language/english/migration_lang.php
@@ -1,13 +1,47 @@
 <?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
+ *
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 3.0.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
-$lang['migration_none_found']			= "No migrations were found.";
-$lang['migration_not_found']			= "This migration could not be found.";
-$lang['migration_multiple_version']		= "This are multiple migrations with the same version number: %d.";
-$lang['migration_class_doesnt_exist']	= "The migration class \"%s\" could not be found.";
-$lang['migration_missing_up_method']	= "The migration class \"%s\" is missing an 'up' method.";
-$lang['migration_missing_down_method']	= "The migration class \"%s\" is missing an 'down' method.";
-$lang['migration_invalid_filename']		= "Migration \"%s\" has an invalid filename.";
-
-
-/* End of file migration_lang.php */
-/* Location: ./system/language/english/migration_lang.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+$lang['migration_none_found'] = 'No migrations were found.';
+$lang['migration_not_found'] = 'No migration could be found with the version number: %s.';
+$lang['migration_sequence_gap'] = 'There is a gap in the migration sequence near version number: %s.';
+$lang['migration_multiple_version'] = 'There are multiple migrations with the same version number: %s.';
+$lang['migration_class_doesnt_exist'] = 'The migration class "%s" could not be found.';
+$lang['migration_missing_up_method'] = 'The migration class "%s" is missing an "up" method.';
+$lang['migration_missing_down_method'] = 'The migration class "%s" is missing a "down" method.';
+$lang['migration_invalid_filename'] = 'Migration "%s" has an invalid filename.';
diff --git a/system/language/english/number_lang.php b/system/language/english/number_lang.php
index 908580914..9723ce5ec 100644
--- a/system/language/english/number_lang.php
+++ b/system/language/english/number_lang.php
@@ -1,10 +1,44 @@
 <?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
+ *
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.0.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
-$lang['terabyte_abbr'] = "TB";
-$lang['gigabyte_abbr'] = "GB";
-$lang['megabyte_abbr'] = "MB";
-$lang['kilobyte_abbr'] = "KB";
-$lang['bytes'] = "Bytes";
-
-/* End of file number_lang.php */
-/* Location: ./system/language/english/number_lang.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+$lang['terabyte_abbr'] = 'TB';
+$lang['gigabyte_abbr'] = 'GB';
+$lang['megabyte_abbr'] = 'MB';
+$lang['kilobyte_abbr'] = 'KB';
+$lang['bytes'] = 'Bytes';
diff --git a/system/language/english/pagination_lang.php b/system/language/english/pagination_lang.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d24dd047b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/language/english/pagination_lang.php
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+<?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
+ *
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.0.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
+
+$lang['pagination_first_link'] = '&lsaquo; First';
+$lang['pagination_next_link'] = '&gt;';
+$lang['pagination_prev_link'] = '&lt;';
+$lang['pagination_last_link'] = 'Last &rsaquo;';
diff --git a/system/language/english/profiler_lang.php b/system/language/english/profiler_lang.php
index 1111158c8..20949a20a 100644
--- a/system/language/english/profiler_lang.php
+++ b/system/language/english/profiler_lang.php
@@ -1,25 +1,60 @@
 <?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
+ *
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.0.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
-$lang['profiler_database']		= 'DATABASE';
+$lang['profiler_database'] = 'DATABASE';
 $lang['profiler_controller_info'] = 'CLASS/METHOD';
-$lang['profiler_benchmarks']	= 'BENCHMARKS';
-$lang['profiler_queries']		= 'QUERIES';
-$lang['profiler_get_data']		= 'GET DATA';
-$lang['profiler_post_data']		= 'POST DATA';
-$lang['profiler_uri_string']	= 'URI STRING';
-$lang['profiler_memory_usage']	= 'MEMORY USAGE';
-$lang['profiler_config']		= 'CONFIG VARIABLES';
-$lang['profiler_session_data']	= 'SESSION DATA';
-$lang['profiler_headers']		= 'HTTP HEADERS';
-$lang['profiler_no_db']			= 'Database driver is not currently loaded';
-$lang['profiler_no_queries']	= 'No queries were run';
-$lang['profiler_no_post']		= 'No POST data exists';
-$lang['profiler_no_get']		= 'No GET data exists';
-$lang['profiler_no_uri']		= 'No URI data exists';
-$lang['profiler_no_memory']		= 'Memory Usage Unavailable';
-$lang['profiler_no_profiles']	= 'No Profile data - all Profiler sections have been disabled.';
-$lang['profiler_section_hide']	= 'Hide';
-$lang['profiler_section_show']	= 'Show';
-
-/* End of file profiler_lang.php */
-/* Location: ./system/language/english/profiler_lang.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+$lang['profiler_benchmarks'] = 'BENCHMARKS';
+$lang['profiler_queries'] = 'QUERIES';
+$lang['profiler_get_data'] = 'GET DATA';
+$lang['profiler_post_data'] = 'POST DATA';
+$lang['profiler_uri_string'] = 'URI STRING';
+$lang['profiler_memory_usage'] = 'MEMORY USAGE';
+$lang['profiler_config'] = 'CONFIG VARIABLES';
+$lang['profiler_session_data'] = 'SESSION DATA';
+$lang['profiler_headers'] = 'HTTP HEADERS';
+$lang['profiler_no_db'] = 'Database driver is not currently loaded';
+$lang['profiler_no_queries'] = 'No queries were run';
+$lang['profiler_no_post'] = 'No POST data exists';
+$lang['profiler_no_get'] = 'No GET data exists';
+$lang['profiler_no_uri'] = 'No URI data exists';
+$lang['profiler_no_memory'] = 'Memory Usage Unavailable';
+$lang['profiler_no_profiles'] = 'No Profile data - all Profiler sections have been disabled.';
+$lang['profiler_section_hide'] = 'Hide';
+$lang['profiler_section_show'] = 'Show';
+$lang['profiler_seconds'] = 'seconds';
diff --git a/system/language/english/unit_test_lang.php b/system/language/english/unit_test_lang.php
index 070bcd1f2..a89cb2d93 100644
--- a/system/language/english/unit_test_lang.php
+++ b/system/language/english/unit_test_lang.php
@@ -1,25 +1,58 @@
 <?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
+ *
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.0.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
-$lang['ut_test_name']		= 'Test Name';
-$lang['ut_test_datatype']	= 'Test Datatype';
-$lang['ut_res_datatype']	= 'Expected Datatype';
-$lang['ut_result']			= 'Result';
-$lang['ut_undefined']		= 'Undefined Test Name';
-$lang['ut_file']			= 'File Name';
-$lang['ut_line']			= 'Line Number';
-$lang['ut_passed']			= 'Passed';
-$lang['ut_failed']			= 'Failed';
-$lang['ut_boolean']			= 'Boolean';
-$lang['ut_integer']			= 'Integer';
-$lang['ut_float']			= 'Float';
-$lang['ut_double']			= 'Float'; // can be the same as float
-$lang['ut_string']			= 'String';
-$lang['ut_array']			= 'Array';
-$lang['ut_object']			= 'Object';
-$lang['ut_resource']		= 'Resource';
-$lang['ut_null']			= 'Null';
-$lang['ut_notes']			= 'Notes';
-
-
-/* End of file unit_test_lang.php */
-/* Location: ./system/language/english/unit_test_lang.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+$lang['ut_test_name'] = 'Test Name';
+$lang['ut_test_datatype'] = 'Test Datatype';
+$lang['ut_res_datatype'] = 'Expected Datatype';
+$lang['ut_result'] = 'Result';
+$lang['ut_undefined'] = 'Undefined Test Name';
+$lang['ut_file'] = 'File Name';
+$lang['ut_line'] = 'Line Number';
+$lang['ut_passed'] = 'Passed';
+$lang['ut_failed'] = 'Failed';
+$lang['ut_boolean'] = 'Boolean';
+$lang['ut_integer'] = 'Integer';
+$lang['ut_float'] = 'Float';
+$lang['ut_double'] = 'Float'; // can be the same as float
+$lang['ut_string'] = 'String';
+$lang['ut_array'] = 'Array';
+$lang['ut_object'] = 'Object';
+$lang['ut_resource'] = 'Resource';
+$lang['ut_null'] = 'Null';
+$lang['ut_notes'] = 'Notes';
diff --git a/system/language/english/upload_lang.php b/system/language/english/upload_lang.php
index 4de9e9e74..ec611f9ac 100644
--- a/system/language/english/upload_lang.php
+++ b/system/language/english/upload_lang.php
@@ -1,22 +1,55 @@
 <?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
+ *
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.0.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
-$lang['upload_userfile_not_set'] = "Unable to find a post variable called userfile.";
-$lang['upload_file_exceeds_limit'] = "The uploaded file exceeds the maximum allowed size in your PHP configuration file.";
-$lang['upload_file_exceeds_form_limit'] = "The uploaded file exceeds the maximum size allowed by the submission form.";
-$lang['upload_file_partial'] = "The file was only partially uploaded.";
-$lang['upload_no_temp_directory'] = "The temporary folder is missing.";
-$lang['upload_unable_to_write_file'] = "The file could not be written to disk.";
-$lang['upload_stopped_by_extension'] = "The file upload was stopped by extension.";
-$lang['upload_no_file_selected'] = "You did not select a file to upload.";
-$lang['upload_invalid_filetype'] = "The filetype you are attempting to upload is not allowed.";
-$lang['upload_invalid_filesize'] = "The file you are attempting to upload is larger than the permitted size.";
-$lang['upload_invalid_dimensions'] = "The image you are attempting to upload exceedes the maximum height or width.";
-$lang['upload_destination_error'] = "A problem was encountered while attempting to move the uploaded file to the final destination.";
-$lang['upload_no_filepath'] = "The upload path does not appear to be valid.";
-$lang['upload_no_file_types'] = "You have not specified any allowed file types.";
-$lang['upload_bad_filename'] = "The file name you submitted already exists on the server.";
-$lang['upload_not_writable'] = "The upload destination folder does not appear to be writable.";
-
-
-/* End of file upload_lang.php */
-/* Location: ./system/language/english/upload_lang.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+$lang['upload_userfile_not_set'] = 'Unable to find a post variable called userfile.';
+$lang['upload_file_exceeds_limit'] = 'The uploaded file exceeds the maximum allowed size in your PHP configuration file.';
+$lang['upload_file_exceeds_form_limit'] = 'The uploaded file exceeds the maximum size allowed by the submission form.';
+$lang['upload_file_partial'] = 'The file was only partially uploaded.';
+$lang['upload_no_temp_directory'] = 'The temporary folder is missing.';
+$lang['upload_unable_to_write_file'] = 'The file could not be written to disk.';
+$lang['upload_stopped_by_extension'] = 'The file upload was stopped by extension.';
+$lang['upload_no_file_selected'] = 'You did not select a file to upload.';
+$lang['upload_invalid_filetype'] = 'The filetype you are attempting to upload is not allowed.';
+$lang['upload_invalid_filesize'] = 'The file you are attempting to upload is larger than the permitted size.';
+$lang['upload_invalid_dimensions'] = 'The image you are attempting to upload doesn\'t fit into the allowed dimensions.';
+$lang['upload_destination_error'] = 'A problem was encountered while attempting to move the uploaded file to the final destination.';
+$lang['upload_no_filepath'] = 'The upload path does not appear to be valid.';
+$lang['upload_no_file_types'] = 'You have not specified any allowed file types.';
+$lang['upload_bad_filename'] = 'The file name you submitted already exists on the server.';
+$lang['upload_not_writable'] = 'The upload destination folder does not appear to be writable.';
diff --git a/system/language/index.html b/system/language/index.html
index c942a79ce..b702fbc39 100644
--- a/system/language/index.html
+++ b/system/language/index.html
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
 <html>
 <head>
 	<title>403 Forbidden</title>
@@ -7,4 +8,4 @@
 <p>Directory access is forbidden.</p>
 
 </body>
-</html>
\ No newline at end of file
+</html>
diff --git a/system/libraries/Cache/Cache.php b/system/libraries/Cache/Cache.php
index 673e63de3..267dffb09 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Cache/Cache.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Cache/Cache.php
@@ -1,19 +1,41 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2006 - 2014 EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 2.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 2.0.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * CodeIgniter Caching Class
@@ -21,31 +43,82 @@
  * @package		CodeIgniter
  * @subpackage	Libraries
  * @category	Core
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
  * @link
  */
 class CI_Cache extends CI_Driver_Library {
 
-	protected $valid_drivers 	= array(
-		'cache_apc', 'cache_file', 'cache_memcached', 'cache_dummy'
+	/**
+	 * Valid cache drivers
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	protected $valid_drivers = array(
+		'apc',
+		'dummy',
+		'file',
+		'memcached',
+		'redis',
+		'wincache'
 	);
 
-	protected $_cache_path		= NULL;		// Path of cache files (if file-based cache)
-	protected $_adapter			= 'dummy';
-	protected $_backup_driver;
+	/**
+	 * Path of cache files (if file-based cache)
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	protected $_cache_path = NULL;
 
-	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+	/**
+	 * Reference to the driver
+	 *
+	 * @var mixed
+	 */
+	protected $_adapter = 'dummy';
+
+	/**
+	 * Fallback driver
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	protected $_backup_driver = 'dummy';
+
+	/**
+	 * Cache key prefix
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $key_prefix = '';
 
 	/**
 	 * Constructor
 	 *
-	 * @param array
+	 * Initialize class properties based on the configuration array.
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$config = array()
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function __construct($config = array())
 	{
-		if ( ! empty($config))
+		isset($config['adapter']) && $this->_adapter = $config['adapter'];
+		isset($config['backup']) && $this->_backup_driver = $config['backup'];
+		isset($config['key_prefix']) && $this->key_prefix = $config['key_prefix'];
+
+		// If the specified adapter isn't available, check the backup.
+		if ( ! $this->is_supported($this->_adapter))
 		{
-			$this->_initialize($config);
+			if ( ! $this->is_supported($this->_backup_driver))
+			{
+				// Backup isn't supported either. Default to 'Dummy' driver.
+				log_message('error', 'Cache adapter "'.$this->_adapter.'" and backup "'.$this->_backup_driver.'" are both unavailable. Cache is now using "Dummy" adapter.');
+				$this->_adapter = 'dummy';
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				// Backup is supported. Set it to primary.
+				log_message('debug', 'Cache adapter "'.$this->_adapter.'" is unavailable. Falling back to "'.$this->_backup_driver.'" backup adapter.');
+				$this->_adapter = $this->_backup_driver;
+			}
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -54,15 +127,15 @@ class CI_Cache extends CI_Driver_Library {
 	/**
 	 * Get
 	 *
-	 * Look for a value in the cache.  If it exists, return the data
+	 * Look for a value in the cache. If it exists, return the data
 	 * if not, return FALSE
 	 *
-	 * @param 	string
-	 * @return 	mixed		value that is stored/FALSE on failure
+	 * @param	string	$id
+	 * @return	mixed	value matching $id or FALSE on failure
 	 */
 	public function get($id)
 	{
-		return $this->{$this->_adapter}->get($id);
+		return $this->{$this->_adapter}->get($this->key_prefix.$id);
 	}
 
 	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -70,15 +143,15 @@ class CI_Cache extends CI_Driver_Library {
 	/**
 	 * Cache Save
 	 *
-	 * @param 	string		Unique Key
-	 * @param 	mixed		Data to store
-	 * @param 	int			Length of time (in seconds) to cache the data
-	 *
-	 * @return 	boolean		true on success/false on failure
+	 * @param	string	$id	Cache ID
+	 * @param	mixed	$data	Data to store
+	 * @param	int	$ttl	Cache TTL (in seconds)
+	 * @param	bool	$raw	Whether to store the raw value
+	 * @return	bool	TRUE on success, FALSE on failure
 	 */
-	public function save($id, $data, $ttl = 60)
+	public function save($id, $data, $ttl = 60, $raw = FALSE)
 	{
-		return $this->{$this->_adapter}->save($id, $data, $ttl);
+		return $this->{$this->_adapter}->save($this->key_prefix.$id, $data, $ttl, $raw);
 	}
 
 	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -86,129 +159,97 @@ class CI_Cache extends CI_Driver_Library {
 	/**
 	 * Delete from Cache
 	 *
-	 * @param 	mixed		unique identifier of the item in the cache
-	 * @return 	boolean		true on success/false on failure
+	 * @param	string	$id	Cache ID
+	 * @return	bool	TRUE on success, FALSE on failure
 	 */
 	public function delete($id)
 	{
-		return $this->{$this->_adapter}->delete($id);
+		return $this->{$this->_adapter}->delete($this->key_prefix.$id);
 	}
 
 	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Clean the cache
+	 * Increment a raw value
 	 *
-	 * @return 	boolean		false on failure/true on success
+	 * @param	string	$id	Cache ID
+	 * @param	int	$offset	Step/value to add
+	 * @return	mixed	New value on success or FALSE on failure
 	 */
-	public function clean()
+	public function increment($id, $offset = 1)
 	{
-		return $this->{$this->_adapter}->clean();
+		return $this->{$this->_adapter}->increment($this->key_prefix.$id, $offset);
 	}
 
 	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Cache Info
+	 * Decrement a raw value
 	 *
-	 * @param 	string		user/filehits
-	 * @return 	mixed		array on success, false on failure
+	 * @param	string	$id	Cache ID
+	 * @param	int	$offset	Step/value to reduce by
+	 * @return	mixed	New value on success or FALSE on failure
 	 */
-	public function cache_info($type = 'user')
+	public function decrement($id, $offset = 1)
 	{
-		return $this->{$this->_adapter}->cache_info($type);
+		return $this->{$this->_adapter}->decrement($this->key_prefix.$id, $offset);
 	}
 
 	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Get Cache Metadata
+	 * Clean the cache
 	 *
-	 * @param 	mixed		key to get cache metadata on
-	 * @return 	mixed		return value from child method
+	 * @return	bool	TRUE on success, FALSE on failure
 	 */
-	public function get_metadata($id)
+	public function clean()
 	{
-		return $this->{$this->_adapter}->get_metadata($id);
+		return $this->{$this->_adapter}->clean();
 	}
 
 	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Initialize
-	 *
-	 * Initialize class properties based on the configuration array.
+	 * Cache Info
 	 *
-	 * @param	array
-	 * @return 	void
+	 * @param	string	$type = 'user'	user/filehits
+	 * @return	mixed	array containing cache info on success OR FALSE on failure
 	 */
-	private function _initialize($config)
+	public function cache_info($type = 'user')
 	{
-		$default_config = array(
-				'adapter',
-				'memcached'
-			);
-
-		foreach ($default_config as $key)
-		{
-			if (isset($config[$key]))
-			{
-				$param = '_'.$key;
-
-				$this->{$param} = $config[$key];
-			}
-		}
-
-		if (isset($config['backup']))
-		{
-			if (in_array('cache_'.$config['backup'], $this->valid_drivers))
-			{
-				$this->_backup_driver = $config['backup'];
-			}
-		}
+		return $this->{$this->_adapter}->cache_info($type);
 	}
 
 	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Is the requested driver supported in this environment?
+	 * Get Cache Metadata
 	 *
-	 * @param 	string	The driver to test.
-	 * @return 	array
+	 * @param	string	$id	key to get cache metadata on
+	 * @return	mixed	cache item metadata
 	 */
-	public function is_supported($driver)
+	public function get_metadata($id)
 	{
-		static $support = array();
-
-		if ( ! isset($support[$driver]))
-		{
-			$support[$driver] = $this->{$driver}->is_supported();
-		}
-
-		return $support[$driver];
+		return $this->{$this->_adapter}->get_metadata($this->key_prefix.$id);
 	}
 
 	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * __get()
+	 * Is the requested driver supported in this environment?
 	 *
-	 * @param 	child
-	 * @return 	object
+	 * @param	string	$driver	The driver to test
+	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	public function __get($child)
+	public function is_supported($driver)
 	{
-		$obj = parent::__get($child);
+		static $support;
 
-		if ( ! $this->is_supported($child))
+		if ( ! isset($support, $support[$driver]))
 		{
-			$this->_adapter = $this->_backup_driver;
+			$support[$driver] = $this->{$driver}->is_supported();
 		}
 
-		return $obj;
+		return $support[$driver];
 	}
-
 }
-
-/* End of file Cache.php */
-/* Location: ./system/libraries/Cache/Cache.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/Cache_apc.php b/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/Cache_apc.php
index fdc740138..f2b61adb1 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/Cache_apc.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/Cache_apc.php
@@ -1,19 +1,41 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2006 - 2014 EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 2.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 2.0.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * CodeIgniter APC Caching Class
@@ -21,26 +43,51 @@
  * @package		CodeIgniter
  * @subpackage	Libraries
  * @category	Core
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
  * @link
  */
-
 class CI_Cache_apc extends CI_Driver {
 
 	/**
+	 * Class constructor
+	 *
+	 * Only present so that an error message is logged
+	 * if APC is not available.
+	 *
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function __construct()
+	{
+		if ( ! $this->is_supported())
+		{
+			log_message('error', 'Cache: Failed to initialize APC; extension not loaded/enabled?');
+		}
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
 	 * Get
 	 *
-	 * Look for a value in the cache.  If it exists, return the data
+	 * Look for a value in the cache. If it exists, return the data
 	 * if not, return FALSE
 	 *
-	 * @param 	string
-	 * @return 	mixed		value that is stored/FALSE on failure
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @return	mixed	value that is stored/FALSE on failure
 	 */
 	public function get($id)
 	{
-		$data = apc_fetch($id);
+		$success = FALSE;
+		$data = apc_fetch($id, $success);
 
-		return (is_array($data)) ? $data[0] : FALSE;
+		if ($success === TRUE)
+		{
+			return is_array($data)
+				? unserialize($data[0])
+				: $data;
+		}
+
+		return FALSE;
 	}
 
 	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -48,15 +95,21 @@ class CI_Cache_apc extends CI_Driver {
 	/**
 	 * Cache Save
 	 *
-	 * @param 	string		Unique Key
-	 * @param 	mixed		Data to store
-	 * @param 	int			Length of time (in seconds) to cache the data
-	 *
-	 * @return 	boolean		true on success/false on failure
+	 * @param	string	$id	Cache ID
+	 * @param	mixed	$data	Data to store
+	 * @param	int	$ttl	Length of time (in seconds) to cache the data
+	 * @param	bool	$raw	Whether to store the raw value
+	 * @return	bool	TRUE on success, FALSE on failure
 	 */
-	public function save($id, $data, $ttl = 60)
+	public function save($id, $data, $ttl = 60, $raw = FALSE)
 	{
-		return apc_store($id, array($data, time(), $ttl), $ttl);
+		$ttl = (int) $ttl;
+
+		return apc_store(
+			$id,
+			($raw === TRUE ? $data : array(serialize($data), time(), $ttl)),
+			$ttl
+		);
 	}
 
 	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -64,8 +117,8 @@ class CI_Cache_apc extends CI_Driver {
 	/**
 	 * Delete from Cache
 	 *
-	 * @param 	mixed		unique identifier of the item in the cache
-	 * @param 	boolean		true on success/false on failure
+	 * @param	mixed	unique identifier of the item in the cache
+	 * @return	bool	true on success/false on failure
 	 */
 	public function delete($id)
 	{
@@ -75,9 +128,37 @@ class CI_Cache_apc extends CI_Driver {
 	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
+	 * Increment a raw value
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$id	Cache ID
+	 * @param	int	$offset	Step/value to add
+	 * @return	mixed	New value on success or FALSE on failure
+	 */
+	public function increment($id, $offset = 1)
+	{
+		return apc_inc($id, $offset);
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Decrement a raw value
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$id	Cache ID
+	 * @param	int	$offset	Step/value to reduce by
+	 * @return	mixed	New value on success or FALSE on failure
+	 */
+	public function decrement($id, $offset = 1)
+	{
+		return apc_dec($id, $offset);
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
 	 * Clean the cache
 	 *
-	 * @return 	boolean		false on failure/true on success
+	 * @return	bool	false on failure/true on success
 	 */
 	public function clean()
 	{
@@ -89,27 +170,28 @@ class CI_Cache_apc extends CI_Driver {
 	/**
 	 * Cache Info
 	 *
-	 * @param 	string		user/filehits
-	 * @return 	mixed		array on success, false on failure
+	 * @param	string	user/filehits
+	 * @return	mixed	array on success, false on failure
 	 */
-	public function cache_info($type = NULL)
-	{
-		return apc_cache_info($type);
-	}
+	 public function cache_info($type = NULL)
+	 {
+		 return apc_cache_info($type);
+	 }
 
 	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
 	 * Get Cache Metadata
 	 *
-	 * @param 	mixed		key to get cache metadata on
-	 * @return 	mixed		array on success/false on failure
+	 * @param	mixed	key to get cache metadata on
+	 * @return	mixed	array on success/false on failure
 	 */
 	public function get_metadata($id)
 	{
-		$stored = apc_fetch($id);
+		$success = FALSE;
+		$stored = apc_fetch($id, $success);
 
-		if (count($stored) !== 3)
+		if ($success === FALSE OR count($stored) !== 3)
 		{
 			return FALSE;
 		}
@@ -119,7 +201,7 @@ class CI_Cache_apc extends CI_Driver {
 		return array(
 			'expire'	=> $time + $ttl,
 			'mtime'		=> $time,
-			'data'		=> $data
+			'data'		=> unserialize($data)
 		);
 	}
 
@@ -129,19 +211,11 @@ class CI_Cache_apc extends CI_Driver {
 	 * is_supported()
 	 *
 	 * Check to see if APC is available on this system, bail if it isn't.
+	 *
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function is_supported()
 	{
-		if ( ! extension_loaded('apc') OR ini_get('apc.enabled') != "1")
-		{
-			log_message('error', 'The APC PHP extension must be loaded to use APC Cache.');
-			return FALSE;
-		}
-
-		return TRUE;
+		return (extension_loaded('apc') && ini_get('apc.enabled'));
 	}
-
 }
-
-/* End of file Cache_apc.php */
-/* Location: ./system/libraries/Cache/drivers/Cache_apc.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/Cache_dummy.php b/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/Cache_dummy.php
index 6c38e91ad..c6d9a61f1 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/Cache_dummy.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/Cache_dummy.php
@@ -1,19 +1,41 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2006 - 2014 EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 2.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 2.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * CodeIgniter Dummy Caching Class
@@ -21,10 +43,9 @@
  * @package		CodeIgniter
  * @subpackage	Libraries
  * @category	Core
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
  * @link
  */
-
 class CI_Cache_dummy extends CI_Driver {
 
 	/**
@@ -32,8 +53,8 @@ class CI_Cache_dummy extends CI_Driver {
 	 *
 	 * Since this is the dummy class, it's always going to return FALSE.
 	 *
-	 * @param 	string
-	 * @return 	Boolean		FALSE
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @return	bool	FALSE
 	 */
 	public function get($id)
 	{
@@ -45,13 +66,13 @@ class CI_Cache_dummy extends CI_Driver {
 	/**
 	 * Cache Save
 	 *
-	 * @param 	string		Unique Key
-	 * @param 	mixed		Data to store
-	 * @param 	int			Length of time (in seconds) to cache the data
-	 *
-	 * @return 	boolean		TRUE, Simulating success
+	 * @param	string	Unique Key
+	 * @param	mixed	Data to store
+	 * @param	int	Length of time (in seconds) to cache the data
+	 * @param	bool	Whether to store the raw value
+	 * @return	bool	TRUE, Simulating success
 	 */
-	public function save($id, $data, $ttl = 60)
+	public function save($id, $data, $ttl = 60, $raw = FALSE)
 	{
 		return TRUE;
 	}
@@ -61,8 +82,8 @@ class CI_Cache_dummy extends CI_Driver {
 	/**
 	 * Delete from Cache
 	 *
-	 * @param 	mixed		unique identifier of the item in the cache
-	 * @param 	boolean		TRUE, simulating success
+	 * @param	mixed	unique identifier of the item in the cache
+	 * @return	bool	TRUE, simulating success
 	 */
 	public function delete($id)
 	{
@@ -72,9 +93,37 @@ class CI_Cache_dummy extends CI_Driver {
 	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
+	 * Increment a raw value
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$id	Cache ID
+	 * @param	int	$offset	Step/value to add
+	 * @return	mixed	New value on success or FALSE on failure
+	 */
+	public function increment($id, $offset = 1)
+	{
+		return TRUE;
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Decrement a raw value
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$id	Cache ID
+	 * @param	int	$offset	Step/value to reduce by
+	 * @return	mixed	New value on success or FALSE on failure
+	 */
+	public function decrement($id, $offset = 1)
+	{
+		return TRUE;
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
 	 * Clean the cache
 	 *
-	 * @return 	boolean		TRUE, simulating success
+	 * @return	bool	TRUE, simulating success
 	 */
 	public function clean()
 	{
@@ -86,8 +135,8 @@ class CI_Cache_dummy extends CI_Driver {
 	/**
 	 * Cache Info
 	 *
-	 * @param 	string		user/filehits
-	 * @return 	boolean		FALSE
+	 * @param	string	user/filehits
+	 * @return	bool	FALSE
 	 */
 	 public function cache_info($type = NULL)
 	 {
@@ -99,8 +148,8 @@ class CI_Cache_dummy extends CI_Driver {
 	/**
 	 * Get Cache Metadata
 	 *
-	 * @param 	mixed		key to get cache metadata on
-	 * @return 	boolean		FALSE
+	 * @param	mixed	key to get cache metadata on
+	 * @return	bool	FALSE
 	 */
 	public function get_metadata($id)
 	{
@@ -113,7 +162,7 @@ class CI_Cache_dummy extends CI_Driver {
 	 * Is this caching driver supported on the system?
 	 * Of course this one is.
 	 *
-	 * @return TRUE;
+	 * @return	bool	TRUE
 	 */
 	public function is_supported()
 	{
@@ -121,6 +170,3 @@ class CI_Cache_dummy extends CI_Driver {
 	}
 
 }
-
-/* End of file Cache_dummy.php */
-/* Location: ./system/libraries/Cache/drivers/Cache_dummy.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/Cache_file.php b/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/Cache_file.php
index 2f250e764..8a36e9d79 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/Cache_file.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/Cache_file.php
@@ -1,45 +1,71 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2006 - 2014 EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 2.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 2.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
- * CodeIgniter Memcached Caching Class
+ * CodeIgniter File Caching Class
  *
  * @package		CodeIgniter
  * @subpackage	Libraries
  * @category	Core
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
  * @link
  */
-
 class CI_Cache_file extends CI_Driver {
 
+	/**
+	 * Directory in which to save cache files
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
 	protected $_cache_path;
 
 	/**
-	 * Constructor
+	 * Initialize file-based cache
+	 *
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function __construct()
 	{
 		$CI =& get_instance();
 		$CI->load->helper('file');
-
 		$path = $CI->config->item('cache_path');
-
-		$this->_cache_path = ($path == '') ? APPPATH.'cache/' : $path;
+		$this->_cache_path = ($path === '') ? APPPATH.'cache/' : $path;
 	}
 
 	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -47,26 +73,13 @@ class CI_Cache_file extends CI_Driver {
 	/**
 	 * Fetch from cache
 	 *
-	 * @param 	mixed		unique key id
-	 * @return 	mixed		data on success/false on failure
+	 * @param	string	$id	Cache ID
+	 * @return	mixed	Data on success, FALSE on failure
 	 */
 	public function get($id)
 	{
-		if ( ! file_exists($this->_cache_path.$id))
-		{
-			return FALSE;
-		}
-
-		$data = read_file($this->_cache_path.$id);
-		$data = unserialize($data);
-
-		if (time() >  $data['time'] + $data['ttl'])
-		{
-			$this->delete($id);
-			return FALSE;
-		}
-
-		return $data['data'];
+		$data = $this->_get($id);
+		return is_array($data) ? $data['data'] : FALSE;
 	}
 
 	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -74,23 +87,23 @@ class CI_Cache_file extends CI_Driver {
 	/**
 	 * Save into cache
 	 *
-	 * @param 	string		unique key
-	 * @param 	mixed		data to store
-	 * @param 	int		length of time (in seconds) the cache is valid
-	 *					- Default is 60 seconds
-	 * @return 	boolean		true on success/false on failure
+	 * @param	string	$id	Cache ID
+	 * @param	mixed	$data	Data to store
+	 * @param	int	$ttl	Time to live in seconds
+	 * @param	bool	$raw	Whether to store the raw value (unused)
+	 * @return	bool	TRUE on success, FALSE on failure
 	 */
-	public function save($id, $data, $ttl = 60)
+	public function save($id, $data, $ttl = 60, $raw = FALSE)
 	{
 		$contents = array(
-				'time'		=> time(),
-				'ttl'		=> $ttl,
-				'data'		=> $data
-			);
+			'time'		=> time(),
+			'ttl'		=> $ttl,
+			'data'		=> $data
+		);
 
 		if (write_file($this->_cache_path.$id, serialize($contents)))
 		{
-			@chmod($this->_cache_path.$id, 0777);
+			chmod($this->_cache_path.$id, 0640);
 			return TRUE;
 		}
 
@@ -102,16 +115,68 @@ class CI_Cache_file extends CI_Driver {
 	/**
 	 * Delete from Cache
 	 *
-	 * @param 	mixed		unique identifier of item in cache
-	 * @return 	boolean		true on success/false on failure
+	 * @param	mixed	unique identifier of item in cache
+	 * @return	bool	true on success/false on failure
 	 */
 	public function delete($id)
 	{
-		try {
-			return unlink($this->_cache_path.$id);
-		} catch (\ErrorException $e) {
-			return false;
+		return is_file($this->_cache_path.$id) ? unlink($this->_cache_path.$id) : FALSE;
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Increment a raw value
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$id	Cache ID
+	 * @param	int	$offset	Step/value to add
+	 * @return	New value on success, FALSE on failure
+	 */
+	public function increment($id, $offset = 1)
+	{
+		$data = $this->_get($id);
+
+		if ($data === FALSE)
+		{
+			$data = array('data' => 0, 'ttl' => 60);
+		}
+		elseif ( ! is_int($data['data']))
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		$new_value = $data['data'] + $offset;
+		return $this->save($id, $new_value, $data['ttl'])
+			? $new_value
+			: FALSE;
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Decrement a raw value
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$id	Cache ID
+	 * @param	int	$offset	Step/value to reduce by
+	 * @return	New value on success, FALSE on failure
+	 */
+	public function decrement($id, $offset = 1)
+	{
+		$data = $this->_get($id);
+
+		if ($data === FALSE)
+		{
+			$data = array('data' => 0, 'ttl' => 60);
 		}
+		elseif ( ! is_int($data['data']))
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		$new_value = $data['data'] - $offset;
+		return $this->save($id, $new_value, $data['ttl'])
+			? $new_value
+			: FALSE;
 	}
 
 	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -119,11 +184,11 @@ class CI_Cache_file extends CI_Driver {
 	/**
 	 * Clean the Cache
 	 *
-	 * @return 	boolean		false on failure/true on success
+	 * @return	bool	false on failure/true on success
 	 */
 	public function clean()
 	{
-		return delete_files($this->_cache_path);
+		return delete_files($this->_cache_path, FALSE, TRUE);
 	}
 
 	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -133,8 +198,8 @@ class CI_Cache_file extends CI_Driver {
 	 *
 	 * Not supported by file-based caching
 	 *
-	 * @param 	string	user/filehits
-	 * @return 	mixed 	FALSE
+	 * @param	string	user/filehits
+	 * @return	mixed	FALSE
 	 */
 	public function cache_info($type = NULL)
 	{
@@ -146,31 +211,30 @@ class CI_Cache_file extends CI_Driver {
 	/**
 	 * Get Cache Metadata
 	 *
-	 * @param 	mixed		key to get cache metadata on
-	 * @return 	mixed		FALSE on failure, array on success.
+	 * @param	mixed	key to get cache metadata on
+	 * @return	mixed	FALSE on failure, array on success.
 	 */
 	public function get_metadata($id)
 	{
-		if ( ! file_exists($this->_cache_path.$id))
+		if ( ! is_file($this->_cache_path.$id))
 		{
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		$data = read_file($this->_cache_path.$id);
-		$data = unserialize($data);
+		$data = unserialize(file_get_contents($this->_cache_path.$id));
 
 		if (is_array($data))
 		{
 			$mtime = filemtime($this->_cache_path.$id);
 
-			if ( ! isset($data['ttl']))
+			if ( ! isset($data['ttl'], $data['time']))
 			{
 				return FALSE;
 			}
 
 			return array(
-				'expire'	=> $mtime + $data['ttl'],
-				'mtime'		=> $mtime
+				'expire' => $data['time'] + $data['ttl'],
+				'mtime'	 => $mtime
 			);
 		}
 
@@ -184,14 +248,39 @@ class CI_Cache_file extends CI_Driver {
 	 *
 	 * In the file driver, check to see that the cache directory is indeed writable
 	 *
-	 * @return boolean
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function is_supported()
 	{
 		return is_really_writable($this->_cache_path);
 	}
 
-}
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Get all data
+	 *
+	 * Internal method to get all the relevant data about a cache item
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$id	Cache ID
+	 * @return	mixed	Data array on success or FALSE on failure
+	 */
+	protected function _get($id)
+	{
+		if ( ! is_file($this->_cache_path.$id))
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		$data = unserialize(file_get_contents($this->_cache_path.$id));
 
-/* End of file Cache_file.php */
-/* Location: ./system/libraries/Cache/drivers/Cache_file.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+		if ($data['ttl'] > 0 && time() > $data['time'] + $data['ttl'])
+		{
+			unlink($this->_cache_path.$id);
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		return $data;
+	}
+
+}
diff --git a/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/Cache_memcached.php b/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/Cache_memcached.php
index f9d578b93..b642a2c03 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/Cache_memcached.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/Cache_memcached.php
@@ -1,19 +1,41 @@
-<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2006 - 2014 EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 2.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 2.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * CodeIgniter Memcached Caching Class
@@ -21,35 +43,105 @@
  * @package		CodeIgniter
  * @subpackage	Libraries
  * @category	Core
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
  * @link
  */
-
 class CI_Cache_memcached extends CI_Driver {
 
-	private $_memcached;	// Holds the memcached object
+	/**
+	 * Holds the memcached object
+	 *
+	 * @var object
+	 */
+	protected $_memcached;
+
+	/**
+	 * Memcached configuration
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	protected $_config = array(
+		'default' => array(
+			'host'		=> '127.0.0.1',
+			'port'		=> 11211,
+			'weight'	=> 1
+		)
+	);
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-	protected $_memcache_conf 	= array(
-					'default' => array(
-						'default_host'		=> '127.0.0.1',
-						'default_port'		=> 11211,
-						'default_weight'	=> 1
-					)
+	/**
+	 * Class constructor
+	 *
+	 * Setup Memcache(d)
+	 *
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function __construct()
+	{
+		// Try to load memcached server info from the config file.
+		$CI =& get_instance();
+		$defaults = $this->_config['default'];
+
+		if ($CI->config->load('memcached', TRUE, TRUE))
+		{
+			$this->_config = $CI->config->config['memcached'];
+		}
+
+		if (class_exists('Memcached', FALSE))
+		{
+			$this->_memcached = new Memcached();
+		}
+		elseif (class_exists('Memcache', FALSE))
+		{
+			$this->_memcached = new Memcache();
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			log_message('error', 'Cache: Failed to create Memcache(d) object; extension not loaded?');
+			return;
+		}
+
+		foreach ($this->_config as $cache_server)
+		{
+			isset($cache_server['hostname']) OR $cache_server['hostname'] = $defaults['host'];
+			isset($cache_server['port']) OR $cache_server['port'] = $defaults['port'];
+			isset($cache_server['weight']) OR $cache_server['weight'] = $defaults['weight'];
+
+			if ($this->_memcached instanceof Memcache)
+			{
+				// Third parameter is persistence and defaults to TRUE.
+				$this->_memcached->addServer(
+					$cache_server['hostname'],
+					$cache_server['port'],
+					TRUE,
+					$cache_server['weight']
 				);
+			}
+			elseif ($this->_memcached instanceof Memcached)
+			{
+				$this->_memcached->addServer(
+					$cache_server['hostname'],
+					$cache_server['port'],
+					$cache_server['weight']
+				);
+			}
+		}
+	}
 
 	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
 	 * Fetch from cache
 	 *
-	 * @param 	mixed		unique key id
-	 * @return 	mixed		data on success/false on failure
+	 * @param	string	$id	Cache ID
+	 * @return	mixed	Data on success, FALSE on failure
 	 */
 	public function get($id)
 	{
 		$data = $this->_memcached->get($id);
 
-		return (is_array($data)) ? $data[0] : FALSE;
+		return is_array($data) ? $data[0] : $data;
 	}
 
 	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -57,20 +149,26 @@ class CI_Cache_memcached extends CI_Driver {
 	/**
 	 * Save
 	 *
-	 * @param 	string		unique identifier
-	 * @param 	mixed		data being cached
-	 * @param 	int			time to live
-	 * @return 	boolean 	true on success, false on failure
+	 * @param	string	$id	Cache ID
+	 * @param	mixed	$data	Data being cached
+	 * @param	int	$ttl	Time to live
+	 * @param	bool	$raw	Whether to store the raw value
+	 * @return	bool	TRUE on success, FALSE on failure
 	 */
-	public function save($id, $data, $ttl = 60)
+	public function save($id, $data, $ttl = 60, $raw = FALSE)
 	{
-		if (get_class($this->_memcached) == 'Memcached')
+		if ($raw !== TRUE)
 		{
-			return $this->_memcached->set($id, array($data, time(), $ttl), $ttl);
+			$data = array($data, time(), $ttl);
 		}
-		else if (get_class($this->_memcached) == 'Memcache')
+
+		if ($this->_memcached instanceof Memcached)
+		{
+			return $this->_memcached->set($id, $data, $ttl);
+		}
+		elseif ($this->_memcached instanceof Memcache)
 		{
-			return $this->_memcached->set($id, array($data, time(), $ttl), 0, $ttl);
+			return $this->_memcached->set($id, $data, 0, $ttl);
 		}
 
 		return FALSE;
@@ -81,8 +179,8 @@ class CI_Cache_memcached extends CI_Driver {
 	/**
 	 * Delete from Cache
 	 *
-	 * @param 	mixed		key to be deleted.
-	 * @return 	boolean 	true on success, false on failure
+	 * @param	mixed	$id	key to be deleted.
+	 * @return	bool	true on success, false on failure
 	 */
 	public function delete($id)
 	{
@@ -92,9 +190,37 @@ class CI_Cache_memcached extends CI_Driver {
 	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
+	 * Increment a raw value
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$id	Cache ID
+	 * @param	int	$offset	Step/value to add
+	 * @return	mixed	New value on success or FALSE on failure
+	 */
+	public function increment($id, $offset = 1)
+	{
+		return $this->_memcached->increment($id, $offset);
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Decrement a raw value
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$id	Cache ID
+	 * @param	int	$offset	Step/value to reduce by
+	 * @return	mixed	New value on success or FALSE on failure
+	 */
+	public function decrement($id, $offset = 1)
+	{
+		return $this->_memcached->decrement($id, $offset);
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
 	 * Clean the Cache
 	 *
-	 * @return 	boolean		false on failure/true on success
+	 * @return	bool	false on failure/true on success
 	 */
 	public function clean()
 	{
@@ -106,10 +232,9 @@ class CI_Cache_memcached extends CI_Driver {
 	/**
 	 * Cache Info
 	 *
-	 * @param 	null		type not supported in memcached
-	 * @return 	mixed 		array on success, false on failure
+	 * @return	mixed	array on success, false on failure
 	 */
-	public function cache_info($type = NULL)
+	public function cache_info()
 	{
 		return $this->_memcached->getStats();
 	}
@@ -119,8 +244,8 @@ class CI_Cache_memcached extends CI_Driver {
 	/**
 	 * Get Cache Metadata
 	 *
-	 * @param 	mixed		key to get cache metadata on
-	 * @return 	mixed		FALSE on failure, array on success.
+	 * @param	mixed	$id	key to get cache metadata on
+	 * @return	mixed	FALSE on failure, array on success.
 	 */
 	public function get_metadata($id)
 	{
@@ -143,72 +268,36 @@ class CI_Cache_memcached extends CI_Driver {
 	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Setup memcached.
+	 * Is supported
+	 *
+	 * Returns FALSE if memcached is not supported on the system.
+	 * If it is, we setup the memcached object & return TRUE
+	 *
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	private function _setup_memcached()
+	public function is_supported()
 	{
-		// Try to load memcached server info from the config file.
-		$CI =& get_instance();
-		if ($CI->config->load('memcached', TRUE, TRUE))
-		{
-			if (is_array($CI->config->config['memcached']))
-			{
-				$this->_memcache_conf = NULL;
-
-				foreach ($CI->config->config['memcached'] as $name => $conf)
-				{
-					$this->_memcache_conf[$name] = $conf;
-				}
-			}
-		}
-
-		$this->_memcached = new Memcached();
-
-		foreach ($this->_memcache_conf as $name => $cache_server)
-		{
-			if ( ! array_key_exists('hostname', $cache_server))
-			{
-				$cache_server['hostname'] = $this->_default_options['default_host'];
-			}
-
-			if ( ! array_key_exists('port', $cache_server))
-			{
-				$cache_server['port'] = $this->_default_options['default_port'];
-			}
-	
-			if ( ! array_key_exists('weight', $cache_server))
-			{
-				$cache_server['weight'] = $this->_default_options['default_weight'];
-			}
-	
-			$this->_memcached->addServer(
-					$cache_server['hostname'], $cache_server['port'], $cache_server['weight']
-			);
-		}
+		return (extension_loaded('memcached') OR extension_loaded('memcache'));
 	}
 
 	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-
 	/**
-	 * Is supported
+	 * Class destructor
 	 *
-	 * Returns FALSE if memcached is not supported on the system.
-	 * If it is, we setup the memcached object & return TRUE
+	 * Closes the connection to Memcache(d) if present.
+	 *
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	public function is_supported()
+	public function __destruct()
 	{
-		if ( ! extension_loaded('memcached'))
+		if ($this->_memcached instanceof Memcache)
 		{
-			log_message('error', 'The Memcached Extension must be loaded to use Memcached Cache.');
-			return FALSE;
+			$this->_memcached->close();
+		}
+		elseif ($this->_memcached instanceof Memcached && method_exists($this->_memcached, 'quit'))
+		{
+			$this->_memcached->quit();
 		}
-
-		$this->_setup_memcached();
-		return TRUE;
 	}
-
 }
-
-/* End of file Cache_memcached.php */
-/* Location: ./system/libraries/Cache/drivers/Cache_memcached.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/Cache_redis.php b/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/Cache_redis.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ac67be077
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/Cache_redis.php
@@ -0,0 +1,328 @@
+<?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
+ *
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 3.0.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
+
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter Redis Caching Class
+ *
+ * @package	   CodeIgniter
+ * @subpackage Libraries
+ * @category   Core
+ * @author	   Anton Lindqvist <anton@qvister.se>
+ * @link
+ */
+class CI_Cache_redis extends CI_Driver
+{
+	/**
+	 * Default config
+	 *
+	 * @static
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected static $_default_config = array(
+		'socket_type' => 'tcp',
+		'host' => '127.0.0.1',
+		'password' => NULL,
+		'port' => 6379,
+		'timeout' => 0
+	);
+
+	/**
+	 * Redis connection
+	 *
+	 * @var	Redis
+	 */
+	protected $_redis;
+
+	/**
+	 * An internal cache for storing keys of serialized values.
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $_serialized = array();
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Class constructor
+	 *
+	 * Setup Redis
+	 *
+	 * Loads Redis config file if present. Will halt execution
+	 * if a Redis connection can't be established.
+	 *
+	 * @return	void
+	 * @see		Redis::connect()
+	 */
+	public function __construct()
+	{
+		if ( ! $this->is_supported())
+		{
+			log_message('error', 'Cache: Failed to create Redis object; extension not loaded?');
+			return;
+		}
+
+		$CI =& get_instance();
+
+		if ($CI->config->load('redis', TRUE, TRUE))
+		{
+			$config = array_merge(self::$_default_config, $CI->config->item('redis'));
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			$config = self::$_default_config;
+		}
+
+		$this->_redis = new Redis();
+
+		try
+		{
+			if ($config['socket_type'] === 'unix')
+			{
+				$success = $this->_redis->connect($config['socket']);
+			}
+			else // tcp socket
+			{
+				$success = $this->_redis->connect($config['host'], $config['port'], $config['timeout']);
+			}
+
+			if ( ! $success)
+			{
+				log_message('error', 'Cache: Redis connection failed. Check your configuration.');
+			}
+
+			if (isset($config['password']) && ! $this->_redis->auth($config['password']))
+			{
+				log_message('error', 'Cache: Redis authentication failed.');
+			}
+		}
+		catch (RedisException $e)
+		{
+			log_message('error', 'Cache: Redis connection refused ('.$e->getMessage().')');
+		}
+
+		// Initialize the index of serialized values.
+		$serialized = $this->_redis->sMembers('_ci_redis_serialized');
+		empty($serialized) OR $this->_serialized = array_flip($serialized);
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Get cache
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$key	Cache ID
+	 * @return	mixed
+	 */
+	public function get($key)
+	{
+		$value = $this->_redis->get($key);
+
+		if ($value !== FALSE && isset($this->_serialized[$key]))
+		{
+			return unserialize($value);
+		}
+
+		return $value;
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Save cache
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$id	Cache ID
+	 * @param	mixed	$data	Data to save
+	 * @param	int	$ttl	Time to live in seconds
+	 * @param	bool	$raw	Whether to store the raw value (unused)
+	 * @return	bool	TRUE on success, FALSE on failure
+	 */
+	public function save($id, $data, $ttl = 60, $raw = FALSE)
+	{
+		if (is_array($data) OR is_object($data))
+		{
+			if ( ! $this->_redis->sIsMember('_ci_redis_serialized', $id) && ! $this->_redis->sAdd('_ci_redis_serialized', $id))
+			{
+				return FALSE;
+			}
+
+			isset($this->_serialized[$id]) OR $this->_serialized[$id] = TRUE;
+			$data = serialize($data);
+		}
+		elseif (isset($this->_serialized[$id]))
+		{
+			$this->_serialized[$id] = NULL;
+			$this->_redis->sRemove('_ci_redis_serialized', $id);
+		}
+
+		return $this->_redis->set($id, $data, $ttl);
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Delete from cache
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$key	Cache key
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function delete($key)
+	{
+		if ($this->_redis->delete($key) !== 1)
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		if (isset($this->_serialized[$key]))
+		{
+			$this->_serialized[$key] = NULL;
+			$this->_redis->sRemove('_ci_redis_serialized', $key);
+		}
+
+		return TRUE;
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Increment a raw value
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$id	Cache ID
+	 * @param	int	$offset	Step/value to add
+	 * @return	mixed	New value on success or FALSE on failure
+	 */
+	public function increment($id, $offset = 1)
+	{
+		return $this->_redis->incr($id, $offset);
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Decrement a raw value
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$id	Cache ID
+	 * @param	int	$offset	Step/value to reduce by
+	 * @return	mixed	New value on success or FALSE on failure
+	 */
+	public function decrement($id, $offset = 1)
+	{
+		return $this->_redis->decr($id, $offset);
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Clean cache
+	 *
+	 * @return	bool
+	 * @see		Redis::flushDB()
+	 */
+	public function clean()
+	{
+		return $this->_redis->flushDB();
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Get cache driver info
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$type	Not supported in Redis.
+	 *				Only included in order to offer a
+	 *				consistent cache API.
+	 * @return	array
+	 * @see		Redis::info()
+	 */
+	public function cache_info($type = NULL)
+	{
+		return $this->_redis->info();
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Get cache metadata
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$key	Cache key
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	public function get_metadata($key)
+	{
+		$value = $this->get($key);
+
+		if ($value !== FALSE)
+		{
+			return array(
+				'expire' => time() + $this->_redis->ttl($key),
+				'data' => $value
+			);
+		}
+
+		return FALSE;
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Check if Redis driver is supported
+	 *
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function is_supported()
+	{
+		return extension_loaded('redis');
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Class destructor
+	 *
+	 * Closes the connection to Redis if present.
+	 *
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function __destruct()
+	{
+		if ($this->_redis)
+		{
+			$this->_redis->close();
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/Cache_wincache.php b/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/Cache_wincache.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f296a5e26
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/Cache_wincache.php
@@ -0,0 +1,217 @@
+<?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
+ *
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 3.0.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
+
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter Wincache Caching Class
+ *
+ * Read more about Wincache functions here:
+ * http://www.php.net/manual/en/ref.wincache.php
+ *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @subpackage	Libraries
+ * @category	Core
+ * @author		Mike Murkovic
+ * @link
+ */
+class CI_Cache_wincache extends CI_Driver {
+
+	/**
+	 * Class constructor
+	 *
+	 * Only present so that an error message is logged
+	 * if APC is not available.
+	 *
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function __construct()
+	{
+		if ( ! $this->is_supported())
+		{
+			log_message('error', 'Cache: Failed to initialize Wincache; extension not loaded/enabled?');
+		}
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Get
+	 *
+	 * Look for a value in the cache. If it exists, return the data,
+	 * if not, return FALSE
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$id	Cache Ide
+	 * @return	mixed	Value that is stored/FALSE on failure
+	 */
+	public function get($id)
+	{
+		$success = FALSE;
+		$data = wincache_ucache_get($id, $success);
+
+		// Success returned by reference from wincache_ucache_get()
+		return ($success) ? $data : FALSE;
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Cache Save
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$id	Cache ID
+	 * @param	mixed	$data	Data to store
+	 * @param	int	$ttl	Time to live (in seconds)
+	 * @param	bool	$raw	Whether to store the raw value (unused)
+	 * @return	bool	true on success/false on failure
+	 */
+	public function save($id, $data, $ttl = 60, $raw = FALSE)
+	{
+		return wincache_ucache_set($id, $data, $ttl);
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Delete from Cache
+	 *
+	 * @param	mixed	unique identifier of the item in the cache
+	 * @return	bool	true on success/false on failure
+	 */
+	public function delete($id)
+	{
+		return wincache_ucache_delete($id);
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Increment a raw value
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$id	Cache ID
+	 * @param	int	$offset	Step/value to add
+	 * @return	mixed	New value on success or FALSE on failure
+	 */
+	public function increment($id, $offset = 1)
+	{
+		$success = FALSE;
+		$value = wincache_ucache_inc($id, $offset, $success);
+
+		return ($success === TRUE) ? $value : FALSE;
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Decrement a raw value
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$id	Cache ID
+	 * @param	int	$offset	Step/value to reduce by
+	 * @return	mixed	New value on success or FALSE on failure
+	 */
+	public function decrement($id, $offset = 1)
+	{
+		$success = FALSE;
+		$value = wincache_ucache_dec($id, $offset, $success);
+
+		return ($success === TRUE) ? $value : FALSE;
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Clean the cache
+	 *
+	 * @return	bool	false on failure/true on success
+	 */
+	public function clean()
+	{
+		return wincache_ucache_clear();
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Cache Info
+	 *
+	 * @return	mixed	array on success, false on failure
+	 */
+	 public function cache_info()
+	 {
+		 return wincache_ucache_info(TRUE);
+	 }
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Get Cache Metadata
+	 *
+	 * @param	mixed	key to get cache metadata on
+	 * @return	mixed	array on success/false on failure
+	 */
+	public function get_metadata($id)
+	{
+		if ($stored = wincache_ucache_info(FALSE, $id))
+		{
+			$age = $stored['ucache_entries'][1]['age_seconds'];
+			$ttl = $stored['ucache_entries'][1]['ttl_seconds'];
+			$hitcount = $stored['ucache_entries'][1]['hitcount'];
+
+			return array(
+				'expire'	=> $ttl - $age,
+				'hitcount'	=> $hitcount,
+				'age'		=> $age,
+				'ttl'		=> $ttl
+			);
+		}
+
+		return FALSE;
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * is_supported()
+	 *
+	 * Check to see if WinCache is available on this system, bail if it isn't.
+	 *
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function is_supported()
+	{
+		return (extension_loaded('wincache') && ini_get('wincache.ucenabled'));
+	}
+}
diff --git a/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/index.html b/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/index.html
index c942a79ce..b702fbc39 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/index.html
+++ b/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/index.html
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
 <html>
 <head>
 	<title>403 Forbidden</title>
@@ -7,4 +8,4 @@
 <p>Directory access is forbidden.</p>
 
 </body>
-</html>
\ No newline at end of file
+</html>
diff --git a/system/libraries/Cache/index.html b/system/libraries/Cache/index.html
index c942a79ce..b702fbc39 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Cache/index.html
+++ b/system/libraries/Cache/index.html
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
 <html>
 <head>
 	<title>403 Forbidden</title>
@@ -7,4 +8,4 @@
 <p>Directory access is forbidden.</p>
 
 </body>
-</html>
\ No newline at end of file
+</html>
diff --git a/system/libraries/Calendar.php b/system/libraries/Calendar.php
index 626097a9b..edb0fb4d9 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Calendar.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Calendar.php
@@ -1,19 +1,41 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.0.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * CodeIgniter Calendar Class
@@ -23,43 +45,96 @@
  * @package		CodeIgniter
  * @subpackage	Libraries
  * @category	Libraries
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/calendar.html
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/calendar.html
  */
 class CI_Calendar {
 
-	var $CI;
-	var $lang;
-	var $local_time;
-	var $template		= '';
-	var $start_day		= 'sunday';
-	var $month_type		= 'long';
-	var $day_type		= 'abr';
-	var $show_next_prev	= FALSE;
-	var $next_prev_url	= '';
+	/**
+	 * Calendar layout template
+	 *
+	 * @var mixed
+	 */
+	public $template = '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Replacements array for template
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	public $replacements = array();
+
+	/**
+	 * Day of the week to start the calendar on
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	public $start_day = 'sunday';
+
+	/**
+	 * How to display months
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	public $month_type = 'long';
+
+	/**
+	 * How to display names of days
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	public $day_type = 'abr';
+
+	/**
+	 * Whether to show next/prev month links
+	 *
+	 * @var bool
+	 */
+	public $show_next_prev = FALSE;
 
 	/**
-	 * Constructor
+	 * Url base to use for next/prev month links
 	 *
-	 * Loads the calendar language file and sets the default time reference
+	 * @var bool
+	 */
+	public $next_prev_url = '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Show days of other months
+	 *
+	 * @var bool
+	 */
+	public $show_other_days = FALSE;
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * CI Singleton
+	 *
+	 * @var object
+	 */
+	protected $CI;
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Class constructor
+	 *
+	 * Loads the calendar language file and sets the default time reference.
+	 *
+	 * @uses	CI_Lang::$is_loaded
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$config	Calendar options
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function __construct($config = array())
 	{
 		$this->CI =& get_instance();
+		$this->CI->lang->load('calendar');
 
-		if ( ! in_array('calendar_lang.php', $this->CI->lang->is_loaded, TRUE))
-		{
-			$this->CI->lang->load('calendar');
-		}
-
-		$this->local_time = time();
+		empty($config) OR $this->initialize($config);
 
-		if (count($config) > 0)
-		{
-			$this->initialize($config);
-		}
-
-		log_message('debug', "Calendar Class Initialized");
+		log_message('info', 'Calendar Class Initialized');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -69,11 +144,10 @@ class CI_Calendar {
 	 *
 	 * Accepts an associative array as input, containing display preferences
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	array	config preferences
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @return	CI_Calendar
 	 */
-	function initialize($config = array())
+	public function initialize($config = array())
 	{
 		foreach ($config as $key => $val)
 		{
@@ -82,6 +156,14 @@ class CI_Calendar {
 				$this->$key = $val;
 			}
 		}
+
+		// Set the next_prev_url to the controller if required but not defined
+		if ($this->show_next_prev === TRUE && empty($this->next_prev_url))
+		{
+			$this->next_prev_url = $this->CI->config->site_url($this->CI->router->class.'/'.$this->CI->router->method);
+		}
+
+		return $this;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -89,29 +171,37 @@ class CI_Calendar {
 	/**
 	 * Generate the calendar
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	integer	the year
-	 * @param	integer	the month
+	 * @param	int	the year
+	 * @param	int	the month
 	 * @param	array	the data to be shown in the calendar cells
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function generate($year = '', $month = '', $data = array())
+	public function generate($year = '', $month = '', $data = array())
 	{
-		// Set and validate the supplied month/year
-		if ($year == '')
-			$year  = date("Y", $this->local_time);
+		$local_time = time();
 
-		if ($month == '')
-			$month = date("m", $this->local_time);
-
-		if (strlen($year) == 1)
+		// Set and validate the supplied month/year
+		if (empty($year))
+		{
+			$year = date('Y', $local_time);
+		}
+		elseif (strlen($year) === 1)
+		{
 			$year = '200'.$year;
-
-		if (strlen($year) == 2)
+		}
+		elseif (strlen($year) === 2)
+		{
 			$year = '20'.$year;
+		}
 
-		if (strlen($month) == 1)
+		if (empty($month))
+		{
+			$month = date('m', $local_time);
+		}
+		elseif (strlen($month) === 1)
+		{
 			$month = '0'.$month;
+		}
 
 		$adjusted_date = $this->adjust_date($month, $year);
 
@@ -123,12 +213,12 @@ class CI_Calendar {
 
 		// Set the starting day of the week
 		$start_days	= array('sunday' => 0, 'monday' => 1, 'tuesday' => 2, 'wednesday' => 3, 'thursday' => 4, 'friday' => 5, 'saturday' => 6);
-		$start_day = ( ! isset($start_days[$this->start_day])) ? 0 : $start_days[$this->start_day];
+		$start_day	= isset($start_days[$this->start_day]) ? $start_days[$this->start_day] : 0;
 
 		// Set the starting day number
 		$local_date = mktime(12, 0, 0, $month, 1, $year);
 		$date = getdate($local_date);
-		$day  = $start_day + 1 - $date["wday"];
+		$day  = $start_day + 1 - $date['wday'];
 
 		while ($day > 1)
 		{
@@ -137,115 +227,116 @@ class CI_Calendar {
 
 		// Set the current month/year/day
 		// We use this to determine the "today" date
-		$cur_year	= date("Y", $this->local_time);
-		$cur_month	= date("m", $this->local_time);
-		$cur_day	= date("j", $this->local_time);
+		$cur_year	= date('Y', $local_time);
+		$cur_month	= date('m', $local_time);
+		$cur_day	= date('j', $local_time);
 
-		$is_current_month = ($cur_year == $year AND $cur_month == $month) ? TRUE : FALSE;
+		$is_current_month = ($cur_year == $year && $cur_month == $month);
 
 		// Generate the template data array
 		$this->parse_template();
 
 		// Begin building the calendar output
-		$out = $this->temp['table_open'];
-		$out .= "\n";
-
-		$out .= "\n";
-		$out .= $this->temp['heading_row_start'];
-		$out .= "\n";
+		$out = $this->replacements['table_open']."\n\n".$this->replacements['heading_row_start']."\n";
 
 		// "previous" month link
-		if ($this->show_next_prev == TRUE)
+		if ($this->show_next_prev === TRUE)
 		{
-			// Add a trailing slash to the  URL if needed
-			$this->next_prev_url = preg_replace("/(.+?)\/*$/", "\\1/",  $this->next_prev_url);
+			// Add a trailing slash to the URL if needed
+			$this->next_prev_url = preg_replace('/(.+?)\/*$/', '\\1/', $this->next_prev_url);
 
 			$adjusted_date = $this->adjust_date($month - 1, $year);
-			$out .= str_replace('{previous_url}', $this->next_prev_url.$adjusted_date['year'].'/'.$adjusted_date['month'], $this->temp['heading_previous_cell']);
-			$out .= "\n";
+			$out .= str_replace('{previous_url}', $this->next_prev_url.$adjusted_date['year'].'/'.$adjusted_date['month'], $this->replacements['heading_previous_cell'])."\n";
 		}
 
 		// Heading containing the month/year
-		$colspan = ($this->show_next_prev == TRUE) ? 5 : 7;
+		$colspan = ($this->show_next_prev === TRUE) ? 5 : 7;
 
-		$this->temp['heading_title_cell'] = str_replace('{colspan}', $colspan, $this->temp['heading_title_cell']);
-		$this->temp['heading_title_cell'] = str_replace('{heading}', $this->get_month_name($month)."&nbsp;".$year, $this->temp['heading_title_cell']);
+		$this->replacements['heading_title_cell'] = str_replace('{colspan}', $colspan,
+								str_replace('{heading}', $this->get_month_name($month).'&nbsp;'.$year, $this->replacements['heading_title_cell']));
 
-		$out .= $this->temp['heading_title_cell'];
-		$out .= "\n";
+		$out .= $this->replacements['heading_title_cell']."\n";
 
 		// "next" month link
-		if ($this->show_next_prev == TRUE)
+		if ($this->show_next_prev === TRUE)
 		{
 			$adjusted_date = $this->adjust_date($month + 1, $year);
-			$out .= str_replace('{next_url}', $this->next_prev_url.$adjusted_date['year'].'/'.$adjusted_date['month'], $this->temp['heading_next_cell']);
+			$out .= str_replace('{next_url}', $this->next_prev_url.$adjusted_date['year'].'/'.$adjusted_date['month'], $this->replacements['heading_next_cell']);
 		}
 
-		$out .= "\n";
-		$out .= $this->temp['heading_row_end'];
-		$out .= "\n";
-
-		// Write the cells containing the days of the week
-		$out .= "\n";
-		$out .= $this->temp['week_row_start'];
-		$out .= "\n";
+		$out .= "\n".$this->replacements['heading_row_end']."\n\n"
+			// Write the cells containing the days of the week
+			.$this->replacements['week_row_start']."\n";
 
 		$day_names = $this->get_day_names();
 
 		for ($i = 0; $i < 7; $i ++)
 		{
-			$out .= str_replace('{week_day}', $day_names[($start_day + $i) %7], $this->temp['week_day_cell']);
+			$out .= str_replace('{week_day}', $day_names[($start_day + $i) %7], $this->replacements['week_day_cell']);
 		}
 
-		$out .= "\n";
-		$out .= $this->temp['week_row_end'];
-		$out .= "\n";
+		$out .= "\n".$this->replacements['week_row_end']."\n";
 
 		// Build the main body of the calendar
 		while ($day <= $total_days)
 		{
-			$out .= "\n";
-			$out .= $this->temp['cal_row_start'];
-			$out .= "\n";
+			$out .= "\n".$this->replacements['cal_row_start']."\n";
 
 			for ($i = 0; $i < 7; $i++)
 			{
-				$out .= ($is_current_month == TRUE AND $day == $cur_day) ? $this->temp['cal_cell_start_today'] : $this->temp['cal_cell_start'];
-
-				if ($day > 0 AND $day <= $total_days)
+				if ($day > 0 && $day <= $total_days)
 				{
+					$out .= ($is_current_month === TRUE && $day == $cur_day) ? $this->replacements['cal_cell_start_today'] : $this->replacements['cal_cell_start'];
+
 					if (isset($data[$day]))
 					{
 						// Cells with content
-						$temp = ($is_current_month == TRUE AND $day == $cur_day) ? $this->temp['cal_cell_content_today'] : $this->temp['cal_cell_content'];
-						$out .= str_replace('{day}', $day, str_replace('{content}', $data[$day], $temp));
+						$temp = ($is_current_month === TRUE && $day == $cur_day) ?
+								$this->replacements['cal_cell_content_today'] : $this->replacements['cal_cell_content'];
+						$out .= str_replace(array('{content}', '{day}'), array($data[$day], $day), $temp);
 					}
 					else
 					{
 						// Cells with no content
-						$temp = ($is_current_month == TRUE AND $day == $cur_day) ? $this->temp['cal_cell_no_content_today'] : $this->temp['cal_cell_no_content'];
+						$temp = ($is_current_month === TRUE && $day == $cur_day) ?
+								$this->replacements['cal_cell_no_content_today'] : $this->replacements['cal_cell_no_content'];
 						$out .= str_replace('{day}', $day, $temp);
 					}
+
+					$out .= ($is_current_month === TRUE && $day == $cur_day) ? $this->replacements['cal_cell_end_today'] : $this->replacements['cal_cell_end'];
+				}
+				elseif ($this->show_other_days === TRUE)
+				{
+					$out .= $this->replacements['cal_cell_start_other'];
+
+					if ($day <= 0)
+					{
+						// Day of previous month
+						$prev_month = $this->adjust_date($month - 1, $year);
+						$prev_month_days = $this->get_total_days($prev_month['month'], $prev_month['year']);
+						$out .= str_replace('{day}', $prev_month_days + $day, $this->replacements['cal_cell_other']);
+					}
+					else
+					{
+						// Day of next month
+						$out .= str_replace('{day}', $day - $total_days, $this->replacements['cal_cell_other']);
+					}
+
+					$out .= $this->replacements['cal_cell_end_other'];
 				}
 				else
 				{
 					// Blank cells
-					$out .= $this->temp['cal_cell_blank'];
+					$out .= $this->replacements['cal_cell_start'].$this->replacements['cal_cell_blank'].$this->replacements['cal_cell_end'];
 				}
 
-				$out .= ($is_current_month == TRUE AND $day == $cur_day) ? $this->temp['cal_cell_end_today'] : $this->temp['cal_cell_end'];					
 				$day++;
 			}
 
-			$out .= "\n";
-			$out .= $this->temp['cal_row_end'];
-			$out .= "\n";
+			$out .= "\n".$this->replacements['cal_row_end']."\n";
 		}
 
-		$out .= "\n";
-		$out .= $this->temp['table_close'];
-
-		return $out;
+		return $out .= "\n".$this->replacements['table_close'];
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -256,13 +347,12 @@ class CI_Calendar {
 	 * Generates a textual month name based on the numeric
 	 * month provided.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	integer	the month
+	 * @param	int	the month
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function get_month_name($month)
+	public function get_month_name($month)
 	{
-		if ($this->month_type == 'short')
+		if ($this->month_type === 'short')
 		{
 			$month_names = array('01' => 'cal_jan', '02' => 'cal_feb', '03' => 'cal_mar', '04' => 'cal_apr', '05' => 'cal_may', '06' => 'cal_jun', '07' => 'cal_jul', '08' => 'cal_aug', '09' => 'cal_sep', '10' => 'cal_oct', '11' => 'cal_nov', '12' => 'cal_dec');
 		}
@@ -271,14 +361,9 @@ class CI_Calendar {
 			$month_names = array('01' => 'cal_january', '02' => 'cal_february', '03' => 'cal_march', '04' => 'cal_april', '05' => 'cal_mayl', '06' => 'cal_june', '07' => 'cal_july', '08' => 'cal_august', '09' => 'cal_september', '10' => 'cal_october', '11' => 'cal_november', '12' => 'cal_december');
 		}
 
-		$month = $month_names[$month];
-
-		if ($this->CI->lang->line($month) === FALSE)
-		{
-			return ucfirst(str_replace('cal_', '', $month));
-		}
-
-		return $this->CI->lang->line($month);
+		return ($this->CI->lang->line($month_names[$month]) === FALSE)
+			? ucfirst(substr($month_names[$month], 4))
+			: $this->CI->lang->line($month_names[$month]);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -287,22 +372,23 @@ class CI_Calendar {
 	 * Get Day Names
 	 *
 	 * Returns an array of day names (Sunday, Monday, etc.) based
-	 * on the type.  Options: long, short, abrev
+	 * on the type. Options: long, short, abr
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function get_day_names($day_type = '')
+	public function get_day_names($day_type = '')
 	{
-		if ($day_type != '')
+		if ($day_type !== '')
+		{
 			$this->day_type = $day_type;
+		}
 
-		if ($this->day_type == 'long')
+		if ($this->day_type === 'long')
 		{
 			$day_names = array('sunday', 'monday', 'tuesday', 'wednesday', 'thursday', 'friday', 'saturday');
 		}
-		elseif ($this->day_type == 'short')
+		elseif ($this->day_type === 'short')
 		{
 			$day_names = array('sun', 'mon', 'tue', 'wed', 'thu', 'fri', 'sat');
 		}
@@ -312,9 +398,9 @@ class CI_Calendar {
 		}
 
 		$days = array();
-		foreach ($day_names as $val)
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($day_names); $i < $c; $i++)
 		{
-			$days[] = ($this->CI->lang->line('cal_'.$val) === FALSE) ? ucfirst($val) : $this->CI->lang->line('cal_'.$val);
+			$days[] = ($this->CI->lang->line('cal_'.$day_names[$i]) === FALSE) ? ucfirst($day_names[$i]) : $this->CI->lang->line('cal_'.$day_names[$i]);
 		}
 
 		return $days;
@@ -329,12 +415,11 @@ class CI_Calendar {
 	 * For example, if you submit 13 as the month, the year will
 	 * increment and the month will become January.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	integer	the month
-	 * @param	integer	the year
+	 * @param	int	the month
+	 * @param	int	the year
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function adjust_date($month, $year)
+	public function adjust_date($month, $year)
 	{
 		$date = array();
 
@@ -353,7 +438,7 @@ class CI_Calendar {
 			$date['year']--;
 		}
 
-		if (strlen($date['month']) == 1)
+		if (strlen($date['month']) === 1)
 		{
 			$date['month'] = '0'.$date['month'];
 		}
@@ -366,30 +451,14 @@ class CI_Calendar {
 	/**
 	 * Total days in a given month
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	integer	the month
-	 * @param	integer	the year
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @param	int	the month
+	 * @param	int	the year
+	 * @return	int
 	 */
-	function get_total_days($month, $year)
+	public function get_total_days($month, $year)
 	{
-		$days_in_month	= array(31, 28, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31);
-
-		if ($month < 1 OR $month > 12)
-		{
-			return 0;
-		}
-
-		// Is the year a leap year?
-		if ($month == 2)
-		{
-			if ($year % 400 == 0 OR ($year % 4 == 0 AND $year % 100 != 0))
-			{
-				return 29;
-			}
-		}
-
-		return $days_in_month[$month - 1];
+		$this->CI->load->helper('date');
+		return days_in_month($month, $year);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -399,34 +468,36 @@ class CI_Calendar {
 	 *
 	 * This is used in the event that the user has not created their own template
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return array
+	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function default_template()
+	public function default_template()
 	{
-		return  array (
-						'table_open'				=> '<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0">',
-						'heading_row_start'			=> '<tr>',
-						'heading_previous_cell'		=> '<th><a href="{previous_url}">&lt;&lt;</a></th>',
-						'heading_title_cell'		=> '<th colspan="{colspan}">{heading}</th>',
-						'heading_next_cell'			=> '<th><a href="{next_url}">&gt;&gt;</a></th>',
-						'heading_row_end'			=> '</tr>',
-						'week_row_start'			=> '<tr>',
-						'week_day_cell'				=> '<td>{week_day}</td>',
-						'week_row_end'				=> '</tr>',
-						'cal_row_start'				=> '<tr>',
-						'cal_cell_start'			=> '<td>',
-						'cal_cell_start_today'		=> '<td>',
-						'cal_cell_content'			=> '<a href="{content}">{day}</a>',
-						'cal_cell_content_today'	=> '<a href="{content}"><strong>{day}</strong></a>',
-						'cal_cell_no_content'		=> '{day}',
-						'cal_cell_no_content_today'	=> '<strong>{day}</strong>',
-						'cal_cell_blank'			=> '&nbsp;',
-						'cal_cell_end'				=> '</td>',
-						'cal_cell_end_today'		=> '</td>',
-						'cal_row_end'				=> '</tr>',
-						'table_close'				=> '</table>'
-					);
+		return array(
+			'table_open'				=> '<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0">',
+			'heading_row_start'			=> '<tr>',
+			'heading_previous_cell'		=> '<th><a href="{previous_url}">&lt;&lt;</a></th>',
+			'heading_title_cell'		=> '<th colspan="{colspan}">{heading}</th>',
+			'heading_next_cell'			=> '<th><a href="{next_url}">&gt;&gt;</a></th>',
+			'heading_row_end'			=> '</tr>',
+			'week_row_start'			=> '<tr>',
+			'week_day_cell'				=> '<td>{week_day}</td>',
+			'week_row_end'				=> '</tr>',
+			'cal_row_start'				=> '<tr>',
+			'cal_cell_start'			=> '<td>',
+			'cal_cell_start_today'		=> '<td>',
+			'cal_cell_start_other'		=> '<td style="color: #666;">',
+			'cal_cell_content'			=> '<a href="{content}">{day}</a>',
+			'cal_cell_content_today'	=> '<a href="{content}"><strong>{day}</strong></a>',
+			'cal_cell_no_content'		=> '{day}',
+			'cal_cell_no_content_today'	=> '<strong>{day}</strong>',
+			'cal_cell_blank'			=> '&nbsp;',
+			'cal_cell_other'			=> '{day}',
+			'cal_cell_end'				=> '</td>',
+			'cal_cell_end_today'		=> '</td>',
+			'cal_cell_end_other'		=> '</td>',
+			'cal_row_end'				=> '</tr>',
+			'table_close'				=> '</table>'
+		);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -437,39 +508,39 @@ class CI_Calendar {
 	 * Harvests the data within the template {pseudo-variables}
 	 * used to display the calendar
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @return	CI_Calendar
 	 */
-	function parse_template()
+	public function parse_template()
 	{
-		$this->temp = $this->default_template();
+		$this->replacements = $this->default_template();
 
-		if ($this->template == '')
+		if (empty($this->template))
 		{
-			return;
+			return $this;
 		}
 
-		$today = array('cal_cell_start_today', 'cal_cell_content_today', 'cal_cell_no_content_today', 'cal_cell_end_today');
-
-		foreach (array('table_open', 'table_close', 'heading_row_start', 'heading_previous_cell', 'heading_title_cell', 'heading_next_cell', 'heading_row_end', 'week_row_start', 'week_day_cell', 'week_row_end', 'cal_row_start', 'cal_cell_start', 'cal_cell_content', 'cal_cell_no_content',  'cal_cell_blank', 'cal_cell_end', 'cal_row_end', 'cal_cell_start_today', 'cal_cell_content_today', 'cal_cell_no_content_today', 'cal_cell_end_today') as $val)
+		if (is_string($this->template))
 		{
-			if (preg_match("/\{".$val."\}(.*?)\{\/".$val."\}/si", $this->template, $match))
-			{
-				$this->temp[$val] = $match['1'];
-			}
-			else
+			$today = array('cal_cell_start_today', 'cal_cell_content_today', 'cal_cell_no_content_today', 'cal_cell_end_today');
+
+			foreach (array('table_open', 'table_close', 'heading_row_start', 'heading_previous_cell', 'heading_title_cell', 'heading_next_cell', 'heading_row_end', 'week_row_start', 'week_day_cell', 'week_row_end', 'cal_row_start', 'cal_cell_start', 'cal_cell_content', 'cal_cell_no_content', 'cal_cell_blank', 'cal_cell_end', 'cal_row_end', 'cal_cell_start_today', 'cal_cell_content_today', 'cal_cell_no_content_today', 'cal_cell_end_today', 'cal_cell_start_other', 'cal_cell_other', 'cal_cell_end_other') as $val)
 			{
-				if (in_array($val, $today, TRUE))
+				if (preg_match('/\{'.$val.'\}(.*?)\{\/'.$val.'\}/si', $this->template, $match))
 				{
-					$this->temp[$val] = $this->temp[str_replace('_today', '', $val)];
+					$this->replacements[$val] = $match[1];
+				}
+				elseif (in_array($val, $today, TRUE))
+				{
+					$this->replacements[$val] = $this->replacements[substr($val, 0, -6)];
 				}
 			}
 		}
+		elseif (is_array($this->template))
+		{
+			$this->replacements = array_merge($this->replacements, $this->template);
+		}
+
+		return $this;
 	}
 
 }
-
-// END CI_Calendar class
-
-/* End of file Calendar.php */
-/* Location: ./system/libraries/Calendar.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/libraries/Cart.php b/system/libraries/Cart.php
index 86a01f796..734c43420 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Cart.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Cart.php
@@ -1,19 +1,41 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2006 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.0.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * Shopping Cart Class
@@ -21,24 +43,58 @@
  * @package		CodeIgniter
  * @subpackage	Libraries
  * @category	Shopping Cart
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/cart.html
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/cart.html
+ * @deprecated	3.0.0	This class is too specific for CI.
  */
 class CI_Cart {
 
-	// These are the regular expression rules that we use to validate the product ID and product name
-	var $product_id_rules	= '\.a-z0-9_-'; // alpha-numeric, dashes, underscores, or periods
-	var $product_name_rules	= '\.\:\-_ a-z0-9'; // alpha-numeric, dashes, underscores, colons or periods
+	/**
+	 * These are the regular expression rules that we use to validate the product ID and product name
+	 * alpha-numeric, dashes, underscores, or periods
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	public $product_id_rules = '\.a-z0-9_-';
 
-	// Private variables.  Do not change!
-	var $CI;
-	var $_cart_contents	= array();
+	/**
+	 * These are the regular expression rules that we use to validate the product ID and product name
+	 * alpha-numeric, dashes, underscores, colons or periods
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	public $product_name_rules = '\w \-\.\:';
 
+	/**
+	 * only allow safe product names
+	 *
+	 * @var bool
+	 */
+	public $product_name_safe = TRUE;
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Reference to CodeIgniter instance
+	 *
+	 * @var object
+	 */
+	protected $CI;
+
+	/**
+	 * Contents of the cart
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	protected $_cart_contents = array();
 
 	/**
 	 * Shopping Class Constructor
 	 *
 	 * The constructor loads the Session class, used to store the shopping cart contents.
+	 *
+	 * @param	array
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function __construct($params = array())
 	{
@@ -46,31 +102,20 @@ class CI_Cart {
 		$this->CI =& get_instance();
 
 		// Are any config settings being passed manually?  If so, set them
-		$config = array();
-		if (count($params) > 0)
-		{
-			foreach ($params as $key => $val)
-			{
-				$config[$key] = $val;
-			}
-		}
+		$config = is_array($params) ? $params : array();
 
 		// Load the Sessions class
-		$this->CI->load->library('session', $config);
+		$this->CI->load->driver('session', $config);
 
-		// Grab the shopping cart array from the session table, if it exists
-		if ($this->CI->session->userdata('cart_contents') !== FALSE)
-		{
-			$this->_cart_contents = $this->CI->session->userdata('cart_contents');
-		}
-		else
+		// Grab the shopping cart array from the session table
+		$this->_cart_contents = $this->CI->session->userdata('cart_contents');
+		if ($this->_cart_contents === NULL)
 		{
 			// No cart exists so we'll set some base values
-			$this->_cart_contents['cart_total'] = 0;
-			$this->_cart_contents['total_items'] = 0;
+			$this->_cart_contents = array('cart_total' => 0, 'total_items' => 0);
 		}
 
-		log_message('debug', "Cart Class Initialized");
+		log_message('info', 'Cart Class Initialized');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -78,14 +123,13 @@ class CI_Cart {
 	/**
 	 * Insert items into the cart and save it to the session table
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	array
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function insert($items = array())
+	public function insert($items = array())
 	{
 		// Was any cart data passed? No? Bah...
-		if ( ! is_array($items) OR count($items) == 0)
+		if ( ! is_array($items) OR count($items) === 0)
 		{
 			log_message('error', 'The insert method must be passed an array containing data.');
 			return FALSE;
@@ -108,7 +152,7 @@ class CI_Cart {
 		{
 			foreach ($items as $val)
 			{
-				if (is_array($val) AND isset($val['id']))
+				if (is_array($val) && isset($val['id']))
 				{
 					if ($this->_insert($val))
 					{
@@ -119,7 +163,7 @@ class CI_Cart {
 		}
 
 		// Save the cart data if the insert was successful
-		if ($save_cart == TRUE)
+		if ($save_cart === TRUE)
 		{
 			$this->_save_cart();
 			return isset($rowid) ? $rowid : TRUE;
@@ -133,14 +177,13 @@ class CI_Cart {
 	/**
 	 * Insert
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	array
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function _insert($items = array())
+	protected function _insert($items = array())
 	{
 		// Was any cart data passed? No? Bah...
-		if ( ! is_array($items) OR count($items) == 0)
+		if ( ! is_array($items) OR count($items) === 0)
 		{
 			log_message('error', 'The insert method must be passed an array containing data.');
 			return FALSE;
@@ -149,7 +192,7 @@ class CI_Cart {
 		// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 		// Does the $items array contain an id, quantity, price, and name?  These are required
-		if ( ! isset($items['id']) OR ! isset($items['qty']) OR ! isset($items['price']) OR ! isset($items['name']))
+		if ( ! isset($items['id'], $items['qty'], $items['price'], $items['name']))
 		{
 			log_message('error', 'The cart array must contain a product ID, quantity, price, and name.');
 			return FALSE;
@@ -157,13 +200,11 @@ class CI_Cart {
 
 		// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-		// Prep the quantity. It can only be a number.  Duh...
-		$items['qty'] = trim(preg_replace('/([^0-9])/i', '', $items['qty']));
-		// Trim any leading zeros
-		$items['qty'] = trim(preg_replace('/(^[0]+)/i', '', $items['qty']));
+		// Prep the quantity. It can only be a number.  Duh... also trim any leading zeros
+		$items['qty'] = (float) $items['qty'];
 
 		// If the quantity is zero or blank there's nothing for us to do
-		if ( ! is_numeric($items['qty']) OR $items['qty'] == 0)
+		if ($items['qty'] == 0)
 		{
 			return FALSE;
 		}
@@ -173,7 +214,7 @@ class CI_Cart {
 		// Validate the product ID. It can only be alpha-numeric, dashes, underscores or periods
 		// Not totally sure we should impose this rule, but it seems prudent to standardize IDs.
 		// Note: These can be user-specified by setting the $this->product_id_rules variable.
-		if ( ! preg_match("/^[".$this->product_id_rules."]+$/i", $items['id']))
+		if ( ! preg_match('/^['.$this->product_id_rules.']+$/i', $items['id']))
 		{
 			log_message('error', 'Invalid product ID.  The product ID can only contain alpha-numeric characters, dashes, and underscores');
 			return FALSE;
@@ -183,7 +224,7 @@ class CI_Cart {
 
 		// Validate the product name. It can only be alpha-numeric, dashes, underscores, colons or periods.
 		// Note: These can be user-specified by setting the $this->product_name_rules variable.
-		if ( ! preg_match("/^[".$this->product_name_rules."]+$/i", $items['name']))
+		if ($this->product_name_safe && ! preg_match('/^['.$this->product_name_rules.']+$/i'.(UTF8_ENABLED ? 'u' : ''), $items['name']))
 		{
 			log_message('error', 'An invalid name was submitted as the product name: '.$items['name'].' The name can only contain alpha-numeric characters, dashes, underscores, colons, and spaces');
 			return FALSE;
@@ -191,19 +232,8 @@ class CI_Cart {
 
 		// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-		// Prep the price.  Remove anything that isn't a number or decimal point.
-		$items['price'] = trim(preg_replace('/([^0-9\.])/i', '', $items['price']));
-		// Trim any leading zeros
-		$items['price'] = trim(preg_replace('/(^[0]+)/i', '', $items['price']));
-
-		// Is the price a valid number?
-		if ( ! is_numeric($items['price']))
-		{
-			log_message('error', 'An invalid price was submitted for product ID: '.$items['id']);
-			return FALSE;
-		}
-
-		// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+		// Prep the price. Remove leading zeros and anything that isn't a number or decimal point.
+		$items['price'] = (float) $items['price'];
 
 		// We now need to create a unique identifier for the item being inserted into the cart.
 		// Every time something is added to the cart it is stored in the master cart array.
@@ -215,9 +245,9 @@ class CI_Cart {
 		// Internally, we need to treat identical submissions, but with different options, as a unique product.
 		// Our solution is to convert the options array to a string and MD5 it along with the product ID.
 		// This becomes the unique "row ID"
-		if (isset($items['options']) AND count($items['options']) > 0)
+		if (isset($items['options']) && count($items['options']) > 0)
 		{
-			$rowid = md5($items['id'].implode('', $items['options']));
+			$rowid = md5($items['id'].serialize($items['options']));
 		}
 		else
 		{
@@ -230,20 +260,14 @@ class CI_Cart {
 		// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 		// Now that we have our unique "row ID", we'll add our cart items to the master array
+		// grab quantity if it's already there and add it on
+		$old_quantity = isset($this->_cart_contents[$rowid]['qty']) ? (int) $this->_cart_contents[$rowid]['qty'] : 0;
 
-		// let's unset this first, just to make sure our index contains only the data from this submission
-		unset($this->_cart_contents[$rowid]);
-
-		// Create a new index with our new row ID
-		$this->_cart_contents[$rowid]['rowid'] = $rowid;
-
-		// And add the new items to the cart array
-		foreach ($items as $key => $val)
-		{
-			$this->_cart_contents[$rowid][$key] = $val;
-		}
+		// Re-create the entry, just to make sure our index contains only the data from this submission
+		$items['rowid'] = $rowid;
+		$items['qty'] += $old_quantity;
+		$this->_cart_contents[$rowid] = $items;
 
-		// Woot!
 		return $rowid;
 	}
 
@@ -257,27 +281,25 @@ class CI_Cart {
 	 * changes to the quantity before checkout. That array must contain the
 	 * product ID and quantity for each item.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	array
-	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function update($items = array())
+	public function update($items = array())
 	{
 		// Was any cart data passed?
-		if ( ! is_array($items) OR count($items) == 0)
+		if ( ! is_array($items) OR count($items) === 0)
 		{
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
 		// You can either update a single product using a one-dimensional array,
 		// or multiple products using a multi-dimensional one.  The way we
-		// determine the array type is by looking for a required array key named "id".
+		// determine the array type is by looking for a required array key named "rowid".
 		// If it's not found we assume it's a multi-dimensional array
 		$save_cart = FALSE;
-		if (isset($items['rowid']) AND isset($items['qty']))
+		if (isset($items['rowid']))
 		{
-			if ($this->_update($items) == TRUE)
+			if ($this->_update($items) === TRUE)
 			{
 				$save_cart = TRUE;
 			}
@@ -286,9 +308,9 @@ class CI_Cart {
 		{
 			foreach ($items as $val)
 			{
-				if (is_array($val) AND isset($val['rowid']) AND isset($val['qty']))
+				if (is_array($val) && isset($val['rowid']))
 				{
-					if ($this->_update($val) == TRUE)
+					if ($this->_update($val) === TRUE)
 					{
 						$save_cart = TRUE;
 					}
@@ -297,7 +319,7 @@ class CI_Cart {
 		}
 
 		// Save the cart data if the insert was successful
-		if ($save_cart == TRUE)
+		if ($save_cart === TRUE)
 		{
 			$this->_save_cart();
 			return TRUE;
@@ -311,48 +333,47 @@ class CI_Cart {
 	/**
 	 * Update the cart
 	 *
-	 * This function permits the quantity of a given item to be changed.
+	 * This function permits changing item properties.
 	 * Typically it is called from the "view cart" page if a user makes
 	 * changes to the quantity before checkout. That array must contain the
-	 * product ID and quantity for each item.
+	 * rowid and quantity for each item.
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	array
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function _update($items = array())
+	protected function _update($items = array())
 	{
 		// Without these array indexes there is nothing we can do
-		if ( ! isset($items['qty']) OR ! isset($items['rowid']) OR ! isset($this->_cart_contents[$items['rowid']]))
+		if ( ! isset($items['rowid'], $this->_cart_contents[$items['rowid']]))
 		{
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
 		// Prep the quantity
-		$items['qty'] = preg_replace('/([^0-9])/i', '', $items['qty']);
-
-		// Is the quantity a number?
-		if ( ! is_numeric($items['qty']))
+		if (isset($items['qty']))
 		{
-			return FALSE;
+			$items['qty'] = (float) $items['qty'];
+			// Is the quantity zero?  If so we will remove the item from the cart.
+			// If the quantity is greater than zero we are updating
+			if ($items['qty'] == 0)
+			{
+				unset($this->_cart_contents[$items['rowid']]);
+				return TRUE;
+			}
 		}
 
-		// Is the new quantity different than what is already saved in the cart?
-		// If it's the same there's nothing to do
-		if ($this->_cart_contents[$items['rowid']]['qty'] == $items['qty'])
+		// find updatable keys
+		$keys = array_intersect(array_keys($this->_cart_contents[$items['rowid']]), array_keys($items));
+		// if a price was passed, make sure it contains valid data
+		if (isset($items['price']))
 		{
-			return FALSE;
+			$items['price'] = (float) $items['price'];
 		}
 
-		// Is the quantity zero?  If so we will remove the item from the cart.
-		// If the quantity is greater than zero we are updating
-		if ($items['qty'] == 0)
+		// product id & name shouldn't be changed
+		foreach (array_diff($keys, array('id', 'name')) as $key)
 		{
-			unset($this->_cart_contents[$items['rowid']]);
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			$this->_cart_contents[$items['rowid']]['qty'] = $items['qty'];
+			$this->_cart_contents[$items['rowid']][$key] = $items[$key];
 		}
 
 		return TRUE;
@@ -363,38 +384,26 @@ class CI_Cart {
 	/**
 	 * Save the cart array to the session DB
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function _save_cart()
+	protected function _save_cart()
 	{
-		// Unset these so our total can be calculated correctly below
-		unset($this->_cart_contents['total_items']);
-		unset($this->_cart_contents['cart_total']);
-
-		// Lets add up the individual prices and set the cart sub-total
-		$total = 0;
-		$items = 0;
+		// Let's add up the individual prices and set the cart sub-total
+		$this->_cart_contents['total_items'] = $this->_cart_contents['cart_total'] = 0;
 		foreach ($this->_cart_contents as $key => $val)
 		{
 			// We make sure the array contains the proper indexes
-			if ( ! is_array($val) OR ! isset($val['price']) OR ! isset($val['qty']))
+			if ( ! is_array($val) OR ! isset($val['price'], $val['qty']))
 			{
 				continue;
 			}
 
-			$total += ($val['price'] * $val['qty']);
-			$items += $val['qty'];
-
-			// Set the subtotal
+			$this->_cart_contents['cart_total'] += ($val['price'] * $val['qty']);
+			$this->_cart_contents['total_items'] += $val['qty'];
 			$this->_cart_contents[$key]['subtotal'] = ($this->_cart_contents[$key]['price'] * $this->_cart_contents[$key]['qty']);
 		}
 
-		// Set the cart total and total items.
-		$this->_cart_contents['total_items'] = $items;
-		$this->_cart_contents['cart_total'] = $total;
-
-		// Is our cart empty?  If so we delete it from the session
+		// Is our cart empty? If so we delete it from the session
 		if (count($this->_cart_contents) <= 2)
 		{
 			$this->CI->session->unset_userdata('cart_contents');
@@ -416,10 +425,9 @@ class CI_Cart {
 	/**
 	 * Cart Total
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	int
 	 */
-	function total()
+	public function total()
 	{
 		return $this->_cart_contents['cart_total'];
 	}
@@ -427,14 +435,31 @@ class CI_Cart {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
+	 * Remove Item
+	 *
+	 * Removes an item from the cart
+	 *
+	 * @param	int
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	 public function remove($rowid)
+	 {
+		// unset & save
+		unset($this->_cart_contents[$rowid]);
+		$this->_save_cart();
+		return TRUE;
+	 }
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
 	 * Total Items
 	 *
 	 * Returns the total item count
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	int
 	 */
-	function total_items()
+	public function total_items()
 	{
 		return $this->_cart_contents['total_items'];
 	}
@@ -446,12 +471,13 @@ class CI_Cart {
 	 *
 	 * Returns the entire cart array
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
+	 * @param	bool
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function contents()
+	public function contents($newest_first = FALSE)
 	{
-		$cart = $this->_cart_contents;
+		// do we want the newest first?
+		$cart = ($newest_first) ? array_reverse($this->_cart_contents) : $this->_cart_contents;
 
 		// Remove these so they don't create a problem when showing the cart table
 		unset($cart['total_items']);
@@ -463,22 +489,34 @@ class CI_Cart {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
+	 * Get cart item
+	 *
+	 * Returns the details of a specific item in the cart
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$row_id
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	public function get_item($row_id)
+	{
+		return (in_array($row_id, array('total_items', 'cart_total'), TRUE) OR ! isset($this->_cart_contents[$row_id]))
+			? FALSE
+			: $this->_cart_contents[$row_id];
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
 	 * Has options
 	 *
 	 * Returns TRUE if the rowid passed to this function correlates to an item
 	 * that has options associated with it.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	array
+	 * @param	string	$row_id = ''
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function has_options($rowid = '')
+	public function has_options($row_id = '')
 	{
-		if ( ! isset($this->_cart_contents[$rowid]['options']) OR count($this->_cart_contents[$rowid]['options']) === 0)
-		{
-			return FALSE;
-		}
-
-		return TRUE;
+		return (isset($this->_cart_contents[$row_id]['options']) && count($this->_cart_contents[$row_id]['options']) !== 0);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -488,17 +526,12 @@ class CI_Cart {
 	 *
 	 * Returns the an array of options, for a particular product row ID
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
+	 * @param	string	$row_id = ''
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function product_options($rowid = '')
+	public function product_options($row_id = '')
 	{
-		if ( ! isset($this->_cart_contents[$rowid]['options']))
-		{
-			return array();
-		}
-
-		return $this->_cart_contents[$rowid]['options'];
+		return isset($this->_cart_contents[$row_id]['options']) ? $this->_cart_contents[$row_id]['options'] : array();
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -508,20 +541,12 @@ class CI_Cart {
 	 *
 	 * Returns the supplied number with commas and a decimal point.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @param	float
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function format_number($n = '')
+	public function format_number($n = '')
 	{
-		if ($n == '')
-		{
-			return '';
-		}
-
-		// Remove anything that isn't a number or decimal point.
-		$n = trim(preg_replace('/([^0-9\.])/i', '', $n));
-
-		return number_format($n, 2, '.', ',');
+		return ($n === '') ? '' : number_format( (float) $n, 2, '.', ',');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -531,21 +556,12 @@ class CI_Cart {
 	 *
 	 * Empties the cart and kills the session
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	null
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function destroy()
+	public function destroy()
 	{
-		unset($this->_cart_contents);
-
-		$this->_cart_contents['cart_total'] = 0;
-		$this->_cart_contents['total_items'] = 0;
-
+		$this->_cart_contents = array('cart_total' => 0, 'total_items' => 0);
 		$this->CI->session->unset_userdata('cart_contents');
 	}
 
-
 }
-
-/* End of file Cart.php */
-/* Location: ./system/libraries/Cart.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/libraries/Driver.php b/system/libraries/Driver.php
index 9ae7b0c7c..00e8416f9 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Driver.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Driver.php
@@ -1,19 +1,41 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2006 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.0.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * CodeIgniter Driver Library Class
@@ -29,70 +51,147 @@
  */
 class CI_Driver_Library {
 
-	protected $valid_drivers	= array();
+	/**
+	 * Array of drivers that are available to use with the driver class
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	protected $valid_drivers = array();
+
+	/**
+	 * Name of the current class - usually the driver class
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
 	protected $lib_name;
 
-	// The first time a child is used it won't exist, so we instantiate it
-	// subsequents calls will go straight to the proper child.
-	function __get($child)
+	/**
+	 * Get magic method
+	 *
+	 * The first time a child is used it won't exist, so we instantiate it
+	 * subsequents calls will go straight to the proper child.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	Child class name
+	 * @return	object	Child class
+	 */
+	public function __get($child)
 	{
+		// Try to load the driver
+		return $this->load_driver($child);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Load driver
+	 *
+	 * Separate load_driver call to support explicit driver load by library or user
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	Driver name (w/o parent prefix)
+	 * @return	object	Child class
+	 */
+	public function load_driver($child)
+	{
+		// Get CodeIgniter instance and subclass prefix
+		$prefix = config_item('subclass_prefix');
+
 		if ( ! isset($this->lib_name))
 		{
-			$this->lib_name = get_class($this);
+			// Get library name without any prefix
+			$this->lib_name = str_replace(array('CI_', $prefix), '', get_class($this));
 		}
 
-		// The class will be prefixed with the parent lib
-		$child_class = $this->lib_name.'_'.$child;
+		// The child will be prefixed with the parent lib
+		$child_name = $this->lib_name.'_'.$child;
 
-		// Remove the CI_ prefix and lowercase
-		$lib_name = ucfirst(strtolower(str_replace('CI_', '', $this->lib_name)));
-		$driver_name = strtolower(str_replace('CI_', '', $child_class));
+		// See if requested child is a valid driver
+		if ( ! in_array($child, $this->valid_drivers))
+		{
+			// The requested driver isn't valid!
+			$msg = 'Invalid driver requested: '.$child_name;
+			log_message('error', $msg);
+			show_error($msg);
+		}
+
+		// Get package paths and filename case variations to search
+		$CI = get_instance();
+		$paths = $CI->load->get_package_paths(TRUE);
 
-		if (in_array($driver_name, array_map('strtolower', $this->valid_drivers)))
+		// Is there an extension?
+		$class_name = $prefix.$child_name;
+		$found = class_exists($class_name, FALSE);
+		if ( ! $found)
 		{
-			// check and see if the driver is in a separate file
-			if ( ! class_exists($child_class))
+			// Check for subclass file
+			foreach ($paths as $path)
 			{
-				// check application path first
-				foreach (get_instance()->load->get_package_paths(TRUE) as $path)
+				// Does the file exist?
+				$file = $path.'libraries/'.$this->lib_name.'/drivers/'.$prefix.$child_name.'.php';
+				if (file_exists($file))
 				{
-					// loves me some nesting!
-					foreach (array(ucfirst($driver_name), $driver_name) as $class)
+					// Yes - require base class from BASEPATH
+					$basepath = BASEPATH.'libraries/'.$this->lib_name.'/drivers/'.$child_name.'.php';
+					if ( ! file_exists($basepath))
 					{
-						$filepath = $path.'libraries/'.$lib_name.'/drivers/'.$class.'.php';
-
-						if (file_exists($filepath))
-						{
-							include_once $filepath;
-							break;
-						}
+						$msg = 'Unable to load the requested class: CI_'.$child_name;
+						log_message('error', $msg);
+						show_error($msg);
 					}
+
+					// Include both sources and mark found
+					include_once($basepath);
+					include_once($file);
+					$found = TRUE;
+					break;
 				}
+			}
+		}
 
-				// it's a valid driver, but the file simply can't be found
-				if ( ! class_exists($child_class))
+		// Do we need to search for the class?
+		if ( ! $found)
+		{
+			// Use standard class name
+			$class_name = 'CI_'.$child_name;
+			if ( ! class_exists($class_name, FALSE))
+			{
+				// Check package paths
+				foreach ($paths as $path)
 				{
-					log_message('error', "Unable to load the requested driver: ".$child_class);
-					show_error("Unable to load the requested driver: ".$child_class);
+					// Does the file exist?
+					$file = $path.'libraries/'.$this->lib_name.'/drivers/'.$child_name.'.php';
+					if (file_exists($file))
+					{
+						// Include source
+						include_once($file);
+						break;
+					}
 				}
 			}
+		}
 
-			$obj = new $child_class;
-			$obj->decorate($this);
-			$this->$child = $obj;
-			return $this->$child;
+		// Did we finally find the class?
+		if ( ! class_exists($class_name, FALSE))
+		{
+			if (class_exists($child_name, FALSE))
+			{
+				$class_name = $child_name;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				$msg = 'Unable to load the requested driver: '.$class_name;
+				log_message('error', $msg);
+				show_error($msg);
+			}
 		}
 
-		// The requested driver isn't valid!
-		log_message('error', "Invalid driver requested: ".$child_class);
-		show_error("Invalid driver requested: ".$child_class);
+		// Instantiate, decorate and add child
+		$obj = new $class_name();
+		$obj->decorate($this);
+		$this->$child = $obj;
+		return $this->$child;
 	}
 
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
 }
-// END CI_Driver_Library CLASS
 
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 /**
  * CodeIgniter Driver Class
@@ -107,12 +206,35 @@ class CI_Driver_Library {
  * @link
  */
 class CI_Driver {
-	protected $parent;
 
-	private $methods = array();
-	private $properties = array();
+	/**
+	 * Instance of the parent class
+	 *
+	 * @var object
+	 */
+	protected $_parent;
 
-	private static $reflections = array();
+	/**
+	 * List of methods in the parent class
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	protected $_methods = array();
+
+	/**
+	 * List of properties in the parent class
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	protected $_properties = array();
+
+	/**
+	 * Array of methods and properties for the parent class(es)
+	 *
+	 * @static
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected static $_reflections = array();
 
 	/**
 	 * Decorate
@@ -124,14 +246,14 @@ class CI_Driver {
 	 */
 	public function decorate($parent)
 	{
-		$this->parent = $parent;
+		$this->_parent = $parent;
 
 		// Lock down attributes to what is defined in the class
 		// and speed up references in magic methods
 
 		$class_name = get_class($parent);
 
-		if ( ! isset(self::$reflections[$class_name]))
+		if ( ! isset(self::$_reflections[$class_name]))
 		{
 			$r = new ReflectionObject($parent);
 
@@ -139,7 +261,7 @@ class CI_Driver {
 			{
 				if ($method->isPublic())
 				{
-					$this->methods[] = $method->getName();
+					$this->_methods[] = $method->getName();
 				}
 			}
 
@@ -147,15 +269,15 @@ class CI_Driver {
 			{
 				if ($prop->isPublic())
 				{
-					$this->properties[] = $prop->getName();
+					$this->_properties[] = $prop->getName();
 				}
 			}
 
-			self::$reflections[$class_name] = array($this->methods, $this->properties);
+			self::$_reflections[$class_name] = array($this->_methods, $this->_properties);
 		}
 		else
 		{
-			list($this->methods, $this->properties) = self::$reflections[$class_name];
+			list($this->_methods, $this->_properties) = self::$_reflections[$class_name];
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -166,21 +288,18 @@ class CI_Driver {
 	 *
 	 * Handles access to the parent driver library's methods
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @param	array
 	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
 	public function __call($method, $args = array())
 	{
-		if (in_array($method, $this->methods))
+		if (in_array($method, $this->_methods))
 		{
-			return call_user_func_array(array($this->parent, $method), $args);
+			return call_user_func_array(array($this->_parent, $method), $args);
 		}
 
-		$trace = debug_backtrace();
-		_exception_handler(E_ERROR, "No such method '{$method}'", $trace[1]['file'], $trace[1]['line']);
-		exit;
+		throw new BadMethodCallException('No such method: '.$method.'()');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -195,9 +314,9 @@ class CI_Driver {
 	 */
 	public function __get($var)
 	{
-		if (in_array($var, $this->properties))
+		if (in_array($var, $this->_properties))
 		{
-			return $this->parent->$var;
+			return $this->_parent->$var;
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -214,14 +333,10 @@ class CI_Driver {
 	 */
 	public function __set($var, $val)
 	{
-		if (in_array($var, $this->properties))
+		if (in_array($var, $this->_properties))
 		{
-			$this->parent->$var = $val;
+			$this->_parent->$var = $val;
 		}
 	}
 
 }
-// END CI_Driver CLASS
-
-/* End of file Driver.php */
-/* Location: ./system/libraries/Driver.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/libraries/Email.php b/system/libraries/Email.php
index 10cbc346d..0e9cf0574 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Email.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Email.php
@@ -1,19 +1,41 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.0.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * CodeIgniter Email Class
@@ -23,79 +45,361 @@
  * @package		CodeIgniter
  * @subpackage	Libraries
  * @category	Libraries
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/email.html
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/email.html
  */
 class CI_Email {
 
-	var	$useragent		= "CodeIgniter";
-	var	$mailpath		= "/usr/sbin/sendmail";	// Sendmail path
-	var	$protocol		= "mail";	// mail/sendmail/smtp
-	var	$smtp_host		= "";		// SMTP Server.  Example: mail.earthlink.net
-	var	$smtp_user		= "";		// SMTP Username
-	var	$smtp_pass		= "";		// SMTP Password
-	var	$smtp_port		= "25";		// SMTP Port
-	var	$smtp_timeout	= 5;		// SMTP Timeout in seconds
-	var	$smtp_crypto	= "";		// SMTP Encryption. Can be null, tls or ssl.
-	var	$wordwrap		= TRUE;		// TRUE/FALSE  Turns word-wrap on/off
-	var	$wrapchars		= "76";		// Number of characters to wrap at.
-	var	$mailtype		= "text";	// text/html  Defines email formatting
-	var	$charset		= "utf-8";	// Default char set: iso-8859-1 or us-ascii
-	var	$multipart		= "mixed";	// "mixed" (in the body) or "related" (separate)
-	var $alt_message	= '';		// Alternative message for HTML emails
-	var	$validate		= FALSE;	// TRUE/FALSE.  Enables email validation
-	var	$priority		= "3";		// Default priority (1 - 5)
-	var	$newline		= "\n";		// Default newline. "\r\n" or "\n" (Use "\r\n" to comply with RFC 822)
-	var $crlf			= "\n";		// The RFC 2045 compliant CRLF for quoted-printable is "\r\n".  Apparently some servers,
-									// even on the receiving end think they need to muck with CRLFs, so using "\n", while
-									// distasteful, is the only thing that seems to work for all environments.
-	var $send_multipart	= TRUE;		// TRUE/FALSE - Yahoo does not like multipart alternative, so this is an override.  Set to FALSE for Yahoo.
-	var	$bcc_batch_mode	= FALSE;	// TRUE/FALSE  Turns on/off Bcc batch feature
-	var	$bcc_batch_size	= 200;		// If bcc_batch_mode = TRUE, sets max number of Bccs in each batch
-	var $_safe_mode		= FALSE;
-	var	$_subject		= "";
-	var	$_body			= "";
-	var	$_finalbody		= "";
-	var	$_alt_boundary	= "";
-	var	$_atc_boundary	= "";
-	var	$_header_str	= "";
-	var	$_smtp_connect	= "";
-	var	$_encoding		= "8bit";
-	var $_IP			= FALSE;
-	var	$_smtp_auth		= FALSE;
-	var $_replyto_flag	= FALSE;
-	var	$_debug_msg		= array();
-	var	$_recipients	= array();
-	var	$_cc_array		= array();
-	var	$_bcc_array		= array();
-	var	$_headers		= array();
-	var	$_attach_name	= array();
-	var	$_attach_type	= array();
-	var	$_attach_disp	= array();
-	var	$_protocols		= array('mail', 'sendmail', 'smtp');
-	var	$_base_charsets	= array('us-ascii', 'iso-2022-');	// 7-bit charsets (excluding language suffix)
-	var	$_bit_depths	= array('7bit', '8bit');
-	var	$_priorities	= array('1 (Highest)', '2 (High)', '3 (Normal)', '4 (Low)', '5 (Lowest)');
+	/**
+	 * Used as the User-Agent and X-Mailer headers' value.
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $useragent	= 'CodeIgniter';
+
+	/**
+	 * Path to the Sendmail binary.
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $mailpath	= '/usr/sbin/sendmail';	// Sendmail path
+
+	/**
+	 * Which method to use for sending e-mails.
+	 *
+	 * @var	string	'mail', 'sendmail' or 'smtp'
+	 */
+	public $protocol	= 'mail';		// mail/sendmail/smtp
+
+	/**
+	 * STMP Server host
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $smtp_host	= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * SMTP Username
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $smtp_user	= '';
 
+	/**
+	 * SMTP Password
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $smtp_pass	= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * SMTP Server port
+	 *
+	 * @var	int
+	 */
+	public $smtp_port	= 25;
+
+	/**
+	 * SMTP connection timeout in seconds
+	 *
+	 * @var	int
+	 */
+	public $smtp_timeout	= 5;
+
+	/**
+	 * SMTP persistent connection
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	public $smtp_keepalive	= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * SMTP Encryption
+	 *
+	 * @var	string	empty, 'tls' or 'ssl'
+	 */
+	public $smtp_crypto	= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Whether to apply word-wrapping to the message body.
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	public $wordwrap	= TRUE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Number of characters to wrap at.
+	 *
+	 * @see	CI_Email::$wordwrap
+	 * @var	int
+	 */
+	public $wrapchars	= 76;
+
+	/**
+	 * Message format.
+	 *
+	 * @var	string	'text' or 'html'
+	 */
+	public $mailtype	= 'text';
+
+	/**
+	 * Character set (default: utf-8)
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $charset		= 'UTF-8';
+
+	/**
+	 * Alternative message (for HTML messages only)
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $alt_message	= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Whether to validate e-mail addresses.
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	public $validate	= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * X-Priority header value.
+	 *
+	 * @var	int	1-5
+	 */
+	public $priority	= 3;			// Default priority (1 - 5)
+
+	/**
+	 * Newline character sequence.
+	 * Use "\r\n" to comply with RFC 822.
+	 *
+	 * @link	http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc822.txt
+	 * @var	string	"\r\n" or "\n"
+	 */
+	public $newline		= "\n";			// Default newline. "\r\n" or "\n" (Use "\r\n" to comply with RFC 822)
+
+	/**
+	 * CRLF character sequence
+	 *
+	 * RFC 2045 specifies that for 'quoted-printable' encoding,
+	 * "\r\n" must be used. However, it appears that some servers
+	 * (even on the receiving end) don't handle it properly and
+	 * switching to "\n", while improper, is the only solution
+	 * that seems to work for all environments.
+	 *
+	 * @link	http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc822.txt
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $crlf		= "\n";
+
+	/**
+	 * Whether to use Delivery Status Notification.
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	public $dsn		= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Whether to send multipart alternatives.
+	 * Yahoo! doesn't seem to like these.
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	public $send_multipart	= TRUE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Whether to send messages to BCC recipients in batches.
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	public $bcc_batch_mode	= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * BCC Batch max number size.
+	 *
+	 * @see	CI_Email::$bcc_batch_mode
+	 * @var	int
+	 */
+	public $bcc_batch_size	= 200;
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Whether PHP is running in safe mode. Initialized by the class constructor.
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	protected $_safe_mode		= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Subject header
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_subject		= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Message body
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_body		= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Final message body to be sent.
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_finalbody		= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Final headers to send
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_header_str		= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * SMTP Connection socket placeholder
+	 *
+	 * @var	resource
+	 */
+	protected $_smtp_connect	= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Mail encoding
+	 *
+	 * @var	string	'8bit' or '7bit'
+	 */
+	protected $_encoding		= '8bit';
+
+	/**
+	 * Whether to perform SMTP authentication
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	protected $_smtp_auth		= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Whether to send a Reply-To header
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	protected $_replyto_flag	= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Debug messages
+	 *
+	 * @see	CI_Email::print_debugger()
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_debug_msg		= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * Recipients
+	 *
+	 * @var	string[]
+	 */
+	protected $_recipients		= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * CC Recipients
+	 *
+	 * @var	string[]
+	 */
+	protected $_cc_array		= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * BCC Recipients
+	 *
+	 * @var	string[]
+	 */
+	protected $_bcc_array		= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * Message headers
+	 *
+	 * @var	string[]
+	 */
+	protected $_headers		= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * Attachment data
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $_attachments		= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * Valid $protocol values
+	 *
+	 * @see	CI_Email::$protocol
+	 * @var	string[]
+	 */
+	protected $_protocols		= array('mail', 'sendmail', 'smtp');
+
+	/**
+	 * Base charsets
+	 *
+	 * Character sets valid for 7-bit encoding,
+	 * excluding language suffix.
+	 *
+	 * @var	string[]
+	 */
+	protected $_base_charsets	= array('us-ascii', 'iso-2022-');
+
+	/**
+	 * Bit depths
+	 *
+	 * Valid mail encodings
+	 *
+	 * @see	CI_Email::$_encoding
+	 * @var	string[]
+	 */
+	protected $_bit_depths		= array('7bit', '8bit');
+
+	/**
+	 * $priority translations
+	 *
+	 * Actual values to send with the X-Priority header
+	 *
+	 * @var	string[]
+	 */
+	protected $_priorities = array(
+		1 => '1 (Highest)',
+		2 => '2 (High)',
+		3 => '3 (Normal)',
+		4 => '4 (Low)',
+		5 => '5 (Lowest)'
+	);
+
+	/**
+	 * mbstring.func_overload flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	protected static $func_overload;
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
 	 * Constructor - Sets Email Preferences
 	 *
 	 * The constructor can be passed an array of config values
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$config = array()
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	public function __construct($config = array())
+	public function __construct(array $config = array())
 	{
-		if (count($config) > 0)
-		{
-			$this->initialize($config);
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			$this->_smtp_auth = ($this->smtp_user == '' AND $this->smtp_pass == '') ? FALSE : TRUE;
-			$this->_safe_mode = ((boolean)@ini_get("safe_mode") === FALSE) ? FALSE : TRUE;
-		}
+		$this->charset = config_item('charset');
+		$this->initialize($config);
+		$this->_safe_mode = ( ! is_php('5.4') && ini_get('safe_mode'));
+
+		isset(self::$func_overload) OR self::$func_overload = (extension_loaded('mbstring') && ini_get('mbstring.func_overload'));
 
-		log_message('debug', "Email Class Initialized");
+		log_message('info', 'Email Class Initialized');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -103,12 +407,13 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Initialize preferences
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	array
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @param	array	$config
+	 * @return	CI_Email
 	 */
-	public function initialize($config = array())
+	public function initialize(array $config = array())
 	{
+		$this->clear();
+
 		foreach ($config as $key => $val)
 		{
 			if (isset($this->$key))
@@ -125,10 +430,9 @@ class CI_Email {
 				}
 			}
 		}
-		$this->clear();
 
-		$this->_smtp_auth = ($this->smtp_user == '' AND $this->smtp_pass == '') ? FALSE : TRUE;
-		$this->_safe_mode = ((boolean)@ini_get("safe_mode") === FALSE) ? FALSE : TRUE;
+		$this->charset = strtoupper($this->charset);
+		$this->_smtp_auth = isset($this->smtp_user[0], $this->smtp_pass[0]);
 
 		return $this;
 	}
@@ -138,30 +442,27 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Initialize the Email Data
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @param	bool
+	 * @return	CI_Email
 	 */
 	public function clear($clear_attachments = FALSE)
 	{
-		$this->_subject		= "";
-		$this->_body		= "";
-		$this->_finalbody	= "";
-		$this->_header_str	= "";
-		$this->_replyto_flag = FALSE;
+		$this->_subject		= '';
+		$this->_body		= '';
+		$this->_finalbody	= '';
+		$this->_header_str	= '';
+		$this->_replyto_flag	= FALSE;
 		$this->_recipients	= array();
 		$this->_cc_array	= array();
 		$this->_bcc_array	= array();
 		$this->_headers		= array();
 		$this->_debug_msg	= array();
 
-		$this->_set_header('User-Agent', $this->useragent);
-		$this->_set_header('Date', $this->_set_date());
+		$this->set_header('Date', $this->_set_date());
 
 		if ($clear_attachments !== FALSE)
 		{
-			$this->_attach_name = array();
-			$this->_attach_type = array();
-			$this->_attach_disp = array();
+			$this->_attachments = array();
 		}
 
 		return $this;
@@ -172,25 +473,29 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Set FROM
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @param	string	$from
+	 * @param	string	$name
+	 * @param	string	$return_path = NULL	Return-Path
+	 * @return	CI_Email
 	 */
-	public function from($from, $name = '')
+	public function from($from, $name = '', $return_path = NULL)
 	{
-		if (preg_match( '/\<(.*)\>/', $from, $match))
+		if (preg_match('/\<(.*)\>/', $from, $match))
 		{
-			$from = $match['1'];
+			$from = $match[1];
 		}
 
 		if ($this->validate)
 		{
 			$this->validate_email($this->_str_to_array($from));
+			if ($return_path)
+			{
+				$this->validate_email($this->_str_to_array($return_path));
+			}
 		}
 
 		// prepare the display name
-		if ($name != '')
+		if ($name !== '')
 		{
 			// only use Q encoding if there are characters that would require it
 			if ( ! preg_match('/[\200-\377]/', $name))
@@ -200,12 +505,14 @@ class CI_Email {
 			}
 			else
 			{
-				$name = $this->_prep_q_encoding($name, TRUE);
+				$name = $this->_prep_q_encoding($name);
 			}
 		}
 
-		$this->_set_header('From', $name.' <'.$from.'>');
-		$this->_set_header('Return-Path', '<'.$from.'>');
+		$this->set_header('From', $name.' <'.$from.'>');
+
+		isset($return_path) OR $return_path = $from;
+		$this->set_header('Return-Path', '<'.$return_path.'>');
 
 		return $this;
 	}
@@ -215,16 +522,15 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Set Reply-to
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @return	CI_Email
 	 */
 	public function reply_to($replyto, $name = '')
 	{
-		if (preg_match( '/\<(.*)\>/', $replyto, $match))
+		if (preg_match('/\<(.*)\>/', $replyto, $match))
 		{
-			$replyto = $match['1'];
+			$replyto = $match[1];
 		}
 
 		if ($this->validate)
@@ -232,17 +538,21 @@ class CI_Email {
 			$this->validate_email($this->_str_to_array($replyto));
 		}
 
-		if ($name == '')
+		if ($name !== '')
 		{
-			$name = $replyto;
-		}
-
-		if (strncmp($name, '"', 1) != 0)
-		{
-			$name = '"'.$name.'"';
+			// only use Q encoding if there are characters that would require it
+			if ( ! preg_match('/[\200-\377]/', $name))
+			{
+				// add slashes for non-printing characters, slashes, and double quotes, and surround it in double quotes
+				$name = '"'.addcslashes($name, "\0..\37\177'\"\\").'"';
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				$name = $this->_prep_q_encoding($name);
+			}
 		}
 
-		$this->_set_header('Reply-To', $name.' <'.$replyto.'>');
+		$this->set_header('Reply-To', $name.' <'.$replyto.'>');
 		$this->_replyto_flag = TRUE;
 
 		return $this;
@@ -253,9 +563,8 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Set Recipients
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @return	CI_Email
 	 */
 	public function to($to)
 	{
@@ -267,21 +576,12 @@ class CI_Email {
 			$this->validate_email($to);
 		}
 
-		if ($this->_get_protocol() != 'mail')
+		if ($this->_get_protocol() !== 'mail')
 		{
-			$this->_set_header('To', implode(", ", $to));
+			$this->set_header('To', implode(', ', $to));
 		}
 
-		switch ($this->_get_protocol())
-		{
-			case 'smtp'		:
-				$this->_recipients = $to;
-			break;
-			case 'sendmail'	:
-			case 'mail'		:
-				$this->_recipients = implode(", ", $to);
-			break;
-		}
+		$this->_recipients = $to;
 
 		return $this;
 	}
@@ -291,23 +591,21 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Set CC
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @return	CI_Email
 	 */
 	public function cc($cc)
 	{
-		$cc = $this->_str_to_array($cc);
-		$cc = $this->clean_email($cc);
+		$cc = $this->clean_email($this->_str_to_array($cc));
 
 		if ($this->validate)
 		{
 			$this->validate_email($cc);
 		}
 
-		$this->_set_header('Cc', implode(", ", $cc));
+		$this->set_header('Cc', implode(', ', $cc));
 
-		if ($this->_get_protocol() == "smtp")
+		if ($this->_get_protocol() === 'smtp')
 		{
 			$this->_cc_array = $cc;
 		}
@@ -320,34 +618,32 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Set BCC
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @return	CI_Email
 	 */
 	public function bcc($bcc, $limit = '')
 	{
-		if ($limit != '' && is_numeric($limit))
+		if ($limit !== '' && is_numeric($limit))
 		{
 			$this->bcc_batch_mode = TRUE;
 			$this->bcc_batch_size = $limit;
 		}
 
-		$bcc = $this->_str_to_array($bcc);
-		$bcc = $this->clean_email($bcc);
+		$bcc = $this->clean_email($this->_str_to_array($bcc));
 
 		if ($this->validate)
 		{
 			$this->validate_email($bcc);
 		}
 
-		if (($this->_get_protocol() == "smtp") OR ($this->bcc_batch_mode && count($bcc) > $this->bcc_batch_size))
+		if ($this->_get_protocol() === 'smtp' OR ($this->bcc_batch_mode && count($bcc) > $this->bcc_batch_size))
 		{
 			$this->_bcc_array = $bcc;
 		}
 		else
 		{
-			$this->_set_header('Bcc', implode(", ", $bcc));
+			$this->set_header('Bcc', implode(', ', $bcc));
 		}
 
 		return $this;
@@ -358,14 +654,13 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Set Email Subject
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @return	CI_Email
 	 */
 	public function subject($subject)
 	{
 		$subject = $this->_prep_q_encoding($subject);
-		$this->_set_header('Subject', $subject);
+		$this->set_header('Subject', $subject);
 		return $this;
 	}
 
@@ -374,13 +669,12 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Set Body
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @return	CI_Email
 	 */
 	public function message($body)
 	{
-		$this->_body = rtrim(str_replace("\r", "", $body));
+		$this->_body = rtrim(str_replace("\r", '', $body));
 
 		/* strip slashes only if magic quotes is ON
 		   if we do it with magic quotes OFF, it strips real, user-inputted chars.
@@ -401,31 +695,86 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Assign file attachments
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @param	string	$file	Can be local path, URL or buffered content
+	 * @param	string	$disposition = 'attachment'
+	 * @param	string	$newname = NULL
+	 * @param	string	$mime = ''
+	 * @return	CI_Email
 	 */
-	public function attach($filename, $disposition = 'attachment')
+	public function attach($file, $disposition = '', $newname = NULL, $mime = '')
 	{
-		$this->_attach_name[] = $filename;
-		$this->_attach_type[] = $this->_mime_types(pathinfo($filename, PATHINFO_EXTENSION));
-		$this->_attach_disp[] = $disposition; // Can also be 'inline'  Not sure if it matters
+		if ($mime === '')
+		{
+			if (strpos($file, '://') === FALSE && ! file_exists($file))
+			{
+				$this->_set_error_message('lang:email_attachment_missing', $file);
+				return FALSE;
+			}
+
+			if ( ! $fp = @fopen($file, 'rb'))
+			{
+				$this->_set_error_message('lang:email_attachment_unreadable', $file);
+				return FALSE;
+			}
+
+			$file_content = stream_get_contents($fp);
+			$mime = $this->_mime_types(pathinfo($file, PATHINFO_EXTENSION));
+			fclose($fp);
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			$file_content =& $file; // buffered file
+		}
+
+		$this->_attachments[] = array(
+			'name'		=> array($file, $newname),
+			'disposition'	=> empty($disposition) ? 'attachment' : $disposition,  // Can also be 'inline'  Not sure if it matters
+			'type'		=> $mime,
+			'content'	=> chunk_split(base64_encode($file_content)),
+			'multipart'	=> 'mixed'
+		);
+
 		return $this;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
+	 * Set and return attachment Content-ID
+	 *
+	 * Useful for attached inline pictures
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$filename
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	public function attachment_cid($filename)
+	{
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($this->_attachments); $i < $c; $i++)
+		{
+			if ($this->_attachments[$i]['name'][0] === $filename)
+			{
+				$this->_attachments[$i]['multipart'] = 'related';
+				$this->_attachments[$i]['cid'] = uniqid(basename($this->_attachments[$i]['name'][0]).'@');
+				return $this->_attachments[$i]['cid'];
+			}
+		}
+
+		return FALSE;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
 	 * Add a Header Item
 	 *
-	 * @access	protected
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @return	CI_Email
 	 */
-	protected function _set_header($header, $value)
+	public function set_header($header, $value)
 	{
-		$this->_headers[$header] = $value;
+		$this->_headers[$header] = str_replace(array("\n", "\r"), '', $value);
+		return $this;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -433,7 +782,6 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Convert a String to an Array
 	 *
-	 * @access	protected
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
@@ -441,16 +789,11 @@ class CI_Email {
 	{
 		if ( ! is_array($email))
 		{
-			if (strpos($email, ',') !== FALSE)
-			{
-				$email = preg_split('/[\s,]/', $email, -1, PREG_SPLIT_NO_EMPTY);
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				$email = trim($email);
-				settype($email, "array");
-			}
+			return (strpos($email, ',') !== FALSE)
+				? preg_split('/[\s,]/', $email, -1, PREG_SPLIT_NO_EMPTY)
+				: (array) trim($email);
 		}
+
 		return $email;
 	}
 
@@ -459,13 +802,12 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Set Multipart Value
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @return	CI_Email
 	 */
-	public function set_alt_message($str = '')
+	public function set_alt_message($str)
 	{
-		$this->alt_message = $str;
+		$this->alt_message = (string) $str;
 		return $this;
 	}
 
@@ -474,13 +816,12 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Set Mailtype
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @return	CI_Email
 	 */
 	public function set_mailtype($type = 'text')
 	{
-		$this->mailtype = ($type == 'html') ? 'html' : 'text';
+		$this->mailtype = ($type === 'html') ? 'html' : 'text';
 		return $this;
 	}
 
@@ -489,13 +830,12 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Set Wordwrap
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @param	bool
+	 * @return	CI_Email
 	 */
 	public function set_wordwrap($wordwrap = TRUE)
 	{
-		$this->wordwrap = ($wordwrap === FALSE) ? FALSE : TRUE;
+		$this->wordwrap = (bool) $wordwrap;
 		return $this;
 	}
 
@@ -504,13 +844,12 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Set Protocol
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @return	CI_Email
 	 */
 	public function set_protocol($protocol = 'mail')
 	{
-		$this->protocol = ( ! in_array($protocol, $this->_protocols, TRUE)) ? 'mail' : strtolower($protocol);
+		$this->protocol = in_array($protocol, $this->_protocols, TRUE) ? strtolower($protocol) : 'mail';
 		return $this;
 	}
 
@@ -519,25 +858,12 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Set Priority
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	integer
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @param	int
+	 * @return	CI_Email
 	 */
 	public function set_priority($n = 3)
 	{
-		if ( ! is_numeric($n))
-		{
-			$this->priority = 3;
-			return;
-		}
-
-		if ($n < 1 OR $n > 5)
-		{
-			$this->priority = 3;
-			return;
-		}
-
-		$this->priority = $n;
+		$this->priority = preg_match('/^[1-5]$/', $n) ? (int) $n : 3;
 		return $this;
 	}
 
@@ -546,20 +872,12 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Set Newline Character
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @return	CI_Email
 	 */
 	public function set_newline($newline = "\n")
 	{
-		if ($newline != "\n" AND $newline != "\r\n" AND $newline != "\r")
-		{
-			$this->newline	= "\n";
-			return;
-		}
-
-		$this->newline	= $newline;
-
+		$this->newline = in_array($newline, array("\n", "\r\n", "\r")) ? $newline : "\n";
 		return $this;
 	}
 
@@ -568,52 +886,26 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Set CRLF
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @return	CI_Email
 	 */
 	public function set_crlf($crlf = "\n")
 	{
-		if ($crlf != "\n" AND $crlf != "\r\n" AND $crlf != "\r")
-		{
-			$this->crlf	= "\n";
-			return;
-		}
-
-		$this->crlf	= $crlf;
-
+		$this->crlf = ($crlf !== "\n" && $crlf !== "\r\n" && $crlf !== "\r") ? "\n" : $crlf;
 		return $this;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Set Message Boundary
-	 *
-	 * @access	protected
-	 * @return	void
-	 */
-	protected function _set_boundaries()
-	{
-		$this->_alt_boundary = "B_ALT_".uniqid(''); // multipart/alternative
-		$this->_atc_boundary = "B_ATC_".uniqid(''); // attachment boundary
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
 	 * Get the Message ID
 	 *
-	 * @access	protected
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _get_message_id()
 	{
-		$from = $this->_headers['Return-Path'];
-		$from = str_replace(">", "", $from);
-		$from = str_replace("<", "", $from);
-
-		return  "<".uniqid('').strstr($from, '@').">";
+		$from = str_replace(array('>', '<'), '', $this->_headers['Return-Path']);
+		return '<'.uniqid('').strstr($from, '@').'>';
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -621,19 +913,13 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Get Mail Protocol
 	 *
-	 * @access	protected
-	 * @param	bool
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
-	protected function _get_protocol($return = TRUE)
+	protected function _get_protocol()
 	{
 		$this->protocol = strtolower($this->protocol);
-		$this->protocol = ( ! in_array($this->protocol, $this->_protocols, TRUE)) ? 'mail' : $this->protocol;
-
-		if ($return == TRUE)
-		{
-			return $this->protocol;
-		}
+		in_array($this->protocol, $this->_protocols, TRUE) OR $this->protocol = 'mail';
+		return $this->protocol;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -641,26 +927,21 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Get Mail Encoding
 	 *
-	 * @access	protected
-	 * @param	bool
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	protected function _get_encoding($return = TRUE)
+	protected function _get_encoding()
 	{
-		$this->_encoding = ( ! in_array($this->_encoding, $this->_bit_depths)) ? '8bit' : $this->_encoding;
+		in_array($this->_encoding, $this->_bit_depths) OR $this->_encoding = '8bit';
 
 		foreach ($this->_base_charsets as $charset)
 		{
-			if (strncmp($charset, $this->charset, strlen($charset)) == 0)
+			if (strpos($this->charset, $charset) === 0)
 			{
 				$this->_encoding = '7bit';
 			}
 		}
 
-		if ($return == TRUE)
-		{
-			return $this->_encoding;
-		}
+		return $this->_encoding;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -668,20 +949,15 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Get content type (text/html/attachment)
 	 *
-	 * @access	protected
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _get_content_type()
 	{
-		if	($this->mailtype == 'html' &&  count($this->_attach_name) == 0)
+		if ($this->mailtype === 'html')
 		{
-			return 'html';
+			return empty($this->_attachments) ? 'html' : 'html-attach';
 		}
-		elseif	($this->mailtype == 'html' &&  count($this->_attach_name)  > 0)
-		{
-			return 'html-attach';
-		}
-		elseif	($this->mailtype == 'text' &&  count($this->_attach_name)  > 0)
+		elseif	($this->mailtype === 'text' && ! empty($this->_attachments))
 		{
 			return 'plain-attach';
 		}
@@ -696,17 +972,16 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Set RFC 822 Date
 	 *
-	 * @access	protected
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _set_date()
 	{
-		$timezone = date("Z");
-		$operator = (strncmp($timezone, '-', 1) == 0) ? '-' : '+';
+		$timezone = date('Z');
+		$operator = ($timezone[0] === '-') ? '-' : '+';
 		$timezone = abs($timezone);
-		$timezone = floor($timezone/3600) * 100 + ($timezone % 3600 ) / 60;
+		$timezone = floor($timezone/3600) * 100 + ($timezone % 3600) / 60;
 
-		return sprintf("%s %s%04d", date("D, j M Y H:i:s"), $operator, $timezone);
+		return sprintf('%s %s%04d', date('D, j M Y H:i:s'), $operator, $timezone);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -714,12 +989,11 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Mime message
 	 *
-	 * @access	protected
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _get_mime_message()
 	{
-		return "This is a multi-part message in MIME format.".$this->newline."Your email application may not support this format.";
+		return 'This is a multi-part message in MIME format.'.$this->newline.'Your email application may not support this format.';
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -727,7 +1001,6 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Validate Email Address
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
@@ -756,13 +1029,17 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Email Validation
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	public function valid_email($address)
+	public function valid_email($email)
 	{
-		return ( ! preg_match("/^([a-z0-9\+_\-]+)(\.[a-z0-9\+_\-]+)*@([a-z0-9\-]+\.)+[a-z]{2,6}$/ix", $address)) ? FALSE : TRUE;
+		if (function_exists('idn_to_ascii') && $atpos = strpos($email, '@'))
+		{
+			$email = self::substr($email, 0, ++$atpos).idn_to_ascii(self::substr($email, $atpos));
+		}
+
+		return (bool) filter_var($email, FILTER_VALIDATE_EMAIL);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -770,7 +1047,6 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Clean Extended Email Address: Joe Smith <joe@smith.com>
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
@@ -778,28 +1054,14 @@ class CI_Email {
 	{
 		if ( ! is_array($email))
 		{
-			if (preg_match('/\<(.*)\>/', $email, $match))
-			{
-				return $match['1'];
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				return $email;
-			}
+			return preg_match('/\<(.*)\>/', $email, $match) ? $match[1] : $email;
 		}
 
 		$clean_email = array();
 
 		foreach ($email as $addy)
 		{
-			if (preg_match( '/\<(.*)\>/', $addy, $match))
-			{
-				$clean_email[] = $match['1'];
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				$clean_email[] = $addy;
-			}
+			$clean_email[] = preg_match('/\<(.*)\>/', $addy, $match) ? $match[1] : $addy;
 		}
 
 		return $clean_email;
@@ -810,47 +1072,36 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Build alternative plain text message
 	 *
-	 * This public function provides the raw message for use
-	 * in plain-text headers of HTML-formatted emails.
+	 * Provides the raw message for use in plain-text headers of
+	 * HTML-formatted emails.
 	 * If the user hasn't specified his own alternative message
 	 * it creates one by stripping the HTML
 	 *
-	 * @access	protected
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _get_alt_message()
 	{
-		if ($this->alt_message != "")
-		{
-			return $this->word_wrap($this->alt_message, '76');
-		}
-
-		if (preg_match('/\<body.*?\>(.*)\<\/body\>/si', $this->_body, $match))
-		{
-			$body = $match['1'];
-		}
-		else
+		if ( ! empty($this->alt_message))
 		{
-			$body = $this->_body;
+			return ($this->wordwrap)
+				? $this->word_wrap($this->alt_message, 76)
+				: $this->alt_message;
 		}
 
-		$body = trim(strip_tags($body));
-		$body = preg_replace( '#<!--(.*)--\>#', "", $body);
-		$body = str_replace("\t", "", $body);
+		$body = preg_match('/\<body.*?\>(.*)\<\/body\>/si', $this->_body, $match) ? $match[1] : $this->_body;
+		$body = str_replace("\t", '', preg_replace('#<!--(.*)--\>#', '', trim(strip_tags($body))));
 
 		for ($i = 20; $i >= 3; $i--)
 		{
-			$n = "";
-
-			for ($x = 1; $x <= $i; $x ++)
-			{
-				$n .= "\n";
-			}
-
-			$body = str_replace($n, "\n\n", $body);
+			$body = str_replace(str_repeat("\n", $i), "\n\n", $body);
 		}
 
-		return $this->word_wrap($body, '76');
+		// Reduce multiple spaces
+		$body = preg_replace('| +|', ' ', $body);
+
+		return ($this->wordwrap)
+			? $this->word_wrap($body, 76)
+			: $body;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -858,83 +1109,79 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Word Wrap
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	integer
+	 * @param	int	line-length limit
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	public function word_wrap($str, $charlim = '')
+	public function word_wrap($str, $charlim = NULL)
 	{
-		// Se the character limit
-		if ($charlim == '')
+		// Set the character limit, if not already present
+		if (empty($charlim))
 		{
-			$charlim = ($this->wrapchars == "") ? "76" : $this->wrapchars;
+			$charlim = empty($this->wrapchars) ? 76 : $this->wrapchars;
 		}
 
-		// Reduce multiple spaces
-		$str = preg_replace("| +|", " ", $str);
-
 		// Standardize newlines
 		if (strpos($str, "\r") !== FALSE)
 		{
 			$str = str_replace(array("\r\n", "\r"), "\n", $str);
 		}
 
+		// Reduce multiple spaces at end of line
+		$str = preg_replace('| +\n|', "\n", $str);
+
 		// If the current word is surrounded by {unwrap} tags we'll
 		// strip the entire chunk and replace it with a marker.
 		$unwrap = array();
-		if (preg_match_all("|(\{unwrap\}.+?\{/unwrap\})|s", $str, $matches))
+		if (preg_match_all('|\{unwrap\}(.+?)\{/unwrap\}|s', $str, $matches))
 		{
-			for ($i = 0; $i < count($matches['0']); $i++)
+			for ($i = 0, $c = count($matches[0]); $i < $c; $i++)
 			{
-				$unwrap[] = $matches['1'][$i];
-				$str = str_replace($matches['1'][$i], "{{unwrapped".$i."}}", $str);
+				$unwrap[] = $matches[1][$i];
+				$str = str_replace($matches[0][$i], '{{unwrapped'.$i.'}}', $str);
 			}
 		}
 
-		// Use PHP's native public function to do the initial wordwrap.
+		// Use PHP's native function to do the initial wordwrap.
 		// We set the cut flag to FALSE so that any individual words that are
-		// too long get left alone.  In the next step we'll deal with them.
+		// too long get left alone. In the next step we'll deal with them.
 		$str = wordwrap($str, $charlim, "\n", FALSE);
 
 		// Split the string into individual lines of text and cycle through them
-		$output = "";
+		$output = '';
 		foreach (explode("\n", $str) as $line)
 		{
 			// Is the line within the allowed character count?
 			// If so we'll join it to the output and continue
-			if (strlen($line) <= $charlim)
+			if (self::strlen($line) <= $charlim)
 			{
 				$output .= $line.$this->newline;
 				continue;
 			}
 
 			$temp = '';
-			while ((strlen($line)) > $charlim)
+			do
 			{
 				// If the over-length word is a URL we won't wrap it
-				if (preg_match("!\[url.+\]|://|wwww.!", $line))
+				if (preg_match('!\[url.+\]|://|www\.!', $line))
 				{
 					break;
 				}
 
 				// Trim the word down
-				$temp .= substr($line, 0, $charlim-1);
-				$line = substr($line, $charlim-1);
+				$temp .= self::substr($line, 0, $charlim - 1);
+				$line = self::substr($line, $charlim - 1);
 			}
+			while (self::strlen($line) > $charlim);
 
 			// If $temp contains data it means we had to split up an over-length
 			// word into smaller chunks so we'll add it back to our current line
-			if ($temp != '')
+			if ($temp !== '')
 			{
-				$output .= $temp.$this->newline.$line;
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				$output .= $line;
+				$output .= $temp.$this->newline;
 			}
 
-			$output .= $this->newline;
+			$output .= $line.$this->newline;
 		}
 
 		// Put our markers back
@@ -942,7 +1189,7 @@ class CI_Email {
 		{
 			foreach ($unwrap as $key => $val)
 			{
-				$output = str_replace("{{unwrapped".$key."}}", $val, $output);
+				$output = str_replace('{{unwrapped'.$key.'}}', $val, $output);
 			}
 		}
 
@@ -954,17 +1201,16 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Build final headers
 	 *
-	 * @access	protected
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	protected function _build_headers()
 	{
-		$this->_set_header('X-Sender', $this->clean_email($this->_headers['From']));
-		$this->_set_header('X-Mailer', $this->useragent);
-		$this->_set_header('X-Priority', $this->_priorities[$this->priority - 1]);
-		$this->_set_header('Message-ID', $this->_get_message_id());
-		$this->_set_header('Mime-Version', '1.0');
+		$this->set_header('User-Agent', $this->useragent);
+		$this->set_header('X-Sender', $this->clean_email($this->_headers['From']));
+		$this->set_header('X-Mailer', $this->useragent);
+		$this->set_header('X-Priority', $this->_priorities[$this->priority]);
+		$this->set_header('Message-ID', $this->_get_message_id());
+		$this->set_header('Mime-Version', '1.0');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -972,31 +1218,33 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Write Headers as a string
 	 *
-	 * @access	protected
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	protected function _write_headers()
 	{
-		if ($this->protocol == 'mail')
+		if ($this->protocol === 'mail')
 		{
-			$this->_subject = $this->_headers['Subject'];
-			unset($this->_headers['Subject']);
+			if (isset($this->_headers['Subject']))
+			{
+				$this->_subject = $this->_headers['Subject'];
+				unset($this->_headers['Subject']);
+			}
 		}
 
 		reset($this->_headers);
-		$this->_header_str = "";
+		$this->_header_str = '';
 
 		foreach ($this->_headers as $key => $val)
 		{
 			$val = trim($val);
 
-			if ($val != "")
+			if ($val !== '')
 			{
-				$this->_header_str .= $key.": ".$val.$this->newline;
+				$this->_header_str .= $key.': '.$val.$this->newline;
 			}
 		}
 
-		if ($this->_get_protocol() == 'mail')
+		if ($this->_get_protocol() === 'mail')
 		{
 			$this->_header_str = rtrim($this->_header_str);
 		}
@@ -1007,179 +1255,227 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Build Final Body and attachments
 	 *
-	 * @access	protected
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	protected function _build_message()
 	{
-		if ($this->wordwrap === TRUE  AND  $this->mailtype != 'html')
+		if ($this->wordwrap === TRUE && $this->mailtype !== 'html')
 		{
 			$this->_body = $this->word_wrap($this->_body);
 		}
 
-		$this->_set_boundaries();
 		$this->_write_headers();
 
-		$hdr = ($this->_get_protocol() == 'mail') ? $this->newline : '';
+		$hdr = ($this->_get_protocol() === 'mail') ? $this->newline : '';
 		$body = '';
 
 		switch ($this->_get_content_type())
 		{
-			case 'plain' :
+			case 'plain':
 
-				$hdr .= "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=" . $this->charset . $this->newline;
-				$hdr .= "Content-Transfer-Encoding: " . $this->_get_encoding();
+				$hdr .= 'Content-Type: text/plain; charset='.$this->charset.$this->newline
+					.'Content-Transfer-Encoding: '.$this->_get_encoding();
 
-				if ($this->_get_protocol() == 'mail')
+				if ($this->_get_protocol() === 'mail')
 				{
-					$this->_header_str .= rtrim($hdr);
+					$this->_header_str .= $hdr;
 					$this->_finalbody = $this->_body;
 				}
 				else
 				{
-					$this->_finalbody = $hdr . $this->newline . $this->newline . $this->_body;
+					$this->_finalbody = $hdr.$this->newline.$this->newline.$this->_body;
 				}
 
 				return;
 
-			break;
-			case 'html' :
+			case 'html':
 
 				if ($this->send_multipart === FALSE)
 				{
-					$hdr .= "Content-Type: text/html; charset=" . $this->charset . $this->newline;
-					$hdr .= "Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable";
+					$hdr .= 'Content-Type: text/html; charset='.$this->charset.$this->newline
+						.'Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable';
 				}
 				else
 				{
-					$hdr .= "Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary=\"" . $this->_alt_boundary . "\"" . $this->newline . $this->newline;
+					$boundary = uniqid('B_ALT_');
+					$hdr .= 'Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="'.$boundary.'"';
 
-					$body .= $this->_get_mime_message() . $this->newline . $this->newline;
-					$body .= "--" . $this->_alt_boundary . $this->newline;
+					$body .= $this->_get_mime_message().$this->newline.$this->newline
+						.'--'.$boundary.$this->newline
 
-					$body .= "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=" . $this->charset . $this->newline;
-					$body .= "Content-Transfer-Encoding: " . $this->_get_encoding() . $this->newline . $this->newline;
-					$body .= $this->_get_alt_message() . $this->newline . $this->newline . "--" . $this->_alt_boundary . $this->newline;
+						.'Content-Type: text/plain; charset='.$this->charset.$this->newline
+						.'Content-Transfer-Encoding: '.$this->_get_encoding().$this->newline.$this->newline
+						.$this->_get_alt_message().$this->newline.$this->newline
+						.'--'.$boundary.$this->newline
 
-					$body .= "Content-Type: text/html; charset=" . $this->charset . $this->newline;
-					$body .= "Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable" . $this->newline . $this->newline;
+						.'Content-Type: text/html; charset='.$this->charset.$this->newline
+						.'Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable'.$this->newline.$this->newline;
 				}
 
-				$this->_finalbody = $body . $this->_prep_quoted_printable($this->_body) . $this->newline . $this->newline;
-
+				$this->_finalbody = $body.$this->_prep_quoted_printable($this->_body).$this->newline.$this->newline;
 
-				if ($this->_get_protocol() == 'mail')
+				if ($this->_get_protocol() === 'mail')
 				{
-					$this->_header_str .= rtrim($hdr);
+					$this->_header_str .= $hdr;
 				}
 				else
 				{
-					$this->_finalbody = $hdr . $this->_finalbody;
+					$this->_finalbody = $hdr.$this->newline.$this->newline.$this->_finalbody;
 				}
 
-
 				if ($this->send_multipart !== FALSE)
 				{
-					$this->_finalbody .= "--" . $this->_alt_boundary . "--";
+					$this->_finalbody .= '--'.$boundary.'--';
 				}
 
 				return;
 
-			break;
-			case 'plain-attach' :
+			case 'plain-attach':
 
-				$hdr .= "Content-Type: multipart/".$this->multipart."; boundary=\"" . $this->_atc_boundary."\"" . $this->newline . $this->newline;
+				$boundary = uniqid('B_ATC_');
+				$hdr .= 'Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary="'.$boundary.'"';
 
-				if ($this->_get_protocol() == 'mail')
+				if ($this->_get_protocol() === 'mail')
 				{
-					$this->_header_str .= rtrim($hdr);
+					$this->_header_str .= $hdr;
 				}
 
-				$body .= $this->_get_mime_message() . $this->newline . $this->newline;
-				$body .= "--" . $this->_atc_boundary . $this->newline;
+				$body .= $this->_get_mime_message().$this->newline
+					.$this->newline
+					.'--'.$boundary.$this->newline
+					.'Content-Type: text/plain; charset='.$this->charset.$this->newline
+					.'Content-Transfer-Encoding: '.$this->_get_encoding().$this->newline
+					.$this->newline
+					.$this->_body.$this->newline.$this->newline;
 
-				$body .= "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=" . $this->charset . $this->newline;
-				$body .= "Content-Transfer-Encoding: " . $this->_get_encoding() . $this->newline . $this->newline;
+				$this->_append_attachments($body, $boundary);
 
-				$body .= $this->_body . $this->newline . $this->newline;
+				break;
+			case 'html-attach':
 
-			break;
-			case 'html-attach' :
+				$alt_boundary = uniqid('B_ALT_');
+				$last_boundary = NULL;
 
-				$hdr .= "Content-Type: multipart/".$this->multipart."; boundary=\"" . $this->_atc_boundary."\"" . $this->newline . $this->newline;
+				if ($this->_attachments_have_multipart('mixed'))
+				{
+					$atc_boundary = uniqid('B_ATC_');
+					$hdr .= 'Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary="'.$atc_boundary.'"';
+					$last_boundary = $atc_boundary;
+				}
 
-				if ($this->_get_protocol() == 'mail')
+				if ($this->_attachments_have_multipart('related'))
 				{
-					$this->_header_str .= rtrim($hdr);
+					$rel_boundary = uniqid('B_REL_');
+					$rel_boundary_header = 'Content-Type: multipart/related; boundary="'.$rel_boundary.'"';
+
+					if (isset($last_boundary))
+					{
+						$body .= '--'.$last_boundary.$this->newline.$rel_boundary_header;
+					}
+					else
+					{
+						$hdr .= $rel_boundary_header;
+					}
+
+					$last_boundary = $rel_boundary;
 				}
 
-				$body .= $this->_get_mime_message() . $this->newline . $this->newline;
-				$body .= "--" . $this->_atc_boundary . $this->newline;
+				if ($this->_get_protocol() === 'mail')
+				{
+					$this->_header_str .= $hdr;
+				}
 
-				$body .= "Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary=\"" . $this->_alt_boundary . "\"" . $this->newline .$this->newline;
-				$body .= "--" . $this->_alt_boundary . $this->newline;
+				self::strlen($body) && $body .= $this->newline.$this->newline;
+				$body .= $this->_get_mime_message().$this->newline.$this->newline
+					.'--'.$last_boundary.$this->newline
 
-				$body .= "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=" . $this->charset . $this->newline;
-				$body .= "Content-Transfer-Encoding: " . $this->_get_encoding() . $this->newline . $this->newline;
-				$body .= $this->_get_alt_message() . $this->newline . $this->newline . "--" . $this->_alt_boundary . $this->newline;
+					.'Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="'.$alt_boundary.'"'.$this->newline.$this->newline
+					.'--'.$alt_boundary.$this->newline
 
-				$body .= "Content-Type: text/html; charset=" . $this->charset . $this->newline;
-				$body .= "Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable" . $this->newline . $this->newline;
+					.'Content-Type: text/plain; charset='.$this->charset.$this->newline
+					.'Content-Transfer-Encoding: '.$this->_get_encoding().$this->newline.$this->newline
+					.$this->_get_alt_message().$this->newline.$this->newline
+					.'--'.$alt_boundary.$this->newline
 
-				$body .= $this->_prep_quoted_printable($this->_body) . $this->newline . $this->newline;
-				$body .= "--" . $this->_alt_boundary . "--" . $this->newline . $this->newline;
+					.'Content-Type: text/html; charset='.$this->charset.$this->newline
+					.'Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable'.$this->newline.$this->newline
 
-			break;
-		}
+					.$this->_prep_quoted_printable($this->_body).$this->newline.$this->newline
+					.'--'.$alt_boundary.'--'.$this->newline.$this->newline;
 
-		$attachment = array();
+				if ( ! empty($rel_boundary))
+				{
+					$body .= $this->newline.$this->newline;
+					$this->_append_attachments($body, $rel_boundary, 'related');
+				}
 
-		$z = 0;
+				// multipart/mixed attachments
+				if ( ! empty($atc_boundary))
+				{
+					$body .= $this->newline.$this->newline;
+					$this->_append_attachments($body, $atc_boundary, 'mixed');
+				}
 
-		for ($i=0; $i < count($this->_attach_name); $i++)
-		{
-			$filename = $this->_attach_name[$i];
-			$basename = basename($filename);
-			$ctype = $this->_attach_type[$i];
+				break;
+		}
 
-			if ( ! file_exists($filename))
-			{
-				$this->_set_error_message('lang:email_attachment_missing', $filename);
-				return FALSE;
-			}
+		$this->_finalbody = ($this->_get_protocol() === 'mail')
+			? $body
+			: $hdr.$this->newline.$this->newline.$body;
 
-			$h  = "--".$this->_atc_boundary.$this->newline;
-			$h .= "Content-type: ".$ctype."; ";
-			$h .= "name=\"".$basename."\"".$this->newline;
-			$h .= "Content-Disposition: ".$this->_attach_disp[$i].";".$this->newline;
-			$h .= "Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64".$this->newline;
+		return TRUE;
+	}
 
-			$attachment[$z++] = $h;
-			$file = filesize($filename) +1;
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-			if ( ! $fp = fopen($filename, FOPEN_READ))
+	protected function _attachments_have_multipart($type)
+	{
+		foreach ($this->_attachments as &$attachment)
+		{
+			if ($attachment['multipart'] === $type)
 			{
-				$this->_set_error_message('lang:email_attachment_unreadable', $filename);
-				return FALSE;
+				return TRUE;
 			}
-
-			$attachment[$z++] = chunk_split(base64_encode(fread($fp, $file)));
-			fclose($fp);
 		}
 
-		$body .= implode($this->newline, $attachment).$this->newline."--".$this->_atc_boundary."--";
+		return FALSE;
+	}
 
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-		if ($this->_get_protocol() == 'mail')
-		{
-			$this->_finalbody = $body;
-		}
-		else
+	/**
+	 * Prepares attachment string
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$body		Message body to append to
+	 * @param	string	$boundary	Multipart boundary
+	 * @param	string	$multipart	When provided, only attachments of this type will be processed
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _append_attachments(&$body, $boundary, $multipart = null)
+	{
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($this->_attachments); $i < $c; $i++)
 		{
-			$this->_finalbody = $hdr . $body;
+			if (isset($multipart) && $this->_attachments[$i]['multipart'] !== $multipart)
+			{
+				continue;
+			}
+
+			$name = isset($this->_attachments[$i]['name'][1])
+				? $this->_attachments[$i]['name'][1]
+				: basename($this->_attachments[$i]['name'][0]);
+
+			$body .= '--'.$boundary.$this->newline
+				.'Content-Type: '.$this->_attachments[$i]['type'].'; name="'.$name.'"'.$this->newline
+				.'Content-Disposition: '.$this->_attachments[$i]['disposition'].';'.$this->newline
+				.'Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64'.$this->newline
+				.(empty($this->_attachments[$i]['cid']) ? '' : 'Content-ID: <'.$this->_attachments[$i]['cid'].'>'.$this->newline)
+				.$this->newline
+				.$this->_attachments[$i]['content'].$this->newline;
 		}
 
-		return;
+		// $name won't be set if no attachments were appended,
+		// and therefore a boundary wouldn't be necessary
+		empty($name) OR $body .= '--'.$boundary.'--';
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1190,26 +1486,40 @@ class CI_Email {
 	 * Prepares string for Quoted-Printable Content-Transfer-Encoding
 	 * Refer to RFC 2045 http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2045.txt
 	 *
-	 * @access	protected
 	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	integer
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	protected function _prep_quoted_printable($str, $charlim = '')
+	protected function _prep_quoted_printable($str)
 	{
-		// Set the character limit
-		// Don't allow over 76, as that will make servers and MUAs barf
-		// all over quoted-printable data
-		if ($charlim == '' OR $charlim > '76')
+		// ASCII code numbers for "safe" characters that can always be
+		// used literally, without encoding, as described in RFC 2049.
+		// http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2049.txt
+		static $ascii_safe_chars = array(
+			// ' (  )   +   ,   -   .   /   :   =   ?
+			39, 40, 41, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 58, 61, 63,
+			// numbers
+			48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57,
+			// upper-case letters
+			65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90,
+			// lower-case letters
+			97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122
+		);
+
+		// We are intentionally wrapping so mail servers will encode characters
+		// properly and MUAs will behave, so {unwrap} must go!
+		$str = str_replace(array('{unwrap}', '{/unwrap}'), '', $str);
+
+		// RFC 2045 specifies CRLF as "\r\n".
+		// However, many developers choose to override that and violate
+		// the RFC rules due to (apparently) a bug in MS Exchange,
+		// which only works with "\n".
+		if ($this->crlf === "\r\n")
 		{
-			$charlim = '76';
+			return quoted_printable_encode($str);
 		}
 
-		// Reduce multiple spaces
-		$str = preg_replace("| +|", " ", $str);
-
-		// kill nulls
-		$str = preg_replace('/\x00+/', '', $str);
+		// Reduce multiple spaces & remove nulls
+		$str = preg_replace(array('| +|', '/\x00+/'), array(' ', ''), $str);
 
 		// Standardize newlines
 		if (strpos($str, "\r") !== FALSE)
@@ -1217,19 +1527,12 @@ class CI_Email {
 			$str = str_replace(array("\r\n", "\r"), "\n", $str);
 		}
 
-		// We are intentionally wrapping so mail servers will encode characters
-		// properly and MUAs will behave, so {unwrap} must go!
-		$str = str_replace(array('{unwrap}', '{/unwrap}'), '', $str);
-
-		// Break into an array of lines
-		$lines = explode("\n", $str);
-
 		$escape = '=';
 		$output = '';
 
-		foreach ($lines as $line)
+		foreach (explode("\n", $str) as $line)
 		{
-			$length = strlen($line);
+			$length = self::strlen($line);
 			$temp = '';
 
 			// Loop through each character in the line to add soft-wrap
@@ -1238,24 +1541,33 @@ class CI_Email {
 			for ($i = 0; $i < $length; $i++)
 			{
 				// Grab the next character
-				$char = substr($line, $i, 1);
+				$char = $line[$i];
 				$ascii = ord($char);
 
 				// Convert spaces and tabs but only if it's the end of the line
-				if ($i == ($length - 1))
+				if ($ascii === 32 OR $ascii === 9)
 				{
-					$char = ($ascii == '32' OR $ascii == '9') ? $escape.sprintf('%02s', dechex($ascii)) : $char;
+					if ($i === ($length - 1))
+					{
+						$char = $escape.sprintf('%02s', dechex($ascii));
+					}
 				}
-
-				// encode = signs
-				if ($ascii == '61')
+				// DO NOT move this below the $ascii_safe_chars line!
+				//
+				// = (equals) signs are allowed by RFC2049, but must be encoded
+				// as they are the encoding delimiter!
+				elseif ($ascii === 61)
 				{
 					$char = $escape.strtoupper(sprintf('%02s', dechex($ascii)));  // =3D
 				}
+				elseif ( ! in_array($ascii, $ascii_safe_chars, TRUE))
+				{
+					$char = $escape.strtoupper(sprintf('%02s', dechex($ascii)));
+				}
 
 				// If we're at the character limit, add the line to the output,
 				// reset our temp variable, and keep on chuggin'
-				if ((strlen($temp) + strlen($char)) >= $charlim)
+				if ((self::strlen($temp) + self::strlen($char)) >= 76)
 				{
 					$output .= $temp.$escape.$this->crlf;
 					$temp = '';
@@ -1270,9 +1582,7 @@ class CI_Email {
 		}
 
 		// get rid of extra CRLF tacked onto the end
-		$output = substr($output, 0, strlen($this->crlf) * -1);
-
-		return $output;
+		return self::substr($output, 0, self::strlen($this->crlf) * -1);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1280,71 +1590,78 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Prep Q Encoding
 	 *
-	 * Performs "Q Encoding" on a string for use in email headers.  It's related
-	 * but not identical to quoted-printable, so it has its own method
+	 * Performs "Q Encoding" on a string for use in email headers.
+	 * It's related but not identical to quoted-printable, so it has its
+	 * own method.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	str
-	 * @param	bool	// set to TRUE for processing From: headers
-	 * @return	str
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	protected function _prep_q_encoding($str, $from = FALSE)
+	protected function _prep_q_encoding($str)
 	{
-		$str = str_replace(array("\r", "\n"), array('', ''), $str);
-
-		// Line length must not exceed 76 characters, so we adjust for
-		// a space, 7 extra characters =??Q??=, and the charset that we will add to each line
-		$limit = 75 - 7 - strlen($this->charset);
+		$str = str_replace(array("\r", "\n"), '', $str);
 
-		// these special characters must be converted too
-		$convert = array('_', '=', '?');
-
-		if ($from === TRUE)
+		if ($this->charset === 'UTF-8')
 		{
-			$convert[] = ',';
-			$convert[] = ';';
+			// Note: We used to have mb_encode_mimeheader() as the first choice
+			//       here, but it turned out to be buggy and unreliable. DO NOT
+			//       re-add it! -- Narf
+			if (ICONV_ENABLED === TRUE)
+			{
+				$output = @iconv_mime_encode('', $str,
+					array(
+						'scheme' => 'Q',
+						'line-length' => 76,
+						'input-charset' => $this->charset,
+						'output-charset' => $this->charset,
+						'line-break-chars' => $this->crlf
+					)
+				);
+
+				// There are reports that iconv_mime_encode() might fail and return FALSE
+				if ($output !== FALSE)
+				{
+					// iconv_mime_encode() will always put a header field name.
+					// We've passed it an empty one, but it still prepends our
+					// encoded string with ': ', so we need to strip it.
+					return self::substr($output, 2);
+				}
+
+				$chars = iconv_strlen($str, 'UTF-8');
+			}
+			elseif (MB_ENABLED === TRUE)
+			{
+				$chars = mb_strlen($str, 'UTF-8');
+			}
 		}
 
-		$output = '';
-		$temp = '';
+		// We might already have this set for UTF-8
+		isset($chars) OR $chars = self::strlen($str);
 
-		for ($i = 0, $length = strlen($str); $i < $length; $i++)
+		$output = '=?'.$this->charset.'?Q?';
+		for ($i = 0, $length = self::strlen($output); $i < $chars; $i++)
 		{
-			// Grab the next character
-			$char = substr($str, $i, 1);
-			$ascii = ord($char);
-
-			// convert ALL non-printable ASCII characters and our specials
-			if ($ascii < 32 OR $ascii > 126 OR in_array($char, $convert))
-			{
-				$char = '='.dechex($ascii);
-			}
+			$chr = ($this->charset === 'UTF-8' && ICONV_ENABLED === TRUE)
+				? '='.implode('=', str_split(strtoupper(bin2hex(iconv_substr($str, $i, 1, $this->charset))), 2))
+				: '='.strtoupper(bin2hex($str[$i]));
 
-			// handle regular spaces a bit more compactly than =20
-			if ($ascii == 32)
+			// RFC 2045 sets a limit of 76 characters per line.
+			// We'll append ?= to the end of each line though.
+			if ($length + ($l = self::strlen($chr)) > 74)
 			{
-				$char = '_';
+				$output .= '?='.$this->crlf // EOL
+					.' =?'.$this->charset.'?Q?'.$chr; // New line
+				$length = 6 + self::strlen($this->charset) + $l; // Reset the length for the new line
 			}
-
-			// If we're at the character limit, add the line to the output,
-			// reset our temp variable, and keep on chuggin'
-			if ((strlen($temp) + strlen($char)) >= $limit)
+			else
 			{
-				$output .= $temp.$this->crlf;
-				$temp = '';
+				$output .= $chr;
+				$length += $l;
 			}
-
-			// Add the character to our temporary line
-			$temp .= $char;
 		}
 
-		$str = $output.$temp;
-
-		// wrap each line with the shebang, charset, and transfer encoding
-		// the preceding space on successive lines is required for header "folding"
-		$str = trim(preg_replace('/^(.*)$/m', ' =?'.$this->charset.'?Q?$1?=', $str));
-
-		return $str;
+		// End the header
+		return $output.'?=';
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1352,19 +1669,25 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Send Email
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
+	 * @param	bool	$auto_clear = TRUE
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	public function send()
+	public function send($auto_clear = TRUE)
 	{
-		if ($this->_replyto_flag == FALSE)
+		if ( ! isset($this->_headers['From']))
+		{
+			$this->_set_error_message('lang:email_no_from');
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		if ($this->_replyto_flag === FALSE)
 		{
 			$this->reply_to($this->_headers['From']);
 		}
 
-		if (( ! isset($this->_recipients) AND ! isset($this->_headers['To']))  AND
-			( ! isset($this->_bcc_array) AND ! isset($this->_headers['Bcc'])) AND
-			( ! isset($this->_headers['Cc'])))
+		if ( ! isset($this->_recipients) && ! isset($this->_headers['To'])
+			&& ! isset($this->_bcc_array) && ! isset($this->_headers['Bcc'])
+			&& ! isset($this->_headers['Cc']))
 		{
 			$this->_set_error_message('lang:email_no_recipients');
 			return FALSE;
@@ -1372,78 +1695,86 @@ class CI_Email {
 
 		$this->_build_headers();
 
-		if ($this->bcc_batch_mode  AND  count($this->_bcc_array) > 0)
+		if ($this->bcc_batch_mode && count($this->_bcc_array) > $this->bcc_batch_size)
 		{
-			if (count($this->_bcc_array) > $this->bcc_batch_size)
-				return $this->batch_bcc_send();
-		}
+			$result = $this->batch_bcc_send();
 
-		$this->_build_message();
+			if ($result && $auto_clear)
+			{
+				$this->clear();
+			}
 
-		if ( ! $this->_spool_email())
+			return $result;
+		}
+
+		if ($this->_build_message() === FALSE)
 		{
 			return FALSE;
 		}
-		else
+
+		$result = $this->_spool_email();
+
+		if ($result && $auto_clear)
 		{
-			return TRUE;
+			$this->clear();
 		}
+
+		return $result;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Batch Bcc Send.  Sends groups of BCCs in batches
+	 * Batch Bcc Send. Sends groups of BCCs in batches
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	bool
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function batch_bcc_send()
 	{
-		$float = $this->bcc_batch_size -1;
-
-		$set = "";
-
+		$float = $this->bcc_batch_size - 1;
+		$set = '';
 		$chunk = array();
 
-		for ($i = 0; $i < count($this->_bcc_array); $i++)
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($this->_bcc_array); $i < $c; $i++)
 		{
 			if (isset($this->_bcc_array[$i]))
 			{
-				$set .= ", ".$this->_bcc_array[$i];
+				$set .= ', '.$this->_bcc_array[$i];
 			}
 
-			if ($i == $float)
+			if ($i === $float)
 			{
-				$chunk[] = substr($set, 1);
-				$float = $float + $this->bcc_batch_size;
-				$set = "";
+				$chunk[] = self::substr($set, 1);
+				$float += $this->bcc_batch_size;
+				$set = '';
 			}
 
-			if ($i == count($this->_bcc_array)-1)
+			if ($i === $c-1)
 			{
-				$chunk[] = substr($set, 1);
+				$chunk[] = self::substr($set, 1);
 			}
 		}
 
-		for ($i = 0; $i < count($chunk); $i++)
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($chunk); $i < $c; $i++)
 		{
 			unset($this->_headers['Bcc']);
-			unset($bcc);
 
-			$bcc = $this->_str_to_array($chunk[$i]);
-			$bcc = $this->clean_email($bcc);
+			$bcc = $this->clean_email($this->_str_to_array($chunk[$i]));
 
-			if ($this->protocol != 'smtp')
+			if ($this->protocol !== 'smtp')
 			{
-				$this->_set_header('Bcc', implode(", ", $bcc));
+				$this->set_header('Bcc', implode(', ', $bcc));
 			}
 			else
 			{
 				$this->_bcc_array = $bcc;
 			}
 
-			$this->_build_message();
+			if ($this->_build_message() === FALSE)
+			{
+				return FALSE;
+			}
+
 			$this->_spool_email();
 		}
 	}
@@ -1453,12 +1784,11 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Unwrap special elements
 	 *
-	 * @access	protected
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	protected function _unwrap_specials()
 	{
-		$this->_finalbody = preg_replace_callback("/\{unwrap\}(.*?)\{\/unwrap\}/si", array($this, '_remove_nl_callback'), $this->_finalbody);
+		$this->_finalbody = preg_replace_callback('/\{unwrap\}(.*?)\{\/unwrap\}/si', array($this, '_remove_nl_callback'), $this->_finalbody);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1466,7 +1796,7 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Strip line-breaks via callback
 	 *
-	 * @access	protected
+	 * @param	string	$matches
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _remove_nl_callback($matches)
@@ -1484,44 +1814,49 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Spool mail to the mail server
 	 *
-	 * @access	protected
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	protected function _spool_email()
 	{
 		$this->_unwrap_specials();
 
-		switch ($this->_get_protocol())
+		$protocol = $this->_get_protocol();
+		$method   = '_send_with_'.$protocol;
+		if ( ! $this->$method())
 		{
-			case 'mail'	:
-
-					if ( ! $this->_send_with_mail())
-					{
-						$this->_set_error_message('lang:email_send_failure_phpmail');
-						return FALSE;
-					}
-			break;
-			case 'sendmail'	:
+			$this->_set_error_message('lang:email_send_failure_'.($protocol === 'mail' ? 'phpmail' : $protocol));
+			return FALSE;
+		}
 
-					if ( ! $this->_send_with_sendmail())
-					{
-						$this->_set_error_message('lang:email_send_failure_sendmail');
-						return FALSE;
-					}
-			break;
-			case 'smtp'	:
+		$this->_set_error_message('lang:email_sent', $protocol);
+		return TRUE;
+	}
 
-					if ( ! $this->_send_with_smtp())
-					{
-						$this->_set_error_message('lang:email_send_failure_smtp');
-						return FALSE;
-					}
-			break;
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
+	/**
+	 * Validate email for shell
+	 *
+	 * Applies stricter, shell-safe validation to email addresses.
+	 * Introduced to prevent RCE via sendmail's -f option.
+	 *
+	 * @see	https://github.com/bcit-ci/CodeIgniter/issues/4963
+	 * @see	https://gist.github.com/Zenexer/40d02da5e07f151adeaeeaa11af9ab36
+	 * @license	https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/	CC0 1.0, Public Domain
+	 *
+	 * Credits for the base concept go to Paul Buonopane <paul@namepros.com>
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$email
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	protected function _validate_email_for_shell(&$email)
+	{
+		if (function_exists('idn_to_ascii') && $atpos = strpos($email, '@'))
+		{
+			$email = self::substr($email, 0, ++$atpos).idn_to_ascii(self::substr($email, $atpos));
 		}
 
-		$this->_set_error_message('lang:email_sent', $this->_get_protocol());
-		return TRUE;
+		return (filter_var($email, FILTER_VALIDATE_EMAIL) === $email && preg_match('#\A[a-z0-9._+-]+@[a-z0-9.-]{1,253}\z#i', $email));
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1529,35 +1864,28 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Send using mail()
 	 *
-	 * @access	protected
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	protected function _send_with_mail()
 	{
-		if ($this->_safe_mode == TRUE)
+		if (is_array($this->_recipients))
 		{
-			if ( ! mail($this->_recipients, $this->_subject, $this->_finalbody, $this->_header_str))
-			{
-				return FALSE;
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				return TRUE;
-			}
+			$this->_recipients = implode(', ', $this->_recipients);
+		}
+
+		// _validate_email_for_shell() below accepts by reference,
+		// so this needs to be assigned to a variable
+		$from = $this->clean_email($this->_headers['Return-Path']);
+
+		if ($this->_safe_mode === TRUE || ! $this->_validate_email_for_shell($from))
+		{
+			return mail($this->_recipients, $this->_subject, $this->_finalbody, $this->_header_str);
 		}
 		else
 		{
 			// most documentation of sendmail using the "-f" flag lacks a space after it, however
 			// we've encountered servers that seem to require it to be in place.
-
-			if ( ! mail($this->_recipients, $this->_subject, $this->_finalbody, $this->_header_str, "-f ".$this->clean_email($this->_headers['From'])))
-			{
-				return FALSE;
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				return TRUE;
-			}
+			return mail($this->_recipients, $this->_subject, $this->_finalbody, $this->_header_str, '-f '.$from);
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -1566,14 +1894,24 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Send using Sendmail
 	 *
-	 * @access	protected
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	protected function _send_with_sendmail()
 	{
-		$fp = @popen($this->mailpath . " -oi -f ".$this->clean_email($this->_headers['From'])." -t", 'w');
+		// _validate_email_for_shell() below accepts by reference,
+		// so this needs to be assigned to a variable
+		$from = $this->clean_email($this->_headers['From']);
+		if ($this->_validate_email_for_shell($from))
+		{
+			$from = '-f '.$from;
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			$from = '';
+		}
 
-		if ($fp === FALSE OR $fp === NULL)
+		// is popen() enabled?
+		if ( ! function_usable('popen')	OR FALSE === ($fp = @popen($this->mailpath.' -oi '.$from.' -t', 'w')))
 		{
 			// server probably has popen disabled, so nothing we can do to get a verbose error.
 			return FALSE;
@@ -1584,12 +1922,7 @@ class CI_Email {
 
 		$status = pclose($fp);
 
-		if (version_compare(PHP_VERSION, '4.2.3') == -1)
-		{
-			$status = $status >> 8 & 0xFF;
-		}
-
-		if ($status != 0)
+		if ($status !== 0)
 		{
 			$this->_set_error_message('lang:email_exit_status', $status);
 			$this->_set_error_message('lang:email_no_socket');
@@ -1604,34 +1937,44 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Send using SMTP
 	 *
-	 * @access	protected
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	protected function _send_with_smtp()
 	{
-		if ($this->smtp_host == '')
+		if ($this->smtp_host === '')
 		{
 			$this->_set_error_message('lang:email_no_hostname');
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		$this->_smtp_connect();
-		$this->_smtp_authenticate();
+		if ( ! $this->_smtp_connect() OR ! $this->_smtp_authenticate())
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
 
-		$this->_send_command('from', $this->clean_email($this->_headers['From']));
+		if ( ! $this->_send_command('from', $this->clean_email($this->_headers['From'])))
+		{
+			$this->_smtp_end();
+			return FALSE;
+		}
 
 		foreach ($this->_recipients as $val)
 		{
-			$this->_send_command('to', $val);
+			if ( ! $this->_send_command('to', $val))
+			{
+				$this->_smtp_end();
+				return FALSE;
+			}
 		}
 
 		if (count($this->_cc_array) > 0)
 		{
 			foreach ($this->_cc_array as $val)
 			{
-				if ($val != "")
+				if ($val !== '' && ! $this->_send_command('to', $val))
 				{
-					$this->_send_command('to', $val);
+					$this->_smtp_end();
+					return FALSE;
 				}
 			}
 		}
@@ -1640,67 +1983,98 @@ class CI_Email {
 		{
 			foreach ($this->_bcc_array as $val)
 			{
-				if ($val != "")
+				if ($val !== '' && ! $this->_send_command('to', $val))
 				{
-					$this->_send_command('to', $val);
+					$this->_smtp_end();
+					return FALSE;
 				}
 			}
 		}
 
-		$this->_send_command('data');
+		if ( ! $this->_send_command('data'))
+		{
+			$this->_smtp_end();
+			return FALSE;
+		}
 
 		// perform dot transformation on any lines that begin with a dot
-		$this->_send_data($this->_header_str . preg_replace('/^\./m', '..$1', $this->_finalbody));
+		$this->_send_data($this->_header_str.preg_replace('/^\./m', '..$1', $this->_finalbody));
 
 		$this->_send_data('.');
 
 		$reply = $this->_get_smtp_data();
-
 		$this->_set_error_message($reply);
 
-		if (strncmp($reply, '250', 3) != 0)
+		$this->_smtp_end();
+
+		if (strpos($reply, '250') !== 0)
 		{
 			$this->_set_error_message('lang:email_smtp_error', $reply);
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		$this->_send_command('quit');
 		return TRUE;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
+	 * SMTP End
+	 *
+	 * Shortcut to send RSET or QUIT depending on keep-alive
+	 *
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _smtp_end()
+	{
+		($this->smtp_keepalive)
+			? $this->_send_command('reset')
+			: $this->_send_command('quit');
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
 	 * SMTP Connect
 	 *
-	 * @access	protected
-	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _smtp_connect()
 	{
-		$ssl = NULL;
-		if ($this->smtp_crypto == 'ssl')
-			$ssl = 'ssl://';
+		if (is_resource($this->_smtp_connect))
+		{
+			return TRUE;
+		}
+
+		$ssl = ($this->smtp_crypto === 'ssl') ? 'ssl://' : '';
+
 		$this->_smtp_connect = fsockopen($ssl.$this->smtp_host,
-										$this->smtp_port,
-										$errno,
-										$errstr,
-										$this->smtp_timeout);
+							$this->smtp_port,
+							$errno,
+							$errstr,
+							$this->smtp_timeout);
 
 		if ( ! is_resource($this->_smtp_connect))
 		{
-			$this->_set_error_message('lang:email_smtp_error', $errno." ".$errstr);
+			$this->_set_error_message('lang:email_smtp_error', $errno.' '.$errstr);
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
+		stream_set_timeout($this->_smtp_connect, $this->smtp_timeout);
 		$this->_set_error_message($this->_get_smtp_data());
 
-		if ($this->smtp_crypto == 'tls')
+		if ($this->smtp_crypto === 'tls')
 		{
 			$this->_send_command('hello');
 			$this->_send_command('starttls');
-			stream_socket_enable_crypto($this->_smtp_connect, TRUE, STREAM_CRYPTO_METHOD_TLS_CLIENT);
+
+			$crypto = stream_socket_enable_crypto($this->_smtp_connect, TRUE, STREAM_CRYPTO_METHOD_TLS_CLIENT);
+
+			if ($crypto !== TRUE)
+			{
+				$this->_set_error_message('lang:email_smtp_error', $this->_get_smtp_data());
+				return FALSE;
+			}
 		}
 
 		return $this->_send_command('hello');
@@ -1711,10 +2085,9 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Send SMTP command
 	 *
-	 * @access	protected
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	protected function _send_command($cmd, $data = '')
 	{
@@ -1722,56 +2095,68 @@ class CI_Email {
 		{
 			case 'hello' :
 
-					if ($this->_smtp_auth OR $this->_get_encoding() == '8bit')
-						$this->_send_data('EHLO '.$this->_get_hostname());
-					else
-						$this->_send_data('HELO '.$this->_get_hostname());
+						if ($this->_smtp_auth OR $this->_get_encoding() === '8bit')
+						{
+							$this->_send_data('EHLO '.$this->_get_hostname());
+						}
+						else
+						{
+							$this->_send_data('HELO '.$this->_get_hostname());
+						}
 
 						$resp = 250;
 			break;
 			case 'starttls'	:
 
 						$this->_send_data('STARTTLS');
-
 						$resp = 220;
 			break;
 			case 'from' :
 
 						$this->_send_data('MAIL FROM:<'.$data.'>');
-
 						$resp = 250;
 			break;
-			case 'to'	:
+			case 'to' :
 
-						$this->_send_data('RCPT TO:<'.$data.'>');
+						if ($this->dsn)
+						{
+							$this->_send_data('RCPT TO:<'.$data.'> NOTIFY=SUCCESS,DELAY,FAILURE ORCPT=rfc822;'.$data);
+						}
+						else
+						{
+							$this->_send_data('RCPT TO:<'.$data.'>');
+						}
 
 						$resp = 250;
 			break;
 			case 'data'	:
 
 						$this->_send_data('DATA');
-
 						$resp = 354;
 			break;
+			case 'reset':
+
+						$this->_send_data('RSET');
+						$resp = 250;
+			break;
 			case 'quit'	:
 
 						$this->_send_data('QUIT');
-
 						$resp = 221;
 			break;
 		}
 
 		$reply = $this->_get_smtp_data();
 
-		$this->_debug_msg[] = "<pre>".$cmd.": ".$reply."</pre>";
+		$this->_debug_msg[] = '<pre>'.$cmd.': '.$reply.'</pre>';
 
-		if (substr($reply, 0, 3) != $resp)
+		if ((int) self::substr($reply, 0, 3) !== $resp)
 		{
 			$this->_set_error_message('lang:email_smtp_error', $reply);
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		if ($cmd == 'quit')
+		if ($cmd === 'quit')
 		{
 			fclose($this->_smtp_connect);
 		}
@@ -1782,9 +2167,8 @@ class CI_Email {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 *  SMTP Authenticate
+	 * SMTP Authenticate
 	 *
-	 * @access	protected
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	protected function _smtp_authenticate()
@@ -1794,7 +2178,7 @@ class CI_Email {
 			return TRUE;
 		}
 
-		if ($this->smtp_user == ""  AND  $this->smtp_pass == "")
+		if ($this->smtp_user === '' && $this->smtp_pass === '')
 		{
 			$this->_set_error_message('lang:email_no_smtp_unpw');
 			return FALSE;
@@ -1804,7 +2188,11 @@ class CI_Email {
 
 		$reply = $this->_get_smtp_data();
 
-		if (strncmp($reply, '334', 3) != 0)
+		if (strpos($reply, '503') === 0)	// Already authenticated
+		{
+			return TRUE;
+		}
+		elseif (strpos($reply, '334') !== 0)
 		{
 			$this->_set_error_message('lang:email_failed_smtp_login', $reply);
 			return FALSE;
@@ -1814,7 +2202,7 @@ class CI_Email {
 
 		$reply = $this->_get_smtp_data();
 
-		if (strncmp($reply, '334', 3) != 0)
+		if (strpos($reply, '334') !== 0)
 		{
 			$this->_set_error_message('lang:email_smtp_auth_un', $reply);
 			return FALSE;
@@ -1824,12 +2212,17 @@ class CI_Email {
 
 		$reply = $this->_get_smtp_data();
 
-		if (strncmp($reply, '235', 3) != 0)
+		if (strpos($reply, '235') !== 0)
 		{
 			$this->_set_error_message('lang:email_smtp_auth_pw', $reply);
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
+		if ($this->smtp_keepalive)
+		{
+			$this->_smtp_auth = FALSE;
+		}
+
 		return TRUE;
 	}
 
@@ -1838,20 +2231,47 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Send SMTP data
 	 *
-	 * @access	protected
+	 * @param	string	$data
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	protected function _send_data($data)
 	{
-		if ( ! fwrite($this->_smtp_connect, $data . $this->newline))
+		$data .= $this->newline;
+		for ($written = $timestamp = 0, $length = self::strlen($data); $written < $length; $written += $result)
 		{
-			$this->_set_error_message('lang:email_smtp_data_failure', $data);
-			return FALSE;
+			if (($result = fwrite($this->_smtp_connect, self::substr($data, $written))) === FALSE)
+			{
+				break;
+			}
+			// See https://bugs.php.net/bug.php?id=39598 and http://php.net/manual/en/function.fwrite.php#96951
+			elseif ($result === 0)
+			{
+				if ($timestamp === 0)
+				{
+					$timestamp = time();
+				}
+				elseif ($timestamp < (time() - $this->smtp_timeout))
+				{
+					$result = FALSE;
+					break;
+				}
+
+				usleep(250000);
+				continue;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				$timestamp = 0;
+			}
 		}
-		else
+
+		if ($result === FALSE)
 		{
-			return TRUE;
+			$this->_set_error_message('lang:email_smtp_data_failure', $data);
+			return FALSE;
 		}
+
+		return TRUE;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1859,18 +2279,17 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Get SMTP data
 	 *
-	 * @access	protected
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _get_smtp_data()
 	{
-		$data = "";
+		$data = '';
 
 		while ($str = fgets($this->_smtp_connect, 512))
 		{
 			$data .= $str;
 
-			if (substr($str, 3, 1) == " ")
+			if ($str[3] === ' ')
 			{
 				break;
 			}
@@ -1884,54 +2303,22 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Get Hostname
 	 *
-	 * @access	protected
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	protected function _get_hostname()
-	{
-		return (isset($_SERVER['SERVER_NAME'])) ? $_SERVER['SERVER_NAME'] : 'localhost.localdomain';
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Get IP
+	 * There are only two legal types of hostname - either a fully
+	 * qualified domain name (eg: "mail.example.com") or an IP literal
+	 * (eg: "[1.2.3.4]").
 	 *
-	 * @access	protected
+	 * @link	https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5321#section-2.3.5
+	 * @link	http://cbl.abuseat.org/namingproblems.html
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	protected function _get_ip()
+	protected function _get_hostname()
 	{
-		if ($this->_IP !== FALSE)
-		{
-			return $this->_IP;
-		}
-
-		$cip = (isset($_SERVER['HTTP_CLIENT_IP']) AND $_SERVER['HTTP_CLIENT_IP'] != "") ? $_SERVER['HTTP_CLIENT_IP'] : FALSE;
-		$rip = (isset($_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR']) AND $_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR'] != "") ? $_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR'] : FALSE;
-		$fip = (isset($_SERVER['HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR']) AND $_SERVER['HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR'] != "") ? $_SERVER['HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR'] : FALSE;
-
-		if ($cip && $rip)	$this->_IP = $cip;
-		elseif ($rip)		$this->_IP = $rip;
-		elseif ($cip)		$this->_IP = $cip;
-		elseif ($fip)		$this->_IP = $fip;
-
-		if (strpos($this->_IP, ',') !== FALSE)
+		if (isset($_SERVER['SERVER_NAME']))
 		{
-			$x = explode(',', $this->_IP);
-			$this->_IP = end($x);
+			return $_SERVER['SERVER_NAME'];
 		}
 
-		if ( ! preg_match( "/^[0-9]{1,3}\.[0-9]{1,3}\.[0-9]{1,3}\.[0-9]{1,3}$/", $this->_IP))
-		{
-			$this->_IP = '0.0.0.0';
-		}
-
-		unset($cip);
-		unset($rip);
-		unset($fip);
-
-		return $this->_IP;
+		return isset($_SERVER['SERVER_ADDR']) ? '['.$_SERVER['SERVER_ADDR'].']' : '[127.0.0.1]';
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1939,10 +2326,11 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Get Debug Message
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
+	 * @param	array	$include	List of raw data chunks to include in the output
+	 *					Valid options are: 'headers', 'subject', 'body'
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	public function print_debugger()
+	public function print_debugger($include = array('headers', 'subject', 'body'))
 	{
 		$msg = '';
 
@@ -1954,8 +2342,26 @@ class CI_Email {
 			}
 		}
 
-		$msg .= "<pre>".htmlspecialchars($this->_header_str)."\n".htmlspecialchars($this->_subject)."\n".htmlspecialchars($this->_finalbody).'</pre>';
-		return $msg;
+		// Determine which parts of our raw data needs to be printed
+		$raw_data = '';
+		is_array($include) OR $include = array($include);
+
+		if (in_array('headers', $include, TRUE))
+		{
+			$raw_data = htmlspecialchars($this->_header_str)."\n";
+		}
+
+		if (in_array('subject', $include, TRUE))
+		{
+			$raw_data .= htmlspecialchars($this->_subject)."\n";
+		}
+
+		if (in_array('body', $include, TRUE))
+		{
+			$raw_data .= htmlspecialchars($this->_finalbody);
+		}
+
+		return $msg.($raw_data === '' ? '' : '<pre>'.$raw_data.'</pre>');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1963,22 +2369,22 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Set Message
 	 *
-	 * @access	protected
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @param	string	$msg
+	 * @param	string	$val = ''
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	protected function _set_error_message($msg, $val = '')
 	{
 		$CI =& get_instance();
 		$CI->lang->load('email');
 
-		if (substr($msg, 0, 5) != 'lang:' || FALSE === ($line = $CI->lang->line(substr($msg, 5))))
+		if (sscanf($msg, 'lang:%s', $line) !== 1 OR FALSE === ($line = $CI->lang->line($line)))
 		{
-			$this->_debug_msg[] = str_replace('%s', $val, $msg)."<br />";
+			$this->_debug_msg[] = str_replace('%s', $val, $msg).'<br />';
 		}
 		else
 		{
-			$this->_debug_msg[] = str_replace('%s', $val, $line)."<br />";
+			$this->_debug_msg[] = str_replace('%s', $val, $line).'<br />';
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -1987,106 +2393,74 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Mime Types
 	 *
-	 * @access	protected
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	protected function _mime_types($ext = "")
+	protected function _mime_types($ext = '')
 	{
-		$mimes = array(	'hqx'	=>	'application/mac-binhex40',
-						'cpt'	=>	'application/mac-compactpro',
-						'doc'	=>	'application/msword',
-						'bin'	=>	'application/macbinary',
-						'dms'	=>	'application/octet-stream',
-						'lha'	=>	'application/octet-stream',
-						'lzh'	=>	'application/octet-stream',
-						'exe'	=>	'application/octet-stream',
-						'class'	=>	'application/octet-stream',
-						'psd'	=>	'application/octet-stream',
-						'so'	=>	'application/octet-stream',
-						'sea'	=>	'application/octet-stream',
-						'dll'	=>	'application/octet-stream',
-						'oda'	=>	'application/oda',
-						'pdf'	=>	'application/pdf',
-						'ai'	=>	'application/postscript',
-						'eps'	=>	'application/postscript',
-						'ps'	=>	'application/postscript',
-						'smi'	=>	'application/smil',
-						'smil'	=>	'application/smil',
-						'mif'	=>	'application/vnd.mif',
-						'xls'	=>	'application/vnd.ms-excel',
-						'ppt'	=>	'application/vnd.ms-powerpoint',
-						'wbxml'	=>	'application/vnd.wap.wbxml',
-						'wmlc'	=>	'application/vnd.wap.wmlc',
-						'dcr'	=>	'application/x-director',
-						'dir'	=>	'application/x-director',
-						'dxr'	=>	'application/x-director',
-						'dvi'	=>	'application/x-dvi',
-						'gtar'	=>	'application/x-gtar',
-						'php'	=>	'application/x-httpd-php',
-						'php4'	=>	'application/x-httpd-php',
-						'php3'	=>	'application/x-httpd-php',
-						'phtml'	=>	'application/x-httpd-php',
-						'phps'	=>	'application/x-httpd-php-source',
-						'js'	=>	'application/x-javascript',
-						'swf'	=>	'application/x-shockwave-flash',
-						'sit'	=>	'application/x-stuffit',
-						'tar'	=>	'application/x-tar',
-						'tgz'	=>	'application/x-tar',
-						'xhtml'	=>	'application/xhtml+xml',
-						'xht'	=>	'application/xhtml+xml',
-						'zip'	=>	'application/zip',
-						'mid'	=>	'audio/midi',
-						'midi'	=>	'audio/midi',
-						'mpga'	=>	'audio/mpeg',
-						'mp2'	=>	'audio/mpeg',
-						'mp3'	=>	'audio/mpeg',
-						'aif'	=>	'audio/x-aiff',
-						'aiff'	=>	'audio/x-aiff',
-						'aifc'	=>	'audio/x-aiff',
-						'ram'	=>	'audio/x-pn-realaudio',
-						'rm'	=>	'audio/x-pn-realaudio',
-						'rpm'	=>	'audio/x-pn-realaudio-plugin',
-						'ra'	=>	'audio/x-realaudio',
-						'rv'	=>	'video/vnd.rn-realvideo',
-						'wav'	=>	'audio/x-wav',
-						'bmp'	=>	'image/bmp',
-						'gif'	=>	'image/gif',
-						'jpeg'	=>	'image/jpeg',
-						'jpg'	=>	'image/jpeg',
-						'jpe'	=>	'image/jpeg',
-						'png'	=>	'image/png',
-						'tiff'	=>	'image/tiff',
-						'tif'	=>	'image/tiff',
-						'css'	=>	'text/css',
-						'html'	=>	'text/html',
-						'htm'	=>	'text/html',
-						'shtml'	=>	'text/html',
-						'txt'	=>	'text/plain',
-						'text'	=>	'text/plain',
-						'log'	=>	'text/plain',
-						'rtx'	=>	'text/richtext',
-						'rtf'	=>	'text/rtf',
-						'xml'	=>	'text/xml',
-						'xsl'	=>	'text/xml',
-						'mpeg'	=>	'video/mpeg',
-						'mpg'	=>	'video/mpeg',
-						'mpe'	=>	'video/mpeg',
-						'qt'	=>	'video/quicktime',
-						'mov'	=>	'video/quicktime',
-						'avi'	=>	'video/x-msvideo',
-						'movie'	=>	'video/x-sgi-movie',
-						'doc'	=>	'application/msword',
-						'word'	=>	'application/msword',
-						'xl'	=>	'application/excel',
-						'eml'	=>	'message/rfc822'
-					);
-
-		return ( ! isset($mimes[strtolower($ext)])) ? "application/x-unknown-content-type" : $mimes[strtolower($ext)];
+		$ext = strtolower($ext);
+
+		$mimes =& get_mimes();
+
+		if (isset($mimes[$ext]))
+		{
+			return is_array($mimes[$ext])
+				? current($mimes[$ext])
+				: $mimes[$ext];
+		}
+
+		return 'application/x-unknown-content-type';
 	}
 
-}
-// END CI_Email class
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Destructor
+	 *
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function __destruct()
+	{
+		is_resource($this->_smtp_connect) && $this->_send_command('quit');
+	}
 
-/* End of file Email.php */
-/* Location: ./system/libraries/Email.php */
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Byte-safe strlen()
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$str
+	 * @return	int
+	 */
+	protected static function strlen($str)
+	{
+		return (self::$func_overload)
+			? mb_strlen($str, '8bit')
+			: strlen($str);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Byte-safe substr()
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$str
+	 * @param	int	$start
+	 * @param	int	$length
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected static function substr($str, $start, $length = NULL)
+	{
+		if (self::$func_overload)
+		{
+			// mb_substr($str, $start, null, '8bit') returns an empty
+			// string on PHP 5.3
+			isset($length) OR $length = ($start >= 0 ? self::strlen($str) - $start : -$start);
+			return mb_substr($str, $start, $length, '8bit');
+		}
+
+		return isset($length)
+			? substr($str, $start, $length)
+			: substr($str, $start);
+	}
+}
diff --git a/system/libraries/Encrypt.php b/system/libraries/Encrypt.php
index 8e5c1fe53..ebcc6e8c6 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Encrypt.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Encrypt.php
@@ -1,19 +1,41 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.0.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * CodeIgniter Encryption Class
@@ -23,35 +45,59 @@
  * @package		CodeIgniter
  * @subpackage	Libraries
  * @category	Libraries
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/encryption.html
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/encryption.html
  */
 class CI_Encrypt {
 
-	var $CI;
-	var $encryption_key	= '';
-	var $_hash_type	= 'sha1';
-	var $_mcrypt_exists = FALSE;
-	var $_mcrypt_cipher;
-	var $_mcrypt_mode;
+	/**
+	 * Reference to the user's encryption key
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	public $encryption_key		= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Type of hash operation
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	protected $_hash_type		= 'sha1';
+
+	/**
+	 * Flag for the existence of mcrypt
+	 *
+	 * @var bool
+	 */
+	protected $_mcrypt_exists	= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Current cipher to be used with mcrypt
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	protected $_mcrypt_cipher;
 
 	/**
-	 * Constructor
+	 * Method for encrypting/decrypting data
 	 *
-	 * Simply determines whether the mcrypt library exists.
+	 * @var int
+	 */
+	protected $_mcrypt_mode;
+
+	/**
+	 * Initialize Encryption class
 	 *
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function __construct()
 	{
-		$this->CI =& get_instance();
-		$this->_mcrypt_exists = ( ! function_exists('mcrypt_encrypt')) ? FALSE : TRUE;
-
-		if ($this->_mcrypt_exists === FALSE)
+		if (($this->_mcrypt_exists = function_exists('mcrypt_encrypt')) === FALSE)
 		{
 			show_error('The Encrypt library requires the Mcrypt extension.');
 		}
 
-		log_message('debug', "Encrypt Class Initialized");
+		log_message('info', 'Encrypt Class Initialized');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -62,23 +108,21 @@ class CI_Encrypt {
 	 * Returns it as MD5 in order to have an exact-length 128 bit key.
 	 * Mcrypt is sensitive to keys that are not the correct length
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function get_key($key = '')
+	public function get_key($key = '')
 	{
-		if ($key == '')
+		if ($key === '')
 		{
-			if ($this->encryption_key != '')
+			if ($this->encryption_key !== '')
 			{
 				return $this->encryption_key;
 			}
 
-			$CI =& get_instance();
-			$key = $CI->config->item('encryption_key');
+			$key = config_item('encryption_key');
 
-			if ($key == FALSE)
+			if ( ! self::strlen($key))
 			{
 				show_error('In order to use the encryption class requires that you set an encryption key in your config file.');
 			}
@@ -92,13 +136,13 @@ class CI_Encrypt {
 	/**
 	 * Set the encryption key
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @return	CI_Encrypt
 	 */
-	function set_key($key = '')
+	public function set_key($key = '')
 	{
 		$this->encryption_key = $key;
+		return $this;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -114,17 +158,13 @@ class CI_Encrypt {
 	 * with each call to this function, even if the supplied
 	 * message and key are the same.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the string to encode
 	 * @param	string	the key
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function encode($string, $key = '')
+	public function encode($string, $key = '')
 	{
-		$key = $this->get_key($key);
-		$enc = $this->mcrypt_encode($string, $key);
-
-		return base64_encode($enc);
+		return base64_encode($this->mcrypt_encode($string, $this->get_key($key)));
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -134,28 +174,18 @@ class CI_Encrypt {
 	 *
 	 * Reverses the above process
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function decode($string, $key = '')
+	public function decode($string, $key = '')
 	{
-		$key = $this->get_key($key);
-
-		if (preg_match('/[^a-zA-Z0-9\/\+=]/', $string))
-		{
-			return FALSE;
-		}
-
-		$dec = base64_decode($string);
-
-		if (($dec = $this->mcrypt_decode($dec, $key)) === FALSE)
+		if (preg_match('/[^a-zA-Z0-9\/\+=]/', $string) OR base64_encode(base64_decode($string)) !== $string)
 		{
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		return $dec;
+		return $this->mcrypt_decode(base64_decode($string), $this->get_key($key));
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -168,16 +198,20 @@ class CI_Encrypt {
 	 * This allows for backwards compatibility and a method to transition to the
 	 * new encryption algorithms.
 	 *
-	 * For more details, see http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/installation/upgrade_200.html#encryption
+	 * For more details, see https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/installation/upgrade_200.html#encryption
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @param	int		(mcrypt mode constant)
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function encode_from_legacy($string, $legacy_mode = MCRYPT_MODE_ECB, $key = '')
+	public function encode_from_legacy($string, $legacy_mode = MCRYPT_MODE_ECB, $key = '')
 	{
+		if (preg_match('/[^a-zA-Z0-9\/\+=]/', $string))
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
 		// decode it first
 		// set mode temporarily to what it was when string was encoded with the legacy
 		// algorithm - typically MCRYPT_MODE_ECB
@@ -185,16 +219,10 @@ class CI_Encrypt {
 		$this->set_mode($legacy_mode);
 
 		$key = $this->get_key($key);
-
-		if (preg_match('/[^a-zA-Z0-9\/\+=]/', $string))
-		{
-			return FALSE;
-		}
-
 		$dec = base64_decode($string);
-
 		if (($dec = $this->mcrypt_decode($dec, $key)) === FALSE)
 		{
+			$this->set_mode($current_mode);
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
@@ -215,19 +243,18 @@ class CI_Encrypt {
 	 * Takes an encoded string and key as input and generates the
 	 * plain-text original message
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _xor_decode($string, $key)
+	protected function _xor_decode($string, $key)
 	{
 		$string = $this->_xor_merge($string, $key);
 
 		$dec = '';
-		for ($i = 0; $i < strlen($string); $i++)
+		for ($i = 0, $l = self::strlen($string); $i < $l; $i++)
 		{
-			$dec .= (substr($string, $i++, 1) ^ substr($string, $i, 1));
+			$dec .= ($string[$i++] ^ $string[$i]);
 		}
 
 		return $dec;
@@ -240,18 +267,18 @@ class CI_Encrypt {
 	 *
 	 * Takes a string and key as input and computes the difference using XOR
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _xor_merge($string, $key)
+	protected function _xor_merge($string, $key)
 	{
 		$hash = $this->hash($key);
 		$str = '';
-		for ($i = 0; $i < strlen($string); $i++)
+
+		for ($i = 0, $ls = self::strlen($string), $lh = self::strlen($hash); $i < $ls; $i++)
 		{
-			$str .= substr($string, $i, 1) ^ substr($hash, ($i % strlen($hash)), 1);
+			$str .= $string[$i] ^ $hash[($i % $lh)];
 		}
 
 		return $str;
@@ -262,15 +289,14 @@ class CI_Encrypt {
 	/**
 	 * Encrypt using Mcrypt
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function mcrypt_encode($data, $key)
+	public function mcrypt_encode($data, $key)
 	{
 		$init_size = mcrypt_get_iv_size($this->_get_cipher(), $this->_get_mode());
-		$init_vect = mcrypt_create_iv($init_size, MCRYPT_RAND);
+		$init_vect = mcrypt_create_iv($init_size, MCRYPT_DEV_URANDOM);
 		return $this->_add_cipher_noise($init_vect.mcrypt_encrypt($this->_get_cipher(), $key, $data, $this->_get_mode(), $init_vect), $key);
 	}
 
@@ -279,23 +305,23 @@ class CI_Encrypt {
 	/**
 	 * Decrypt using Mcrypt
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function mcrypt_decode($data, $key)
+	public function mcrypt_decode($data, $key)
 	{
 		$data = $this->_remove_cipher_noise($data, $key);
 		$init_size = mcrypt_get_iv_size($this->_get_cipher(), $this->_get_mode());
 
-		if ($init_size > strlen($data))
+		if ($init_size > self::strlen($data))
 		{
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		$init_vect = substr($data, 0, $init_size);
-		$data = substr($data, $init_size);
+		$init_vect = self::substr($data, 0, $init_size);
+		$data      = self::substr($data, $init_size);
+
 		return rtrim(mcrypt_decrypt($this->_get_cipher(), $key, $data, $this->_get_mode(), $init_vect), "\0");
 	}
 
@@ -306,27 +332,23 @@ class CI_Encrypt {
 	 * against Man-in-the-middle attacks on CBC mode ciphers
 	 * http://www.ciphersbyritter.com/GLOSSARY.HTM#IV
 	 *
-	 * Function description
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _add_cipher_noise($data, $key)
+	protected function _add_cipher_noise($data, $key)
 	{
-		$keyhash = $this->hash($key);
-		$keylen = strlen($keyhash);
+		$key = $this->hash($key);
 		$str = '';
 
-		for ($i = 0, $j = 0, $len = strlen($data); $i < $len; ++$i, ++$j)
+		for ($i = 0, $j = 0, $ld = self::strlen($data), $lk = self::strlen($key); $i < $ld; ++$i, ++$j)
 		{
-			if ($j >= $keylen)
+			if ($j >= $lk)
 			{
 				$j = 0;
 			}
 
-			$str .= chr((ord($data[$i]) + ord($keyhash[$j])) % 256);
+			$str .= chr((ord($data[$i]) + ord($key[$j])) % 256);
 		}
 
 		return $str;
@@ -340,28 +362,27 @@ class CI_Encrypt {
 	 *
 	 * Function description
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	type
-	 * @return	type
+	 * @param	string	$data
+	 * @param	string	$key
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _remove_cipher_noise($data, $key)
+	protected function _remove_cipher_noise($data, $key)
 	{
-		$keyhash = $this->hash($key);
-		$keylen = strlen($keyhash);
+		$key = $this->hash($key);
 		$str = '';
 
-		for ($i = 0, $j = 0, $len = strlen($data); $i < $len; ++$i, ++$j)
+		for ($i = 0, $j = 0, $ld = self::strlen($data), $lk = self::strlen($key); $i < $ld; ++$i, ++$j)
 		{
-			if ($j >= $keylen)
+			if ($j >= $lk)
 			{
 				$j = 0;
 			}
 
-			$temp = ord($data[$i]) - ord($keyhash[$j]);
+			$temp = ord($data[$i]) - ord($key[$j]);
 
 			if ($temp < 0)
 			{
-				$temp = $temp + 256;
+				$temp += 256;
 			}
 
 			$str .= chr($temp);
@@ -375,13 +396,13 @@ class CI_Encrypt {
 	/**
 	 * Set the Mcrypt Cipher
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	constant
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @param	int
+	 * @return	CI_Encrypt
 	 */
-	function set_cipher($cipher)
+	public function set_cipher($cipher)
 	{
 		$this->_mcrypt_cipher = $cipher;
+		return $this;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -389,13 +410,13 @@ class CI_Encrypt {
 	/**
 	 * Set the Mcrypt Mode
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	constant
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @param	int
+	 * @return	CI_Encrypt
 	 */
-	function set_mode($mode)
+	public function set_mode($mode)
 	{
 		$this->_mcrypt_mode = $mode;
+		return $this;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -403,14 +424,13 @@ class CI_Encrypt {
 	/**
 	 * Get Mcrypt cipher Value
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @return	int
 	 */
-	function _get_cipher()
+	protected function _get_cipher()
 	{
-		if ($this->_mcrypt_cipher == '')
+		if ($this->_mcrypt_cipher === NULL)
 		{
-			$this->_mcrypt_cipher = MCRYPT_RIJNDAEL_256;
+			return $this->_mcrypt_cipher = MCRYPT_RIJNDAEL_256;
 		}
 
 		return $this->_mcrypt_cipher;
@@ -421,14 +441,13 @@ class CI_Encrypt {
 	/**
 	 * Get Mcrypt Mode Value
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @return	int
 	 */
-	function _get_mode()
+	protected function _get_mode()
 	{
-		if ($this->_mcrypt_mode == '')
+		if ($this->_mcrypt_mode === NULL)
 		{
-			$this->_mcrypt_mode = MCRYPT_MODE_CBC;
+			return $this->_mcrypt_mode = MCRYPT_MODE_CBC;
 		}
 
 		return $this->_mcrypt_mode;
@@ -439,13 +458,12 @@ class CI_Encrypt {
 	/**
 	 * Set the Hash type
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function set_hash($type = 'sha1')
+	public function set_hash($type = 'sha1')
 	{
-		$this->_hash_type = ($type != 'sha1' AND $type != 'md5') ? 'sha1' : $type;
+		$this->_hash_type = in_array($type, hash_algos()) ? $type : 'sha1';
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -453,48 +471,51 @@ class CI_Encrypt {
 	/**
 	 * Hash encode a string
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function hash($str)
+	public function hash($str)
 	{
-		return ($this->_hash_type == 'sha1') ? $this->sha1($str) : md5($str);
+		return hash($this->_hash_type, $str);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Generate an SHA1 Hash
+	 * Byte-safe strlen()
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string	$str
+	 * @return	int
+	 */
+	protected static function strlen($str)
+	{
+		return defined('MB_OVERLOAD_STRING')
+			? mb_strlen($str, '8bit')
+			: strlen($str);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Byte-safe substr()
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$str
+	 * @param	int	$start
+	 * @param	int	$length
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function sha1($str)
+	protected static function substr($str, $start, $length = NULL)
 	{
-		if ( ! function_exists('sha1'))
+		if (defined('MB_OVERLOAD_STRING'))
 		{
-			if ( ! function_exists('mhash'))
-			{
-				require_once(BASEPATH.'libraries/Sha1.php');
-				$SH = new CI_SHA;
-				return $SH->generate($str);
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				return bin2hex(mhash(MHASH_SHA1, $str));
-			}
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			return sha1($str);
+			// mb_substr($str, $start, null, '8bit') returns an empty
+			// string on PHP 5.3
+			isset($length) OR $length = ($start >= 0 ? self::strlen($str) - $start : -$start);
+			return mb_substr($str, $start, $length, '8bit');
 		}
-	}
 
+		return isset($length)
+			? substr($str, $start, $length)
+			: substr($str, $start);
+	}
 }
-
-// END CI_Encrypt class
-
-/* End of file Encrypt.php */
-/* Location: ./system/libraries/Encrypt.php */
diff --git a/system/libraries/Encryption.php b/system/libraries/Encryption.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c1e454dda
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/libraries/Encryption.php
@@ -0,0 +1,943 @@
+<?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
+ *
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 3.0.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
+
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter Encryption Class
+ *
+ * Provides two-way keyed encryption via PHP's MCrypt and/or OpenSSL extensions.
+ *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @subpackage	Libraries
+ * @category	Libraries
+ * @author		Andrey Andreev
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/encryption.html
+ */
+class CI_Encryption {
+
+	/**
+	 * Encryption cipher
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_cipher = 'aes-128';
+
+	/**
+	 * Cipher mode
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_mode = 'cbc';
+
+	/**
+	 * Cipher handle
+	 *
+	 * @var	mixed
+	 */
+	protected $_handle;
+
+	/**
+	 * Encryption key
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_key;
+
+	/**
+	 * PHP extension to be used
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_driver;
+
+	/**
+	 * List of usable drivers (PHP extensions)
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $_drivers = array();
+
+	/**
+	 * List of available modes
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $_modes = array(
+		'mcrypt' => array(
+			'cbc' => 'cbc',
+			'ecb' => 'ecb',
+			'ofb' => 'nofb',
+			'ofb8' => 'ofb',
+			'cfb' => 'ncfb',
+			'cfb8' => 'cfb',
+			'ctr' => 'ctr',
+			'stream' => 'stream'
+		),
+		'openssl' => array(
+			'cbc' => 'cbc',
+			'ecb' => 'ecb',
+			'ofb' => 'ofb',
+			'cfb' => 'cfb',
+			'cfb8' => 'cfb8',
+			'ctr' => 'ctr',
+			'stream' => '',
+			'xts' => 'xts'
+		)
+	);
+
+	/**
+	 * List of supported HMAC algorithms
+	 *
+	 * name => digest size pairs
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $_digests = array(
+		'sha224' => 28,
+		'sha256' => 32,
+		'sha384' => 48,
+		'sha512' => 64
+	);
+
+	/**
+	 * mbstring.func_overload flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	protected static $func_overload;
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Class constructor
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$params	Configuration parameters
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function __construct(array $params = array())
+	{
+		$this->_drivers = array(
+			'mcrypt'  => defined('MCRYPT_DEV_URANDOM'),
+			'openssl' => extension_loaded('openssl')
+		);
+
+		if ( ! $this->_drivers['mcrypt'] && ! $this->_drivers['openssl'])
+		{
+			show_error('Encryption: Unable to find an available encryption driver.');
+		}
+
+		isset(self::$func_overload) OR self::$func_overload = (extension_loaded('mbstring') && ini_get('mbstring.func_overload'));
+		$this->initialize($params);
+
+		if ( ! isset($this->_key) && self::strlen($key = config_item('encryption_key')) > 0)
+		{
+			$this->_key = $key;
+		}
+
+		log_message('info', 'Encryption Class Initialized');
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Initialize
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$params	Configuration parameters
+	 * @return	CI_Encryption
+	 */
+	public function initialize(array $params)
+	{
+		if ( ! empty($params['driver']))
+		{
+			if (isset($this->_drivers[$params['driver']]))
+			{
+				if ($this->_drivers[$params['driver']])
+				{
+					$this->_driver = $params['driver'];
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					log_message('error', "Encryption: Driver '".$params['driver']."' is not available.");
+				}
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				log_message('error', "Encryption: Unknown driver '".$params['driver']."' cannot be configured.");
+			}
+		}
+
+		if (empty($this->_driver))
+		{
+			$this->_driver = ($this->_drivers['openssl'] === TRUE)
+				? 'openssl'
+				: 'mcrypt';
+
+			log_message('debug', "Encryption: Auto-configured driver '".$this->_driver."'.");
+		}
+
+		empty($params['cipher']) && $params['cipher'] = $this->_cipher;
+		empty($params['key']) OR $this->_key = $params['key'];
+		$this->{'_'.$this->_driver.'_initialize'}($params);
+		return $this;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Initialize MCrypt
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$params	Configuration parameters
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _mcrypt_initialize($params)
+	{
+		if ( ! empty($params['cipher']))
+		{
+			$params['cipher'] = strtolower($params['cipher']);
+			$this->_cipher_alias($params['cipher']);
+
+			if ( ! in_array($params['cipher'], mcrypt_list_algorithms(), TRUE))
+			{
+				log_message('error', 'Encryption: MCrypt cipher '.strtoupper($params['cipher']).' is not available.');
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				$this->_cipher = $params['cipher'];
+			}
+		}
+
+		if ( ! empty($params['mode']))
+		{
+			$params['mode'] = strtolower($params['mode']);
+			if ( ! isset($this->_modes['mcrypt'][$params['mode']]))
+			{
+				log_message('error', 'Encryption: MCrypt mode '.strtoupper($params['mode']).' is not available.');
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				$this->_mode = $this->_modes['mcrypt'][$params['mode']];
+			}
+		}
+
+		if (isset($this->_cipher, $this->_mode))
+		{
+			if (is_resource($this->_handle)
+				&& (strtolower(mcrypt_enc_get_algorithms_name($this->_handle)) !== $this->_cipher
+					OR strtolower(mcrypt_enc_get_modes_name($this->_handle)) !== $this->_mode)
+			)
+			{
+				mcrypt_module_close($this->_handle);
+			}
+
+			if ($this->_handle = mcrypt_module_open($this->_cipher, '', $this->_mode, ''))
+			{
+				log_message('info', 'Encryption: MCrypt cipher '.strtoupper($this->_cipher).' initialized in '.strtoupper($this->_mode).' mode.');
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				log_message('error', 'Encryption: Unable to initialize MCrypt with cipher '.strtoupper($this->_cipher).' in '.strtoupper($this->_mode).' mode.');
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Initialize OpenSSL
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$params	Configuration parameters
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _openssl_initialize($params)
+	{
+		if ( ! empty($params['cipher']))
+		{
+			$params['cipher'] = strtolower($params['cipher']);
+			$this->_cipher_alias($params['cipher']);
+			$this->_cipher = $params['cipher'];
+		}
+
+		if ( ! empty($params['mode']))
+		{
+			$params['mode'] = strtolower($params['mode']);
+			if ( ! isset($this->_modes['openssl'][$params['mode']]))
+			{
+				log_message('error', 'Encryption: OpenSSL mode '.strtoupper($params['mode']).' is not available.');
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				$this->_mode = $this->_modes['openssl'][$params['mode']];
+			}
+		}
+
+		if (isset($this->_cipher, $this->_mode))
+		{
+			// This is mostly for the stream mode, which doesn't get suffixed in OpenSSL
+			$handle = empty($this->_mode)
+				? $this->_cipher
+				: $this->_cipher.'-'.$this->_mode;
+
+			if ( ! in_array($handle, openssl_get_cipher_methods(), TRUE))
+			{
+				$this->_handle = NULL;
+				log_message('error', 'Encryption: Unable to initialize OpenSSL with method '.strtoupper($handle).'.');
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				$this->_handle = $handle;
+				log_message('info', 'Encryption: OpenSSL initialized with method '.strtoupper($handle).'.');
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Create a random key
+	 *
+	 * @param	int	$length	Output length
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	public function create_key($length)
+	{
+		if (function_exists('random_bytes'))
+		{
+			try
+			{
+				return random_bytes((int) $length);
+			}
+			catch (Exception $e)
+			{
+				log_message('error', $e->getMessage());
+				return FALSE;
+			}
+		}
+		elseif (defined('MCRYPT_DEV_URANDOM'))
+		{
+			return mcrypt_create_iv($length, MCRYPT_DEV_URANDOM);
+		}
+
+		$is_secure = NULL;
+		$key = openssl_random_pseudo_bytes($length, $is_secure);
+		return ($is_secure === TRUE)
+			? $key
+			: FALSE;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Encrypt
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$data	Input data
+	 * @param	array	$params	Input parameters
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	public function encrypt($data, array $params = NULL)
+	{
+		if (($params = $this->_get_params($params)) === FALSE)
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		isset($params['key']) OR $params['key'] = $this->hkdf($this->_key, 'sha512', NULL, self::strlen($this->_key), 'encryption');
+
+		if (($data = $this->{'_'.$this->_driver.'_encrypt'}($data, $params)) === FALSE)
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		$params['base64'] && $data = base64_encode($data);
+
+		if (isset($params['hmac_digest']))
+		{
+			isset($params['hmac_key']) OR $params['hmac_key'] = $this->hkdf($this->_key, 'sha512', NULL, NULL, 'authentication');
+			return hash_hmac($params['hmac_digest'], $data, $params['hmac_key'], ! $params['base64']).$data;
+		}
+
+		return $data;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Encrypt via MCrypt
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$data	Input data
+	 * @param	array	$params	Input parameters
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _mcrypt_encrypt($data, $params)
+	{
+		if ( ! is_resource($params['handle']))
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		// The greater-than-1 comparison is mostly a work-around for a bug,
+		// where 1 is returned for ARCFour instead of 0.
+		$iv = (($iv_size = mcrypt_enc_get_iv_size($params['handle'])) > 1)
+			? $this->create_key($iv_size)
+			: NULL;
+
+		if (mcrypt_generic_init($params['handle'], $params['key'], $iv) < 0)
+		{
+			if ($params['handle'] !== $this->_handle)
+			{
+				mcrypt_module_close($params['handle']);
+			}
+
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		// Use PKCS#7 padding in order to ensure compatibility with OpenSSL
+		// and other implementations outside of PHP.
+		if (in_array(strtolower(mcrypt_enc_get_modes_name($params['handle'])), array('cbc', 'ecb'), TRUE))
+		{
+			$block_size = mcrypt_enc_get_block_size($params['handle']);
+			$pad = $block_size - (self::strlen($data) % $block_size);
+			$data .= str_repeat(chr($pad), $pad);
+		}
+
+		// Work-around for yet another strange behavior in MCrypt.
+		//
+		// When encrypting in ECB mode, the IV is ignored. Yet
+		// mcrypt_enc_get_iv_size() returns a value larger than 0
+		// even if ECB is used AND mcrypt_generic_init() complains
+		// if you don't pass an IV with length equal to the said
+		// return value.
+		//
+		// This probably would've been fine (even though still wasteful),
+		// but OpenSSL isn't that dumb and we need to make the process
+		// portable, so ...
+		$data = (mcrypt_enc_get_modes_name($params['handle']) !== 'ECB')
+			? $iv.mcrypt_generic($params['handle'], $data)
+			: mcrypt_generic($params['handle'], $data);
+
+		mcrypt_generic_deinit($params['handle']);
+		if ($params['handle'] !== $this->_handle)
+		{
+			mcrypt_module_close($params['handle']);
+		}
+
+		return $data;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Encrypt via OpenSSL
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$data	Input data
+	 * @param	array	$params	Input parameters
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _openssl_encrypt($data, $params)
+	{
+		if (empty($params['handle']))
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		$iv = ($iv_size = openssl_cipher_iv_length($params['handle']))
+			? $this->create_key($iv_size)
+			: NULL;
+
+		$data = openssl_encrypt(
+			$data,
+			$params['handle'],
+			$params['key'],
+			1, // DO NOT TOUCH!
+			$iv
+		);
+
+		if ($data === FALSE)
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		return $iv.$data;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Decrypt
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$data	Encrypted data
+	 * @param	array	$params	Input parameters
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	public function decrypt($data, array $params = NULL)
+	{
+		if (($params = $this->_get_params($params)) === FALSE)
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		if (isset($params['hmac_digest']))
+		{
+			// This might look illogical, but it is done during encryption as well ...
+			// The 'base64' value is effectively an inverted "raw data" parameter
+			$digest_size = ($params['base64'])
+				? $this->_digests[$params['hmac_digest']] * 2
+				: $this->_digests[$params['hmac_digest']];
+
+			if (self::strlen($data) <= $digest_size)
+			{
+				return FALSE;
+			}
+
+			$hmac_input = self::substr($data, 0, $digest_size);
+			$data = self::substr($data, $digest_size);
+
+			isset($params['hmac_key']) OR $params['hmac_key'] = $this->hkdf($this->_key, 'sha512', NULL, NULL, 'authentication');
+			$hmac_check = hash_hmac($params['hmac_digest'], $data, $params['hmac_key'], ! $params['base64']);
+
+			// Time-attack-safe comparison
+			$diff = 0;
+			for ($i = 0; $i < $digest_size; $i++)
+			{
+				$diff |= ord($hmac_input[$i]) ^ ord($hmac_check[$i]);
+			}
+
+			if ($diff !== 0)
+			{
+				return FALSE;
+			}
+		}
+
+		if ($params['base64'])
+		{
+			$data = base64_decode($data);
+		}
+
+		isset($params['key']) OR $params['key'] = $this->hkdf($this->_key, 'sha512', NULL, self::strlen($this->_key), 'encryption');
+
+		return $this->{'_'.$this->_driver.'_decrypt'}($data, $params);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Decrypt via MCrypt
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$data	Encrypted data
+	 * @param	array	$params	Input parameters
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _mcrypt_decrypt($data, $params)
+	{
+		if ( ! is_resource($params['handle']))
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		// The greater-than-1 comparison is mostly a work-around for a bug,
+		// where 1 is returned for ARCFour instead of 0.
+		if (($iv_size = mcrypt_enc_get_iv_size($params['handle'])) > 1)
+		{
+			if (mcrypt_enc_get_modes_name($params['handle']) !== 'ECB')
+			{
+				$iv = self::substr($data, 0, $iv_size);
+				$data = self::substr($data, $iv_size);
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				// MCrypt is dumb and this is ignored, only size matters
+				$iv = str_repeat("\x0", $iv_size);
+			}
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			$iv = NULL;
+		}
+
+		if (mcrypt_generic_init($params['handle'], $params['key'], $iv) < 0)
+		{
+			if ($params['handle'] !== $this->_handle)
+			{
+				mcrypt_module_close($params['handle']);
+			}
+
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		$data = mdecrypt_generic($params['handle'], $data);
+		// Remove PKCS#7 padding, if necessary
+		if (in_array(strtolower(mcrypt_enc_get_modes_name($params['handle'])), array('cbc', 'ecb'), TRUE))
+		{
+			$data = self::substr($data, 0, -ord($data[self::strlen($data)-1]));
+		}
+
+		mcrypt_generic_deinit($params['handle']);
+		if ($params['handle'] !== $this->_handle)
+		{
+			mcrypt_module_close($params['handle']);
+		}
+
+		return $data;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Decrypt via OpenSSL
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$data	Encrypted data
+	 * @param	array	$params	Input parameters
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _openssl_decrypt($data, $params)
+	{
+		if ($iv_size = openssl_cipher_iv_length($params['handle']))
+		{
+			$iv = self::substr($data, 0, $iv_size);
+			$data = self::substr($data, $iv_size);
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			$iv = NULL;
+		}
+
+		return empty($params['handle'])
+			? FALSE
+			: openssl_decrypt(
+				$data,
+				$params['handle'],
+				$params['key'],
+				1, // DO NOT TOUCH!
+				$iv
+			);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Get params
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$params	Input parameters
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	protected function _get_params($params)
+	{
+		if (empty($params))
+		{
+			return isset($this->_cipher, $this->_mode, $this->_key, $this->_handle)
+				? array(
+					'handle' => $this->_handle,
+					'cipher' => $this->_cipher,
+					'mode' => $this->_mode,
+					'key' => NULL,
+					'base64' => TRUE,
+					'hmac_digest' => 'sha512',
+					'hmac_key' => NULL
+				)
+				: FALSE;
+		}
+		elseif ( ! isset($params['cipher'], $params['mode'], $params['key']))
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		if (isset($params['mode']))
+		{
+			$params['mode'] = strtolower($params['mode']);
+			if ( ! isset($this->_modes[$this->_driver][$params['mode']]))
+			{
+				return FALSE;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				$params['mode'] = $this->_modes[$this->_driver][$params['mode']];
+			}
+		}
+
+		if (isset($params['hmac']) && $params['hmac'] === FALSE)
+		{
+			$params['hmac_digest'] = $params['hmac_key'] = NULL;
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			if ( ! isset($params['hmac_key']))
+			{
+				return FALSE;
+			}
+			elseif (isset($params['hmac_digest']))
+			{
+				$params['hmac_digest'] = strtolower($params['hmac_digest']);
+				if ( ! isset($this->_digests[$params['hmac_digest']]))
+				{
+					return FALSE;
+				}
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				$params['hmac_digest'] = 'sha512';
+			}
+		}
+
+		$params = array(
+			'handle' => NULL,
+			'cipher' => $params['cipher'],
+			'mode' => $params['mode'],
+			'key' => $params['key'],
+			'base64' => isset($params['raw_data']) ? ! $params['raw_data'] : FALSE,
+			'hmac_digest' => $params['hmac_digest'],
+			'hmac_key' => $params['hmac_key']
+		);
+
+		$this->_cipher_alias($params['cipher']);
+		$params['handle'] = ($params['cipher'] !== $this->_cipher OR $params['mode'] !== $this->_mode)
+			? $this->{'_'.$this->_driver.'_get_handle'}($params['cipher'], $params['mode'])
+			: $this->_handle;
+
+		return $params;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Get MCrypt handle
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$cipher	Cipher name
+	 * @param	string	$mode	Encryption mode
+	 * @return	resource
+	 */
+	protected function _mcrypt_get_handle($cipher, $mode)
+	{
+		return mcrypt_module_open($cipher, '', $mode, '');
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Get OpenSSL handle
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$cipher	Cipher name
+	 * @param	string	$mode	Encryption mode
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _openssl_get_handle($cipher, $mode)
+	{
+		// OpenSSL methods aren't suffixed with '-stream' for this mode
+		return ($mode === 'stream')
+			? $cipher
+			: $cipher.'-'.$mode;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Cipher alias
+	 *
+	 * Tries to translate cipher names between MCrypt and OpenSSL's "dialects".
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$cipher	Cipher name
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _cipher_alias(&$cipher)
+	{
+		static $dictionary;
+
+		if (empty($dictionary))
+		{
+			$dictionary = array(
+				'mcrypt' => array(
+					'aes-128' => 'rijndael-128',
+					'aes-192' => 'rijndael-128',
+					'aes-256' => 'rijndael-128',
+					'des3-ede3' => 'tripledes',
+					'bf' => 'blowfish',
+					'cast5' => 'cast-128',
+					'rc4' => 'arcfour',
+					'rc4-40' => 'arcfour'
+				),
+				'openssl' => array(
+					'rijndael-128' => 'aes-128',
+					'tripledes' => 'des-ede3',
+					'blowfish' => 'bf',
+					'cast-128' => 'cast5',
+					'arcfour' => 'rc4-40',
+					'rc4' => 'rc4-40'
+				)
+			);
+
+			// Notes:
+			//
+			// - Rijndael-128 is, at the same time all three of AES-128,
+			//   AES-192 and AES-256. The only difference between them is
+			//   the key size. Rijndael-192, Rijndael-256 on the other hand
+			//   also have different block sizes and are NOT AES-compatible.
+			//
+			// - Blowfish is said to be supporting key sizes between
+			//   4 and 56 bytes, but it appears that between MCrypt and
+			//   OpenSSL, only those of 16 and more bytes are compatible.
+			//   Also, don't know what MCrypt's 'blowfish-compat' is.
+			//
+			// - CAST-128/CAST5 produces a longer cipher when encrypted via
+			//   OpenSSL, but (strangely enough) can be decrypted by either
+			//   extension anyway.
+			//   Also, it appears that OpenSSL uses 16 rounds regardless of
+			//   the key size, while RFC2144 says that for key sizes lower
+			//   than 11 bytes, only 12 rounds should be used. This makes
+			//   it portable only with keys of between 11 and 16 bytes.
+			//
+			// - RC4 (ARCFour) has a strange implementation under OpenSSL.
+			//   Its 'rc4-40' cipher method seems to work flawlessly, yet
+			//   there's another one, 'rc4' that only works with a 16-byte key.
+			//
+			// - DES is compatible, but doesn't need an alias.
+			//
+			// Other seemingly matching ciphers between MCrypt, OpenSSL:
+			//
+			// - RC2 is NOT compatible and only an obscure forum post
+			//   confirms that it is MCrypt's fault.
+		}
+
+		if (isset($dictionary[$this->_driver][$cipher]))
+		{
+			$cipher = $dictionary[$this->_driver][$cipher];
+		}
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * HKDF
+	 *
+	 * @link	https://tools.ietf.org/rfc/rfc5869.txt
+	 * @param	$key	Input key
+	 * @param	$digest	A SHA-2 hashing algorithm
+	 * @param	$salt	Optional salt
+	 * @param	$length	Output length (defaults to the selected digest size)
+	 * @param	$info	Optional context/application-specific info
+	 * @return	string	A pseudo-random key
+	 */
+	public function hkdf($key, $digest = 'sha512', $salt = NULL, $length = NULL, $info = '')
+	{
+		if ( ! isset($this->_digests[$digest]))
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		if (empty($length) OR ! is_int($length))
+		{
+			$length = $this->_digests[$digest];
+		}
+		elseif ($length > (255 * $this->_digests[$digest]))
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		self::strlen($salt) OR $salt = str_repeat("\0", $this->_digests[$digest]);
+
+		$prk = hash_hmac($digest, $key, $salt, TRUE);
+		$key = '';
+		for ($key_block = '', $block_index = 1; self::strlen($key) < $length; $block_index++)
+		{
+			$key_block = hash_hmac($digest, $key_block.$info.chr($block_index), $prk, TRUE);
+			$key .= $key_block;
+		}
+
+		return self::substr($key, 0, $length);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * __get() magic
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$key	Property name
+	 * @return	mixed
+	 */
+	public function __get($key)
+	{
+		// Because aliases
+		if ($key === 'mode')
+		{
+			return array_search($this->_mode, $this->_modes[$this->_driver], TRUE);
+		}
+		elseif (in_array($key, array('cipher', 'driver', 'drivers', 'digests'), TRUE))
+		{
+			return $this->{'_'.$key};
+		}
+
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Byte-safe strlen()
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$str
+	 * @return	int
+	 */
+	protected static function strlen($str)
+	{
+		return (self::$func_overload)
+			? mb_strlen($str, '8bit')
+			: strlen($str);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Byte-safe substr()
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$str
+	 * @param	int	$start
+	 * @param	int	$length
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected static function substr($str, $start, $length = NULL)
+	{
+		if (self::$func_overload)
+		{
+			// mb_substr($str, $start, null, '8bit') returns an empty
+			// string on PHP 5.3
+			isset($length) OR $length = ($start >= 0 ? self::strlen($str) - $start : -$start);
+			return mb_substr($str, $start, $length, '8bit');
+		}
+
+		return isset($length)
+			? substr($str, $start, $length)
+			: substr($str, $start);
+	}
+}
diff --git a/system/libraries/Form_validation.php b/system/libraries/Form_validation.php
index 3839fe42b..71d0e64b1 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Form_validation.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Form_validation.php
@@ -1,19 +1,41 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.0.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * Form Validation Class
@@ -21,41 +43,110 @@
  * @package		CodeIgniter
  * @subpackage	Libraries
  * @category	Validation
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/form_validation.html
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/form_validation.html
  */
 class CI_Form_validation {
 
+	/**
+	 * Reference to the CodeIgniter instance
+	 *
+	 * @var object
+	 */
 	protected $CI;
-	protected $_field_data			= array();
-	protected $_config_rules		= array();
-	protected $_error_array			= array();
-	protected $_error_messages		= array();
-	protected $_error_prefix		= '<p>';
-	protected $_error_suffix		= '</p>';
-	protected $error_string			= '';
-	protected $_safe_form_data		= FALSE;
 
 	/**
-	 * Constructor
+	 * Validation data for the current form submission
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	protected $_field_data		= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * Validation rules for the current form
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	protected $_config_rules	= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * Array of validation errors
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	protected $_error_array		= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * Array of custom error messages
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	protected $_error_messages	= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * Start tag for error wrapping
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	protected $_error_prefix	= '<p>';
+
+	/**
+	 * End tag for error wrapping
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	protected $_error_suffix	= '</p>';
+
+	/**
+	 * Custom error message
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	protected $error_string		= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Whether the form data has been validated as safe
+	 *
+	 * @var bool
+	 */
+	protected $_safe_form_data	= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Custom data to validate
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	public $validation_data	= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * Initialize Form_Validation class
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$rules
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function __construct($rules = array())
 	{
 		$this->CI =& get_instance();
 
+		// applies delimiters set in config file.
+		if (isset($rules['error_prefix']))
+		{
+			$this->_error_prefix = $rules['error_prefix'];
+			unset($rules['error_prefix']);
+		}
+		if (isset($rules['error_suffix']))
+		{
+			$this->_error_suffix = $rules['error_suffix'];
+			unset($rules['error_suffix']);
+		}
+
 		// Validation rules can be stored in a config file.
 		$this->_config_rules = $rules;
 
 		// Automatically load the form helper
 		$this->CI->load->helper('form');
 
-		// Set the character encoding in MB.
-		if (function_exists('mb_internal_encoding'))
-		{
-			mb_internal_encoding($this->CI->config->item('charset'));
-		}
-
-		log_message('debug', "Form Validation Class Initialized");
+		log_message('info', 'Form Validation Class Initialized');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -64,86 +155,95 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 	 * Set Rules
 	 *
 	 * This function takes an array of field names and validation
-	 * rules as input, validates the info, and stores it
+	 * rules as input, any custom error messages, validates the info,
+	 * and stores it
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	mixed
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @param	mixed	$field
+	 * @param	string	$label
+	 * @param	mixed	$rules
+	 * @param	array	$errors
+	 * @return	CI_Form_validation
 	 */
-	public function set_rules($field, $label = '', $rules = '')
+	public function set_rules($field, $label = '', $rules = array(), $errors = array())
 	{
 		// No reason to set rules if we have no POST data
-		if (count($_POST) == 0)
+		// or a validation array has not been specified
+		if ($this->CI->input->method() !== 'post' && empty($this->validation_data))
 		{
 			return $this;
 		}
 
-		// If an array was passed via the first parameter instead of indidual string
+		// If an array was passed via the first parameter instead of individual string
 		// values we cycle through it and recursively call this function.
 		if (is_array($field))
 		{
 			foreach ($field as $row)
 			{
 				// Houston, we have a problem...
-				if ( ! isset($row['field']) OR ! isset($row['rules']))
+				if ( ! isset($row['field'], $row['rules']))
 				{
 					continue;
 				}
 
 				// If the field label wasn't passed we use the field name
-				$label = ( ! isset($row['label'])) ? $row['field'] : $row['label'];
+				$label = isset($row['label']) ? $row['label'] : $row['field'];
+
+				// Add the custom error message array
+				$errors = (isset($row['errors']) && is_array($row['errors'])) ? $row['errors'] : array();
 
 				// Here we go!
-				$this->set_rules($row['field'], $label, $row['rules']);
+				$this->set_rules($row['field'], $label, $row['rules'], $errors);
 			}
+
 			return $this;
 		}
 
-		// No fields? Nothing to do...
-		if ( ! is_string($field) OR  ! is_string($rules) OR $field == '')
+		// No fields or no rules? Nothing to do...
+		if ( ! is_string($field) OR $field === '' OR empty($rules))
 		{
 			return $this;
 		}
+		elseif ( ! is_array($rules))
+		{
+			// BC: Convert pipe-separated rules string to an array
+			if ( ! is_string($rules))
+			{
+				return $this;
+			}
+
+			$rules = preg_split('/\|(?![^\[]*\])/', $rules);
+		}
 
 		// If the field label wasn't passed we use the field name
-		$label = ($label == '') ? $field : $label;
+		$label = ($label === '') ? $field : $label;
+
+		$indexes = array();
 
-		// Is the field name an array?  We test for the existence of a bracket "[" in
-		// the field name to determine this.  If it is an array, we break it apart
+		// Is the field name an array? If it is an array, we break it apart
 		// into its components so that we can fetch the corresponding POST data later
-		if (strpos($field, '[') !== FALSE AND preg_match_all('/\[(.*?)\]/', $field, $matches))
+		if (($is_array = (bool) preg_match_all('/\[(.*?)\]/', $field, $matches)) === TRUE)
 		{
-			// Note: Due to a bug in current() that affects some versions
-			// of PHP we can not pass function call directly into it
-			$x = explode('[', $field);
-			$indexes[] = current($x);
+			sscanf($field, '%[^[][', $indexes[0]);
 
-			for ($i = 0; $i < count($matches['0']); $i++)
+			for ($i = 0, $c = count($matches[0]); $i < $c; $i++)
 			{
-				if ($matches['1'][$i] != '')
+				if ($matches[1][$i] !== '')
 				{
-					$indexes[] = $matches['1'][$i];
+					$indexes[] = $matches[1][$i];
 				}
 			}
-
-			$is_array = TRUE;
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			$indexes	= array();
-			$is_array	= FALSE;
 		}
 
 		// Build our master array
 		$this->_field_data[$field] = array(
-			'field'				=> $field,
-			'label'				=> $label,
-			'rules'				=> $rules,
-			'is_array'			=> $is_array,
-			'keys'				=> $indexes,
-			'postdata'			=> NULL,
-			'error'				=> ''
+			'field'		=> $field,
+			'label'		=> $label,
+			'rules'		=> $rules,
+			'errors'	=> $errors,
+			'is_array'	=> $is_array,
+			'keys'		=> $indexes,
+			'postdata'	=> NULL,
+			'error'		=> ''
 		);
 
 		return $this;
@@ -152,15 +252,39 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
+	 * By default, form validation uses the $_POST array to validate
+	 *
+	 * If an array is set through this method, then this array will
+	 * be used instead of the $_POST array
+	 *
+	 * Note that if you are validating multiple arrays, then the
+	 * reset_validation() function should be called after validating
+	 * each array due to the limitations of CI's singleton
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$data
+	 * @return	CI_Form_validation
+	 */
+	public function set_data(array $data)
+	{
+		if ( ! empty($data))
+		{
+			$this->validation_data = $data;
+		}
+
+		return $this;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
 	 * Set Error Message
 	 *
-	 * Lets users set their own error messages on the fly.  Note:  The key
-	 * name has to match the  function name that it corresponds to.
+	 * Lets users set their own error messages on the fly. Note:
+	 * The key name has to match the function name that it corresponds to.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	array
 	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @return	CI_Form_validation
 	 */
 	public function set_message($lang, $val = '')
 	{
@@ -170,7 +294,6 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 		}
 
 		$this->_error_messages = array_merge($this->_error_messages, $lang);
-
 		return $this;
 	}
 
@@ -181,16 +304,14 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 	 *
 	 * Permits a prefix/suffix to be added to each error message
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @return	CI_Form_validation
 	 */
 	public function set_error_delimiters($prefix = '<p>', $suffix = '</p>')
 	{
 		$this->_error_prefix = $prefix;
 		$this->_error_suffix = $suffix;
-
 		return $this;
 	}
 
@@ -201,23 +322,24 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 	 *
 	 * Gets the error message associated with a particular field
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the field name
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @param	string	$field	Field name
+	 * @param	string	$prefix	HTML start tag
+	 * @param 	string	$suffix	HTML end tag
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	public function error($field = '', $prefix = '', $suffix = '')
+	public function error($field, $prefix = '', $suffix = '')
 	{
-		if ( ! isset($this->_field_data[$field]['error']) OR $this->_field_data[$field]['error'] == '')
+		if (empty($this->_field_data[$field]['error']))
 		{
 			return '';
 		}
 
-		if ($prefix == '')
+		if ($prefix === '')
 		{
 			$prefix = $this->_error_prefix;
 		}
 
-		if ($suffix == '')
+		if ($suffix === '')
 		{
 			$suffix = $this->_error_suffix;
 		}
@@ -228,29 +350,42 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
+	 * Get Array of Error Messages
+	 *
+	 * Returns the error messages as an array
+	 *
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	public function error_array()
+	{
+		return $this->_error_array;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
 	 * Error String
 	 *
 	 * Returns the error messages as a string, wrapped in the error delimiters
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	str
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	public function error_string($prefix = '', $suffix = '')
 	{
-		// No errrors, validation passes!
+		// No errors, validation passes!
 		if (count($this->_error_array) === 0)
 		{
 			return '';
 		}
 
-		if ($prefix == '')
+		if ($prefix === '')
 		{
 			$prefix = $this->_error_prefix;
 		}
 
-		if ($suffix == '')
+		if ($suffix === '')
 		{
 			$suffix = $this->_error_suffix;
 		}
@@ -259,7 +394,7 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 		$str = '';
 		foreach ($this->_error_array as $val)
 		{
-			if ($val != '')
+			if ($val !== '')
 			{
 				$str .= $prefix.$val.$suffix."\n";
 			}
@@ -275,43 +410,38 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 	 *
 	 * This function does all the work.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
+	 * @param	string	$group
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function run($group = '')
 	{
-		// Do we even have any data to process?  Mm?
-		if (count($_POST) == 0)
-		{
-			return FALSE;
-		}
+		$validation_array = empty($this->validation_data)
+			? $_POST
+			: $this->validation_data;
 
 		// Does the _field_data array containing the validation rules exist?
 		// If not, we look to see if they were assigned via a config file
-		if (count($this->_field_data) == 0)
+		if (count($this->_field_data) === 0)
 		{
 			// No validation rules?  We're done...
-			if (count($this->_config_rules) == 0)
+			if (count($this->_config_rules) === 0)
 			{
 				return FALSE;
 			}
 
-			// Is there a validation rule for the particular URI being accessed?
-			$uri = ($group == '') ? trim($this->CI->uri->ruri_string(), '/') : $group;
-
-			if ($uri != '' AND isset($this->_config_rules[$uri]))
-			{
-				$this->set_rules($this->_config_rules[$uri]);
-			}
-			else
+			if (empty($group))
 			{
-				$this->set_rules($this->_config_rules);
+				// Is there a validation rule for the particular URI being accessed?
+				$group = trim($this->CI->uri->ruri_string(), '/');
+				isset($this->_config_rules[$group]) OR $group = $this->CI->router->class.'/'.$this->CI->router->method;
 			}
 
-			// We're we able to set the rules correctly?
-			if (count($this->_field_data) == 0)
+			$this->set_rules(isset($this->_config_rules[$group]) ? $this->_config_rules[$group] : $this->_config_rules);
+
+			// Were we able to set the rules correctly?
+			if (count($this->_field_data) === 0)
 			{
-				log_message('debug', "Unable to find validation rules");
+				log_message('debug', 'Unable to find validation rules');
 				return FALSE;
 			}
 		}
@@ -319,47 +449,103 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 		// Load the language file containing error messages
 		$this->CI->lang->load('form_validation');
 
-		// Cycle through the rules for each field, match the
-		// corresponding $_POST item and test for errors
-		foreach ($this->_field_data as $field => $row)
+		// Cycle through the rules for each field and match the corresponding $validation_data item
+		foreach ($this->_field_data as $field => &$row)
 		{
-			// Fetch the data from the corresponding $_POST array and cache it in the _field_data array.
+			// Fetch the data from the validation_data array item and cache it in the _field_data array.
 			// Depending on whether the field name is an array or a string will determine where we get it from.
-
-			if ($row['is_array'] == TRUE)
+			if ($row['is_array'] === TRUE)
 			{
-				$this->_field_data[$field]['postdata'] = $this->_reduce_array($_POST, $row['keys']);
+				$this->_field_data[$field]['postdata'] = $this->_reduce_array($validation_array, $row['keys']);
 			}
-			else
+			elseif (isset($validation_array[$field]))
 			{
-				if (isset($_POST[$field]) AND $_POST[$field] != "")
-				{
-					$this->_field_data[$field]['postdata'] = $_POST[$field];
-				}
+				$this->_field_data[$field]['postdata'] = $validation_array[$field];
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Execute validation rules
+		// Note: A second foreach (for now) is required in order to avoid false-positives
+		//	 for rules like 'matches', which correlate to other validation fields.
+		foreach ($this->_field_data as $field => &$row)
+		{
+			// Don't try to validate if we have no rules set
+			if (empty($row['rules']))
+			{
+				continue;
 			}
 
-			$this->_execute($row, explode('|', $row['rules']), $this->_field_data[$field]['postdata']);
+			$this->_execute($row, $row['rules'], $row['postdata']);
 		}
 
 		// Did we end up with any errors?
 		$total_errors = count($this->_error_array);
-
 		if ($total_errors > 0)
 		{
 			$this->_safe_form_data = TRUE;
 		}
 
 		// Now we need to re-set the POST data with the new, processed data
-		$this->_reset_post_array();
+		empty($this->validation_data) && $this->_reset_post_array();
 
-		// No errors, validation passes!
-		if ($total_errors == 0)
+		return ($total_errors === 0);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Prepare rules
+	 *
+	 * Re-orders the provided rules in order of importance, so that
+	 * they can easily be executed later without weird checks ...
+	 *
+	 * "Callbacks" are given the highest priority (always called),
+	 * followed by 'required' (called if callbacks didn't fail),
+	 * and then every next rule depends on the previous one passing.
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$rules
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	protected function _prepare_rules($rules)
+	{
+		$new_rules = array();
+		$callbacks = array();
+
+		foreach ($rules as &$rule)
 		{
-			return TRUE;
+			// Let 'required' always be the first (non-callback) rule
+			if ($rule === 'required')
+			{
+				array_unshift($new_rules, 'required');
+			}
+			// 'isset' is a kind of a weird alias for 'required' ...
+			elseif ($rule === 'isset' && (empty($new_rules) OR $new_rules[0] !== 'required'))
+			{
+				array_unshift($new_rules, 'isset');
+			}
+			// The old/classic 'callback_'-prefixed rules
+			elseif (is_string($rule) && strncmp('callback_', $rule, 9) === 0)
+			{
+				$callbacks[] = $rule;
+			}
+			// Proper callables
+			elseif (is_callable($rule))
+			{
+				$callbacks[] = $rule;
+			}
+			// "Named" callables; i.e. array('name' => $callable)
+			elseif (is_array($rule) && isset($rule[0], $rule[1]) && is_callable($rule[1]))
+			{
+				$callbacks[] = $rule;
+			}
+			// Everything else goes at the end of the queue
+			else
+			{
+				$new_rules[] = $rule;
+			}
 		}
 
-		// Validation fails
-		return FALSE;
+		return array_merge($callbacks, $new_rules);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -367,34 +553,20 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 	/**
 	 * Traverse a multidimensional $_POST array index until the data is found
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	array
 	 * @param	array
-	 * @param	integer
+	 * @param	int
 	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
 	protected function _reduce_array($array, $keys, $i = 0)
 	{
-		if (is_array($array))
+		if (is_array($array) && isset($keys[$i]))
 		{
-			if (isset($keys[$i]))
-			{
-				if (isset($array[$keys[$i]]))
-				{
-					$array = $this->_reduce_array($array[$keys[$i]], $keys, ($i+1));
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					return NULL;
-				}
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				return $array;
-			}
+			return isset($array[$keys[$i]]) ? $this->_reduce_array($array[$keys[$i]], $keys, ($i+1)) : NULL;
 		}
 
-		return $array;
+		// NULL must be returned for empty fields
+		return ($array === '') ? NULL : $array;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -402,21 +574,17 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 	/**
 	 * Re-populate the _POST array with our finalized and processed data
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	null
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	protected function _reset_post_array()
 	{
 		foreach ($this->_field_data as $field => $row)
 		{
-			if ( ! is_null($row['postdata']))
+			if ($row['postdata'] !== NULL)
 			{
-				if ($row['is_array'] == FALSE)
+				if ($row['is_array'] === FALSE)
 				{
-					if (isset($_POST[$row['field']]))
-					{
-						$_POST[$row['field']] = $this->prep_for_form($row['postdata']);
-					}
+					isset($_POST[$field]) && $_POST[$field] = $row['postdata'];
 				}
 				else
 				{
@@ -424,7 +592,7 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 					$post_ref =& $_POST;
 
 					// before we assign values, make a reference to the right POST key
-					if (count($row['keys']) == 1)
+					if (count($row['keys']) === 1)
 					{
 						$post_ref =& $post_ref[current($row['keys'])];
 					}
@@ -436,20 +604,7 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 						}
 					}
 
-					if (is_array($row['postdata']))
-					{
-						$array = array();
-						foreach ($row['postdata'] as $k => $v)
-						{
-							$array[$k] = $this->prep_for_form($v);
-						}
-
-						$post_ref = $array;
-					}
-					else
-					{
-						$post_ref = $this->prep_for_form($row['postdata']);
-					}
+					$post_ref = $row['postdata'];
 				}
 			}
 		}
@@ -460,92 +615,36 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 	/**
 	 * Executes the Validation routines
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	array
 	 * @param	array
 	 * @param	mixed
-	 * @param	integer
+	 * @param	int
 	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
 	protected function _execute($row, $rules, $postdata = NULL, $cycles = 0)
 	{
 		// If the $_POST data is an array we will run a recursive call
-		if (is_array($postdata))
+		//
+		// Note: We MUST check if the array is empty or not!
+		//       Otherwise empty arrays will always pass validation.
+		if (is_array($postdata) && ! empty($postdata))
 		{
 			foreach ($postdata as $key => $val)
 			{
-				$this->_execute($row, $rules, $val, $cycles);
-				$cycles++;
-			}
-
-			return;
-		}
-
-		// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-		// If the field is blank, but NOT required, no further tests are necessary
-		$callback = FALSE;
-		if ( ! in_array('required', $rules) AND is_null($postdata))
-		{
-			// Before we bail out, does the rule contain a callback?
-			if (preg_match("/(callback_\w+(\[.*?\])?)/", implode(' ', $rules), $match))
-			{
-				$callback = TRUE;
-				$rules = (array('1' => $match[1]));
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				return;
-			}
-		}
-
-		// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-		// Isset Test. Typically this rule will only apply to checkboxes.
-		if (is_null($postdata) AND $callback == FALSE)
-		{
-			if (in_array('isset', $rules, TRUE) OR in_array('required', $rules))
-			{
-				// Set the message type
-				$type = (in_array('required', $rules)) ? 'required' : 'isset';
-
-				if ( ! isset($this->_error_messages[$type]))
-				{
-					if (FALSE === ($line = $this->CI->lang->line($type)))
-					{
-						$line = 'The field was not set';
-					}
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					$line = $this->_error_messages[$type];
-				}
-
-				// Build the error message
-				$message = sprintf($line, $this->_translate_fieldname($row['label']));
-
-				// Save the error message
-				$this->_field_data[$row['field']]['error'] = $message;
-
-				if ( ! isset($this->_error_array[$row['field']]))
-				{
-					$this->_error_array[$row['field']] = $message;
-				}
+				$this->_execute($row, $rules, $val, $key);
 			}
 
 			return;
 		}
 
-		// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-		// Cycle through each rule and run it
-		foreach ($rules As $rule)
+		$rules = $this->_prepare_rules($rules);
+		foreach ($rules as $rule)
 		{
 			$_in_array = FALSE;
 
 			// We set the $postdata variable with the current data in our master array so that
 			// each cycle of the loop is dealing with the processed data from the last cycle
-			if ($row['is_array'] == TRUE AND is_array($this->_field_data[$row['field']]['postdata']))
+			if ($row['is_array'] === TRUE && is_array($this->_field_data[$row['field']]['postdata']))
 			{
 				// We shouldn't need this safety, but just in case there isn't an array index
 				// associated with this cycle we'll bail out
@@ -559,118 +658,154 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 			}
 			else
 			{
-				$postdata = $this->_field_data[$row['field']]['postdata'];
+				// If we get an array field, but it's not expected - then it is most likely
+				// somebody messing with the form on the client side, so we'll just consider
+				// it an empty field
+				$postdata = is_array($this->_field_data[$row['field']]['postdata'])
+					? NULL
+					: $this->_field_data[$row['field']]['postdata'];
 			}
 
-			// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
 			// Is the rule a callback?
-			$callback = FALSE;
-			if (substr($rule, 0, 9) == 'callback_')
+			$callback = $callable = FALSE;
+			if (is_string($rule))
 			{
-				$rule = substr($rule, 9);
-				$callback = TRUE;
+				if (strpos($rule, 'callback_') === 0)
+				{
+					$rule = substr($rule, 9);
+					$callback = TRUE;
+				}
+			}
+			elseif (is_callable($rule))
+			{
+				$callable = TRUE;
+			}
+			elseif (is_array($rule) && isset($rule[0], $rule[1]) && is_callable($rule[1]))
+			{
+				// We have a "named" callable, so save the name
+				$callable = $rule[0];
+				$rule = $rule[1];
 			}
 
 			// Strip the parameter (if exists) from the rule
 			// Rules can contain a parameter: max_length[5]
 			$param = FALSE;
-			if (preg_match("/(.*?)\[(.*)\]/", $rule, $match))
+			if ( ! $callable && preg_match('/(.*?)\[(.*)\]/', $rule, $match))
 			{
-				$rule	= $match[1];
-				$param	= $match[2];
+				$rule = $match[1];
+				$param = $match[2];
+			}
+
+			// Ignore empty, non-required inputs with a few exceptions ...
+			if (
+				($postdata === NULL OR $postdata === '')
+				&& $callback === FALSE
+				&& $callable === FALSE
+				&& ! in_array($rule, array('required', 'isset', 'matches'), TRUE)
+			)
+			{
+				continue;
 			}
 
 			// Call the function that corresponds to the rule
-			if ($callback === TRUE)
+			if ($callback OR $callable !== FALSE)
 			{
-				if ( ! method_exists($this->CI, $rule))
+				if ($callback)
 				{
-					continue;
+					if ( ! method_exists($this->CI, $rule))
+					{
+						log_message('debug', 'Unable to find callback validation rule: '.$rule);
+						$result = FALSE;
+					}
+					else
+					{
+						// Run the function and grab the result
+						$result = $this->CI->$rule($postdata, $param);
+					}
 				}
+				else
+				{
+					$result = is_array($rule)
+						? $rule[0]->{$rule[1]}($postdata)
+						: $rule($postdata);
 
-				// Run the function and grab the result
-				$result = $this->CI->$rule($postdata, $param);
+					// Is $callable set to a rule name?
+					if ($callable !== FALSE)
+					{
+						$rule = $callable;
+					}
+				}
 
 				// Re-assign the result to the master data array
-				if ($_in_array == TRUE)
+				if ($_in_array === TRUE)
 				{
-					$this->_field_data[$row['field']]['postdata'][$cycles] = (is_bool($result)) ? $postdata : $result;
+					$this->_field_data[$row['field']]['postdata'][$cycles] = is_bool($result) ? $postdata : $result;
 				}
 				else
 				{
-					$this->_field_data[$row['field']]['postdata'] = (is_bool($result)) ? $postdata : $result;
-				}
-
-				// If the field isn't required and we just processed a callback we'll move on...
-				if ( ! in_array('required', $rules, TRUE) AND $result !== FALSE)
-				{
-					continue;
+					$this->_field_data[$row['field']]['postdata'] = is_bool($result) ? $postdata : $result;
 				}
 			}
-			else
+			elseif ( ! method_exists($this, $rule))
 			{
-				if ( ! method_exists($this, $rule))
+				// If our own wrapper function doesn't exist we see if a native PHP function does.
+				// Users can use any native PHP function call that has one param.
+				if (function_exists($rule))
 				{
-					// If our own wrapper function doesn't exist we see if a native PHP function does.
-					// Users can use any native PHP function call that has one param.
-					if (function_exists($rule))
-					{
-						$result = $rule($postdata);
+					// Native PHP functions issue warnings if you pass them more parameters than they use
+					$result = ($param !== FALSE) ? $rule($postdata, $param) : $rule($postdata);
 
-						if ($_in_array == TRUE)
-						{
-							$this->_field_data[$row['field']]['postdata'][$cycles] = (is_bool($result)) ? $postdata : $result;
-						}
-						else
-						{
-							$this->_field_data[$row['field']]['postdata'] = (is_bool($result)) ? $postdata : $result;
-						}
+					if ($_in_array === TRUE)
+					{
+						$this->_field_data[$row['field']]['postdata'][$cycles] = is_bool($result) ? $postdata : $result;
 					}
 					else
 					{
-						log_message('debug', "Unable to find validation rule: ".$rule);
+						$this->_field_data[$row['field']]['postdata'] = is_bool($result) ? $postdata : $result;
 					}
-
-					continue;
 				}
-
+				else
+				{
+					log_message('debug', 'Unable to find validation rule: '.$rule);
+					$result = FALSE;
+				}
+			}
+			else
+			{
 				$result = $this->$rule($postdata, $param);
 
-				if ($_in_array == TRUE)
+				if ($_in_array === TRUE)
 				{
-					$this->_field_data[$row['field']]['postdata'][$cycles] = (is_bool($result)) ? $postdata : $result;
+					$this->_field_data[$row['field']]['postdata'][$cycles] = is_bool($result) ? $postdata : $result;
 				}
 				else
 				{
-					$this->_field_data[$row['field']]['postdata'] = (is_bool($result)) ? $postdata : $result;
+					$this->_field_data[$row['field']]['postdata'] = is_bool($result) ? $postdata : $result;
 				}
 			}
 
-			// Did the rule test negatively?  If so, grab the error.
+			// Did the rule test negatively? If so, grab the error.
 			if ($result === FALSE)
 			{
-				if ( ! isset($this->_error_messages[$rule]))
+				// Callable rules might not have named error messages
+				if ( ! is_string($rule))
 				{
-					if (FALSE === ($line = $this->CI->lang->line($rule)))
-					{
-						$line = 'Unable to access an error message corresponding to your field name.';
-					}
+					$line = $this->CI->lang->line('form_validation_error_message_not_set').'(Anonymous function)';
 				}
 				else
 				{
-					$line = $this->_error_messages[$rule];
+					$line = $this->_get_error_message($rule, $row['field']);
 				}
 
 				// Is the parameter we are inserting into the error message the name
-				// of another field?  If so we need to grab its "field label"
-				if (isset($this->_field_data[$param]) AND isset($this->_field_data[$param]['label']))
+				// of another field? If so we need to grab its "field label"
+				if (isset($this->_field_data[$param], $this->_field_data[$param]['label']))
 				{
 					$param = $this->_translate_fieldname($this->_field_data[$param]['label']);
 				}
 
 				// Build the error message
-				$message = sprintf($line, $this->_translate_fieldname($row['label']), $param);
+				$message = $this->_build_error_msg($line, $this->_translate_fieldname($row['label']), $param);
 
 				// Save the error message
 				$this->_field_data[$row['field']]['error'] = $message;
@@ -688,26 +823,52 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
+	 * Get the error message for the rule
+	 *
+	 * @param 	string $rule 	The rule name
+	 * @param 	string $field	The field name
+	 * @return 	string
+	 */
+	protected function _get_error_message($rule, $field)
+	{
+		// check if a custom message is defined through validation config row.
+		if (isset($this->_field_data[$field]['errors'][$rule]))
+		{
+			return $this->_field_data[$field]['errors'][$rule];
+		}
+		// check if a custom message has been set using the set_message() function
+		elseif (isset($this->_error_messages[$rule]))
+		{
+			return $this->_error_messages[$rule];
+		}
+		elseif (FALSE !== ($line = $this->CI->lang->line('form_validation_'.$rule)))
+		{
+			return $line;
+		}
+		// DEPRECATED support for non-prefixed keys, lang file again
+		elseif (FALSE !== ($line = $this->CI->lang->line($rule, FALSE)))
+		{
+			return $line;
+		}
+
+		return $this->CI->lang->line('form_validation_error_message_not_set').'('.$rule.')';
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
 	 * Translate a field name
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string	the field name
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _translate_fieldname($fieldname)
 	{
-		// Do we need to translate the field name?
-		// We look for the prefix lang: to determine this
-		if (substr($fieldname, 0, 5) == 'lang:')
+		// Do we need to translate the field name? We look for the prefix 'lang:' to determine this
+		// If we find one, but there's no translation for the string - just return it
+		if (sscanf($fieldname, 'lang:%s', $line) === 1 && FALSE === ($fieldname = $this->CI->lang->line($line, FALSE)))
 		{
-			// Grab the variable
-			$line = substr($fieldname, 5);
-
-			// Were we able to translate the field name?  If not we use $line
-			if (FALSE === ($fieldname = $this->CI->lang->line($line)))
-			{
-				return $line;
-			}
+			return $line;
 		}
 
 		return $fieldname;
@@ -716,25 +877,60 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
+	 * Build an error message using the field and param.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	The error message line
+	 * @param	string	A field's human name
+	 * @param	mixed	A rule's optional parameter
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _build_error_msg($line, $field = '', $param = '')
+	{
+		// Check for %s in the string for legacy support.
+		if (strpos($line, '%s') !== FALSE)
+		{
+			return sprintf($line, $field, $param);
+		}
+
+		return str_replace(array('{field}', '{param}'), array($field, $param), $line);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Checks if the rule is present within the validator
+	 *
+	 * Permits you to check if a rule is present within the validator
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the field name
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function has_rule($field)
+	{
+		return isset($this->_field_data[$field]);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
 	 * Get the value from a form
 	 *
 	 * Permits you to repopulate a form field with the value it was submitted
 	 * with, or, if that value doesn't exist, with the default
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the field name
 	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	public function set_value($field = '', $default = '')
 	{
-		if ( ! isset($this->_field_data[$field]))
+		if ( ! isset($this->_field_data[$field], $this->_field_data[$field]['postdata']))
 		{
 			return $default;
 		}
 
 		// If the data is an array output them one at a time.
-		//     E.g: form_input('name[]', set_value('name[]');
+		//	E.g: form_input('name[]', set_value('name[]');
 		if (is_array($this->_field_data[$field]['postdata']))
 		{
 			return array_shift($this->_field_data[$field]['postdata']);
@@ -751,37 +947,36 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 	 * Enables pull-down lists to be set to the value the user
 	 * selected in the event of an error
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	bool
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	public function set_select($field = '', $value = '', $default = FALSE)
 	{
-		if ( ! isset($this->_field_data[$field]) OR ! isset($this->_field_data[$field]['postdata']))
+		if ( ! isset($this->_field_data[$field], $this->_field_data[$field]['postdata']))
 		{
-			if ($default === TRUE AND count($this->_field_data) === 0)
-			{
-				return ' selected="selected"';
-			}
-			return '';
+			return ($default === TRUE && count($this->_field_data) === 0) ? ' selected="selected"' : '';
 		}
 
 		$field = $this->_field_data[$field]['postdata'];
-
+		$value = (string) $value;
 		if (is_array($field))
 		{
-			if ( ! in_array($value, $field))
+			// Note: in_array('', array(0)) returns TRUE, do not use it
+			foreach ($field as &$v)
 			{
-				return '';
+				if ($value === $v)
+				{
+					return ' selected="selected"';
+				}
 			}
+
+			return '';
 		}
-		else
+		elseif (($field === '' OR $value === '') OR ($field !== $value))
 		{
-			if (($field == '' OR $value == '') OR ($field != $value))
-			{
-				return '';
-			}
+			return '';
 		}
 
 		return ' selected="selected"';
@@ -795,37 +990,36 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 	 * Enables radio buttons to be set to the value the user
 	 * selected in the event of an error
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	bool
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	public function set_radio($field = '', $value = '', $default = FALSE)
 	{
-		if ( ! isset($this->_field_data[$field]) OR ! isset($this->_field_data[$field]['postdata']))
+		if ( ! isset($this->_field_data[$field], $this->_field_data[$field]['postdata']))
 		{
-			if ($default === TRUE AND count($this->_field_data) === 0)
-			{
-				return ' checked="checked"';
-			}
-			return '';
+			return ($default === TRUE && count($this->_field_data) === 0) ? ' checked="checked"' : '';
 		}
 
 		$field = $this->_field_data[$field]['postdata'];
-
+		$value = (string) $value;
 		if (is_array($field))
 		{
-			if ( ! in_array($value, $field))
+			// Note: in_array('', array(0)) returns TRUE, do not use it
+			foreach ($field as &$v)
 			{
-				return '';
+				if ($value === $v)
+				{
+					return ' checked="checked"';
+				}
 			}
+
+			return '';
 		}
-		else
+		elseif (($field === '' OR $value === '') OR ($field !== $value))
 		{
-			if (($field == '' OR $value == '') OR ($field != $value))
-			{
-				return '';
-			}
+			return '';
 		}
 
 		return ' checked="checked"';
@@ -839,40 +1033,15 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 	 * Enables checkboxes to be set to the value the user
 	 * selected in the event of an error
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	bool
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	public function set_checkbox($field = '', $value = '', $default = FALSE)
 	{
-		if ( ! isset($this->_field_data[$field]) OR ! isset($this->_field_data[$field]['postdata']))
-		{
-			if ($default === TRUE AND count($this->_field_data) === 0)
-			{
-				return ' checked="checked"';
-			}
-			return '';
-		}
-
-		$field = $this->_field_data[$field]['postdata'];
-
-		if (is_array($field))
-		{
-			if ( ! in_array($value, $field))
-			{
-				return '';
-			}
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			if (($field == '' OR $value == '') OR ($field != $value))
-			{
-				return '';
-			}
-		}
-
-		return ' checked="checked"';
+		// Logic is exactly the same as for radio fields
+		return $this->set_radio($field, $value, $default);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -880,20 +1049,14 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 	/**
 	 * Required
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function required($str)
 	{
-		if ( ! is_array($str))
-		{
-			return (trim($str) == '') ? FALSE : TRUE;
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			return ( ! empty($str));
-		}
+		return is_array($str)
+			? (empty($str) === FALSE)
+			: (trim($str) !== '');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -901,19 +1064,13 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 	/**
 	 * Performs a Regular Expression match test.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	regex
+	 * @param	string	regex
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function regex_match($str, $regex)
 	{
-		if ( ! preg_match($regex, $str))
-		{
-			return FALSE;
-		}
-
-		return  TRUE;
+		return (bool) preg_match($regex, $str);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -921,64 +1078,68 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 	/**
 	 * Match one field to another
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	field
+	 * @param	string	$str	string to compare against
+	 * @param	string	$field
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function matches($str, $field)
 	{
-		if ( ! isset($_POST[$field]))
-		{
-			return FALSE;
-		}
+		return isset($this->_field_data[$field], $this->_field_data[$field]['postdata'])
+			? ($str === $this->_field_data[$field]['postdata'])
+			: FALSE;
+	}
 
-		$field = $_POST[$field];
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-		return ($str !== $field) ? FALSE : TRUE;
+	/**
+	 * Differs from another field
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string	field
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function differs($str, $field)
+	{
+		return ! (isset($this->_field_data[$field]) && $this->_field_data[$field]['postdata'] === $str);
 	}
-	
+
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Match one field to another
+	 * Is Unique
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	field
+	 * Check if the input value doesn't already exist
+	 * in the specified database field.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$str
+	 * @param	string	$field
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function is_unique($str, $field)
 	{
-		list($table, $field)=explode('.', $field);
-		$query = $this->CI->db->limit(1)->get_where($table, array($field => $str));
-		
-		return $query->num_rows() === 0;
-    }
+		sscanf($field, '%[^.].%[^.]', $table, $field);
+		return isset($this->CI->db)
+			? ($this->CI->db->limit(1)->get_where($table, array($field => $str))->num_rows() === 0)
+			: FALSE;
+	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
 	 * Minimum Length
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	value
+	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function min_length($str, $val)
 	{
-		if (preg_match("/[^0-9]/", $val))
+		if ( ! is_numeric($val))
 		{
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		if (function_exists('mb_strlen'))
-		{
-			return (mb_strlen($str) < $val) ? FALSE : TRUE;
-		}
-
-		return (strlen($str) < $val) ? FALSE : TRUE;
+		return ($val <= mb_strlen($str));
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -986,24 +1147,18 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 	/**
 	 * Max Length
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	value
+	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function max_length($str, $val)
 	{
-		if (preg_match("/[^0-9]/", $val))
+		if ( ! is_numeric($val))
 		{
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		if (function_exists('mb_strlen'))
-		{
-			return (mb_strlen($str) > $val) ? FALSE : TRUE;
-		}
-
-		return (strlen($str) > $val) ? FALSE : TRUE;
+		return ($val >= mb_strlen($str));
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1011,24 +1166,57 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 	/**
 	 * Exact Length
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	value
+	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function exact_length($str, $val)
 	{
-		if (preg_match("/[^0-9]/", $val))
+		if ( ! is_numeric($val))
 		{
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		if (function_exists('mb_strlen'))
+		return (mb_strlen($str) === (int) $val);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Valid URL
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$str
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function valid_url($str)
+	{
+		if (empty($str))
 		{
-			return (mb_strlen($str) != $val) ? FALSE : TRUE;
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+		elseif (preg_match('/^(?:([^:]*)\:)?\/\/(.+)$/', $str, $matches))
+		{
+			if (empty($matches[2]))
+			{
+				return FALSE;
+			}
+			elseif ( ! in_array(strtolower($matches[1]), array('http', 'https'), TRUE))
+			{
+				return FALSE;
+			}
+
+			$str = $matches[2];
 		}
 
-		return (strlen($str) != $val) ? FALSE : TRUE;
+		// PHP 7 accepts IPv6 addresses within square brackets as hostnames,
+		// but it appears that the PR that came in with https://bugs.php.net/bug.php?id=68039
+		// was never merged into a PHP 5 branch ... https://3v4l.org/8PsSN
+		if (preg_match('/^\[([^\]]+)\]/', $str, $matches) && ! is_php('7') && filter_var($matches[1], FILTER_VALIDATE_IP, FILTER_FLAG_IPV6) !== FALSE)
+		{
+			$str = 'ipv6.host'.substr($str, strlen($matches[1]) + 2);
+		}
+
+		return (filter_var('http://'.$str, FILTER_VALIDATE_URL) !== FALSE);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1036,13 +1224,17 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 	/**
 	 * Valid Email
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function valid_email($str)
 	{
-		return ( ! preg_match("/^([a-z0-9\+_\-]+)(\.[a-z0-9\+_\-]+)*@([a-z0-9\-]+\.)+[a-z]{2,6}$/ix", $str)) ? FALSE : TRUE;
+		if (function_exists('idn_to_ascii') && preg_match('#\A([^@]+)@(.+)\z#', $str, $matches))
+		{
+			$str = $matches[1].'@'.idn_to_ascii($matches[2]);
+		}
+
+		return (bool) filter_var($str, FILTER_VALIDATE_EMAIL);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1050,7 +1242,6 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 	/**
 	 * Valid Emails
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
@@ -1063,7 +1254,7 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 
 		foreach (explode(',', $str) as $email)
 		{
-			if (trim($email) != '' && $this->valid_email(trim($email)) === FALSE)
+			if (trim($email) !== '' && $this->valid_email(trim($email)) === FALSE)
 			{
 				return FALSE;
 			}
@@ -1077,10 +1268,9 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 	/**
 	 * Validate IP Address
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	string "ipv4" or "ipv6" to validate a specific ip format
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @param	string	'ipv4' or 'ipv6' to validate a specific IP format
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function valid_ip($ip, $which = '')
 	{
@@ -1092,13 +1282,12 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 	/**
 	 * Alpha
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function alpha($str)
 	{
-		return ( ! preg_match("/^([a-z])+$/i", $str)) ? FALSE : TRUE;
+		return ctype_alpha($str);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1106,56 +1295,52 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 	/**
 	 * Alpha-numeric
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function alpha_numeric($str)
 	{
-		return ( ! preg_match("/^([a-z0-9])+$/i", $str)) ? FALSE : TRUE;
+		return ctype_alnum((string) $str);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Alpha-numeric with underscores and dashes
+	 * Alpha-numeric w/ spaces
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	public function alpha_dash($str)
+	public function alpha_numeric_spaces($str)
 	{
-		return ( ! preg_match("/^([-a-z0-9_-])+$/i", $str)) ? FALSE : TRUE;
+		return (bool) preg_match('/^[A-Z0-9 ]+$/i', $str);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Numeric
+	 * Alpha-numeric with underscores and dashes
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	public function numeric($str)
+	public function alpha_dash($str)
 	{
-		return (bool)preg_match( '/^[\-+]?[0-9]*\.?[0-9]+$/', $str);
-
+		return (bool) preg_match('/^[a-z0-9_-]+$/i', $str);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Is Numeric
+	 * Numeric
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	public function is_numeric($str)
+	public function numeric($str)
 	{
-		return ( ! is_numeric($str)) ? FALSE : TRUE;
+		return (bool) preg_match('/^[\-+]?[0-9]*\.?[0-9]+$/', $str);
+
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1163,7 +1348,6 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 	/**
 	 * Integer
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
@@ -1177,7 +1361,6 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 	/**
 	 * Decimal number
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
@@ -1189,19 +1372,29 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Greather than
+	 * Greater than
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	int
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function greater_than($str, $min)
 	{
-		if ( ! is_numeric($str))
-		{
-			return FALSE;
-		}
-		return $str > $min;
+		return is_numeric($str) ? ($str > $min) : FALSE;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Equal to or Greater than
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	int
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function greater_than_equal_to($str, $min)
+	{
+		return is_numeric($str) ? ($str >= $min) : FALSE;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1209,17 +1402,41 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 	/**
 	 * Less than
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	int
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function less_than($str, $max)
 	{
-		if ( ! is_numeric($str))
-		{
-			return FALSE;
-		}
-		return $str < $max;
+		return is_numeric($str) ? ($str < $max) : FALSE;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Equal to or Less than
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	int
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function less_than_equal_to($str, $max)
+	{
+		return is_numeric($str) ? ($str <= $max) : FALSE;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Value should be within an array of values
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function in_list($value, $list)
+	{
+		return in_array($value, explode(',', $list), TRUE);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1227,13 +1444,12 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 	/**
 	 * Is a Natural number  (0,1,2,3, etc.)
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function is_natural($str)
 	{
-		return (bool) preg_match( '/^[0-9]+$/', $str);
+		return ctype_digit((string) $str);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1241,23 +1457,12 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 	/**
 	 * Is a Natural number, but not a zero  (1,2,3, etc.)
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function is_natural_no_zero($str)
 	{
-		if ( ! preg_match( '/^[0-9]+$/', $str))
-		{
-			return FALSE;
-		}
-
-		if ($str == 0)
-		{
-			return FALSE;
-		}
-
-		return TRUE;
+		return ($str != 0 && ctype_digit((string) $str));
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1268,13 +1473,12 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 	 * Tests a string for characters outside of the Base64 alphabet
 	 * as defined by RFC 2045 http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc2045
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function valid_base64($str)
 	{
-		return (bool) ! preg_match('/[^a-zA-Z0-9\/\+=]/', $str);
+		return (base64_encode(base64_decode($str)) === $str);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1285,12 +1489,17 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 	 * This function allows HTML to be safely shown in a form.
 	 * Special characters are converted.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @deprecated	3.0.6	Not used anywhere within the framework and pretty much useless
+	 * @param	mixed	$data	Input data
+	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
-	public function prep_for_form($data = '')
+	public function prep_for_form($data)
 	{
+		if ($this->_safe_form_data === FALSE OR empty($data))
+		{
+			return $data;
+		}
+
 		if (is_array($data))
 		{
 			foreach ($data as $key => $val)
@@ -1301,12 +1510,7 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 			return $data;
 		}
 
-		if ($this->_safe_form_data == FALSE OR $data === '')
-		{
-			return $data;
-		}
-
-		return str_replace(array("'", '"', '<', '>'), array("&#39;", "&quot;", '&lt;', '&gt;'), stripslashes($data));
+		return str_replace(array("'", '"', '<', '>'), array('&#39;', '&quot;', '&lt;', '&gt;'), stripslashes($data));
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1314,20 +1518,19 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 	/**
 	 * Prep URL
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	public function prep_url($str = '')
 	{
-		if ($str == 'http://' OR $str == '')
+		if ($str === 'http://' OR $str === '')
 		{
 			return '';
 		}
 
-		if (substr($str, 0, 7) != 'http://' && substr($str, 0, 8) != 'https://')
+		if (strpos($str, 'http://') !== 0 && strpos($str, 'https://') !== 0)
 		{
-			$str = 'http://'.$str;
+			return 'http://'.$str;
 		}
 
 		return $str;
@@ -1338,45 +1541,44 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 	/**
 	 * Strip Image Tags
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	public function strip_image_tags($str)
 	{
-		return $this->CI->input->strip_image_tags($str);
+		return $this->CI->security->strip_image_tags($str);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * XSS Clean
+	 * Convert PHP tags to entities
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	public function xss_clean($str)
+	public function encode_php_tags($str)
 	{
-		return $this->CI->security->xss_clean($str);
+		return str_replace(array('<?', '?>'), array('&lt;?', '?&gt;'), $str);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Convert PHP tags to entities
+	 * Reset validation vars
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	string
+	 * Prevents subsequent validation routines from being affected by the
+	 * results of any previous validation routine due to the CI singleton.
+	 *
+	 * @return	CI_Form_validation
 	 */
-	public function encode_php_tags($str)
+	public function reset_validation()
 	{
-		return str_replace(array('<?php', '<?PHP', '<?', '?>'),  array('&lt;?php', '&lt;?PHP', '&lt;?', '?&gt;'), $str);
+		$this->_field_data = array();
+		$this->_error_array = array();
+		$this->_error_messages = array();
+		$this->error_string = '';
+		return $this;
 	}
 
 }
-// END Form Validation Class
-
-/* End of file Form_validation.php */
-/* Location: ./system/libraries/Form_validation.php */
diff --git a/system/libraries/Ftp.php b/system/libraries/Ftp.php
index 1656dfb47..86e5b8f33 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Ftp.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Ftp.php
@@ -1,19 +1,41 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.0.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * FTP Class
@@ -21,33 +43,76 @@
  * @package		CodeIgniter
  * @subpackage	Libraries
  * @category	Libraries
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/ftp.html
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/ftp.html
  */
 class CI_FTP {
 
-	var $hostname	= '';
-	var $username	= '';
-	var $password	= '';
-	var $port		= 21;
-	var $passive	= TRUE;
-	var $debug		= FALSE;
-	var $conn_id	= FALSE;
+	/**
+	 * FTP Server hostname
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $hostname = '';
+
+	/**
+	 * FTP Username
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $username = '';
+
+	/**
+	 * FTP Password
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $password = '';
+
+	/**
+	 * FTP Server port
+	 *
+	 * @var	int
+	 */
+	public $port = 21;
+
+	/**
+	 * Passive mode flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	public $passive = TRUE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Debug flag
+	 *
+	 * Specifies whether to display error messages.
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	public $debug = FALSE;
 
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Constructor - Sets Preferences
+	 * Connection ID
 	 *
-	 * The constructor can be passed an array of config values
+	 * @var	resource
+	 */
+	protected $conn_id;
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Constructor
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$config
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function __construct($config = array())
 	{
-		if (count($config) > 0)
-		{
-			$this->initialize($config);
-		}
-
-		log_message('debug', "FTP Class Initialized");
+		empty($config) OR $this->initialize($config);
+		log_message('info', 'FTP Class Initialized');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -55,11 +120,10 @@ class CI_FTP {
 	/**
 	 * Initialize preferences
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	array
+	 * @param	array	$config
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function initialize($config = array())
+	public function initialize($config = array())
 	{
 		foreach ($config as $key => $val)
 		{
@@ -78,11 +142,10 @@ class CI_FTP {
 	/**
 	 * FTP Connect
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	array	 the connection values
+	 * @param	array	 $config	Connection values
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function connect($config = array())
+	public function connect($config = array())
 	{
 		if (count($config) > 0)
 		{
@@ -91,24 +154,26 @@ class CI_FTP {
 
 		if (FALSE === ($this->conn_id = @ftp_connect($this->hostname, $this->port)))
 		{
-			if ($this->debug == TRUE)
+			if ($this->debug === TRUE)
 			{
 				$this->_error('ftp_unable_to_connect');
 			}
+
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
 		if ( ! $this->_login())
 		{
-			if ($this->debug == TRUE)
+			if ($this->debug === TRUE)
 			{
 				$this->_error('ftp_unable_to_login');
 			}
+
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
 		// Set passive mode if needed
-		if ($this->passive == TRUE)
+		if ($this->passive === TRUE)
 		{
 			ftp_pasv($this->conn_id, TRUE);
 		}
@@ -121,10 +186,9 @@ class CI_FTP {
 	/**
 	 * FTP Login
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function _login()
+	protected function _login()
 	{
 		return @ftp_login($this->conn_id, $this->username, $this->password);
 	}
@@ -134,42 +198,41 @@ class CI_FTP {
 	/**
 	 * Validates the connection ID
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function _is_conn()
+	protected function _is_conn()
 	{
 		if ( ! is_resource($this->conn_id))
 		{
-			if ($this->debug == TRUE)
+			if ($this->debug === TRUE)
 			{
 				$this->_error('ftp_no_connection');
 			}
+
 			return FALSE;
 		}
+
 		return TRUE;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-
 	/**
 	 * Change directory
 	 *
 	 * The second parameter lets us momentarily turn off debugging so that
 	 * this function can be used to test for the existence of a folder
-	 * without throwing an error.  There's no FTP equivalent to is_dir()
+	 * without throwing an error. There's no FTP equivalent to is_dir()
 	 * so we do it by trying to change to a particular directory.
 	 * Internally, this parameter is only used by the "mirror" function below.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	bool
+	 * @param	string	$path
+	 * @param	bool	$suppress_debug
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function changedir($path = '', $supress_debug = FALSE)
+	public function changedir($path, $suppress_debug = FALSE)
 	{
-		if ($path == '' OR ! $this->_is_conn())
+		if ( ! $this->_is_conn())
 		{
 			return FALSE;
 		}
@@ -178,10 +241,11 @@ class CI_FTP {
 
 		if ($result === FALSE)
 		{
-			if ($this->debug == TRUE AND $supress_debug == FALSE)
+			if ($this->debug === TRUE && $suppress_debug === FALSE)
 			{
 				$this->_error('ftp_unable_to_changedir');
 			}
+
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
@@ -193,13 +257,13 @@ class CI_FTP {
 	/**
 	 * Create a directory
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string	$path
+	 * @param	int	$permissions
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function mkdir($path = '', $permissions = NULL)
+	public function mkdir($path, $permissions = NULL)
 	{
-		if ($path == '' OR ! $this->_is_conn())
+		if ($path === '' OR ! $this->_is_conn())
 		{
 			return FALSE;
 		}
@@ -208,17 +272,18 @@ class CI_FTP {
 
 		if ($result === FALSE)
 		{
-			if ($this->debug == TRUE)
+			if ($this->debug === TRUE)
 			{
-				$this->_error('ftp_unable_to_makdir');
+				$this->_error('ftp_unable_to_mkdir');
 			}
+
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
 		// Set file permissions if needed
-		if ( ! is_null($permissions))
+		if ($permissions !== NULL)
 		{
-			$this->chmod($path, (int)$permissions);
+			$this->chmod($path, (int) $permissions);
 		}
 
 		return TRUE;
@@ -229,13 +294,13 @@ class CI_FTP {
 	/**
 	 * Upload a file to the server
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string	$locpath
+	 * @param	string	$rempath
+	 * @param	string	$mode
+	 * @param	int	$permissions
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function upload($locpath, $rempath, $mode = 'auto', $permissions = NULL)
+	public function upload($locpath, $rempath, $mode = 'auto', $permissions = NULL)
 	{
 		if ( ! $this->_is_conn())
 		{
@@ -249,30 +314,31 @@ class CI_FTP {
 		}
 
 		// Set the mode if not specified
-		if ($mode == 'auto')
+		if ($mode === 'auto')
 		{
 			// Get the file extension so we can set the upload type
 			$ext = $this->_getext($locpath);
 			$mode = $this->_settype($ext);
 		}
 
-		$mode = ($mode == 'ascii') ? FTP_ASCII : FTP_BINARY;
+		$mode = ($mode === 'ascii') ? FTP_ASCII : FTP_BINARY;
 
 		$result = @ftp_put($this->conn_id, $rempath, $locpath, $mode);
 
 		if ($result === FALSE)
 		{
-			if ($this->debug == TRUE)
+			if ($this->debug === TRUE)
 			{
 				$this->_error('ftp_unable_to_upload');
 			}
+
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
 		// Set file permissions if needed
-		if ( ! is_null($permissions))
+		if ($permissions !== NULL)
 		{
-			$this->chmod($rempath, (int)$permissions);
+			$this->chmod($rempath, (int) $permissions);
 		}
 
 		return TRUE;
@@ -283,13 +349,12 @@ class CI_FTP {
 	/**
 	 * Download a file from a remote server to the local server
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string	$rempath
+	 * @param	string	$locpath
+	 * @param	string	$mode
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function download($rempath, $locpath, $mode = 'auto')
+	public function download($rempath, $locpath, $mode = 'auto')
 	{
 		if ( ! $this->_is_conn())
 		{
@@ -297,23 +362,24 @@ class CI_FTP {
 		}
 
 		// Set the mode if not specified
-		if ($mode == 'auto')
+		if ($mode === 'auto')
 		{
 			// Get the file extension so we can set the upload type
 			$ext = $this->_getext($rempath);
 			$mode = $this->_settype($ext);
 		}
 
-		$mode = ($mode == 'ascii') ? FTP_ASCII : FTP_BINARY;
+		$mode = ($mode === 'ascii') ? FTP_ASCII : FTP_BINARY;
 
 		$result = @ftp_get($this->conn_id, $locpath, $rempath, $mode);
 
 		if ($result === FALSE)
 		{
-			if ($this->debug == TRUE)
+			if ($this->debug === TRUE)
 			{
 				$this->_error('ftp_unable_to_download');
 			}
+
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
@@ -325,13 +391,12 @@ class CI_FTP {
 	/**
 	 * Rename (or move) a file
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	bool
+	 * @param	string	$old_file
+	 * @param	string	$new_file
+	 * @param	bool	$move
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function rename($old_file, $new_file, $move = FALSE)
+	public function rename($old_file, $new_file, $move = FALSE)
 	{
 		if ( ! $this->_is_conn())
 		{
@@ -342,12 +407,11 @@ class CI_FTP {
 
 		if ($result === FALSE)
 		{
-			if ($this->debug == TRUE)
+			if ($this->debug === TRUE)
 			{
-				$msg = ($move == FALSE) ? 'ftp_unable_to_rename' : 'ftp_unable_to_move';
-
-				$this->_error($msg);
+				$this->_error('ftp_unable_to_'.($move === FALSE ? 'rename' : 'move'));
 			}
+
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
@@ -359,12 +423,11 @@ class CI_FTP {
 	/**
 	 * Move a file
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string	$old_file
+	 * @param	string	$new_file
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function move($old_file, $new_file)
+	public function move($old_file, $new_file)
 	{
 		return $this->rename($old_file, $new_file, TRUE);
 	}
@@ -374,11 +437,10 @@ class CI_FTP {
 	/**
 	 * Rename (or move) a file
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string	$filepath
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function delete_file($filepath)
+	public function delete_file($filepath)
 	{
 		if ( ! $this->_is_conn())
 		{
@@ -389,10 +451,11 @@ class CI_FTP {
 
 		if ($result === FALSE)
 		{
-			if ($this->debug == TRUE)
+			if ($this->debug === TRUE)
 			{
 				$this->_error('ftp_unable_to_delete');
 			}
+
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
@@ -403,13 +466,12 @@ class CI_FTP {
 
 	/**
 	 * Delete a folder and recursively delete everything (including sub-folders)
-	 * containted within it.
+	 * contained within it.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string	$filepath
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function delete_dir($filepath)
+	public function delete_dir($filepath)
 	{
 		if ( ! $this->_is_conn())
 		{
@@ -417,31 +479,29 @@ class CI_FTP {
 		}
 
 		// Add a trailing slash to the file path if needed
-		$filepath = preg_replace("/(.+?)\/*$/", "\\1/",  $filepath);
+		$filepath = preg_replace('/(.+?)\/*$/', '\\1/', $filepath);
 
 		$list = $this->list_files($filepath);
-
-		if ($list !== FALSE AND count($list) > 0)
+		if ( ! empty($list))
 		{
-			foreach ($list as $item)
+			for ($i = 0, $c = count($list); $i < $c; $i++)
 			{
-				// If we can't delete the item it's probaly a folder so
-				// we'll recursively call delete_dir()
-				if ( ! @ftp_delete($this->conn_id, $item))
+				// If we can't delete the item it's probably a directory,
+				// so we'll recursively call delete_dir()
+				if ( ! preg_match('#/\.\.?$#', $list[$i]) && ! @ftp_delete($this->conn_id, $list[$i]))
 				{
-					$this->delete_dir($item);
+					$this->delete_dir($filepath.$list[$i]);
 				}
 			}
 		}
 
-		$result = @ftp_rmdir($this->conn_id, $filepath);
-
-		if ($result === FALSE)
+		if (@ftp_rmdir($this->conn_id, $filepath) === FALSE)
 		{
-			if ($this->debug == TRUE)
+			if ($this->debug === TRUE)
 			{
 				$this->_error('ftp_unable_to_delete');
 			}
+
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
@@ -453,36 +513,24 @@ class CI_FTP {
 	/**
 	 * Set file permissions
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the file path
-	 * @param	string	the permissions
+	 * @param	string	$path	File path
+	 * @param	int	$perm	Permissions
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function chmod($path, $perm)
+	public function chmod($path, $perm)
 	{
 		if ( ! $this->_is_conn())
 		{
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		// Permissions can only be set when running PHP 5
-		if ( ! function_exists('ftp_chmod'))
+		if (@ftp_chmod($this->conn_id, $perm, $path) === FALSE)
 		{
-			if ($this->debug == TRUE)
+			if ($this->debug === TRUE)
 			{
 				$this->_error('ftp_unable_to_chmod');
 			}
-			return FALSE;
-		}
-
-		$result = @ftp_chmod($this->conn_id, $perm, $path);
 
-		if ($result === FALSE)
-		{
-			if ($this->debug == TRUE)
-			{
-				$this->_error('ftp_unable_to_chmod');
-			}
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
@@ -494,17 +542,14 @@ class CI_FTP {
 	/**
 	 * FTP List files in the specified directory
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
+	 * @param	string	$path
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function list_files($path = '.')
+	public function list_files($path = '.')
 	{
-		if ( ! $this->_is_conn())
-		{
-			return FALSE;
-		}
-
-		return ftp_nlist($this->conn_id, $path);
+		return $this->_is_conn()
+			? ftp_nlist($this->conn_id, $path)
+			: FALSE;
 	}
 
 	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -512,16 +557,16 @@ class CI_FTP {
 	/**
 	 * Read a directory and recreate it remotely
 	 *
-	 * This function recursively reads a folder and everything it contains (including
-	 * sub-folders) and creates a mirror via FTP based on it.  Whatever the directory structure
-	 * of the original file path will be recreated on the server.
+	 * This function recursively reads a folder and everything it contains
+	 * (including sub-folders) and creates a mirror via FTP based on it.
+	 * Whatever the directory structure of the original file path will be
+	 * recreated on the server.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	path to source with trailing slash
-	 * @param	string	path to destination - include the base folder with trailing slash
+	 * @param	string	$locpath	Path to source with trailing slash
+	 * @param	string	$rempath	Path to destination - include the base folder with trailing slash
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function mirror($locpath, $rempath)
+	public function mirror($locpath, $rempath)
 	{
 		if ( ! $this->_is_conn())
 		{
@@ -531,24 +576,20 @@ class CI_FTP {
 		// Open the local file path
 		if ($fp = @opendir($locpath))
 		{
-			// Attempt to open the remote file path.
-			if ( ! $this->changedir($rempath, TRUE))
+			// Attempt to open the remote file path and try to create it, if it doesn't exist
+			if ( ! $this->changedir($rempath, TRUE) && ( ! $this->mkdir($rempath) OR ! $this->changedir($rempath)))
 			{
-				// If it doesn't exist we'll attempt to create the direcotory
-				if ( ! $this->mkdir($rempath) OR ! $this->changedir($rempath))
-				{
-					return FALSE;
-				}
+				return FALSE;
 			}
 
 			// Recursively read the local directory
 			while (FALSE !== ($file = readdir($fp)))
 			{
-				if (@is_dir($locpath.$file) && substr($file, 0, 1) != '.')
+				if (is_dir($locpath.$file) && $file[0] !== '.')
 				{
-					$this->mirror($locpath.$file."/", $rempath.$file."/");
+					$this->mirror($locpath.$file.'/', $rempath.$file.'/');
 				}
-				elseif (substr($file, 0, 1) != ".")
+				elseif ($file[0] !== '.')
 				{
 					// Get the file extension so we can se the upload type
 					$ext = $this->_getext($file);
@@ -557,63 +598,41 @@ class CI_FTP {
 					$this->upload($locpath.$file, $rempath.$file, $mode);
 				}
 			}
+
 			return TRUE;
 		}
 
 		return FALSE;
 	}
 
-
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
 	 * Extract the file extension
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string	$filename
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _getext($filename)
+	protected function _getext($filename)
 	{
-		if (FALSE === strpos($filename, '.'))
-		{
-			return 'txt';
-		}
-
-		$x = explode('.', $filename);
-		return end($x);
+		return (($dot = strrpos($filename, '.')) === FALSE)
+			? 'txt'
+			: substr($filename, $dot + 1);
 	}
 
-
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
 	 * Set the upload type
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string	$ext	Filename extension
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _settype($ext)
+	protected function _settype($ext)
 	{
-		$text_types = array(
-							'txt',
-							'text',
-							'php',
-							'phps',
-							'php4',
-							'js',
-							'css',
-							'htm',
-							'html',
-							'phtml',
-							'shtml',
-							'log',
-							'xml'
-							);
-
-
-		return (in_array($ext, $text_types)) ? 'ascii' : 'binary';
+		return in_array($ext, array('txt', 'text', 'php', 'phps', 'php4', 'js', 'css', 'htm', 'html', 'phtml', 'shtml', 'log', 'xml'), TRUE)
+			? 'ascii'
+			: 'binary';
 	}
 
 	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -621,19 +640,13 @@ class CI_FTP {
 	/**
 	 * Close the connection
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	path to source
-	 * @param	string	path to destination
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function close()
+	public function close()
 	{
-		if ( ! $this->_is_conn())
-		{
-			return FALSE;
-		}
-
-		@ftp_close($this->conn_id);
+		return $this->_is_conn()
+			? @ftp_close($this->conn_id)
+			: FALSE;
 	}
 
 	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -641,20 +654,14 @@ class CI_FTP {
 	/**
 	 * Display error message
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	bool
+	 * @param	string	$line
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function _error($line)
+	protected function _error($line)
 	{
 		$CI =& get_instance();
 		$CI->lang->load('ftp');
 		show_error($CI->lang->line($line));
 	}
 
-
 }
-// END FTP Class
-
-/* End of file Ftp.php */
-/* Location: ./system/libraries/Ftp.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/libraries/Image_lib.php b/system/libraries/Image_lib.php
index eccfe41c7..88c9e7ede 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Image_lib.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Image_lib.php
@@ -1,19 +1,41 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.0.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * Image Manipulation class
@@ -21,65 +43,346 @@
  * @package		CodeIgniter
  * @subpackage	Libraries
  * @category	Image_lib
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/image_lib.html
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/image_lib.html
  */
 class CI_Image_lib {
 
-	var $image_library		= 'gd2';	// Can be:  imagemagick, netpbm, gd, gd2
-	var $library_path		= '';
-	var $dynamic_output		= FALSE;	// Whether to send to browser or write to disk
-	var $source_image		= '';
-	var $new_image			= '';
-	var $width				= '';
-	var $height				= '';
-	var $quality			= '90';
-	var $create_thumb		= FALSE;
-	var $thumb_marker		= '_thumb';
-	var $maintain_ratio		= TRUE;		// Whether to maintain aspect ratio when resizing or use hard values
-	var $master_dim			= 'auto';	// auto, height, or width.  Determines what to use as the master dimension
-	var $rotation_angle		= '';
-	var $x_axis				= '';
-	var	$y_axis				= '';
+	/**
+	 * PHP extension/library to use for image manipulation
+	 * Can be: imagemagick, netpbm, gd, gd2
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	public $image_library		= 'gd2';
+
+	/**
+	 * Path to the graphic library (if applicable)
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	public $library_path		= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Whether to send to browser or write to disk
+	 *
+	 * @var bool
+	 */
+	public $dynamic_output		= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Path to original image
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	public $source_image		= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Path to the modified image
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	public $new_image		= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Image width
+	 *
+	 * @var int
+	 */
+	public $width			= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Image height
+	 *
+	 * @var int
+	 */
+	public $height			= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Quality percentage of new image
+	 *
+	 * @var int
+	 */
+	public $quality			= 90;
+
+	/**
+	 * Whether to create a thumbnail
+	 *
+	 * @var bool
+	 */
+	public $create_thumb		= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * String to add to thumbnail version of image
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	public $thumb_marker		= '_thumb';
+
+	/**
+	 * Whether to maintain aspect ratio when resizing or use hard values
+	 *
+	 * @var bool
+	 */
+	public $maintain_ratio		= TRUE;
+
+	/**
+	 * auto, height, or width.  Determines what to use as the master dimension
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	public $master_dim		= 'auto';
+
+	/**
+	 * Angle at to rotate image
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	public $rotation_angle		= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * X Coordinate for manipulation of the current image
+	 *
+	 * @var int
+	 */
+	public $x_axis			= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Y Coordinate for manipulation of the current image
+	 *
+	 * @var int
+	 */
+	public $y_axis			= '';
 
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------------
 	// Watermark Vars
-	var $wm_text			= '';			// Watermark text if graphic is not used
-	var $wm_type			= 'text';		// Type of watermarking.  Options:  text/overlay
-	var $wm_x_transp		= 4;
-	var $wm_y_transp		= 4;
-	var $wm_overlay_path	= '';			// Watermark image path
-	var $wm_font_path		= '';			// TT font
-	var $wm_font_size		= 17;			// Font size (different versions of GD will either use points or pixels)
-	var $wm_vrt_alignment	= 'B';			// Vertical alignment:   T M B
-	var $wm_hor_alignment	= 'C';			// Horizontal alignment: L R C
-	var $wm_padding			= 0;			// Padding around text
-	var $wm_hor_offset		= 0;			// Lets you push text to the right
-	var $wm_vrt_offset		= 0;			// Lets you push  text down
-	var $wm_font_color		= '#ffffff';	// Text color
-	var $wm_shadow_color	= '';			// Dropshadow color
-	var $wm_shadow_distance	= 2;			// Dropshadow distance
-	var $wm_opacity			= 50;			// Image opacity: 1 - 100  Only works with image
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Watermark text if graphic is not used
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	public $wm_text			= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Type of watermarking.  Options:  text/overlay
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	public $wm_type			= 'text';
+
+	/**
+	 * Default transparency for watermark
+	 *
+	 * @var int
+	 */
+	public $wm_x_transp		= 4;
+
+	/**
+	 * Default transparency for watermark
+	 *
+	 * @var int
+	 */
+	public $wm_y_transp		= 4;
+
+	/**
+	 * Watermark image path
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	public $wm_overlay_path		= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * TT font
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	public $wm_font_path		= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Font size (different versions of GD will either use points or pixels)
+	 *
+	 * @var int
+	 */
+	public $wm_font_size		= 17;
+
+	/**
+	 * Vertical alignment:   T M B
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	public $wm_vrt_alignment	= 'B';
+
+	/**
+	 * Horizontal alignment: L R C
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	public $wm_hor_alignment	= 'C';
+
+	/**
+	 * Padding around text
+	 *
+	 * @var int
+	 */
+	public $wm_padding			= 0;
+
+	/**
+	 * Lets you push text to the right
+	 *
+	 * @var int
+	 */
+	public $wm_hor_offset		= 0;
+
+	/**
+	 * Lets you push text down
+	 *
+	 * @var int
+	 */
+	public $wm_vrt_offset		= 0;
+
+	/**
+	 * Text color
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	protected $wm_font_color	= '#ffffff';
+
+	/**
+	 * Dropshadow color
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	protected $wm_shadow_color	= '';
 
+	/**
+	 * Dropshadow distance
+	 *
+	 * @var int
+	 */
+	public $wm_shadow_distance	= 2;
+
+	/**
+	 * Image opacity: 1 - 100  Only works with image
+	 *
+	 * @var int
+	 */
+	public $wm_opacity		= 50;
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------------
 	// Private Vars
-	var $source_folder		= '';
-	var $dest_folder		= '';
-	var $mime_type			= '';
-	var $orig_width			= '';
-	var $orig_height		= '';
-	var $image_type			= '';
-	var $size_str			= '';
-	var $full_src_path		= '';
-	var $full_dst_path		= '';
-	var $create_fnc			= 'imagecreatetruecolor';
-	var $copy_fnc			= 'imagecopyresampled';
-	var $error_msg			= array();
-	var $wm_use_drop_shadow	= FALSE;
-	var $wm_use_truetype	= FALSE;
-
-	/**
-	 * Constructor
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Source image folder
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	public $source_folder		= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Destination image folder
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	public $dest_folder		= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Image mime-type
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	public $mime_type		= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Original image width
+	 *
+	 * @var int
+	 */
+	public $orig_width		= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Original image height
+	 *
+	 * @var int
+	 */
+	public $orig_height		= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Image format
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	public $image_type		= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Size of current image
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	public $size_str		= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Full path to source image
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	public $full_src_path		= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Full path to destination image
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	public $full_dst_path		= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * File permissions
+	 *
+	 * @var	int
+	 */
+	public $file_permissions = 0644;
+
+	/**
+	 * Name of function to create image
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	public $create_fnc		= 'imagecreatetruecolor';
+
+	/**
+	 * Name of function to copy image
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	public $copy_fnc		= 'imagecopyresampled';
+
+	/**
+	 * Error messages
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	public $error_msg		= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * Whether to have a drop shadow on watermark
+	 *
+	 * @var bool
+	 */
+	protected $wm_use_drop_shadow	= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Whether to use truetype fonts
+	 *
+	 * @var bool
+	 */
+	public $wm_use_truetype	= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Initialize Image Library
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$props
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function __construct($props = array())
@@ -89,7 +392,17 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 			$this->initialize($props);
 		}
 
-		log_message('debug', "Image Lib Class Initialized");
+		/**
+		 * A work-around for some improperly formatted, but
+		 * usable JPEGs; known to be produced by Samsung
+		 * smartphones' front-facing cameras.
+		 *
+		 * @see	https://github.com/bcit-ci/CodeIgniter/issues/4967
+		 * @see	https://bugs.php.net/bug.php?id=72404
+		 */
+		ini_set('gd.jpeg_ignore_warning', 1);
+
+		log_message('info', 'Image Lib Class Initialized');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -99,20 +412,41 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 	 *
 	 * Resets values in case this class is used in a loop
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function clear()
+	public function clear()
 	{
-		$props = array('source_folder', 'dest_folder', 'source_image', 'full_src_path', 'full_dst_path', 'new_image', 'image_type', 'size_str', 'quality', 'orig_width', 'orig_height', 'width', 'height', 'rotation_angle', 'x_axis', 'y_axis', 'create_fnc', 'copy_fnc', 'wm_overlay_path', 'wm_use_truetype', 'dynamic_output', 'wm_font_size', 'wm_text', 'wm_vrt_alignment', 'wm_hor_alignment', 'wm_padding', 'wm_hor_offset', 'wm_vrt_offset', 'wm_font_color', 'wm_use_drop_shadow', 'wm_shadow_color', 'wm_shadow_distance', 'wm_opacity');
+		$props = array('thumb_marker', 'library_path', 'source_image', 'new_image', 'width', 'height', 'rotation_angle', 'x_axis', 'y_axis', 'wm_text', 'wm_overlay_path', 'wm_font_path', 'wm_shadow_color', 'source_folder', 'dest_folder', 'mime_type', 'orig_width', 'orig_height', 'image_type', 'size_str', 'full_src_path', 'full_dst_path');
 
 		foreach ($props as $val)
 		{
 			$this->$val = '';
 		}
 
-		// special consideration for master_dim
-		$this->master_dim = 'auto';
+		$this->image_library 		= 'gd2';
+		$this->dynamic_output 		= FALSE;
+		$this->quality 				= 90;
+		$this->create_thumb 		= FALSE;
+		$this->thumb_marker 		= '_thumb';
+		$this->maintain_ratio 		= TRUE;
+		$this->master_dim 			= 'auto';
+		$this->wm_type 				= 'text';
+		$this->wm_x_transp 			= 4;
+		$this->wm_y_transp 			= 4;
+		$this->wm_font_size 		= 17;
+		$this->wm_vrt_alignment 	= 'B';
+		$this->wm_hor_alignment 	= 'C';
+		$this->wm_padding 			= 0;
+		$this->wm_hor_offset 		= 0;
+		$this->wm_vrt_offset 		= 0;
+		$this->wm_font_color		= '#ffffff';
+		$this->wm_shadow_distance 	= 2;
+		$this->wm_opacity 			= 50;
+		$this->create_fnc 			= 'imagecreatetruecolor';
+		$this->copy_fnc 			= 'imagecopyresampled';
+		$this->error_msg 			= array();
+		$this->wm_use_drop_shadow 	= FALSE;
+		$this->wm_use_truetype 		= FALSE;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -120,42 +454,62 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 	/**
 	 * initialize image preferences
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	array
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function initialize($props = array())
+	public function initialize($props = array())
 	{
-		/*
-		 * Convert array elements into class variables
-		 */
+		// Convert array elements into class variables
 		if (count($props) > 0)
 		{
 			foreach ($props as $key => $val)
 			{
-				$this->$key = $val;
+				if (property_exists($this, $key))
+				{
+					if (in_array($key, array('wm_font_color', 'wm_shadow_color'), TRUE))
+					{
+						if (preg_match('/^#?([0-9a-f]{3}|[0-9a-f]{6})$/i', $val, $matches))
+						{
+							/* $matches[1] contains our hex color value, but it might be
+							 * both in the full 6-length format or the shortened 3-length
+							 * value.
+							 * We'll later need the full version, so we keep it if it's
+							 * already there and if not - we'll convert to it. We can
+							 * access string characters by their index as in an array,
+							 * so we'll do that and use concatenation to form the final
+							 * value:
+							 */
+							$val = (strlen($matches[1]) === 6)
+								? '#'.$matches[1]
+								: '#'.$matches[1][0].$matches[1][0].$matches[1][1].$matches[1][1].$matches[1][2].$matches[1][2];
+						}
+						else
+						{
+							continue;
+						}
+					}
+					elseif (in_array($key, array('width', 'height'), TRUE) && ! ctype_digit((string) $val))
+					{
+						continue;
+					}
+
+					$this->$key = $val;
+				}
 			}
 		}
 
-		/*
-		 * Is there a source image?
-		 *
-		 * If not, there's no reason to continue
-		 *
-		 */
-		if ($this->source_image == '')
+		// Is there a source image? If not, there's no reason to continue
+		if ($this->source_image === '')
 		{
 			$this->set_error('imglib_source_image_required');
-			return FALSE;	
+			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		/*
-		 * Is getimagesize() Available?
+		/* Is getimagesize() available?
 		 *
 		 * We use it to determine the image properties (width/height).
-		 * Note:  We need to figure out how to determine image
+		 * Note: We need to figure out how to determine image
 		 * properties using ImageMagick and NetPBM
-		 *
 		 */
 		if ( ! function_exists('getimagesize'))
 		{
@@ -165,17 +519,15 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 
 		$this->image_library = strtolower($this->image_library);
 
-		/*
-		 * Set the full server path
+		/* Set the full server path
 		 *
 		 * The source image may or may not contain a path.
 		 * Either way, we'll try use realpath to generate the
 		 * full server path in order to more reliably read it.
-		 *
 		 */
-		if (function_exists('realpath') AND @realpath($this->source_image) !== FALSE)
+		if (($full_source_path = realpath($this->source_image)) !== FALSE)
 		{
-			$full_source_path = str_replace("\\", "/", realpath($this->source_image));
+			$full_source_path = str_replace('\\', '/', $full_source_path);
 		}
 		else
 		{
@@ -189,7 +541,7 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 		// Set the Image Properties
 		if ( ! $this->get_image_properties($this->source_folder.$this->source_image))
 		{
-			return FALSE;	
+			return FALSE;
 		}
 
 		/*
@@ -197,64 +549,51 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 		 *
 		 * If the user has set a "new_image" name it means
 		 * we are making a copy of the source image. If not
-		 * it means we are altering the original.  We'll
+		 * it means we are altering the original. We'll
 		 * set the destination filename and path accordingly.
-		 *
 		 */
-		if ($this->new_image == '')
+		if ($this->new_image === '')
 		{
-			$this->dest_image = $this->source_image;
+			$this->dest_image  = $this->source_image;
+			$this->dest_folder = $this->source_folder;
+		}
+		elseif (strpos($this->new_image, '/') === FALSE && strpos($this->new_image, '\\') === FALSE)
+		{
+			$this->dest_image  = $this->new_image;
 			$this->dest_folder = $this->source_folder;
 		}
 		else
 		{
-			if (strpos($this->new_image, '/') === FALSE AND strpos($this->new_image, '\\') === FALSE)
+			// Is there a file name?
+			if ( ! preg_match('#\.(jpg|jpeg|gif|png)$#i', $this->new_image))
 			{
-				$this->dest_folder = $this->source_folder;
-				$this->dest_image = $this->new_image;
+				$this->dest_image  = $this->source_image;
+				$this->dest_folder = $this->new_image;
 			}
 			else
 			{
-				if (function_exists('realpath') AND @realpath($this->new_image) !== FALSE)
-				{
-					$full_dest_path = str_replace("\\", "/", realpath($this->new_image));
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					$full_dest_path = $this->new_image;
-				}
-
-				// Is there a file name?
-				if ( ! preg_match("#\.(jpg|jpeg|gif|png)$#i", $full_dest_path))
-				{
-					$this->dest_folder = $full_dest_path.'/';
-					$this->dest_image = $this->source_image;
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					$x = explode('/', $full_dest_path);
-					$this->dest_image = end($x);
-					$this->dest_folder = str_replace($this->dest_image, '', $full_dest_path);
-				}
+				$x = explode('/', str_replace('\\', '/', $this->new_image));
+				$this->dest_image  = end($x);
+				$this->dest_folder = str_replace($this->dest_image, '', $this->new_image);
 			}
+
+			$this->dest_folder = realpath($this->dest_folder).'/';
 		}
 
-		/*
-		 * Compile the finalized filenames/paths
+		/* Compile the finalized filenames/paths
 		 *
 		 * We'll create two master strings containing the
 		 * full server path to the source image and the
 		 * full server path to the destination image.
 		 * We'll also split the destination image name
 		 * so we can insert the thumbnail marker if needed.
-		 *
 		 */
-		if ($this->create_thumb === FALSE OR $this->thumb_marker == '')
+		if ($this->create_thumb === FALSE OR $this->thumb_marker === '')
 		{
 			$this->thumb_marker = '';
 		}
 
-		$xp	= $this->explode_name($this->dest_image);
+		$xp = $this->explode_name($this->dest_image);
 
 		$filename = $xp['name'];
 		$file_ext = $xp['ext'];
@@ -262,71 +601,60 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 		$this->full_src_path = $this->source_folder.$this->source_image;
 		$this->full_dst_path = $this->dest_folder.$filename.$this->thumb_marker.$file_ext;
 
-		/*
-		 * Should we maintain image proportions?
+		/* Should we maintain image proportions?
 		 *
 		 * When creating thumbs or copies, the target width/height
 		 * might not be in correct proportion with the source
-		 * image's width/height.  We'll recalculate it here.
-		 *
+		 * image's width/height. We'll recalculate it here.
 		 */
-		if ($this->maintain_ratio === TRUE && ($this->width != '' AND $this->height != ''))
+		if ($this->maintain_ratio === TRUE && ($this->width !== 0 OR $this->height !== 0))
 		{
 			$this->image_reproportion();
 		}
 
-		/*
-		 * Was a width and height specified?
-		 *
-		 * If the destination width/height was
-		 * not submitted we will use the values
-		 * from the actual file
+		/* Was a width and height specified?
 		 *
+		 * If the destination width/height was not submitted we
+		 * will use the values from the actual file
 		 */
-		if ($this->width == '')
+		if ($this->width === '')
+		{
 			$this->width = $this->orig_width;
+		}
 
-		if ($this->height == '')
+		if ($this->height === '')
+		{
 			$this->height = $this->orig_height;
+		}
 
 		// Set the quality
-		$this->quality = trim(str_replace("%", "", $this->quality));
+		$this->quality = trim(str_replace('%', '', $this->quality));
 
-		if ($this->quality == '' OR $this->quality == 0 OR ! is_numeric($this->quality))
+		if ($this->quality === '' OR $this->quality === 0 OR ! ctype_digit($this->quality))
+		{
 			$this->quality = 90;
+		}
 
 		// Set the x/y coordinates
-		$this->x_axis = ($this->x_axis == '' OR ! is_numeric($this->x_axis)) ? 0 : $this->x_axis;
-		$this->y_axis = ($this->y_axis == '' OR ! is_numeric($this->y_axis)) ? 0 : $this->y_axis;
+		is_numeric($this->x_axis) OR $this->x_axis = 0;
+		is_numeric($this->y_axis) OR $this->y_axis = 0;
 
 		// Watermark-related Stuff...
-		if ($this->wm_font_color != '')
-		{
-			if (strlen($this->wm_font_color) == 6)
-			{
-				$this->wm_font_color = '#'.$this->wm_font_color;
-			}
-		}
-
-		if ($this->wm_shadow_color != '')
+		if ($this->wm_overlay_path !== '')
 		{
-			if (strlen($this->wm_shadow_color) == 6)
-			{
-				$this->wm_shadow_color = '#'.$this->wm_shadow_color;
-			}
+			$this->wm_overlay_path = str_replace('\\', '/', realpath($this->wm_overlay_path));
 		}
 
-		if ($this->wm_overlay_path != '')
+		if ($this->wm_shadow_color !== '')
 		{
-			$this->wm_overlay_path = str_replace("\\", "/", realpath($this->wm_overlay_path));
+			$this->wm_use_drop_shadow = TRUE;
 		}
-
-		if ($this->wm_shadow_color != '')
+		elseif ($this->wm_use_drop_shadow === TRUE && $this->wm_shadow_color === '')
 		{
-			$this->wm_use_drop_shadow = TRUE;
+			$this->wm_use_drop_shadow = FALSE;
 		}
 
-		if ($this->wm_font_path != '')
+		if ($this->wm_font_path !== '')
 		{
 			$this->wm_use_truetype = TRUE;
 		}
@@ -342,18 +670,11 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 	 * This is a wrapper function that chooses the proper
 	 * resize function based on the protocol specified
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function resize()
+	public function resize()
 	{
-		$protocol = 'image_process_'.$this->image_library;
-
-		if (preg_match('/gd2$/i', $protocol))
-		{
-			$protocol = 'image_process_gd';
-		}
-
+		$protocol = ($this->image_library === 'gd2') ? 'image_process_gd' : 'image_process_'.$this->image_library;
 		return $this->$protocol('resize');
 	}
 
@@ -365,18 +686,11 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 	 * This is a wrapper function that chooses the proper
 	 * cropping function based on the protocol specified
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function crop()
+	public function crop()
 	{
-		$protocol = 'image_process_'.$this->image_library;
-
-		if (preg_match('/gd2$/i', $protocol))
-		{
-			$protocol = 'image_process_gd';
-		}
-
+		$protocol = ($this->image_library === 'gd2') ? 'image_process_gd' : 'image_process_'.$this->image_library;
 		return $this->$protocol('crop');
 	}
 
@@ -388,22 +702,21 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 	 * This is a wrapper function that chooses the proper
 	 * rotation function based on the protocol specified
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function rotate()
+	public function rotate()
 	{
 		// Allowed rotation values
 		$degs = array(90, 180, 270, 'vrt', 'hor');
 
-		if ($this->rotation_angle == '' OR ! in_array($this->rotation_angle, $degs))
+		if ($this->rotation_angle === '' OR ! in_array($this->rotation_angle, $degs))
 		{
 			$this->set_error('imglib_rotation_angle_required');
-			return FALSE;	
+			return FALSE;
 		}
 
 		// Reassign the width and height
-		if ($this->rotation_angle == 90 OR $this->rotation_angle == 270)
+		if ($this->rotation_angle === 90 OR $this->rotation_angle === 270)
 		{
 			$this->width	= $this->orig_height;
 			$this->height	= $this->orig_width;
@@ -414,23 +727,16 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 			$this->height	= $this->orig_height;
 		}
 
-
 		// Choose resizing function
-		if ($this->image_library == 'imagemagick' OR $this->image_library == 'netpbm')
+		if ($this->image_library === 'imagemagick' OR $this->image_library === 'netpbm')
 		{
 			$protocol = 'image_process_'.$this->image_library;
-
 			return $this->$protocol('rotate');
 		}
 
-		if ($this->rotation_angle == 'hor' OR $this->rotation_angle == 'vrt')
-		{
-			return $this->image_mirror_gd();
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			return $this->image_rotate_gd();
-		}
+		return ($this->rotation_angle === 'hor' OR $this->rotation_angle === 'vrt')
+			? $this->image_mirror_gd()
+			: $this->image_rotate_gd();
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -440,36 +746,29 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 	 *
 	 * This function will resize or crop
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function image_process_gd($action = 'resize')
+	public function image_process_gd($action = 'resize')
 	{
 		$v2_override = FALSE;
 
 		// If the target width/height match the source, AND if the new file name is not equal to the old file name
 		// we'll simply make a copy of the original with the new name... assuming dynamic rendering is off.
-		if ($this->dynamic_output === FALSE)
+		if ($this->dynamic_output === FALSE && $this->orig_width === $this->width && $this->orig_height === $this->height)
 		{
-			if ($this->orig_width == $this->width AND $this->orig_height == $this->height)
+			if ($this->source_image !== $this->new_image && @copy($this->full_src_path, $this->full_dst_path))
 			{
-				if ($this->source_image != $this->new_image)
-				{
-					if (@copy($this->full_src_path, $this->full_dst_path))
-					{
-						@chmod($this->full_dst_path, FILE_WRITE_MODE);
-					}
-				}
-
-				return TRUE;
+				chmod($this->full_dst_path, $this->file_permissions);
 			}
+
+			return TRUE;
 		}
 
 		// Let's set up our values based on the action
-		if ($action == 'crop')
+		if ($action === 'crop')
 		{
-			//  Reassign the source width/height if cropping
+			// Reassign the source width/height if cropping
 			$this->orig_width  = $this->width;
 			$this->orig_height = $this->height;
 
@@ -477,7 +776,7 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 			if ($this->gd_version() !== FALSE)
 			{
 				$gd_version = str_replace('0', '', $this->gd_version());
-				$v2_override = ($gd_version == 2) ? TRUE : FALSE;
+				$v2_override = ($gd_version == 2);
 			}
 		}
 		else
@@ -487,20 +786,21 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 			$this->y_axis = 0;
 		}
 
-		//  Create the image handle
+		// Create the image handle
 		if ( ! ($src_img = $this->image_create_gd()))
 		{
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		//  Create The Image
-		//
-		//  old conditional which users report cause problems with shared GD libs who report themselves as "2.0 or greater"
-		//  it appears that this is no longer the issue that it was in 2004, so we've removed it, retaining it in the comment
-		//  below should that ever prove inaccurate.
-		//
-		//  if ($this->image_library == 'gd2' AND function_exists('imagecreatetruecolor') AND $v2_override == FALSE)
-		if ($this->image_library == 'gd2' AND function_exists('imagecreatetruecolor'))
+		/* Create the image
+		 *
+		 * Old conditional which users report cause problems with shared GD libs who report themselves as "2.0 or greater"
+		 * it appears that this is no longer the issue that it was in 2004, so we've removed it, retaining it in the comment
+		 * below should that ever prove inaccurate.
+		 *
+		 * if ($this->image_library === 'gd2' && function_exists('imagecreatetruecolor') && $v2_override === FALSE)
+		 */
+		if ($this->image_library === 'gd2' && function_exists('imagecreatetruecolor'))
 		{
 			$create	= 'imagecreatetruecolor';
 			$copy	= 'imagecopyresampled';
@@ -513,7 +813,7 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 
 		$dst_img = $create($this->width, $this->height);
 
-		if ($this->image_type == 3) // png we can actually preserve transparency
+		if ($this->image_type === 3) // png we can actually preserve transparency
 		{
 			imagealphablending($dst_img, FALSE);
 			imagesavealpha($dst_img, TRUE);
@@ -521,26 +821,21 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 
 		$copy($dst_img, $src_img, 0, 0, $this->x_axis, $this->y_axis, $this->width, $this->height, $this->orig_width, $this->orig_height);
 
-		//  Show the image
-		if ($this->dynamic_output == TRUE)
+		// Show the image
+		if ($this->dynamic_output === TRUE)
 		{
 			$this->image_display_gd($dst_img);
 		}
-		else
+		elseif ( ! $this->image_save_gd($dst_img)) // Or save it
 		{
-			// Or save it
-			if ( ! $this->image_save_gd($dst_img))
-			{
-				return FALSE;
-			}
+			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		//  Kill the file handles
+		// Kill the file handles
 		imagedestroy($dst_img);
 		imagedestroy($src_img);
 
-		// Set the file to 777
-		@chmod($this->full_dst_path, FILE_WRITE_MODE);
+		chmod($this->full_dst_path, $this->file_permissions);
 
 		return TRUE;
 	}
@@ -552,65 +847,65 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 	 *
 	 * This function will resize, crop or rotate
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function image_process_imagemagick($action = 'resize')
+	public function image_process_imagemagick($action = 'resize')
 	{
-		//  Do we have a vaild library path?
-		if ($this->library_path == '')
+		// Do we have a vaild library path?
+		if ($this->library_path === '')
 		{
 			$this->set_error('imglib_libpath_invalid');
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		if ( ! preg_match("/convert$/i", $this->library_path))
+		if ( ! preg_match('/convert$/i', $this->library_path))
 		{
-			$this->library_path = rtrim($this->library_path, '/').'/';
-
-			$this->library_path .= 'convert';
+			$this->library_path = rtrim($this->library_path, '/').'/convert';
 		}
 
 		// Execute the command
-		$cmd = $this->library_path." -quality ".$this->quality;
+		$cmd = $this->library_path.' -quality '.$this->quality;
 
-		if ($action == 'crop')
+		if ($action === 'crop')
 		{
-			$cmd .= " -crop ".$this->width."x".$this->height."+".$this->x_axis."+".$this->y_axis." \"$this->full_src_path\" \"$this->full_dst_path\" 2>&1";
+			$cmd .= ' -crop '.$this->width.'x'.$this->height.'+'.$this->x_axis.'+'.$this->y_axis;
 		}
-		elseif ($action == 'rotate')
+		elseif ($action === 'rotate')
 		{
-			switch ($this->rotation_angle)
-			{
-				case 'hor'	: $angle = '-flop';
-					break;
-				case 'vrt'	: $angle = '-flip';
-					break;
-				default		: $angle = '-rotate '.$this->rotation_angle;
-					break;
-			}
-
-			$cmd .= " ".$angle." \"$this->full_src_path\" \"$this->full_dst_path\" 2>&1";
+			$cmd .= ($this->rotation_angle === 'hor' OR $this->rotation_angle === 'vrt')
+					? ' -flop'
+					: ' -rotate '.$this->rotation_angle;
 		}
-		else  // Resize
+		else // Resize
 		{
-			$cmd .= " -resize ".$this->width."x".$this->height." \"$this->full_src_path\" \"$this->full_dst_path\" 2>&1";
+			if($this->maintain_ratio === TRUE)
+			{
+				$cmd .= ' -resize '.$this->width.'x'.$this->height;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				$cmd .= ' -resize '.$this->width.'x'.$this->height.'\!';
+			}
 		}
 
-		$retval = 1;
+		$cmd .= ' '.escapeshellarg($this->full_src_path).' '.escapeshellarg($this->full_dst_path).' 2>&1';
 
-		@exec($cmd, $output, $retval);
+		$retval = 1;
+		// exec() might be disabled
+		if (function_usable('exec'))
+		{
+			@exec($cmd, $output, $retval);
+		}
 
-		//	Did it work?
+		// Did it work?
 		if ($retval > 0)
 		{
 			$this->set_error('imglib_image_process_failed');
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		// Set the file to 777
-		@chmod($this->full_dst_path, FILE_WRITE_MODE);
+		chmod($this->full_dst_path, $this->file_permissions);
 
 		return TRUE;
 	}
@@ -622,52 +917,51 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 	 *
 	 * This function will resize, crop or rotate
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function image_process_netpbm($action = 'resize')
+	public function image_process_netpbm($action = 'resize')
 	{
-		if ($this->library_path == '')
+		if ($this->library_path === '')
 		{
 			$this->set_error('imglib_libpath_invalid');
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		//  Build the resizing command
+		// Build the resizing command
 		switch ($this->image_type)
 		{
 			case 1 :
-						$cmd_in		= 'giftopnm';
-						$cmd_out	= 'ppmtogif';
+				$cmd_in		= 'giftopnm';
+				$cmd_out	= 'ppmtogif';
 				break;
 			case 2 :
-						$cmd_in		= 'jpegtopnm';
-						$cmd_out	= 'ppmtojpeg';
+				$cmd_in		= 'jpegtopnm';
+				$cmd_out	= 'ppmtojpeg';
 				break;
 			case 3 :
-						$cmd_in		= 'pngtopnm';
-						$cmd_out	= 'ppmtopng';
+				$cmd_in		= 'pngtopnm';
+				$cmd_out	= 'ppmtopng';
 				break;
 		}
 
-		if ($action == 'crop')
+		if ($action === 'crop')
 		{
 			$cmd_inner = 'pnmcut -left '.$this->x_axis.' -top '.$this->y_axis.' -width '.$this->width.' -height '.$this->height;
 		}
-		elseif ($action == 'rotate')
+		elseif ($action === 'rotate')
 		{
 			switch ($this->rotation_angle)
 			{
-				case 90		:	$angle = 'r270';
+				case 90:	$angle = 'r270';
 					break;
-				case 180	:	$angle = 'r180';
+				case 180:	$angle = 'r180';
 					break;
-				case 270	:	$angle = 'r90';
+				case 270:	$angle = 'r90';
 					break;
-				case 'vrt'	:	$angle = 'tb';
+				case 'vrt':	$angle = 'tb';
 					break;
-				case 'hor'	:	$angle = 'lr';
+				case 'hor':	$angle = 'lr';
 					break;
 			}
 
@@ -681,10 +975,13 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 		$cmd = $this->library_path.$cmd_in.' '.$this->full_src_path.' | '.$cmd_inner.' | '.$cmd_out.' > '.$this->dest_folder.'netpbm.tmp';
 
 		$retval = 1;
+		// exec() might be disabled
+		if (function_usable('exec'))
+		{
+			@exec($cmd, $output, $retval);
+		}
 
-		@exec($cmd, $output, $retval);
-
-		//  Did it work?
+		// Did it work?
 		if ($retval > 0)
 		{
 			$this->set_error('imglib_image_process_failed');
@@ -694,9 +991,9 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 		// With NetPBM we have to create a temporary image.
 		// If you try manipulating the original it fails so
 		// we have to rename the temp file.
-		copy ($this->dest_folder.'netpbm.tmp', $this->full_dst_path);
-		unlink ($this->dest_folder.'netpbm.tmp');
-		@chmod($this->full_dst_path, FILE_WRITE_MODE);
+		copy($this->dest_folder.'netpbm.tmp', $this->full_dst_path);
+		unlink($this->dest_folder.'netpbm.tmp');
+		chmod($this->full_dst_path, $this->file_permissions);
 
 		return TRUE;
 	}
@@ -706,12 +1003,11 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 	/**
 	 * Image Rotate Using GD
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function image_rotate_gd()
+	public function image_rotate_gd()
 	{
-		//  Create the image handle
+		// Create the image handle
 		if ( ! ($src_img = $this->image_create_gd()))
 		{
 			return FALSE;
@@ -722,32 +1018,26 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 		// going to have to figure out how to determine the color
 		// of the alpha channel in a future release.
 
-		$white	= imagecolorallocate($src_img, 255, 255, 255);
+		$white = imagecolorallocate($src_img, 255, 255, 255);
 
-		//  Rotate it!
+		// Rotate it!
 		$dst_img = imagerotate($src_img, $this->rotation_angle, $white);
 
-		//  Save the Image
-		if ($this->dynamic_output == TRUE)
+		// Show the image
+		if ($this->dynamic_output === TRUE)
 		{
 			$this->image_display_gd($dst_img);
 		}
-		else
+		elseif ( ! $this->image_save_gd($dst_img)) // ... or save it
 		{
-			// Or save it
-			if ( ! $this->image_save_gd($dst_img))
-			{
-				return FALSE;
-			}
+			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		//  Kill the file handles
+		// Kill the file handles
 		imagedestroy($dst_img);
 		imagedestroy($src_img);
 
-		// Set the file to 777
-
-		@chmod($this->full_dst_path, FILE_WRITE_MODE);
+		chmod($this->full_dst_path, $this->file_permissions);
 
 		return TRUE;
 	}
@@ -759,10 +1049,9 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 	 *
 	 * This function will flip horizontal or vertical
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function image_mirror_gd()
+	public function image_mirror_gd()
 	{
 		if ( ! $src_img = $this->image_create_gd())
 		{
@@ -772,12 +1061,12 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 		$width  = $this->orig_width;
 		$height = $this->orig_height;
 
-		if ($this->rotation_angle == 'hor')
+		if ($this->rotation_angle === 'hor')
 		{
 			for ($i = 0; $i < $height; $i++)
 			{
-				$left  = 0;
-				$right = $width-1;
+				$left = 0;
+				$right = $width - 1;
 
 				while ($left < $right)
 				{
@@ -797,41 +1086,36 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 			for ($i = 0; $i < $width; $i++)
 			{
 				$top = 0;
-				$bot = $height-1;
+				$bottom = $height - 1;
 
-				while ($top < $bot)
+				while ($top < $bottom)
 				{
 					$ct = imagecolorat($src_img, $i, $top);
-					$cb = imagecolorat($src_img, $i, $bot);
+					$cb = imagecolorat($src_img, $i, $bottom);
 
 					imagesetpixel($src_img, $i, $top, $cb);
-					imagesetpixel($src_img, $i, $bot, $ct);
+					imagesetpixel($src_img, $i, $bottom, $ct);
 
 					$top++;
-					$bot--;
+					$bottom--;
 				}
 			}
 		}
 
-		//  Show the image
-		if ($this->dynamic_output == TRUE)
+		// Show the image
+		if ($this->dynamic_output === TRUE)
 		{
 			$this->image_display_gd($src_img);
 		}
-		else
+		elseif ( ! $this->image_save_gd($src_img)) // ... or save it
 		{
-			// Or save it
-			if ( ! $this->image_save_gd($src_img))
-			{
-				return FALSE;
-			}
+			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		//  Kill the file handles
+		// Kill the file handles
 		imagedestroy($src_img);
 
-		// Set the file to 777
-		@chmod($this->full_dst_path, FILE_WRITE_MODE);
+		chmod($this->full_dst_path, $this->file_permissions);
 
 		return TRUE;
 	}
@@ -844,20 +1128,11 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 	 * This is a wrapper function that chooses the type
 	 * of watermarking based on the specified preference.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function watermark()
+	public function watermark()
 	{
-		if ($this->wm_type == 'overlay')
-		{
-			return $this->overlay_watermark();
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			return $this->text_watermark();
-		}
+		return ($this->wm_type === 'overlay') ? $this->overlay_watermark() : $this->text_watermark();
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -865,10 +1140,9 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 	/**
 	 * Watermark - Graphic Version
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function overlay_watermark()
+	public function overlay_watermark()
 	{
 		if ( ! function_exists('imagecolortransparent'))
 		{
@@ -876,63 +1150,61 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		//  Fetch source image properties
+		// Fetch source image properties
 		$this->get_image_properties();
 
-		//  Fetch watermark image properties
-		$props			= $this->get_image_properties($this->wm_overlay_path, TRUE);
+		// Fetch watermark image properties
+		$props		= $this->get_image_properties($this->wm_overlay_path, TRUE);
 		$wm_img_type	= $props['image_type'];
-		$wm_width		= $props['width'];
-		$wm_height		= $props['height'];
+		$wm_width	= $props['width'];
+		$wm_height	= $props['height'];
 
-		//  Create two image resources
+		// Create two image resources
 		$wm_img  = $this->image_create_gd($this->wm_overlay_path, $wm_img_type);
 		$src_img = $this->image_create_gd($this->full_src_path);
 
 		// Reverse the offset if necessary
 		// When the image is positioned at the bottom
 		// we don't want the vertical offset to push it
-		// further down.  We want the reverse, so we'll
-		// invert the offset.  Same with the horizontal
+		// further down. We want the reverse, so we'll
+		// invert the offset. Same with the horizontal
 		// offset when the image is at the right
 
-		$this->wm_vrt_alignment = strtoupper(substr($this->wm_vrt_alignment, 0, 1));
-		$this->wm_hor_alignment = strtoupper(substr($this->wm_hor_alignment, 0, 1));
+		$this->wm_vrt_alignment = strtoupper($this->wm_vrt_alignment[0]);
+		$this->wm_hor_alignment = strtoupper($this->wm_hor_alignment[0]);
 
-		if ($this->wm_vrt_alignment == 'B')
+		if ($this->wm_vrt_alignment === 'B')
 			$this->wm_vrt_offset = $this->wm_vrt_offset * -1;
 
-		if ($this->wm_hor_alignment == 'R')
+		if ($this->wm_hor_alignment === 'R')
 			$this->wm_hor_offset = $this->wm_hor_offset * -1;
 
-		//  Set the base x and y axis values
+		// Set the base x and y axis values
 		$x_axis = $this->wm_hor_offset + $this->wm_padding;
 		$y_axis = $this->wm_vrt_offset + $this->wm_padding;
 
-		//  Set the vertical position
-		switch ($this->wm_vrt_alignment)
+		// Set the vertical position
+		if ($this->wm_vrt_alignment === 'M')
 		{
-			case 'T':
-				break;
-			case 'M':	$y_axis += ($this->orig_height / 2) - ($wm_height / 2);
-				break;
-			case 'B':	$y_axis += $this->orig_height - $wm_height;
-				break;
+			$y_axis += ($this->orig_height / 2) - ($wm_height / 2);
+		}
+		elseif ($this->wm_vrt_alignment === 'B')
+		{
+			$y_axis += $this->orig_height - $wm_height;
 		}
 
-		//  Set the horizontal position
-		switch ($this->wm_hor_alignment)
+		// Set the horizontal position
+		if ($this->wm_hor_alignment === 'C')
 		{
-			case 'L':
-				break;
-			case 'C':	$x_axis += ($this->orig_width / 2) - ($wm_width / 2);
-				break;
-			case 'R':	$x_axis += $this->orig_width - $wm_width;
-				break;
+			$x_axis += ($this->orig_width / 2) - ($wm_width / 2);
+		}
+		elseif ($this->wm_hor_alignment === 'R')
+		{
+			$x_axis += $this->orig_width - $wm_width;
 		}
 
-		//  Build the finalized image
-		if ($wm_img_type == 3 AND function_exists('imagealphablending'))
+		// Build the finalized image
+		if ($wm_img_type === 3 && function_exists('imagealphablending'))
 		{
 			@imagealphablending($src_img, TRUE);
 		}
@@ -954,17 +1226,21 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 			imagecopymerge($src_img, $wm_img, $x_axis, $y_axis, 0, 0, $wm_width, $wm_height, $this->wm_opacity);
 		}
 
-		//  Output the image
-		if ($this->dynamic_output == TRUE)
+		// We can preserve transparency for PNG images
+		if ($this->image_type === 3)
+		{
+			imagealphablending($src_img, FALSE);
+			imagesavealpha($src_img, TRUE);
+		}
+
+		// Output the image
+		if ($this->dynamic_output === TRUE)
 		{
 			$this->image_display_gd($src_img);
 		}
-		else
+		elseif ( ! $this->image_save_gd($src_img)) // ... or save it
 		{
-			if ( ! $this->image_save_gd($src_img))
-			{
-				return FALSE;
-			}
+			return FALSE;
 		}
 
 		imagedestroy($src_img);
@@ -978,62 +1254,63 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 	/**
 	 * Watermark - Text Version
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function text_watermark()
+	public function text_watermark()
 	{
 		if ( ! ($src_img = $this->image_create_gd()))
 		{
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		if ($this->wm_use_truetype == TRUE AND ! file_exists($this->wm_font_path))
+		if ($this->wm_use_truetype === TRUE && ! file_exists($this->wm_font_path))
 		{
 			$this->set_error('imglib_missing_font');
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		//  Fetch source image properties
+		// Fetch source image properties
 		$this->get_image_properties();
 
-		// Set RGB values for text and shadow
-		$this->wm_font_color	= str_replace('#', '', $this->wm_font_color);
-		$this->wm_shadow_color	= str_replace('#', '', $this->wm_shadow_color);
-
-		$R1 = hexdec(substr($this->wm_font_color, 0, 2));
-		$G1 = hexdec(substr($this->wm_font_color, 2, 2));
-		$B1 = hexdec(substr($this->wm_font_color, 4, 2));
-
-		$R2 = hexdec(substr($this->wm_shadow_color, 0, 2));
-		$G2 = hexdec(substr($this->wm_shadow_color, 2, 2));
-		$B2 = hexdec(substr($this->wm_shadow_color, 4, 2));
-
-		$txt_color	= imagecolorclosest($src_img, $R1, $G1, $B1);
-		$drp_color	= imagecolorclosest($src_img, $R2, $G2, $B2);
-
 		// Reverse the vertical offset
 		// When the image is positioned at the bottom
 		// we don't want the vertical offset to push it
-		// further down.  We want the reverse, so we'll
-		// invert the offset.  Note: The horizontal
+		// further down. We want the reverse, so we'll
+		// invert the offset. Note: The horizontal
 		// offset flips itself automatically
 
-		if ($this->wm_vrt_alignment == 'B')
+		if ($this->wm_vrt_alignment === 'B')
+		{
 			$this->wm_vrt_offset = $this->wm_vrt_offset * -1;
+		}
 
-		if ($this->wm_hor_alignment == 'R')
+		if ($this->wm_hor_alignment === 'R')
+		{
 			$this->wm_hor_offset = $this->wm_hor_offset * -1;
+		}
 
 		// Set font width and height
 		// These are calculated differently depending on
 		// whether we are using the true type font or not
-		if ($this->wm_use_truetype == TRUE)
+		if ($this->wm_use_truetype === TRUE)
 		{
-			if ($this->wm_font_size == '')
-				$this->wm_font_size = '17';
+			if (empty($this->wm_font_size))
+			{
+				$this->wm_font_size = 17;
+			}
+
+			if (function_exists('imagettfbbox'))
+			{
+				$temp = imagettfbbox($this->wm_font_size, 0, $this->wm_font_path, $this->wm_text);
+				$temp = $temp[2] - $temp[0];
+
+				$fontwidth = $temp / strlen($this->wm_text);
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				$fontwidth = $this->wm_font_size - ($this->wm_font_size / 4);
+			}
 
-			$fontwidth  = $this->wm_font_size-($this->wm_font_size/4);
 			$fontheight = $this->wm_font_size;
 			$this->wm_vrt_offset += $this->wm_font_size;
 		}
@@ -1047,59 +1324,88 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 		$x_axis = $this->wm_hor_offset + $this->wm_padding;
 		$y_axis = $this->wm_vrt_offset + $this->wm_padding;
 
-		// Set verticle alignment
-		if ($this->wm_use_drop_shadow == FALSE)
+		if ($this->wm_use_drop_shadow === FALSE)
+		{
 			$this->wm_shadow_distance = 0;
+		}
 
-		$this->wm_vrt_alignment = strtoupper(substr($this->wm_vrt_alignment, 0, 1));
-		$this->wm_hor_alignment = strtoupper(substr($this->wm_hor_alignment, 0, 1));
+		$this->wm_vrt_alignment = strtoupper($this->wm_vrt_alignment[0]);
+		$this->wm_hor_alignment = strtoupper($this->wm_hor_alignment[0]);
 
-		switch ($this->wm_vrt_alignment)
+		// Set vertical alignment
+		if ($this->wm_vrt_alignment === 'M')
 		{
-			case	 "T" :
-				break;
-			case "M":	$y_axis += ($this->orig_height/2)+($fontheight/2);
-				break;
-			case "B":	$y_axis += ($this->orig_height - $fontheight - $this->wm_shadow_distance - ($fontheight/2));
-				break;
+			$y_axis += ($this->orig_height / 2) + ($fontheight / 2);
+		}
+		elseif ($this->wm_vrt_alignment === 'B')
+		{
+			$y_axis += $this->orig_height - $fontheight - $this->wm_shadow_distance - ($fontheight / 2);
 		}
-
-		$x_shad = $x_axis + $this->wm_shadow_distance;
-		$y_shad = $y_axis + $this->wm_shadow_distance;
 
 		// Set horizontal alignment
-		switch ($this->wm_hor_alignment)
+		if ($this->wm_hor_alignment === 'R')
 		{
-			case "L":
-				break;
-			case "R":
-						if ($this->wm_use_drop_shadow)
-							$x_shad += ($this->orig_width - $fontwidth*strlen($this->wm_text));
-							$x_axis += ($this->orig_width - $fontwidth*strlen($this->wm_text));
-				break;
-			case "C":
-						if ($this->wm_use_drop_shadow)
-							$x_shad += floor(($this->orig_width - $fontwidth*strlen($this->wm_text))/2);
-							$x_axis += floor(($this->orig_width  -$fontwidth*strlen($this->wm_text))/2);
-				break;
+			$x_axis += $this->orig_width - ($fontwidth * strlen($this->wm_text)) - $this->wm_shadow_distance;
+		}
+		elseif ($this->wm_hor_alignment === 'C')
+		{
+			$x_axis += floor(($this->orig_width - ($fontwidth * strlen($this->wm_text))) / 2);
 		}
 
-		//  Add the text to the source image
-		if ($this->wm_use_truetype)
+		if ($this->wm_use_drop_shadow)
 		{
-			if ($this->wm_use_drop_shadow)
+			// Offset from text
+			$x_shad = $x_axis + $this->wm_shadow_distance;
+			$y_shad = $y_axis + $this->wm_shadow_distance;
+
+			/* Set RGB values for shadow
+			 *
+			 * First character is #, so we don't really need it.
+			 * Get the rest of the string and split it into 2-length
+			 * hex values:
+			 */
+			$drp_color = str_split(substr($this->wm_shadow_color, 1, 6), 2);
+			$drp_color = imagecolorclosest($src_img, hexdec($drp_color[0]), hexdec($drp_color[1]), hexdec($drp_color[2]));
+
+			// Add the shadow to the source image
+			if ($this->wm_use_truetype)
+			{
 				imagettftext($src_img, $this->wm_font_size, 0, $x_shad, $y_shad, $drp_color, $this->wm_font_path, $this->wm_text);
-				imagettftext($src_img, $this->wm_font_size, 0, $x_axis, $y_axis, $txt_color, $this->wm_font_path, $this->wm_text);
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				imagestring($src_img, $this->wm_font_size, $x_shad, $y_shad, $this->wm_text, $drp_color);
+			}
+		}
+
+		/* Set RGB values for text
+		 *
+		 * First character is #, so we don't really need it.
+		 * Get the rest of the string and split it into 2-length
+		 * hex values:
+		 */
+		$txt_color = str_split(substr($this->wm_font_color, 1, 6), 2);
+		$txt_color = imagecolorclosest($src_img, hexdec($txt_color[0]), hexdec($txt_color[1]), hexdec($txt_color[2]));
+
+		// Add the text to the source image
+		if ($this->wm_use_truetype)
+		{
+			imagettftext($src_img, $this->wm_font_size, 0, $x_axis, $y_axis, $txt_color, $this->wm_font_path, $this->wm_text);
 		}
 		else
 		{
-			if ($this->wm_use_drop_shadow)
-				imagestring($src_img, $this->wm_font_size, $x_shad, $y_shad, $this->wm_text, $drp_color);
-				imagestring($src_img, $this->wm_font_size, $x_axis, $y_axis, $this->wm_text, $txt_color);
+			imagestring($src_img, $this->wm_font_size, $x_axis, $y_axis, $this->wm_text, $txt_color);
+		}
+
+		// We can preserve transparency for PNG images
+		if ($this->image_type === 3)
+		{
+			imagealphablending($src_img, FALSE);
+			imagesavealpha($src_img, TRUE);
 		}
 
-		//  Output the final image
-		if ($this->dynamic_output == TRUE)
+		// Output the final image
+		if ($this->dynamic_output === TRUE)
 		{
 			$this->image_display_gd($src_img);
 		}
@@ -1121,53 +1427,52 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 	 * This simply creates an image resource handle
 	 * based on the type of image being processed
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
+	 * @param	string
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	resource
 	 */
-	function image_create_gd($path = '', $image_type = '')
+	public function image_create_gd($path = '', $image_type = '')
 	{
-		if ($path == '')
+		if ($path === '')
+		{
 			$path = $this->full_src_path;
+		}
 
-		if ($image_type == '')
+		if ($image_type === '')
+		{
 			$image_type = $this->image_type;
-
+		}
 
 		switch ($image_type)
 		{
-			case	 1 :
-						if ( ! function_exists('imagecreatefromgif'))
-						{
-							$this->set_error(array('imglib_unsupported_imagecreate', 'imglib_gif_not_supported'));
-							return FALSE;
-						}
-
-						return imagecreatefromgif($path);
-				break;
-			case 2 :
-						if ( ! function_exists('imagecreatefromjpeg'))
-						{
-							$this->set_error(array('imglib_unsupported_imagecreate', 'imglib_jpg_not_supported'));
-							return FALSE;
-						}
+			case 1:
+				if ( ! function_exists('imagecreatefromgif'))
+				{
+					$this->set_error(array('imglib_unsupported_imagecreate', 'imglib_gif_not_supported'));
+					return FALSE;
+				}
 
-						return imagecreatefromjpeg($path);
-				break;
-			case 3 :
-						if ( ! function_exists('imagecreatefrompng'))
-						{
-							$this->set_error(array('imglib_unsupported_imagecreate', 'imglib_png_not_supported'));
-							return FALSE;
-						}
+				return imagecreatefromgif($path);
+			case 2:
+				if ( ! function_exists('imagecreatefromjpeg'))
+				{
+					$this->set_error(array('imglib_unsupported_imagecreate', 'imglib_jpg_not_supported'));
+					return FALSE;
+				}
 
-						return imagecreatefrompng($path);
-				break;
+				return imagecreatefromjpeg($path);
+			case 3:
+				if ( ! function_exists('imagecreatefrompng'))
+				{
+					$this->set_error(array('imglib_unsupported_imagecreate', 'imglib_png_not_supported'));
+					return FALSE;
+				}
 
+				return imagecreatefrompng($path);
+			default:
+				$this->set_error(array('imglib_unsupported_imagecreate'));
+				return FALSE;
 		}
-
-		$this->set_error(array('imglib_unsupported_imagecreate'));
-		return FALSE;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1178,57 +1483,56 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 	 * Takes an image resource as input and writes the file
 	 * to the specified destination
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	resource
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function image_save_gd($resource)
+	public function image_save_gd($resource)
 	{
 		switch ($this->image_type)
 		{
-			case 1 :
-						if ( ! function_exists('imagegif'))
-						{
-							$this->set_error(array('imglib_unsupported_imagecreate', 'imglib_gif_not_supported'));
-							return FALSE;
-						}
+			case 1:
+				if ( ! function_exists('imagegif'))
+				{
+					$this->set_error(array('imglib_unsupported_imagecreate', 'imglib_gif_not_supported'));
+					return FALSE;
+				}
 
-						if ( ! @imagegif($resource, $this->full_dst_path))
-						{
-							$this->set_error('imglib_save_failed');
-							return FALSE;
-						}
-				break;
-			case 2	:
-						if ( ! function_exists('imagejpeg'))
-						{
-							$this->set_error(array('imglib_unsupported_imagecreate', 'imglib_jpg_not_supported'));
-							return FALSE;
-						}
+				if ( ! @imagegif($resource, $this->full_dst_path))
+				{
+					$this->set_error('imglib_save_failed');
+					return FALSE;
+				}
+			break;
+			case 2:
+				if ( ! function_exists('imagejpeg'))
+				{
+					$this->set_error(array('imglib_unsupported_imagecreate', 'imglib_jpg_not_supported'));
+					return FALSE;
+				}
 
-						if ( ! @imagejpeg($resource, $this->full_dst_path, $this->quality))
-						{
-							$this->set_error('imglib_save_failed');
-							return FALSE;
-						}
-				break;
-			case 3	:
-						if ( ! function_exists('imagepng'))
-						{
-							$this->set_error(array('imglib_unsupported_imagecreate', 'imglib_png_not_supported'));
-							return FALSE;
-						}
+				if ( ! @imagejpeg($resource, $this->full_dst_path, $this->quality))
+				{
+					$this->set_error('imglib_save_failed');
+					return FALSE;
+				}
+			break;
+			case 3:
+				if ( ! function_exists('imagepng'))
+				{
+					$this->set_error(array('imglib_unsupported_imagecreate', 'imglib_png_not_supported'));
+					return FALSE;
+				}
 
-						if ( ! @imagepng($resource, $this->full_dst_path))
-						{
-							$this->set_error('imglib_save_failed');
-							return FALSE;
-						}
-				break;
-			default		:
-							$this->set_error(array('imglib_unsupported_imagecreate'));
-							return FALSE;
-				break;
+				if ( ! @imagepng($resource, $this->full_dst_path))
+				{
+					$this->set_error('imglib_save_failed');
+					return FALSE;
+				}
+			break;
+			default:
+				$this->set_error(array('imglib_unsupported_imagecreate'));
+				return FALSE;
+			break;
 		}
 
 		return TRUE;
@@ -1239,26 +1543,25 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 	/**
 	 * Dynamically outputs an image
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	resource
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function image_display_gd($resource)
+	public function image_display_gd($resource)
 	{
-		header("Content-Disposition: filename={$this->source_image};");
-		header("Content-Type: {$this->mime_type}");
+		header('Content-Disposition: filename='.$this->source_image.';');
+		header('Content-Type: '.$this->mime_type);
 		header('Content-Transfer-Encoding: binary');
 		header('Last-Modified: '.gmdate('D, d M Y H:i:s', time()).' GMT');
 
 		switch ($this->image_type)
 		{
-			case 1		:	imagegif($resource);
+			case 1	:	imagegif($resource);
 				break;
-			case 2		:	imagejpeg($resource, '', $this->quality);
+			case 2	:	imagejpeg($resource, NULL, $this->quality);
 				break;
-			case 3		:	imagepng($resource);
+			case 3	:	imagepng($resource);
 				break;
-			default		:	echo 'Unable to display the image';
+			default:	echo 'Unable to display the image';
 				break;
 		}
 	}
@@ -1275,38 +1578,47 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 	 * This function lets us re-proportion the width/height
 	 * if users choose to maintain the aspect ratio when resizing.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function image_reproportion()
+	public function image_reproportion()
 	{
-		if ( ! is_numeric($this->width) OR ! is_numeric($this->height) OR $this->width == 0 OR $this->height == 0)
-			return;
-
-		if ( ! is_numeric($this->orig_width) OR ! is_numeric($this->orig_height) OR $this->orig_width == 0 OR $this->orig_height == 0)
-			return;
-
-		$new_width	= ceil($this->orig_width*$this->height/$this->orig_height);
-		$new_height	= ceil($this->width*$this->orig_height/$this->orig_width);
-
-		$ratio = (($this->orig_height/$this->orig_width) - ($this->height/$this->width));
-
-		if ($this->master_dim != 'width' AND $this->master_dim != 'height')
+		if (($this->width === 0 && $this->height === 0) OR $this->orig_width === 0 OR $this->orig_height === 0
+			OR ( ! ctype_digit((string) $this->width) && ! ctype_digit((string) $this->height))
+			OR ! ctype_digit((string) $this->orig_width) OR ! ctype_digit((string) $this->orig_height))
 		{
-			$this->master_dim = ($ratio < 0) ? 'width' : 'height';
+			return;
 		}
 
-		if (($this->width != $new_width) AND ($this->height != $new_height))
+		// Sanitize
+		$this->width = (int) $this->width;
+		$this->height = (int) $this->height;
+
+		if ($this->master_dim !== 'width' && $this->master_dim !== 'height')
 		{
-			if ($this->master_dim == 'height')
+			if ($this->width > 0 && $this->height > 0)
 			{
-				$this->width = $new_width;
+				$this->master_dim = ((($this->orig_height/$this->orig_width) - ($this->height/$this->width)) < 0)
+							? 'width' : 'height';
 			}
 			else
 			{
-				$this->height = $new_height;
+				$this->master_dim = ($this->height === 0) ? 'width' : 'height';
 			}
 		}
+		elseif (($this->master_dim === 'width' && $this->width === 0)
+			OR ($this->master_dim === 'height' && $this->height === 0))
+		{
+			return;
+		}
+
+		if ($this->master_dim === 'width')
+		{
+			$this->height = (int) ceil($this->width*$this->orig_height/$this->orig_width);
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			$this->width = (int) ceil($this->orig_width*$this->height/$this->orig_height);
+		}
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1316,17 +1628,19 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 	 *
 	 * A helper function that gets info about the file
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	bool
 	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
-	function get_image_properties($path = '', $return = FALSE)
+	public function get_image_properties($path = '', $return = FALSE)
 	{
 		// For now we require GD but we should
 		// find a way to determine this using IM or NetPBM
 
-		if ($path == '')
+		if ($path === '')
+		{
 			$path = $this->full_src_path;
+		}
 
 		if ( ! file_exists($path))
 		{
@@ -1334,28 +1648,32 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		$vals = @getimagesize($path);
+		$vals = getimagesize($path);
+		if ($vals === FALSE)
+		{
+			$this->set_error('imglib_invalid_image');
+			return FALSE;
+		}
 
 		$types = array(1 => 'gif', 2 => 'jpeg', 3 => 'png');
+		$mime = isset($types[$vals[2]]) ? 'image/'.$types[$vals[2]] : 'image/jpg';
 
-		$mime = (isset($types[$vals['2']])) ? 'image/'.$types[$vals['2']] : 'image/jpg';
-
-		if ($return == TRUE)
+		if ($return === TRUE)
 		{
-			$v['width']			= $vals['0'];
-			$v['height']		= $vals['1'];
-			$v['image_type']	= $vals['2'];
-			$v['size_str']		= $vals['3'];
-			$v['mime_type']		= $mime;
-
-			return $v;
+			return array(
+				'width'      => $vals[0],
+				'height'     => $vals[1],
+				'image_type' => $vals[2],
+				'size_str'   => $vals[3],
+				'mime_type'  => $mime
+			);
 		}
 
-		$this->orig_width	= $vals['0'];
-		$this->orig_height	= $vals['1'];
-		$this->image_type	= $vals['2'];
-		$this->size_str		= $vals['3'];
-		$this->mime_type	= $mime;
+		$this->orig_width  = $vals[0];
+		$this->orig_height = $vals[1];
+		$this->image_type  = $vals[2];
+		$this->size_str    = $vals[3];
+		$this->mime_type   = $mime;
 
 		return TRUE;
 	}
@@ -1366,21 +1684,20 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 	 * Size calculator
 	 *
 	 * This function takes a known width x height and
-	 * recalculates it to a new size.  Only one
+	 * recalculates it to a new size. Only one
 	 * new variable needs to be known
 	 *
 	 *	$props = array(
-	 *					'width'			=> $width,
-	 *					'height'		=> $height,
-	 *					'new_width'		=> 40,
-	 *					'new_height'	=> ''
-	 *				  );
+	 *			'width'		=> $width,
+	 *			'height'	=> $height,
+	 *			'new_width'	=> 40,
+	 *			'new_height'	=> ''
+	 *		);
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	array
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function size_calculator($vals)
+	public function size_calculator($vals)
 	{
 		if ( ! is_array($vals))
 		{
@@ -1391,20 +1708,22 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 
 		foreach ($allowed as $item)
 		{
-			if ( ! isset($vals[$item]) OR $vals[$item] == '')
+			if (empty($vals[$item]))
+			{
 				$vals[$item] = 0;
+			}
 		}
 
-		if ($vals['width'] == 0 OR $vals['height'] == 0)
+		if ($vals['width'] === 0 OR $vals['height'] === 0)
 		{
 			return $vals;
 		}
 
-		if ($vals['new_width'] == 0)
+		if ($vals['new_width'] === 0)
 		{
 			$vals['new_width'] = ceil($vals['width']*$vals['new_height']/$vals['height']);
 		}
-		elseif ($vals['new_height'] == 0)
+		elseif ($vals['new_height'] === 0)
 		{
 			$vals['new_height'] = ceil($vals['new_width']*$vals['height']/$vals['width']);
 		}
@@ -1419,16 +1738,15 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 	 *
 	 * This is a helper function that extracts the extension
 	 * from the source_image.  This function lets us deal with
-	 * source_images with multiple periods, like:  my.cool.jpg
+	 * source_images with multiple periods, like: my.cool.jpg
 	 * It returns an associative array with two elements:
 	 * $array['ext']  = '.jpg';
 	 * $array['name'] = 'my.cool';
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	array
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function explode_name($source_image)
+	public function explode_name($source_image)
 	{
 		$ext = strrchr($source_image, '.');
 		$name = ($ext === FALSE) ? $source_image : substr($source_image, 0, -strlen($ext));
@@ -1441,17 +1759,16 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 	/**
 	 * Is GD Installed?
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function gd_loaded()
+	public function gd_loaded()
 	{
 		if ( ! extension_loaded('gd'))
 		{
-			if ( ! dl('gd.so'))
-			{
-				return FALSE;
-			}
+			/* As it is stated in the PHP manual, dl() is not always available
+			 * and even if so - it could generate an E_WARNING message on failure
+			 */
+			return (function_exists('dl') && @dl('gd.so'));
 		}
 
 		return TRUE;
@@ -1462,17 +1779,14 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 	/**
 	 * Get GD version
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
-	function gd_version()
+	public function gd_version()
 	{
 		if (function_exists('gd_info'))
 		{
 			$gd_version = @gd_info();
-			$gd_version = preg_replace("/\D/", "", $gd_version['GD Version']);
-
-			return $gd_version;
+			return preg_replace('/\D/', '', $gd_version['GD Version']);
 		}
 
 		return FALSE;
@@ -1483,11 +1797,10 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 	/**
 	 * Set error message
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function set_error($msg)
+	public function set_error($msg)
 	{
 		$CI =& get_instance();
 		$CI->lang->load('imglib');
@@ -1496,15 +1809,14 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 		{
 			foreach ($msg as $val)
 			{
-
-				$msg = ($CI->lang->line($val) == FALSE) ? $val : $CI->lang->line($val);
+				$msg = ($CI->lang->line($val) === FALSE) ? $val : $CI->lang->line($val);
 				$this->error_msg[] = $msg;
 				log_message('error', $msg);
 			}
 		}
 		else
 		{
-			$msg = ($CI->lang->line($msg) == FALSE) ? $msg : $CI->lang->line($msg);
+			$msg = ($CI->lang->line($msg) === FALSE) ? $msg : $CI->lang->line($msg);
 			$this->error_msg[] = $msg;
 			log_message('error', $msg);
 		}
@@ -1515,23 +1827,13 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 	/**
 	 * Show error messages
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
+	 * @param	string
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function display_errors($open = '<p>', $close = '</p>')
+	public function display_errors($open = '<p>', $close = '</p>')
 	{
-		$str = '';
-		foreach ($this->error_msg as $val)
-		{
-			$str .= $open.$val.$close;
-		}
-
-		return $str;
+		return (count($this->error_msg) > 0) ? $open.implode($close.$open, $this->error_msg).$close : '';
 	}
 
 }
-// END Image_lib Class
-
-/* End of file Image_lib.php */
-/* Location: ./system/libraries/Image_lib.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/libraries/Javascript.php b/system/libraries/Javascript.php
index a26bb8400..7648526b4 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Javascript.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Javascript.php
@@ -1,19 +1,41 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.0.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * Javascript Class
@@ -21,20 +43,34 @@
  * @package		CodeIgniter
  * @subpackage	Libraries
  * @category	Javascript
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/javascript.html
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/javascript.html
+ * @deprecated	3.0.0	This was never a good idea in the first place.
  */
 class CI_Javascript {
 
-	var $_javascript_location = 'js';
+	/**
+	 * JavaScript location
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_javascript_location = 'js';
 
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Constructor
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$params
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
 	public function __construct($params = array())
 	{
 		$defaults = array('js_library_driver' => 'jquery', 'autoload' => TRUE);
 
 		foreach ($defaults as $key => $val)
 		{
-			if (isset($params[$key]) && $params[$key] !== "")
+			if (isset($params[$key]) && $params[$key] !== '')
 			{
 				$defaults[$key] = $params[$key];
 			}
@@ -45,14 +81,14 @@ class CI_Javascript {
 		$this->CI =& get_instance();
 
 		// load the requested js library
-		$this->CI->load->library('javascript/'.$js_library_driver, array('autoload' => $autoload));
+		$this->CI->load->library('Javascript/'.$js_library_driver, array('autoload' => $autoload));
 		// make js to refer to current library
 		$this->js =& $this->CI->$js_library_driver;
 
-		log_message('debug', "Javascript Class Initialized and loaded.  Driver used: $js_library_driver");
+		log_message('info', 'Javascript Class Initialized and loaded. Driver used: '.$js_library_driver);
 	}
 
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------	
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 	// Event Code
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
@@ -61,12 +97,11 @@ class CI_Javascript {
 	 *
 	 * Outputs a javascript library blur event
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	The element to attach the event to
 	 * @param	string	The code to execute
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function blur($element = 'this', $js = '')
+	public function blur($element = 'this', $js = '')
 	{
 		return $this->js->_blur($element, $js);
 	}
@@ -78,12 +113,11 @@ class CI_Javascript {
 	 *
 	 * Outputs a javascript library change event
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	The element to attach the event to
 	 * @param	string	The code to execute
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function change($element = 'this', $js = '')
+	public function change($element = 'this', $js = '')
 	{
 		return $this->js->_change($element, $js);
 	}
@@ -95,13 +129,12 @@ class CI_Javascript {
 	 *
 	 * Outputs a javascript library click event
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	The element to attach the event to
 	 * @param	string	The code to execute
-	 * @param	boolean	whether or not to return false
+	 * @param	bool	whether or not to return false
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function click($element = 'this', $js = '', $ret_false = TRUE)
+	public function click($element = 'this', $js = '', $ret_false = TRUE)
 	{
 		return $this->js->_click($element, $js, $ret_false);
 	}
@@ -113,12 +146,11 @@ class CI_Javascript {
 	 *
 	 * Outputs a javascript library dblclick event
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	The element to attach the event to
 	 * @param	string	The code to execute
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function dblclick($element = 'this', $js = '')
+	public function dblclick($element = 'this', $js = '')
 	{
 		return $this->js->_dblclick($element, $js);
 	}
@@ -130,12 +162,11 @@ class CI_Javascript {
 	 *
 	 * Outputs a javascript library error event
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	The element to attach the event to
 	 * @param	string	The code to execute
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function error($element = 'this', $js = '')
+	public function error($element = 'this', $js = '')
 	{
 		return $this->js->_error($element, $js);
 	}
@@ -147,14 +178,13 @@ class CI_Javascript {
 	 *
 	 * Outputs a javascript library focus event
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	The element to attach the event to
 	 * @param	string	The code to execute
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function focus($element = 'this', $js = '')
+	public function focus($element = 'this', $js = '')
 	{
-		return $this->js->__add_event($focus, $js);
+		return $this->js->_focus($element, $js);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -164,15 +194,14 @@ class CI_Javascript {
 	 *
 	 * Outputs a javascript library hover event
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	- element
 	 * @param	string	- Javascript code for mouse over
 	 * @param	string	- Javascript code for mouse out
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function hover($element = 'this', $over, $out)
+	public function hover($element = 'this', $over = '', $out = '')
 	{
-		return $this->js->__hover($element, $over, $out);
+		return $this->js->_hover($element, $over, $out);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -182,12 +211,11 @@ class CI_Javascript {
 	 *
 	 * Outputs a javascript library keydown event
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	The element to attach the event to
 	 * @param	string	The code to execute
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function keydown($element = 'this', $js = '')
+	public function keydown($element = 'this', $js = '')
 	{
 		return $this->js->_keydown($element, $js);
 	}
@@ -199,12 +227,11 @@ class CI_Javascript {
 	 *
 	 * Outputs a javascript library keydown event
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	The element to attach the event to
 	 * @param	string	The code to execute
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function keyup($element = 'this', $js = '')
+	public function keyup($element = 'this', $js = '')
 	{
 		return $this->js->_keyup($element, $js);
 	}
@@ -216,12 +243,11 @@ class CI_Javascript {
 	 *
 	 * Outputs a javascript library load event
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	The element to attach the event to
 	 * @param	string	The code to execute
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function load($element = 'this', $js = '')
+	public function load($element = 'this', $js = '')
 	{
 		return $this->js->_load($element, $js);
 	}
@@ -233,12 +259,11 @@ class CI_Javascript {
 	 *
 	 * Outputs a javascript library mousedown event
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	The element to attach the event to
 	 * @param	string	The code to execute
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function mousedown($element = 'this', $js = '')
+	public function mousedown($element = 'this', $js = '')
 	{
 		return $this->js->_mousedown($element, $js);
 	}
@@ -250,12 +275,11 @@ class CI_Javascript {
 	 *
 	 * Outputs a javascript library mouseout event
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	The element to attach the event to
 	 * @param	string	The code to execute
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function mouseout($element = 'this', $js = '')
+	public function mouseout($element = 'this', $js = '')
 	{
 		return $this->js->_mouseout($element, $js);
 	}
@@ -267,12 +291,11 @@ class CI_Javascript {
 	 *
 	 * Outputs a javascript library mouseover event
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	The element to attach the event to
 	 * @param	string	The code to execute
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function mouseover($element = 'this', $js = '')
+	public function mouseover($element = 'this', $js = '')
 	{
 		return $this->js->_mouseover($element, $js);
 	}
@@ -284,12 +307,11 @@ class CI_Javascript {
 	 *
 	 * Outputs a javascript library mouseup event
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	The element to attach the event to
 	 * @param	string	The code to execute
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function mouseup($element = 'this', $js = '')
+	public function mouseup($element = 'this', $js = '')
 	{
 		return $this->js->_mouseup($element, $js);
 	}
@@ -301,11 +323,10 @@ class CI_Javascript {
 	 *
 	 * Outputs the called javascript to the screen
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	The code to output
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function output($js)
+	public function output($js)
 	{
 		return $this->js->_output($js);
 	}
@@ -317,12 +338,10 @@ class CI_Javascript {
 	 *
 	 * Outputs a javascript library mouseup event
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	The element to attach the event to
-	 * @param	string	The code to execute
+	 * @param	string	$js	Code to execute
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function ready($js)
+	public function ready($js)
 	{
 		return $this->js->_document_ready($js);
 	}
@@ -334,12 +353,11 @@ class CI_Javascript {
 	 *
 	 * Outputs a javascript library resize event
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	The element to attach the event to
 	 * @param	string	The code to execute
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function resize($element = 'this', $js = '')
+	public function resize($element = 'this', $js = '')
 	{
 		return $this->js->_resize($element, $js);
 	}
@@ -351,12 +369,11 @@ class CI_Javascript {
 	 *
 	 * Outputs a javascript library scroll event
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	The element to attach the event to
 	 * @param	string	The code to execute
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function scroll($element = 'this', $js = '')
+	public function scroll($element = 'this', $js = '')
 	{
 		return $this->js->_scroll($element, $js);
 	}
@@ -368,32 +385,29 @@ class CI_Javascript {
 	 *
 	 * Outputs a javascript library unload event
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	The element to attach the event to
 	 * @param	string	The code to execute
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function unload($element = 'this', $js = '')
+	public function unload($element = 'this', $js = '')
 	{
 		return $this->js->_unload($element, $js);
 	}
 
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------	
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 	// Effects
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-
 	/**
 	 * Add Class
 	 *
 	 * Outputs a javascript library addClass event
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	- element
 	 * @param	string	- Class to add
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function addClass($element = 'this', $class = '')
+	public function addClass($element = 'this', $class = '')
 	{
 		return $this->js->_addClass($element, $class);
 	}
@@ -405,13 +419,13 @@ class CI_Javascript {
 	 *
 	 * Outputs a javascript library animate event
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	- element
-	 * @param	string	- One of 'slow', 'normal', 'fast', or time in milliseconds
-	 * @param	string	- Javascript callback function
+	 * @param	string	$element = 'this'
+	 * @param	array	$params = array()
+	 * @param	mixed	$speed			'slow', 'normal', 'fast', or time in milliseconds
+	 * @param	string	$extra
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function animate($element = 'this', $params = array(), $speed = '', $extra = '')
+	public function animate($element = 'this', $params = array(), $speed = '', $extra = '')
 	{
 		return $this->js->_animate($element, $params, $speed, $extra);
 	}
@@ -423,13 +437,12 @@ class CI_Javascript {
 	 *
 	 * Outputs a javascript library hide event
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	- element
 	 * @param	string	- One of 'slow', 'normal', 'fast', or time in milliseconds
 	 * @param	string	- Javascript callback function
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function fadeIn($element = 'this', $speed = '', $callback = '')
+	public function fadeIn($element = 'this', $speed = '', $callback = '')
 	{
 		return $this->js->_fadeIn($element, $speed, $callback);
 	}
@@ -441,13 +454,12 @@ class CI_Javascript {
 	 *
 	 * Outputs a javascript library hide event
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	- element
 	 * @param	string	- One of 'slow', 'normal', 'fast', or time in milliseconds
 	 * @param	string	- Javascript callback function
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function fadeOut($element = 'this', $speed = '', $callback = '')
+	public function fadeOut($element = 'this', $speed = '', $callback = '')
 	{
 		return $this->js->_fadeOut($element, $speed, $callback);
 	}
@@ -458,13 +470,12 @@ class CI_Javascript {
 	 *
 	 * Outputs a javascript library slideUp event
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	- element
 	 * @param	string	- One of 'slow', 'normal', 'fast', or time in milliseconds
 	 * @param	string	- Javascript callback function
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function slideUp($element = 'this', $speed = '', $callback = '')
+	public function slideUp($element = 'this', $speed = '', $callback = '')
 	{
 		return $this->js->_slideUp($element, $speed, $callback);
 
@@ -477,12 +488,11 @@ class CI_Javascript {
 	 *
 	 * Outputs a javascript library removeClass event
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	- element
 	 * @param	string	- Class to add
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function removeClass($element = 'this', $class = '')
+	public function removeClass($element = 'this', $class = '')
 	{
 		return $this->js->_removeClass($element, $class);
 	}
@@ -494,13 +504,12 @@ class CI_Javascript {
 	 *
 	 * Outputs a javascript library slideDown event
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	- element
 	 * @param	string	- One of 'slow', 'normal', 'fast', or time in milliseconds
 	 * @param	string	- Javascript callback function
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function slideDown($element = 'this', $speed = '', $callback = '')
+	public function slideDown($element = 'this', $speed = '', $callback = '')
 	{
 		return $this->js->_slideDown($element, $speed, $callback);
 	}
@@ -512,13 +521,12 @@ class CI_Javascript {
 	 *
 	 * Outputs a javascript library slideToggle event
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	- element
 	 * @param	string	- One of 'slow', 'normal', 'fast', or time in milliseconds
 	 * @param	string	- Javascript callback function
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function slideToggle($element = 'this', $speed = '', $callback = '')
+	public function slideToggle($element = 'this', $speed = '', $callback = '')
 	{
 		return $this->js->_slideToggle($element, $speed, $callback);
 
@@ -531,13 +539,12 @@ class CI_Javascript {
 	 *
 	 * Outputs a javascript library hide action
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	- element
 	 * @param	string	- One of 'slow', 'normal', 'fast', or time in milliseconds
 	 * @param	string	- Javascript callback function
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function hide($element = 'this', $speed = '', $callback = '')
+	public function hide($element = 'this', $speed = '', $callback = '')
 	{
 		return $this->js->_hide($element, $speed, $callback);
 	}
@@ -549,11 +556,10 @@ class CI_Javascript {
 	 *
 	 * Outputs a javascript library toggle event
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	- element
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function toggle($element = 'this')
+	public function toggle($element = 'this')
 	{
 		return $this->js->_toggle($element);
 
@@ -566,11 +572,11 @@ class CI_Javascript {
 	 *
 	 * Outputs a javascript library toggle class event
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	- element
+	 * @param	string	$element = 'this'
+	 * @param	string	$class = ''
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function toggleClass($element = 'this', $class='')
+	public function toggleClass($element = 'this', $class = '')
 	{
 		return $this->js->_toggleClass($element, $class);
 	}
@@ -582,18 +588,16 @@ class CI_Javascript {
 	 *
 	 * Outputs a javascript library show event
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	- element
 	 * @param	string	- One of 'slow', 'normal', 'fast', or time in milliseconds
 	 * @param	string	- Javascript callback function
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function show($element = 'this', $speed = '', $callback = '')
+	public function show($element = 'this', $speed = '', $callback = '')
 	{
 		return $this->js->_show($element, $speed, $callback);
 	}
 
-
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
@@ -601,24 +605,25 @@ class CI_Javascript {
 	 *
 	 * gather together all script needing to be output
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	The element to attach the event to
+	 * @param	string	$view_var
+	 * @param	bool	$script_tags
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function compile($view_var = 'script_foot', $script_tags = TRUE)
+	public function compile($view_var = 'script_foot', $script_tags = TRUE)
 	{
 		$this->js->_compile($view_var, $script_tags);
 	}
 
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 	/**
 	 * Clear Compile
 	 *
 	 * Clears any previous javascript collected for output
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function clear_compile()
+	public function clear_compile()
 	{
 		$this->js->_clear_compile();
 	}
@@ -630,25 +635,22 @@ class CI_Javascript {
 	 *
 	 * Outputs a <script> tag with the source as an external js file
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	The element to attach the event to
+	 * @param	string	$external_file
+	 * @param	bool	$relative
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function external($external_file = '', $relative = FALSE)
+	public function external($external_file = '', $relative = FALSE)
 	{
 		if ($external_file !== '')
 		{
 			$this->_javascript_location = $external_file;
 		}
-		else
+		elseif ($this->CI->config->item('javascript_location') !== '')
 		{
-			if ($this->CI->config->item('javascript_location') != '')
-			{
-				$this->_javascript_location = $this->CI->config->item('javascript_location');
-			}
+			$this->_javascript_location = $this->CI->config->item('javascript_location');
 		}
 
-		if ($relative === TRUE OR strncmp($external_file, 'http://', 7) == 0 OR strncmp($external_file, 'https://', 8) == 0)
+		if ($relative === TRUE OR strpos($external_file, 'http://') === 0 OR strpos($external_file, 'https://') === 0)
 		{
 			$str = $this->_open_script($external_file);
 		}
@@ -661,8 +663,7 @@ class CI_Javascript {
 			$str = $this->_open_script($this->CI->config->slash_item('base_url').$this->_javascript_location.$external_file);
 		}
 
-		$str .= $this->_close_script();
-		return $str;
+		return $str.$this->_close_script();
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -672,20 +673,17 @@ class CI_Javascript {
 	 *
 	 * Outputs a <script> tag
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	The element to attach the event to
-	 * @param	boolean	If a CDATA section should be added
+	 * @param	bool	If a CDATA section should be added
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function inline($script, $cdata = TRUE)
+	public function inline($script, $cdata = TRUE)
 	{
-		$str = $this->_open_script();
-		$str .= ($cdata) ? "\n// <![CDATA[\n{$script}\n// ]]>\n" : "\n{$script}\n";
-		$str .= $this->_close_script();
-
-		return $str;
+		return $this->_open_script()
+			. ($cdata ? "\n// <![CDATA[\n".$script."\n// ]]>\n" : "\n".$script."\n")
+			. $this->_close_script();
 	}
-	
+
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
@@ -693,15 +691,13 @@ class CI_Javascript {
 	 *
 	 * Outputs an opening <script>
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _open_script($src = '')
+	protected function _open_script($src = '')
 	{
-		$str = '<script type="text/javascript" charset="'.strtolower($this->CI->config->item('charset')).'"';
-		$str .= ($src == '') ? '>' : ' src="'.$src.'">';
-		return $str;
+		return '<script type="text/javascript" charset="'.strtolower($this->CI->config->item('charset')).'"'
+			.($src === '' ? '>' : ' src="'.$src.'">');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -711,34 +707,29 @@ class CI_Javascript {
 	 *
 	 * Outputs an closing </script>
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _close_script($extra = "\n")
+	protected function _close_script($extra = "\n")
 	{
-		return "</script>$extra";
+		return '</script>'.$extra;
 	}
 
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 	// AJAX-Y STUFF - still a testbed
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
 	 * Update
 	 *
 	 * Outputs a javascript library slideDown event
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	- element
 	 * @param	string	- One of 'slow', 'normal', 'fast', or time in milliseconds
 	 * @param	string	- Javascript callback function
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function update($element = 'this', $speed = '', $callback = '')
+	public function update($element = 'this', $speed = '', $callback = '')
 	{
 		return $this->js->_updater($element, $speed, $callback);
 	}
@@ -754,15 +745,15 @@ class CI_Javascript {
 	 * @param	bool	match array types (defaults to objects)
 	 * @return	string	a json formatted string
 	 */
-	function generate_json($result = NULL, $match_array_type = FALSE)
+	public function generate_json($result = NULL, $match_array_type = FALSE)
 	{
 		// JSON data can optionally be passed to this function
 		// either as a database result object or an array, or a user supplied array
-		if ( ! is_null($result))
+		if ($result !== NULL)
 		{
 			if (is_object($result))
 			{
-				$json_result = $result->result_array();
+				$json_result = is_callable(array($result, 'result_array')) ? $result->result_array() : (array) $result;
 			}
 			elseif (is_array($result))
 			{
@@ -781,9 +772,9 @@ class CI_Javascript {
 		$json = array();
 		$_is_assoc = TRUE;
 
-		if ( ! is_array($json_result) AND empty($json_result))
+		if ( ! is_array($json_result) && empty($json_result))
 		{
-			show_error("Generate JSON Failed - Illegal key, value pair.");
+			show_error('Generate JSON Failed - Illegal key, value pair.');
 		}
 		elseif ($match_array_type)
 		{
@@ -804,7 +795,7 @@ class CI_Javascript {
 
 		$json = implode(',', $json);
 
-		return $_is_assoc ? "{".$json."}" : "[".$json."]";
+		return $_is_assoc ? '{'.$json.'}' : '['.$json.']';
 
 	}
 
@@ -815,11 +806,10 @@ class CI_Javascript {
 	 *
 	 * Checks for an associative array
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	type
-	 * @return	type
+	 * @param	array
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function _is_associative_array($arr)
+	protected function _is_associative_array($arr)
 	{
 		foreach (array_keys($arr) as $key => $val)
 		{
@@ -839,13 +829,13 @@ class CI_Javascript {
 	 *
 	 * Ensures a standard json value and escapes values
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	type
-	 * @return	type
+	 * @param	mixed	$result
+	 * @param	bool	$is_key = FALSE
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _prep_args($result, $is_key = FALSE)
+	protected function _prep_args($result, $is_key = FALSE)
 	{
-		if (is_null($result))
+		if ($result === NULL)
 		{
 			return 'null';
 		}
@@ -855,7 +845,7 @@ class CI_Javascript {
 		}
 		elseif (is_string($result) OR $is_key)
 		{
-			return '"'.str_replace(array('\\', "\t", "\n", "\r", '"', '/'), array('\\\\', '\\t', '\\n', "\\r", '\"', '\/'), $result).'"';			
+			return '"'.str_replace(array('\\', "\t", "\n", "\r", '"', '/'), array('\\\\', '\\t', '\\n', "\\r", '\"', '\/'), $result).'"';
 		}
 		elseif (is_scalar($result))
 		{
@@ -863,9 +853,4 @@ class CI_Javascript {
 		}
 	}
 
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 }
-// END Javascript Class
-
-/* End of file Javascript.php */
-/* Location: ./system/libraries/Javascript.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/libraries/javascript/Jquery.php b/system/libraries/Javascript/Jquery.php
index 48d8b3e57..ee5f9dea5 100644
--- a/system/libraries/javascript/Jquery.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Javascript/Jquery.php
@@ -1,39 +1,110 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
-
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2011, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://www.codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://www.codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.0.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * Jquery Class
  *
  * @package		CodeIgniter
  * @subpackage	Libraries
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
  * @category	Loader
- * @link		http://www.codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/javascript.html
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/javascript.html
  */
-
 class CI_Jquery extends CI_Javascript {
 
-	var $_javascript_folder = 'js';
-	var $jquery_code_for_load = array();
-	var $jquery_code_for_compile = array();
-	var $jquery_corner_active = FALSE;
-	var $jquery_table_sorter_active = FALSE;
-	var $jquery_table_sorter_pager_active = FALSE;
-	var $jquery_ajax_img = '';
+	/**
+	 * JavaScript directory location
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_javascript_folder = 'js';
+
+	/**
+	 * JQuery code for load
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	public $jquery_code_for_load = array();
+
+	/**
+	 * JQuery code for compile
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	public $jquery_code_for_compile = array();
+
+	/**
+	 * JQuery corner active flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	public $jquery_corner_active = FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * JQuery table sorter active flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	public $jquery_table_sorter_active = FALSE;
 
+	/**
+	 * JQuery table sorter pager active
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	public $jquery_table_sorter_pager_active = FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * JQuery AJAX image
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $jquery_ajax_img = '';
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Constructor
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$params
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
 	public function __construct($params)
 	{
 		$this->CI =& get_instance();
@@ -44,140 +115,130 @@ class CI_Jquery extends CI_Javascript {
 			$this->script();
 		}
 
-		log_message('debug', "Jquery Class Initialized");
+		log_message('info', 'Jquery Class Initialized');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 	// Event Code
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------	
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
 	 * Blur
 	 *
 	 * Outputs a jQuery blur event
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string	The element to attach the event to
 	 * @param	string	The code to execute
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _blur($element = 'this', $js = '')
+	protected function _blur($element = 'this', $js = '')
 	{
 		return $this->_add_event($element, $js, 'blur');
 	}
-	
+
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-	
+
 	/**
 	 * Change
 	 *
 	 * Outputs a jQuery change event
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string	The element to attach the event to
 	 * @param	string	The code to execute
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _change($element = 'this', $js = '')
+	protected function _change($element = 'this', $js = '')
 	{
 		return $this->_add_event($element, $js, 'change');
 	}
-	
+
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-	
+
 	/**
 	 * Click
 	 *
 	 * Outputs a jQuery click event
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string	The element to attach the event to
 	 * @param	string	The code to execute
-	 * @param	boolean	whether or not to return false
+	 * @param	bool	whether or not to return false
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _click($element = 'this', $js = '', $ret_false = TRUE)
+	protected function _click($element = 'this', $js = '', $ret_false = TRUE)
 	{
-		if ( ! is_array($js))
-		{
-			$js = array($js);
-		}
+		is_array($js) OR $js = array($js);
 
 		if ($ret_false)
 		{
-			$js[] = "return false;";
+			$js[] = 'return false;';
 		}
 
 		return $this->_add_event($element, $js, 'click');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-	
+
 	/**
 	 * Double Click
 	 *
 	 * Outputs a jQuery dblclick event
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string	The element to attach the event to
 	 * @param	string	The code to execute
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _dblclick($element = 'this', $js = '')
+	protected function _dblclick($element = 'this', $js = '')
 	{
 		return $this->_add_event($element, $js, 'dblclick');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-	
+
 	/**
 	 * Error
 	 *
 	 * Outputs a jQuery error event
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string	The element to attach the event to
 	 * @param	string	The code to execute
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _error($element = 'this', $js = '')
+	protected function _error($element = 'this', $js = '')
 	{
 		return $this->_add_event($element, $js, 'error');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-	
+
 	/**
 	 * Focus
 	 *
 	 * Outputs a jQuery focus event
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string	The element to attach the event to
 	 * @param	string	The code to execute
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _focus($element = 'this', $js = '')
+	protected function _focus($element = 'this', $js = '')
 	{
 		return $this->_add_event($element, $js, 'focus');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-	
+
 	/**
 	 * Hover
 	 *
 	 * Outputs a jQuery hover event
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string	- element
 	 * @param	string	- Javascript code for mouse over
 	 * @param	string	- Javascript code for mouse out
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _hover($element = 'this', $over, $out)
+	protected function _hover($element = 'this', $over = '', $out = '')
 	{
-		$event = "\n\t$(" . $this->_prep_element($element) . ").hover(\n\t\tfunction()\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t{$over}\n\t\t}, \n\t\tfunction()\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t{$out}\n\t\t});\n";
+		$event = "\n\t$(".$this->_prep_element($element).").hover(\n\t\tfunction()\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t{$over}\n\t\t}, \n\t\tfunction()\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t{$out}\n\t\t});\n";
 
 		$this->jquery_code_for_compile[] = $event;
 
@@ -185,103 +246,97 @@ class CI_Jquery extends CI_Javascript {
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-	
+
 	/**
 	 * Keydown
 	 *
 	 * Outputs a jQuery keydown event
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string	The element to attach the event to
 	 * @param	string	The code to execute
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _keydown($element = 'this', $js = '')
+	protected function _keydown($element = 'this', $js = '')
 	{
 		return $this->_add_event($element, $js, 'keydown');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-	
+
 	/**
 	 * Keyup
 	 *
 	 * Outputs a jQuery keydown event
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string	The element to attach the event to
 	 * @param	string	The code to execute
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _keyup($element = 'this', $js = '')
+	protected function _keyup($element = 'this', $js = '')
 	{
 		return $this->_add_event($element, $js, 'keyup');
-	}	
+	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-	
+
 	/**
 	 * Load
 	 *
 	 * Outputs a jQuery load event
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string	The element to attach the event to
 	 * @param	string	The code to execute
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _load($element = 'this', $js = '')
+	protected function _load($element = 'this', $js = '')
 	{
 		return $this->_add_event($element, $js, 'load');
-	}	
-	
+	}
+
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-	
+
 	/**
 	 * Mousedown
 	 *
 	 * Outputs a jQuery mousedown event
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string	The element to attach the event to
 	 * @param	string	The code to execute
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _mousedown($element = 'this', $js = '')
+	protected function _mousedown($element = 'this', $js = '')
 	{
 		return $this->_add_event($element, $js, 'mousedown');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-	
+
 	/**
 	 * Mouse Out
 	 *
 	 * Outputs a jQuery mouseout event
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string	The element to attach the event to
 	 * @param	string	The code to execute
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _mouseout($element = 'this', $js = '')
+	protected function _mouseout($element = 'this', $js = '')
 	{
 		return $this->_add_event($element, $js, 'mouseout');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-	
+
 	/**
 	 * Mouse Over
 	 *
 	 * Outputs a jQuery mouseover event
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string	The element to attach the event to
 	 * @param	string	The code to execute
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _mouseover($element = 'this', $js = '')
+	protected function _mouseover($element = 'this', $js = '')
 	{
 		return $this->_add_event($element, $js, 'mouseover');
 	}
@@ -293,12 +348,11 @@ class CI_Jquery extends CI_Javascript {
 	 *
 	 * Outputs a jQuery mouseup event
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string	The element to attach the event to
 	 * @param	string	The code to execute
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _mouseup($element = 'this', $js = '')
+	protected function _mouseup($element = 'this', $js = '')
 	{
 		return $this->_add_event($element, $js, 'mouseup');
 	}
@@ -310,21 +364,19 @@ class CI_Jquery extends CI_Javascript {
 	 *
 	 * Outputs script directly
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string	The element to attach the event to
-	 * @param	string	The code to execute
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @param	array	$array_js = array()
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function _output($array_js = '')
+	protected function _output($array_js = array())
 	{
 		if ( ! is_array($array_js))
 		{
 			$array_js = array($array_js);
 		}
-		
+
 		foreach ($array_js as $js)
 		{
-			$this->jquery_code_for_compile[] = "\t$js\n";
+			$this->jquery_code_for_compile[] = "\t".$js."\n";
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -335,12 +387,11 @@ class CI_Jquery extends CI_Javascript {
 	 *
 	 * Outputs a jQuery resize event
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string	The element to attach the event to
 	 * @param	string	The code to execute
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _resize($element = 'this', $js = '')
+	protected function _resize($element = 'this', $js = '')
 	{
 		return $this->_add_event($element, $js, 'resize');
 	}
@@ -352,16 +403,15 @@ class CI_Jquery extends CI_Javascript {
 	 *
 	 * Outputs a jQuery scroll event
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string	The element to attach the event to
 	 * @param	string	The code to execute
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _scroll($element = 'this', $js = '')
+	protected function _scroll($element = 'this', $js = '')
 	{
 		return $this->_add_event($element, $js, 'scroll');
 	}
-	
+
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
@@ -369,34 +419,32 @@ class CI_Jquery extends CI_Javascript {
 	 *
 	 * Outputs a jQuery unload event
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string	The element to attach the event to
 	 * @param	string	The code to execute
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _unload($element = 'this', $js = '')
+	protected function _unload($element = 'this', $js = '')
 	{
 		return $this->_add_event($element, $js, 'unload');
 	}
 
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------	 
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 	// Effects
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------	
-	
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 	/**
 	 * Add Class
 	 *
 	 * Outputs a jQuery addClass event
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string	- element
+	 * @param	string	$element
+	 * @param	string	$class
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _addClass($element = 'this', $class='')
+	protected function _addClass($element = 'this', $class = '')
 	{
 		$element = $this->_prep_element($element);
-		$str  = "$({$element}).addClass(\"$class\");";
-		return $str;
+		return '$('.$element.').addClass("'.$class.'");';
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -406,95 +454,87 @@ class CI_Jquery extends CI_Javascript {
 	 *
 	 * Outputs a jQuery animate event
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string	- element
-	 * @param	string	- One of 'slow', 'normal', 'fast', or time in milliseconds
-	 * @param	string	- Javascript callback function
+	 * @param	string	$element
+	 * @param	array	$params
+	 * @param	string	$speed	'slow', 'normal', 'fast', or time in milliseconds
+	 * @param	string	$extra
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _animate($element = 'this', $params = array(), $speed = '', $extra = '')
+	protected function _animate($element = 'this', $params = array(), $speed = '', $extra = '')
 	{
 		$element = $this->_prep_element($element);
 		$speed = $this->_validate_speed($speed);
-		
+
 		$animations = "\t\t\t";
-		
-		foreach ($params as $param=>$value)
+
+		foreach ($params as $param => $value)
 		{
-			$animations .= $param.': \''.$value.'\', ';
+			$animations .= $param.": '".$value."', ";
 		}
 
 		$animations = substr($animations, 0, -2); // remove the last ", "
 
-		if ($speed != '')
+		if ($speed !== '')
 		{
 			$speed = ', '.$speed;
 		}
-		
-		if ($extra != '')
+
+		if ($extra !== '')
 		{
 			$extra = ', '.$extra;
 		}
-		
-		$str  = "$({$element}).animate({\n$animations\n\t\t}".$speed.$extra.");";
-		
-		return $str;
+
+		return "$({$element}).animate({\n$animations\n\t\t}".$speed.$extra.');';
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-		
+
 	/**
 	 * Fade In
 	 *
 	 * Outputs a jQuery hide event
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string	- element
 	 * @param	string	- One of 'slow', 'normal', 'fast', or time in milliseconds
 	 * @param	string	- Javascript callback function
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _fadeIn($element = 'this', $speed = '', $callback = '')
+	protected function _fadeIn($element = 'this', $speed = '', $callback = '')
 	{
-		$element = $this->_prep_element($element);	
+		$element = $this->_prep_element($element);
 		$speed = $this->_validate_speed($speed);
-		
-		if ($callback != '')
+
+		if ($callback !== '')
 		{
 			$callback = ", function(){\n{$callback}\n}";
 		}
-		
-		$str  = "$({$element}).fadeIn({$speed}{$callback});";
-		
-		return $str;
+
+		return "$({$element}).fadeIn({$speed}{$callback});";
 	}
-		
+
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-	
+
 	/**
 	 * Fade Out
 	 *
 	 * Outputs a jQuery hide event
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string	- element
 	 * @param	string	- One of 'slow', 'normal', 'fast', or time in milliseconds
 	 * @param	string	- Javascript callback function
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _fadeOut($element = 'this', $speed = '', $callback = '')
+	protected function _fadeOut($element = 'this', $speed = '', $callback = '')
 	{
 		$element = $this->_prep_element($element);
 		$speed = $this->_validate_speed($speed);
-		
-		if ($callback != '')
+
+		if ($callback !== '')
 		{
 			$callback = ", function(){\n{$callback}\n}";
 		}
-		
-		$str  = "$({$element}).fadeOut({$speed}{$callback});";
-		
-		return $str;
+
+		return '$('.$element.').fadeOut('.$speed.$callback.');';
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -504,27 +544,24 @@ class CI_Jquery extends CI_Javascript {
 	 *
 	 * Outputs a jQuery hide action
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string	- element
 	 * @param	string	- One of 'slow', 'normal', 'fast', or time in milliseconds
 	 * @param	string	- Javascript callback function
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _hide($element = 'this', $speed = '', $callback = '')
+	protected function _hide($element = 'this', $speed = '', $callback = '')
 	{
-		$element = $this->_prep_element($element);	
+		$element = $this->_prep_element($element);
 		$speed = $this->_validate_speed($speed);
-		
-		if ($callback != '')
+
+		if ($callback !== '')
 		{
 			$callback = ", function(){\n{$callback}\n}";
 		}
-		
-		$str  = "$({$element}).hide({$speed}{$callback});";
 
-		return $str;
+		return "$({$element}).hide({$speed}{$callback});";
 	}
-	
+
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
@@ -532,163 +569,147 @@ class CI_Jquery extends CI_Javascript {
 	 *
 	 * Outputs a jQuery remove class event
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string	- element
+	 * @param	string	$element
+	 * @param	string	$class
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _removeClass($element = 'this', $class='')
+	protected function _removeClass($element = 'this', $class = '')
 	{
 		$element = $this->_prep_element($element);
-		$str  = "$({$element}).removeClass(\"$class\");";
-		return $str;
+		return '$('.$element.').removeClass("'.$class.'");';
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-			
+
 	/**
 	 * Slide Up
 	 *
 	 * Outputs a jQuery slideUp event
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string	- element
 	 * @param	string	- One of 'slow', 'normal', 'fast', or time in milliseconds
 	 * @param	string	- Javascript callback function
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _slideUp($element = 'this', $speed = '', $callback = '')
+	protected function _slideUp($element = 'this', $speed = '', $callback = '')
 	{
-		$element = $this->_prep_element($element);	
+		$element = $this->_prep_element($element);
 		$speed = $this->_validate_speed($speed);
-		
-		if ($callback != '')
+
+		if ($callback !== '')
 		{
 			$callback = ", function(){\n{$callback}\n}";
 		}
-		
-		$str  = "$({$element}).slideUp({$speed}{$callback});";
-		
-		return $str;
+
+		return '$('.$element.').slideUp('.$speed.$callback.');';
 	}
-		
+
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-	
+
 	/**
 	 * Slide Down
 	 *
 	 * Outputs a jQuery slideDown event
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string	- element
 	 * @param	string	- One of 'slow', 'normal', 'fast', or time in milliseconds
 	 * @param	string	- Javascript callback function
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _slideDown($element = 'this', $speed = '', $callback = '')
+	protected function _slideDown($element = 'this', $speed = '', $callback = '')
 	{
 		$element = $this->_prep_element($element);
 		$speed = $this->_validate_speed($speed);
-		
-		if ($callback != '')
+
+		if ($callback !== '')
 		{
 			$callback = ", function(){\n{$callback}\n}";
 		}
-		
-		$str  = "$({$element}).slideDown({$speed}{$callback});";
-		
-		return $str;
+
+		return '$('.$element.').slideDown('.$speed.$callback.');';
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-	
+
 	/**
 	 * Slide Toggle
 	 *
 	 * Outputs a jQuery slideToggle event
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	- element
 	 * @param	string	- One of 'slow', 'normal', 'fast', or time in milliseconds
 	 * @param	string	- Javascript callback function
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _slideToggle($element = 'this', $speed = '', $callback = '')
+	protected function _slideToggle($element = 'this', $speed = '', $callback = '')
 	{
 		$element = $this->_prep_element($element);
 		$speed = $this->_validate_speed($speed);
-		
-		if ($callback != '')
+
+		if ($callback !== '')
 		{
 			$callback = ", function(){\n{$callback}\n}";
 		}
-		
-		$str  = "$({$element}).slideToggle({$speed}{$callback});";
-		
-		return $str;
+
+		return '$('.$element.').slideToggle('.$speed.$callback.');';
 	}
-		
+
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-	
+
 	/**
 	 * Toggle
 	 *
 	 * Outputs a jQuery toggle event
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string	- element
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _toggle($element = 'this')
+	protected function _toggle($element = 'this')
 	{
 		$element = $this->_prep_element($element);
-		$str  = "$({$element}).toggle();";
-		return $str;
+		return '$('.$element.').toggle();';
 	}
-	
+
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-	
+
 	/**
 	 * Toggle Class
 	 *
 	 * Outputs a jQuery toggle class event
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string	- element
+	 * @param	string	$element
+	 * @param	string	$class
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _toggleClass($element = 'this', $class='')
+	protected function _toggleClass($element = 'this', $class = '')
 	{
 		$element = $this->_prep_element($element);
-		$str  = "$({$element}).toggleClass(\"$class\");";
-		return $str;
+		return '$('.$element.').toggleClass("'.$class.'");';
 	}
-	
+
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-	
+
 	/**
 	 * Show
 	 *
 	 * Outputs a jQuery show event
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string	- element
 	 * @param	string	- One of 'slow', 'normal', 'fast', or time in milliseconds
 	 * @param	string	- Javascript callback function
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _show($element = 'this', $speed = '', $callback = '')
+	protected function _show($element = 'this', $speed = '', $callback = '')
 	{
-		$element = $this->_prep_element($element);	
+		$element = $this->_prep_element($element);
 		$speed = $this->_validate_speed($speed);
-		
-		if ($callback != '')
+
+		if ($callback !== '')
 		{
 			$callback = ", function(){\n{$callback}\n}";
 		}
-		
-		$str  = "$({$element}).show({$speed}{$callback});";
-		
-		return $str;
+
+		return '$('.$element.').show('.$speed.$callback.');';
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -696,69 +717,64 @@ class CI_Jquery extends CI_Javascript {
 	/**
 	 * Updater
 	 *
-	 * An Ajax call that populates the designated DOM node with 
+	 * An Ajax call that populates the designated DOM node with
 	 * returned content
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string	The element to attach the event to
 	 * @param	string	the controller to run the call against
 	 * @param	string	optional parameters
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	
-	function _updater($container = 'this', $controller, $options = '')
-	{	
+
+	protected function _updater($container = 'this', $controller = '', $options = '')
+	{
 		$container = $this->_prep_element($container);
-		
 		$controller = (strpos('://', $controller) === FALSE) ? $controller : $this->CI->config->site_url($controller);
-		
+
 		// ajaxStart and ajaxStop are better choices here... but this is a stop gap
-		if ($this->CI->config->item('javascript_ajax_img') == '')
+		if ($this->CI->config->item('javascript_ajax_img') === '')
 		{
-			$loading_notifier = "Loading...";
+			$loading_notifier = 'Loading...';
 		}
 		else
 		{
-			$loading_notifier = '<img src=\'' . $this->CI->config->slash_item('base_url') . $this->CI->config->item('javascript_ajax_img') . '\' alt=\'Loading\' />';
+			$loading_notifier = '<img src="'.$this->CI->config->slash_item('base_url').$this->CI->config->item('javascript_ajax_img').'" alt="Loading" />';
 		}
-		
-		$updater = "$($container).empty();\n"; // anything that was in... get it out
-		$updater .= "\t\t$($container).prepend(\"$loading_notifier\");\n"; // to replace with an image
+
+		$updater = '$('.$container.").empty();\n" // anything that was in... get it out
+			."\t\t$(".$container.').prepend("'.$loading_notifier."\");\n"; // to replace with an image
 
 		$request_options = '';
-		if ($options != '')
+		if ($options !== '')
 		{
-			$request_options .= ", {";
-			$request_options .= (is_array($options)) ? "'".implode("', '", $options)."'" : "'".str_replace(":", "':'", $options)."'";
-			$request_options .= "}";
+			$request_options .= ', {'
+					.(is_array($options) ? "'".implode("', '", $options)."'" : "'".str_replace(':', "':'", $options)."'")
+					.'}';
 		}
 
-		$updater .= "\t\t$($container).load('$controller'$request_options);";
-		return $updater;
+		return $updater."\t\t$($container).load('$controller'$request_options);";
 	}
 
-
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 	// Pre-written handy stuff
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-	 
+
 	/**
 	 * Zebra tables
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string	table name
-	 * @param	string	plugin location
+	 * @param	string	$class
+	 * @param	string	$odd
+	 * @param	string	$hover
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _zebraTables($class = '', $odd = 'odd', $hover = '')
+	protected function _zebraTables($class = '', $odd = 'odd', $hover = '')
 	{
-		$class = ($class != '') ? '.'.$class : '';
-		
-		$zebra  = "\t\$(\"table{$class} tbody tr:nth-child(even)\").addClass(\"{$odd}\");";
+		$class = ($class !== '') ? '.'.$class : '';
+		$zebra = "\t\$(\"table{$class} tbody tr:nth-child(even)\").addClass(\"{$odd}\");";
 
 		$this->jquery_code_for_compile[] = $zebra;
 
-		if ($hover != '')
+		if ($hover !== '')
 		{
 			$hover = $this->hover("table{$class} tbody tr", "$(this).addClass('hover');", "$(this).removeClass('hover');");
 		}
@@ -766,46 +782,44 @@ class CI_Jquery extends CI_Javascript {
 		return $zebra;
 	}
 
-
-
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 	// Plugins
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-	
+
 	/**
 	 * Corner Plugin
 	 *
-	 * http://www.malsup.com/jquery/corner/
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	target
+	 * @link	http://www.malsup.com/jquery/corner/
+	 * @param	string	$element
+	 * @param	string	$corner_style
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function corner($element = '', $corner_style = '')
+	public function corner($element = '', $corner_style = '')
 	{
 		// may want to make this configurable down the road
 		$corner_location = '/plugins/jquery.corner.js';
 
-		if ($corner_style != '')
+		if ($corner_style !== '')
 		{
 			$corner_style = '"'.$corner_style.'"';
 		}
 
-		return "$(" . $this->_prep_element($element) . ").corner(".$corner_style.");";
+		return '$('.$this->_prep_element($element).').corner('.$corner_style.');';
 	}
-	
+
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * modal window
+	 * Modal window
 	 *
 	 * Load a thickbox modal window
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
+	 * @param	string	$src
+	 * @param	bool	$relative
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function modal($src, $relative = FALSE)
-	{	
+	public function modal($src, $relative = FALSE)
+	{
 		$this->jquery_code_for_load[] = $this->external($src, $relative);
 	}
 
@@ -816,10 +830,11 @@ class CI_Jquery extends CI_Javascript {
 	 *
 	 * Load an Effect library
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
+	 * @param	string	$src
+	 * @param	bool	$relative
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function effect($src, $relative = FALSE)
+	public function effect($src, $relative = FALSE)
 	{
 		$this->jquery_code_for_load[] = $this->external($src, $relative);
 	}
@@ -831,10 +846,11 @@ class CI_Jquery extends CI_Javascript {
 	 *
 	 * Load a plugin library
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
+	 * @param	string	$src
+	 * @param	bool	$relative
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function plugin($src, $relative = FALSE)
+	public function plugin($src, $relative = FALSE)
 	{
 		$this->jquery_code_for_load[] = $this->external($src, $relative);
 	}
@@ -846,13 +862,15 @@ class CI_Jquery extends CI_Javascript {
 	 *
 	 * Load a user interface library
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
+	 * @param	string	$src
+	 * @param	bool	$relative
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function ui($src, $relative = FALSE)
+	public function ui($src, $relative = FALSE)
 	{
 		$this->jquery_code_for_load[] = $this->external($src, $relative);
 	}
+
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
@@ -860,27 +878,27 @@ class CI_Jquery extends CI_Javascript {
 	 *
 	 * Creates a jQuery sortable
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @param	string	$element
+	 * @param	array	$options
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function sortable($element, $options = array())
+	public function sortable($element, $options = array())
 	{
-
 		if (count($options) > 0)
 		{
 			$sort_options = array();
 			foreach ($options as $k=>$v)
 			{
-				$sort_options[] = "\n\t\t".$k.': '.$v."";
+				$sort_options[] = "\n\t\t".$k.': '.$v;
 			}
-			$sort_options = implode(",", $sort_options);
+			$sort_options = implode(',', $sort_options);
 		}
 		else
 		{
 			$sort_options = '';
 		}
 
-		return "$(" . $this->_prep_element($element) . ").sortable({".$sort_options."\n\t});";
+		return '$('.$this->_prep_element($element).').sortable({'.$sort_options."\n\t});";
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -888,16 +906,15 @@ class CI_Jquery extends CI_Javascript {
 	/**
 	 * Table Sorter Plugin
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	table name
 	 * @param	string	plugin location
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function tablesorter($table = '', $options = '')
+	public function tablesorter($table = '', $options = '')
 	{
-		$this->jquery_code_for_compile[] = "\t$(" . $this->_prep_element($table) . ").tablesorter($options);\n";
+		$this->jquery_code_for_compile[] = "\t$(".$this->_prep_element($table).').tablesorter('.$options.");\n";
 	}
-	
+
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 	// Class functions
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -907,21 +924,19 @@ class CI_Jquery extends CI_Javascript {
 	 *
 	 * Constructs the syntax for an event, and adds to into the array for compilation
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string	The element to attach the event to
 	 * @param	string	The code to execute
 	 * @param	string	The event to pass
 	 * @return	string
-	 */	
-	function _add_event($element, $js, $event)
+	 */
+	protected function _add_event($element, $js, $event)
 	{
 		if (is_array($js))
 		{
 			$js = implode("\n\t\t", $js);
-
 		}
 
-		$event = "\n\t$(" . $this->_prep_element($element) . ").{$event}(function(){\n\t\t{$js}\n\t});\n";
+		$event = "\n\t$(".$this->_prep_element($element).').'.$event."(function(){\n\t\t{$js}\n\t});\n";
 		$this->jquery_code_for_compile[] = $event;
 		return $event;
 	}
@@ -932,67 +947,62 @@ class CI_Jquery extends CI_Javascript {
 	 * Compile
 	 *
 	 * As events are specified, they are stored in an array
-	 * This funciton compiles them all for output on a page
+	 * This function compiles them all for output on a page
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @param	string	$view_var
+	 * @param	bool	$script_tags
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function _compile($view_var = 'script_foot', $script_tags = TRUE)
+	protected function _compile($view_var = 'script_foot', $script_tags = TRUE)
 	{
 		// External references
 		$external_scripts = implode('', $this->jquery_code_for_load);
 		$this->CI->load->vars(array('library_src' => $external_scripts));
 
-		if (count($this->jquery_code_for_compile) == 0 )
+		if (count($this->jquery_code_for_compile) === 0)
 		{
 			// no inline references, let's just return
 			return;
 		}
 
 		// Inline references
-		$script = '$(document).ready(function() {' . "\n";
-		$script .= implode('', $this->jquery_code_for_compile);
-		$script .= '});';
-		
+		$script = '$(document).ready(function() {'."\n"
+			.implode('', $this->jquery_code_for_compile)
+			.'});';
+
 		$output = ($script_tags === FALSE) ? $script : $this->inline($script);
 
 		$this->CI->load->vars(array($view_var => $output));
-
 	}
-	
+
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-	
+
 	/**
 	 * Clear Compile
 	 *
 	 * Clears the array of script events collected for output
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function _clear_compile()
+	protected function _clear_compile()
 	{
 		$this->jquery_code_for_compile = array();
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-	
+
 	/**
 	 * Document Ready
 	 *
 	 * A wrapper for writing document.ready()
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @param	array	$js
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function _document_ready($js)
+	protected function _document_ready($js)
 	{
-		if ( ! is_array($js))
-		{
-			$js = array ($js);
+		is_array($js) OR $js = array($js);
 
-		}
-		
 		foreach ($js as $script)
 		{
 			$this->jquery_code_for_compile[] = $script;
@@ -1006,17 +1016,17 @@ class CI_Jquery extends CI_Javascript {
 	 *
 	 * Outputs the script tag that loads the jquery.js file into an HTML document
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string	$library_src
+	 * @param	bool	$relative
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function script($library_src = '', $relative = FALSE)
+	public function script($library_src = '', $relative = FALSE)
 	{
 		$library_src = $this->external($library_src, $relative);
 		$this->jquery_code_for_load[] = $library_src;
 		return $library_src;
 	}
-	
+
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
@@ -1026,20 +1036,19 @@ class CI_Jquery extends CI_Javascript {
 	 * unless the supplied element is the Javascript 'this'
 	 * object, in which case no quotes are added
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _prep_element($element)
+	protected function _prep_element($element)
 	{
-		if ($element != 'this')
+		if ($element !== 'this')
 		{
 			$element = '"'.$element.'"';
 		}
-		
+
 		return $element;
 	}
-	
+
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
@@ -1047,25 +1056,21 @@ class CI_Jquery extends CI_Javascript {
 	 *
 	 * Ensures the speed parameter is valid for jQuery
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	string
-	 */	
-	function _validate_speed($speed)
+	 */
+	protected function _validate_speed($speed)
 	{
 		if (in_array($speed, array('slow', 'normal', 'fast')))
 		{
-			$speed = '"'.$speed.'"';
+			return '"'.$speed.'"';
 		}
-		elseif (preg_match("/[^0-9]/", $speed))
+		elseif (preg_match('/[^0-9]/', $speed))
 		{
-			$speed = '';
+			return '';
 		}
-	
+
 		return $speed;
 	}
 
 }
-
-/* End of file Jquery.php */
-/* Location: ./system/libraries/Jquery.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/libraries/Javascript/index.html b/system/libraries/Javascript/index.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b702fbc39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/libraries/Javascript/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+<head>
+	<title>403 Forbidden</title>
+</head>
+<body>
+
+<p>Directory access is forbidden.</p>
+
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/system/libraries/Log.php b/system/libraries/Log.php
deleted file mode 100644
index 6d3f9094d..000000000
--- a/system/libraries/Log.php
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,114 +0,0 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
-/**
- * CodeIgniter
- *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
- *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
- * @filesource
- */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-/**
- * Logging Class
- *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @subpackage	Libraries
- * @category	Logging
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/general/errors.html
- */
-class CI_Log {
-
-	protected $_log_path;
-	protected $_threshold	= 1;
-	protected $_date_fmt	= 'Y-m-d H:i:s';
-	protected $_enabled	= TRUE;
-	protected $_levels	= array('ERROR' => '1', 'DEBUG' => '2',  'INFO' => '3', 'ALL' => '4');
-
-	/**
-	 * Constructor
-	 */
-	public function __construct()
-	{
-		$config =& get_config();
-
-		$this->_log_path = ($config['log_path'] != '') ? $config['log_path'] : APPPATH.'logs/';
-
-		if ( ! is_dir($this->_log_path) OR ! is_really_writable($this->_log_path))
-		{
-			$this->_enabled = FALSE;
-		}
-
-		if (is_numeric($config['log_threshold']))
-		{
-			$this->_threshold = $config['log_threshold'];
-		}
-
-		if ($config['log_date_format'] != '')
-		{
-			$this->_date_fmt = $config['log_date_format'];
-		}
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Write Log File
-	 *
-	 * Generally this function will be called using the global log_message() function
-	 *
-	 * @param	string	the error level
-	 * @param	string	the error message
-	 * @param	bool	whether the error is a native PHP error
-	 * @return	bool
-	 */
-	public function write_log($level = 'error', $msg, $php_error = FALSE)
-	{
-		if ($this->_enabled === FALSE)
-		{
-			return FALSE;
-		}
-
-		$level = strtoupper($level);
-
-		if ( ! isset($this->_levels[$level]) OR ($this->_levels[$level] > $this->_threshold))
-		{
-			return FALSE;
-		}
-
-		$filepath = $this->_log_path.'log-'.date('Y-m-d').'.php';
-		$message  = '';
-
-		if ( ! file_exists($filepath))
-		{
-			$message .= "<"."?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed'); ?".">\n\n";
-		}
-
-		if ( ! $fp = @fopen($filepath, FOPEN_WRITE_CREATE))
-		{
-			return FALSE;
-		}
-
-		$message .= $level.' '.(($level == 'INFO') ? ' -' : '-').' '.date($this->_date_fmt). ' --> '.$msg."\n";
-
-		flock($fp, LOCK_EX);
-		fwrite($fp, $message);
-		flock($fp, LOCK_UN);
-		fclose($fp);
-
-		@chmod($filepath, FILE_WRITE_MODE);
-		return TRUE;
-	}
-
-}
-// END Log Class
-
-/* End of file Log.php */
-/* Location: ./system/libraries/Log.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/libraries/Migration.php b/system/libraries/Migration.php
index 241ce1e59..2a87d9d7c 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Migration.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Migration.php
@@ -1,19 +1,41 @@
-<?php defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2006 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 3.0.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * Migration Class
@@ -29,26 +51,82 @@
  */
 class CI_Migration {
 
+	/**
+	 * Whether the library is enabled
+	 *
+	 * @var bool
+	 */
 	protected $_migration_enabled = FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Migration numbering type
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	protected $_migration_type = 'sequential';
+
+	/**
+	 * Path to migration classes
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
 	protected $_migration_path = NULL;
+
+	/**
+	 * Current migration version
+	 *
+	 * @var mixed
+	 */
 	protected $_migration_version = 0;
 
+	/**
+	 * Database table with migration info
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	protected $_migration_table = 'migrations';
+
+	/**
+	 * Whether to automatically run migrations
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	protected $_migration_auto_latest = FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Migration basename regex
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	protected $_migration_regex;
+
+	/**
+	 * Error message
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
 	protected $_error_string = '';
 
+	/**
+	 * Initialize Migration Class
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$config
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
 	public function __construct($config = array())
 	{
-		# Only run this constructor on main library load
-		if (get_parent_class($this) !== FALSE)
+		// Only run this constructor on main library load
+		if ( ! in_array(get_class($this), array('CI_Migration', config_item('subclass_prefix').'Migration'), TRUE))
 		{
 			return;
 		}
 
 		foreach ($config as $key => $val)
 		{
-			$this->{'_' . $key} = $val;
+			$this->{'_'.$key} = $val;
 		}
 
-		log_message('debug', 'Migrations class initialized');
+		log_message('info', 'Migrations Class Initialized');
 
 		// Are they trying to use migrations while it is disabled?
 		if ($this->_migration_enabled !== TRUE)
@@ -57,7 +135,7 @@ class CI_Migration {
 		}
 
 		// If not set, set it
-		$this->_migration_path == '' AND $this->_migration_path = APPPATH . 'migrations/';
+		$this->_migration_path !== '' OR $this->_migration_path = APPPATH.'migrations/';
 
 		// Add trailing slash if not set
 		$this->_migration_path = rtrim($this->_migration_path, '/').'/';
@@ -68,16 +146,39 @@ class CI_Migration {
 		// They'll probably be using dbforge
 		$this->load->dbforge();
 
+		// Make sure the migration table name was set.
+		if (empty($this->_migration_table))
+		{
+			show_error('Migrations configuration file (migration.php) must have "migration_table" set.');
+		}
+
+		// Migration basename regex
+		$this->_migration_regex = ($this->_migration_type === 'timestamp')
+			? '/^\d{14}_(\w+)$/'
+			: '/^\d{3}_(\w+)$/';
+
+		// Make sure a valid migration numbering type was set.
+		if ( ! in_array($this->_migration_type, array('sequential', 'timestamp')))
+		{
+			show_error('An invalid migration numbering type was specified: '.$this->_migration_type);
+		}
+
 		// If the migrations table is missing, make it
-		if ( ! $this->db->table_exists('migrations'))
+		if ( ! $this->db->table_exists($this->_migration_table))
 		{
 			$this->dbforge->add_field(array(
-				'version' => array('type' => 'INT', 'constraint' => 3),
+				'version' => array('type' => 'BIGINT', 'constraint' => 20),
 			));
 
-			$this->dbforge->create_table('migrations', TRUE);
+			$this->dbforge->create_table($this->_migration_table, TRUE);
+
+			$this->db->insert($this->_migration_table, array('version' => 0));
+		}
 
-			$this->db->insert('migrations', array('version' => 0));
+		// Do we auto migrate to the latest migration?
+		if ($this->_migration_auto_latest === TRUE && ! $this->latest())
+		{
+			show_error($this->error_string());
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -89,154 +190,166 @@ class CI_Migration {
 	 * Calls each migration step required to get to the schema version of
 	 * choice
 	 *
-	 * @param	int	Target schema version
-	 * @return	mixed	TRUE if already latest, FALSE if failed, int if upgraded
+	 * @param	string	$target_version	Target schema version
+	 * @return	mixed	TRUE if no migrations are found, current version string on success, FALSE on failure
 	 */
 	public function version($target_version)
 	{
-		$start = $current_version = $this->_get_version();
-		$stop = $target_version;
+		// Note: We use strings, so that timestamp versions work on 32-bit systems
+		$current_version = $this->_get_version();
 
-		if ($target_version > $current_version)
+		if ($this->_migration_type === 'sequential')
 		{
-			// Moving Up
-			++$start;
-			++$stop;
-			$step = 1;
+			$target_version = sprintf('%03d', $target_version);
 		}
 		else
 		{
-			// Moving Down
-			$step = -1;
+			$target_version = (string) $target_version;
 		}
 
-		$method = ($step === 1) ? 'up' : 'down';
-		$migrations = array();
+		$migrations = $this->find_migrations();
 
-		// We now prepare to actually DO the migrations
-		// But first let's make sure that everything is the way it should be
-		for ($i = $start; $i != $stop; $i += $step)
+		if ($target_version > 0 && ! isset($migrations[$target_version]))
 		{
-			$f = glob(sprintf($this->_migration_path . '%03d_*.php', $i));
+			$this->_error_string = sprintf($this->lang->line('migration_not_found'), $target_version);
+			return FALSE;
+		}
 
-			// Only one migration per step is permitted
-			if (count($f) > 1)
-			{
-				$this->_error_string = sprintf($this->lang->line('migration_multiple_version'), $i);
-				return FALSE;
-			}
+		if ($target_version > $current_version)
+		{
+			$method = 'up';
+		}
+		elseif ($target_version < $current_version)
+		{
+			$method = 'down';
+			// We need this so that migrations are applied in reverse order
+			krsort($migrations);
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			// Well, there's nothing to migrate then ...
+			return TRUE;
+		}
 
-			// Migration step not found
-			if (count($f) == 0)
+		// Validate all available migrations within our target range.
+		//
+		// Unfortunately, we'll have to use another loop to run them
+		// in order to avoid leaving the procedure in a broken state.
+		//
+		// See https://github.com/bcit-ci/CodeIgniter/issues/4539
+		$pending = array();
+		foreach ($migrations as $number => $file)
+		{
+			// Ignore versions out of our range.
+			//
+			// Because we've previously sorted the $migrations array depending on the direction,
+			// we can safely break the loop once we reach $target_version ...
+			if ($method === 'up')
 			{
-				// If trying to migrate up to a version greater than the last
-				// existing one, migrate to the last one.
-				if ($step == 1)
+				if ($number <= $current_version)
+				{
+					continue;
+				}
+				elseif ($number > $target_version)
 				{
 					break;
 				}
-
-				// If trying to migrate down but we're missing a step,
-				// something must definitely be wrong.
-				$this->_error_string = sprintf($this->lang->line('migration_not_found'), $i);
-				return FALSE;
 			}
-
-			$file = basename($f[0]);
-			$name = basename($f[0], '.php');
-
-			// Filename validations
-			if (preg_match('/^\d{3}_(\w+)$/', $name, $match))
+			else
 			{
-				$match[1] = strtolower($match[1]);
-
-				// Cannot repeat a migration at different steps
-				if (in_array($match[1], $migrations))
+				if ($number > $current_version)
 				{
-					$this->_error_string = sprintf($this->lang->line('migration_multiple_version'), $match[1]);
-					return FALSE;
+					continue;
 				}
-
-				include $f[0];
-				$class = 'Migration_' . ucfirst($match[1]);
-
-				if ( ! class_exists($class))
+				elseif ($number <= $target_version)
 				{
-					$this->_error_string = sprintf($this->lang->line('migration_class_doesnt_exist'), $class);
-					return FALSE;
+					break;
 				}
+			}
 
-				if ( ! is_callable(array($class, $method)))
+			// Check for sequence gaps
+			if ($this->_migration_type === 'sequential')
+			{
+				if (isset($previous) && abs($number - $previous) > 1)
 				{
-					$this->_error_string = sprintf($this->lang->line('migration_missing_'.$method.'_method'), $class);
+					$this->_error_string = sprintf($this->lang->line('migration_sequence_gap'), $number);
 					return FALSE;
 				}
 
-				$migrations[] = $match[1];
+				$previous = $number;
 			}
-			else
+
+			include_once($file);
+			$class = 'Migration_'.ucfirst(strtolower($this->_get_migration_name(basename($file, '.php'))));
+
+			// Validate the migration file structure
+			if ( ! class_exists($class, FALSE))
 			{
-				$this->_error_string = sprintf($this->lang->line('migration_invalid_filename'), $file);
+				$this->_error_string = sprintf($this->lang->line('migration_class_doesnt_exist'), $class);
+				return FALSE;
+			}
+			elseif ( ! is_callable(array($class, $method)))
+			{
+				$this->_error_string = sprintf($this->lang->line('migration_missing_'.$method.'_method'), $class);
 				return FALSE;
 			}
-		}
-
-		log_message('debug', 'Current migration: ' . $current_version);
 
-		$version = $i + ($step == 1 ? -1 : 0);
+			$pending[$number] = array($class, $method);
+		}
 
-		// If there is nothing to do so quit
-		if ($migrations === array())
+		// Now just run the necessary migrations
+		foreach ($pending as $number => $migration)
 		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
+			log_message('debug', 'Migrating '.$method.' from version '.$current_version.' to version '.$number);
 
-		log_message('debug', 'Migrating from ' . $method . ' to version ' . $version);
+			$migration[0] = new $migration[0];
+			call_user_func($migration);
+			$current_version = $number;
+			$this->_update_version($current_version);
+		}
 
-		// Loop through the migrations
-		foreach ($migrations AS $migration)
+		// This is necessary when moving down, since the the last migration applied
+		// will be the down() method for the next migration up from the target
+		if ($current_version <> $target_version)
 		{
-			// Run the migration class
-			$class = 'Migration_' . ucfirst(strtolower($migration));
-			call_user_func(array(new $class, $method));
-
-			$current_version += $step;
+			$current_version = $target_version;
 			$this->_update_version($current_version);
 		}
 
 		log_message('debug', 'Finished migrating to '.$current_version);
-
 		return $current_version;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Set's the schema to the latest migration
+	 * Sets the schema to the latest migration
 	 *
-	 * @return	mixed	true if already latest, false if failed, int if upgraded
+	 * @return	mixed	Current version string on success, FALSE on failure
 	 */
 	public function latest()
 	{
-		if ( ! $migrations = $this->find_migrations())
+		$migrations = $this->find_migrations();
+
+		if (empty($migrations))
 		{
 			$this->_error_string = $this->lang->line('migration_none_found');
-			return false;
+			return FALSE;
 		}
 
 		$last_migration = basename(end($migrations));
 
 		// Calculate the last migration step from existing migration
-		// filenames and procceed to the standard version migration
-		return $this->version((int) substr($last_migration, 0, 3));
+		// filenames and proceed to the standard version migration
+		return $this->version($this->_get_migration_number($last_migration));
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Set's the schema to the migration version set in config
+	 * Sets the schema to the migration version set in config
 	 *
-	 * @return	mixed	true if already current, false if failed, int if upgraded
+	 * @return	mixed	TRUE if no migrations are found, current version string on success, FALSE on failure
 	 */
 	public function current()
 	{
@@ -258,28 +371,66 @@ class CI_Migration {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Set's the schema to the latest migration
+	 * Retrieves list of available migration scripts
 	 *
-	 * @return	mixed	true if already latest, false if failed, int if upgraded
+	 * @return	array	list of migration file paths sorted by version
 	 */
-	protected function find_migrations()
+	public function find_migrations()
 	{
-		// Load all *_*.php files in the migrations path
-		$files = glob($this->_migration_path . '*_*.php');
-		$file_count = count($files);
+		$migrations = array();
 
-		for ($i = 0; $i < $file_count; $i++)
+		// Load all *_*.php files in the migrations path
+		foreach (glob($this->_migration_path.'*_*.php') as $file)
 		{
-			// Mark wrongly formatted files as false for later filtering
-			$name = basename($files[$i], '.php');
-			if ( ! preg_match('/^\d{3}_(\w+)$/', $name))
+			$name = basename($file, '.php');
+
+			// Filter out non-migration files
+			if (preg_match($this->_migration_regex, $name))
 			{
-				$files[$i] = FALSE;
+				$number = $this->_get_migration_number($name);
+
+				// There cannot be duplicate migration numbers
+				if (isset($migrations[$number]))
+				{
+					$this->_error_string = sprintf($this->lang->line('migration_multiple_version'), $number);
+					show_error($this->_error_string);
+				}
+
+				$migrations[$number] = $file;
 			}
 		}
 
-		sort($files);
-		return $files;
+		ksort($migrations);
+		return $migrations;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Extracts the migration number from a filename
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$migration
+	 * @return	string	Numeric portion of a migration filename
+	 */
+	protected function _get_migration_number($migration)
+	{
+		return sscanf($migration, '%[0-9]+', $number)
+			? $number : '0';
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Extracts the migration class name from a filename
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$migration
+	 * @return	string	text portion of a migration filename
+	 */
+	protected function _get_migration_name($migration)
+	{
+		$parts = explode('_', $migration);
+		array_shift($parts);
+		return implode('_', $parts);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -287,12 +438,12 @@ class CI_Migration {
 	/**
 	 * Retrieves current schema version
 	 *
-	 * @return	int	Current Migration
+	 * @return	string	Current migration version
 	 */
 	protected function _get_version()
 	{
-		$row = $this->db->get('migrations')->row();
-		return $row ? $row->version : 0;
+		$row = $this->db->select('version')->get($this->_migration_table)->row();
+		return $row ? $row->version : '0';
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -300,13 +451,13 @@ class CI_Migration {
 	/**
 	 * Stores the current schema version
 	 *
-	 * @param	int	Migration reached
-	 * @return	bool
+	 * @param	string	$migration	Migration reached
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	protected function _update_version($migrations)
+	protected function _update_version($migration)
 	{
-		return $this->db->update('migrations', array(
-			'version' => $migrations
+		$this->db->update($this->_migration_table, array(
+			'version' => $migration
 		));
 	}
 
@@ -315,7 +466,7 @@ class CI_Migration {
 	/**
 	 * Enable the use of CI super-global
 	 *
-	 * @param	mixed	$var
+	 * @param	string	$var
 	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
 	public function __get($var)
@@ -324,6 +475,3 @@ class CI_Migration {
 	}
 
 }
-
-/* End of file Migration.php */
-/* Location: ./system/libraries/Migration.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/libraries/Pagination.php b/system/libraries/Pagination.php
index 8b3aa8748..f26f8a4ed 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Pagination.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Pagination.php
@@ -1,19 +1,41 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.0.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * Pagination Class
@@ -21,64 +43,304 @@
  * @package		CodeIgniter
  * @subpackage	Libraries
  * @category	Pagination
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/pagination.html
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/pagination.html
  */
 class CI_Pagination {
 
-	var $base_url			= ''; // The page we are linking to
-	var $prefix				= ''; // A custom prefix added to the path.
-	var $suffix				= ''; // A custom suffix added to the path.
-
-	var $total_rows			=  0; // Total number of items (database results)
-	var $per_page			= 10; // Max number of items you want shown per page
-	var $num_links			=  2; // Number of "digit" links to show before/after the currently viewed page
-	var $cur_page			=  0; // The current page being viewed
-	var $use_page_numbers	= FALSE; // Use page number for segment instead of offset
-	var $first_link			= '&lsaquo; First';
-	var $next_link			= '&gt;';
-	var $prev_link			= '&lt;';
-	var $last_link			= 'Last &rsaquo;';
-	var $uri_segment		= 3;
-	var $full_tag_open		= '';
-	var $full_tag_close		= '';
-	var $first_tag_open		= '';
-	var $first_tag_close	= '&nbsp;';
-	var $last_tag_open		= '&nbsp;';
-	var $last_tag_close		= '';
-	var $first_url			= ''; // Alternative URL for the First Page.
-	var $cur_tag_open		= '&nbsp;<strong>';
-	var $cur_tag_close		= '</strong>';
-	var $next_tag_open		= '&nbsp;';
-	var $next_tag_close		= '&nbsp;';
-	var $prev_tag_open		= '&nbsp;';
-	var $prev_tag_close		= '';
-	var $num_tag_open		= '&nbsp;';
-	var $num_tag_close		= '';
-	var $page_query_string	= FALSE;
-	var $query_string_segment = 'per_page';
-	var $display_pages		= TRUE;
-	var $anchor_class		= '';
+	/**
+	 * Base URL
+	 *
+	 * The page that we're linking to
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $base_url		= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Prefix
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $prefix = '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Suffix
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $suffix = '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Total number of items
+	 *
+	 * @var	int
+	 */
+	protected $total_rows = 0;
+
+	/**
+	 * Number of links to show
+	 *
+	 * Relates to "digit" type links shown before/after
+	 * the currently viewed page.
+	 *
+	 * @var	int
+	 */
+	protected $num_links = 2;
+
+	/**
+	 * Items per page
+	 *
+	 * @var	int
+	 */
+	public $per_page = 10;
+
+	/**
+	 * Current page
+	 *
+	 * @var	int
+	 */
+	public $cur_page = 0;
+
+	/**
+	 * Use page numbers flag
+	 *
+	 * Whether to use actual page numbers instead of an offset
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	protected $use_page_numbers = FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * First link
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $first_link = '&lsaquo; First';
+
+	/**
+	 * Next link
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $next_link = '&gt;';
+
+	/**
+	 * Previous link
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $prev_link = '&lt;';
+
+	/**
+	 * Last link
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $last_link = 'Last &rsaquo;';
+
+	/**
+	 * URI Segment
+	 *
+	 * @var	int
+	 */
+	protected $uri_segment = 0;
+
+	/**
+	 * Full tag open
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $full_tag_open = '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Full tag close
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $full_tag_close = '';
+
+	/**
+	 * First tag open
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $first_tag_open = '';
+
+	/**
+	 * First tag close
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $first_tag_close = '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Last tag open
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $last_tag_open = '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Last tag close
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $last_tag_close = '';
+
+	/**
+	 * First URL
+	 *
+	 * An alternative URL for the first page
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $first_url = '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Current tag open
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $cur_tag_open = '<strong>';
+
+	/**
+	 * Current tag close
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $cur_tag_close = '</strong>';
+
+	/**
+	 * Next tag open
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $next_tag_open = '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Next tag close
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $next_tag_close = '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Previous tag open
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $prev_tag_open = '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Previous tag close
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $prev_tag_close = '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Number tag open
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $num_tag_open = '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Number tag close
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $num_tag_close = '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Page query string flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	protected $page_query_string = FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Query string segment
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $query_string_segment = 'per_page';
+
+	/**
+	 * Display pages flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	protected $display_pages = TRUE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Attributes
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_attributes = '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Link types
+	 *
+	 * "rel" attribute
+	 *
+	 * @see	CI_Pagination::_attr_rel()
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $_link_types = array();
+
+	/**
+	 * Reuse query string flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	protected $reuse_query_string = FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Use global URL suffix flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	protected $use_global_url_suffix = FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Data page attribute
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $data_page_attr = 'data-ci-pagination-page';
+
+	/**
+	 * CI Singleton
+	 *
+	 * @var	object
+	 */
+	protected $CI;
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
 	 * Constructor
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	array	initialization parameters
+	 * @param	array	$params	Initialization parameters
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function __construct($params = array())
 	{
-		if (count($params) > 0)
-		{
-			$this->initialize($params);
-		}
-
-		if ($this->anchor_class != '')
+		$this->CI =& get_instance();
+		$this->CI->load->language('pagination');
+		foreach (array('first_link', 'next_link', 'prev_link', 'last_link') as $key)
 		{
-			$this->anchor_class = 'class="'.$this->anchor_class.'" ';
+			if (($val = $this->CI->lang->line('pagination_'.$key)) !== FALSE)
+			{
+				$this->$key = $val;
+			}
 		}
 
-		log_message('debug', "Pagination Class Initialized");
+		$this->initialize($params);
+		log_message('info', 'Pagination Class Initialized');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -86,22 +348,45 @@ class CI_Pagination {
 	/**
 	 * Initialize Preferences
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	array	initialization parameters
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @param	array	$params	Initialization parameters
+	 * @return	CI_Pagination
 	 */
-	function initialize($params = array())
+	public function initialize(array $params = array())
 	{
-		if (count($params) > 0)
+		isset($params['attributes']) OR $params['attributes'] = array();
+		if (is_array($params['attributes']))
+		{
+			$this->_parse_attributes($params['attributes']);
+			unset($params['attributes']);
+		}
+
+		// Deprecated legacy support for the anchor_class option
+		// Should be removed in CI 3.1+
+		if (isset($params['anchor_class']))
 		{
-			foreach ($params as $key => $val)
+			empty($params['anchor_class']) OR $attributes['class'] = $params['anchor_class'];
+			unset($params['anchor_class']);
+		}
+
+		foreach ($params as $key => $val)
+		{
+			if (property_exists($this, $key))
 			{
-				if (isset($this->$key))
-				{
-					$this->$key = $val;
-				}
+				$this->$key = $val;
 			}
 		}
+
+		if ($this->CI->config->item('enable_query_strings') === TRUE)
+		{
+			$this->page_query_string = TRUE;
+		}
+
+		if ($this->use_global_url_suffix === TRUE)
+		{
+			$this->suffix = $this->CI->config->item('url_suffix');
+		}
+
+		return $this;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -109,80 +394,143 @@ class CI_Pagination {
 	/**
 	 * Generate the pagination links
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function create_links()
+	public function create_links()
 	{
 		// If our item count or per-page total is zero there is no need to continue.
+		// Note: DO NOT change the operator to === here!
 		if ($this->total_rows == 0 OR $this->per_page == 0)
 		{
 			return '';
 		}
 
 		// Calculate the total number of pages
-		$num_pages = ceil($this->total_rows / $this->per_page);
+		$num_pages = (int) ceil($this->total_rows / $this->per_page);
 
 		// Is there only one page? Hm... nothing more to do here then.
-		if ($num_pages == 1)
+		if ($num_pages === 1)
 		{
 			return '';
 		}
 
-		// Set the base page index for starting page number
-		if ($this->use_page_numbers)
+		// Check the user defined number of links.
+		$this->num_links = (int) $this->num_links;
+
+		if ($this->num_links < 0)
+		{
+			show_error('Your number of links must be a non-negative number.');
+		}
+
+		// Keep any existing query string items.
+		// Note: Has nothing to do with any other query string option.
+		if ($this->reuse_query_string === TRUE)
 		{
-			$base_page = 1;
+			$get = $this->CI->input->get();
+
+			// Unset the control, method, old-school routing options
+			unset($get['c'], $get['m'], $get[$this->query_string_segment]);
 		}
 		else
 		{
-			$base_page = 0;
+			$get = array();
 		}
 
-		// Determine the current page number.
-		$CI =& get_instance();
+		// Put together our base and first URLs.
+		// Note: DO NOT append to the properties as that would break successive calls
+		$base_url = trim($this->base_url);
+		$first_url = $this->first_url;
 
-		if ($CI->config->item('enable_query_strings') === TRUE OR $this->page_query_string === TRUE)
+		$query_string = '';
+		$query_string_sep = (strpos($base_url, '?') === FALSE) ? '?' : '&amp;';
+
+		// Are we using query strings?
+		if ($this->page_query_string === TRUE)
 		{
-			if ($CI->input->get($this->query_string_segment) != $base_page)
+			// If a custom first_url hasn't been specified, we'll create one from
+			// the base_url, but without the page item.
+			if ($first_url === '')
 			{
-				$this->cur_page = $CI->input->get($this->query_string_segment);
+				$first_url = $base_url;
 
-				// Prep the current page - no funny business!
-				$this->cur_page = (int) $this->cur_page;
+				// If we saved any GET items earlier, make sure they're appended.
+				if ( ! empty($get))
+				{
+					$first_url .= $query_string_sep.http_build_query($get);
+				}
 			}
+
+			// Add the page segment to the end of the query string, where the
+			// page number will be appended.
+			$base_url .= $query_string_sep.http_build_query(array_merge($get, array($this->query_string_segment => '')));
 		}
 		else
 		{
-			if ($CI->uri->segment($this->uri_segment) != $base_page)
+			// Standard segment mode.
+			// Generate our saved query string to append later after the page number.
+			if ( ! empty($get))
 			{
-				$this->cur_page = $CI->uri->segment($this->uri_segment);
+				$query_string = $query_string_sep.http_build_query($get);
+				$this->suffix .= $query_string;
+			}
 
-				// Prep the current page - no funny business!
-				$this->cur_page = (int) $this->cur_page;
+			// Does the base_url have the query string in it?
+			// If we're supposed to save it, remove it so we can append it later.
+			if ($this->reuse_query_string === TRUE && ($base_query_pos = strpos($base_url, '?')) !== FALSE)
+			{
+				$base_url = substr($base_url, 0, $base_query_pos);
+			}
+
+			if ($first_url === '')
+			{
+				$first_url = $base_url.$query_string;
 			}
+
+			$base_url = rtrim($base_url, '/').'/';
 		}
-		
-		// Set current page to 1 if using page numbers instead of offset
-		if ($this->use_page_numbers AND $this->cur_page == 0)
+
+		// Determine the current page number.
+		$base_page = ($this->use_page_numbers) ? 1 : 0;
+
+		// Are we using query strings?
+		if ($this->page_query_string === TRUE)
 		{
-			$this->cur_page = $base_page;
+			$this->cur_page = $this->CI->input->get($this->query_string_segment);
 		}
+		elseif (empty($this->cur_page))
+		{
+			// Default to the last segment number if one hasn't been defined.
+			if ($this->uri_segment === 0)
+			{
+				$this->uri_segment = count($this->CI->uri->segment_array());
+			}
 
-		$this->num_links = (int)$this->num_links;
+			$this->cur_page = $this->CI->uri->segment($this->uri_segment);
 
-		if ($this->num_links < 1)
+			// Remove any specified prefix/suffix from the segment.
+			if ($this->prefix !== '' OR $this->suffix !== '')
+			{
+				$this->cur_page = str_replace(array($this->prefix, $this->suffix), '', $this->cur_page);
+			}
+		}
+		else
 		{
-			show_error('Your number of links must be a positive number.');
+			$this->cur_page = (string) $this->cur_page;
 		}
 
-		if ( ! is_numeric($this->cur_page))
+		// If something isn't quite right, back to the default base page.
+		if ( ! ctype_digit($this->cur_page) OR ($this->use_page_numbers && (int) $this->cur_page === 0))
 		{
 			$this->cur_page = $base_page;
 		}
+		else
+		{
+			// Make sure we're using integers for comparisons later.
+			$this->cur_page = (int) $this->cur_page;
+		}
 
 		// Is the page number beyond the result range?
-		// If so we show the last page
+		// If so, we show the last page.
 		if ($this->use_page_numbers)
 		{
 			if ($this->cur_page > $num_pages)
@@ -190,67 +538,56 @@ class CI_Pagination {
 				$this->cur_page = $num_pages;
 			}
 		}
-		else
+		elseif ($this->cur_page > $this->total_rows)
 		{
-			if ($this->cur_page > $this->total_rows)
-			{
-				$this->cur_page = ($num_pages - 1) * $this->per_page;
-			}
+			$this->cur_page = ($num_pages - 1) * $this->per_page;
 		}
 
 		$uri_page_number = $this->cur_page;
-		
+
+		// If we're using offset instead of page numbers, convert it
+		// to a page number, so we can generate the surrounding number links.
 		if ( ! $this->use_page_numbers)
 		{
-			$this->cur_page = floor(($this->cur_page/$this->per_page) + 1);
+			$this->cur_page = (int) floor(($this->cur_page/$this->per_page) + 1);
 		}
 
 		// Calculate the start and end numbers. These determine
-		// which number to start and end the digit links with
-		$start = (($this->cur_page - $this->num_links) > 0) ? $this->cur_page - ($this->num_links - 1) : 1;
-		$end   = (($this->cur_page + $this->num_links) < $num_pages) ? $this->cur_page + $this->num_links : $num_pages;
-
-		// Is pagination being used over GET or POST?  If get, add a per_page query
-		// string. If post, add a trailing slash to the base URL if needed
-		if ($CI->config->item('enable_query_strings') === TRUE OR $this->page_query_string === TRUE)
-		{
-			$this->base_url = rtrim($this->base_url).'&amp;'.$this->query_string_segment.'=';
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			$this->base_url = rtrim($this->base_url, '/') .'/';
-		}
+		// which number to start and end the digit links with.
+		$start	= (($this->cur_page - $this->num_links) > 0) ? $this->cur_page - ($this->num_links - 1) : 1;
+		$end	= (($this->cur_page + $this->num_links) < $num_pages) ? $this->cur_page + $this->num_links : $num_pages;
 
 		// And here we go...
 		$output = '';
 
-		// Render the "First" link
-		if  ($this->first_link !== FALSE AND $this->cur_page > ($this->num_links + 1))
+		// Render the "First" link.
+		if ($this->first_link !== FALSE && $this->cur_page > ($this->num_links + 1 + ! $this->num_links))
 		{
-			$first_url = ($this->first_url == '') ? $this->base_url : $this->first_url;
-			$output .= $this->first_tag_open.'<a '.$this->anchor_class.'href="'.$first_url.'">'.$this->first_link.'</a>'.$this->first_tag_close;
+			// Take the general parameters, and squeeze this pagination-page attr in for JS frameworks.
+			$attributes = sprintf('%s %s="%d"', $this->_attributes, $this->data_page_attr, 1);
+
+			$output .= $this->first_tag_open.'<a href="'.$first_url.'"'.$attributes.$this->_attr_rel('start').'>'
+				.$this->first_link.'</a>'.$this->first_tag_close;
 		}
 
-		// Render the "previous" link
-		if  ($this->prev_link !== FALSE AND $this->cur_page != 1)
+		// Render the "Previous" link.
+		if ($this->prev_link !== FALSE && $this->cur_page !== 1)
 		{
-			if ($this->use_page_numbers)
-			{
-				$i = $uri_page_number - 1;
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				$i = $uri_page_number - $this->per_page;
-			}
+			$i = ($this->use_page_numbers) ? $uri_page_number - 1 : $uri_page_number - $this->per_page;
+
+			$attributes = sprintf('%s %s="%d"', $this->_attributes, $this->data_page_attr, ($this->cur_page - 1));
 
-			if ($i == 0 && $this->first_url != '')
+			if ($i === $base_page)
 			{
-				$output .= $this->prev_tag_open.'<a '.$this->anchor_class.'href="'.$this->first_url.'">'.$this->prev_link.'</a>'.$this->prev_tag_close;
+				// First page
+				$output .= $this->prev_tag_open.'<a href="'.$first_url.'"'.$attributes.$this->_attr_rel('prev').'>'
+					.$this->prev_link.'</a>'.$this->prev_tag_close;
 			}
 			else
 			{
-				$i = ($i == 0) ? '' : $this->prefix.$i.$this->suffix;
-				$output .= $this->prev_tag_open.'<a '.$this->anchor_class.'href="'.$this->base_url.$i.'">'.$this->prev_link.'</a>'.$this->prev_tag_close;
+				$append = $this->prefix.$i.$this->suffix;
+				$output .= $this->prev_tag_open.'<a href="'.$base_url.$append.'"'.$attributes.$this->_attr_rel('prev').'>'
+					.$this->prev_link.'</a>'.$this->prev_tag_close;
 			}
 
 		}
@@ -259,82 +596,106 @@ class CI_Pagination {
 		if ($this->display_pages !== FALSE)
 		{
 			// Write the digit links
-			for ($loop = $start -1; $loop <= $end; $loop++)
+			for ($loop = $start - 1; $loop <= $end; $loop++)
 			{
-				if ($this->use_page_numbers)
-				{
-					$i = $loop;
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					$i = ($loop * $this->per_page) - $this->per_page;
-				}
+				$i = ($this->use_page_numbers) ? $loop : ($loop * $this->per_page) - $this->per_page;
+
+				$attributes = sprintf('%s %s="%d"', $this->_attributes, $this->data_page_attr, $loop);
 
 				if ($i >= $base_page)
 				{
-					if ($this->cur_page == $loop)
+					if ($this->cur_page === $loop)
+					{
+						// Current page
+						$output .= $this->cur_tag_open.$loop.$this->cur_tag_close;
+					}
+					elseif ($i === $base_page)
 					{
-						$output .= $this->cur_tag_open.$loop.$this->cur_tag_close; // Current page
+						// First page
+						$output .= $this->num_tag_open.'<a href="'.$first_url.'"'.$attributes.$this->_attr_rel('start').'>'
+							.$loop.'</a>'.$this->num_tag_close;
 					}
 					else
 					{
-						$n = ($i == $base_page) ? '' : $i;
-
-						if ($n == '' && $this->first_url != '')
-						{
-							$output .= $this->num_tag_open.'<a '.$this->anchor_class.'href="'.$this->first_url.'">'.$loop.'</a>'.$this->num_tag_close;
-						}
-						else
-						{
-							$n = ($n == '') ? '' : $this->prefix.$n.$this->suffix;
-
-							$output .= $this->num_tag_open.'<a '.$this->anchor_class.'href="'.$this->base_url.$n.'">'.$loop.'</a>'.$this->num_tag_close;
-						}
+						$append = $this->prefix.$i.$this->suffix;
+						$output .= $this->num_tag_open.'<a href="'.$base_url.$append.'"'.$attributes.'>'
+							.$loop.'</a>'.$this->num_tag_close;
 					}
 				}
 			}
 		}
 
 		// Render the "next" link
-		if ($this->next_link !== FALSE AND $this->cur_page < $num_pages)
+		if ($this->next_link !== FALSE && $this->cur_page < $num_pages)
 		{
-			if ($this->use_page_numbers)
-			{
-				$i = $this->cur_page + 1;
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				$i = ($this->cur_page * $this->per_page);
-			}
+			$i = ($this->use_page_numbers) ? $this->cur_page + 1 : $this->cur_page * $this->per_page;
+
+			$attributes = sprintf('%s %s="%d"', $this->_attributes, $this->data_page_attr, $this->cur_page + 1);
 
-			$output .= $this->next_tag_open.'<a '.$this->anchor_class.'href="'.$this->base_url.$this->prefix.$i.$this->suffix.'">'.$this->next_link.'</a>'.$this->next_tag_close;
+			$output .= $this->next_tag_open.'<a href="'.$base_url.$this->prefix.$i.$this->suffix.'"'.$attributes
+				.$this->_attr_rel('next').'>'.$this->next_link.'</a>'.$this->next_tag_close;
 		}
 
 		// Render the "Last" link
-		if ($this->last_link !== FALSE AND ($this->cur_page + $this->num_links) < $num_pages)
+		if ($this->last_link !== FALSE && ($this->cur_page + $this->num_links + ! $this->num_links) < $num_pages)
 		{
-			if ($this->use_page_numbers)
-			{
-				$i = $num_pages;
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				$i = (($num_pages * $this->per_page) - $this->per_page);
-			}
-			$output .= $this->last_tag_open.'<a '.$this->anchor_class.'href="'.$this->base_url.$this->prefix.$i.$this->suffix.'">'.$this->last_link.'</a>'.$this->last_tag_close;
+			$i = ($this->use_page_numbers) ? $num_pages : ($num_pages * $this->per_page) - $this->per_page;
+
+			$attributes = sprintf('%s %s="%d"', $this->_attributes, $this->data_page_attr, $num_pages);
+
+			$output .= $this->last_tag_open.'<a href="'.$base_url.$this->prefix.$i.$this->suffix.'"'.$attributes.'>'
+				.$this->last_link.'</a>'.$this->last_tag_close;
 		}
 
-		// Kill double slashes.  Note: Sometimes we can end up with a double slash
+		// Kill double slashes. Note: Sometimes we can end up with a double slash
 		// in the penultimate link so we'll kill all double slashes.
-		$output = preg_replace("#([^:])//+#", "\\1/", $output);
+		$output = preg_replace('#([^:"])//+#', '\\1/', $output);
 
 		// Add the wrapper HTML if exists
-		$output = $this->full_tag_open.$output.$this->full_tag_close;
+		return $this->full_tag_open.$output.$this->full_tag_close;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Parse attributes
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$attributes
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _parse_attributes($attributes)
+	{
+		isset($attributes['rel']) OR $attributes['rel'] = TRUE;
+		$this->_link_types = ($attributes['rel'])
+			? array('start' => 'start', 'prev' => 'prev', 'next' => 'next')
+			: array();
+		unset($attributes['rel']);
+
+		$this->_attributes = '';
+		foreach ($attributes as $key => $value)
+		{
+			$this->_attributes .= ' '.$key.'="'.$value.'"';
+		}
+	}
 
-		return $output;
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Add "rel" attribute
+	 *
+	 * @link	http://www.w3.org/TR/html5/links.html#linkTypes
+	 * @param	string	$type
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _attr_rel($type)
+	{
+		if (isset($this->_link_types[$type]))
+		{
+			unset($this->_link_types[$type]);
+			return ' rel="'.$type.'"';
+		}
+
+		return '';
 	}
-}
-// END Pagination Class
 
-/* End of file Pagination.php */
-/* Location: ./system/libraries/Pagination.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/system/libraries/Parser.php b/system/libraries/Parser.php
index 4d31f81c7..fdd958b22 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Parser.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Parser.php
@@ -1,19 +1,41 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.0.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * Parser Class
@@ -21,22 +43,53 @@
  * @package		CodeIgniter
  * @subpackage	Libraries
  * @category	Parser
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/parser.html
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/parser.html
  */
 class CI_Parser {
 
-	var $l_delim = '{';
-	var $r_delim = '}';
-	var $object;
+	/**
+	 * Left delimiter character for pseudo vars
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	public $l_delim = '{';
+
+	/**
+	 * Right delimiter character for pseudo vars
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	public $r_delim = '}';
+
+	/**
+	 * Reference to CodeIgniter instance
+	 *
+	 * @var object
+	 */
+	protected $CI;
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 *  Parse a template
+	 * Class constructor
+	 *
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function __construct()
+	{
+		$this->CI =& get_instance();
+		log_message('info', 'Parser Class Initialized');
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Parse a template
 	 *
 	 * Parses pseudo-variables contained in the specified template view,
 	 * replacing them with the data in the second param
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @param	array
 	 * @param	bool
@@ -44,8 +97,7 @@ class CI_Parser {
 	 */
 	public function parse($template, $data, $return = FALSE)
 	{
-		$CI =& get_instance();
-		$template = $CI->load->view($template, $data, TRUE);
+		$template = $this->CI->load->view($template, $data, TRUE);
 
 		return $this->_parse($template, $data, $return);
 	}
@@ -53,18 +105,17 @@ class CI_Parser {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 *  Parse a String
+	 * Parse a String
 	 *
 	 * Parses pseudo-variables contained in the specified string,
 	 * replacing them with the data in the second param
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @param	array
 	 * @param	bool
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function parse_string($template, $data, $return = FALSE)
+	public function parse_string($template, $data, $return = FALSE)
 	{
 		return $this->_parse($template, $data, $return);
 	}
@@ -72,40 +123,40 @@ class CI_Parser {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 *  Parse a template
+	 * Parse a template
 	 *
 	 * Parses pseudo-variables contained in the specified template,
 	 * replacing them with the data in the second param
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @param	array
 	 * @param	bool
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _parse($template, $data, $return = FALSE)
+	protected function _parse($template, $data, $return = FALSE)
 	{
-		if ($template == '')
+		if ($template === '')
 		{
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
+		$replace = array();
 		foreach ($data as $key => $val)
 		{
-			if (is_array($val))
-			{
-				$template = $this->_parse_pair($key, $val, $template);
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				$template = $this->_parse_single($key, (string)$val, $template);
-			}
+			$replace = array_merge(
+				$replace,
+				is_array($val)
+					? $this->_parse_pair($key, $val, $template)
+					: $this->_parse_single($key, (string) $val, $template)
+			);
 		}
 
-		if ($return == FALSE)
+		unset($data);
+		$template = strtr($template, $replace);
+
+		if ($return === FALSE)
 		{
-			$CI =& get_instance();
-			$CI->output->append_output($template);
+			$this->CI->output->append_output($template);
 		}
 
 		return $template;
@@ -114,14 +165,13 @@ class CI_Parser {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 *  Set the left/right variable delimiters
+	 * Set the left/right variable delimiters
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function set_delimiters($l = '{', $r = '}')
+	public function set_delimiters($l = '{', $r = '}')
 	{
 		$this->l_delim = $l;
 		$this->r_delim = $r;
@@ -130,83 +180,69 @@ class CI_Parser {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 *  Parse a single key/value
+	 * Parse a single key/value
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _parse_single($key, $val, $string)
+	protected function _parse_single($key, $val, $string)
 	{
-		return str_replace($this->l_delim.$key.$this->r_delim, $val, $string);
+		return array($this->l_delim.$key.$this->r_delim => (string) $val);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 *  Parse a tag pair
+	 * Parse a tag pair
 	 *
-	 * Parses tag pairs:  {some_tag} string... {/some_tag}
+	 * Parses tag pairs: {some_tag} string... {/some_tag}
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @param	array
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _parse_pair($variable, $data, $string)
+	protected function _parse_pair($variable, $data, $string)
 	{
-		if (FALSE === ($match = $this->_match_pair($string, $variable)))
-		{
-			return $string;
-		}
-
-		$str = '';
-		foreach ($data as $row)
+		$replace = array();
+		preg_match_all(
+			'#'.preg_quote($this->l_delim.$variable.$this->r_delim).'(.+?)'.preg_quote($this->l_delim.'/'.$variable.$this->r_delim).'#s',
+			$string,
+			$matches,
+			PREG_SET_ORDER
+		);
+
+		foreach ($matches as $match)
 		{
-			$temp = $match['1'];
-			foreach ($row as $key => $val)
+			$str = '';
+			foreach ($data as $row)
 			{
-				if ( ! is_array($val))
-				{
-					$temp = $this->_parse_single($key, $val, $temp);
-				}
-				else
+				$temp = array();
+				foreach ($row as $key => $val)
 				{
-					$temp = $this->_parse_pair($key, $val, $temp);
+					if (is_array($val))
+					{
+						$pair = $this->_parse_pair($key, $val, $match[1]);
+						if ( ! empty($pair))
+						{
+							$temp = array_merge($temp, $pair);
+						}
+
+						continue;
+					}
+
+					$temp[$this->l_delim.$key.$this->r_delim] = $val;
 				}
-			}
-
-			$str .= $temp;
-		}
 
-		return str_replace($match['0'], $str, $string);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+				$str .= strtr($match[1], $temp);
+			}
 
-	/**
-	 *  Matches a variable pair
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	mixed
-	 */
-	function _match_pair($string, $variable)
-	{
-		if ( ! preg_match("|" . preg_quote($this->l_delim) . $variable . preg_quote($this->r_delim) . "(.+?)". preg_quote($this->l_delim) . '/' . $variable . preg_quote($this->r_delim) . "|s", $string, $match))
-		{
-			return FALSE;
+			$replace[$match[0]] = $str;
 		}
 
-		return $match;
+		return $replace;
 	}
 
 }
-// END Parser Class
-
-/* End of file Parser.php */
-/* Location: ./system/libraries/Parser.php */
diff --git a/system/libraries/Profiler.php b/system/libraries/Profiler.php
index 2fe21db11..9ea09a529 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Profiler.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Profiler.php
@@ -1,19 +1,41 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.0.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * CodeIgniter Profiler Class
@@ -27,41 +49,57 @@
  * @package		CodeIgniter
  * @subpackage	Libraries
  * @category	Libraries
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/general/profiling.html
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/general/profiling.html
  */
 class CI_Profiler {
 
+	/**
+	 * List of profiler sections available to show
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
 	protected $_available_sections = array(
-										'benchmarks',
-										'get',
-										'memory_usage',
-										'post',
-										'uri_string',
-										'controller_info',
-										'queries',
-										'http_headers',
-										'session_data',
-										'config'
-										);
+		'benchmarks',
+		'get',
+		'memory_usage',
+		'post',
+		'uri_string',
+		'controller_info',
+		'queries',
+		'http_headers',
+		'session_data',
+		'config'
+	);
 
+	/**
+	 * Number of queries to show before making the additional queries togglable
+	 *
+	 * @var int
+	 */
 	protected $_query_toggle_count = 25;
 
+	/**
+	 * Reference to the CodeIgniter singleton
+	 *
+	 * @var object
+	 */
 	protected $CI;
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
+	/**
+	 * Class constructor
+	 *
+	 * Initialize Profiler
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$config	Parameters
+	 */
 	public function __construct($config = array())
 	{
 		$this->CI =& get_instance();
 		$this->CI->load->language('profiler');
 
-		if (isset($config['query_toggle_count']))
-		{
-			$this->_query_toggle_count = (int) $config['query_toggle_count'];
-			unset($config['query_toggle_count']);
-		}
-
 		// default all sections to display
 		foreach ($this->_available_sections as $section)
 		{
@@ -72,6 +110,7 @@ class CI_Profiler {
 		}
 
 		$this->set_sections($config);
+		log_message('info', 'Profiler Class Initialized');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -81,16 +120,22 @@ class CI_Profiler {
 	 *
 	 * Sets the private _compile_* properties to enable/disable Profiler sections
 	 *
-	 * @param	mixed
+	 * @param	mixed	$config
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function set_sections($config)
 	{
+		if (isset($config['query_toggle_count']))
+		{
+			$this->_query_toggle_count = (int) $config['query_toggle_count'];
+			unset($config['query_toggle_count']);
+		}
+
 		foreach ($config as $method => $enable)
 		{
 			if (in_array($method, $this->_available_sections))
 			{
-				$this->_compile_{$method} = ($enable !== FALSE) ? TRUE : FALSE;
+				$this->_compile_{$method} = ($enable !== FALSE);
 			}
 		}
 	}
@@ -114,36 +159,32 @@ class CI_Profiler {
 		{
 			// We match the "end" marker so that the list ends
 			// up in the order that it was defined
-			if (preg_match("/(.+?)_end/i", $key, $match))
+			if (preg_match('/(.+?)_end$/i', $key, $match)
+				&& isset($this->CI->benchmark->marker[$match[1].'_end'], $this->CI->benchmark->marker[$match[1].'_start']))
 			{
-				if (isset($this->CI->benchmark->marker[$match[1].'_end']) AND isset($this->CI->benchmark->marker[$match[1].'_start']))
-				{
-					$profile[$match[1]] = $this->CI->benchmark->elapsed_time($match[1].'_start', $key);
-				}
+				$profile[$match[1]] = $this->CI->benchmark->elapsed_time($match[1].'_start', $key);
 			}
 		}
 
 		// Build a table containing the profile data.
 		// Note: At some point we should turn this into a template that can
-		// be modified.  We also might want to make this data available to be logged
+		// be modified. We also might want to make this data available to be logged
 
-		$output  = "\n\n";
-		$output .= '<fieldset id="ci_profiler_benchmarks" style="border:1px solid #900;padding:6px 10px 10px 10px;margin:20px 0 20px 0;background-color:#eee">';
-		$output .= "\n";
-		$output .= '<legend style="color:#900;">&nbsp;&nbsp;'.$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_benchmarks').'&nbsp;&nbsp;</legend>';
-		$output .= "\n";
-		$output .= "\n\n<table style='width:100%'>\n";
+		$output = "\n\n"
+			.'<fieldset id="ci_profiler_benchmarks" style="border:1px solid #900;padding:6px 10px 10px 10px;margin:20px 0 20px 0;background-color:#eee;">'
+			."\n"
+			.'<legend style="color:#900;">&nbsp;&nbsp;'.$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_benchmarks')."&nbsp;&nbsp;</legend>"
+			."\n\n\n<table style=\"width:100%;\">\n";
 
 		foreach ($profile as $key => $val)
 		{
 			$key = ucwords(str_replace(array('_', '-'), ' ', $key));
-			$output .= "<tr><td style='padding:5px;width:50%;color:#000;font-weight:bold;background-color:#ddd;'>".$key."&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td style='padding:5px;width:50%;color:#900;font-weight:normal;background-color:#ddd;'>".$val."</td></tr>\n";
+			$output .= '<tr><td style="padding:5px;width:50%;color:#000;font-weight:bold;background-color:#ddd;">'
+					.$key.'&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td style="padding:5px;width:50%;color:#900;font-weight:normal;background-color:#ddd;">'
+					.$val."</td></tr>\n";
 		}
 
-		$output .= "</table>\n";
-		$output .= "</fieldset>";
-
-		return $output;
+		return $output."</table>\n</fieldset>";
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -158,27 +199,37 @@ class CI_Profiler {
 		$dbs = array();
 
 		// Let's determine which databases are currently connected to
-		foreach (get_object_vars($this->CI) as $CI_object)
+		foreach (get_object_vars($this->CI) as $name => $cobject)
 		{
-			if (is_object($CI_object) && is_subclass_of(get_class($CI_object), 'CI_DB') )
+			if (is_object($cobject))
 			{
-				$dbs[] = $CI_object;
+				if ($cobject instanceof CI_DB)
+				{
+					$dbs[get_class($this->CI).':$'.$name] = $cobject;
+				}
+				elseif ($cobject instanceof CI_Model)
+				{
+					foreach (get_object_vars($cobject) as $mname => $mobject)
+					{
+						if ($mobject instanceof CI_DB)
+						{
+							$dbs[get_class($cobject).':$'.$mname] = $mobject;
+						}
+					}
+				}
 			}
 		}
 
-		if (count($dbs) == 0)
+		if (count($dbs) === 0)
 		{
-			$output  = "\n\n";
-			$output .= '<fieldset id="ci_profiler_queries" style="border:1px solid #0000FF;padding:6px 10px 10px 10px;margin:20px 0 20px 0;background-color:#eee">';
-			$output .= "\n";
-			$output .= '<legend style="color:#0000FF;">&nbsp;&nbsp;'.$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_queries').'&nbsp;&nbsp;</legend>';
-			$output .= "\n";
-			$output .= "\n\n<table style='border:none; width:100%;'>\n";
-			$output .="<tr><td style='width:100%;color:#0000FF;font-weight:normal;background-color:#eee;padding:5px'>".$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_no_db')."</td></tr>\n";
-			$output .= "</table>\n";
-			$output .= "</fieldset>";
-
-			return $output;
+			return "\n\n"
+				.'<fieldset id="ci_profiler_queries" style="border:1px solid #0000FF;padding:6px 10px 10px 10px;margin:20px 0 20px 0;background-color:#eee;">'
+				."\n"
+				.'<legend style="color:#0000FF;">&nbsp;&nbsp;'.$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_queries').'&nbsp;&nbsp;</legend>'
+				."\n\n\n<table style=\"border:none; width:100%;\">\n"
+				.'<tr><td style="width:100%;color:#0000FF;font-weight:normal;background-color:#eee;padding:5px;">'
+				.$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_no_db')
+				."</td></tr>\n</table>\n</fieldset>";
 		}
 
 		// Load the text helper so we can highlight the SQL
@@ -188,58 +239,57 @@ class CI_Profiler {
 		$highlight = array('SELECT', 'DISTINCT', 'FROM', 'WHERE', 'AND', 'LEFT&nbsp;JOIN', 'ORDER&nbsp;BY', 'GROUP&nbsp;BY', 'LIMIT', 'INSERT', 'INTO', 'VALUES', 'UPDATE', 'OR&nbsp;', 'HAVING', 'OFFSET', 'NOT&nbsp;IN', 'IN', 'LIKE', 'NOT&nbsp;LIKE', 'COUNT', 'MAX', 'MIN', 'ON', 'AS', 'AVG', 'SUM', '(', ')');
 
 		$output  = "\n\n";
-
 		$count = 0;
 
-		foreach ($dbs as $db)
+		foreach ($dbs as $name => $db)
 		{
-			$count++;
-
 			$hide_queries = (count($db->queries) > $this->_query_toggle_count) ? ' display:none' : '';
+			$total_time = number_format(array_sum($db->query_times), 4).' '.$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_seconds');
 
 			$show_hide_js = '(<span style="cursor: pointer;" onclick="var s=document.getElementById(\'ci_profiler_queries_db_'.$count.'\').style;s.display=s.display==\'none\'?\'\':\'none\';this.innerHTML=this.innerHTML==\''.$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_section_hide').'\'?\''.$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_section_show').'\':\''.$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_section_hide').'\';">'.$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_section_hide').'</span>)';
 
-			if ($hide_queries != '')
+			if ($hide_queries !== '')
 			{
 				$show_hide_js = '(<span style="cursor: pointer;" onclick="var s=document.getElementById(\'ci_profiler_queries_db_'.$count.'\').style;s.display=s.display==\'none\'?\'\':\'none\';this.innerHTML=this.innerHTML==\''.$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_section_show').'\'?\''.$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_section_hide').'\':\''.$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_section_show').'\';">'.$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_section_show').'</span>)';
 			}
 
-			$output .= '<fieldset style="border:1px solid #0000FF;padding:6px 10px 10px 10px;margin:20px 0 20px 0;background-color:#eee">';
-			$output .= "\n";
-			$output .= '<legend style="color:#0000FF;">&nbsp;&nbsp;'.$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_database').':&nbsp; '.$db->database.'&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'.$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_queries').': '.count($db->queries).'&nbsp;&nbsp;'.$show_hide_js.'</legend>';
-			$output .= "\n";
-			$output .= "\n\n<table style='width:100%;{$hide_queries}' id='ci_profiler_queries_db_{$count}'>\n";
+			$output .= '<fieldset style="border:1px solid #0000FF;padding:6px 10px 10px 10px;margin:20px 0 20px 0;background-color:#eee;">'
+				."\n"
+				.'<legend style="color:#0000FF;">&nbsp;&nbsp;'.$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_database')
+				.':&nbsp; '.$db->database.' ('.$name.')&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'.$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_queries')
+				.': '.count($db->queries).' ('.$total_time.')&nbsp;&nbsp;'.$show_hide_js."</legend>\n\n\n"
+				.'<table style="width:100%;'.$hide_queries.'" id="ci_profiler_queries_db_'.$count."\">\n";
 
-			if (count($db->queries) == 0)
+			if (count($db->queries) === 0)
 			{
-				$output .= "<tr><td style='width:100%;color:#0000FF;font-weight:normal;background-color:#eee;padding:5px;'>".$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_no_queries')."</td></tr>\n";
+				$output .= '<tr><td style="width:100%;color:#0000FF;font-weight:normal;background-color:#eee;padding:5px;">'
+						.$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_no_queries')."</td></tr>\n";
 			}
 			else
 			{
 				foreach ($db->queries as $key => $val)
 				{
 					$time = number_format($db->query_times[$key], 4);
-
-					$val = highlight_code($val, ENT_QUOTES);
+					$val = highlight_code($val);
 
 					foreach ($highlight as $bold)
 					{
 						$val = str_replace($bold, '<strong>'.$bold.'</strong>', $val);
 					}
 
-					$output .= "<tr><td style='padding:5px; vertical-align: top;width:1%;color:#900;font-weight:normal;background-color:#ddd;'>".$time."&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td style='padding:5px; color:#000;font-weight:normal;background-color:#ddd;'>".$val."</td></tr>\n";
+					$output .= '<tr><td style="padding:5px;vertical-align:top;width:1%;color:#900;font-weight:normal;background-color:#ddd;">'
+							.$time.'&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td style="padding:5px;color:#000;font-weight:normal;background-color:#ddd;">'
+							.$val."</td></tr>\n";
 				}
 			}
 
-			$output .= "</table>\n";
-			$output .= "</fieldset>";
-
+			$output .= "</table>\n</fieldset>";
+			$count++;
 		}
 
 		return $output;
 	}
 
-
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
@@ -249,44 +299,35 @@ class CI_Profiler {
 	 */
 	protected function _compile_get()
 	{
-		$output  = "\n\n";
-		$output .= '<fieldset id="ci_profiler_get" style="border:1px solid #cd6e00;padding:6px 10px 10px 10px;margin:20px 0 20px 0;background-color:#eee">';
-		$output .= "\n";
-		$output .= '<legend style="color:#cd6e00;">&nbsp;&nbsp;'.$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_get_data').'&nbsp;&nbsp;</legend>';
-		$output .= "\n";
+		$output = "\n\n"
+			.'<fieldset id="ci_profiler_get" style="border:1px solid #cd6e00;padding:6px 10px 10px 10px;margin:20px 0 20px 0;background-color:#eee;">'
+			."\n"
+			.'<legend style="color:#cd6e00;">&nbsp;&nbsp;'.$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_get_data')."&nbsp;&nbsp;</legend>\n";
 
-		if (count($_GET) == 0)
+		if (count($_GET) === 0)
 		{
-			$output .= "<div style='color:#cd6e00;font-weight:normal;padding:4px 0 4px 0'>".$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_no_get')."</div>";
+			$output .= '<div style="color:#cd6e00;font-weight:normal;padding:4px 0 4px 0;">'.$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_no_get').'</div>';
 		}
 		else
 		{
-			$output .= "\n\n<table style='width:100%; border:none'>\n";
+			$output .= "\n\n<table style=\"width:100%;border:none;\">\n";
 
 			foreach ($_GET as $key => $val)
 			{
-				if ( ! is_numeric($key))
-				{
-					$key = "'".$key."'";
-				}
-
-				$output .= "<tr><td style='width:50%;color:#000;background-color:#ddd;padding:5px'>&#36;_GET[".$key."]&nbsp;&nbsp; </td><td style='width:50%;padding:5px;color:#cd6e00;font-weight:normal;background-color:#ddd;'>";
-				if (is_array($val))
-				{
-					$output .= "<pre>" . htmlspecialchars(stripslashes(print_r($val, true))) . "</pre>";
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					$output .= htmlspecialchars(stripslashes($val));
-				}
-				$output .= "</td></tr>\n";
+				is_int($key) OR $key = "'".htmlspecialchars($key, ENT_QUOTES, config_item('charset'))."'";
+				$val = (is_array($val) OR is_object($val))
+					? '<pre>'.htmlspecialchars(print_r($val, TRUE), ENT_QUOTES, config_item('charset')).'</pre>'
+					: htmlspecialchars($val, ENT_QUOTES, config_item('charset'));
+
+				$output .= '<tr><td style="width:50%;color:#000;background-color:#ddd;padding:5px;">&#36;_GET['
+					.$key.']&nbsp;&nbsp; </td><td style="width:50%;padding:5px;color:#cd6e00;font-weight:normal;background-color:#ddd;">'
+					.$val."</td></tr>\n";
 			}
 
 			$output .= "</table>\n";
 		}
-		$output .= "</fieldset>";
 
-		return $output;
+		return $output.'</fieldset>';
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -298,44 +339,47 @@ class CI_Profiler {
 	 */
 	protected function _compile_post()
 	{
-		$output  = "\n\n";
-		$output .= '<fieldset id="ci_profiler_post" style="border:1px solid #009900;padding:6px 10px 10px 10px;margin:20px 0 20px 0;background-color:#eee">';
-		$output .= "\n";
-		$output .= '<legend style="color:#009900;">&nbsp;&nbsp;'.$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_post_data').'&nbsp;&nbsp;</legend>';
-		$output .= "\n";
+		$output = "\n\n"
+			.'<fieldset id="ci_profiler_post" style="border:1px solid #009900;padding:6px 10px 10px 10px;margin:20px 0 20px 0;background-color:#eee;">'
+			."\n"
+			.'<legend style="color:#009900;">&nbsp;&nbsp;'.$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_post_data')."&nbsp;&nbsp;</legend>\n";
 
-		if (count($_POST) == 0)
+		if (count($_POST) === 0 && count($_FILES) === 0)
 		{
-			$output .= "<div style='color:#009900;font-weight:normal;padding:4px 0 4px 0'>".$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_no_post')."</div>";
+			$output .= '<div style="color:#009900;font-weight:normal;padding:4px 0 4px 0;">'.$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_no_post').'</div>';
 		}
 		else
 		{
-			$output .= "\n\n<table style='width:100%'>\n";
+			$output .= "\n\n<table style=\"width:100%;\">\n";
 
 			foreach ($_POST as $key => $val)
 			{
-				if ( ! is_numeric($key))
-				{
-					$key = "'".$key."'";
-				}
+				is_int($key) OR $key = "'".htmlspecialchars($key, ENT_QUOTES, config_item('charset'))."'";
+				$val = (is_array($val) OR is_object($val))
+					? '<pre>'.htmlspecialchars(print_r($val, TRUE), ENT_QUOTES, config_item('charset')).'</pre>'
+					: htmlspecialchars($val, ENT_QUOTES, config_item('charset'));
+
+				$output .= '<tr><td style="width:50%;padding:5px;color:#000;background-color:#ddd;">&#36;_POST['
+					.$key.']&nbsp;&nbsp; </td><td style="width:50%;padding:5px;color:#009900;font-weight:normal;background-color:#ddd;">'
+					.$val."</td></tr>\n";
+			}
 
-				$output .= "<tr><td style='width:50%;padding:5px;color:#000;background-color:#ddd;'>&#36;_POST[".$key."]&nbsp;&nbsp; </td><td style='width:50%;padding:5px;color:#009900;font-weight:normal;background-color:#ddd;'>";
-				if (is_array($val))
-				{
-					$output .= "<pre>" . htmlspecialchars(stripslashes(print_r($val, TRUE))) . "</pre>";
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					$output .= htmlspecialchars(stripslashes($val));
-				}
-				$output .= "</td></tr>\n";
+			foreach ($_FILES as $key => $val)
+			{
+				is_int($key) OR $key = "'".htmlspecialchars($key, ENT_QUOTES, config_item('charset'))."'";
+				$val = (is_array($val) OR is_object($val))
+					? '<pre>'.htmlspecialchars(print_r($val, TRUE), ENT_QUOTES, config_item('charset')).'</pre>'
+					: htmlspecialchars($val, ENT_QUOTES, config_item('charset'));
+
+				$output .= '<tr><td style="width:50%;padding:5px;color:#000;background-color:#ddd;">&#36;_FILES['
+					.$key.']&nbsp;&nbsp; </td><td style="width:50%;padding:5px;color:#009900;font-weight:normal;background-color:#ddd;">'
+					.$val."</td></tr>\n";
 			}
 
 			$output .= "</table>\n";
 		}
-		$output .= "</fieldset>";
 
-		return $output;
+		return $output.'</fieldset>';
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -347,24 +391,13 @@ class CI_Profiler {
 	 */
 	protected function _compile_uri_string()
 	{
-		$output  = "\n\n";
-		$output .= '<fieldset id="ci_profiler_uri_string" style="border:1px solid #000;padding:6px 10px 10px 10px;margin:20px 0 20px 0;background-color:#eee">';
-		$output .= "\n";
-		$output .= '<legend style="color:#000;">&nbsp;&nbsp;'.$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_uri_string').'&nbsp;&nbsp;</legend>';
-		$output .= "\n";
-
-		if ($this->CI->uri->uri_string == '')
-		{
-			$output .= "<div style='color:#000;font-weight:normal;padding:4px 0 4px 0'>".$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_no_uri')."</div>";
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			$output .= "<div style='color:#000;font-weight:normal;padding:4px 0 4px 0'>".$this->CI->uri->uri_string."</div>";
-		}
-
-		$output .= "</fieldset>";
-
-		return $output;
+		return "\n\n"
+			.'<fieldset id="ci_profiler_uri_string" style="border:1px solid #000;padding:6px 10px 10px 10px;margin:20px 0 20px 0;background-color:#eee;">'
+			."\n"
+			.'<legend style="color:#000;">&nbsp;&nbsp;'.$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_uri_string')."&nbsp;&nbsp;</legend>\n"
+			.'<div style="color:#000;font-weight:normal;padding:4px 0 4px 0;">'
+			.($this->CI->uri->uri_string === '' ? $this->CI->lang->line('profiler_no_uri') : $this->CI->uri->uri_string)
+			.'</div></fieldset>';
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -376,17 +409,12 @@ class CI_Profiler {
 	 */
 	protected function _compile_controller_info()
 	{
-		$output  = "\n\n";
-		$output .= '<fieldset id="ci_profiler_controller_info" style="border:1px solid #995300;padding:6px 10px 10px 10px;margin:20px 0 20px 0;background-color:#eee">';
-		$output .= "\n";
-		$output .= '<legend style="color:#995300;">&nbsp;&nbsp;'.$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_controller_info').'&nbsp;&nbsp;</legend>';
-		$output .= "\n";
-
-		$output .= "<div style='color:#995300;font-weight:normal;padding:4px 0 4px 0'>".$this->CI->router->fetch_class()."/".$this->CI->router->fetch_method()."</div>";
-
-		$output .= "</fieldset>";
-
-		return $output;
+		return "\n\n"
+			.'<fieldset id="ci_profiler_controller_info" style="border:1px solid #995300;padding:6px 10px 10px 10px;margin:20px 0 20px 0;background-color:#eee;">'
+			."\n"
+			.'<legend style="color:#995300;">&nbsp;&nbsp;'.$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_controller_info')."&nbsp;&nbsp;</legend>\n"
+			.'<div style="color:#995300;font-weight:normal;padding:4px 0 4px 0;">'.$this->CI->router->class.'/'.$this->CI->router->method
+			.'</div></fieldset>';
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -400,24 +428,13 @@ class CI_Profiler {
 	 */
 	protected function _compile_memory_usage()
 	{
-		$output  = "\n\n";
-		$output .= '<fieldset id="ci_profiler_memory_usage" style="border:1px solid #5a0099;padding:6px 10px 10px 10px;margin:20px 0 20px 0;background-color:#eee">';
-		$output .= "\n";
-		$output .= '<legend style="color:#5a0099;">&nbsp;&nbsp;'.$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_memory_usage').'&nbsp;&nbsp;</legend>';
-		$output .= "\n";
-
-		if (function_exists('memory_get_usage') && ($usage = memory_get_usage()) != '')
-		{
-			$output .= "<div style='color:#5a0099;font-weight:normal;padding:4px 0 4px 0'>".number_format($usage).' bytes</div>';
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			$output .= "<div style='color:#5a0099;font-weight:normal;padding:4px 0 4px 0'>".$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_no_memory')."</div>";
-		}
-
-		$output .= "</fieldset>";
-
-		return $output;
+		return "\n\n"
+			.'<fieldset id="ci_profiler_memory_usage" style="border:1px solid #5a0099;padding:6px 10px 10px 10px;margin:20px 0 20px 0;background-color:#eee;">'
+			."\n"
+			.'<legend style="color:#5a0099;">&nbsp;&nbsp;'.$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_memory_usage')."&nbsp;&nbsp;</legend>\n"
+			.'<div style="color:#5a0099;font-weight:normal;padding:4px 0 4px 0;">'
+			.(($usage = memory_get_usage()) != '' ? number_format($usage).' bytes' : $this->CI->lang->line('profiler_no_memory'))
+			.'</div></fieldset>';
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -431,24 +448,21 @@ class CI_Profiler {
 	 */
 	protected function _compile_http_headers()
 	{
-		$output  = "\n\n";
-		$output .= '<fieldset id="ci_profiler_http_headers" style="border:1px solid #000;padding:6px 10px 10px 10px;margin:20px 0 20px 0;background-color:#eee">';
-		$output .= "\n";
-		$output .= '<legend style="color:#000;">&nbsp;&nbsp;'.$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_headers').'&nbsp;&nbsp;(<span style="cursor: pointer;" onclick="var s=document.getElementById(\'ci_profiler_httpheaders_table\').style;s.display=s.display==\'none\'?\'\':\'none\';this.innerHTML=this.innerHTML==\''.$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_section_show').'\'?\''.$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_section_hide').'\':\''.$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_section_show').'\';">'.$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_section_show').'</span>)</legend>';
-		$output .= "\n";
-
-		$output .= "\n\n<table style='width:100%;display:none' id='ci_profiler_httpheaders_table'>\n";
-
-		foreach (array('HTTP_ACCEPT', 'HTTP_USER_AGENT', 'HTTP_CONNECTION', 'SERVER_PORT', 'SERVER_NAME', 'REMOTE_ADDR', 'SERVER_SOFTWARE', 'HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE', 'SCRIPT_NAME', 'REQUEST_METHOD',' HTTP_HOST', 'REMOTE_HOST', 'CONTENT_TYPE', 'SERVER_PROTOCOL', 'QUERY_STRING', 'HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING', 'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR') as $header)
+		$output = "\n\n"
+			.'<fieldset id="ci_profiler_http_headers" style="border:1px solid #000;padding:6px 10px 10px 10px;margin:20px 0 20px 0;background-color:#eee;">'
+			."\n"
+			.'<legend style="color:#000;">&nbsp;&nbsp;'.$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_headers')
+			.'&nbsp;&nbsp;(<span style="cursor: pointer;" onclick="var s=document.getElementById(\'ci_profiler_httpheaders_table\').style;s.display=s.display==\'none\'?\'\':\'none\';this.innerHTML=this.innerHTML==\''.$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_section_show').'\'?\''.$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_section_hide').'\':\''.$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_section_show').'\';">'.$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_section_show')."</span>)</legend>\n\n\n"
+			.'<table style="width:100%;display:none;" id="ci_profiler_httpheaders_table">'."\n";
+
+		foreach (array('HTTP_ACCEPT', 'HTTP_USER_AGENT', 'HTTP_CONNECTION', 'SERVER_PORT', 'SERVER_NAME', 'REMOTE_ADDR', 'SERVER_SOFTWARE', 'HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE', 'SCRIPT_NAME', 'REQUEST_METHOD',' HTTP_HOST', 'REMOTE_HOST', 'CONTENT_TYPE', 'SERVER_PROTOCOL', 'QUERY_STRING', 'HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING', 'HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR', 'HTTP_DNT') as $header)
 		{
-			$val = (isset($_SERVER[$header])) ? $_SERVER[$header] : '';
-			$output .= "<tr><td style='vertical-align: top;width:50%;padding:5px;color:#900;background-color:#ddd;'>".$header."&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td style='width:50%;padding:5px;color:#000;background-color:#ddd;'>".$val."</td></tr>\n";
+			$val = isset($_SERVER[$header]) ? htmlspecialchars($_SERVER[$header], ENT_QUOTES, config_item('charset')) : '';
+			$output .= '<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;width:50%;padding:5px;color:#900;background-color:#ddd;">'
+				.$header.'&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td style="width:50%;padding:5px;color:#000;background-color:#ddd;">'.$val."</td></tr>\n";
 		}
 
-		$output .= "</table>\n";
-		$output .= "</fieldset>";
-
-		return $output;
+		return $output."</table>\n</fieldset>";
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -462,28 +476,24 @@ class CI_Profiler {
 	 */
 	protected function _compile_config()
 	{
-		$output  = "\n\n";
-		$output .= '<fieldset id="ci_profiler_config" style="border:1px solid #000;padding:6px 10px 10px 10px;margin:20px 0 20px 0;background-color:#eee">';
-		$output .= "\n";
-		$output .= '<legend style="color:#000;">&nbsp;&nbsp;'.$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_config').'&nbsp;&nbsp;(<span style="cursor: pointer;" onclick="var s=document.getElementById(\'ci_profiler_config_table\').style;s.display=s.display==\'none\'?\'\':\'none\';this.innerHTML=this.innerHTML==\''.$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_section_show').'\'?\''.$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_section_hide').'\':\''.$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_section_show').'\';">'.$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_section_show').'</span>)</legend>';
-		$output .= "\n";
+		$output = "\n\n"
+			.'<fieldset id="ci_profiler_config" style="border:1px solid #000;padding:6px 10px 10px 10px;margin:20px 0 20px 0;background-color:#eee;">'
+			."\n"
+			.'<legend style="color:#000;">&nbsp;&nbsp;'.$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_config').'&nbsp;&nbsp;(<span style="cursor: pointer;" onclick="var s=document.getElementById(\'ci_profiler_config_table\').style;s.display=s.display==\'none\'?\'\':\'none\';this.innerHTML=this.innerHTML==\''.$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_section_show').'\'?\''.$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_section_hide').'\':\''.$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_section_show').'\';">'.$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_section_show')."</span>)</legend>\n\n\n"
+			.'<table style="width:100%;display:none;" id="ci_profiler_config_table">'."\n";
 
-		$output .= "\n\n<table style='width:100%; display:none' id='ci_profiler_config_table'>\n";
-
-		foreach ($this->CI->config->config as $config=>$val)
+		foreach ($this->CI->config->config as $config => $val)
 		{
-			if (is_array($val))
+			if (is_array($val) OR is_object($val))
 			{
 				$val = print_r($val, TRUE);
 			}
 
-			$output .= "<tr><td style='padding:5px; vertical-align: top;color:#900;background-color:#ddd;'>".$config."&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td style='padding:5px; color:#000;background-color:#ddd;'>".htmlspecialchars($val)."</td></tr>\n";
+			$output .= '<tr><td style="padding:5px;vertical-align:top;color:#900;background-color:#ddd;">'
+				.$config.'&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td style="padding:5px;color:#000;background-color:#ddd;">'.htmlspecialchars($val, ENT_QUOTES, config_item('charset'))."</td></tr>\n";
 		}
 
-		$output .= "</table>\n";
-		$output .= "</fieldset>";
-
-		return $output;
+		return $output."</table>\n</fieldset>";
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -493,30 +503,29 @@ class CI_Profiler {
 	 *
 	 * @return 	string
 	 */
-	private function _compile_session_data()
+	protected function _compile_session_data()
 	{
 		if ( ! isset($this->CI->session))
 		{
 			return;
 		}
 
-		$output = '<fieldset id="ci_profiler_csession" style="border:1px solid #000;padding:6px 10px 10px 10px;margin:20px 0 20px 0;background-color:#eee">';
-		$output .= '<legend style="color:#000;">&nbsp;&nbsp;'.$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_session_data').'&nbsp;&nbsp;(<span style="cursor: pointer;" onclick="var s=document.getElementById(\'ci_profiler_session_data\').style;s.display=s.display==\'none\'?\'\':\'none\';this.innerHTML=this.innerHTML==\''.$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_section_show').'\'?\''.$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_section_hide').'\':\''.$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_section_show').'\';">'.$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_section_show').'</span>)</legend>';
-		$output .= "<table style='width:100%;display:none' id='ci_profiler_session_data'>";
+		$output = '<fieldset id="ci_profiler_csession" style="border:1px solid #000;padding:6px 10px 10px 10px;margin:20px 0 20px 0;background-color:#eee;">'
+			.'<legend style="color:#000;">&nbsp;&nbsp;'.$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_session_data').'&nbsp;&nbsp;(<span style="cursor: pointer;" onclick="var s=document.getElementById(\'ci_profiler_session_data\').style;s.display=s.display==\'none\'?\'\':\'none\';this.innerHTML=this.innerHTML==\''.$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_section_show').'\'?\''.$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_section_hide').'\':\''.$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_section_show').'\';">'.$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_section_show').'</span>)</legend>'
+			.'<table style="width:100%;display:none;" id="ci_profiler_session_data">';
 
-		foreach ($this->CI->session->all_userdata() as $key => $val)
+		foreach ($this->CI->session->userdata() as $key => $val)
 		{
 			if (is_array($val) OR is_object($val))
 			{
 				$val = print_r($val, TRUE);
 			}
 
-			$output .= "<tr><td style='padding:5px; vertical-align: top;color:#900;background-color:#ddd;'>".$key."&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td style='padding:5px; color:#000;background-color:#ddd;'>".htmlspecialchars($val)."</td></tr>\n";
+			$output .= '<tr><td style="padding:5px;vertical-align:top;color:#900;background-color:#ddd;">'
+				.$key.'&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td style="padding:5px;color:#000;background-color:#ddd;">'.htmlspecialchars($val, ENT_QUOTES, config_item('charset'))."</td></tr>\n";
 		}
 
-		$output .= '</table>';
-		$output .= "</fieldset>";
-		return $output;
+		return $output."</table>\n</fieldset>";
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -528,31 +537,26 @@ class CI_Profiler {
 	 */
 	public function run()
 	{
-		$output = "<div id='codeigniter_profiler' style='clear:both;background-color:#fff;padding:10px;'>";
+		$output = '<div id="codeigniter_profiler" style="clear:both;background-color:#fff;padding:10px;">';
 		$fields_displayed = 0;
 
 		foreach ($this->_available_sections as $section)
 		{
 			if ($this->_compile_{$section} !== FALSE)
 			{
-				$func = "_compile_{$section}";
+				$func = '_compile_'.$section;
 				$output .= $this->{$func}();
 				$fields_displayed++;
 			}
 		}
 
-		if ($fields_displayed == 0)
+		if ($fields_displayed === 0)
 		{
-			$output .= '<p style="border:1px solid #5a0099;padding:10px;margin:20px 0;background-color:#eee">'.$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_no_profiles').'</p>';
+			$output .= '<p style="border:1px solid #5a0099;padding:10px;margin:20px 0;background-color:#eee;">'
+				.$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_no_profiles').'</p>';
 		}
 
-		$output .= '</div>';
-
-		return $output;
+		return $output.'</div>';
 	}
-}
-
-// END CI_Profiler class
 
-/* End of file Profiler.php */
-/* Location: ./system/libraries/Profiler.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/system/libraries/Session.php b/system/libraries/Session.php
deleted file mode 100644
index 5f4f60547..000000000
--- a/system/libraries/Session.php
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,793 +0,0 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
-/**
- * CodeIgniter
- *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
- *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
- * @filesource
- */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-/**
- * Session Class
- *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @subpackage	Libraries
- * @category	Sessions
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/sessions.html
- */
-class CI_Session {
-
-	var $sess_encrypt_cookie		= FALSE;
-	var $sess_use_database			= FALSE;
-	var $sess_table_name			= '';
-	var $sess_expiration			= 7200;
-	var $sess_expire_on_close		= FALSE;
-	var $sess_match_ip				= FALSE;
-	var $sess_match_useragent		= TRUE;
-	var $sess_cookie_name			= 'ci_session';
-	var $cookie_prefix				= '';
-	var $cookie_path				= '';
-	var $cookie_domain				= '';
-	var $cookie_secure				= FALSE;
-	var $sess_time_to_update		= 300;
-	var $encryption_key				= '';
-	var $flashdata_key				= 'flash';
-	var $time_reference				= 'time';
-	var $gc_probability				= 5;
-	var $userdata					= array();
-	var $CI;
-	var $now;
-
-	/**
-	 * Session Constructor
-	 *
-	 * The constructor runs the session routines automatically
-	 * whenever the class is instantiated.
-	 */
-	public function __construct($params = array())
-	{
-		log_message('debug', "Session Class Initialized");
-
-		// Set the super object to a local variable for use throughout the class
-		$this->CI =& get_instance();
-
-		// Set all the session preferences, which can either be set
-		// manually via the $params array above or via the config file
-		foreach (array('sess_encrypt_cookie', 'sess_use_database', 'sess_table_name', 'sess_expiration', 'sess_expire_on_close', 'sess_match_ip', 'sess_match_useragent', 'sess_cookie_name', 'cookie_path', 'cookie_domain', 'cookie_secure', 'sess_time_to_update', 'time_reference', 'cookie_prefix', 'encryption_key') as $key)
-		{
-			$this->$key = (isset($params[$key])) ? $params[$key] : $this->CI->config->item($key);
-		}
-
-		if ($this->encryption_key == '')
-		{
-			show_error('In order to use the Session class you are required to set an encryption key in your config file.');
-		}
-
-		// Load the string helper so we can use the strip_slashes() function
-		$this->CI->load->helper('string');
-
-		// Do we need encryption? If so, load the encryption class
-		if ($this->sess_encrypt_cookie == TRUE)
-		{
-			$this->CI->load->library('encrypt');
-		}
-
-		// Are we using a database?  If so, load it
-		if ($this->sess_use_database === TRUE AND $this->sess_table_name != '')
-		{
-			$this->CI->load->database();
-		}
-
-		// Set the "now" time.  Can either be GMT or server time, based on the
-		// config prefs.  We use this to set the "last activity" time
-		$this->now = $this->_get_time();
-
-		// Set the session length. If the session expiration is
-		// set to zero we'll set the expiration two years from now.
-		if ($this->sess_expiration == 0)
-		{
-			$this->sess_expiration = (60*60*24*365*2);
-		}
-
-		// Set the cookie name
-		$this->sess_cookie_name = $this->cookie_prefix.$this->sess_cookie_name;
-
-		// Run the Session routine. If a session doesn't exist we'll
-		// create a new one.  If it does, we'll update it.
-		if ( ! $this->sess_read())
-		{
-			$this->sess_create();
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			$this->sess_update();
-		}
-
-		// Delete 'old' flashdata (from last request)
-		$this->_flashdata_sweep();
-
-		// Mark all new flashdata as old (data will be deleted before next request)
-		$this->_flashdata_mark();
-
-		// Delete expired sessions if necessary
-		$this->_sess_gc();
-
-		log_message('debug', "Session routines successfully run");
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Fetch the current session data if it exists
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	bool
-	 */
-	function sess_read()
-	{
-		// Fetch the cookie
-		$session = $this->CI->input->cookie($this->sess_cookie_name);
-
-		// No cookie?  Goodbye cruel world!...
-		if ($session === FALSE)
-		{
-			log_message('debug', 'A session cookie was not found.');
-			return FALSE;
-		}
-
-		// HMAC authentication
-		$len = strlen($session) - 40;
-
-		if ($len <= 0)
-		{
-			log_message('error', 'Session: The session cookie was not signed.');
-			return FALSE;
-		}
-
-		// Check cookie authentication
-		$hmac = substr($session, $len);
-		$session = substr($session, 0, $len);
-
-		// Time-attack-safe comparison
-		$hmac_check = hash_hmac('sha1', $session, $this->encryption_key);
-		$diff = 0;
-
-		for ($i = 0; $i < 40; $i++)
-		{
-			$xor = ord($hmac[$i]) ^ ord($hmac_check[$i]);
-			$diff |= $xor;
-		}
-
-		if ($diff !== 0)
-		{
-			log_message('error', 'Session: HMAC mismatch. The session cookie data did not match what was expected.');
-			$this->sess_destroy();
-			return FALSE;
-		}
-
-		// Decrypt the cookie data
-		if ($this->sess_encrypt_cookie == TRUE)
-		{
-			$session = $this->CI->encrypt->decode($session);
-		}
-
-		// Unserialize the session array
-		$session = $this->_unserialize($session);
-
-		// Is the session data we unserialized an array with the correct format?
-		if ( ! is_array($session) OR ! isset($session['session_id']) OR ! isset($session['ip_address']) OR ! isset($session['user_agent']) OR ! isset($session['last_activity']))
-		{
-			$this->sess_destroy();
-			return FALSE;
-		}
-
-		// Is the session current?
-		if (($session['last_activity'] + $this->sess_expiration) < $this->now)
-		{
-			$this->sess_destroy();
-			return FALSE;
-		}
-
-		// Does the IP Match?
-		if ($this->sess_match_ip == TRUE AND $session['ip_address'] != $this->CI->input->ip_address())
-		{
-			$this->sess_destroy();
-			return FALSE;
-		}
-
-		// Does the User Agent Match?
-		if ($this->sess_match_useragent == TRUE AND trim($session['user_agent']) != trim(substr($this->CI->input->user_agent(), 0, 120)))
-		{
-			$this->sess_destroy();
-			return FALSE;
-		}
-
-		// Is there a corresponding session in the DB?
-		if ($this->sess_use_database === TRUE)
-		{
-			$this->CI->db->where('session_id', $session['session_id']);
-
-			if ($this->sess_match_ip == TRUE)
-			{
-				$this->CI->db->where('ip_address', $session['ip_address']);
-			}
-
-			if ($this->sess_match_useragent == TRUE)
-			{
-				$this->CI->db->where('user_agent', $session['user_agent']);
-			}
-
-			$query = $this->CI->db->get($this->sess_table_name);
-
-			// No result?  Kill it!
-			if ($query->num_rows() == 0)
-			{
-				$this->sess_destroy();
-				return FALSE;
-			}
-
-			// Is there custom data?  If so, add it to the main session array
-			$row = $query->row();
-			if (isset($row->user_data) AND $row->user_data != '')
-			{
-				$custom_data = $this->_unserialize($row->user_data);
-
-				if (is_array($custom_data))
-				{
-					foreach ($custom_data as $key => $val)
-					{
-						$session[$key] = $val;
-					}
-				}
-			}
-		}
-
-		// Session is valid!
-		$this->userdata = $session;
-		unset($session);
-
-		return TRUE;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Write the session data
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	void
-	 */
-	function sess_write()
-	{
-		// Are we saving custom data to the DB?  If not, all we do is update the cookie
-		if ($this->sess_use_database === FALSE)
-		{
-			$this->_set_cookie();
-			return;
-		}
-
-		// set the custom userdata, the session data we will set in a second
-		$custom_userdata = $this->userdata;
-		$cookie_userdata = array();
-
-		// Before continuing, we need to determine if there is any custom data to deal with.
-		// Let's determine this by removing the default indexes to see if there's anything left in the array
-		// and set the session data while we're at it
-		foreach (array('session_id','ip_address','user_agent','last_activity') as $val)
-		{
-			unset($custom_userdata[$val]);
-			$cookie_userdata[$val] = $this->userdata[$val];
-		}
-
-		// Did we find any custom data?  If not, we turn the empty array into a string
-		// since there's no reason to serialize and store an empty array in the DB
-		if (count($custom_userdata) === 0)
-		{
-			$custom_userdata = '';
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			// Serialize the custom data array so we can store it
-			$custom_userdata = $this->_serialize($custom_userdata);
-		}
-
-		// Run the update query
-		$this->CI->db->where('session_id', $this->userdata['session_id']);
-		$this->CI->db->update($this->sess_table_name, array('last_activity' => $this->userdata['last_activity'], 'user_data' => $custom_userdata));
-
-		// Write the cookie.  Notice that we manually pass the cookie data array to the
-		// _set_cookie() function. Normally that function will store $this->userdata, but
-		// in this case that array contains custom data, which we do not want in the cookie.
-		$this->_set_cookie($cookie_userdata);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Create a new session
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	void
-	 */
-	function sess_create()
-	{
-		$sessid = '';
-		while (strlen($sessid) < 32)
-		{
-			$sessid .= mt_rand(0, mt_getrandmax());
-		}
-
-		// To make the session ID even more secure we'll combine it with the user's IP
-		$sessid .= $this->CI->input->ip_address();
-
-		$this->userdata = array(
-							'session_id'	=> md5(uniqid($sessid, TRUE)),
-							'ip_address'	=> $this->CI->input->ip_address(),
-							'user_agent'	=> substr($this->CI->input->user_agent(), 0, 120),
-							'last_activity'	=> $this->now,
-							'user_data'		=> ''
-							);
-
-
-		// Save the data to the DB if needed
-		if ($this->sess_use_database === TRUE)
-		{
-			$this->CI->db->query($this->CI->db->insert_string($this->sess_table_name, $this->userdata));
-		}
-
-		// Write the cookie
-		$this->_set_cookie();
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Update an existing session
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	void
-	 */
-	function sess_update()
-	{
-		// We only update the session every five minutes by default
-		if (($this->userdata['last_activity'] + $this->sess_time_to_update) >= $this->now)
-		{
-			return;
-		}
-
-		// Save the old session id so we know which record to
-		// update in the database if we need it
-		$old_sessid = $this->userdata['session_id'];
-		$new_sessid = '';
-		while (strlen($new_sessid) < 32)
-		{
-			$new_sessid .= mt_rand(0, mt_getrandmax());
-		}
-
-		// To make the session ID even more secure we'll combine it with the user's IP
-		$new_sessid .= $this->CI->input->ip_address();
-
-		// Turn it into a hash
-		$new_sessid = md5(uniqid($new_sessid, TRUE));
-
-		// Update the session data in the session data array
-		$this->userdata['session_id'] = $new_sessid;
-		$this->userdata['last_activity'] = $this->now;
-
-		// _set_cookie() will handle this for us if we aren't using database sessions
-		// by pushing all userdata to the cookie.
-		$cookie_data = NULL;
-
-		// Update the session ID and last_activity field in the DB if needed
-		if ($this->sess_use_database === TRUE)
-		{
-			// set cookie explicitly to only have our session data
-			$cookie_data = array();
-			foreach (array('session_id','ip_address','user_agent','last_activity') as $val)
-			{
-				$cookie_data[$val] = $this->userdata[$val];
-			}
-
-			$this->CI->db->query($this->CI->db->update_string($this->sess_table_name, array('last_activity' => $this->now, 'session_id' => $new_sessid), array('session_id' => $old_sessid)));
-		}
-
-		// Write the cookie
-		$this->_set_cookie($cookie_data);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Destroy the current session
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	void
-	 */
-	function sess_destroy()
-	{
-		// Kill the session DB row
-		if ($this->sess_use_database === TRUE && isset($this->userdata['session_id']))
-		{
-			$this->CI->db->where('session_id', $this->userdata['session_id']);
-			$this->CI->db->delete($this->sess_table_name);
-		}
-
-		// Kill the cookie
-		setcookie(
-					$this->sess_cookie_name,
-					addslashes(serialize(array())),
-					($this->now - 31500000),
-					$this->cookie_path,
-					$this->cookie_domain,
-					0
-				);
-
-		// Kill session data
-		$this->userdata = array();
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Fetch a specific item from the session array
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	function userdata($item)
-	{
-		return ( ! isset($this->userdata[$item])) ? FALSE : $this->userdata[$item];
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Fetch all session data
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	array
-	 */
-	function all_userdata()
-	{
-		return $this->userdata;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Add or change data in the "userdata" array
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	mixed
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	void
-	 */
-	function set_userdata($newdata = array(), $newval = '')
-	{
-		if (is_string($newdata))
-		{
-			$newdata = array($newdata => $newval);
-		}
-
-		if (count($newdata) > 0)
-		{
-			foreach ($newdata as $key => $val)
-			{
-				$this->userdata[$key] = $val;
-			}
-		}
-
-		$this->sess_write();
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Delete a session variable from the "userdata" array
-	 *
-	 * @access	array
-	 * @return	void
-	 */
-	function unset_userdata($newdata = array())
-	{
-		if (is_string($newdata))
-		{
-			$newdata = array($newdata => '');
-		}
-
-		if (count($newdata) > 0)
-		{
-			foreach ($newdata as $key => $val)
-			{
-				unset($this->userdata[$key]);
-			}
-		}
-
-		$this->sess_write();
-	}
-
-	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Add or change flashdata, only available
-	 * until the next request
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	mixed
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	void
-	 */
-	function set_flashdata($newdata = array(), $newval = '')
-	{
-		if (is_string($newdata))
-		{
-			$newdata = array($newdata => $newval);
-		}
-
-		if (count($newdata) > 0)
-		{
-			foreach ($newdata as $key => $val)
-			{
-				$flashdata_key = $this->flashdata_key.':new:'.$key;
-				$this->set_userdata($flashdata_key, $val);
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Keeps existing flashdata available to next request.
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	void
-	 */
-	function keep_flashdata($key)
-	{
-		// 'old' flashdata gets removed.  Here we mark all
-		// flashdata as 'new' to preserve it from _flashdata_sweep()
-		// Note the function will return FALSE if the $key
-		// provided cannot be found
-		$old_flashdata_key = $this->flashdata_key.':old:'.$key;
-		$value = $this->userdata($old_flashdata_key);
-
-		$new_flashdata_key = $this->flashdata_key.':new:'.$key;
-		$this->set_userdata($new_flashdata_key, $value);
-	}
-
-	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Fetch a specific flashdata item from the session array
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	function flashdata($key)
-	{
-		$flashdata_key = $this->flashdata_key.':old:'.$key;
-		return $this->userdata($flashdata_key);
-	}
-
-	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Identifies flashdata as 'old' for removal
-	 * when _flashdata_sweep() runs.
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	void
-	 */
-	function _flashdata_mark()
-	{
-		$userdata = $this->all_userdata();
-		foreach ($userdata as $name => $value)
-		{
-			$parts = explode(':new:', $name);
-			if (is_array($parts) && count($parts) === 2)
-			{
-				$new_name = $this->flashdata_key.':old:'.$parts[1];
-				$this->set_userdata($new_name, $value);
-				$this->unset_userdata($name);
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Removes all flashdata marked as 'old'
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	void
-	 */
-
-	function _flashdata_sweep()
-	{
-		$userdata = $this->all_userdata();
-		foreach ($userdata as $key => $value)
-		{
-			if (strpos($key, ':old:'))
-			{
-				$this->unset_userdata($key);
-			}
-		}
-
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Get the "now" time
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	function _get_time()
-	{
-		if (strtolower($this->time_reference) == 'gmt')
-		{
-			$now = time();
-			$time = mktime(gmdate("H", $now), gmdate("i", $now), gmdate("s", $now), gmdate("m", $now), gmdate("d", $now), gmdate("Y", $now));
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			$time = time();
-		}
-
-		return $time;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Write the session cookie
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	void
-	 */
-	function _set_cookie($cookie_data = NULL)
-	{
-		if (is_null($cookie_data))
-		{
-			$cookie_data = $this->userdata;
-		}
-
-		// Serialize the userdata for the cookie
-		$cookie_data = $this->_serialize($cookie_data);
-
-		if ($this->sess_encrypt_cookie == TRUE)
-		{
-			$cookie_data = $this->CI->encrypt->encode($cookie_data);
-		}
-
-		$cookie_data .= hash_hmac('sha1', $cookie_data, $this->encryption_key);
-
-		$expire = ($this->sess_expire_on_close === TRUE) ? 0 : $this->sess_expiration + time();
-
-		// Set the cookie
-		setcookie(
-			$this->sess_cookie_name,
-			$cookie_data,
-			$expire,
-			$this->cookie_path,
-			$this->cookie_domain,
-			$this->cookie_secure
-		);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Serialize an array
-	 *
-	 * This function first converts any slashes found in the array to a temporary
-	 * marker, so when it gets unserialized the slashes will be preserved
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	array
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	function _serialize($data)
-	{
-		if (is_array($data))
-		{
-			foreach ($data as $key => $val)
-			{
-				if (is_string($val))
-				{
-					$data[$key] = str_replace('\\', '{{slash}}', $val);
-				}
-			}
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			if (is_string($data))
-			{
-				$data = str_replace('\\', '{{slash}}', $data);
-			}
-		}
-
-		return serialize($data);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Unserialize
-	 *
-	 * This function unserializes a data string, then converts any
-	 * temporary slash markers back to actual slashes
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	array
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	function _unserialize($data)
-	{
-		$data = @unserialize(strip_slashes($data));
-
-		if (is_array($data))
-		{
-			foreach ($data as $key => $val)
-			{
-				if (is_string($val))
-				{
-					$data[$key] = str_replace('{{slash}}', '\\', $val);
-				}
-			}
-
-			return $data;
-		}
-
-		return (is_string($data)) ? str_replace('{{slash}}', '\\', $data) : $data;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Garbage collection
-	 *
-	 * This deletes expired session rows from database
-	 * if the probability percentage is met
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	void
-	 */
-	function _sess_gc()
-	{
-		if ($this->sess_use_database != TRUE)
-		{
-			return;
-		}
-
-		srand(time());
-		if ((rand() % 100) < $this->gc_probability)
-		{
-			$expire = $this->now - $this->sess_expiration;
-
-			$this->CI->db->where("last_activity < {$expire}");
-			$this->CI->db->delete($this->sess_table_name);
-
-			log_message('debug', 'Session garbage collection performed.');
-		}
-	}
-
-
-}
-// END Session Class
-
-/* End of file Session.php */
-/* Location: ./system/libraries/Session.php */
diff --git a/system/libraries/Session/Session.php b/system/libraries/Session/Session.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..eb433de64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/libraries/Session/Session.php
@@ -0,0 +1,985 @@
+<?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
+ *
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 2.0.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
+
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter Session Class
+ *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @subpackage	Libraries
+ * @category	Sessions
+ * @author		Andrey Andreev
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/sessions.html
+ */
+class CI_Session {
+
+	/**
+	 * Userdata array
+	 *
+	 * Just a reference to $_SESSION, for BC purposes.
+	 */
+	public $userdata;
+
+	protected $_driver = 'files';
+	protected $_config;
+	protected $_sid_regexp;
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Class constructor
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$params	Configuration parameters
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function __construct(array $params = array())
+	{
+		// No sessions under CLI
+		if (is_cli())
+		{
+			log_message('debug', 'Session: Initialization under CLI aborted.');
+			return;
+		}
+		elseif ((bool) ini_get('session.auto_start'))
+		{
+			log_message('error', 'Session: session.auto_start is enabled in php.ini. Aborting.');
+			return;
+		}
+		elseif ( ! empty($params['driver']))
+		{
+			$this->_driver = $params['driver'];
+			unset($params['driver']);
+		}
+		elseif ($driver = config_item('sess_driver'))
+		{
+			$this->_driver = $driver;
+		}
+		// Note: BC workaround
+		elseif (config_item('sess_use_database'))
+		{
+			log_message('debug', 'Session: "sess_driver" is empty; using BC fallback to "sess_use_database".');
+			$this->_driver = 'database';
+		}
+
+		$class = $this->_ci_load_classes($this->_driver);
+
+		// Configuration ...
+		$this->_configure($params);
+		$this->_config['_sid_regexp'] = $this->_sid_regexp;
+
+		$class = new $class($this->_config);
+		if ($class instanceof SessionHandlerInterface)
+		{
+			if (is_php('5.4'))
+			{
+				session_set_save_handler($class, TRUE);
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				session_set_save_handler(
+					array($class, 'open'),
+					array($class, 'close'),
+					array($class, 'read'),
+					array($class, 'write'),
+					array($class, 'destroy'),
+					array($class, 'gc')
+				);
+
+				register_shutdown_function('session_write_close');
+			}
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			log_message('error', "Session: Driver '".$this->_driver."' doesn't implement SessionHandlerInterface. Aborting.");
+			return;
+		}
+
+		// Sanitize the cookie, because apparently PHP doesn't do that for userspace handlers
+		if (isset($_COOKIE[$this->_config['cookie_name']])
+			&& (
+				! is_string($_COOKIE[$this->_config['cookie_name']])
+				OR ! preg_match('#\A'.$this->_sid_regexp.'\z#', $_COOKIE[$this->_config['cookie_name']])
+			)
+		)
+		{
+			unset($_COOKIE[$this->_config['cookie_name']]);
+		}
+
+		session_start();
+
+		// Is session ID auto-regeneration configured? (ignoring ajax requests)
+		if ((empty($_SERVER['HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH']) OR strtolower($_SERVER['HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH']) !== 'xmlhttprequest')
+			&& ($regenerate_time = config_item('sess_time_to_update')) > 0
+		)
+		{
+			if ( ! isset($_SESSION['__ci_last_regenerate']))
+			{
+				$_SESSION['__ci_last_regenerate'] = time();
+			}
+			elseif ($_SESSION['__ci_last_regenerate'] < (time() - $regenerate_time))
+			{
+				$this->sess_regenerate((bool) config_item('sess_regenerate_destroy'));
+			}
+		}
+		// Another work-around ... PHP doesn't seem to send the session cookie
+		// unless it is being currently created or regenerated
+		elseif (isset($_COOKIE[$this->_config['cookie_name']]) && $_COOKIE[$this->_config['cookie_name']] === session_id())
+		{
+			setcookie(
+				$this->_config['cookie_name'],
+				session_id(),
+				(empty($this->_config['cookie_lifetime']) ? 0 : time() + $this->_config['cookie_lifetime']),
+				$this->_config['cookie_path'],
+				$this->_config['cookie_domain'],
+				$this->_config['cookie_secure'],
+				TRUE
+			);
+		}
+
+		$this->_ci_init_vars();
+
+		log_message('info', "Session: Class initialized using '".$this->_driver."' driver.");
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * CI Load Classes
+	 *
+	 * An internal method to load all possible dependency and extension
+	 * classes. It kind of emulates the CI_Driver library, but is
+	 * self-sufficient.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$driver	Driver name
+	 * @return	string	Driver class name
+	 */
+	protected function _ci_load_classes($driver)
+	{
+		// PHP 5.4 compatibility
+		interface_exists('SessionHandlerInterface', FALSE) OR require_once(BASEPATH.'libraries/Session/SessionHandlerInterface.php');
+
+		$prefix = config_item('subclass_prefix');
+
+		if ( ! class_exists('CI_Session_driver', FALSE))
+		{
+			require_once(
+				file_exists(APPPATH.'libraries/Session/Session_driver.php')
+					? APPPATH.'libraries/Session/Session_driver.php'
+					: BASEPATH.'libraries/Session/Session_driver.php'
+			);
+
+			if (file_exists($file_path = APPPATH.'libraries/Session/'.$prefix.'Session_driver.php'))
+			{
+				require_once($file_path);
+			}
+		}
+
+		$class = 'Session_'.$driver.'_driver';
+
+		// Allow custom drivers without the CI_ or MY_ prefix
+		if ( ! class_exists($class, FALSE) && file_exists($file_path = APPPATH.'libraries/Session/drivers/'.$class.'.php'))
+		{
+			require_once($file_path);
+			if (class_exists($class, FALSE))
+			{
+				return $class;
+			}
+		}
+
+		if ( ! class_exists('CI_'.$class, FALSE))
+		{
+			if (file_exists($file_path = APPPATH.'libraries/Session/drivers/'.$class.'.php') OR file_exists($file_path = BASEPATH.'libraries/Session/drivers/'.$class.'.php'))
+			{
+				require_once($file_path);
+			}
+
+			if ( ! class_exists('CI_'.$class, FALSE) && ! class_exists($class, FALSE))
+			{
+				throw new UnexpectedValueException("Session: Configured driver '".$driver."' was not found. Aborting.");
+			}
+		}
+
+		if ( ! class_exists($prefix.$class, FALSE) && file_exists($file_path = APPPATH.'libraries/Session/drivers/'.$prefix.$class.'.php'))
+		{
+			require_once($file_path);
+			if (class_exists($prefix.$class, FALSE))
+			{
+				return $prefix.$class;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				log_message('debug', 'Session: '.$prefix.$class.".php found but it doesn't declare class ".$prefix.$class.'.');
+			}
+		}
+
+		return 'CI_'.$class;
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Configuration
+	 *
+	 * Handle input parameters and configuration defaults
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	&$params	Input parameters
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _configure(&$params)
+	{
+		$expiration = config_item('sess_expiration');
+
+		if (isset($params['cookie_lifetime']))
+		{
+			$params['cookie_lifetime'] = (int) $params['cookie_lifetime'];
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			$params['cookie_lifetime'] = ( ! isset($expiration) && config_item('sess_expire_on_close'))
+				? 0 : (int) $expiration;
+		}
+
+		isset($params['cookie_name']) OR $params['cookie_name'] = config_item('sess_cookie_name');
+		if (empty($params['cookie_name']))
+		{
+			$params['cookie_name'] = ini_get('session.name');
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			ini_set('session.name', $params['cookie_name']);
+		}
+
+		isset($params['cookie_path']) OR $params['cookie_path'] = config_item('cookie_path');
+		isset($params['cookie_domain']) OR $params['cookie_domain'] = config_item('cookie_domain');
+		isset($params['cookie_secure']) OR $params['cookie_secure'] = (bool) config_item('cookie_secure');
+
+		session_set_cookie_params(
+			$params['cookie_lifetime'],
+			$params['cookie_path'],
+			$params['cookie_domain'],
+			$params['cookie_secure'],
+			TRUE // HttpOnly; Yes, this is intentional and not configurable for security reasons
+		);
+
+		if (empty($expiration))
+		{
+			$params['expiration'] = (int) ini_get('session.gc_maxlifetime');
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			$params['expiration'] = (int) $expiration;
+			ini_set('session.gc_maxlifetime', $expiration);
+		}
+
+		$params['match_ip'] = (bool) (isset($params['match_ip']) ? $params['match_ip'] : config_item('sess_match_ip'));
+
+		isset($params['save_path']) OR $params['save_path'] = config_item('sess_save_path');
+
+		$this->_config = $params;
+
+		// Security is king
+		ini_set('session.use_trans_sid', 0);
+		ini_set('session.use_strict_mode', 1);
+		ini_set('session.use_cookies', 1);
+		ini_set('session.use_only_cookies', 1);
+
+		$this->_configure_sid_length();
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Configure session ID length
+	 *
+	 * To make life easier, we used to force SHA-1 and 4 bits per
+	 * character on everyone. And of course, someone was unhappy.
+	 *
+	 * Then PHP 7.1 broke backwards-compatibility because ext/session
+	 * is such a mess that nobody wants to touch it with a pole stick,
+	 * and the one guy who does, nobody has the energy to argue with.
+	 *
+	 * So we were forced to make changes, and OF COURSE something was
+	 * going to break and now we have this pile of shit. -- Narf
+	 *
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _configure_sid_length()
+	{
+		if (PHP_VERSION_ID < 70100)
+		{
+			$hash_function = ini_get('session.hash_function');
+			if (ctype_digit($hash_function))
+			{
+				if ($hash_function !== '1')
+				{
+					ini_set('session.hash_function', 1);
+				}
+
+				$bits = 160;
+			}
+			elseif ( ! in_array($hash_function, hash_algos(), TRUE))
+			{
+				ini_set('session.hash_function', 1);
+				$bits = 160;
+			}
+			elseif (($bits = strlen(hash($hash_function, 'dummy', false)) * 4) < 160)
+			{
+				ini_set('session.hash_function', 1);
+				$bits = 160;
+			}
+
+			$bits_per_character = (int) ini_get('session.hash_bits_per_character');
+			$sid_length         = (int) ceil($bits / $bits_per_character);
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			$bits_per_character = (int) ini_get('session.sid_bits_per_character');
+			$sid_length         = (int) ini_get('session.sid_length');
+			if (($bits = $sid_length * $bits_per_character) < 160)
+			{
+				// Add as many more characters as necessary to reach at least 160 bits
+				$sid_length += (int) ceil((160 % $bits) / $bits_per_character);
+				ini_set('session.sid_length', $sid_length);
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Yes, 4,5,6 are the only known possible values as of 2016-10-27
+		switch ($bits_per_character)
+		{
+			case 4:
+				$this->_sid_regexp = '[0-9a-f]';
+				break;
+			case 5:
+				$this->_sid_regexp = '[0-9a-v]';
+				break;
+			case 6:
+				$this->_sid_regexp = '[0-9a-zA-Z,-]';
+				break;
+		}
+
+		$this->_sid_regexp .= '{'.$sid_length.'}';
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Handle temporary variables
+	 *
+	 * Clears old "flash" data, marks the new one for deletion and handles
+	 * "temp" data deletion.
+	 *
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _ci_init_vars()
+	{
+		if ( ! empty($_SESSION['__ci_vars']))
+		{
+			$current_time = time();
+
+			foreach ($_SESSION['__ci_vars'] as $key => &$value)
+			{
+				if ($value === 'new')
+				{
+					$_SESSION['__ci_vars'][$key] = 'old';
+				}
+				// Hacky, but 'old' will (implicitly) always be less than time() ;)
+				// DO NOT move this above the 'new' check!
+				elseif ($value < $current_time)
+				{
+					unset($_SESSION[$key], $_SESSION['__ci_vars'][$key]);
+				}
+			}
+
+			if (empty($_SESSION['__ci_vars']))
+			{
+				unset($_SESSION['__ci_vars']);
+			}
+		}
+
+		$this->userdata =& $_SESSION;
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Mark as flash
+	 *
+	 * @param	mixed	$key	Session data key(s)
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function mark_as_flash($key)
+	{
+		if (is_array($key))
+		{
+			for ($i = 0, $c = count($key); $i < $c; $i++)
+			{
+				if ( ! isset($_SESSION[$key[$i]]))
+				{
+					return FALSE;
+				}
+			}
+
+			$new = array_fill_keys($key, 'new');
+
+			$_SESSION['__ci_vars'] = isset($_SESSION['__ci_vars'])
+				? array_merge($_SESSION['__ci_vars'], $new)
+				: $new;
+
+			return TRUE;
+		}
+
+		if ( ! isset($_SESSION[$key]))
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		$_SESSION['__ci_vars'][$key] = 'new';
+		return TRUE;
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Get flash keys
+	 *
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	public function get_flash_keys()
+	{
+		if ( ! isset($_SESSION['__ci_vars']))
+		{
+			return array();
+		}
+
+		$keys = array();
+		foreach (array_keys($_SESSION['__ci_vars']) as $key)
+		{
+			is_int($_SESSION['__ci_vars'][$key]) OR $keys[] = $key;
+		}
+
+		return $keys;
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Unmark flash
+	 *
+	 * @param	mixed	$key	Session data key(s)
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function unmark_flash($key)
+	{
+		if (empty($_SESSION['__ci_vars']))
+		{
+			return;
+		}
+
+		is_array($key) OR $key = array($key);
+
+		foreach ($key as $k)
+		{
+			if (isset($_SESSION['__ci_vars'][$k]) && ! is_int($_SESSION['__ci_vars'][$k]))
+			{
+				unset($_SESSION['__ci_vars'][$k]);
+			}
+		}
+
+		if (empty($_SESSION['__ci_vars']))
+		{
+			unset($_SESSION['__ci_vars']);
+		}
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Mark as temp
+	 *
+	 * @param	mixed	$key	Session data key(s)
+	 * @param	int	$ttl	Time-to-live in seconds
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function mark_as_temp($key, $ttl = 300)
+	{
+		$ttl += time();
+
+		if (is_array($key))
+		{
+			$temp = array();
+
+			foreach ($key as $k => $v)
+			{
+				// Do we have a key => ttl pair, or just a key?
+				if (is_int($k))
+				{
+					$k = $v;
+					$v = $ttl;
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					$v += time();
+				}
+
+				if ( ! isset($_SESSION[$k]))
+				{
+					return FALSE;
+				}
+
+				$temp[$k] = $v;
+			}
+
+			$_SESSION['__ci_vars'] = isset($_SESSION['__ci_vars'])
+				? array_merge($_SESSION['__ci_vars'], $temp)
+				: $temp;
+
+			return TRUE;
+		}
+
+		if ( ! isset($_SESSION[$key]))
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		$_SESSION['__ci_vars'][$key] = $ttl;
+		return TRUE;
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Get temp keys
+	 *
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	public function get_temp_keys()
+	{
+		if ( ! isset($_SESSION['__ci_vars']))
+		{
+			return array();
+		}
+
+		$keys = array();
+		foreach (array_keys($_SESSION['__ci_vars']) as $key)
+		{
+			is_int($_SESSION['__ci_vars'][$key]) && $keys[] = $key;
+		}
+
+		return $keys;
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Unmark flash
+	 *
+	 * @param	mixed	$key	Session data key(s)
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function unmark_temp($key)
+	{
+		if (empty($_SESSION['__ci_vars']))
+		{
+			return;
+		}
+
+		is_array($key) OR $key = array($key);
+
+		foreach ($key as $k)
+		{
+			if (isset($_SESSION['__ci_vars'][$k]) && is_int($_SESSION['__ci_vars'][$k]))
+			{
+				unset($_SESSION['__ci_vars'][$k]);
+			}
+		}
+
+		if (empty($_SESSION['__ci_vars']))
+		{
+			unset($_SESSION['__ci_vars']);
+		}
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * __get()
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$key	'session_id' or a session data key
+	 * @return	mixed
+	 */
+	public function __get($key)
+	{
+		// Note: Keep this order the same, just in case somebody wants to
+		//       use 'session_id' as a session data key, for whatever reason
+		if (isset($_SESSION[$key]))
+		{
+			return $_SESSION[$key];
+		}
+		elseif ($key === 'session_id')
+		{
+			return session_id();
+		}
+
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * __isset()
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$key	'session_id' or a session data key
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function __isset($key)
+	{
+		if ($key === 'session_id')
+		{
+			return (session_status() === PHP_SESSION_ACTIVE);
+		}
+
+		return isset($_SESSION[$key]);
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * __set()
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$key	Session data key
+	 * @param	mixed	$value	Session data value
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function __set($key, $value)
+	{
+		$_SESSION[$key] = $value;
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Session destroy
+	 *
+	 * Legacy CI_Session compatibility method
+	 *
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function sess_destroy()
+	{
+		session_destroy();
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Session regenerate
+	 *
+	 * Legacy CI_Session compatibility method
+	 *
+	 * @param	bool	$destroy	Destroy old session data flag
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function sess_regenerate($destroy = FALSE)
+	{
+		$_SESSION['__ci_last_regenerate'] = time();
+		session_regenerate_id($destroy);
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Get userdata reference
+	 *
+	 * Legacy CI_Session compatibility method
+	 *
+	 * @returns	array
+	 */
+	public function &get_userdata()
+	{
+		return $_SESSION;
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Userdata (fetch)
+	 *
+	 * Legacy CI_Session compatibility method
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$key	Session data key
+	 * @return	mixed	Session data value or NULL if not found
+	 */
+	public function userdata($key = NULL)
+	{
+		if (isset($key))
+		{
+			return isset($_SESSION[$key]) ? $_SESSION[$key] : NULL;
+		}
+		elseif (empty($_SESSION))
+		{
+			return array();
+		}
+
+		$userdata = array();
+		$_exclude = array_merge(
+			array('__ci_vars'),
+			$this->get_flash_keys(),
+			$this->get_temp_keys()
+		);
+
+		foreach (array_keys($_SESSION) as $key)
+		{
+			if ( ! in_array($key, $_exclude, TRUE))
+			{
+				$userdata[$key] = $_SESSION[$key];
+			}
+		}
+
+		return $userdata;
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Set userdata
+	 *
+	 * Legacy CI_Session compatibility method
+	 *
+	 * @param	mixed	$data	Session data key or an associative array
+	 * @param	mixed	$value	Value to store
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function set_userdata($data, $value = NULL)
+	{
+		if (is_array($data))
+		{
+			foreach ($data as $key => &$value)
+			{
+				$_SESSION[$key] = $value;
+			}
+
+			return;
+		}
+
+		$_SESSION[$data] = $value;
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Unset userdata
+	 *
+	 * Legacy CI_Session compatibility method
+	 *
+	 * @param	mixed	$key	Session data key(s)
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function unset_userdata($key)
+	{
+		if (is_array($key))
+		{
+			foreach ($key as $k)
+			{
+				unset($_SESSION[$k]);
+			}
+
+			return;
+		}
+
+		unset($_SESSION[$key]);
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * All userdata (fetch)
+	 *
+	 * Legacy CI_Session compatibility method
+	 *
+	 * @return	array	$_SESSION, excluding flash data items
+	 */
+	public function all_userdata()
+	{
+		return $this->userdata();
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Has userdata
+	 *
+	 * Legacy CI_Session compatibility method
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$key	Session data key
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function has_userdata($key)
+	{
+		return isset($_SESSION[$key]);
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Flashdata (fetch)
+	 *
+	 * Legacy CI_Session compatibility method
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$key	Session data key
+	 * @return	mixed	Session data value or NULL if not found
+	 */
+	public function flashdata($key = NULL)
+	{
+		if (isset($key))
+		{
+			return (isset($_SESSION['__ci_vars'], $_SESSION['__ci_vars'][$key], $_SESSION[$key]) && ! is_int($_SESSION['__ci_vars'][$key]))
+				? $_SESSION[$key]
+				: NULL;
+		}
+
+		$flashdata = array();
+
+		if ( ! empty($_SESSION['__ci_vars']))
+		{
+			foreach ($_SESSION['__ci_vars'] as $key => &$value)
+			{
+				is_int($value) OR $flashdata[$key] = $_SESSION[$key];
+			}
+		}
+
+		return $flashdata;
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Set flashdata
+	 *
+	 * Legacy CI_Session compatibility method
+	 *
+	 * @param	mixed	$data	Session data key or an associative array
+	 * @param	mixed	$value	Value to store
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function set_flashdata($data, $value = NULL)
+	{
+		$this->set_userdata($data, $value);
+		$this->mark_as_flash(is_array($data) ? array_keys($data) : $data);
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Keep flashdata
+	 *
+	 * Legacy CI_Session compatibility method
+	 *
+	 * @param	mixed	$key	Session data key(s)
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function keep_flashdata($key)
+	{
+		$this->mark_as_flash($key);
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Temp data (fetch)
+	 *
+	 * Legacy CI_Session compatibility method
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$key	Session data key
+	 * @return	mixed	Session data value or NULL if not found
+	 */
+	public function tempdata($key = NULL)
+	{
+		if (isset($key))
+		{
+			return (isset($_SESSION['__ci_vars'], $_SESSION['__ci_vars'][$key], $_SESSION[$key]) && is_int($_SESSION['__ci_vars'][$key]))
+				? $_SESSION[$key]
+				: NULL;
+		}
+
+		$tempdata = array();
+
+		if ( ! empty($_SESSION['__ci_vars']))
+		{
+			foreach ($_SESSION['__ci_vars'] as $key => &$value)
+			{
+				is_int($value) && $tempdata[$key] = $_SESSION[$key];
+			}
+		}
+
+		return $tempdata;
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Set tempdata
+	 *
+	 * Legacy CI_Session compatibility method
+	 *
+	 * @param	mixed	$data	Session data key or an associative array of items
+	 * @param	mixed	$value	Value to store
+	 * @param	int	$ttl	Time-to-live in seconds
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function set_tempdata($data, $value = NULL, $ttl = 300)
+	{
+		$this->set_userdata($data, $value);
+		$this->mark_as_temp(is_array($data) ? array_keys($data) : $data, $ttl);
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Unset tempdata
+	 *
+	 * Legacy CI_Session compatibility method
+	 *
+	 * @param	mixed	$data	Session data key(s)
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function unset_tempdata($key)
+	{
+		$this->unmark_temp($key);
+	}
+
+}
diff --git a/system/libraries/Session/SessionHandlerInterface.php b/system/libraries/Session/SessionHandlerInterface.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2eef61db8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/libraries/Session/SessionHandlerInterface.php
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+<?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
+ *
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 3.0.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
+
+/**
+ * SessionHandlerInterface
+ *
+ * PHP 5.4 compatibility interface
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @subpackage	Libraries
+ * @category	Sessions
+ * @author	Andrey Andreev
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/sessions.html
+ */
+interface SessionHandlerInterface {
+
+	public function open($save_path, $name);
+	public function close();
+	public function read($session_id);
+	public function write($session_id, $session_data);
+	public function destroy($session_id);
+	public function gc($maxlifetime);
+}
diff --git a/system/libraries/Session/Session_driver.php b/system/libraries/Session/Session_driver.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f32f14ae0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/libraries/Session/Session_driver.php
@@ -0,0 +1,191 @@
+<?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
+ *
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 3.0.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
+
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter Session Driver Class
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @subpackage	Libraries
+ * @category	Sessions
+ * @author	Andrey Andreev
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/sessions.html
+ */
+abstract class CI_Session_driver implements SessionHandlerInterface {
+
+	protected $_config;
+
+	/**
+	 * Data fingerprint
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	protected $_fingerprint;
+
+	/**
+	 * Lock placeholder
+	 *
+	 * @var	mixed
+	 */
+	protected $_lock = FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Read session ID
+	 *
+	 * Used to detect session_regenerate_id() calls because PHP only calls
+	 * write() after regenerating the ID.
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_session_id;
+
+	/**
+	 * Success and failure return values
+	 *
+	 * Necessary due to a bug in all PHP 5 versions where return values
+	 * from userspace handlers are not handled properly. PHP 7 fixes the
+	 * bug, so we need to return different values depending on the version.
+	 *
+	 * @see	https://wiki.php.net/rfc/session.user.return-value
+	 * @var	mixed
+	 */
+	protected $_success, $_failure;
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Class constructor
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$params	Configuration parameters
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function __construct(&$params)
+	{
+		$this->_config =& $params;
+
+		if (is_php('7'))
+		{
+			$this->_success = TRUE;
+			$this->_failure = FALSE;
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			$this->_success = 0;
+			$this->_failure = -1;
+		}
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Cookie destroy
+	 *
+	 * Internal method to force removal of a cookie by the client
+	 * when session_destroy() is called.
+	 *
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	protected function _cookie_destroy()
+	{
+		return setcookie(
+			$this->_config['cookie_name'],
+			NULL,
+			1,
+			$this->_config['cookie_path'],
+			$this->_config['cookie_domain'],
+			$this->_config['cookie_secure'],
+			TRUE
+		);
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Get lock
+	 *
+	 * A dummy method allowing drivers with no locking functionality
+	 * (databases other than PostgreSQL and MySQL) to act as if they
+	 * do acquire a lock.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$session_id
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	protected function _get_lock($session_id)
+	{
+		$this->_lock = TRUE;
+		return TRUE;
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Release lock
+	 *
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	protected function _release_lock()
+	{
+		if ($this->_lock)
+		{
+			$this->_lock = FALSE;
+		}
+
+		return TRUE;
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Fail
+	 *
+	 * Drivers other than the 'files' one don't (need to) use the
+	 * session.save_path INI setting, but that leads to confusing
+	 * error messages emitted by PHP when open() or write() fail,
+	 * as the message contains session.save_path ...
+	 * To work around the problem, the drivers will call this method
+	 * so that the INI is set just in time for the error message to
+	 * be properly generated.
+	 *
+	 * @return	mixed
+	 */
+	protected function _fail()
+	{
+		ini_set('session.save_path', config_item('sess_save_path'));
+		return $this->_failure;
+	}
+}
diff --git a/system/libraries/Session/drivers/Session_database_driver.php b/system/libraries/Session/drivers/Session_database_driver.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b519b782f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/libraries/Session/drivers/Session_database_driver.php
@@ -0,0 +1,420 @@
+<?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
+ *
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 3.0.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
+
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter Session Database Driver
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @subpackage	Libraries
+ * @category	Sessions
+ * @author	Andrey Andreev
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/sessions.html
+ */
+class CI_Session_database_driver extends CI_Session_driver implements SessionHandlerInterface {
+
+	/**
+	 * DB object
+	 *
+	 * @var	object
+	 */
+	protected $_db;
+
+	/**
+	 * Row exists flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	protected $_row_exists = FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Lock "driver" flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_platform;
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Class constructor
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$params	Configuration parameters
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function __construct(&$params)
+	{
+		parent::__construct($params);
+
+		$CI =& get_instance();
+		isset($CI->db) OR $CI->load->database();
+		$this->_db = $CI->db;
+
+		if ( ! $this->_db instanceof CI_DB_query_builder)
+		{
+			throw new Exception('Query Builder not enabled for the configured database. Aborting.');
+		}
+		elseif ($this->_db->pconnect)
+		{
+			throw new Exception('Configured database connection is persistent. Aborting.');
+		}
+		elseif ($this->_db->cache_on)
+		{
+			throw new Exception('Configured database connection has cache enabled. Aborting.');
+		}
+
+		$db_driver = $this->_db->dbdriver.(empty($this->_db->subdriver) ? '' : '_'.$this->_db->subdriver);
+		if (strpos($db_driver, 'mysql') !== FALSE)
+		{
+			$this->_platform = 'mysql';
+		}
+		elseif (in_array($db_driver, array('postgre', 'pdo_pgsql'), TRUE))
+		{
+			$this->_platform = 'postgre';
+		}
+
+		// Note: BC work-around for the old 'sess_table_name' setting, should be removed in the future.
+		if ( ! isset($this->_config['save_path']) && ($this->_config['save_path'] = config_item('sess_table_name')))
+		{
+			log_message('debug', 'Session: "sess_save_path" is empty; using BC fallback to "sess_table_name".');
+		}
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Open
+	 *
+	 * Initializes the database connection
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$save_path	Table name
+	 * @param	string	$name		Session cookie name, unused
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function open($save_path, $name)
+	{
+		if (empty($this->_db->conn_id) && ! $this->_db->db_connect())
+		{
+			return $this->_fail();
+		}
+
+		return $this->_success;
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Read
+	 *
+	 * Reads session data and acquires a lock
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$session_id	Session ID
+	 * @return	string	Serialized session data
+	 */
+	public function read($session_id)
+	{
+		if ($this->_get_lock($session_id) !== FALSE)
+		{
+			// Prevent previous QB calls from messing with our queries
+			$this->_db->reset_query();
+
+			// Needed by write() to detect session_regenerate_id() calls
+			$this->_session_id = $session_id;
+
+			$this->_db
+				->select('data')
+				->from($this->_config['save_path'])
+				->where('id', $session_id);
+
+			if ($this->_config['match_ip'])
+			{
+				$this->_db->where('ip_address', $_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR']);
+			}
+
+			if ( ! ($result = $this->_db->get()) OR ($result = $result->row()) === NULL)
+			{
+				// PHP7 will reuse the same SessionHandler object after
+				// ID regeneration, so we need to explicitly set this to
+				// FALSE instead of relying on the default ...
+				$this->_row_exists = FALSE;
+				$this->_fingerprint = md5('');
+				return '';
+			}
+
+			// PostgreSQL's variant of a BLOB datatype is Bytea, which is a
+			// PITA to work with, so we use base64-encoded data in a TEXT
+			// field instead.
+			$result = ($this->_platform === 'postgre')
+				? base64_decode(rtrim($result->data))
+				: $result->data;
+
+			$this->_fingerprint = md5($result);
+			$this->_row_exists = TRUE;
+			return $result;
+		}
+
+		$this->_fingerprint = md5('');
+		return '';
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Write
+	 *
+	 * Writes (create / update) session data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$session_id	Session ID
+	 * @param	string	$session_data	Serialized session data
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function write($session_id, $session_data)
+	{
+		// Prevent previous QB calls from messing with our queries
+		$this->_db->reset_query();
+
+		// Was the ID regenerated?
+		if (isset($this->_session_id) && $session_id !== $this->_session_id)
+		{
+			if ( ! $this->_release_lock() OR ! $this->_get_lock($session_id))
+			{
+				return $this->_fail();
+			}
+
+			$this->_row_exists = FALSE;
+			$this->_session_id = $session_id;
+		}
+		elseif ($this->_lock === FALSE)
+		{
+			return $this->_fail();
+		}
+
+		if ($this->_row_exists === FALSE)
+		{
+			$insert_data = array(
+				'id' => $session_id,
+				'ip_address' => $_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR'],
+				'timestamp' => time(),
+				'data' => ($this->_platform === 'postgre' ? base64_encode($session_data) : $session_data)
+			);
+
+			if ($this->_db->insert($this->_config['save_path'], $insert_data))
+			{
+				$this->_fingerprint = md5($session_data);
+				$this->_row_exists = TRUE;
+				return $this->_success;
+			}
+
+			return $this->_fail();
+		}
+
+		$this->_db->where('id', $session_id);
+		if ($this->_config['match_ip'])
+		{
+			$this->_db->where('ip_address', $_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR']);
+		}
+
+		$update_data = array('timestamp' => time());
+		if ($this->_fingerprint !== md5($session_data))
+		{
+			$update_data['data'] = ($this->_platform === 'postgre')
+				? base64_encode($session_data)
+				: $session_data;
+		}
+
+		if ($this->_db->update($this->_config['save_path'], $update_data))
+		{
+			$this->_fingerprint = md5($session_data);
+			return $this->_success;
+		}
+
+		return $this->_fail();
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Close
+	 *
+	 * Releases locks
+	 *
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function close()
+	{
+		return ($this->_lock && ! $this->_release_lock())
+			? $this->_fail()
+			: $this->_success;
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Destroy
+	 *
+	 * Destroys the current session.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$session_id	Session ID
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function destroy($session_id)
+	{
+		if ($this->_lock)
+		{
+			// Prevent previous QB calls from messing with our queries
+			$this->_db->reset_query();
+
+			$this->_db->where('id', $session_id);
+			if ($this->_config['match_ip'])
+			{
+				$this->_db->where('ip_address', $_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR']);
+			}
+
+			if ( ! $this->_db->delete($this->_config['save_path']))
+			{
+				return $this->_fail();
+			}
+		}
+
+		if ($this->close() === $this->_success)
+		{
+			$this->_cookie_destroy();
+			return $this->_success;
+		}
+
+		return $this->_fail();
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Garbage Collector
+	 *
+	 * Deletes expired sessions
+	 *
+	 * @param	int 	$maxlifetime	Maximum lifetime of sessions
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function gc($maxlifetime)
+	{
+		// Prevent previous QB calls from messing with our queries
+		$this->_db->reset_query();
+
+		return ($this->_db->delete($this->_config['save_path'], 'timestamp < '.(time() - $maxlifetime)))
+			? $this->_success
+			: $this->_fail();
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Get lock
+	 *
+	 * Acquires a lock, depending on the underlying platform.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$session_id	Session ID
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	protected function _get_lock($session_id)
+	{
+		if ($this->_platform === 'mysql')
+		{
+			$arg = md5($session_id.($this->_config['match_ip'] ? '_'.$_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR'] : ''));
+			if ($this->_db->query("SELECT GET_LOCK('".$arg."', 300) AS ci_session_lock")->row()->ci_session_lock)
+			{
+				$this->_lock = $arg;
+				return TRUE;
+			}
+
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+		elseif ($this->_platform === 'postgre')
+		{
+			$arg = "hashtext('".$session_id."')".($this->_config['match_ip'] ? ", hashtext('".$_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR']."')" : '');
+			if ($this->_db->simple_query('SELECT pg_advisory_lock('.$arg.')'))
+			{
+				$this->_lock = $arg;
+				return TRUE;
+			}
+
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		return parent::_get_lock($session_id);
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Release lock
+	 *
+	 * Releases a previously acquired lock
+	 *
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	protected function _release_lock()
+	{
+		if ( ! $this->_lock)
+		{
+			return TRUE;
+		}
+
+		if ($this->_platform === 'mysql')
+		{
+			if ($this->_db->query("SELECT RELEASE_LOCK('".$this->_lock."') AS ci_session_lock")->row()->ci_session_lock)
+			{
+				$this->_lock = FALSE;
+				return TRUE;
+			}
+
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+		elseif ($this->_platform === 'postgre')
+		{
+			if ($this->_db->simple_query('SELECT pg_advisory_unlock('.$this->_lock.')'))
+			{
+				$this->_lock = FALSE;
+				return TRUE;
+			}
+
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		return parent::_release_lock();
+	}
+}
diff --git a/system/libraries/Session/drivers/Session_files_driver.php b/system/libraries/Session/drivers/Session_files_driver.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8860ef667
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/libraries/Session/drivers/Session_files_driver.php
@@ -0,0 +1,406 @@
+<?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
+ *
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 3.0.0
+ * @filesource
+*/
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
+
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter Session Files Driver
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @subpackage	Libraries
+ * @category	Sessions
+ * @author	Andrey Andreev
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/sessions.html
+ */
+class CI_Session_files_driver extends CI_Session_driver implements SessionHandlerInterface {
+
+	/**
+	 * Save path
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_save_path;
+
+	/**
+	 * File handle
+	 *
+	 * @var	resource
+	 */
+	protected $_file_handle;
+
+	/**
+	 * File name
+	 *
+	 * @var	resource
+	 */
+	protected $_file_path;
+
+	/**
+	 * File new flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	protected $_file_new;
+
+	/**
+	 * Validate SID regular expression
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_sid_regexp;
+
+	/**
+	 * mbstring.func_overload flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	protected static $func_overload;
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Class constructor
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$params	Configuration parameters
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function __construct(&$params)
+	{
+		parent::__construct($params);
+
+		if (isset($this->_config['save_path']))
+		{
+			$this->_config['save_path'] = rtrim($this->_config['save_path'], '/\\');
+			ini_set('session.save_path', $this->_config['save_path']);
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			log_message('debug', 'Session: "sess_save_path" is empty; using "session.save_path" value from php.ini.');
+			$this->_config['save_path'] = rtrim(ini_get('session.save_path'), '/\\');
+		}
+
+		$this->_sid_regexp = $this->_config['_sid_regexp'];
+
+		isset(self::$func_overload) OR self::$func_overload = (extension_loaded('mbstring') && ini_get('mbstring.func_overload'));
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Open
+	 *
+	 * Sanitizes the save_path directory.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$save_path	Path to session files' directory
+	 * @param	string	$name		Session cookie name
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function open($save_path, $name)
+	{
+		if ( ! is_dir($save_path))
+		{
+			if ( ! mkdir($save_path, 0700, TRUE))
+			{
+				throw new Exception("Session: Configured save path '".$this->_config['save_path']."' is not a directory, doesn't exist or cannot be created.");
+			}
+		}
+		elseif ( ! is_writable($save_path))
+		{
+			throw new Exception("Session: Configured save path '".$this->_config['save_path']."' is not writable by the PHP process.");
+		}
+
+		$this->_config['save_path'] = $save_path;
+		$this->_file_path = $this->_config['save_path'].DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR
+			.$name // we'll use the session cookie name as a prefix to avoid collisions
+			.($this->_config['match_ip'] ? md5($_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR']) : '');
+
+		return $this->_success;
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Read
+	 *
+	 * Reads session data and acquires a lock
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$session_id	Session ID
+	 * @return	string	Serialized session data
+	 */
+	public function read($session_id)
+	{
+		// This might seem weird, but PHP 5.6 introduces session_reset(),
+		// which re-reads session data
+		if ($this->_file_handle === NULL)
+		{
+			$this->_file_new = ! file_exists($this->_file_path.$session_id);
+
+			if (($this->_file_handle = fopen($this->_file_path.$session_id, 'c+b')) === FALSE)
+			{
+				log_message('error', "Session: Unable to open file '".$this->_file_path.$session_id."'.");
+				return $this->_failure;
+			}
+
+			if (flock($this->_file_handle, LOCK_EX) === FALSE)
+			{
+				log_message('error', "Session: Unable to obtain lock for file '".$this->_file_path.$session_id."'.");
+				fclose($this->_file_handle);
+				$this->_file_handle = NULL;
+				return $this->_failure;
+			}
+
+			// Needed by write() to detect session_regenerate_id() calls
+			$this->_session_id = $session_id;
+
+			if ($this->_file_new)
+			{
+				chmod($this->_file_path.$session_id, 0600);
+				$this->_fingerprint = md5('');
+				return '';
+			}
+		}
+		// We shouldn't need this, but apparently we do ...
+		// See https://github.com/bcit-ci/CodeIgniter/issues/4039
+		elseif ($this->_file_handle === FALSE)
+		{
+			return $this->_failure;
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			rewind($this->_file_handle);
+		}
+
+		$session_data = '';
+		for ($read = 0, $length = filesize($this->_file_path.$session_id); $read < $length; $read += self::strlen($buffer))
+		{
+			if (($buffer = fread($this->_file_handle, $length - $read)) === FALSE)
+			{
+				break;
+			}
+
+			$session_data .= $buffer;
+		}
+
+		$this->_fingerprint = md5($session_data);
+		return $session_data;
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Write
+	 *
+	 * Writes (create / update) session data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$session_id	Session ID
+	 * @param	string	$session_data	Serialized session data
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function write($session_id, $session_data)
+	{
+		// If the two IDs don't match, we have a session_regenerate_id() call
+		// and we need to close the old handle and open a new one
+		if ($session_id !== $this->_session_id && ($this->close() === $this->_failure OR $this->read($session_id) === $this->_failure))
+		{
+			return $this->_failure;
+		}
+
+		if ( ! is_resource($this->_file_handle))
+		{
+			return $this->_failure;
+		}
+		elseif ($this->_fingerprint === md5($session_data))
+		{
+			return ( ! $this->_file_new && ! touch($this->_file_path.$session_id))
+				? $this->_failure
+				: $this->_success;
+		}
+
+		if ( ! $this->_file_new)
+		{
+			ftruncate($this->_file_handle, 0);
+			rewind($this->_file_handle);
+		}
+
+		if (($length = strlen($session_data)) > 0)
+		{
+			for ($written = 0; $written < $length; $written += $result)
+			{
+				if (($result = fwrite($this->_file_handle, substr($session_data, $written))) === FALSE)
+				{
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+
+			if ( ! is_int($result))
+			{
+				$this->_fingerprint = md5(substr($session_data, 0, $written));
+				log_message('error', 'Session: Unable to write data.');
+				return $this->_failure;
+			}
+		}
+
+		$this->_fingerprint = md5($session_data);
+		return $this->_success;
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Close
+	 *
+	 * Releases locks and closes file descriptor.
+	 *
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function close()
+	{
+		if (is_resource($this->_file_handle))
+		{
+			flock($this->_file_handle, LOCK_UN);
+			fclose($this->_file_handle);
+
+			$this->_file_handle = $this->_file_new = $this->_session_id = NULL;
+		}
+
+		return $this->_success;
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Destroy
+	 *
+	 * Destroys the current session.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$session_id	Session ID
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function destroy($session_id)
+	{
+		if ($this->close() === $this->_success)
+		{
+			if (file_exists($this->_file_path.$session_id))
+			{
+				$this->_cookie_destroy();
+				return unlink($this->_file_path.$session_id)
+					? $this->_success
+					: $this->_failure;
+			}
+
+			return $this->_success;
+		}
+		elseif ($this->_file_path !== NULL)
+		{
+			clearstatcache();
+			if (file_exists($this->_file_path.$session_id))
+			{
+				$this->_cookie_destroy();
+				return unlink($this->_file_path.$session_id)
+					? $this->_success
+					: $this->_failure;
+			}
+
+			return $this->_success;
+		}
+
+		return $this->_failure;
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Garbage Collector
+	 *
+	 * Deletes expired sessions
+	 *
+	 * @param	int 	$maxlifetime	Maximum lifetime of sessions
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function gc($maxlifetime)
+	{
+		if ( ! is_dir($this->_config['save_path']) OR ($directory = opendir($this->_config['save_path'])) === FALSE)
+		{
+			log_message('debug', "Session: Garbage collector couldn't list files under directory '".$this->_config['save_path']."'.");
+			return $this->_failure;
+		}
+
+		$ts = time() - $maxlifetime;
+
+		$pattern = ($this->_config['match_ip'] === TRUE)
+			? '[0-9a-f]{32}'
+			: '';
+
+		$pattern = sprintf(
+			'#\A%s'.$pattern.$this->_sid_regexp.'\z#',
+			preg_quote($this->_config['cookie_name'])
+		);
+
+		while (($file = readdir($directory)) !== FALSE)
+		{
+			// If the filename doesn't match this pattern, it's either not a session file or is not ours
+			if ( ! preg_match($pattern, $file)
+				OR ! is_file($this->_config['save_path'].DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR.$file)
+				OR ($mtime = filemtime($this->_config['save_path'].DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR.$file)) === FALSE
+				OR $mtime > $ts)
+			{
+				continue;
+			}
+
+			unlink($this->_config['save_path'].DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR.$file);
+		}
+
+		closedir($directory);
+
+		return $this->_success;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Byte-safe strlen()
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$str
+	 * @return	int
+	 */
+	protected static function strlen($str)
+	{
+		return (self::$func_overload)
+			? mb_strlen($str, '8bit')
+			: strlen($str);
+	}
+}
diff --git a/system/libraries/Session/drivers/Session_memcached_driver.php b/system/libraries/Session/drivers/Session_memcached_driver.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2556bf0f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/libraries/Session/drivers/Session_memcached_driver.php
@@ -0,0 +1,375 @@
+<?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
+ *
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 3.0.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
+
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter Session Memcached Driver
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @subpackage	Libraries
+ * @category	Sessions
+ * @author	Andrey Andreev
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/sessions.html
+ */
+class CI_Session_memcached_driver extends CI_Session_driver implements SessionHandlerInterface {
+
+	/**
+	 * Memcached instance
+	 *
+	 * @var	Memcached
+	 */
+	protected $_memcached;
+
+	/**
+	 * Key prefix
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_key_prefix = 'ci_session:';
+
+	/**
+	 * Lock key
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_lock_key;
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Class constructor
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$params	Configuration parameters
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function __construct(&$params)
+	{
+		parent::__construct($params);
+
+		if (empty($this->_config['save_path']))
+		{
+			log_message('error', 'Session: No Memcached save path configured.');
+		}
+
+		if ($this->_config['match_ip'] === TRUE)
+		{
+			$this->_key_prefix .= $_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR'].':';
+		}
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Open
+	 *
+	 * Sanitizes save_path and initializes connections.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$save_path	Server path(s)
+	 * @param	string	$name		Session cookie name, unused
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function open($save_path, $name)
+	{
+		$this->_memcached = new Memcached();
+		$this->_memcached->setOption(Memcached::OPT_BINARY_PROTOCOL, TRUE); // required for touch() usage
+		$server_list = array();
+		foreach ($this->_memcached->getServerList() as $server)
+		{
+			$server_list[] = $server['host'].':'.$server['port'];
+		}
+
+		if ( ! preg_match_all('#,?([^,:]+)\:(\d{1,5})(?:\:(\d+))?#', $this->_config['save_path'], $matches, PREG_SET_ORDER))
+		{
+			$this->_memcached = NULL;
+			log_message('error', 'Session: Invalid Memcached save path format: '.$this->_config['save_path']);
+			return $this->_fail();
+		}
+
+		foreach ($matches as $match)
+		{
+			// If Memcached already has this server (or if the port is invalid), skip it
+			if (in_array($match[1].':'.$match[2], $server_list, TRUE))
+			{
+				log_message('debug', 'Session: Memcached server pool already has '.$match[1].':'.$match[2]);
+				continue;
+			}
+
+			if ( ! $this->_memcached->addServer($match[1], $match[2], isset($match[3]) ? $match[3] : 0))
+			{
+				log_message('error', 'Could not add '.$match[1].':'.$match[2].' to Memcached server pool.');
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				$server_list[] = $match[1].':'.$match[2];
+			}
+		}
+
+		if (empty($server_list))
+		{
+			log_message('error', 'Session: Memcached server pool is empty.');
+			return $this->_fail();
+		}
+
+		return $this->_success;
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Read
+	 *
+	 * Reads session data and acquires a lock
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$session_id	Session ID
+	 * @return	string	Serialized session data
+	 */
+	public function read($session_id)
+	{
+		if (isset($this->_memcached) && $this->_get_lock($session_id))
+		{
+			// Needed by write() to detect session_regenerate_id() calls
+			$this->_session_id = $session_id;
+
+			$session_data = (string) $this->_memcached->get($this->_key_prefix.$session_id);
+			$this->_fingerprint = md5($session_data);
+			return $session_data;
+		}
+
+		return $this->_fail();
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Write
+	 *
+	 * Writes (create / update) session data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$session_id	Session ID
+	 * @param	string	$session_data	Serialized session data
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function write($session_id, $session_data)
+	{
+		if ( ! isset($this->_memcached, $this->_lock_key))
+		{
+			return $this->_fail();
+		}
+		// Was the ID regenerated?
+		elseif ($session_id !== $this->_session_id)
+		{
+			if ( ! $this->_release_lock() OR ! $this->_get_lock($session_id))
+			{
+				return $this->_fail();
+			}
+
+			$this->_fingerprint = md5('');
+			$this->_session_id = $session_id;
+		}
+
+		$key = $this->_key_prefix.$session_id;
+
+		$this->_memcached->replace($this->_lock_key, time(), 300);
+		if ($this->_fingerprint !== ($fingerprint = md5($session_data)))
+		{
+			if ($this->_memcached->set($key, $session_data, $this->_config['expiration']))
+			{
+				$this->_fingerprint = $fingerprint;
+				return $this->_success;
+			}
+
+			return $this->_fail();
+		}
+		elseif (
+			$this->_memcached->touch($key, $this->_config['expiration'])
+			OR ($this->_memcached->getResultCode() === Memcached::RES_NOTFOUND && $this->_memcached->set($key, $session_data, $this->_config['expiration']))
+		)
+		{
+			return $this->_success;
+		}
+
+		return $this->_fail();
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Close
+	 *
+	 * Releases locks and closes connection.
+	 *
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function close()
+	{
+		if (isset($this->_memcached))
+		{
+			$this->_release_lock();
+			if ( ! $this->_memcached->quit())
+			{
+				return $this->_fail();
+			}
+
+			$this->_memcached = NULL;
+			return $this->_success;
+		}
+
+		return $this->_fail();
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Destroy
+	 *
+	 * Destroys the current session.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$session_id	Session ID
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function destroy($session_id)
+	{
+		if (isset($this->_memcached, $this->_lock_key))
+		{
+			$this->_memcached->delete($this->_key_prefix.$session_id);
+			$this->_cookie_destroy();
+			return $this->_success;
+		}
+
+		return $this->_fail();
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Garbage Collector
+	 *
+	 * Deletes expired sessions
+	 *
+	 * @param	int 	$maxlifetime	Maximum lifetime of sessions
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function gc($maxlifetime)
+	{
+		// Not necessary, Memcached takes care of that.
+		return $this->_success;
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Get lock
+	 *
+	 * Acquires an (emulated) lock.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$session_id	Session ID
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	protected function _get_lock($session_id)
+	{
+		// PHP 7 reuses the SessionHandler object on regeneration,
+		// so we need to check here if the lock key is for the
+		// correct session ID.
+		if ($this->_lock_key === $this->_key_prefix.$session_id.':lock')
+		{
+			if ( ! $this->_memcached->replace($this->_lock_key, time(), 300))
+			{
+				return ($this->_memcached->getResultCode() === Memcached::RES_NOTFOUND)
+					? $this->_memcached->set($this->_lock_key, time(), 300)
+					: FALSE;
+			}
+		}
+
+		// 30 attempts to obtain a lock, in case another request already has it
+		$lock_key = $this->_key_prefix.$session_id.':lock';
+		$attempt = 0;
+		do
+		{
+			if ($this->_memcached->get($lock_key))
+			{
+				sleep(1);
+				continue;
+			}
+
+			if ( ! $this->_memcached->set($lock_key, time(), 300))
+			{
+				log_message('error', 'Session: Error while trying to obtain lock for '.$this->_key_prefix.$session_id);
+				return FALSE;
+			}
+
+			$this->_lock_key = $lock_key;
+			break;
+		}
+		while (++$attempt < 30);
+
+		if ($attempt === 30)
+		{
+			log_message('error', 'Session: Unable to obtain lock for '.$this->_key_prefix.$session_id.' after 30 attempts, aborting.');
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		$this->_lock = TRUE;
+		return TRUE;
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Release lock
+	 *
+	 * Releases a previously acquired lock
+	 *
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	protected function _release_lock()
+	{
+		if (isset($this->_memcached, $this->_lock_key) && $this->_lock)
+		{
+			if ( ! $this->_memcached->delete($this->_lock_key) && $this->_memcached->getResultCode() !== Memcached::RES_NOTFOUND)
+			{
+				log_message('error', 'Session: Error while trying to free lock for '.$this->_lock_key);
+				return FALSE;
+			}
+
+			$this->_lock_key = NULL;
+			$this->_lock = FALSE;
+		}
+
+		return TRUE;
+	}
+}
diff --git a/system/libraries/Session/drivers/Session_redis_driver.php b/system/libraries/Session/drivers/Session_redis_driver.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e220a2951
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/libraries/Session/drivers/Session_redis_driver.php
@@ -0,0 +1,395 @@
+<?php
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
+ *
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 3.0.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
+
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter Session Redis Driver
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @subpackage	Libraries
+ * @category	Sessions
+ * @author	Andrey Andreev
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/sessions.html
+ */
+class CI_Session_redis_driver extends CI_Session_driver implements SessionHandlerInterface {
+
+	/**
+	 * phpRedis instance
+	 *
+	 * @var	Redis
+	 */
+	protected $_redis;
+
+	/**
+	 * Key prefix
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_key_prefix = 'ci_session:';
+
+	/**
+	 * Lock key
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_lock_key;
+
+	/**
+	 * Key exists flag
+	 *
+	 * @var bool
+	 */
+	protected $_key_exists = FALSE;
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Class constructor
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$params	Configuration parameters
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function __construct(&$params)
+	{
+		parent::__construct($params);
+
+		if (empty($this->_config['save_path']))
+		{
+			log_message('error', 'Session: No Redis save path configured.');
+		}
+		elseif (preg_match('#(?:tcp://)?([^:?]+)(?:\:(\d+))?(\?.+)?#', $this->_config['save_path'], $matches))
+		{
+			isset($matches[3]) OR $matches[3] = ''; // Just to avoid undefined index notices below
+			$this->_config['save_path'] = array(
+				'host' => $matches[1],
+				'port' => empty($matches[2]) ? NULL : $matches[2],
+				'password' => preg_match('#auth=([^\s&]+)#', $matches[3], $match) ? $match[1] : NULL,
+				'database' => preg_match('#database=(\d+)#', $matches[3], $match) ? (int) $match[1] : NULL,
+				'timeout' => preg_match('#timeout=(\d+\.\d+)#', $matches[3], $match) ? (float) $match[1] : NULL
+			);
+
+			preg_match('#prefix=([^\s&]+)#', $matches[3], $match) && $this->_key_prefix = $match[1];
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			log_message('error', 'Session: Invalid Redis save path format: '.$this->_config['save_path']);
+		}
+
+		if ($this->_config['match_ip'] === TRUE)
+		{
+			$this->_key_prefix .= $_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR'].':';
+		}
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Open
+	 *
+	 * Sanitizes save_path and initializes connection.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$save_path	Server path
+	 * @param	string	$name		Session cookie name, unused
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function open($save_path, $name)
+	{
+		if (empty($this->_config['save_path']))
+		{
+			return $this->_fail();
+		}
+
+		$redis = new Redis();
+		if ( ! $redis->connect($this->_config['save_path']['host'], $this->_config['save_path']['port'], $this->_config['save_path']['timeout']))
+		{
+			log_message('error', 'Session: Unable to connect to Redis with the configured settings.');
+		}
+		elseif (isset($this->_config['save_path']['password']) && ! $redis->auth($this->_config['save_path']['password']))
+		{
+			log_message('error', 'Session: Unable to authenticate to Redis instance.');
+		}
+		elseif (isset($this->_config['save_path']['database']) && ! $redis->select($this->_config['save_path']['database']))
+		{
+			log_message('error', 'Session: Unable to select Redis database with index '.$this->_config['save_path']['database']);
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			$this->_redis = $redis;
+			return $this->_success;
+		}
+
+		return $this->_fail();
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Read
+	 *
+	 * Reads session data and acquires a lock
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$session_id	Session ID
+	 * @return	string	Serialized session data
+	 */
+	public function read($session_id)
+	{
+		if (isset($this->_redis) && $this->_get_lock($session_id))
+		{
+			// Needed by write() to detect session_regenerate_id() calls
+			$this->_session_id = $session_id;
+
+			$session_data = $this->_redis->get($this->_key_prefix.$session_id);
+
+			is_string($session_data)
+				? $this->_key_exists = TRUE
+				: $session_data = '';
+
+			$this->_fingerprint = md5($session_data);
+			return $session_data;
+		}
+
+		return $this->_fail();
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Write
+	 *
+	 * Writes (create / update) session data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$session_id	Session ID
+	 * @param	string	$session_data	Serialized session data
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function write($session_id, $session_data)
+	{
+		if ( ! isset($this->_redis, $this->_lock_key))
+		{
+			return $this->_fail();
+		}
+		// Was the ID regenerated?
+		elseif ($session_id !== $this->_session_id)
+		{
+			if ( ! $this->_release_lock() OR ! $this->_get_lock($session_id))
+			{
+				return $this->_fail();
+			}
+
+			$this->_key_exists = FALSE;
+			$this->_session_id = $session_id;
+		}
+
+		$this->_redis->setTimeout($this->_lock_key, 300);
+		if ($this->_fingerprint !== ($fingerprint = md5($session_data)) OR $this->_key_exists === FALSE)
+		{
+			if ($this->_redis->set($this->_key_prefix.$session_id, $session_data, $this->_config['expiration']))
+			{
+				$this->_fingerprint = $fingerprint;
+				$this->_key_exists = TRUE;
+				return $this->_success;
+			}
+
+			return $this->_fail();
+		}
+
+		return ($this->_redis->setTimeout($this->_key_prefix.$session_id, $this->_config['expiration']))
+			? $this->_success
+			: $this->_fail();
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Close
+	 *
+	 * Releases locks and closes connection.
+	 *
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function close()
+	{
+		if (isset($this->_redis))
+		{
+			try {
+				if ($this->_redis->ping() === '+PONG')
+				{
+					$this->_release_lock();
+					if ($this->_redis->close() === FALSE)
+					{
+						return $this->_fail();
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			catch (RedisException $e)
+			{
+				log_message('error', 'Session: Got RedisException on close(): '.$e->getMessage());
+			}
+
+			$this->_redis = NULL;
+			return $this->_success;
+		}
+
+		return $this->_success;
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Destroy
+	 *
+	 * Destroys the current session.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$session_id	Session ID
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function destroy($session_id)
+	{
+		if (isset($this->_redis, $this->_lock_key))
+		{
+			if (($result = $this->_redis->delete($this->_key_prefix.$session_id)) !== 1)
+			{
+				log_message('debug', 'Session: Redis::delete() expected to return 1, got '.var_export($result, TRUE).' instead.');
+			}
+
+			$this->_cookie_destroy();
+			return $this->_success;
+		}
+
+		return $this->_fail();
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Garbage Collector
+	 *
+	 * Deletes expired sessions
+	 *
+	 * @param	int 	$maxlifetime	Maximum lifetime of sessions
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function gc($maxlifetime)
+	{
+		// Not necessary, Redis takes care of that.
+		return $this->_success;
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Get lock
+	 *
+	 * Acquires an (emulated) lock.
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$session_id	Session ID
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	protected function _get_lock($session_id)
+	{
+		// PHP 7 reuses the SessionHandler object on regeneration,
+		// so we need to check here if the lock key is for the
+		// correct session ID.
+		if ($this->_lock_key === $this->_key_prefix.$session_id.':lock')
+		{
+			return $this->_redis->setTimeout($this->_lock_key, 300);
+		}
+
+		// 30 attempts to obtain a lock, in case another request already has it
+		$lock_key = $this->_key_prefix.$session_id.':lock';
+		$attempt = 0;
+		do
+		{
+			if (($ttl = $this->_redis->ttl($lock_key)) > 0)
+			{
+				sleep(1);
+				continue;
+			}
+
+			if ( ! $this->_redis->setex($lock_key, 300, time()))
+			{
+				log_message('error', 'Session: Error while trying to obtain lock for '.$this->_key_prefix.$session_id);
+				return FALSE;
+			}
+
+			$this->_lock_key = $lock_key;
+			break;
+		}
+		while (++$attempt < 30);
+
+		if ($attempt === 30)
+		{
+			log_message('error', 'Session: Unable to obtain lock for '.$this->_key_prefix.$session_id.' after 30 attempts, aborting.');
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+		elseif ($ttl === -1)
+		{
+			log_message('debug', 'Session: Lock for '.$this->_key_prefix.$session_id.' had no TTL, overriding.');
+		}
+
+		$this->_lock = TRUE;
+		return TRUE;
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Release lock
+	 *
+	 * Releases a previously acquired lock
+	 *
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	protected function _release_lock()
+	{
+		if (isset($this->_redis, $this->_lock_key) && $this->_lock)
+		{
+			if ( ! $this->_redis->delete($this->_lock_key))
+			{
+				log_message('error', 'Session: Error while trying to free lock for '.$this->_lock_key);
+				return FALSE;
+			}
+
+			$this->_lock_key = NULL;
+			$this->_lock = FALSE;
+		}
+
+		return TRUE;
+	}
+
+}
diff --git a/system/libraries/Session/drivers/index.html b/system/libraries/Session/drivers/index.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b702fbc39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/libraries/Session/drivers/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+<head>
+	<title>403 Forbidden</title>
+</head>
+<body>
+
+<p>Directory access is forbidden.</p>
+
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/system/libraries/Session/index.html b/system/libraries/Session/index.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b702fbc39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/libraries/Session/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+<head>
+	<title>403 Forbidden</title>
+</head>
+<body>
+
+<p>Directory access is forbidden.</p>
+
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/system/libraries/Sha1.php b/system/libraries/Sha1.php
deleted file mode 100644
index 33778f965..000000000
--- a/system/libraries/Sha1.php
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,251 +0,0 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
-/**
- * CodeIgniter
- *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
- *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
- * @filesource
- */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-/**
- * SHA1 Encoding Class
- *
- * Purpose: Provides 160 bit hashing using The Secure Hash Algorithm
- * developed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology. The 40
- * character SHA1 message hash is computationally infeasible to crack.
- *
- * This class is a fallback for servers that are not running PHP greater than
- * 4.3, or do not have the MHASH library.
- *
- * This class is based on two scripts:
- *
- * Marcus Campbell's PHP implementation (GNU license)
- * http://www.tecknik.net/sha-1/
- *
- * ...which is based on Paul Johnston's JavaScript version
- * (BSD license). http://pajhome.org.uk/
- *
- * I encapsulated the functions and wrote one additional method to fix
- * a hex conversion bug. - Rick Ellis
- *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @subpackage	Libraries
- * @category	Encryption
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/general/encryption.html
- */
-class CI_SHA1 {
-
-	public function __construct()
-	{
-		log_message('debug', "SHA1 Class Initialized");
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Generate the Hash
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	function generate($str)
-	{
-		$n = ((strlen($str) + 8) >> 6) + 1;
-
-		for ($i = 0; $i < $n * 16; $i++)
-		{
-			$x[$i] = 0;
-		}
-
-		for ($i = 0; $i < strlen($str); $i++)
-		{
-			$x[$i >> 2] |= ord(substr($str, $i, 1)) << (24 - ($i % 4) * 8);
-		}
-
-		$x[$i >> 2] |= 0x80 << (24 - ($i % 4) * 8);
-
-		$x[$n * 16 - 1] = strlen($str) * 8;
-
-		$a =  1732584193;
-		$b = -271733879;
-		$c = -1732584194;
-		$d =  271733878;
-		$e = -1009589776;
-
-		for ($i = 0; $i < count($x); $i += 16)
-		{
-			$olda = $a;
-			$oldb = $b;
-			$oldc = $c;
-			$oldd = $d;
-			$olde = $e;
-
-			for ($j = 0; $j < 80; $j++)
-			{
-				if ($j < 16)
-				{
-					$w[$j] = $x[$i + $j];
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					$w[$j] = $this->_rol($w[$j - 3] ^ $w[$j - 8] ^ $w[$j - 14] ^ $w[$j - 16], 1);
-				}
-
-				$t = $this->_safe_add($this->_safe_add($this->_rol($a, 5), $this->_ft($j, $b, $c, $d)), $this->_safe_add($this->_safe_add($e, $w[$j]), $this->_kt($j)));
-
-				$e = $d;
-				$d = $c;
-				$c = $this->_rol($b, 30);
-				$b = $a;
-				$a = $t;
-			}
-
-			$a = $this->_safe_add($a, $olda);
-			$b = $this->_safe_add($b, $oldb);
-			$c = $this->_safe_add($c, $oldc);
-			$d = $this->_safe_add($d, $oldd);
-			$e = $this->_safe_add($e, $olde);
-		}
-
-		return $this->_hex($a).$this->_hex($b).$this->_hex($c).$this->_hex($d).$this->_hex($e);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Convert a decimal to hex
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	function _hex($str)
-	{
-		$str = dechex($str);
-
-		if (strlen($str) == 7)
-		{
-			$str = '0'.$str;
-		}
-
-		return $str;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 *  Return result based on iteration
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	function _ft($t, $b, $c, $d)
-	{
-		if ($t < 20)
-			return ($b & $c) | ((~$b) & $d);
-		if ($t < 40)
-			return $b ^ $c ^ $d;
-		if ($t < 60)
-			return ($b & $c) | ($b & $d) | ($c & $d);
-
-		return $b ^ $c ^ $d;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Determine the additive constant
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	function _kt($t)
-	{
-		if ($t < 20)
-		{
-			return 1518500249;
-		}
-		else if ($t < 40)
-		{
-			return 1859775393;
-		}
-		else if ($t < 60)
-		{
-			return -1894007588;
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			return -899497514;
-		}
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Add integers, wrapping at 2^32
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	function _safe_add($x, $y)
-	{
-		$lsw = ($x & 0xFFFF) + ($y & 0xFFFF);
-		$msw = ($x >> 16) + ($y >> 16) + ($lsw >> 16);
-
-		return ($msw << 16) | ($lsw & 0xFFFF);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Bitwise rotate a 32-bit number
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	integer
-	 */
-	function _rol($num, $cnt)
-	{
-		return ($num << $cnt) | $this->_zero_fill($num, 32 - $cnt);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Pad string with zero
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	function _zero_fill($a, $b)
-	{
-		$bin = decbin($a);
-
-		if (strlen($bin) < $b)
-		{
-			$bin = 0;
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			$bin = substr($bin, 0, strlen($bin) - $b);
-		}
-
-		for ($i=0; $i < $b; $i++)
-		{
-			$bin = "0".$bin;
-		}
-
-		return bindec($bin);
-	}
-}
-// END CI_SHA
-
-/* End of file Sha1.php */
-/* Location: ./system/libraries/Sha1.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/libraries/Table.php b/system/libraries/Table.php
index a2353d1e1..50c5e358b 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Table.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Table.php
@@ -1,19 +1,41 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.3.1
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.3.1
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * HTML Table Generating Class
@@ -23,23 +45,82 @@
  * @package		CodeIgniter
  * @subpackage	Libraries
  * @category	HTML Tables
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/uri.html
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/table.html
  */
 class CI_Table {
 
-	var $rows				= array();
-	var $heading			= array();
-	var $auto_heading		= TRUE;
-	var $caption			= NULL;
-	var $template			= NULL;
-	var $newline			= "\n";
-	var $empty_cells		= "";
-	var	$function			= FALSE;
+	/**
+	 * Data for table rows
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	public $rows		= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * Data for table heading
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	public $heading		= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * Whether or not to automatically create the table header
+	 *
+	 * @var bool
+	 */
+	public $auto_heading	= TRUE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Table caption
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	public $caption		= NULL;
+
+	/**
+	 * Table layout template
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	public $template	= NULL;
+
+	/**
+	 * Newline setting
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	public $newline		= "\n";
+
+	/**
+	 * Contents of empty cells
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	public $empty_cells	= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Callback for custom table layout
+	 *
+	 * @var function
+	 */
+	public $function	= NULL;
 
-	public function __construct()
+	/**
+	 * Set the template from the table config file if it exists
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$config	(default: array())
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function __construct($config = array())
 	{
-		log_message('debug', "Table Class Initialized");
+		// initialize config
+		foreach ($config as $key => $val)
+		{
+			$this->template[$key] = $val;
+		}
+
+		log_message('info', 'Table Class Initialized');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -47,11 +128,10 @@ class CI_Table {
 	/**
 	 * Set the template
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	array
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @param	array	$template
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function set_template($template)
+	public function set_template($template)
 	{
 		if ( ! is_array($template))
 		{
@@ -59,6 +139,7 @@ class CI_Table {
 		}
 
 		$this->template = $template;
+		return TRUE;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -68,32 +149,30 @@ class CI_Table {
 	 *
 	 * Can be passed as an array or discreet params
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	mixed
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @return	CI_Table
 	 */
-	function set_heading()
+	public function set_heading($args = array())
 	{
-		$args = func_get_args();
-		$this->heading = $this->_prep_args($args);
+		$this->heading = $this->_prep_args(func_get_args());
+		return $this;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Set columns.  Takes a one-dimensional array as input and creates
+	 * Set columns. Takes a one-dimensional array as input and creates
 	 * a multi-dimensional array with a depth equal to the number of
-	 * columns.  This allows a single array with many elements to  be
+	 * columns. This allows a single array with many elements to be
 	 * displayed in a table that has a fixed column count.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	array
-	 * @param	int
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @param	array	$array
+	 * @param	int	$col_limit
+	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function make_columns($array = array(), $col_limit = 0)
+	public function make_columns($array = array(), $col_limit = 0)
 	{
-		if ( ! is_array($array) OR count($array) == 0)
+		if ( ! is_array($array) OR count($array) === 0 OR ! is_int($col_limit))
 		{
 			return FALSE;
 		}
@@ -102,13 +181,13 @@ class CI_Table {
 		// will want headings from a one-dimensional array
 		$this->auto_heading = FALSE;
 
-		if ($col_limit == 0)
+		if ($col_limit === 0)
 		{
 			return $array;
 		}
 
 		$new = array();
-		while (count($array) > 0)
+		do
 		{
 			$temp = array_splice($array, 0, $col_limit);
 
@@ -122,6 +201,7 @@ class CI_Table {
 
 			$new[] = $temp;
 		}
+		while (count($array) > 0);
 
 		return $new;
 	}
@@ -133,13 +213,13 @@ class CI_Table {
 	 *
 	 * Can be passed as an array or discreet params
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	mixed
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @param	mixed	$value
+	 * @return	CI_Table
 	 */
-	function set_empty($value)
+	public function set_empty($value)
 	{
 		$this->empty_cells = $value;
+		return $this;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -149,14 +229,13 @@ class CI_Table {
 	 *
 	 * Can be passed as an array or discreet params
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	mixed
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @return	CI_Table
 	 */
-	function add_row()
+	public function add_row($args = array())
 	{
-		$args = func_get_args();
-		$this->rows[] = $this->_prep_args($args);
+		$this->rows[] = $this->_prep_args(func_get_args());
+		return $this;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -166,42 +245,22 @@ class CI_Table {
 	 *
 	 * Ensures a standard associative array format for all cell data
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	type
-	 * @return	type
+	 * @param	array
+	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function _prep_args($args)
+	protected function _prep_args($args)
 	{
 		// If there is no $args[0], skip this and treat as an associative array
 		// This can happen if there is only a single key, for example this is passed to table->generate
 		// array(array('foo'=>'bar'))
-		if (isset($args[0]) AND (count($args) == 1 && is_array($args[0])))
+		if (isset($args[0]) && count($args) === 1 && is_array($args[0]) && ! isset($args[0]['data']))
 		{
-			// args sent as indexed array
-			if ( ! isset($args[0]['data']))
-			{
-				foreach ($args[0] as $key => $val)
-				{
-					if (is_array($val) && isset($val['data']))
-					{
-						$args[$key] = $val;
-					}
-					else
-					{
-						$args[$key] = array('data' => $val);
-					}
-				}
-			}
+			$args = $args[0];
 		}
-		else
+
+		foreach ($args as $key => $val)
 		{
-			foreach ($args as $key => $val)
-			{
-				if ( ! is_array($val))
-				{
-					$args[$key] = array('data' => $val);
-				}
-			}
+			is_array($val) OR $args[$key] = array('data' => $val);
 		}
 
 		return $args;
@@ -212,13 +271,13 @@ class CI_Table {
 	/**
 	 * Add a table caption
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @param	string	$caption
+	 * @return	CI_Table
 	 */
-	function set_caption($caption)
+	public function set_caption($caption)
 	{
 		$this->caption = $caption;
+		return $this;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -226,29 +285,27 @@ class CI_Table {
 	/**
 	 * Generate the table
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	mixed
+	 * @param	mixed	$table_data
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function generate($table_data = NULL)
+	public function generate($table_data = NULL)
 	{
 		// The table data can optionally be passed to this function
 		// either as a database result object or an array
-		if ( ! is_null($table_data))
+		if ( ! empty($table_data))
 		{
-			if (is_object($table_data))
+			if ($table_data instanceof CI_DB_result)
 			{
-				$this->_set_from_object($table_data);
+				$this->_set_from_db_result($table_data);
 			}
 			elseif (is_array($table_data))
 			{
-				$set_heading = (count($this->heading) == 0 AND $this->auto_heading == FALSE) ? FALSE : TRUE;
-				$this->_set_from_array($table_data, $set_heading);
+				$this->_set_from_array($table_data);
 			}
 		}
 
-		// Is there anything to display?  No?  Smite them!
-		if (count($this->heading) == 0 AND count($this->rows) == 0)
+		// Is there anything to display? No? Smite them!
+		if (empty($this->heading) && empty($this->rows))
 		{
 			return 'Undefined table data';
 		}
@@ -256,29 +313,26 @@ class CI_Table {
 		// Compile and validate the template date
 		$this->_compile_template();
 
-		// set a custom cell manipulation function to a locally scoped variable so its callable
-		$function = $this->function;
+		// Validate a possibly existing custom cell manipulation function
+		if (isset($this->function) && ! is_callable($this->function))
+		{
+			$this->function = NULL;
+		}
 
 		// Build the table!
 
-		$out = $this->template['table_open'];
-		$out .= $this->newline;
+		$out = $this->template['table_open'].$this->newline;
 
 		// Add any caption here
 		if ($this->caption)
 		{
-			$out .= $this->newline;
-			$out .= '<caption>' . $this->caption . '</caption>';
-			$out .= $this->newline;
+			$out .= '<caption>'.$this->caption.'</caption>'.$this->newline;
 		}
 
 		// Is there a table heading to display?
-		if (count($this->heading) > 0)
+		if ( ! empty($this->heading))
 		{
-			$out .= $this->template['thead_open'];
-			$out .= $this->newline;
-			$out .= $this->template['heading_row_start'];
-			$out .= $this->newline;
+			$out .= $this->template['thead_open'].$this->newline.$this->template['heading_row_start'].$this->newline;
 
 			foreach ($this->heading as $heading)
 			{
@@ -286,28 +340,22 @@ class CI_Table {
 
 				foreach ($heading as $key => $val)
 				{
-					if ($key != 'data')
+					if ($key !== 'data')
 					{
-						$temp = str_replace('<th', "<th $key='$val'", $temp);
+						$temp = str_replace('<th', '<th '.$key.'="'.$val.'"', $temp);
 					}
 				}
 
-				$out .= $temp;
-				$out .= isset($heading['data']) ? $heading['data'] : '';
-				$out .= $this->template['heading_cell_end'];
+				$out .= $temp.(isset($heading['data']) ? $heading['data'] : '').$this->template['heading_cell_end'];
 			}
 
-			$out .= $this->template['heading_row_end'];
-			$out .= $this->newline;
-			$out .= $this->template['thead_close'];
-			$out .= $this->newline;
+			$out .= $this->template['heading_row_end'].$this->newline.$this->template['thead_close'].$this->newline;
 		}
 
 		// Build the table rows
-		if (count($this->rows) > 0)
+		if ( ! empty($this->rows))
 		{
-			$out .= $this->template['tbody_open'];
-			$out .= $this->newline;
+			$out .= $this->template['tbody_open'].$this->newline;
 
 			$i = 1;
 			foreach ($this->rows as $row)
@@ -318,10 +366,9 @@ class CI_Table {
 				}
 
 				// We use modulus to alternate the row colors
-				$name = (fmod($i++, 2)) ? '' : 'alt_';
+				$name = fmod($i++, 2) ? '' : 'alt_';
 
-				$out .= $this->template['row_'.$name.'start'];
-				$out .= $this->newline;
+				$out .= $this->template['row_'.$name.'start'].$this->newline;
 
 				foreach ($row as $cell)
 				{
@@ -329,40 +376,35 @@ class CI_Table {
 
 					foreach ($cell as $key => $val)
 					{
-						if ($key != 'data')
+						if ($key !== 'data')
 						{
-							$temp = str_replace('<td', "<td $key='$val'", $temp);
+							$temp = str_replace('<td', '<td '.$key.'="'.$val.'"', $temp);
 						}
 					}
 
 					$cell = isset($cell['data']) ? $cell['data'] : '';
 					$out .= $temp;
 
-					if ($cell === "" OR $cell === NULL)
+					if ($cell === '' OR $cell === NULL)
 					{
 						$out .= $this->empty_cells;
 					}
+					elseif (isset($this->function))
+					{
+						$out .= call_user_func($this->function, $cell);
+					}
 					else
 					{
-						if ($function !== FALSE && is_callable($function))
-						{
-							$out .= call_user_func($function, $cell);
-						}
-						else
-						{
-							$out .= $cell;
-						}
+						$out .= $cell;
 					}
 
 					$out .= $this->template['cell_'.$name.'end'];
 				}
 
-				$out .= $this->template['row_'.$name.'end'];
-				$out .= $this->newline;
+				$out .= $this->template['row_'.$name.'end'].$this->newline;
 			}
 
-			$out .= $this->template['tbody_close'];
-			$out .= $this->newline;
+			$out .= $this->template['tbody_close'].$this->newline;
 		}
 
 		$out .= $this->template['table_close'];
@@ -378,14 +420,14 @@ class CI_Table {
 	/**
 	 * Clears the table arrays.  Useful if multiple tables are being generated
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @return	CI_Table
 	 */
-	function clear()
+	public function clear()
 	{
-		$this->rows				= array();
-		$this->heading			= array();
-		$this->auto_heading		= TRUE;
+		$this->rows = array();
+		$this->heading = array();
+		$this->auto_heading = TRUE;
+		return $this;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -393,36 +435,20 @@ class CI_Table {
 	/**
 	 * Set table data from a database result object
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	object
+	 * @param	CI_DB_result	$object	Database result object
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function _set_from_object($query)
+	protected function _set_from_db_result($object)
 	{
-		if ( ! is_object($query))
-		{
-			return FALSE;
-		}
-
 		// First generate the headings from the table column names
-		if (count($this->heading) == 0)
+		if ($this->auto_heading === TRUE && empty($this->heading))
 		{
-			if ( ! method_exists($query, 'list_fields'))
-			{
-				return FALSE;
-			}
-
-			$this->heading = $this->_prep_args($query->list_fields());
+			$this->heading = $this->_prep_args($object->list_fields());
 		}
 
-		// Next blast through the result array and build out the rows
-
-		if ($query->num_rows() > 0)
+		foreach ($object->result_array() as $row)
 		{
-			foreach ($query->result_array() as $row)
-			{
-				$this->rows[] = $this->_prep_args($row);
-			}
+			$this->rows[] = $this->_prep_args($row);
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -431,31 +457,19 @@ class CI_Table {
 	/**
 	 * Set table data from an array
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	array
+	 * @param	array	$data
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function _set_from_array($data, $set_heading = TRUE)
+	protected function _set_from_array($data)
 	{
-		if ( ! is_array($data) OR count($data) == 0)
+		if ($this->auto_heading === TRUE && empty($this->heading))
 		{
-			return FALSE;
+			$this->heading = $this->_prep_args(array_shift($data));
 		}
 
-		$i = 0;
-		foreach ($data as $row)
+		foreach ($data as &$row)
 		{
-			// If a heading hasn't already been set we'll use the first row of the array as the heading
-			if ($i == 0 AND count($data) > 1 AND count($this->heading) == 0 AND $set_heading == TRUE)
-			{
-				$this->heading = $this->_prep_args($row);
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				$this->rows[] = $this->_prep_args($row);
-			}
-
-			$i++;
+			$this->rows[] = $this->_prep_args($row);
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -464,12 +478,11 @@ class CI_Table {
 	/**
 	 * Compile Template
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function _compile_template()
+	protected function _compile_template()
 	{
-		if ($this->template == NULL)
+		if ($this->template === NULL)
 		{
 			$this->template = $this->_default_template();
 			return;
@@ -490,42 +503,36 @@ class CI_Table {
 	/**
 	 * Default Template
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function _default_template()
+	protected function _default_template()
 	{
-		return  array (
-						'table_open'			=> '<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0">',
+		return array(
+			'table_open'		=> '<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0">',
 
-						'thead_open'			=> '<thead>',
-						'thead_close'			=> '</thead>',
+			'thead_open'		=> '<thead>',
+			'thead_close'		=> '</thead>',
 
-						'heading_row_start'		=> '<tr>',
-						'heading_row_end'		=> '</tr>',
-						'heading_cell_start'	=> '<th>',
-						'heading_cell_end'		=> '</th>',
+			'heading_row_start'	=> '<tr>',
+			'heading_row_end'	=> '</tr>',
+			'heading_cell_start'	=> '<th>',
+			'heading_cell_end'	=> '</th>',
 
-						'tbody_open'			=> '<tbody>',
-						'tbody_close'			=> '</tbody>',
+			'tbody_open'		=> '<tbody>',
+			'tbody_close'		=> '</tbody>',
 
-						'row_start'				=> '<tr>',
-						'row_end'				=> '</tr>',
-						'cell_start'			=> '<td>',
-						'cell_end'				=> '</td>',
+			'row_start'		=> '<tr>',
+			'row_end'		=> '</tr>',
+			'cell_start'		=> '<td>',
+			'cell_end'		=> '</td>',
 
-						'row_alt_start'		=> '<tr>',
-						'row_alt_end'			=> '</tr>',
-						'cell_alt_start'		=> '<td>',
-						'cell_alt_end'			=> '</td>',
+			'row_alt_start'		=> '<tr>',
+			'row_alt_end'		=> '</tr>',
+			'cell_alt_start'	=> '<td>',
+			'cell_alt_end'		=> '</td>',
 
-						'table_close'			=> '</table>'
-					);
+			'table_close'		=> '</table>'
+		);
 	}
 
-
 }
-
-
-/* End of file Table.php */
-/* Location: ./system/libraries/Table.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/libraries/Trackback.php b/system/libraries/Trackback.php
index 898553cd1..55e9a0ee6 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Trackback.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Trackback.php
@@ -1,19 +1,41 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.0.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * Trackback Class
@@ -23,26 +45,65 @@
  * @package		CodeIgniter
  * @subpackage	Libraries
  * @category	Trackbacks
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/trackback.html
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/trackback.html
  */
 class CI_Trackback {
 
-	var $time_format	= 'local';
-	var $charset		= 'UTF-8';
-	var $data			= array('url' => '', 'title' => '', 'excerpt' => '', 'blog_name' => '', 'charset' => '');
-	var $convert_ascii	= TRUE;
-	var $response		= '';
-	var $error_msg		= array();
+	/**
+	 * Character set
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $charset = 'UTF-8';
+
+	/**
+	 * Trackback data
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	public $data = array(
+		'url' => '',
+		'title' => '',
+		'excerpt' => '',
+		'blog_name' => '',
+		'charset' => ''
+	);
+
+	/**
+	 * Convert ASCII flag
+	 *
+	 * Whether to convert high-ASCII and MS Word
+	 * characters to HTML entities.
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	public $convert_ascii = TRUE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Response
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $response = '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Error messages list
+	 *
+	 * @var	string[]
+	 */
+	public $error_msg = array();
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
 	 * Constructor
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function __construct()
 	{
-		log_message('debug', "Trackback Class Initialized");
+		log_message('info', 'Trackback Class Initialized');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -50,11 +111,10 @@ class CI_Trackback {
 	/**
 	 * Send Trackback
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	array
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function send($tb_data)
+	public function send($tb_data)
 	{
 		if ( ! is_array($tb_data))
 		{
@@ -73,38 +133,32 @@ class CI_Trackback {
 
 			switch ($item)
 			{
-				case 'ping_url'	: $$item = $this->extract_urls($tb_data[$item]);
+				case 'ping_url':
+					$$item = $this->extract_urls($tb_data[$item]);
 					break;
-				case 'excerpt'	: $$item = $this->limit_characters($this->convert_xml(strip_tags(stripslashes($tb_data[$item]))));
+				case 'excerpt':
+					$$item = $this->limit_characters($this->convert_xml(strip_tags(stripslashes($tb_data[$item]))));
 					break;
-				case 'url'		: $$item = str_replace('&#45;', '-', $this->convert_xml(strip_tags(stripslashes($tb_data[$item]))));
+				case 'url':
+					$$item = str_replace('&#45;', '-', $this->convert_xml(strip_tags(stripslashes($tb_data[$item]))));
 					break;
-				default			: $$item = $this->convert_xml(strip_tags(stripslashes($tb_data[$item])));
+				default:
+					$$item = $this->convert_xml(strip_tags(stripslashes($tb_data[$item])));
 					break;
 			}
 
 			// Convert High ASCII Characters
-			if ($this->convert_ascii == TRUE)
+			if ($this->convert_ascii === TRUE && in_array($item, array('excerpt', 'title', 'blog_name'), TRUE))
 			{
-				if ($item == 'excerpt')
-				{
-					$$item = $this->convert_ascii($$item);
-				}
-				elseif ($item == 'title')
-				{
-					$$item = $this->convert_ascii($$item);
-				}
-				elseif ($item == 'blog_name')
-				{
-					$$item = $this->convert_ascii($$item);
-				}
+				$$item = $this->convert_ascii($$item);
 			}
 		}
 
 		// Build the Trackback data string
-		$charset = ( ! isset($tb_data['charset'])) ? $this->charset : $tb_data['charset'];
+		$charset = isset($tb_data['charset']) ? $tb_data['charset'] : $this->charset;
 
-		$data = "url=".rawurlencode($url)."&title=".rawurlencode($title)."&blog_name=".rawurlencode($blog_name)."&excerpt=".rawurlencode($excerpt)."&charset=".rawurlencode($charset);
+		$data = 'url='.rawurlencode($url).'&title='.rawurlencode($title).'&blog_name='.rawurlencode($blog_name)
+			.'&excerpt='.rawurlencode($excerpt).'&charset='.rawurlencode($charset);
 
 		// Send Trackback(s)
 		$return = TRUE;
@@ -112,7 +166,7 @@ class CI_Trackback {
 		{
 			foreach ($ping_url as $url)
 			{
-				if ($this->process($url, $data) == FALSE)
+				if ($this->process($url, $data) === FALSE)
 				{
 					$return = FALSE;
 				}
@@ -132,29 +186,35 @@ class CI_Trackback {
 	 * If the data is valid it is set to the $this->data array
 	 * so that it can be inserted into a database.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function receive()
+	public function receive()
 	{
 		foreach (array('url', 'title', 'blog_name', 'excerpt') as $val)
 		{
-			if ( ! isset($_POST[$val]) OR $_POST[$val] == '')
+			if (empty($_POST[$val]))
 			{
 				$this->set_error('The following required POST variable is missing: '.$val);
 				return FALSE;
 			}
 
-			$this->data['charset'] = ( ! isset($_POST['charset'])) ? 'auto' : strtoupper(trim($_POST['charset']));
+			$this->data['charset'] = isset($_POST['charset']) ? strtoupper(trim($_POST['charset'])) : 'auto';
 
-			if ($val != 'url' && function_exists('mb_convert_encoding'))
+			if ($val !== 'url' && MB_ENABLED === TRUE)
 			{
-				$_POST[$val] = mb_convert_encoding($_POST[$val], $this->charset, $this->data['charset']);
+				if (MB_ENABLED === TRUE)
+				{
+					$_POST[$val] = mb_convert_encoding($_POST[$val], $this->charset, $this->data['charset']);
+				}
+				elseif (ICONV_ENABLED === TRUE)
+				{
+					$_POST[$val] = @iconv($this->data['charset'], $this->charset.'//IGNORE', $_POST[$val]);
+				}
 			}
 
-			$_POST[$val] = ($val != 'url') ? $this->convert_xml(strip_tags($_POST[$val])) : strip_tags($_POST[$val]);
+			$_POST[$val] = ($val !== 'url') ? $this->convert_xml(strip_tags($_POST[$val])) : strip_tags($_POST[$val]);
 
-			if ($val == 'excerpt')
+			if ($val === 'excerpt')
 			{
 				$_POST['excerpt'] = $this->limit_characters($_POST['excerpt']);
 			}
@@ -170,18 +230,16 @@ class CI_Trackback {
 	/**
 	 * Send Trackback Error Message
 	 *
-	 * Allows custom errors to be set.  By default it
+	 * Allows custom errors to be set. By default it
 	 * sends the "incomplete information" error, as that's
 	 * the most common one.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function send_error($message = 'Incomplete Information')
+	public function send_error($message = 'Incomplete Information')
 	{
-		echo "<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"utf-8\"?".">\n<response>\n<error>1</error>\n<message>".$message."</message>\n</response>";
-		exit;
+		exit('<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?'.">\n<response>\n<error>1</error>\n<message>".$message."</message>\n</response>");
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -192,13 +250,11 @@ class CI_Trackback {
 	 * This should be called when a trackback has been
 	 * successfully received and inserted.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function send_success()
+	public function send_success()
 	{
-		echo "<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"utf-8\"?".">\n<response>\n<error>0</error>\n</response>";
-		exit;
+		exit('<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?'.">\n<response>\n<error>0</error>\n</response>");
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -206,13 +262,12 @@ class CI_Trackback {
 	/**
 	 * Fetch a particular item
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function data($item)
+	public function data($item)
 	{
-		return ( ! isset($this->data[$item])) ? '' : $this->data[$item];
+		return isset($this->data[$item]) ? $this->data[$item] : '';
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -221,14 +276,13 @@ class CI_Trackback {
 	 * Process Trackback
 	 *
 	 * Opens a socket connection and passes the data to
-	 * the server.  Returns TRUE on success, FALSE on failure
+	 * the server. Returns TRUE on success, FALSE on failure
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function process($url, $data)
+	public function process($url, $data)
 	{
 		$target = parse_url($url);
 
@@ -240,43 +294,37 @@ class CI_Trackback {
 		}
 
 		// Build the path
-		$ppath = ( ! isset($target['path'])) ? $url : $target['path'];
-
-		$path = (isset($target['query']) && $target['query'] != "") ? $ppath.'?'.$target['query'] : $ppath;
+		$path = isset($target['path']) ? $target['path'] : $url;
+		empty($target['query']) OR $path .= '?'.$target['query'];
 
 		// Add the Trackback ID to the data string
 		if ($id = $this->get_id($url))
 		{
-			$data = "tb_id=".$id."&".$data;
+			$data = 'tb_id='.$id.'&'.$data;
 		}
 
 		// Transfer the data
-		fputs ($fp, "POST " . $path . " HTTP/1.0\r\n" );
-		fputs ($fp, "Host: " . $target['host'] . "\r\n" );
-		fputs ($fp, "Content-type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded\r\n" );
-		fputs ($fp, "Content-length: " . strlen($data) . "\r\n" );
-		fputs ($fp, "Connection: close\r\n\r\n" );
-		fputs ($fp, $data);
+		fputs($fp, 'POST '.$path." HTTP/1.0\r\n");
+		fputs($fp, 'Host: '.$target['host']."\r\n");
+		fputs($fp, "Content-type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded\r\n");
+		fputs($fp, 'Content-length: '.strlen($data)."\r\n");
+		fputs($fp, "Connection: close\r\n\r\n");
+		fputs($fp, $data);
 
 		// Was it successful?
-		$this->response = "";
 
+		$this->response = '';
 		while ( ! feof($fp))
 		{
 			$this->response .= fgets($fp, 128);
 		}
 		@fclose($fp);
 
-
-		if (stristr($this->response, '<error>0</error>') === FALSE)
+		if (stripos($this->response, '<error>0</error>') === FALSE)
 		{
-			$message = 'An unknown error was encountered';
-
-			if (preg_match("/<message>(.*?)<\/message>/is", $this->response, $match))
-			{
-				$message = trim($match['1']);
-			}
-
+			$message = preg_match('/<message>(.*?)<\/message>/is', $this->response, $match)
+				? trim($match[1])
+				: 'An unknown error was encountered';
 			$this->set_error($message);
 			return FALSE;
 		}
@@ -293,32 +341,18 @@ class CI_Trackback {
 	 * It takes a string of URLs (separated by comma or
 	 * space) and puts each URL into an array
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function extract_urls($urls)
+	public function extract_urls($urls)
 	{
-		// Remove the pesky white space and replace with a comma.
-		$urls = preg_replace("/\s*(\S+)\s*/", "\\1,", $urls);
-
-		// If they use commas get rid of the doubles.
-		$urls = str_replace(",,", ",", $urls);
-
-		// Remove any comma that might be at the end
-		if (substr($urls, -1) == ",")
-		{
-			$urls = substr($urls, 0, -1);
-		}
-
-		// Break into an array via commas
-		$urls = preg_split('/[,]/', $urls);
+		// Remove the pesky white space and replace with a comma, then replace doubles.
+		$urls = str_replace(',,', ',', preg_replace('/\s*(\S+)\s*/', '\\1,', $urls));
 
-		// Removes duplicates
-		$urls = array_unique($urls);
+		// Break into an array via commas and remove duplicates
+		$urls = array_unique(preg_split('/[,]/', rtrim($urls, ',')));
 
 		array_walk($urls, array($this, 'validate_url'));
-
 		return $urls;
 	}
 
@@ -329,17 +363,16 @@ class CI_Trackback {
 	 *
 	 * Simply adds "http://" if missing
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function validate_url($url)
+	public function validate_url(&$url)
 	{
 		$url = trim($url);
 
-		if (substr($url, 0, 4) != "http")
+		if (stripos($url, 'http') !== 0)
 		{
-			$url = "http://".$url;
+			$url = 'http://'.$url;
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -348,13 +381,12 @@ class CI_Trackback {
 	/**
 	 * Find the Trackback URL's ID
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function get_id($url)
+	public function get_id($url)
 	{
-		$tb_id = "";
+		$tb_id = '';
 
 		if (strpos($url, '?') !== FALSE)
 		{
@@ -378,18 +410,11 @@ class CI_Trackback {
 
 			if ( ! is_numeric($tb_id))
 			{
-				$tb_id  = $tb_array[count($tb_array)-2];
+				$tb_id = $tb_array[count($tb_array)-2];
 			}
 		}
 
-		if ( ! preg_match ("/^([0-9]+)$/", $tb_id))
-		{
-			return FALSE;
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			return $tb_id;
-		}
+		return ctype_digit((string) $tb_id) ? $tb_id : FALSE;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -397,25 +422,20 @@ class CI_Trackback {
 	/**
 	 * Convert Reserved XML characters to Entities
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function convert_xml($str)
+	public function convert_xml($str)
 	{
 		$temp = '__TEMP_AMPERSANDS__';
 
-		$str = preg_replace("/&#(\d+);/", "$temp\\1;", $str);
-		$str = preg_replace("/&(\w+);/",  "$temp\\1;", $str);
-
-		$str = str_replace(array("&","<",">","\"", "'", "-"),
-							array("&amp;", "&lt;", "&gt;", "&quot;", "&#39;", "&#45;"),
-							$str);
+		$str = preg_replace(array('/&#(\d+);/', '/&(\w+);/'), $temp.'\\1;', $str);
 
-		$str = preg_replace("/$temp(\d+);/","&#\\1;",$str);
-		$str = preg_replace("/$temp(\w+);/","&\\1;", $str);
+		$str = str_replace(array('&', '<', '>', '"', "'", '-'),
+					array('&amp;', '&lt;', '&gt;', '&quot;', '&#39;', '&#45;'),
+					$str);
 
-		return $str;
+		return preg_replace(array('/'.$temp.'(\d+);/', '/'.$temp.'(\w+);/'), array('&#\\1;', '&\\1;'), $str);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -425,33 +445,32 @@ class CI_Trackback {
 	 *
 	 * Limits the string based on the character count. Will preserve complete words.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	integer
+	 * @param	int
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function limit_characters($str, $n = 500, $end_char = '&#8230;')
+	public function limit_characters($str, $n = 500, $end_char = '&#8230;')
 	{
 		if (strlen($str) < $n)
 		{
 			return $str;
 		}
 
-		$str = preg_replace("/\s+/", ' ', str_replace(array("\r\n", "\r", "\n"), ' ', $str));
+		$str = preg_replace('/\s+/', ' ', str_replace(array("\r\n", "\r", "\n"), ' ', $str));
 
 		if (strlen($str) <= $n)
 		{
 			return $str;
 		}
 
-		$out = "";
+		$out = '';
 		foreach (explode(' ', trim($str)) as $val)
 		{
 			$out .= $val.' ';
 			if (strlen($out) >= $n)
 			{
-				return trim($out).$end_char;
+				return rtrim($out).$end_char;
 			}
 		}
 	}
@@ -464,11 +483,10 @@ class CI_Trackback {
 	 * Converts Hight ascii text and MS Word special chars
 	 * to character entities
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function convert_ascii($str)
+	public function convert_ascii($str)
 	{
 		$count	= 1;
 		$out	= '';
@@ -484,16 +502,18 @@ class CI_Trackback {
 			}
 			else
 			{
-				if (count($temp) == 0)
+				if (count($temp) === 0)
 				{
 					$count = ($ordinal < 224) ? 2 : 3;
 				}
 
 				$temp[] = $ordinal;
 
-				if (count($temp) == $count)
+				if (count($temp) === $count)
 				{
-					$number = ($count == 3) ? (($temp['0'] % 16) * 4096) + (($temp['1'] % 64) * 64) + ($temp['2'] % 64) : (($temp['0'] % 32) * 64) + ($temp['1'] % 64);
+					$number = ($count === 3)
+						? (($temp[0] % 16) * 4096) + (($temp[1] % 64) * 64) + ($temp[2] % 64)
+						: (($temp[0] % 32) * 64) + ($temp[1] % 64);
 
 					$out .= '&#'.$number.';';
 					$count = 1;
@@ -510,11 +530,10 @@ class CI_Trackback {
 	/**
 	 * Set error message
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function set_error($msg)
+	public function set_error($msg)
 	{
 		log_message('error', $msg);
 		$this->error_msg[] = $msg;
@@ -525,24 +544,13 @@ class CI_Trackback {
 	/**
 	 * Show error messages
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function display_errors($open = '<p>', $close = '</p>')
+	public function display_errors($open = '<p>', $close = '</p>')
 	{
-		$str = '';
-		foreach ($this->error_msg as $val)
-		{
-			$str .= $open.$val.$close;
-		}
-
-		return $str;
+		return (count($this->error_msg) > 0) ? $open.implode($close.$open, $this->error_msg).$close : '';
 	}
 
 }
-// END Trackback Class
-
-/* End of file Trackback.php */
-/* Location: ./system/libraries/Trackback.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/libraries/Typography.php b/system/libraries/Typography.php
index b30582d8a..b25d8fdaa 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Typography.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Typography.php
@@ -1,48 +1,94 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.0.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * Typography Class
  *
- *
- * @access		private
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @subpackage	Libraries
  * @category	Helpers
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/helpers/
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/typography.html
  */
 class CI_Typography {
 
-	// Block level elements that should not be wrapped inside <p> tags
-	var $block_elements = 'address|blockquote|div|dl|fieldset|form|h\d|hr|noscript|object|ol|p|pre|script|table|ul';
+	/**
+	 * Block level elements that should not be wrapped inside <p> tags
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	public $block_elements = 'address|blockquote|div|dl|fieldset|form|h\d|hr|noscript|object|ol|p|pre|script|table|ul';
 
-	// Elements that should not have <p> and <br /> tags within them.
-	var $skip_elements	= 'p|pre|ol|ul|dl|object|table|h\d';
+	/**
+	 * Elements that should not have <p> and <br /> tags within them.
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	public $skip_elements	= 'p|pre|ol|ul|dl|object|table|h\d';
 
-	// Tags we want the parser to completely ignore when splitting the string.
-	var $inline_elements = 'a|abbr|acronym|b|bdo|big|br|button|cite|code|del|dfn|em|i|img|ins|input|label|map|kbd|q|samp|select|small|span|strong|sub|sup|textarea|tt|var';
+	/**
+	 * Tags we want the parser to completely ignore when splitting the string.
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	public $inline_elements = 'a|abbr|acronym|b|bdo|big|br|button|cite|code|del|dfn|em|i|img|ins|input|label|map|kbd|q|samp|select|small|span|strong|sub|sup|textarea|tt|var';
 
-	// array of block level elements that require inner content to be within another block level element
-	var $inner_block_required = array('blockquote');
+	/**
+	 * array of block level elements that require inner content to be within another block level element
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	public $inner_block_required = array('blockquote');
 
-	// the last block element parsed
-	var $last_block_element = '';
+	/**
+	 * the last block element parsed
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	public $last_block_element = '';
 
-	// whether or not to protect quotes within { curly braces }
-	var $protect_braced_quotes = FALSE;
+	/**
+	 * whether or not to protect quotes within { curly braces }
+	 *
+	 * @var bool
+	 */
+	public $protect_braced_quotes = FALSE;
 
 	/**
 	 * Auto Typography
@@ -55,14 +101,13 @@ class CI_Typography {
 	 *	- Converts double dashes into em-dashes.
 	 *  - Converts two spaces into entities
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @param	bool	whether to reduce more then two consecutive newlines to two
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function auto_typography($str, $reduce_linebreaks = FALSE)
+	public function auto_typography($str, $reduce_linebreaks = FALSE)
 	{
-		if ($str == '')
+		if ($str === '')
 		{
 			return '';
 		}
@@ -82,15 +127,12 @@ class CI_Typography {
 
 		// HTML comment tags don't conform to patterns of normal tags, so pull them out separately, only if needed
 		$html_comments = array();
-		if (strpos($str, '<!--') !== FALSE)
+		if (strpos($str, '<!--') !== FALSE && preg_match_all('#(<!\-\-.*?\-\->)#s', $str, $matches))
 		{
-			if (preg_match_all("#(<!\-\-.*?\-\->)#s", $str, $matches))
+			for ($i = 0, $total = count($matches[0]); $i < $total; $i++)
 			{
-				for ($i = 0, $total = count($matches[0]); $i < $total; $i++)
-				{
-					$html_comments[] = $matches[0][$i];
-					$str = str_replace($matches[0][$i], '{@HC'.$i.'}', $str);
-				}
+				$html_comments[] = $matches[0][$i];
+				$str = str_replace($matches[0][$i], '{@HC'.$i.'}', $str);
 			}
 		}
 
@@ -98,83 +140,79 @@ class CI_Typography {
 		// not contain <pre> tags, and it keeps the PCRE patterns below simpler and faster
 		if (strpos($str, '<pre') !== FALSE)
 		{
-			$str = preg_replace_callback("#<pre.*?>.*?</pre>#si", array($this, '_protect_characters'), $str);
+			$str = preg_replace_callback('#<pre.*?>.*?</pre>#si', array($this, '_protect_characters'), $str);
 		}
 
 		// Convert quotes within tags to temporary markers.
-		$str = preg_replace_callback("#<.+?>#si", array($this, '_protect_characters'), $str);
+		$str = preg_replace_callback('#<.+?>#si', array($this, '_protect_characters'), $str);
 
 		// Do the same with braces if necessary
 		if ($this->protect_braced_quotes === TRUE)
 		{
-			$str = preg_replace_callback("#\{.+?\}#si", array($this, '_protect_characters'), $str);
+			$str = preg_replace_callback('#\{.+?\}#si', array($this, '_protect_characters'), $str);
 		}
 
 		// Convert "ignore" tags to temporary marker.  The parser splits out the string at every tag
 		// it encounters.  Certain inline tags, like image tags, links, span tags, etc. will be
 		// adversely affected if they are split out so we'll convert the opening bracket < temporarily to: {@TAG}
-		$str = preg_replace("#<(/*)(".$this->inline_elements.")([ >])#i", "{@TAG}\\1\\2\\3", $str);
-
-		// Split the string at every tag.  This expression creates an array with this prototype:
-		//
-		//	[array]
-		//	{
-		//		[0] = <opening tag>
-		//		[1] = Content...
-		//		[2] = <closing tag>
-		//		Etc...
-		//	}
+		$str = preg_replace('#<(/*)('.$this->inline_elements.')([ >])#i', '{@TAG}\\1\\2\\3', $str);
+
+		/* Split the string at every tag. This expression creates an array with this prototype:
+		 *
+		 *	[array]
+		 *	{
+		 *		[0] = <opening tag>
+		 *		[1] = Content...
+		 *		[2] = <closing tag>
+		 *		Etc...
+		 *	}
+		 */
 		$chunks = preg_split('/(<(?:[^<>]+(?:"[^"]*"|\'[^\']*\')?)+>)/', $str, -1, PREG_SPLIT_DELIM_CAPTURE|PREG_SPLIT_NO_EMPTY);
 
 		// Build our finalized string.  We cycle through the array, skipping tags, and processing the contained text
 		$str = '';
 		$process = TRUE;
-		$paragraph = FALSE;
-		$current_chunk = 0;
-		$total_chunks = count($chunks);
 
-		foreach ($chunks as $chunk)
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($chunks) - 1; $i <= $c; $i++)
 		{
-			$current_chunk++;
-
 			// Are we dealing with a tag? If so, we'll skip the processing for this cycle.
 			// Well also set the "process" flag which allows us to skip <pre> tags and a few other things.
-			if (preg_match("#<(/*)(".$this->block_elements.").*?>#", $chunk, $match))
+			if (preg_match('#<(/*)('.$this->block_elements.').*?>#', $chunks[$i], $match))
 			{
-				if (preg_match("#".$this->skip_elements."#", $match[2]))
+				if (preg_match('#'.$this->skip_elements.'#', $match[2]))
 				{
-					$process =  ($match[1] == '/') ? TRUE : FALSE;
+					$process = ($match[1] === '/');
 				}
 
-				if ($match[1] == '')
+				if ($match[1] === '')
 				{
 					$this->last_block_element = $match[2];
 				}
 
-				$str .= $chunk;
+				$str .= $chunks[$i];
 				continue;
 			}
 
-			if ($process == FALSE)
+			if ($process === FALSE)
 			{
-				$str .= $chunk;
+				$str .= $chunks[$i];
 				continue;
 			}
 
 			//  Force a newline to make sure end tags get processed by _format_newlines()
-			if ($current_chunk == $total_chunks)
+			if ($i === $c)
 			{
-				$chunk .= "\n";
+				$chunks[$i] .= "\n";
 			}
 
 			//  Convert Newlines into <p> and <br /> tags
-			$str .= $this->_format_newlines($chunk);
+			$str .= $this->_format_newlines($chunks[$i]);
 		}
 
-		// No opening block level tag?  Add it if needed.
-		if ( ! preg_match("/^\s*<(?:".$this->block_elements.")/i", $str))
+		// No opening block level tag? Add it if needed.
+		if ( ! preg_match('/^\s*<(?:'.$this->block_elements.')/i', $str))
 		{
-			$str = preg_replace("/^(.*?)<(".$this->block_elements.")/i", '<p>$1</p><$2', $str);
+			$str = preg_replace('/^(.*?)<('.$this->block_elements.')/i', '<p>$1</p><$2', $str);
 		}
 
 		// Convert quotes, elipsis, em-dashes, non-breaking spaces, and ampersands
@@ -203,7 +241,7 @@ class CI_Typography {
 						// Clean up stray paragraph tags that appear before block level elements
 						'#<p></p><('.$this->block_elements.')#'	=> '<$1',
 
-						// Clean up stray non-breaking spaces preceeding block elements
+						// Clean up stray non-breaking spaces preceding block elements
 						'#(&nbsp;\s*)+<('.$this->block_elements.')#'	=> '  <$2',
 
 						// Replace the temporary markers we added earlier
@@ -221,7 +259,7 @@ class CI_Typography {
 
 						// Similarly, there might be cases where a closing </block> will follow
 						// a closing </p> tag, so we'll correct it by adding a newline in between
-						"#</p></#"			=> "</p>\n</"
+						'#</p></#'			=> "</p>\n</"
 						);
 
 		// Do we need to reduce empty lines?
@@ -249,11 +287,10 @@ class CI_Typography {
 	 * to curly entities, but it also converts em-dashes,
 	 * double spaces, and ampersands
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function format_characters($str)
+	public function format_characters($str)
 	{
 		static $table;
 
@@ -313,18 +350,12 @@ class CI_Typography {
 	 *
 	 * Converts newline characters into either <p> tags or <br />
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _format_newlines($str)
+	protected function _format_newlines($str)
 	{
-		if ($str == '')
-		{
-			return $str;
-		}
-
-		if (strpos($str, "\n") === FALSE  && ! in_array($this->last_block_element, $this->inner_block_required))
+		if ($str === '' OR (strpos($str, "\n") === FALSE && ! in_array($this->last_block_element, $this->inner_block_required)))
 		{
 			return $str;
 		}
@@ -333,10 +364,10 @@ class CI_Typography {
 		$str = str_replace("\n\n", "</p>\n\n<p>", $str);
 
 		// Convert single spaces to <br /> tags
-		$str = preg_replace("/([^\n])(\n)([^\n])/", "\\1<br />\\2\\3", $str);
+		$str = preg_replace("/([^\n])(\n)([^\n])/", '\\1<br />\\2\\3', $str);
 
 		// Wrap the whole enchilada in enclosing paragraphs
-		if ($str != "\n")
+		if ($str !== "\n")
 		{
 			// We trim off the right-side new line so that the closing </p> tag
 			// will be positioned immediately following the string, matching
@@ -346,9 +377,7 @@ class CI_Typography {
 
 		// Remove empty paragraphs if they are on the first line, as this
 		// is a potential unintended consequence of the previous code
-		$str = preg_replace("/<p><\/p>(.*)/", "\\1", $str, 1);
-
-		return $str;
+		return preg_replace('/<p><\/p>(.*)/', '\\1', $str, 1);
 	}
 
 	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -361,11 +390,10 @@ class CI_Typography {
 	 * and we don't want double dashes converted to emdash entities, so they are marked with {@DD}
 	 * likewise double spaces are converted to {@NBS} to prevent entity conversion
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	array
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _protect_characters($match)
+	protected function _protect_characters($match)
 	{
 		return str_replace(array("'",'"','--','  '), array('{@SQ}', '{@DQ}', '{@DD}', '{@NBS}'), $match[0]);
 	}
@@ -375,36 +403,22 @@ class CI_Typography {
 	/**
 	 * Convert newlines to HTML line breaks except within PRE tags
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function nl2br_except_pre($str)
+	public function nl2br_except_pre($str)
 	{
-		$ex = explode("pre>",$str);
-		$ct = count($ex);
-
-		$newstr = "";
-		for ($i = 0; $i < $ct; $i++)
+		$newstr = '';
+		for ($ex = explode('pre>', $str), $ct = count($ex), $i = 0; $i < $ct; $i++)
 		{
-			if (($i % 2) == 0)
-			{
-				$newstr .= nl2br($ex[$i]);
-			}
-			else
+			$newstr .= (($i % 2) === 0) ? nl2br($ex[$i]) : $ex[$i];
+			if ($ct - 1 !== $i)
 			{
-				$newstr .= $ex[$i];
+				$newstr .= 'pre>';
 			}
-
-			if ($ct - 1 != $i)
-				$newstr .= "pre>";
 		}
 
 		return $newstr;
 	}
 
 }
-// END Typography Class
-
-/* End of file Typography.php */
-/* Location: ./system/libraries/Typography.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/libraries/Unit_test.php b/system/libraries/Unit_test.php
index b8919e1e5..38e0fbd24 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Unit_test.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Unit_test.php
@@ -1,19 +1,41 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.3.1
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.3.1
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * Unit Testing Class
@@ -23,32 +45,73 @@
  * @package		CodeIgniter
  * @subpackage	Libraries
  * @category	UnitTesting
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/uri.html
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/unit_testing.html
  */
 class CI_Unit_test {
 
-	var $active					= TRUE;
-	var $results				= array();
-	var $strict					= FALSE;
-	var $_template				= NULL;
-	var $_template_rows			= NULL;
-	var $_test_items_visible	= array();
+	/**
+	 * Active flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	public $active = TRUE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Test results
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	public $results = array();
+
+	/**
+	 * Strict comparison flag
+	 *
+	 * Whether to use === or == when comparing
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	public $strict = FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Template
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_template = NULL;
+
+	/**
+	 * Template rows
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_template_rows = NULL;
+
+	/**
+	 * List of visible test items
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $_test_items_visible	= array(
+		'test_name',
+		'test_datatype',
+		'res_datatype',
+		'result',
+		'file',
+		'line',
+		'notes'
+	);
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
+	/**
+	 * Constructor
+	 *
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
 	public function __construct()
 	{
-		// These are the default items visible when a test is run.
-		$this->_test_items_visible = array (
-							'test_name',
-							'test_datatype',
-							'res_datatype',
-							'result',
-							'file',
-							'line',
-							'notes'
-						);
-
-		log_message('debug', "Unit Testing Class Initialized");
+		log_message('info', 'Unit Testing Class Initialized');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -58,13 +121,12 @@ class CI_Unit_test {
 	 *
 	 * Runs the supplied tests
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	array
+	 * @param	array	$items
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function set_test_items($items = array())
+	public function set_test_items($items)
 	{
-		if ( ! empty($items) AND is_array($items))
+		if ( ! empty($items) && is_array($items))
 		{
 			$this->_test_items_visible = $items;
 		}
@@ -77,50 +139,45 @@ class CI_Unit_test {
 	 *
 	 * Runs the supplied tests
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	mixed
-	 * @param	mixed
-	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	mixed	$test
+	 * @param	mixed	$expected
+	 * @param	string	$test_name
+	 * @param	string	$notes
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function run($test, $expected = TRUE, $test_name = 'undefined', $notes = '')
+	public function run($test, $expected = TRUE, $test_name = 'undefined', $notes = '')
 	{
-		if ($this->active == FALSE)
+		if ($this->active === FALSE)
 		{
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		if (in_array($expected, array('is_object', 'is_string', 'is_bool', 'is_true', 'is_false', 'is_int', 'is_numeric', 'is_float', 'is_double', 'is_array', 'is_null'), TRUE))
+		if (in_array($expected, array('is_object', 'is_string', 'is_bool', 'is_true', 'is_false', 'is_int', 'is_numeric', 'is_float', 'is_double', 'is_array', 'is_null', 'is_resource'), TRUE))
 		{
-			$expected = str_replace('is_float', 'is_double', $expected);
-			$result = ($expected($test)) ? TRUE : FALSE;
+			$result = $expected($test);
 			$extype = str_replace(array('true', 'false'), 'bool', str_replace('is_', '', $expected));
 		}
 		else
 		{
-			if ($this->strict == TRUE)
-				$result = ($test === $expected) ? TRUE : FALSE;
-			else
-				$result = ($test == $expected) ? TRUE : FALSE;
-
+			$result = ($this->strict === TRUE) ? ($test === $expected) : ($test == $expected);
 			$extype = gettype($expected);
 		}
 
 		$back = $this->_backtrace();
 
-		$report[] = array (
-							'test_name'			=> $test_name,
-							'test_datatype'		=> gettype($test),
-							'res_datatype'		=> $extype,
-							'result'			=> ($result === TRUE) ? 'passed' : 'failed',
-							'file'				=> $back['file'],
-							'line'				=> $back['line'],
-							'notes'				=> $notes
-						);
+		$report = array (
+			'test_name'     => $test_name,
+			'test_datatype' => gettype($test),
+			'res_datatype'  => $extype,
+			'result'        => ($result === TRUE) ? 'passed' : 'failed',
+			'file'          => $back['file'],
+			'line'          => $back['line'],
+			'notes'         => $notes
+		);
 
 		$this->results[] = $report;
 
-		return($this->report($this->result($report)));
+		return $this->report($this->result(array($report)));
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -130,12 +187,12 @@ class CI_Unit_test {
 	 *
 	 * Displays a table with the test data
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
+	 * @param	array	 $result
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function report($result = array())
+	public function report($result = array())
 	{
-		if (count($result) == 0)
+		if (count($result) === 0)
 		{
 			$result = $this->result();
 		}
@@ -152,22 +209,19 @@ class CI_Unit_test {
 
 			foreach ($res as $key => $val)
 			{
-				if ($key == $CI->lang->line('ut_result'))
+				if ($key === $CI->lang->line('ut_result'))
 				{
-					if ($val == $CI->lang->line('ut_passed'))
+					if ($val === $CI->lang->line('ut_passed'))
 					{
 						$val = '<span style="color: #0C0;">'.$val.'</span>';
 					}
-					elseif ($val == $CI->lang->line('ut_failed'))
+					elseif ($val === $CI->lang->line('ut_failed'))
 					{
 						$val = '<span style="color: #C00;">'.$val.'</span>';
 					}
 				}
 
-				$temp = $this->_template_rows;
-				$temp = str_replace('{item}', $key, $temp);
-				$temp = str_replace('{result}', $val, $temp);
-				$table .= $temp;
+				$table .= str_replace(array('{item}', '{result}'), array($key, $val), $this->_template_rows);
 			}
 
 			$r .= str_replace('{rows}', $table, $this->_template);
@@ -183,13 +237,12 @@ class CI_Unit_test {
 	 *
 	 * Causes the evaluation to use === rather than ==
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	bool
-	 * @return	null
+	 * @param	bool	$state
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function use_strict($state = TRUE)
+	public function use_strict($state = TRUE)
 	{
-		$this->strict = ($state == FALSE) ? FALSE : TRUE;
+		$this->strict = (bool) $state;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -199,13 +252,12 @@ class CI_Unit_test {
 	 *
 	 * Enables/disables unit testing
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	bool
-	 * @return	null
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function active($state = TRUE)
+	public function active($state = TRUE)
 	{
-		$this->active = ($state == FALSE) ? FALSE : TRUE;
+		$this->active = (bool) $state;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -215,15 +267,15 @@ class CI_Unit_test {
 	 *
 	 * Returns the raw result data
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
+	 * @param	array	$results
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function result($results = array())
+	public function result($results = array())
 	{
 		$CI =& get_instance();
 		$CI->load->language('unit_test');
 
-		if (count($results) == 0)
+		if (count($results) === 0)
 		{
 			$results = $this->results;
 		}
@@ -238,26 +290,15 @@ class CI_Unit_test {
 				{
 					continue;
 				}
-
-				if (is_array($val))
-				{
-					foreach ($val as $k => $v)
-					{
-						if (FALSE !== ($line = $CI->lang->line(strtolower('ut_'.$v))))
-						{
-							$v = $line;
-						}
-						$temp[$CI->lang->line('ut_'.$k)] = $v;
-					}
-				}
-				else
+				elseif (in_array($key, array('test_name', 'test_datatype', 'res_datatype', 'result'), TRUE))
 				{
-					if (FALSE !== ($line = $CI->lang->line(strtolower('ut_'.$val))))
+					if (FALSE !== ($line = $CI->lang->line(strtolower('ut_'.$val), FALSE)))
 					{
 						$val = $line;
 					}
-					$temp[$CI->lang->line('ut_'.$key)] = $val;
 				}
+
+				$temp[$CI->lang->line('ut_'.$key, FALSE)] = $val;
 			}
 
 			$retval[] = $temp;
@@ -273,11 +314,10 @@ class CI_Unit_test {
 	 *
 	 * This lets us set the template to be used to display results
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function set_template($template)
+	public function set_template($template)
 	{
 		$this->_template = $template;
 	}
@@ -289,21 +329,15 @@ class CI_Unit_test {
 	 *
 	 * This lets us show file names and line numbers
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function _backtrace()
+	protected function _backtrace()
 	{
-		if (function_exists('debug_backtrace'))
-		{
-			$back = debug_backtrace();
-
-			$file = ( ! isset($back['1']['file'])) ? '' : $back['1']['file'];
-			$line = ( ! isset($back['1']['line'])) ? '' : $back['1']['line'];
-
-			return array('file' => $file, 'line' => $line);
-		}
-		return array('file' => 'Unknown', 'line' => 'Unknown');
+		$back = debug_backtrace();
+		return array(
+			'file' => (isset($back[1]['file']) ? $back[1]['file'] : ''),
+			'line' => (isset($back[1]['line']) ? $back[1]['line'] : '')
+		);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -311,19 +345,14 @@ class CI_Unit_test {
 	/**
 	 * Get Default Template
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _default_template()
+	protected function _default_template()
 	{
-		$this->_template = "\n".'<table style="width:100%; font-size:small; margin:10px 0; border-collapse:collapse; border:1px solid #CCC;">';
-		$this->_template .= '{rows}';
-		$this->_template .= "\n".'</table>';
-
-		$this->_template_rows = "\n\t".'<tr>';
-		$this->_template_rows .= "\n\t\t".'<th style="text-align: left; border-bottom:1px solid #CCC;">{item}</th>';
-		$this->_template_rows .= "\n\t\t".'<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #CCC;">{result}</td>';
-		$this->_template_rows .= "\n\t".'</tr>';
+		$this->_template = "\n".'<table style="width:100%; font-size:small; margin:10px 0; border-collapse:collapse; border:1px solid #CCC;">{rows}'."\n</table>";
+
+		$this->_template_rows = "\n\t<tr>\n\t\t".'<th style="text-align: left; border-bottom:1px solid #CCC;">{item}</th>'
+					."\n\t\t".'<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #CCC;">{result}</td>'."\n\t</tr>";
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -333,51 +362,45 @@ class CI_Unit_test {
 	 *
 	 * Harvests the data within the template {pseudo-variables}
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function _parse_template()
+	protected function _parse_template()
 	{
-		if ( ! is_null($this->_template_rows))
-		{
-			return;
-		}
-
-		if (is_null($this->_template))
+		if ($this->_template_rows !== NULL)
 		{
-			$this->_default_template();
 			return;
 		}
 
-		if ( ! preg_match("/\{rows\}(.*?)\{\/rows\}/si", $this->_template, $match))
+		if ($this->_template === NULL OR ! preg_match('/\{rows\}(.*?)\{\/rows\}/si', $this->_template, $match))
 		{
 			$this->_default_template();
 			return;
 		}
 
-		$this->_template_rows = $match['1'];
-		$this->_template = str_replace($match['0'], '{rows}', $this->_template);
+		$this->_template_rows = $match[1];
+		$this->_template = str_replace($match[0], '{rows}', $this->_template);
 	}
 
 }
-// END Unit_test Class
 
 /**
- * Helper functions to test boolean true/false
+ * Helper function to test boolean TRUE
  *
- *
- * @access	private
+ * @param	mixed	$test
  * @return	bool
  */
 function is_true($test)
 {
-	return (is_bool($test) AND $test === TRUE) ? TRUE : FALSE;
+	return ($test === TRUE);
 }
+
+/**
+ * Helper function to test boolean FALSE
+ *
+ * @param	mixed	$test
+ * @return	bool
+ */
 function is_false($test)
 {
-	return (is_bool($test) AND $test === FALSE) ? TRUE : FALSE;
+	return ($test === FALSE);
 }
-
-
-/* End of file Unit_test.php */
-/* Location: ./system/libraries/Unit_test.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/libraries/Upload.php b/system/libraries/Upload.php
index c188c39bc..b37cc2f59 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Upload.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Upload.php
@@ -1,19 +1,41 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.0.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * File Uploading Class
@@ -21,52 +43,260 @@
  * @package		CodeIgniter
  * @subpackage	Libraries
  * @category	Uploads
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/file_uploading.html
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/file_uploading.html
  */
 class CI_Upload {
 
-	public $max_size				= 0;
-	public $max_width				= 0;
-	public $max_height				= 0;
-	public $max_filename			= 0;
-	public $allowed_types			= "";
-	public $file_temp				= "";
-	public $file_name				= "";
-	public $orig_name				= "";
-	public $file_type				= "";
-	public $file_size				= "";
-	public $file_ext				= "";
-	public $upload_path				= "";
-	public $overwrite				= FALSE;
-	public $encrypt_name			= FALSE;
-	public $is_image				= FALSE;
-	public $image_width				= '';
-	public $image_height			= '';
-	public $image_type				= '';
-	public $image_size_str			= '';
-	public $error_msg				= array();
-	public $mimes					= array();
-	public $remove_spaces			= TRUE;
-	public $xss_clean				= FALSE;
-	public $temp_prefix				= "temp_file_";
-	public $client_name				= '';
-
-	protected $_file_name_override	= '';
+	/**
+	 * Maximum file size
+	 *
+	 * @var	int
+	 */
+	public $max_size = 0;
+
+	/**
+	 * Maximum image width
+	 *
+	 * @var	int
+	 */
+	public $max_width = 0;
+
+	/**
+	 * Maximum image height
+	 *
+	 * @var	int
+	 */
+	public $max_height = 0;
+
+	/**
+	 * Minimum image width
+	 *
+	 * @var	int
+	 */
+	public $min_width = 0;
+
+	/**
+	 * Minimum image height
+	 *
+	 * @var	int
+	 */
+	public $min_height = 0;
+
+	/**
+	 * Maximum filename length
+	 *
+	 * @var	int
+	 */
+	public $max_filename = 0;
+
+	/**
+	 * Maximum duplicate filename increment ID
+	 *
+	 * @var	int
+	 */
+	public $max_filename_increment = 100;
+
+	/**
+	 * Allowed file types
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $allowed_types = '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Temporary filename
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $file_temp = '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Filename
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $file_name = '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Original filename
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $orig_name = '';
+
+	/**
+	 * File type
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $file_type = '';
+
+	/**
+	 * File size
+	 *
+	 * @var	int
+	 */
+	public $file_size = NULL;
+
+	/**
+	 * Filename extension
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $file_ext = '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Force filename extension to lowercase
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $file_ext_tolower = FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Upload path
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $upload_path = '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Overwrite flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	public $overwrite = FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Obfuscate filename flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	public $encrypt_name = FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Is image flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	public $is_image = FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Image width
+	 *
+	 * @var	int
+	 */
+	public $image_width = NULL;
+
+	/**
+	 * Image height
+	 *
+	 * @var	int
+	 */
+	public $image_height = NULL;
+
+	/**
+	 * Image type
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $image_type = '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Image size string
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $image_size_str = '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Error messages list
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	public $error_msg = array();
+
+	/**
+	 * Remove spaces flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	public $remove_spaces = TRUE;
+
+	/**
+	 * MIME detection flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	public $detect_mime = TRUE;
+
+	/**
+	 * XSS filter flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	public $xss_clean = FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Apache mod_mime fix flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	public $mod_mime_fix = TRUE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Temporary filename prefix
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $temp_prefix = 'temp_file_';
+
+	/**
+	 * Filename sent by the client
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	public $client_name = '';
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Filename override
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	protected $_file_name_override = '';
+
+	/**
+	 * MIME types list
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	protected $_mimes = array();
+
+	/**
+	 * CI Singleton
+	 *
+	 * @var	object
+	 */
+	protected $_CI;
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
 	 * Constructor
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
+	 * @param	array	$config
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	public function __construct($props = array())
+	public function __construct($config = array())
 	{
-		if (count($props) > 0)
-		{
-			$this->initialize($props);
-		}
+		empty($config) OR $this->initialize($config, FALSE);
 
-		log_message('debug', "Upload Class Initialized");
+		$this->_mimes =& get_mimes();
+		$this->_CI =& get_instance();
+
+		log_message('info', 'Upload Class Initialized');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -74,63 +304,63 @@ class CI_Upload {
 	/**
 	 * Initialize preferences
 	 *
-	 * @param	array
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @param	array	$config
+	 * @param	bool	$reset
+	 * @return	CI_Upload
 	 */
-	public function initialize($config = array())
+	public function initialize(array $config = array(), $reset = TRUE)
 	{
-		$defaults = array(
-							'max_size'			=> 0,
-							'max_width'			=> 0,
-							'max_height'		=> 0,
-							'max_filename'		=> 0,
-							'allowed_types'		=> "",
-							'file_temp'			=> "",
-							'file_name'			=> "",
-							'orig_name'			=> "",
-							'file_type'			=> "",
-							'file_size'			=> "",
-							'file_ext'			=> "",
-							'upload_path'		=> "",
-							'overwrite'			=> FALSE,
-							'encrypt_name'		=> FALSE,
-							'is_image'			=> FALSE,
-							'image_width'		=> '',
-							'image_height'		=> '',
-							'image_type'		=> '',
-							'image_size_str'	=> '',
-							'error_msg'			=> array(),
-							'mimes'				=> array(),
-							'remove_spaces'		=> TRUE,
-							'xss_clean'			=> FALSE,
-							'temp_prefix'		=> "temp_file_",
-							'client_name'		=> ''
-						);
-
-
-		foreach ($defaults as $key => $val)
+		$reflection = new ReflectionClass($this);
+
+		if ($reset === TRUE)
 		{
-			if (isset($config[$key]))
+			$defaults = $reflection->getDefaultProperties();
+			foreach (array_keys($defaults) as $key)
 			{
-				$method = 'set_'.$key;
-				if (method_exists($this, $method))
+				if ($key[0] === '_')
 				{
-					$this->$method($config[$key]);
+					continue;
+				}
+
+				if (isset($config[$key]))
+				{
+					if ($reflection->hasMethod('set_'.$key))
+					{
+						$this->{'set_'.$key}($config[$key]);
+					}
+					else
+					{
+						$this->$key = $config[$key];
+					}
 				}
 				else
 				{
-					$this->$key = $config[$key];
+					$this->$key = $defaults[$key];
 				}
 			}
-			else
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			foreach ($config as $key => &$value)
 			{
-				$this->$key = $val;
+				if ($key[0] !== '_' && $reflection->hasProperty($key))
+				{
+					if ($reflection->hasMethod('set_'.$key))
+					{
+						$this->{'set_'.$key}($value);
+					}
+					else
+					{
+						$this->$key = $value;
+					}
+				}
 			}
 		}
 
 		// if a file_name was provided in the config, use it instead of the user input
 		// supplied file name for all uploads until initialized again
 		$this->_file_name_override = $this->file_name;
+		return $this;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -138,15 +368,36 @@ class CI_Upload {
 	/**
 	 * Perform the file upload
 	 *
+	 * @param	string	$field
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function do_upload($field = 'userfile')
 	{
+		// Is $_FILES[$field] set? If not, no reason to continue.
+		if (isset($_FILES[$field]))
+		{
+			$_file = $_FILES[$field];
+		}
+		// Does the field name contain array notation?
+		elseif (($c = preg_match_all('/(?:^[^\[]+)|\[[^]]*\]/', $field, $matches)) > 1)
+		{
+			$_file = $_FILES;
+			for ($i = 0; $i < $c; $i++)
+			{
+				// We can't track numeric iterations, only full field names are accepted
+				if (($field = trim($matches[0][$i], '[]')) === '' OR ! isset($_file[$field]))
+				{
+					$_file = NULL;
+					break;
+				}
 
-	// Is $_FILES[$field] set? If not, no reason to continue.
-		if ( ! isset($_FILES[$field]))
+				$_file = $_file[$field];
+			}
+		}
+
+		if ( ! isset($_file))
 		{
-			$this->set_error('upload_no_file_selected');
+			$this->set_error('upload_no_file_selected', 'debug');
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
@@ -158,60 +409,66 @@ class CI_Upload {
 		}
 
 		// Was the file able to be uploaded? If not, determine the reason why.
-		if ( ! is_uploaded_file($_FILES[$field]['tmp_name']))
+		if ( ! is_uploaded_file($_file['tmp_name']))
 		{
-			$error = ( ! isset($_FILES[$field]['error'])) ? 4 : $_FILES[$field]['error'];
+			$error = isset($_file['error']) ? $_file['error'] : 4;
 
-			switch($error)
+			switch ($error)
 			{
-				case 1:	// UPLOAD_ERR_INI_SIZE
-					$this->set_error('upload_file_exceeds_limit');
+				case UPLOAD_ERR_INI_SIZE:
+					$this->set_error('upload_file_exceeds_limit', 'info');
 					break;
-				case 2: // UPLOAD_ERR_FORM_SIZE
-					$this->set_error('upload_file_exceeds_form_limit');
+				case UPLOAD_ERR_FORM_SIZE:
+					$this->set_error('upload_file_exceeds_form_limit', 'info');
 					break;
-				case 3: // UPLOAD_ERR_PARTIAL
-					$this->set_error('upload_file_partial');
+				case UPLOAD_ERR_PARTIAL:
+					$this->set_error('upload_file_partial', 'debug');
 					break;
-				case 4: // UPLOAD_ERR_NO_FILE
-					$this->set_error('upload_no_file_selected');
+				case UPLOAD_ERR_NO_FILE:
+					$this->set_error('upload_no_file_selected', 'debug');
 					break;
-				case 6: // UPLOAD_ERR_NO_TMP_DIR
-					$this->set_error('upload_no_temp_directory');
+				case UPLOAD_ERR_NO_TMP_DIR:
+					$this->set_error('upload_no_temp_directory', 'error');
 					break;
-				case 7: // UPLOAD_ERR_CANT_WRITE
-					$this->set_error('upload_unable_to_write_file');
+				case UPLOAD_ERR_CANT_WRITE:
+					$this->set_error('upload_unable_to_write_file', 'error');
 					break;
-				case 8: // UPLOAD_ERR_EXTENSION
-					$this->set_error('upload_stopped_by_extension');
+				case UPLOAD_ERR_EXTENSION:
+					$this->set_error('upload_stopped_by_extension', 'debug');
 					break;
-				default :   $this->set_error('upload_no_file_selected');
+				default:
+					$this->set_error('upload_no_file_selected', 'debug');
 					break;
 			}
 
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-
 		// Set the uploaded data as class variables
-		$this->file_temp = $_FILES[$field]['tmp_name'];
-		$this->file_size = $_FILES[$field]['size'];
-		$this->_file_mime_type($_FILES[$field]);
-		$this->file_type = preg_replace("/^(.+?);.*$/", "\\1", $this->file_type);
+		$this->file_temp = $_file['tmp_name'];
+		$this->file_size = $_file['size'];
+
+		// Skip MIME type detection?
+		if ($this->detect_mime !== FALSE)
+		{
+			$this->_file_mime_type($_file);
+		}
+
+		$this->file_type = preg_replace('/^(.+?);.*$/', '\\1', $this->file_type);
 		$this->file_type = strtolower(trim(stripslashes($this->file_type), '"'));
-		$this->file_name = $this->_prep_filename($_FILES[$field]['name']);
+		$this->file_name = $this->_prep_filename($_file['name']);
 		$this->file_ext	 = $this->get_extension($this->file_name);
 		$this->client_name = $this->file_name;
 
 		// Is the file type allowed to be uploaded?
 		if ( ! $this->is_allowed_filetype())
 		{
-			$this->set_error('upload_invalid_filetype');
+			$this->set_error('upload_invalid_filetype', 'debug');
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
 		// if we're overriding, let's now make sure the new name and type is allowed
-		if ($this->_file_name_override != '')
+		if ($this->_file_name_override !== '')
 		{
 			$this->file_name = $this->_prep_filename($this->_file_name_override);
 
@@ -220,16 +477,15 @@ class CI_Upload {
 			{
 				$this->file_name .= $this->file_ext;
 			}
-
-			// An extension was provided, lets have it!
 			else
 			{
-				$this->file_ext	 = $this->get_extension($this->_file_name_override);
+				// An extension was provided, let's have it!
+				$this->file_ext	= $this->get_extension($this->_file_name_override);
 			}
 
 			if ( ! $this->is_allowed_filetype(TRUE))
 			{
-				$this->set_error('upload_invalid_filetype');
+				$this->set_error('upload_invalid_filetype', 'debug');
 				return FALSE;
 			}
 		}
@@ -243,20 +499,20 @@ class CI_Upload {
 		// Is the file size within the allowed maximum?
 		if ( ! $this->is_allowed_filesize())
 		{
-			$this->set_error('upload_invalid_filesize');
+			$this->set_error('upload_invalid_filesize', 'info');
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
 		// Are the image dimensions within the allowed size?
-		// Note: This can fail if the server has an open_basdir restriction.
+		// Note: This can fail if the server has an open_basedir restriction.
 		if ( ! $this->is_allowed_dimensions())
 		{
-			$this->set_error('upload_invalid_dimensions');
+			$this->set_error('upload_invalid_dimensions', 'info');
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
 		// Sanitize the file name for security
-		$this->file_name = $this->clean_file_name($this->file_name);
+		$this->file_name = $this->_CI->security->sanitize_filename($this->file_name);
 
 		// Truncate the file name if it's too long
 		if ($this->max_filename > 0)
@@ -265,9 +521,15 @@ class CI_Upload {
 		}
 
 		// Remove white spaces in the name
-		if ($this->remove_spaces == TRUE)
+		if ($this->remove_spaces === TRUE)
+		{
+			$this->file_name = preg_replace('/\s+/', '_', $this->file_name);
+		}
+
+		if ($this->file_ext_tolower && ($ext_length = strlen($this->file_ext)))
 		{
-			$this->file_name = preg_replace("/\s+/", "_", $this->file_name);
+			// file_ext was previously lower-cased by a get_extension() call
+			$this->file_name = substr($this->file_name, 0, -$ext_length).$this->file_ext;
 		}
 
 		/*
@@ -277,44 +539,35 @@ class CI_Upload {
 		 * If it returns false there was a problem.
 		 */
 		$this->orig_name = $this->file_name;
-
-		if ($this->overwrite == FALSE)
+		if (FALSE === ($this->file_name = $this->set_filename($this->upload_path, $this->file_name)))
 		{
-			$this->file_name = $this->set_filename($this->upload_path, $this->file_name);
-
-			if ($this->file_name === FALSE)
-			{
-				return FALSE;
-			}
+			return FALSE;
 		}
 
 		/*
 		 * Run the file through the XSS hacking filter
 		 * This helps prevent malicious code from being
-		 * embedded within a file.  Scripts can easily
+		 * embedded within a file. Scripts can easily
 		 * be disguised as images or other file types.
 		 */
-		if ($this->xss_clean)
+		if ($this->xss_clean && $this->do_xss_clean() === FALSE)
 		{
-			if ($this->do_xss_clean() === FALSE)
-			{
-				$this->set_error('upload_unable_to_write_file');
-				return FALSE;
-			}
+			$this->set_error('upload_unable_to_write_file', 'error');
+			return FALSE;
 		}
 
 		/*
 		 * Move the file to the final destination
 		 * To deal with different server configurations
-		 * we'll attempt to use copy() first.  If that fails
-		 * we'll use move_uploaded_file().  One of the two should
+		 * we'll attempt to use copy() first. If that fails
+		 * we'll use move_uploaded_file(). One of the two should
 		 * reliably work in most environments
 		 */
 		if ( ! @copy($this->file_temp, $this->upload_path.$this->file_name))
 		{
 			if ( ! @move_uploaded_file($this->file_temp, $this->upload_path.$this->file_name))
 			{
-				$this->set_error('upload_destination_error');
+				$this->set_error('upload_destination_error', 'error');
 				return FALSE;
 			}
 		}
@@ -322,7 +575,7 @@ class CI_Upload {
 		/*
 		 * Set the finalized image dimensions
 		 * This sets the image width/height (assuming the
-		 * file was an image).  We use this information
+		 * file was an image). We use this information
 		 * in the "data" function.
 		 */
 		$this->set_image_properties($this->upload_path.$this->file_name);
@@ -338,26 +591,34 @@ class CI_Upload {
 	 * Returns an associative array containing all of the information
 	 * related to the upload, allowing the developer easy access in one array.
 	 *
-	 * @return	array
+	 * @param	string	$index
+	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
-	public function data()
+	public function data($index = NULL)
 	{
-		return array (
-						'file_name'			=> $this->file_name,
-						'file_type'			=> $this->file_type,
-						'file_path'			=> $this->upload_path,
-						'full_path'			=> $this->upload_path.$this->file_name,
-						'raw_name'			=> str_replace($this->file_ext, '', $this->file_name),
-						'orig_name'			=> $this->orig_name,
-						'client_name'		=> $this->client_name,
-						'file_ext'			=> $this->file_ext,
-						'file_size'			=> $this->file_size,
-						'is_image'			=> $this->is_image(),
-						'image_width'		=> $this->image_width,
-						'image_height'		=> $this->image_height,
-						'image_type'		=> $this->image_type,
-						'image_size_str'	=> $this->image_size_str,
-					);
+		$data = array(
+				'file_name'		=> $this->file_name,
+				'file_type'		=> $this->file_type,
+				'file_path'		=> $this->upload_path,
+				'full_path'		=> $this->upload_path.$this->file_name,
+				'raw_name'		=> substr($this->file_name, 0, -strlen($this->file_ext)),
+				'orig_name'		=> $this->orig_name,
+				'client_name'		=> $this->client_name,
+				'file_ext'		=> $this->file_ext,
+				'file_size'		=> $this->file_size,
+				'is_image'		=> $this->is_image(),
+				'image_width'		=> $this->image_width,
+				'image_height'		=> $this->image_height,
+				'image_type'		=> $this->image_type,
+				'image_size_str'	=> $this->image_size_str,
+			);
+
+		if ( ! empty($index))
+		{
+			return isset($data[$index]) ? $data[$index] : NULL;
+		}
+
+		return $data;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -365,13 +626,14 @@ class CI_Upload {
 	/**
 	 * Set Upload Path
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @param	string	$path
+	 * @return	CI_Upload
 	 */
 	public function set_upload_path($path)
 	{
 		// Make sure it has a trailing slash
 		$this->upload_path = rtrim($path, '/').'/';
+		return $this;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -383,19 +645,18 @@ class CI_Upload {
 	 * existence of a file with the same name. If found, it will append a
 	 * number to the end of the filename to avoid overwriting a pre-existing file.
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string	$path
+	 * @param	string	$filename
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	public function set_filename($path, $filename)
 	{
-		if ($this->encrypt_name == TRUE)
+		if ($this->encrypt_name === TRUE)
 		{
-			mt_srand();
 			$filename = md5(uniqid(mt_rand())).$this->file_ext;
 		}
 
-		if ( ! file_exists($path.$filename))
+		if ($this->overwrite === TRUE OR ! file_exists($path.$filename))
 		{
 			return $filename;
 		}
@@ -403,7 +664,7 @@ class CI_Upload {
 		$filename = str_replace($this->file_ext, '', $filename);
 
 		$new_filename = '';
-		for ($i = 1; $i < 100; $i++)
+		for ($i = 1; $i < $this->max_filename_increment; $i++)
 		{
 			if ( ! file_exists($path.$filename.$i.$this->file_ext))
 			{
@@ -412,9 +673,9 @@ class CI_Upload {
 			}
 		}
 
-		if ($new_filename == '')
+		if ($new_filename === '')
 		{
-			$this->set_error('upload_bad_filename');
+			$this->set_error('upload_bad_filename', 'debug');
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 		else
@@ -428,12 +689,29 @@ class CI_Upload {
 	/**
 	 * Set Maximum File Size
 	 *
-	 * @param	integer
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @param	int	$n
+	 * @return	CI_Upload
 	 */
 	public function set_max_filesize($n)
 	{
-		$this->max_size = ((int) $n < 0) ? 0: (int) $n;
+		$this->max_size = ($n < 0) ? 0 : (int) $n;
+		return $this;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Set Maximum File Size
+	 *
+	 * An internal alias to set_max_filesize() to help with configuration
+	 * as initialize() will look for a set_<property_name>() method ...
+	 *
+	 * @param	int	$n
+	 * @return	CI_Upload
+	 */
+	protected function set_max_size($n)
+	{
+		return $this->set_max_filesize($n);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -441,12 +719,13 @@ class CI_Upload {
 	/**
 	 * Set Maximum File Name Length
 	 *
-	 * @param	integer
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @param	int	$n
+	 * @return	CI_Upload
 	 */
 	public function set_max_filename($n)
 	{
-		$this->max_filename = ((int) $n < 0) ? 0: (int) $n;
+		$this->max_filename = ($n < 0) ? 0 : (int) $n;
+		return $this;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -454,12 +733,13 @@ class CI_Upload {
 	/**
 	 * Set Maximum Image Width
 	 *
-	 * @param	integer
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @param	int	$n
+	 * @return	CI_Upload
 	 */
 	public function set_max_width($n)
 	{
-		$this->max_width = ((int) $n < 0) ? 0: (int) $n;
+		$this->max_width = ($n < 0) ? 0 : (int) $n;
+		return $this;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -467,12 +747,41 @@ class CI_Upload {
 	/**
 	 * Set Maximum Image Height
 	 *
-	 * @param	integer
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @param	int	$n
+	 * @return	CI_Upload
 	 */
 	public function set_max_height($n)
 	{
-		$this->max_height = ((int) $n < 0) ? 0: (int) $n;
+		$this->max_height = ($n < 0) ? 0 : (int) $n;
+		return $this;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Set minimum image width
+	 *
+	 * @param	int	$n
+	 * @return	CI_Upload
+	 */
+	public function set_min_width($n)
+	{
+		$this->min_width = ($n < 0) ? 0 : (int) $n;
+		return $this;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Set minimum image height
+	 *
+	 * @param	int	$n
+	 * @return	CI_Upload
+	 */
+	public function set_min_height($n)
+	{
+		$this->min_height = ($n < 0) ? 0 : (int) $n;
+		return $this;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -480,17 +789,15 @@ class CI_Upload {
 	/**
 	 * Set Allowed File Types
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @param	mixed	$types
+	 * @return	CI_Upload
 	 */
 	public function set_allowed_types($types)
 	{
-		if ( ! is_array($types) && $types == '*')
-		{
-			$this->allowed_types = '*';
-			return;
-		}
-		$this->allowed_types = explode('|', $types);
+		$this->allowed_types = (is_array($types) OR $types === '*')
+			? $types
+			: explode('|', $types);
+		return $this;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -500,28 +807,25 @@ class CI_Upload {
 	 *
 	 * Uses GD to determine the width/height/type of image
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @param	string	$path
+	 * @return	CI_Upload
 	 */
 	public function set_image_properties($path = '')
 	{
-		if ( ! $this->is_image())
-		{
-			return;
-		}
-
-		if (function_exists('getimagesize'))
+		if ($this->is_image() && function_exists('getimagesize'))
 		{
 			if (FALSE !== ($D = @getimagesize($path)))
 			{
 				$types = array(1 => 'gif', 2 => 'jpeg', 3 => 'png');
 
-				$this->image_width		= $D['0'];
-				$this->image_height		= $D['1'];
-				$this->image_type		= ( ! isset($types[$D['2']])) ? 'unknown' : $types[$D['2']];
-				$this->image_size_str	= $D['3'];  // string containing height and width
+				$this->image_width	= $D[0];
+				$this->image_height	= $D[1];
+				$this->image_type	= isset($types[$D[2]]) ? $types[$D[2]] : 'unknown';
+				$this->image_size_str	= $D[3]; // string containing height and width
 			}
 		}
+
+		return $this;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -532,12 +836,13 @@ class CI_Upload {
 	 * Enables the XSS flag so that the file that was uploaded
 	 * will be run through the XSS filter.
 	 *
-	 * @param	bool
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @param	bool	$flag
+	 * @return	CI_Upload
 	 */
 	public function set_xss_clean($flag = FALSE)
 	{
-		$this->xss_clean = ($flag == TRUE) ? TRUE : FALSE;
+		$this->xss_clean = ($flag === TRUE);
+		return $this;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -559,19 +864,14 @@ class CI_Upload {
 		{
 			$this->file_type = 'image/png';
 		}
-
-		if (in_array($this->file_type, $jpeg_mimes))
+		elseif (in_array($this->file_type, $jpeg_mimes))
 		{
 			$this->file_type = 'image/jpeg';
 		}
 
-		$img_mimes = array(
-							'image/gif',
-							'image/jpeg',
-							'image/png',
-						);
+		$img_mimes = array('image/gif',	'image/jpeg', 'image/png');
 
-		return (in_array($this->file_type, $img_mimes, TRUE)) ? TRUE : FALSE;
+		return in_array($this->file_type, $img_mimes, TRUE);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -579,37 +879,33 @@ class CI_Upload {
 	/**
 	 * Verify that the filetype is allowed
 	 *
+	 * @param	bool	$ignore_mime
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function is_allowed_filetype($ignore_mime = FALSE)
 	{
-		if ($this->allowed_types == '*')
+		if ($this->allowed_types === '*')
 		{
 			return TRUE;
 		}
 
-		if (count($this->allowed_types) == 0 OR ! is_array($this->allowed_types))
+		if (empty($this->allowed_types) OR ! is_array($this->allowed_types))
 		{
-			$this->set_error('upload_no_file_types');
+			$this->set_error('upload_no_file_types', 'debug');
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
 		$ext = strtolower(ltrim($this->file_ext, '.'));
 
-		if ( ! in_array($ext, $this->allowed_types))
+		if ( ! in_array($ext, $this->allowed_types, TRUE))
 		{
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
 		// Images get some additional checks
-		$image_types = array('gif', 'jpg', 'jpeg', 'png', 'jpe');
-
-		if (in_array($ext, $image_types))
+		if (in_array($ext, array('gif', 'jpg', 'jpeg', 'jpe', 'png'), TRUE) && @getimagesize($this->file_temp) === FALSE)
 		{
-			if (getimagesize($this->file_temp) === FALSE)
-			{
-				return FALSE;
-			}
+			return FALSE;
 		}
 
 		if ($ignore_mime === TRUE)
@@ -617,18 +913,11 @@ class CI_Upload {
 			return TRUE;
 		}
 
-		$mime = $this->mimes_types($ext);
-
-		if (is_array($mime))
-		{
-			if (in_array($this->file_type, $mime, TRUE))
-			{
-				return TRUE;
-			}
-		}
-		elseif ($mime == $this->file_type)
+		if (isset($this->_mimes[$ext]))
 		{
-				return TRUE;
+			return is_array($this->_mimes[$ext])
+				? in_array($this->file_type, $this->_mimes[$ext], TRUE)
+				: ($this->_mimes[$ext] === $this->file_type);
 		}
 
 		return FALSE;
@@ -643,14 +932,7 @@ class CI_Upload {
 	 */
 	public function is_allowed_filesize()
 	{
-		if ($this->max_size != 0  AND  $this->file_size > $this->max_size)
-		{
-			return FALSE;
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
+		return ($this->max_size === 0 OR $this->max_size > $this->file_size);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -671,17 +953,25 @@ class CI_Upload {
 		{
 			$D = @getimagesize($this->file_temp);
 
-			if ($this->max_width > 0 AND $D['0'] > $this->max_width)
+			if ($this->max_width > 0 && $D[0] > $this->max_width)
 			{
 				return FALSE;
 			}
 
-			if ($this->max_height > 0 AND $D['1'] > $this->max_height)
+			if ($this->max_height > 0 && $D[1] > $this->max_height)
 			{
 				return FALSE;
 			}
 
-			return TRUE;
+			if ($this->min_width > 0 && $D[0] < $this->min_width)
+			{
+				return FALSE;
+			}
+
+			if ($this->min_height > 0 && $D[1] < $this->min_height)
+			{
+				return FALSE;
+			}
 		}
 
 		return TRUE;
@@ -694,35 +984,34 @@ class CI_Upload {
 	 *
 	 * Verifies that it is a valid upload path with proper permissions.
 	 *
-	 *
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function validate_upload_path()
 	{
-		if ($this->upload_path == '')
+		if ($this->upload_path === '')
 		{
-			$this->set_error('upload_no_filepath');
+			$this->set_error('upload_no_filepath', 'error');
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		if (function_exists('realpath') AND @realpath($this->upload_path) !== FALSE)
+		if (realpath($this->upload_path) !== FALSE)
 		{
-			$this->upload_path = str_replace("\\", "/", realpath($this->upload_path));
+			$this->upload_path = str_replace('\\', '/', realpath($this->upload_path));
 		}
 
-		if ( ! @is_dir($this->upload_path))
+		if ( ! is_dir($this->upload_path))
 		{
-			$this->set_error('upload_no_filepath');
+			$this->set_error('upload_no_filepath', 'error');
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
 		if ( ! is_really_writable($this->upload_path))
 		{
-			$this->set_error('upload_not_writable');
+			$this->set_error('upload_not_writable', 'error');
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		$this->upload_path = preg_replace("/(.+?)\/*$/", "\\1/",  $this->upload_path);
+		$this->upload_path = preg_replace('/(.+?)\/*$/', '\\1/',  $this->upload_path);
 		return TRUE;
 	}
 
@@ -731,57 +1020,20 @@ class CI_Upload {
 	/**
 	 * Extract the file extension
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string	$filename
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	public function get_extension($filename)
 	{
 		$x = explode('.', $filename);
-		return '.'.end($x);
-	}
 
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+		if (count($x) === 1)
+		{
+			return '';
+		}
 
-	/**
-	 * Clean the file name for security
-	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	public function clean_file_name($filename)
-	{
-		$bad = array(
-						"<!--",
-						"-->",
-						"'",
-						"<",
-						">",
-						'"',
-						'&',
-						'$',
-						'=',
-						';',
-						'?',
-						'/',
-						"%20",
-						"%22",
-						"%3c",		// <
-						"%253c",	// <
-						"%3e",		// >
-						"%0e",		// >
-						"%28",		// (
-						"%29",		// )
-						"%2528",	// (
-						"%26",		// &
-						"%24",		// $
-						"%3f",		// ?
-						"%3b",		// ;
-						"%3d"		// =
-					);
-
-		$filename = str_replace($bad, '', $filename);
-
-		return stripslashes($filename);
+		$ext = ($this->file_ext_tolower) ? strtolower(end($x)) : end($x);
+		return '.'.$ext;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -789,7 +1041,8 @@ class CI_Upload {
 	/**
 	 * Limit the File Name Length
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string	$filename
+	 * @param	int	$length
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	public function limit_filename_length($filename, $length)
@@ -819,7 +1072,7 @@ class CI_Upload {
 	 * I'm not sure that it won't negatively affect certain files in unexpected ways,
 	 * but so far I haven't found that it causes trouble.
 	 *
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	public function do_xss_clean()
 	{
@@ -830,23 +1083,34 @@ class CI_Upload {
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		if (function_exists('memory_get_usage') && memory_get_usage() && ini_get('memory_limit') != '')
+		if (memory_get_usage() && ($memory_limit = ini_get('memory_limit')) > 0)
 		{
-			$current = ini_get('memory_limit') * 1024 * 1024;
-
-			// There was a bug/behavioural change in PHP 5.2, where numbers over one million get output
-			// into scientific notation.  number_format() ensures this number is an integer
-			// http://bugs.php.net/bug.php?id=43053
-
-			$new_memory = number_format(ceil(filesize($file) + $current), 0, '.', '');
+			$memory_limit = str_split($memory_limit, strspn($memory_limit, '1234567890'));
+			if ( ! empty($memory_limit[1]))
+			{
+				switch ($memory_limit[1][0])
+				{
+					case 'g':
+					case 'G':
+						$memory_limit[0] *= 1024 * 1024 * 1024;
+						break;
+					case 'm':
+					case 'M':
+						$memory_limit[0] *= 1024 * 1024;
+						break;
+					default:
+						break;
+				}
+			}
 
-			ini_set('memory_limit', $new_memory); // When an integer is used, the value is measured in bytes. - PHP.net
+			$memory_limit = (int) ceil(filesize($file) + $memory_limit[0]);
+			ini_set('memory_limit', $memory_limit); // When an integer is used, the value is measured in bytes. - PHP.net
 		}
 
 		// If the file being uploaded is an image, then we should have no problem with XSS attacks (in theory), but
 		// IE can be fooled into mime-type detecting a malformed image as an html file, thus executing an XSS attack on anyone
-		// using IE who looks at the image.  It does this by inspecting the first 255 bytes of an image.  To get around this
-		// CI will itself look at the first 255 bytes of an image to determine its relative safety.  This can save a lot of
+		// using IE who looks at the image. It does this by inspecting the first 255 bytes of an image. To get around this
+		// CI will itself look at the first 255 bytes of an image to determine its relative safety. This can save a lot of
 		// processor power and time if it is actually a clean image, as it will be in nearly all instances _except_ an
 		// attempted XSS attack.
 
@@ -864,14 +1128,8 @@ class CI_Upload {
 			// <a, <body, <head, <html, <img, <plaintext, <pre, <script, <table, <title
 			// title is basically just in SVG, but we filter it anyhow
 
-			if ( ! preg_match('/<(a|body|head|html|img|plaintext|pre|script|table|title)[\s>]/i', $opening_bytes))
-			{
-				return TRUE; // its an image, no "triggers" detected in the first 256 bytes, we're good
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				return FALSE;
-			}
+			// if it's an image or no "triggers" detected in the first 256 bytes - we're good
+			return ! preg_match('/<(a|body|head|html|img|plaintext|pre|script|table|title)[\s>]/i', $opening_bytes);
 		}
 
 		if (($data = @file_get_contents($file)) === FALSE)
@@ -879,8 +1137,7 @@ class CI_Upload {
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		$CI =& get_instance();
-		return $CI->security->xss_clean($data, TRUE);
+		return $this->_CI->security->xss_clean($data, TRUE);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -888,29 +1145,22 @@ class CI_Upload {
 	/**
 	 * Set an error message
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @param	string	$msg
+	 * @return	CI_Upload
 	 */
-	public function set_error($msg)
+	public function set_error($msg, $log_level = 'error')
 	{
-		$CI =& get_instance();
-		$CI->lang->load('upload');
+		$this->_CI->lang->load('upload');
 
-		if (is_array($msg))
-		{
-			foreach ($msg as $val)
-			{
-				$msg = ($CI->lang->line($val) == FALSE) ? $val : $CI->lang->line($val);
-				$this->error_msg[] = $msg;
-				log_message('error', $msg);
-			}
-		}
-		else
+		is_array($msg) OR $msg = array($msg);
+		foreach ($msg as $val)
 		{
-			$msg = ($CI->lang->line($msg) == FALSE) ? $msg : $CI->lang->line($msg);
+			$msg = ($this->_CI->lang->line($val) === FALSE) ? $val : $this->_CI->lang->line($val);
 			$this->error_msg[] = $msg;
-			log_message('error', $msg);
+			log_message($log_level, $msg);
 		}
+
+		return $this;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -918,56 +1168,13 @@ class CI_Upload {
 	/**
 	 * Display the error message
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string	$open
+	 * @param	string	$close
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	public function display_errors($open = '<p>', $close = '</p>')
 	{
-		$str = '';
-		foreach ($this->error_msg as $val)
-		{
-			$str .= $open.$val.$close;
-		}
-
-		return $str;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * List of Mime Types
-	 *
-	 * This is a list of mime types.  We use it to validate
-	 * the "allowed types" set by the developer
-	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	public function mimes_types($mime)
-	{
-		global $mimes;
-
-		if (count($this->mimes) == 0)
-		{
-			if (defined('ENVIRONMENT') AND is_file(APPPATH.'config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/mimes.php'))
-			{
-				include(APPPATH.'config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/mimes.php');
-			}
-			elseif (is_file(APPPATH.'config/mimes.php'))
-			{
-				include(APPPATH.'config//mimes.php');
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				return FALSE;
-			}
-
-			$this->mimes = $mimes;
-			unset($mimes);
-		}
-
-		return ( ! isset($this->mimes[$mime])) ? FALSE : $this->mimes[$mime];
+		return (count($this->error_msg) > 0) ? $open.implode($close.$open, $this->error_msg).$close : '';
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -975,38 +1182,24 @@ class CI_Upload {
 	/**
 	 * Prep Filename
 	 *
-	 * Prevents possible script execution from Apache's handling of files multiple extensions
-	 * http://httpd.apache.org/docs/1.3/mod/mod_mime.html#multipleext
+	 * Prevents possible script execution from Apache's handling
+	 * of files' multiple extensions.
+	 *
+	 * @link	http://httpd.apache.org/docs/1.3/mod/mod_mime.html#multipleext
 	 *
-	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string	$filename
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _prep_filename($filename)
 	{
-		if (strpos($filename, '.') === FALSE OR $this->allowed_types == '*')
+		if ($this->mod_mime_fix === FALSE OR $this->allowed_types === '*' OR ($ext_pos = strrpos($filename, '.')) === FALSE)
 		{
 			return $filename;
 		}
 
-		$parts		= explode('.', $filename);
-		$ext		= array_pop($parts);
-		$filename	= array_shift($parts);
-
-		foreach ($parts as $part)
-		{
-			if ( ! in_array(strtolower($part), $this->allowed_types) OR $this->mimes_types(strtolower($part)) === FALSE)
-			{
-				$filename .= '.'.$part.'_';
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				$filename .= '.'.$part;
-			}
-		}
-
-		$filename .= '.'.$ext;
-
-		return $filename;
+		$ext = substr($filename, $ext_pos);
+		$filename = substr($filename, 0, $ext_pos);
+		return str_replace('.', '_', $filename).$ext;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1017,7 +1210,7 @@ class CI_Upload {
 	 * Detects the (actual) MIME type of the uploaded file, if possible.
 	 * The input array is expected to be $_FILES[$field]
 	 *
-	 * @param	array
+	 * @param	array	$file
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	protected function _file_mime_type($file)
@@ -1025,14 +1218,17 @@ class CI_Upload {
 		// We'll need this to validate the MIME info string (e.g. text/plain; charset=us-ascii)
 		$regexp = '/^([a-z\-]+\/[a-z0-9\-\.\+]+)(;\s.+)?$/';
 
-		/* Fileinfo extension - most reliable method
+		/**
+		 * Fileinfo extension - most reliable method
 		 *
-		 * Unfortunately, prior to PHP 5.3 - it's only available as a PECL extension and the
-		 * more convenient FILEINFO_MIME_TYPE flag doesn't exist.
+		 * Apparently XAMPP, CentOS, cPanel and who knows what
+		 * other PHP distribution channels EXPLICITLY DISABLE
+		 * ext/fileinfo, which is otherwise enabled by default
+		 * since PHP 5.3 ...
 		 */
 		if (function_exists('finfo_file'))
 		{
-			$finfo = finfo_open(FILEINFO_MIME);
+			$finfo = @finfo_open(FILEINFO_MIME);
 			if (is_resource($finfo)) // It is possible that a FALSE value is returned, if there is no magic MIME database file found on the system
 			{
 				$mime = @finfo_file($finfo, $file['tmp_name']);
@@ -1059,16 +1255,18 @@ class CI_Upload {
 		 * Notes:
 		 *	- the DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR comparison ensures that we're not on a Windows system
 		 *	- many system admins would disable the exec(), shell_exec(), popen() and similar functions
-		 *	  due to security concerns, hence the function_exists() checks
+		 *	  due to security concerns, hence the function_usable() checks
 		 */
 		if (DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR !== '\\')
 		{
-			$cmd = 'file --brief --mime ' . escapeshellarg($file['tmp_name']) . ' 2>&1';
+			$cmd = function_exists('escapeshellarg')
+				? 'file --brief --mime '.escapeshellarg($file['tmp_name']).' 2>&1'
+				: 'file --brief --mime '.$file['tmp_name'].' 2>&1';
 
-			if (function_exists('exec'))
+			if (function_usable('exec'))
 			{
 				/* This might look confusing, as $mime is being populated with all of the output when set in the second parameter.
-				 * However, we only neeed the last line, which is the actual return value of exec(), and as such - it overwrites
+				 * However, we only need the last line, which is the actual return value of exec(), and as such - it overwrites
 				 * anything that could already be set for $mime previously. This effectively makes the second parameter a dummy
 				 * value, which is only put to allow us to get the return status code.
 				 */
@@ -1080,7 +1278,7 @@ class CI_Upload {
 				}
 			}
 
-			if ( (bool) @ini_get('safe_mode') === FALSE && function_exists('shell_exec'))
+			if ( ! ini_get('safe_mode') && function_usable('shell_exec'))
 			{
 				$mime = @shell_exec($cmd);
 				if (strlen($mime) > 0)
@@ -1094,7 +1292,7 @@ class CI_Upload {
 				}
 			}
 
-			if (function_exists('popen'))
+			if (function_usable('popen'))
 			{
 				$proc = @popen($cmd, 'r');
 				if (is_resource($proc))
@@ -1127,10 +1325,4 @@ class CI_Upload {
 		$this->file_type = $file['type'];
 	}
 
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
 }
-// END Upload Class
-
-/* End of file Upload.php */
-/* Location: ./system/libraries/Upload.php */
diff --git a/system/libraries/User_agent.php b/system/libraries/User_agent.php
index 9b0d87134..cda3ef0a0 100644
--- a/system/libraries/User_agent.php
+++ b/system/libraries/User_agent.php
@@ -1,77 +1,187 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.0.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * User Agent Class
  *
- * Identifies the platform, browser, robot, or mobile devise of the browsing agent
+ * Identifies the platform, browser, robot, or mobile device of the browsing agent
  *
  * @package		CodeIgniter
  * @subpackage	Libraries
  * @category	User Agent
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/user_agent.html
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/user_agent.html
  */
 class CI_User_agent {
 
-	var $agent		= NULL;
+	/**
+	 * Current user-agent
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	public $agent = NULL;
+
+	/**
+	 * Flag for if the user-agent belongs to a browser
+	 *
+	 * @var bool
+	 */
+	public $is_browser = FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Flag for if the user-agent is a robot
+	 *
+	 * @var bool
+	 */
+	public $is_robot = FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Flag for if the user-agent is a mobile browser
+	 *
+	 * @var bool
+	 */
+	public $is_mobile = FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Languages accepted by the current user agent
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	public $languages = array();
+
+	/**
+	 * Character sets accepted by the current user agent
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	public $charsets = array();
 
-	var $is_browser	= FALSE;
-	var $is_robot	= FALSE;
-	var $is_mobile	= FALSE;
+	/**
+	 * List of platforms to compare against current user agent
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	public $platforms = array();
 
-	var $languages	= array();
-	var $charsets	= array();
+	/**
+	 * List of browsers to compare against current user agent
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	public $browsers = array();
 
-	var $platforms	= array();
-	var $browsers	= array();
-	var $mobiles	= array();
-	var $robots		= array();
+	/**
+	 * List of mobile browsers to compare against current user agent
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	public $mobiles = array();
 
-	var $platform	= '';
-	var $browser	= '';
-	var $version	= '';
-	var $mobile		= '';
-	var $robot		= '';
+	/**
+	 * List of robots to compare against current user agent
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	public $robots = array();
+
+	/**
+	 * Current user-agent platform
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	public $platform = '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Current user-agent browser
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	public $browser = '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Current user-agent version
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	public $version = '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Current user-agent mobile name
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	public $mobile = '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Current user-agent robot name
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	public $robot = '';
+
+	/**
+	 * HTTP Referer
+	 *
+	 * @var	mixed
+	 */
+	public $referer;
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
 	 * Constructor
 	 *
 	 * Sets the User Agent and runs the compilation routine
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function __construct()
 	{
+		$this->_load_agent_file();
+
 		if (isset($_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT']))
 		{
 			$this->agent = trim($_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT']);
+			$this->_compile_data();
 		}
 
-		if ( ! is_null($this->agent))
-		{
-			if ($this->_load_agent_file())
-			{
-				$this->_compile_data();
-			}
-		}
-
-		log_message('debug', "User Agent Class Initialized");
+		log_message('info', 'User Agent Class Initialized');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -79,20 +189,22 @@ class CI_User_agent {
 	/**
 	 * Compile the User Agent Data
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	private function _load_agent_file()
+	protected function _load_agent_file()
 	{
-		if (defined('ENVIRONMENT') AND is_file(APPPATH.'config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/user_agents.php'))
+		if (($found = file_exists(APPPATH.'config/user_agents.php')))
 		{
-			include(APPPATH.'config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/user_agents.php');
+			include(APPPATH.'config/user_agents.php');
 		}
-		elseif (is_file(APPPATH.'config/user_agents.php'))
+
+		if (file_exists(APPPATH.'config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/user_agents.php'))
 		{
-			include(APPPATH.'config/user_agents.php');
+			include(APPPATH.'config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/user_agents.php');
+			$found = TRUE;
 		}
-		else
+
+		if ($found !== TRUE)
 		{
 			return FALSE;
 		}
@@ -135,10 +247,9 @@ class CI_User_agent {
 	/**
 	 * Compile the User Agent Data
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	private function _compile_data()
+	protected function _compile_data()
 	{
 		$this->_set_platform();
 
@@ -156,23 +267,24 @@ class CI_User_agent {
 	/**
 	 * Set the Platform
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	mixed
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	private function _set_platform()
+	protected function _set_platform()
 	{
-		if (is_array($this->platforms) AND count($this->platforms) > 0)
+		if (is_array($this->platforms) && count($this->platforms) > 0)
 		{
 			foreach ($this->platforms as $key => $val)
 			{
-				if (preg_match("|".preg_quote($key)."|i", $this->agent))
+				if (preg_match('|'.preg_quote($key).'|i', $this->agent))
 				{
 					$this->platform = $val;
 					return TRUE;
 				}
 			}
 		}
+
 		$this->platform = 'Unknown Platform';
+		return FALSE;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -180,16 +292,15 @@ class CI_User_agent {
 	/**
 	 * Set the Browser
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	private function _set_browser()
+	protected function _set_browser()
 	{
-		if (is_array($this->browsers) AND count($this->browsers) > 0)
+		if (is_array($this->browsers) && count($this->browsers) > 0)
 		{
 			foreach ($this->browsers as $key => $val)
 			{
-				if (preg_match("|".preg_quote($key).".*?([0-9\.]+)|i", $this->agent, $match))
+				if (preg_match('|'.$key.'.*?([0-9\.]+)|i', $this->agent, $match))
 				{
 					$this->is_browser = TRUE;
 					$this->version = $match[1];
@@ -199,6 +310,7 @@ class CI_User_agent {
 				}
 			}
 		}
+
 		return FALSE;
 	}
 
@@ -207,23 +319,24 @@ class CI_User_agent {
 	/**
 	 * Set the Robot
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	private function _set_robot()
+	protected function _set_robot()
 	{
-		if (is_array($this->robots) AND count($this->robots) > 0)
+		if (is_array($this->robots) && count($this->robots) > 0)
 		{
 			foreach ($this->robots as $key => $val)
 			{
-				if (preg_match("|".preg_quote($key)."|i", $this->agent))
+				if (preg_match('|'.preg_quote($key).'|i', $this->agent))
 				{
 					$this->is_robot = TRUE;
 					$this->robot = $val;
+					$this->_set_mobile();
 					return TRUE;
 				}
 			}
 		}
+
 		return FALSE;
 	}
 
@@ -232,16 +345,15 @@ class CI_User_agent {
 	/**
 	 * Set the Mobile Device
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	private function _set_mobile()
+	protected function _set_mobile()
 	{
-		if (is_array($this->mobiles) AND count($this->mobiles) > 0)
+		if (is_array($this->mobiles) && count($this->mobiles) > 0)
 		{
 			foreach ($this->mobiles as $key => $val)
 			{
-				if (FALSE !== (strpos(strtolower($this->agent), $key)))
+				if (FALSE !== (stripos($this->agent, $key)))
 				{
 					$this->is_mobile = TRUE;
 					$this->mobile = $val;
@@ -249,6 +361,7 @@ class CI_User_agent {
 				}
 			}
 		}
+
 		return FALSE;
 	}
 
@@ -257,19 +370,16 @@ class CI_User_agent {
 	/**
 	 * Set the accepted languages
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	private function _set_languages()
+	protected function _set_languages()
 	{
-		if ((count($this->languages) == 0) AND isset($_SERVER['HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE']) AND $_SERVER['HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE'] != '')
+		if ((count($this->languages) === 0) && ! empty($_SERVER['HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE']))
 		{
-			$languages = preg_replace('/(;q=[0-9\.]+)/i', '', strtolower(trim($_SERVER['HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE'])));
-
-			$this->languages = explode(',', $languages);
+			$this->languages = explode(',', preg_replace('/(;\s?q=[0-9\.]+)|\s/i', '', strtolower(trim($_SERVER['HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE']))));
 		}
 
-		if (count($this->languages) == 0)
+		if (count($this->languages) === 0)
 		{
 			$this->languages = array('Undefined');
 		}
@@ -280,19 +390,16 @@ class CI_User_agent {
 	/**
 	 * Set the accepted character sets
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	private function _set_charsets()
+	protected function _set_charsets()
 	{
-		if ((count($this->charsets) == 0) AND isset($_SERVER['HTTP_ACCEPT_CHARSET']) AND $_SERVER['HTTP_ACCEPT_CHARSET'] != '')
+		if ((count($this->charsets) === 0) && ! empty($_SERVER['HTTP_ACCEPT_CHARSET']))
 		{
-			$charsets = preg_replace('/(;q=.+)/i', '', strtolower(trim($_SERVER['HTTP_ACCEPT_CHARSET'])));
-
-			$this->charsets = explode(',', $charsets);
+			$this->charsets = explode(',', preg_replace('/(;\s?q=.+)|\s/i', '', strtolower(trim($_SERVER['HTTP_ACCEPT_CHARSET']))));
 		}
 
-		if (count($this->charsets) == 0)
+		if (count($this->charsets) === 0)
 		{
 			$this->charsets = array('Undefined');
 		}
@@ -303,7 +410,7 @@ class CI_User_agent {
 	/**
 	 * Is Browser
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
+	 * @param	string	$key
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function is_browser($key = NULL)
@@ -320,7 +427,7 @@ class CI_User_agent {
 		}
 
 		// Check for a specific browser
-		return array_key_exists($key, $this->browsers) AND $this->browser === $this->browsers[$key];
+		return (isset($this->browsers[$key]) && $this->browser === $this->browsers[$key]);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -328,7 +435,7 @@ class CI_User_agent {
 	/**
 	 * Is Robot
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
+	 * @param	string	$key
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function is_robot($key = NULL)
@@ -345,7 +452,7 @@ class CI_User_agent {
 		}
 
 		// Check for a specific robot
-		return array_key_exists($key, $this->robots) AND $this->robot === $this->robots[$key];
+		return (isset($this->robots[$key]) && $this->robot === $this->robots[$key]);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -353,7 +460,7 @@ class CI_User_agent {
 	/**
 	 * Is Mobile
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
+	 * @param	string	$key
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function is_mobile($key = NULL)
@@ -370,7 +477,7 @@ class CI_User_agent {
 		}
 
 		// Check for a specific robot
-		return array_key_exists($key, $this->mobiles) AND $this->mobile === $this->mobiles[$key];
+		return (isset($this->mobiles[$key]) && $this->mobile === $this->mobiles[$key]);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -378,16 +485,26 @@ class CI_User_agent {
 	/**
 	 * Is this a referral from another site?
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function is_referral()
 	{
-		if ( ! isset($_SERVER['HTTP_REFERER']) OR $_SERVER['HTTP_REFERER'] == '')
+		if ( ! isset($this->referer))
 		{
-			return FALSE;
+			if (empty($_SERVER['HTTP_REFERER']))
+			{
+				$this->referer = FALSE;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				$referer_host = @parse_url($_SERVER['HTTP_REFERER'], PHP_URL_HOST);
+				$own_host = parse_url(config_item('base_url'), PHP_URL_HOST);
+
+				$this->referer = ($referer_host && $referer_host !== $own_host);
+			}
 		}
-		return TRUE;
+
+		return $this->referer;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -395,7 +512,6 @@ class CI_User_agent {
 	/**
 	 * Agent String
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	public function agent_string()
@@ -408,7 +524,6 @@ class CI_User_agent {
 	/**
 	 * Get Platform
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	public function platform()
@@ -421,7 +536,6 @@ class CI_User_agent {
 	/**
 	 * Get Browser Name
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	public function browser()
@@ -434,7 +548,6 @@ class CI_User_agent {
 	/**
 	 * Get the Browser Version
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	public function version()
@@ -447,7 +560,6 @@ class CI_User_agent {
 	/**
 	 * Get The Robot Name
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	public function robot()
@@ -459,7 +571,6 @@ class CI_User_agent {
 	/**
 	 * Get the Mobile Device
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	public function mobile()
@@ -472,12 +583,11 @@ class CI_User_agent {
 	/**
 	 * Get the referrer
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function referrer()
 	{
-		return ( ! isset($_SERVER['HTTP_REFERER']) OR $_SERVER['HTTP_REFERER'] == '') ? '' : trim($_SERVER['HTTP_REFERER']);
+		return empty($_SERVER['HTTP_REFERER']) ? '' : trim($_SERVER['HTTP_REFERER']);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -485,12 +595,11 @@ class CI_User_agent {
 	/**
 	 * Get the accepted languages
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
 	public function languages()
 	{
-		if (count($this->languages) == 0)
+		if (count($this->languages) === 0)
 		{
 			$this->_set_languages();
 		}
@@ -503,12 +612,11 @@ class CI_User_agent {
 	/**
 	 * Get the accepted Character Sets
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
 	public function charsets()
 	{
-		if (count($this->charsets) == 0)
+		if (count($this->charsets) === 0)
 		{
 			$this->_set_charsets();
 		}
@@ -521,12 +629,12 @@ class CI_User_agent {
 	/**
 	 * Test for a particular language
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
+	 * @param	string	$lang
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function accept_lang($lang = 'en')
 	{
-		return (in_array(strtolower($lang), $this->languages(), TRUE));
+		return in_array(strtolower($lang), $this->languages(), TRUE);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -534,16 +642,40 @@ class CI_User_agent {
 	/**
 	 * Test for a particular character set
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
+	 * @param	string	$charset
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function accept_charset($charset = 'utf-8')
 	{
-		return (in_array(strtolower($charset), $this->charsets(), TRUE));
+		return in_array(strtolower($charset), $this->charsets(), TRUE);
 	}
 
-}
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
+	/**
+	 * Parse a custom user-agent string
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$string
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function parse($string)
+	{
+		// Reset values
+		$this->is_browser = FALSE;
+		$this->is_robot = FALSE;
+		$this->is_mobile = FALSE;
+		$this->browser = '';
+		$this->version = '';
+		$this->mobile = '';
+		$this->robot = '';
+
+		// Set the new user-agent string and parse it, unless empty
+		$this->agent = $string;
+
+		if ( ! empty($string))
+		{
+			$this->_compile_data();
+		}
+	}
 
-/* End of file User_agent.php */
-/* Location: ./system/libraries/User_agent.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/system/libraries/Xmlrpc.php b/system/libraries/Xmlrpc.php
index f0f53cefe..6fa791864 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Xmlrpc.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Xmlrpc.php
@@ -1,24 +1,47 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.0.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 if ( ! function_exists('xml_parser_create'))
 {
 	show_error('Your PHP installation does not support XML');
 }
 
-
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 /**
@@ -27,51 +50,219 @@ if ( ! function_exists('xml_parser_create'))
  * @package		CodeIgniter
  * @subpackage	Libraries
  * @category	XML-RPC
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/xmlrpc.html
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/xmlrpc.html
  */
 class CI_Xmlrpc {
 
-	var $debug			= FALSE;	// Debugging on or off
-	var $xmlrpcI4		= 'i4';
-	var $xmlrpcInt		= 'int';
-	var $xmlrpcBoolean	= 'boolean';
-	var $xmlrpcDouble	= 'double';
-	var $xmlrpcString	= 'string';
-	var $xmlrpcDateTime	= 'dateTime.iso8601';
-	var $xmlrpcBase64	= 'base64';
-	var $xmlrpcArray	= 'array';
-	var $xmlrpcStruct	= 'struct';
-
-	var $xmlrpcTypes	= array();
-	var $valid_parents	= array();
-	var $xmlrpcerr		= array();	// Response numbers
-	var $xmlrpcstr		= array();  // Response strings
-
-	var $xmlrpc_defencoding = 'UTF-8';
-	var $xmlrpcName			= 'XML-RPC for CodeIgniter';
-	var $xmlrpcVersion		= '1.1';
-	var $xmlrpcerruser		= 800; // Start of user errors
-	var $xmlrpcerrxml		= 100; // Start of XML Parse errors
-	var $xmlrpc_backslash	= ''; // formulate backslashes for escaping regexp
-
-	var $client;
-	var $method;
-	var $data;
-	var $message			= '';
-	var $error				= '';		// Error string for request
-	var $result;
-	var $response			= array();  // Response from remote server
-
-	var $xss_clean			= TRUE;
-
-	//-------------------------------------
-	//  VALUES THAT MULTIPLE CLASSES NEED
-	//-------------------------------------
-
+	/**
+	 * Debug flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	public $debug		= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * I4 data type
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $xmlrpcI4	= 'i4';
+
+	/**
+	 * Integer data type
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $xmlrpcInt	= 'int';
+
+	/**
+	 * Boolean data type
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $xmlrpcBoolean	= 'boolean';
+
+	/**
+	 * Double data type
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $xmlrpcDouble	= 'double';
+
+	/**
+	 * String data type
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $xmlrpcString	= 'string';
+
+	/**
+	 * DateTime format
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $xmlrpcDateTime	= 'dateTime.iso8601';
+
+	/**
+	 * Base64 data type
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $xmlrpcBase64	= 'base64';
+
+	/**
+	 * Array data type
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $xmlrpcArray	= 'array';
+
+	/**
+	 * Struct data type
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $xmlrpcStruct	= 'struct';
+
+	/**
+	 * Data types list
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	public $xmlrpcTypes	= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * Valid parents list
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	public $valid_parents	= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * Response error numbers list
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	public $xmlrpcerr		= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * Response error messages list
+	 *
+	 * @var	string[]
+	 */
+	public $xmlrpcstr		= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * Encoding charset
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $xmlrpc_defencoding	= 'UTF-8';
+
+	/**
+	 * XML-RPC client name
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $xmlrpcName		= 'XML-RPC for CodeIgniter';
+
+	/**
+	 * XML-RPC version
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $xmlrpcVersion		= '1.1';
+
+	/**
+	 * Start of user errors
+	 *
+	 * @var	int
+	 */
+	public $xmlrpcerruser		= 800;
+
+	/**
+	 * Start of XML parse errors
+	 *
+	 * @var	int
+	 */
+	public $xmlrpcerrxml		= 100;
+
+	/**
+	 * Backslash replacement value
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $xmlrpc_backslash	= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * XML-RPC Client object
+	 *
+	 * @var	object
+	 */
+	public $client;
+
+	/**
+	 * XML-RPC Method name
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $method;
+
+	/**
+	 * XML-RPC Data
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	public $data;
+
+	/**
+	 * XML-RPC Message
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $message			= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Request error message
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $error			= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * XML-RPC result object
+	 *
+	 * @var	object
+	 */
+	public $result;
+
+	/**
+	 * XML-RPC Response
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	public $response		= array(); // Response from remote server
+
+	/**
+	 * XSS Filter flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	public $xss_clean		= TRUE;
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Constructor
+	 *
+	 * Initializes property default values
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$config
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
 	public function __construct($config = array())
 	{
-		$this->xmlrpcName		= $this->xmlrpcName;
 		$this->xmlrpc_backslash = chr(92).chr(92);
 
 		// Types for info sent back and forth
@@ -85,54 +276,56 @@ class CI_Xmlrpc {
 			$this->xmlrpcBase64		=> '1',
 			$this->xmlrpcArray		=> '2',
 			$this->xmlrpcStruct		=> '3'
-			);
+		);
 
 		// Array of Valid Parents for Various XML-RPC elements
-		$this->valid_parents = array('BOOLEAN'			=> array('VALUE'),
-									 'I4'				=> array('VALUE'),
-									 'INT'				=> array('VALUE'),
-									 'STRING'			=> array('VALUE'),
-									 'DOUBLE'			=> array('VALUE'),
-									 'DATETIME.ISO8601'	=> array('VALUE'),
-									 'BASE64'			=> array('VALUE'),
-									 'ARRAY'			=> array('VALUE'),
-									 'STRUCT'			=> array('VALUE'),
-									 'PARAM'			=> array('PARAMS'),
-									 'METHODNAME'		=> array('METHODCALL'),
-									 'PARAMS'			=> array('METHODCALL', 'METHODRESPONSE'),
-									 'MEMBER'			=> array('STRUCT'),
-									 'NAME'				=> array('MEMBER'),
-									 'DATA'				=> array('ARRAY'),
-									 'FAULT'			=> array('METHODRESPONSE'),
-									 'VALUE'			=> array('MEMBER', 'DATA', 'PARAM', 'FAULT')
-									 );
-
+		$this->valid_parents = array('BOOLEAN' => array('VALUE'),
+			'I4'				=> array('VALUE'),
+			'INT'				=> array('VALUE'),
+			'STRING'			=> array('VALUE'),
+			'DOUBLE'			=> array('VALUE'),
+			'DATETIME.ISO8601'	=> array('VALUE'),
+			'BASE64'			=> array('VALUE'),
+			'ARRAY'			=> array('VALUE'),
+			'STRUCT'			=> array('VALUE'),
+			'PARAM'			=> array('PARAMS'),
+			'METHODNAME'		=> array('METHODCALL'),
+			'PARAMS'			=> array('METHODCALL', 'METHODRESPONSE'),
+			'MEMBER'			=> array('STRUCT'),
+			'NAME'				=> array('MEMBER'),
+			'DATA'				=> array('ARRAY'),
+			'FAULT'			=> array('METHODRESPONSE'),
+			'VALUE'			=> array('MEMBER', 'DATA', 'PARAM', 'FAULT')
+		);
 
 		// XML-RPC Responses
 		$this->xmlrpcerr['unknown_method'] = '1';
 		$this->xmlrpcstr['unknown_method'] = 'This is not a known method for this XML-RPC Server';
 		$this->xmlrpcerr['invalid_return'] = '2';
-		$this->xmlrpcstr['invalid_return'] = 'The XML data received was either invalid or not in the correct form for XML-RPC.  Turn on debugging to examine the XML data further.';
+		$this->xmlrpcstr['invalid_return'] = 'The XML data received was either invalid or not in the correct form for XML-RPC. Turn on debugging to examine the XML data further.';
 		$this->xmlrpcerr['incorrect_params'] = '3';
 		$this->xmlrpcstr['incorrect_params'] = 'Incorrect parameters were passed to method';
 		$this->xmlrpcerr['introspect_unknown'] = '4';
-		$this->xmlrpcstr['introspect_unknown'] = "Cannot inspect signature for request: method unknown";
+		$this->xmlrpcstr['introspect_unknown'] = 'Cannot inspect signature for request: method unknown';
 		$this->xmlrpcerr['http_error'] = '5';
 		$this->xmlrpcstr['http_error'] = "Did not receive a '200 OK' response from remote server.";
 		$this->xmlrpcerr['no_data'] = '6';
-		$this->xmlrpcstr['no_data'] ='No data received from server.';
+		$this->xmlrpcstr['no_data'] = 'No data received from server.';
 
 		$this->initialize($config);
 
-		log_message('debug', "XML-RPC Class Initialized");
+		log_message('info', 'XML-RPC Class Initialized');
 	}
 
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-	//-------------------------------------
-	//  Initialize Prefs
-	//-------------------------------------
-
-	function initialize($config = array())
+	/**
+	 * Initialize
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$config
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function initialize($config = array())
 	{
 		if (count($config) > 0)
 		{
@@ -145,64 +338,85 @@ class CI_Xmlrpc {
 			}
 		}
 	}
-	// END
 
-	//-------------------------------------
-	//  Take URL and parse it
-	//-------------------------------------
-
-	function server($url, $port=80)
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Parse server URL
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$url
+	 * @param	int	$port
+	 * @param	string	$proxy
+	 * @param	int	$proxy_port
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function server($url, $port = 80, $proxy = FALSE, $proxy_port = 8080)
 	{
-		if (substr($url, 0, 4) != "http")
+		if (stripos($url, 'http') !== 0)
 		{
-			$url = "http://".$url;
+			$url = 'http://'.$url;
 		}
 
 		$parts = parse_url($url);
 
-		$path = ( ! isset($parts['path'])) ? '/' : $parts['path'];
+		if (isset($parts['user'], $parts['pass']))
+		{
+			$parts['host'] = $parts['user'].':'.$parts['pass'].'@'.$parts['host'];
+		}
+
+		$path = isset($parts['path']) ? $parts['path'] : '/';
 
-		if (isset($parts['query']) && $parts['query'] != '')
+		if ( ! empty($parts['query']))
 		{
 			$path .= '?'.$parts['query'];
 		}
 
-		$this->client = new XML_RPC_Client($path, $parts['host'], $port);
+		$this->client = new XML_RPC_Client($path, $parts['host'], $port, $proxy, $proxy_port);
 	}
-	// END
 
-	//-------------------------------------
-	//  Set Timeout
-	//-------------------------------------
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-	function timeout($seconds=5)
+	/**
+	 * Set Timeout
+	 *
+	 * @param	int	$seconds
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function timeout($seconds = 5)
 	{
-		if ( ! is_null($this->client) && is_int($seconds))
+		if ($this->client !== NULL && is_int($seconds))
 		{
 			$this->client->timeout = $seconds;
 		}
 	}
-	// END
 
-	//-------------------------------------
-	//  Set Methods
-	//-------------------------------------
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-	function method($function)
+	/**
+	 * Set Methods
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$function	Method name
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function method($function)
 	{
 		$this->method = $function;
 	}
-	// END
 
-	//-------------------------------------
-	//  Take Array of Data and Create Objects
-	//-------------------------------------
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-	function request($incoming)
+	/**
+	 * Take Array of Data and Create Objects
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$incoming
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function request($incoming)
 	{
 		if ( ! is_array($incoming))
 		{
 			// Send Error
+			return;
 		}
 
 		$this->data = array();
@@ -212,49 +426,47 @@ class CI_Xmlrpc {
 			$this->data[$key] = $this->values_parsing($value);
 		}
 	}
-	// END
 
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-	//-------------------------------------
-	//  Set Debug
-	//-------------------------------------
-
-	function set_debug($flag = TRUE)
+	/**
+	 * Set Debug
+	 *
+	 * @param	bool	$flag
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function set_debug($flag = TRUE)
 	{
-		$this->debug = ($flag == TRUE) ? TRUE : FALSE;
+		$this->debug = ($flag === TRUE);
 	}
 
-	//-------------------------------------
-	//  Values Parsing
-	//-------------------------------------
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-	function values_parsing($value, $return = FALSE)
+	/**
+	 * Values Parsing
+	 *
+	 * @param	mixed	$value
+	 * @return	object
+	 */
+	public function values_parsing($value)
 	{
 		if (is_array($value) && array_key_exists(0, $value))
 		{
-			if ( ! isset($value['1']) OR ( ! isset($this->xmlrpcTypes[$value['1']])))
+			if ( ! isset($value[1], $this->xmlrpcTypes[$value[1]]))
 			{
-				if (is_array($value[0]))
-				{
-					$temp = new XML_RPC_Values($value['0'], 'array');
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					$temp = new XML_RPC_Values($value['0'], 'string');
-				}
+				$temp = new XML_RPC_Values($value[0], (is_array($value[0]) ? 'array' : 'string'));
 			}
-			elseif (is_array($value['0']) && ($value['1'] == 'struct' OR $value['1'] == 'array'))
+			else
 			{
-				while (list($k) = each($value['0']))
+				if (is_array($value[0]) && ($value[1] === 'struct' OR $value[1] === 'array'))
 				{
-					$value['0'][$k] = $this->values_parsing($value['0'][$k], TRUE);
+					foreach (array_keys($value[0]) as $k)
+					{
+						$value[0][$k] = $this->values_parsing($value[0][$k]);
+					}
 				}
 
-				$temp = new XML_RPC_Values($value['0'], $value['1']);
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				$temp = new XML_RPC_Values($value['0'], $value['1']);
+				$temp = new XML_RPC_Values($value[0], $value[1]);
 			}
 		}
 		else
@@ -264,132 +476,248 @@ class CI_Xmlrpc {
 
 		return $temp;
 	}
-	// END
 
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-	//-------------------------------------
-	//  Sends XML-RPC Request
-	//-------------------------------------
-
-	function send_request()
+	/**
+	 * Sends XML-RPC Request
+	 *
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function send_request()
 	{
-		$this->message = new XML_RPC_Message($this->method,$this->data);
+		$this->message = new XML_RPC_Message($this->method, $this->data);
 		$this->message->debug = $this->debug;
 
-		if ( ! $this->result = $this->client->send($this->message))
-		{
-			$this->error = $this->result->errstr;
-			return FALSE;
-		}
-		elseif ( ! is_object($this->result->val))
+		if ( ! $this->result = $this->client->send($this->message) OR ! is_object($this->result->val))
 		{
 			$this->error = $this->result->errstr;
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
 		$this->response = $this->result->decode();
-
 		return TRUE;
 	}
-	// END
 
-	//-------------------------------------
-	//  Returns Error
-	//-------------------------------------
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-	function display_error()
+	/**
+	 * Returns Error
+	 *
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	public function display_error()
 	{
 		return $this->error;
 	}
-	// END
 
-	//-------------------------------------
-	//  Returns Remote Server Response
-	//-------------------------------------
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-	function display_response()
+	/**
+	 * Returns Remote Server Response
+	 *
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	public function display_response()
 	{
 		return $this->response;
 	}
-	// END
 
-	//-------------------------------------
-	//  Sends an Error Message for Server Request
-	//-------------------------------------
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-	function send_error_message($number, $message)
+	/**
+	 * Sends an Error Message for Server Request
+	 *
+	 * @param	int	$number
+	 * @param	string	$message
+	 * @return	object
+	 */
+	public function send_error_message($number, $message)
 	{
-		return new XML_RPC_Response('0',$number, $message);
+		return new XML_RPC_Response(0, $number, $message);
 	}
-	// END
-
 
-	//-------------------------------------
-	//  Send Response for Server Request
-	//-------------------------------------
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-	function send_response($response)
+	/**
+	 * Send Response for Server Request
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$response
+	 * @return	object
+	 */
+	public function send_response($response)
 	{
 		// $response should be array of values, which will be parsed
 		// based on their data and type into a valid group of XML-RPC values
-
-		$response = $this->values_parsing($response);
-
-		return new XML_RPC_Response($response);
+		return new XML_RPC_Response($this->values_parsing($response));
 	}
-	// END
 
 } // END XML_RPC Class
 
-
-
 /**
  * XML-RPC Client class
  *
  * @category	XML-RPC
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/xmlrpc.html
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/xmlrpc.html
  */
 class XML_RPC_Client extends CI_Xmlrpc
 {
-	var $path			= '';
-	var $server			= '';
-	var $port			= 80;
-	var $errno			= '';
-	var $errstring		= '';
-	var $timeout		= 5;
-	var $no_multicall	= FALSE;
-
-	public function __construct($path, $server, $port=80)
+	/**
+	 * Path
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $path			= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Server hostname
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $server			= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Server port
+	 *
+	 * @var	int
+	 */
+	public $port			= 80;
+
+	/**
+	 *
+	 * Server username
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $username;
+
+	/**
+	 * Server password
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $password;
+
+	/**
+	 * Proxy hostname
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $proxy			= FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Proxy port
+	 *
+	 * @var	int
+	 */
+	public $proxy_port		= 8080;
+
+	/**
+	 * Error number
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $errno			= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Error message
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $errstring		= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Timeout in seconds
+	 *
+	 * @var	int
+	 */
+	public $timeout		= 5;
+
+	/**
+	 * No Multicall flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	public $no_multicall	= FALSE;
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Constructor
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$path
+	 * @param	object	$server
+	 * @param	int	$port
+	 * @param	string	$proxy
+	 * @param	int	$proxy_port
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function __construct($path, $server, $port = 80, $proxy = FALSE, $proxy_port = 8080)
 	{
 		parent::__construct();
 
+		$url = parse_url('http://'.$server);
+
+		if (isset($url['user'], $url['pass']))
+		{
+			$this->username = $url['user'];
+			$this->password = $url['pass'];
+		}
+
 		$this->port = $port;
-		$this->server = $server;
+		$this->server = $url['host'];
 		$this->path = $path;
+		$this->proxy = $proxy;
+		$this->proxy_port = $proxy_port;
 	}
 
-	function send($msg)
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Send message
+	 *
+	 * @param	mixed	$msg
+	 * @return	object
+	 */
+	public function send($msg)
 	{
 		if (is_array($msg))
 		{
 			// Multi-call disabled
-			$r = new XML_RPC_Response(0, $this->xmlrpcerr['multicall_recursion'],$this->xmlrpcstr['multicall_recursion']);
-			return $r;
+			return new XML_RPC_Response(0, $this->xmlrpcerr['multicall_recursion'], $this->xmlrpcstr['multicall_recursion']);
 		}
 
 		return $this->sendPayload($msg);
 	}
 
-	function sendPayload($msg)
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Send payload
+	 *
+	 * @param	object	$msg
+	 * @return	object
+	 */
+	public function sendPayload($msg)
 	{
-		$fp = @fsockopen($this->server, $this->port,$this->errno, $this->errstr, $this->timeout);
+		if ($this->proxy === FALSE)
+		{
+			$server = $this->server;
+			$port = $this->port;
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			$server = $this->proxy;
+			$port = $this->proxy_port;
+		}
+
+		$fp = @fsockopen($server, $port, $this->errno, $this->errstring, $this->timeout);
 
 		if ( ! is_resource($fp))
 		{
 			error_log($this->xmlrpcstr['http_error']);
-			$r = new XML_RPC_Response(0, $this->xmlrpcerr['http_error'],$this->xmlrpcstr['http_error']);
-			return $r;
+			return new XML_RPC_Response(0, $this->xmlrpcerr['http_error'], $this->xmlrpcstr['http_error']);
 		}
 
 		if (empty($msg->payload))
@@ -399,55 +727,123 @@ class XML_RPC_Client extends CI_Xmlrpc
 		}
 
 		$r = "\r\n";
-		$op  = "POST {$this->path} HTTP/1.0$r";
-		$op .= "Host: {$this->server}$r";
-		$op .= "Content-Type: text/xml$r";
-		$op .= "User-Agent: {$this->xmlrpcName}$r";
-		$op .= "Content-Length: ".strlen($msg->payload). "$r$r";
-		$op .= $msg->payload;
+		$op = 'POST '.$this->path.' HTTP/1.0'.$r
+			.'Host: '.$this->server.$r
+			.'Content-Type: text/xml'.$r
+			.(isset($this->username, $this->password) ? 'Authorization: Basic '.base64_encode($this->username.':'.$this->password).$r : '')
+			.'User-Agent: '.$this->xmlrpcName.$r
+			.'Content-Length: '.strlen($msg->payload).$r.$r
+			.$msg->payload;
+
+		stream_set_timeout($fp, $this->timeout); // set timeout for subsequent operations
 
+		for ($written = $timestamp = 0, $length = strlen($op); $written < $length; $written += $result)
+		{
+			if (($result = fwrite($fp, substr($op, $written))) === FALSE)
+			{
+				break;
+			}
+			// See https://bugs.php.net/bug.php?id=39598 and http://php.net/manual/en/function.fwrite.php#96951
+			elseif ($result === 0)
+			{
+				if ($timestamp === 0)
+				{
+					$timestamp = time();
+				}
+				elseif ($timestamp < (time() - $this->timeout))
+				{
+					$result = FALSE;
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				$timestamp = 0;
+			}
+		}
 
-		if ( ! fputs($fp, $op, strlen($op)))
+		if ($result === FALSE)
 		{
 			error_log($this->xmlrpcstr['http_error']);
-			$r = new XML_RPC_Response(0, $this->xmlrpcerr['http_error'], $this->xmlrpcstr['http_error']);
-			return $r;
+			return new XML_RPC_Response(0, $this->xmlrpcerr['http_error'], $this->xmlrpcstr['http_error']);
 		}
+
 		$resp = $msg->parseResponse($fp);
 		fclose($fp);
 		return $resp;
 	}
 
-} // end class XML_RPC_Client
-
+} // END XML_RPC_Client Class
 
 /**
  * XML-RPC Response class
  *
  * @category	XML-RPC
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/xmlrpc.html
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/xmlrpc.html
  */
 class XML_RPC_Response
 {
-	var $val = 0;
-	var $errno = 0;
-	var $errstr = '';
-	var $headers = array();
-	var $xss_clean = TRUE;
 
+	/**
+	 * Value
+	 *
+	 * @var	mixed
+	 */
+	public $val		= 0;
+
+	/**
+	 * Error number
+	 *
+	 * @var	int
+	 */
+	public $errno		= 0;
+
+	/**
+	 * Error message
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $errstr		= '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Headers list
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	public $headers		= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * XSS Filter flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	public $xss_clean	= TRUE;
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Constructor
+	 *
+	 * @param	mixed	$val
+	 * @param	int	$code
+	 * @param	string	$fstr
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
 	public function __construct($val, $code = 0, $fstr = '')
 	{
-		if ($code != 0)
+		if ($code !== 0)
 		{
 			// error
 			$this->errno = $code;
-			$this->errstr = htmlentities($fstr);
+			$this->errstr = htmlspecialchars($fstr,
+							(is_php('5.4') ? ENT_XML1 | ENT_NOQUOTES : ENT_NOQUOTES),
+							'UTF-8');
 		}
-		else if ( ! is_object($val))
+		elseif ( ! is_object($val))
 		{
 			// programmer error, not an object
-			error_log("Invalid type '" . gettype($val) . "' (value: $val) passed to XML_RPC_Response.  Defaulting to empty value.");
+			error_log("Invalid type '".gettype($val)."' (value: ".$val.') passed to XML_RPC_Response. Defaulting to empty value.');
 			$this->val = new XML_RPC_Values();
 		}
 		else
@@ -456,172 +852,234 @@ class XML_RPC_Response
 		}
 	}
 
-	function faultCode()
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Fault code
+	 *
+	 * @return	int
+	 */
+	public function faultCode()
 	{
 		return $this->errno;
 	}
 
-	function faultString()
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Fault string
+	 *
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	public function faultString()
 	{
 		return $this->errstr;
 	}
 
-	function value()
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Value
+	 *
+	 * @return	mixed
+	 */
+	public function value()
 	{
 		return $this->val;
 	}
 
-	function prepare_response()
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Prepare response
+	 *
+	 * @return	string	xml
+	 */
+	public function prepare_response()
 	{
-		$result = "<methodResponse>\n";
-		if ($this->errno)
-		{
-			$result .= '<fault>
+		return "<methodResponse>\n"
+			.($this->errno
+				? '<fault>
 	<value>
 		<struct>
 			<member>
 				<name>faultCode</name>
-				<value><int>' . $this->errno . '</int></value>
+				<value><int>'.$this->errno.'</int></value>
 			</member>
 			<member>
 				<name>faultString</name>
-				<value><string>' . $this->errstr . '</string></value>
+				<value><string>'.$this->errstr.'</string></value>
 			</member>
 		</struct>
 	</value>
-</fault>';
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			$result .= "<params>\n<param>\n" .
-					$this->val->serialize_class() .
-					"</param>\n</params>";
-		}
-		$result .= "\n</methodResponse>";
-		return $result;
+</fault>'
+				: "<params>\n<param>\n".$this->val->serialize_class()."</param>\n</params>")
+			."\n</methodResponse>";
 	}
 
-	function decode($array=FALSE)
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Decode
+	 *
+	 * @param	mixed	$array
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	public function decode($array = NULL)
 	{
 		$CI =& get_instance();
-		
-		if ($array !== FALSE && is_array($array))
+
+		if (is_array($array))
 		{
-			while (list($key) = each($array))
+			foreach ($array as $key => &$value)
 			{
-				if (is_array($array[$key]))
+				if (is_array($value))
 				{
-					$array[$key] = $this->decode($array[$key]);
+					$array[$key] = $this->decode($value);
 				}
-				else
+				elseif ($this->xss_clean)
 				{
-					$array[$key] = ($this->xss_clean) ? $CI->security->xss_clean($array[$key]) : $array[$key];
+					$array[$key] = $CI->security->xss_clean($value);
 				}
 			}
 
-			$result = $array;
+			return $array;
 		}
-		else
-		{
-			$result = $this->xmlrpc_decoder($this->val);
 
-			if (is_array($result))
-			{
-				$result = $this->decode($result);
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				$result = ($this->xss_clean) ? $CI->security->xss_clean($result) : $result;
-			}
+		$result = $this->xmlrpc_decoder($this->val);
+
+		if (is_array($result))
+		{
+			$result = $this->decode($result);
+		}
+		elseif ($this->xss_clean)
+		{
+			$result = $CI->security->xss_clean($result);
 		}
 
 		return $result;
 	}
 
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-
-	//-------------------------------------
-	//  XML-RPC Object to PHP Types
-	//-------------------------------------
-
-	function xmlrpc_decoder($xmlrpc_val)
+	/**
+	 * XML-RPC Object to PHP Types
+	 *
+	 * @param	object
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	public function xmlrpc_decoder($xmlrpc_val)
 	{
 		$kind = $xmlrpc_val->kindOf();
 
-		if ($kind == 'scalar')
+		if ($kind === 'scalar')
 		{
 			return $xmlrpc_val->scalarval();
 		}
-		elseif ($kind == 'array')
+		elseif ($kind === 'array')
 		{
 			reset($xmlrpc_val->me);
-			list($a,$b) = each($xmlrpc_val->me);
-			$size = count($b);
-
+			$b = current($xmlrpc_val->me);
 			$arr = array();
 
-			for ($i = 0; $i < $size; $i++)
+			for ($i = 0, $size = count($b); $i < $size; $i++)
 			{
 				$arr[] = $this->xmlrpc_decoder($xmlrpc_val->me['array'][$i]);
 			}
 			return $arr;
 		}
-		elseif ($kind == 'struct')
+		elseif ($kind === 'struct')
 		{
 			reset($xmlrpc_val->me['struct']);
 			$arr = array();
 
-			while (list($key,$value) = each($xmlrpc_val->me['struct']))
+			foreach ($xmlrpc_val->me['struct'] as $key => &$value)
 			{
 				$arr[$key] = $this->xmlrpc_decoder($value);
 			}
+
 			return $arr;
 		}
 	}
 
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-	//-------------------------------------
-	//  ISO-8601 time to server or UTC time
-	//-------------------------------------
-
-	function iso8601_decode($time, $utc=0)
+	/**
+	 * ISO-8601 time to server or UTC time
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	bool
+	 * @return	int	unix timestamp
+	 */
+	public function iso8601_decode($time, $utc = FALSE)
 	{
-		// return a timet in the localtime, or UTC
+		// Return a time in the localtime, or UTC
 		$t = 0;
 		if (preg_match('/([0-9]{4})([0-9]{2})([0-9]{2})T([0-9]{2}):([0-9]{2}):([0-9]{2})/', $time, $regs))
 		{
-			$fnc = ($utc == 1) ? 'gmmktime' : 'mktime';
+			$fnc = ($utc === TRUE) ? 'gmmktime' : 'mktime';
 			$t = $fnc($regs[4], $regs[5], $regs[6], $regs[2], $regs[3], $regs[1]);
 		}
 		return $t;
 	}
 
-} // End Response Class
-
-
+} // END XML_RPC_Response Class
 
 /**
  * XML-RPC Message class
  *
  * @category	XML-RPC
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/xmlrpc.html
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/xmlrpc.html
  */
 class XML_RPC_Message extends CI_Xmlrpc
 {
-	var $payload;
-	var $method_name;
-	var $params			= array();
-	var $xh				= array();
 
-	public function __construct($method, $pars=0)
+	/**
+	 * Payload
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $payload;
+
+	/**
+	 * Method name
+	 *
+	 * @var	string
+	 */
+	public $method_name;
+
+	/**
+	 * Parameter list
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	public $params		= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * XH?
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	public $xh		= array();
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Constructor
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$method
+	 * @param	array	$pars
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function __construct($method, $pars = FALSE)
 	{
 		parent::__construct();
 
 		$this->method_name = $method;
 		if (is_array($pars) && count($pars) > 0)
 		{
-			for ($i=0; $i<count($pars); $i++)
+			for ($i = 0, $c = count($pars); $i < $c; $i++)
 			{
 				// $pars[$i] = XML_RPC_Values
 				$this->params[] = $pars[$i];
@@ -629,17 +1087,20 @@ class XML_RPC_Message extends CI_Xmlrpc
 		}
 	}
 
-	//-------------------------------------
-	//  Create Payload to Send
-	//-------------------------------------
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-	function createPayload()
+	/**
+	 * Create Payload to Send
+	 *
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function createPayload()
 	{
-		$this->payload = "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?".">\r\n<methodCall>\r\n";
-		$this->payload .= '<methodName>' . $this->method_name . "</methodName>\r\n";
-		$this->payload .= "<params>\r\n";
+		$this->payload = '<?xml version="1.0"?'.">\r\n<methodCall>\r\n"
+				.'<methodName>'.$this->method_name."</methodName>\r\n"
+				."<params>\r\n";
 
-		for ($i=0; $i<count($this->params); $i++)
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($this->params); $i < $c; $i++)
 		{
 			// $p = XML_RPC_Values
 			$p = $this->params[$i];
@@ -649,11 +1110,15 @@ class XML_RPC_Message extends CI_Xmlrpc
 		$this->payload .= "</params>\r\n</methodCall>\r\n";
 	}
 
-	//-------------------------------------
-	//  Parse External XML-RPC Server's Response
-	//-------------------------------------
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-	function parseResponse($fp)
+	/**
+	 * Parse External XML-RPC Server's Response
+	 *
+	 * @param	resource
+	 * @return	object
+	 */
+	public function parseResponse($fp)
 	{
 		$data = '';
 
@@ -662,65 +1127,48 @@ class XML_RPC_Message extends CI_Xmlrpc
 			$data .= $datum;
 		}
 
-		//-------------------------------------
-		//  DISPLAY HTTP CONTENT for DEBUGGING
-		//-------------------------------------
-
+		// Display HTTP content for debugging
 		if ($this->debug === TRUE)
 		{
-			echo "<pre>";
-			echo "---DATA---\n" . htmlspecialchars($data) . "\n---END DATA---\n\n";
-			echo "</pre>";
+			echo "<pre>---DATA---\n".htmlspecialchars($data)."\n---END DATA---\n\n</pre>";
 		}
 
-		//-------------------------------------
-		//  Check for data
-		//-------------------------------------
-
-		if ($data == "")
+		// Check for data
+		if ($data === '')
 		{
 			error_log($this->xmlrpcstr['no_data']);
-			$r = new XML_RPC_Response(0, $this->xmlrpcerr['no_data'], $this->xmlrpcstr['no_data']);
-			return $r;
+			return new XML_RPC_Response(0, $this->xmlrpcerr['no_data'], $this->xmlrpcstr['no_data']);
 		}
 
-
-		//-------------------------------------
-		//  Check for HTTP 200 Response
-		//-------------------------------------
-
-		if (strncmp($data, 'HTTP', 4) == 0 && ! preg_match('/^HTTP\/[0-9\.]+ 200 /', $data))
+		// Check for HTTP 200 Response
+		if (strpos($data, 'HTTP') === 0 && ! preg_match('/^HTTP\/[0-9\.]+ 200 /', $data))
 		{
-			$errstr= substr($data, 0, strpos($data, "\n")-1);
-			$r = new XML_RPC_Response(0, $this->xmlrpcerr['http_error'], $this->xmlrpcstr['http_error']. ' (' . $errstr . ')');
-			return $r;
+			$errstr = substr($data, 0, strpos($data, "\n")-1);
+			return new XML_RPC_Response(0, $this->xmlrpcerr['http_error'], $this->xmlrpcstr['http_error'].' ('.$errstr.')');
 		}
 
 		//-------------------------------------
-		//  Create and Set Up XML Parser
+		// Create and Set Up XML Parser
 		//-------------------------------------
 
 		$parser = xml_parser_create($this->xmlrpc_defencoding);
-
-		$this->xh[$parser]					= array();
-		$this->xh[$parser]['isf']			= 0;
-		$this->xh[$parser]['ac']			= '';
-		$this->xh[$parser]['headers']		= array();
-		$this->xh[$parser]['stack']			= array();
-		$this->xh[$parser]['valuestack']	= array();
-		$this->xh[$parser]['isf_reason']	= 0;
+		$pname = (string) $parser;
+		$this->xh[$pname] = array(
+			'isf'		=> 0,
+			'ac'		=> '',
+			'headers'	=> array(),
+			'stack'		=> array(),
+			'valuestack'	=> array(),
+			'isf_reason'	=> 0
+		);
 
 		xml_set_object($parser, $this);
-		xml_parser_set_option($parser, XML_OPTION_CASE_FOLDING, true);
+		xml_parser_set_option($parser, XML_OPTION_CASE_FOLDING, TRUE);
 		xml_set_element_handler($parser, 'open_tag', 'closing_tag');
 		xml_set_character_data_handler($parser, 'character_data');
 		//xml_set_default_handler($parser, 'default_handler');
 
-
-		//-------------------------------------
-		//  GET HEADERS
-		//-------------------------------------
-
+		// Get headers
 		$lines = explode("\r\n", $data);
 		while (($line = array_shift($lines)))
 		{
@@ -728,87 +1176,67 @@ class XML_RPC_Message extends CI_Xmlrpc
 			{
 				break;
 			}
-			$this->xh[$parser]['headers'][] = $line;
+			$this->xh[$pname]['headers'][] = $line;
 		}
 		$data = implode("\r\n", $lines);
 
-
-		//-------------------------------------
-		//  PARSE XML DATA
-		//-------------------------------------
-
+		// Parse XML data
 		if ( ! xml_parse($parser, $data, count($data)))
 		{
 			$errstr = sprintf('XML error: %s at line %d',
-					xml_error_string(xml_get_error_code($parser)),
-					xml_get_current_line_number($parser));
-			//error_log($errstr);
+						xml_error_string(xml_get_error_code($parser)),
+						xml_get_current_line_number($parser));
+
 			$r = new XML_RPC_Response(0, $this->xmlrpcerr['invalid_return'], $this->xmlrpcstr['invalid_return']);
 			xml_parser_free($parser);
 			return $r;
 		}
 		xml_parser_free($parser);
 
-		// ---------------------------------------
-		//  Got Ourselves Some Badness, It Seems
-		// ---------------------------------------
-
-		if ($this->xh[$parser]['isf'] > 1)
+		// Got ourselves some badness, it seems
+		if ($this->xh[$pname]['isf'] > 1)
 		{
 			if ($this->debug === TRUE)
 			{
-				echo "---Invalid Return---\n";
-				echo $this->xh[$parser]['isf_reason'];
-				echo "---Invalid Return---\n\n";
+				echo "---Invalid Return---\n".$this->xh[$pname]['isf_reason']."---Invalid Return---\n\n";
 			}
 
-			$r = new XML_RPC_Response(0, $this->xmlrpcerr['invalid_return'],$this->xmlrpcstr['invalid_return'].' '.$this->xh[$parser]['isf_reason']);
-			return $r;
+			return new XML_RPC_Response(0, $this->xmlrpcerr['invalid_return'], $this->xmlrpcstr['invalid_return'].' '.$this->xh[$pname]['isf_reason']);
 		}
-		elseif ( ! is_object($this->xh[$parser]['value']))
+		elseif ( ! is_object($this->xh[$pname]['value']))
 		{
-			$r = new XML_RPC_Response(0, $this->xmlrpcerr['invalid_return'],$this->xmlrpcstr['invalid_return'].' '.$this->xh[$parser]['isf_reason']);
-			return $r;
+			return new XML_RPC_Response(0, $this->xmlrpcerr['invalid_return'], $this->xmlrpcstr['invalid_return'].' '.$this->xh[$pname]['isf_reason']);
 		}
 
-		//-------------------------------------
-		//  DISPLAY XML CONTENT for DEBUGGING
-		//-------------------------------------
-
+		// Display XML content for debugging
 		if ($this->debug === TRUE)
 		{
-			echo "<pre>";
+			echo '<pre>';
 
-			if (count($this->xh[$parser]['headers'] > 0))
+			if (count($this->xh[$pname]['headers'] > 0))
 			{
 				echo "---HEADERS---\n";
-				foreach ($this->xh[$parser]['headers'] as $header)
+				foreach ($this->xh[$pname]['headers'] as $header)
 				{
-					echo "$header\n";
+					echo $header."\n";
 				}
 				echo "---END HEADERS---\n\n";
 			}
 
-			echo "---DATA---\n" . htmlspecialchars($data) . "\n---END DATA---\n\n";
-
-			echo "---PARSED---\n" ;
-			var_dump($this->xh[$parser]['value']);
+			echo "---DATA---\n".htmlspecialchars($data)."\n---END DATA---\n\n---PARSED---\n";
+			var_dump($this->xh[$pname]['value']);
 			echo "\n---END PARSED---</pre>";
 		}
 
-		//-------------------------------------
-		//  SEND RESPONSE
-		//-------------------------------------
-
-		$v = $this->xh[$parser]['value'];
-
-		if ($this->xh[$parser]['isf'])
+		// Send response
+		$v = $this->xh[$pname]['value'];
+		if ($this->xh[$pname]['isf'])
 		{
 			$errno_v = $v->me['struct']['faultCode'];
 			$errstr_v = $v->me['struct']['faultString'];
 			$errno = $errno_v->scalarval();
 
-			if ($errno == 0)
+			if ($errno === 0)
 			{
 				// FAULT returned, errno needs to reflect that
 				$errno = -1;
@@ -821,10 +1249,12 @@ class XML_RPC_Message extends CI_Xmlrpc
 			$r = new XML_RPC_Response($v);
 		}
 
-		$r->headers = $this->xh[$parser]['headers'];
+		$r->headers = $this->xh[$pname]['headers'];
 		return $r;
 	}
 
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 	// ------------------------------------
 	//  Begin Return Message Parsing section
 	// ------------------------------------
@@ -839,63 +1269,63 @@ class XML_RPC_Message extends CI_Xmlrpc
 	//	 stack - array with parent tree of the xml element,
 	//			 used to validate the nesting of elements
 
-	//-------------------------------------
-	//  Start Element Handler
-	//-------------------------------------
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-	function open_tag($the_parser, $name, $attrs)
+	/**
+	 * Start Element Handler
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function open_tag($the_parser, $name)
 	{
+		$the_parser = (string) $the_parser;
+
 		// If invalid nesting, then return
 		if ($this->xh[$the_parser]['isf'] > 1) return;
 
 		// Evaluate and check for correct nesting of XML elements
-
-		if (count($this->xh[$the_parser]['stack']) == 0)
+		if (count($this->xh[$the_parser]['stack']) === 0)
 		{
-			if ($name != 'METHODRESPONSE' && $name != 'METHODCALL')
+			if ($name !== 'METHODRESPONSE' && $name !== 'METHODCALL')
 			{
 				$this->xh[$the_parser]['isf'] = 2;
 				$this->xh[$the_parser]['isf_reason'] = 'Top level XML-RPC element is missing';
 				return;
 			}
 		}
-		else
+		// not top level element: see if parent is OK
+		elseif ( ! in_array($this->xh[$the_parser]['stack'][0], $this->valid_parents[$name], TRUE))
 		{
-			// not top level element: see if parent is OK
-			if ( ! in_array($this->xh[$the_parser]['stack'][0], $this->valid_parents[$name], TRUE))
-			{
-				$this->xh[$the_parser]['isf'] = 2;
-				$this->xh[$the_parser]['isf_reason'] = "XML-RPC element $name cannot be child of ".$this->xh[$the_parser]['stack'][0];
-				return;
-			}
+			$this->xh[$the_parser]['isf'] = 2;
+			$this->xh[$the_parser]['isf_reason'] = 'XML-RPC element '.$name.' cannot be child of '.$this->xh[$the_parser]['stack'][0];
+			return;
 		}
 
-		switch($name)
+		switch ($name)
 		{
 			case 'STRUCT':
 			case 'ARRAY':
 				// Creates array for child elements
-
-				$cur_val = array('value' => array(),
-								 'type'	 => $name);
-
+				$cur_val = array('value' => array(), 'type' => $name);
 				array_unshift($this->xh[$the_parser]['valuestack'], $cur_val);
-			break;
+				break;
 			case 'METHODNAME':
 			case 'NAME':
 				$this->xh[$the_parser]['ac'] = '';
-			break;
+				break;
 			case 'FAULT':
 				$this->xh[$the_parser]['isf'] = 1;
-			break;
+				break;
 			case 'PARAM':
 				$this->xh[$the_parser]['value'] = NULL;
-			break;
+				break;
 			case 'VALUE':
 				$this->xh[$the_parser]['vt'] = 'value';
 				$this->xh[$the_parser]['ac'] = '';
 				$this->xh[$the_parser]['lv'] = 1;
-			break;
+				break;
 			case 'I4':
 			case 'INT':
 			case 'STRING':
@@ -903,70 +1333,76 @@ class XML_RPC_Message extends CI_Xmlrpc
 			case 'DOUBLE':
 			case 'DATETIME.ISO8601':
 			case 'BASE64':
-				if ($this->xh[$the_parser]['vt'] != 'value')
+				if ($this->xh[$the_parser]['vt'] !== 'value')
 				{
 					//two data elements inside a value: an error occurred!
 					$this->xh[$the_parser]['isf'] = 2;
-					$this->xh[$the_parser]['isf_reason'] = "'Twas a $name element following a ".$this->xh[$the_parser]['vt']." element inside a single value";
+					$this->xh[$the_parser]['isf_reason'] = 'There is a '.$name.' element following a '
+										.$this->xh[$the_parser]['vt'].' element inside a single value';
 					return;
 				}
 
 				$this->xh[$the_parser]['ac'] = '';
-			break;
+				break;
 			case 'MEMBER':
 				// Set name of <member> to nothing to prevent errors later if no <name> is found
 				$this->xh[$the_parser]['valuestack'][0]['name'] = '';
 
 				// Set NULL value to check to see if value passed for this param/member
 				$this->xh[$the_parser]['value'] = NULL;
-			break;
+				break;
 			case 'DATA':
 			case 'METHODCALL':
 			case 'METHODRESPONSE':
 			case 'PARAMS':
 				// valid elements that add little to processing
-			break;
+				break;
 			default:
 				/// An Invalid Element is Found, so we have trouble
 				$this->xh[$the_parser]['isf'] = 2;
-				$this->xh[$the_parser]['isf_reason'] = "Invalid XML-RPC element found: $name";
-			break;
+				$this->xh[$the_parser]['isf_reason'] = 'Invalid XML-RPC element found: '.$name;
+				break;
 		}
 
 		// Add current element name to stack, to allow validation of nesting
 		array_unshift($this->xh[$the_parser]['stack'], $name);
 
-		if ($name != 'VALUE') $this->xh[$the_parser]['lv'] = 0;
+		$name === 'VALUE' OR $this->xh[$the_parser]['lv'] = 0;
 	}
-	// END
 
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-	//-------------------------------------
-	//  End Element Handler
-	//-------------------------------------
-
-	function closing_tag($the_parser, $name)
+	/**
+	 * End Element Handler
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function closing_tag($the_parser, $name)
 	{
+		$the_parser = (string) $the_parser;
+
 		if ($this->xh[$the_parser]['isf'] > 1) return;
 
 		// Remove current element from stack and set variable
 		// NOTE: If the XML validates, then we do not have to worry about
-		// the opening and closing of elements.  Nesting is checked on the opening
+		// the opening and closing of elements. Nesting is checked on the opening
 		// tag so we be safe there as well.
 
 		$curr_elem = array_shift($this->xh[$the_parser]['stack']);
 
-		switch($name)
+		switch ($name)
 		{
 			case 'STRUCT':
 			case 'ARRAY':
 				$cur_val = array_shift($this->xh[$the_parser]['valuestack']);
-				$this->xh[$the_parser]['value'] = ( ! isset($cur_val['values'])) ? array() : $cur_val['values'];
+				$this->xh[$the_parser]['value'] = isset($cur_val['values']) ? $cur_val['values'] : array();
 				$this->xh[$the_parser]['vt']	= strtolower($name);
-			break;
+				break;
 			case 'NAME':
 				$this->xh[$the_parser]['valuestack'][0]['name'] = $this->xh[$the_parser]['ac'];
-			break;
+				break;
 			case 'BOOLEAN':
 			case 'I4':
 			case 'INT':
@@ -976,63 +1412,46 @@ class XML_RPC_Message extends CI_Xmlrpc
 			case 'BASE64':
 				$this->xh[$the_parser]['vt'] = strtolower($name);
 
-				if ($name == 'STRING')
+				if ($name === 'STRING')
 				{
 					$this->xh[$the_parser]['value'] = $this->xh[$the_parser]['ac'];
 				}
-				elseif ($name=='DATETIME.ISO8601')
+				elseif ($name === 'DATETIME.ISO8601')
 				{
 					$this->xh[$the_parser]['vt']	= $this->xmlrpcDateTime;
 					$this->xh[$the_parser]['value'] = $this->xh[$the_parser]['ac'];
 				}
-				elseif ($name=='BASE64')
+				elseif ($name === 'BASE64')
 				{
 					$this->xh[$the_parser]['value'] = base64_decode($this->xh[$the_parser]['ac']);
 				}
-				elseif ($name=='BOOLEAN')
+				elseif ($name === 'BOOLEAN')
 				{
 					// Translated BOOLEAN values to TRUE AND FALSE
-					if ($this->xh[$the_parser]['ac'] == '1')
-					{
-						$this->xh[$the_parser]['value'] = TRUE;
-					}
-					else
-					{
-						$this->xh[$the_parser]['value'] = FALSE;
-					}
+					$this->xh[$the_parser]['value'] = (bool) $this->xh[$the_parser]['ac'];
 				}
 				elseif ($name=='DOUBLE')
 				{
 					// we have a DOUBLE
 					// we must check that only 0123456789-.<space> are characters here
-					if ( ! preg_match('/^[+-]?[eE0-9\t \.]+$/', $this->xh[$the_parser]['ac']))
-					{
-						$this->xh[$the_parser]['value'] = 'ERROR_NON_NUMERIC_FOUND';
-					}
-					else
-					{
-						$this->xh[$the_parser]['value'] = (double)$this->xh[$the_parser]['ac'];
-					}
+					$this->xh[$the_parser]['value'] = preg_match('/^[+-]?[eE0-9\t \.]+$/', $this->xh[$the_parser]['ac'])
+										? (float) $this->xh[$the_parser]['ac']
+										: 'ERROR_NON_NUMERIC_FOUND';
 				}
 				else
 				{
 					// we have an I4/INT
 					// we must check that only 0123456789-<space> are characters here
-					if ( ! preg_match('/^[+-]?[0-9\t ]+$/', $this->xh[$the_parser]['ac']))
-					{
-						$this->xh[$the_parser]['value'] = 'ERROR_NON_NUMERIC_FOUND';
-					}
-					else
-					{
-						$this->xh[$the_parser]['value'] = (int)$this->xh[$the_parser]['ac'];
-					}
+					$this->xh[$the_parser]['value'] = preg_match('/^[+-]?[0-9\t ]+$/', $this->xh[$the_parser]['ac'])
+										? (int) $this->xh[$the_parser]['ac']
+										: 'ERROR_NON_NUMERIC_FOUND';
 				}
 				$this->xh[$the_parser]['ac'] = '';
 				$this->xh[$the_parser]['lv'] = 3; // indicate we've found a value
-			break;
+				break;
 			case 'VALUE':
 				// This if() detects if no scalar was inside <VALUE></VALUE>
-				if ($this->xh[$the_parser]['vt']=='value')
+				if ($this->xh[$the_parser]['vt'] == 'value')
 				{
 					$this->xh[$the_parser]['value']	= $this->xh[$the_parser]['ac'];
 					$this->xh[$the_parser]['vt']	= $this->xmlrpcString;
@@ -1041,7 +1460,7 @@ class XML_RPC_Message extends CI_Xmlrpc
 				// build the XML-RPC value out of the data received, and substitute it
 				$temp = new XML_RPC_Values($this->xh[$the_parser]['value'], $this->xh[$the_parser]['vt']);
 
-				if (count($this->xh[$the_parser]['valuestack']) && $this->xh[$the_parser]['valuestack'][0]['type'] == 'ARRAY')
+				if (count($this->xh[$the_parser]['valuestack']) && $this->xh[$the_parser]['valuestack'][0]['type'] === 'ARRAY')
 				{
 					// Array
 					$this->xh[$the_parser]['valuestack'][0]['values'][] = $temp;
@@ -1051,57 +1470,64 @@ class XML_RPC_Message extends CI_Xmlrpc
 					// Struct
 					$this->xh[$the_parser]['value'] = $temp;
 				}
-			break;
+				break;
 			case 'MEMBER':
-				$this->xh[$the_parser]['ac']='';
+				$this->xh[$the_parser]['ac'] = '';
 
 				// If value add to array in the stack for the last element built
 				if ($this->xh[$the_parser]['value'])
 				{
 					$this->xh[$the_parser]['valuestack'][0]['values'][$this->xh[$the_parser]['valuestack'][0]['name']] = $this->xh[$the_parser]['value'];
 				}
-			break;
+				break;
 			case 'DATA':
-				$this->xh[$the_parser]['ac']='';
-			break;
+				$this->xh[$the_parser]['ac'] = '';
+				break;
 			case 'PARAM':
 				if ($this->xh[$the_parser]['value'])
 				{
 					$this->xh[$the_parser]['params'][] = $this->xh[$the_parser]['value'];
 				}
-			break;
+				break;
 			case 'METHODNAME':
 				$this->xh[$the_parser]['method'] = ltrim($this->xh[$the_parser]['ac']);
-			break;
+				break;
 			case 'PARAMS':
 			case 'FAULT':
 			case 'METHODCALL':
 			case 'METHORESPONSE':
 				// We're all good kids with nuthin' to do
-			break;
+				break;
 			default:
-				// End of an Invalid Element.  Taken care of during the opening tag though
-			break;
+				// End of an Invalid Element. Taken care of during the opening tag though
+				break;
 		}
 	}
 
-	//-------------------------------------
-	//  Parses Character Data
-	//-------------------------------------
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-	function character_data($the_parser, $data)
+	/**
+	 * Parse character data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function character_data($the_parser, $data)
 	{
+		$the_parser = (string) $the_parser;
+
 		if ($this->xh[$the_parser]['isf'] > 1) return; // XML Fault found already
 
 		// If a value has not been found
-		if ($this->xh[$the_parser]['lv'] != 3)
+		if ($this->xh[$the_parser]['lv'] !== 3)
 		{
-			if ($this->xh[$the_parser]['lv'] == 1)
+			if ($this->xh[$the_parser]['lv'] === 1)
 			{
 				$this->xh[$the_parser]['lv'] = 2; // Found a value
 			}
 
-			if ( ! @isset($this->xh[$the_parser]['ac']))
+			if ( ! isset($this->xh[$the_parser]['ac']))
 			{
 				$this->xh[$the_parser]['ac'] = '';
 			}
@@ -1110,83 +1536,104 @@ class XML_RPC_Message extends CI_Xmlrpc
 		}
 	}
 
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Add parameter
+	 *
+	 * @param	mixed
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function addParam($par)
+	{
+		$this->params[] = $par;
+	}
 
-	function addParam($par) { $this->params[]=$par; }
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-	function output_parameters($array=FALSE)
+	/**
+	 * Output parameters
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$array
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	public function output_parameters(array $array = array())
 	{
 		$CI =& get_instance();
-		
-		if ($array !== FALSE && is_array($array))
+
+		if ( ! empty($array))
 		{
-			while (list($key) = each($array))
+			foreach ($array as $key => &$value)
 			{
-				if (is_array($array[$key]))
+				if (is_array($value))
 				{
-					$array[$key] = $this->output_parameters($array[$key]);
+					$array[$key] = $this->output_parameters($value);
 				}
-				else
+				elseif ($key !== 'bits' && $this->xss_clean)
 				{
 					// 'bits' is for the MetaWeblog API image bits
 					// @todo - this needs to be made more general purpose
-					$array[$key] = ($key == 'bits' OR $this->xss_clean == FALSE) ? $array[$key] : $CI->security->xss_clean($array[$key]);
+					$array[$key] = $CI->security->xss_clean($value);
 				}
 			}
 
-			$parameters = $array;
+			return $array;
 		}
-		else
+
+		$parameters = array();
+
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($this->params); $i < $c; $i++)
 		{
-			$parameters = array();
+			$a_param = $this->decode_message($this->params[$i]);
 
-			for ($i = 0; $i < count($this->params); $i++)
+			if (is_array($a_param))
 			{
-				$a_param = $this->decode_message($this->params[$i]);
-
-				if (is_array($a_param))
-				{
-					$parameters[] = $this->output_parameters($a_param);
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					$parameters[] = ($this->xss_clean) ? $CI->security->xss_clean($a_param) : $a_param;
-				}
+				$parameters[] = $this->output_parameters($a_param);
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				$parameters[] = ($this->xss_clean) ? $CI->security->xss_clean($a_param) : $a_param;
 			}
 		}
 
 		return $parameters;
 	}
 
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-	function decode_message($param)
+	/**
+	 * Decode message
+	 *
+	 * @param	object
+	 * @return	mixed
+	 */
+	public function decode_message($param)
 	{
 		$kind = $param->kindOf();
 
-		if ($kind == 'scalar')
+		if ($kind === 'scalar')
 		{
 			return $param->scalarval();
 		}
-		elseif ($kind == 'array')
+		elseif ($kind === 'array')
 		{
 			reset($param->me);
-			list($a,$b) = each($param->me);
-
+			$b = current($param->me);
 			$arr = array();
 
-			for($i = 0; $i < count($b); $i++)
+			for ($i = 0, $c = count($b); $i < $c; $i++)
 			{
 				$arr[] = $this->decode_message($param->me['array'][$i]);
 			}
 
 			return $arr;
 		}
-		elseif ($kind == 'struct')
+		elseif ($kind === 'struct')
 		{
 			reset($param->me['struct']);
-
 			$arr = array();
 
-			while (list($key,$value) = each($param->me['struct']))
+			foreach ($param->me['struct'] as $key => &$value)
 			{
 				$arr[$key] = $this->decode_message($value);
 			}
@@ -1195,33 +1642,51 @@ class XML_RPC_Message extends CI_Xmlrpc
 		}
 	}
 
-} // End XML_RPC_Messages class
-
-
+} // END XML_RPC_Message Class
 
 /**
  * XML-RPC Values class
  *
  * @category	XML-RPC
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/xmlrpc.html
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/xmlrpc.html
  */
 class XML_RPC_Values extends CI_Xmlrpc
 {
-	var $me		= array();
-	var $mytype	= 0;
-
-	public function __construct($val=-1, $type='')
+	/**
+	 * Value data
+	 *
+	 * @var	array
+	 */
+	public $me	= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * Value type
+	 *
+	 * @var	int
+	 */
+	public $mytype	= 0;
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Constructor
+	 *
+	 * @param	mixed	$val
+	 * @param	string	$type
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function __construct($val = -1, $type = '')
 	{
 		parent::__construct();
 
-		if ($val != -1 OR $type != '')
+		if ($val !== -1 OR $type !== '')
 		{
-			$type = $type == '' ? 'string' : $type;
+			$type = $type === '' ? 'string' : $type;
 
 			if ($this->xmlrpcTypes[$type] == 1)
 			{
-				$this->addScalar($val,$type);
+				$this->addScalar($val, $type);
 			}
 			elseif ($this->xmlrpcTypes[$type] == 2)
 			{
@@ -1234,11 +1699,20 @@ class XML_RPC_Values extends CI_Xmlrpc
 		}
 	}
 
-	function addScalar($val, $type='string')
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Add scalar value
+	 *
+	 * @param	scalar
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @return	int
+	 */
+	public function addScalar($val, $type = 'string')
 	{
 		$typeof = $this->xmlrpcTypes[$type];
 
-		if ($this->mytype==1)
+		if ($this->mytype === 1)
 		{
 			echo '<strong>XML_RPC_Values</strong>: scalar can have only one value<br />';
 			return 0;
@@ -1250,19 +1724,12 @@ class XML_RPC_Values extends CI_Xmlrpc
 			return 0;
 		}
 
-		if ($type == $this->xmlrpcBoolean)
+		if ($type === $this->xmlrpcBoolean)
 		{
-			if (strcasecmp($val,'true')==0 OR $val==1 OR ($val==true && strcasecmp($val,'false')))
-			{
-				$val = 1;
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				$val=0;
-			}
+			$val = (int) (strcasecmp($val, 'true') === 0 OR $val === 1 OR ($val === TRUE && strcasecmp($val, 'false')));
 		}
 
-		if ($this->mytype == 2)
+		if ($this->mytype === 2)
 		{
 			// adding to an array here
 			$ar = $this->me['array'];
@@ -1275,14 +1742,23 @@ class XML_RPC_Values extends CI_Xmlrpc
 			$this->me[$type] = $val;
 			$this->mytype = $typeof;
 		}
+
 		return 1;
 	}
 
-	function addArray($vals)
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Add array value
+	 *
+	 * @param	array
+	 * @return	int
+	 */
+	public function addArray($vals)
 	{
-		if ($this->mytype != 0)
+		if ($this->mytype !== 0)
 		{
-			echo '<strong>XML_RPC_Values</strong>: already initialized as a [' . $this->kindOf() . ']<br />';
+			echo '<strong>XML_RPC_Values</strong>: already initialized as a ['.$this->kindOf().']<br />';
 			return 0;
 		}
 
@@ -1291,11 +1767,19 @@ class XML_RPC_Values extends CI_Xmlrpc
 		return 1;
 	}
 
-	function addStruct($vals)
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Add struct value
+	 *
+	 * @param	object
+	 * @return	int
+	 */
+	public function addStruct($vals)
 	{
-		if ($this->mytype != 0)
+		if ($this->mytype !== 0)
 		{
-			echo '<strong>XML_RPC_Values</strong>: already initialized as a [' . $this->kindOf() . ']<br />';
+			echo '<strong>XML_RPC_Values</strong>: already initialized as a ['.$this->kindOf().']<br />';
 			return 0;
 		}
 		$this->mytype = $this->xmlrpcTypes['struct'];
@@ -1303,121 +1787,134 @@ class XML_RPC_Values extends CI_Xmlrpc
 		return 1;
 	}
 
-	function kindOf()
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Get value type
+	 *
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	public function kindOf()
 	{
-		switch($this->mytype)
+		switch ($this->mytype)
 		{
-			case 3:
-				return 'struct';
-				break;
-			case 2:
-				return 'array';
-				break;
-			case 1:
-				return 'scalar';
-				break;
-			default:
-				return 'undef';
+			case 3: return 'struct';
+			case 2: return 'array';
+			case 1: return 'scalar';
+			default: return 'undef';
 		}
 	}
 
-	function serializedata($typ, $val)
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Serialize data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	mixed
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	public function serializedata($typ, $val)
 	{
 		$rs = '';
 
-		switch($this->xmlrpcTypes[$typ])
+		switch ($this->xmlrpcTypes[$typ])
 		{
 			case 3:
 				// struct
 				$rs .= "<struct>\n";
 				reset($val);
-				while (list($key2, $val2) = each($val))
+				foreach ($val as $key2 => &$val2)
 				{
-					$rs .= "<member>\n<name>{$key2}</name>\n";
-					$rs .= $this->serializeval($val2);
-					$rs .= "</member>\n";
+					$rs .= "<member>\n<name>{$key2}</name>\n".$this->serializeval($val2)."</member>\n";
 				}
 				$rs .= '</struct>';
-			break;
+				break;
 			case 2:
 				// array
 				$rs .= "<array>\n<data>\n";
-				for($i=0; $i < count($val); $i++)
+				for ($i = 0, $c = count($val); $i < $c; $i++)
 				{
 					$rs .= $this->serializeval($val[$i]);
 				}
-				$rs.="</data>\n</array>\n";
+				$rs .= "</data>\n</array>\n";
 				break;
 			case 1:
 				// others
 				switch ($typ)
 				{
 					case $this->xmlrpcBase64:
-						$rs .= "<{$typ}>" . base64_encode((string)$val) . "</{$typ}>\n";
-					break;
+						$rs .= '<'.$typ.'>'.base64_encode( (string) $val).'</'.$typ.">\n";
+						break;
 					case $this->xmlrpcBoolean:
-						$rs .= "<{$typ}>" . ((bool)$val ? '1' : '0') . "</{$typ}>\n";
-					break;
+						$rs .= '<'.$typ.'>'.( (bool) $val ? '1' : '0').'</'.$typ.">\n";
+						break;
 					case $this->xmlrpcString:
-						$rs .= "<{$typ}>" . htmlspecialchars((string)$val). "</{$typ}>\n";
-					break;
+						$rs .= '<'.$typ.'>'.htmlspecialchars( (string) $val).'</'.$typ.">\n";
+						break;
 					default:
-						$rs .= "<{$typ}>{$val}</{$typ}>\n";
-					break;
+						$rs .= '<'.$typ.'>'.$val.'</'.$typ.">\n";
+						break;
 				}
 			default:
-			break;
+				break;
 		}
+
 		return $rs;
 	}
 
-	function serialize_class()
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Serialize class
+	 *
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	public function serialize_class()
 	{
 		return $this->serializeval($this);
 	}
 
-	function serializeval($o)
-	{
-		$ar = $o->me;
-		reset($ar);
-
-		list($typ, $val) = each($ar);
-		$rs = "<value>\n".$this->serializedata($typ, $val)."</value>\n";
-		return $rs;
-	}
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-	function scalarval()
+	/**
+	 * Serialize value
+	 *
+	 * @param	object
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	public function serializeval($o)
 	{
-		reset($this->me);
-		list($a,$b) = each($this->me);
-		return $b;
+		$array = $o->me;
+		list($value, $type) = array(reset($array), key($array));
+		return "<value>\n".$this->serializedata($type, $value)."</value>\n";
 	}
 
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-	//-------------------------------------
-	// Encode time in ISO-8601 form.
-	//-------------------------------------
-
-	// Useful for sending time in XML-RPC
-
-	function iso8601_encode($time, $utc=0)
+	/**
+	 * Scalar value
+	 *
+	 * @return	mixed
+	 */
+	public function scalarval()
 	{
-		if ($utc == 1)
-		{
-			$t = strftime("%Y%m%dT%H:%i:%s", $time);
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			if (function_exists('gmstrftime'))
-				$t = gmstrftime("%Y%m%dT%H:%i:%s", $time);
-			else
-				$t = strftime("%Y%m%dT%H:%i:%s", $time - date('Z'));
-		}
-		return $t;
+		return reset($this->me);
 	}
 
-}
-// END XML_RPC_Values Class
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Encode time in ISO-8601 form.
+	 * Useful for sending time in XML-RPC
+	 *
+	 * @param	int	unix timestamp
+	 * @param	bool
+	 * @return	string
+	*/
+	public function iso8601_encode($time, $utc = FALSE)
+	{
+		return ($utc) ? strftime('%Y%m%dT%H:%i:%s', $time) : gmstrftime('%Y%m%dT%H:%i:%s', $time);
+	}
 
-/* End of file Xmlrpc.php */
-/* Location: ./system/libraries/Xmlrpc.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+} // END XML_RPC_Values Class
diff --git a/system/libraries/Xmlrpcs.php b/system/libraries/Xmlrpcs.php
index d9d53c8a1..0274f13b6 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Xmlrpcs.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Xmlrpcs.php
@@ -1,24 +1,48 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.0.0
  * @filesource
  */
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 if ( ! function_exists('xml_parser_create'))
 {
 	show_error('Your PHP installation does not support XML');
 }
 
-if ( ! class_exists('CI_Xmlrpc'))
+if ( ! class_exists('CI_Xmlrpc', FALSE))
 {
 	show_error('You must load the Xmlrpc class before loading the Xmlrpcs class in order to create a server.');
 }
@@ -31,22 +55,46 @@ if ( ! class_exists('CI_Xmlrpc'))
  * @package		CodeIgniter
  * @subpackage	Libraries
  * @category	XML-RPC
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/xmlrpc.html
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/xmlrpc.html
  */
-class CI_Xmlrpcs extends CI_Xmlrpc
-{
-	var $methods		= array();	//array of methods mapped to function names and signatures
-	var $debug_msg		= '';		// Debug Message
-	var $system_methods = array();	// XML RPC Server methods
-	var $controller_obj;
+class CI_Xmlrpcs extends CI_Xmlrpc {
+
+	/**
+	 * Array of methods mapped to function names and signatures
+	 *
+	 * @var array
+	 */
+	public $methods = array();
 
-	var $object			= FALSE;
+	/**
+	 * Debug Message
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	public $debug_msg = '';
 
 	/**
-	 * Constructor
+	 * XML RPC Server methods
+	 *
+	 * @var array
 	 */
-	public function __construct($config=array())
+	public $system_methods	= array();
+
+	/**
+	 * Configuration object
+	 *
+	 * @var object
+	 */
+	public $object = FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * Initialize XMLRPC class
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$config
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function __construct($config = array())
 	{
 		parent::__construct();
 		$this->set_system_methods();
@@ -56,7 +104,7 @@ class CI_Xmlrpcs extends CI_Xmlrpc
 			$this->methods = array_merge($this->methods, $config['functions']);
 		}
 
-		log_message('debug', "XML-RPC Server Class Initialized");
+		log_message('info', 'XML-RPC Server Class Initialized');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -64,11 +112,10 @@ class CI_Xmlrpcs extends CI_Xmlrpc
 	/**
 	 * Initialize Prefs and Serve
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	mixed
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function initialize($config=array())
+	public function initialize($config = array())
 	{
 		if (isset($config['functions']) && is_array($config['functions']))
 		{
@@ -96,29 +143,28 @@ class CI_Xmlrpcs extends CI_Xmlrpc
 	/**
 	 * Setting of System Methods
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function set_system_methods()
+	public function set_system_methods()
 	{
 		$this->methods = array(
 					'system.listMethods'	 => array(
-													'function' => 'this.listMethods',
-													'signature' => array(array($this->xmlrpcArray, $this->xmlrpcString), array($this->xmlrpcArray)),
-													'docstring' => 'Returns an array of available methods on this server'),
-					'system.methodHelp'		 => array(
-													'function' => 'this.methodHelp',
-													'signature' => array(array($this->xmlrpcString, $this->xmlrpcString)),
-													'docstring' => 'Returns a documentation string for the specified method'),
+										'function' => 'this.listMethods',
+										'signature' => array(array($this->xmlrpcArray, $this->xmlrpcString), array($this->xmlrpcArray)),
+										'docstring' => 'Returns an array of available methods on this server'),
+					'system.methodHelp'	 => array(
+										'function' => 'this.methodHelp',
+										'signature' => array(array($this->xmlrpcString, $this->xmlrpcString)),
+										'docstring' => 'Returns a documentation string for the specified method'),
 					'system.methodSignature' => array(
-													'function' => 'this.methodSignature',
-													'signature' => array(array($this->xmlrpcArray, $this->xmlrpcString)),
-													'docstring' => 'Returns an array describing the return type and required parameters of a method'),
-					'system.multicall'		 => array(
-												'function' => 'this.multicall',
-												'signature' => array(array($this->xmlrpcArray, $this->xmlrpcArray)),
-												'docstring' => 'Combine multiple RPC calls in one request. See http://www.xmlrpc.com/discuss/msgReader$1208 for details')
-					);
+										'function' => 'this.methodSignature',
+										'signature' => array(array($this->xmlrpcArray, $this->xmlrpcString)),
+										'docstring' => 'Returns an array describing the return type and required parameters of a method'),
+					'system.multicall'	 => array(
+										'function' => 'this.multicall',
+										'signature' => array(array($this->xmlrpcArray, $this->xmlrpcArray)),
+										'docstring' => 'Combine multiple RPC calls in one request. See http://www.xmlrpc.com/discuss/msgReader$1208 for details')
+				);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -126,18 +172,15 @@ class CI_Xmlrpcs extends CI_Xmlrpc
 	/**
 	 * Main Server Function
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function serve()
+	public function serve()
 	{
 		$r = $this->parseRequest();
-		$payload  = '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="'.$this->xmlrpc_defencoding.'"?'.'>'."\n";
-		$payload .= $this->debug_msg;
-		$payload .= $r->prepare_response();
+		$payload = '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="'.$this->xmlrpc_defencoding.'"?'.'>'."\n".$this->debug_msg.$r->prepare_response();
 
-		header("Content-Type: text/xml");
-		header("Content-Length: ".strlen($payload));
+		header('Content-Type: text/xml');
+		header('Content-Length: '.strlen($payload));
 		exit($payload);
 	}
 
@@ -146,19 +189,18 @@ class CI_Xmlrpcs extends CI_Xmlrpc
 	/**
 	 * Add Method to Class
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	method name
 	 * @param	string	function
 	 * @param	string	signature
 	 * @param	string	docstring
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function add_to_map($methodname, $function, $sig, $doc)
+	public function add_to_map($methodname, $function, $sig, $doc)
 	{
 		$this->methods[$methodname] = array(
-			'function'  => $function,
-			'signature' => $sig,
-			'docstring' => $doc
+			'function'	=> $function,
+			'signature'	=> $sig,
+			'docstring'	=> $doc
 		);
 	}
 
@@ -167,21 +209,22 @@ class CI_Xmlrpcs extends CI_Xmlrpc
 	/**
 	 * Parse Server Request
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	data
 	 * @return	object	xmlrpc response
 	 */
-	function parseRequest($data='')
+	public function parseRequest($data = '')
 	{
-		global $HTTP_RAW_POST_DATA;
-
 		//-------------------------------------
 		//  Get Data
 		//-------------------------------------
 
-		if ($data == '')
+		if ($data === '')
 		{
-			$data = $HTTP_RAW_POST_DATA;
+			$CI =& get_instance();
+			if ($CI->input->method() === 'post')
+			{
+				$data = $CI->input->raw_input_stream;
+			}
 		}
 
 		//-------------------------------------
@@ -189,38 +232,39 @@ class CI_Xmlrpcs extends CI_Xmlrpc
 		//-------------------------------------
 
 		$parser = xml_parser_create($this->xmlrpc_defencoding);
-		$parser_object = new XML_RPC_Message("filler");
-
-		$parser_object->xh[$parser]					= array();
-		$parser_object->xh[$parser]['isf']			= 0;
-		$parser_object->xh[$parser]['isf_reason']	= '';
-		$parser_object->xh[$parser]['params']		= array();
-		$parser_object->xh[$parser]['stack']		= array();
-		$parser_object->xh[$parser]['valuestack']	= array();
-		$parser_object->xh[$parser]['method']		= '';
+		$parser_object = new XML_RPC_Message('filler');
+		$pname = (string) $parser;
+
+		$parser_object->xh[$pname] = array(
+			'isf' => 0,
+			'isf_reason' => '',
+			'params' => array(),
+			'stack' => array(),
+			'valuestack' => array(),
+			'method' => ''
+		);
 
 		xml_set_object($parser, $parser_object);
-		xml_parser_set_option($parser, XML_OPTION_CASE_FOLDING, true);
+		xml_parser_set_option($parser, XML_OPTION_CASE_FOLDING, TRUE);
 		xml_set_element_handler($parser, 'open_tag', 'closing_tag');
 		xml_set_character_data_handler($parser, 'character_data');
 		//xml_set_default_handler($parser, 'default_handler');
 
-
 		//-------------------------------------
-		//  PARSE + PROCESS XML DATA
+		// PARSE + PROCESS XML DATA
 		//-------------------------------------
 
 		if ( ! xml_parse($parser, $data, 1))
 		{
-			// return XML error as a faultCode
+			// Return XML error as a faultCode
 			$r = new XML_RPC_Response(0,
-			$this->xmlrpcerrxml + xml_get_error_code($parser),
-			sprintf('XML error: %s at line %d',
+				$this->xmlrpcerrxml + xml_get_error_code($parser),
+				sprintf('XML error: %s at line %d',
 				xml_error_string(xml_get_error_code($parser)),
 				xml_get_current_line_number($parser)));
 			xml_parser_free($parser);
 		}
-		elseif ($parser_object->xh[$parser]['isf'])
+		elseif ($parser_object->xh[$pname]['isf'])
 		{
 			return new XML_RPC_Response(0, $this->xmlrpcerr['invalid_return'], $this->xmlrpcstr['invalid_return']);
 		}
@@ -228,31 +272,29 @@ class CI_Xmlrpcs extends CI_Xmlrpc
 		{
 			xml_parser_free($parser);
 
-			$m = new XML_RPC_Message($parser_object->xh[$parser]['method']);
-			$plist='';
+			$m = new XML_RPC_Message($parser_object->xh[$pname]['method']);
+			$plist = '';
 
-			for ($i=0; $i < count($parser_object->xh[$parser]['params']); $i++)
+			for ($i = 0, $c = count($parser_object->xh[$pname]['params']); $i < $c; $i++)
 			{
 				if ($this->debug === TRUE)
 				{
-					$plist .= "$i - " .  print_r(get_object_vars($parser_object->xh[$parser]['params'][$i]), TRUE). ";\n";
+					$plist .= $i.' - '.print_r(get_object_vars($parser_object->xh[$pname]['params'][$i]), TRUE).";\n";
 				}
 
-				$m->addParam($parser_object->xh[$parser]['params'][$i]);
+				$m->addParam($parser_object->xh[$pname]['params'][$i]);
 			}
 
 			if ($this->debug === TRUE)
 			{
-				echo "<pre>";
-				echo "---PLIST---\n" . $plist . "\n---PLIST END---\n\n";
-				echo "</pre>";
+				echo "<pre>---PLIST---\n".$plist."\n---PLIST END---\n\n</pre>";
 			}
 
 			$r = $this->_execute($m);
 		}
 
 		//-------------------------------------
-		//  SET DEBUGGING MESSAGE
+		// SET DEBUGGING MESSAGE
 		//-------------------------------------
 
 		if ($this->debug === TRUE)
@@ -268,24 +310,23 @@ class CI_Xmlrpcs extends CI_Xmlrpc
 	/**
 	 * Executes the Method
 	 *
-	 * @access	protected
 	 * @param	object
 	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
-	function _execute($m)
+	protected function _execute($m)
 	{
 		$methName = $m->method_name;
 
 		// Check to see if it is a system call
-		$system_call = (strncmp($methName, 'system', 5) == 0) ? TRUE : FALSE;
+		$system_call = (strpos($methName, 'system') === 0);
 
-		if ($this->xss_clean == FALSE)
+		if ($this->xss_clean === FALSE)
 		{
 			$m->xss_clean = FALSE;
 		}
 
 		//-------------------------------------
-		//  Valid Method
+		// Valid Method
 		//-------------------------------------
 
 		if ( ! isset($this->methods[$methName]['function']))
@@ -294,50 +335,45 @@ class CI_Xmlrpcs extends CI_Xmlrpc
 		}
 
 		//-------------------------------------
-		//  Check for Method (and Object)
+		// Check for Method (and Object)
 		//-------------------------------------
 
-		$method_parts = explode(".", $this->methods[$methName]['function']);
-		$objectCall = (isset($method_parts['1']) && $method_parts['1'] != "") ? TRUE : FALSE;
+		$method_parts = explode('.', $this->methods[$methName]['function']);
+		$objectCall   = ! empty($method_parts[1]);
 
 		if ($system_call === TRUE)
 		{
-			if ( ! is_callable(array($this,$method_parts['1'])))
+			if ( ! is_callable(array($this, $method_parts[1])))
 			{
 				return new XML_RPC_Response(0, $this->xmlrpcerr['unknown_method'], $this->xmlrpcstr['unknown_method']);
 			}
 		}
-		else
+		elseif (($objectCall && ! is_callable(array($method_parts[0], $method_parts[1])))
+			OR ( ! $objectCall && ! is_callable($this->methods[$methName]['function']))
+		)
 		{
-			if ($objectCall && ! is_callable(array($method_parts['0'],$method_parts['1'])))
-			{
-				return new XML_RPC_Response(0, $this->xmlrpcerr['unknown_method'], $this->xmlrpcstr['unknown_method']);
-			}
-			elseif ( ! $objectCall && ! is_callable($this->methods[$methName]['function']))
-			{
-				return new XML_RPC_Response(0, $this->xmlrpcerr['unknown_method'], $this->xmlrpcstr['unknown_method']);
-			}
+			return new XML_RPC_Response(0, $this->xmlrpcerr['unknown_method'], $this->xmlrpcstr['unknown_method']);
 		}
 
 		//-------------------------------------
-		//  Checking Methods Signature
+		// Checking Methods Signature
 		//-------------------------------------
 
 		if (isset($this->methods[$methName]['signature']))
 		{
 			$sig = $this->methods[$methName]['signature'];
-			for ($i=0; $i<count($sig); $i++)
+			for ($i = 0, $c = count($sig); $i < $c; $i++)
 			{
 				$current_sig = $sig[$i];
 
-				if (count($current_sig) == count($m->params)+1)
+				if (count($current_sig) === count($m->params)+1)
 				{
-					for ($n=0; $n < count($m->params); $n++)
+					for ($n = 0, $mc = count($m->params); $n < $mc; $n++)
 					{
 						$p = $m->params[$n];
-						$pt = ($p->kindOf() == 'scalar') ? $p->scalarval() : $p->kindOf();
+						$pt = ($p->kindOf() === 'scalar') ? $p->scalarval() : $p->kindOf();
 
-						if ($pt != $current_sig[$n+1])
+						if ($pt !== $current_sig[$n+1])
 						{
 							$pno = $n+1;
 							$wanted = $current_sig[$n+1];
@@ -345,7 +381,7 @@ class CI_Xmlrpcs extends CI_Xmlrpc
 							return new XML_RPC_Response(0,
 								$this->xmlrpcerr['incorrect_params'],
 								$this->xmlrpcstr['incorrect_params'] .
-								": Wanted {$wanted}, got {$pt} at param {$pno})");
+								': Wanted '.$wanted.', got '.$pt.' at param '.$pno.')');
 						}
 					}
 				}
@@ -353,27 +389,22 @@ class CI_Xmlrpcs extends CI_Xmlrpc
 		}
 
 		//-------------------------------------
-		//  Calls the Function
+		// Calls the Function
 		//-------------------------------------
 
 		if ($objectCall === TRUE)
 		{
-			if ($method_parts[0] == "this" && $system_call == TRUE)
+			if ($method_parts[0] === 'this' && $system_call === TRUE)
 			{
 				return call_user_func(array($this, $method_parts[1]), $m);
 			}
+			elseif ($this->object === FALSE)
+			{
+				return get_instance()->{$method_parts[1]}($m);
+			}
 			else
 			{
-				if ($this->object === FALSE)
-				{
-					$CI =& get_instance();
-					return $CI->$method_parts['1']($m);
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					return $this->object->$method_parts['1']($m);
-					//return call_user_func(array(&$method_parts['0'],$method_parts['1']), $m);
-				}
+				return $this->object->{$method_parts[1]}($m);
 			}
 		}
 		else
@@ -381,17 +412,16 @@ class CI_Xmlrpcs extends CI_Xmlrpc
 			return call_user_func($this->methods[$methName]['function'], $m);
 		}
 	}
-	
+
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Server Function:  List Methods
+	 * Server Function: List Methods
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	mixed
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	function listMethods($m)
+	public function listMethods($m)
 	{
 		$v = new XML_RPC_Values();
 		$output = array();
@@ -403,23 +433,22 @@ class CI_Xmlrpcs extends CI_Xmlrpc
 
 		foreach ($this->system_methods as $key => $value)
 		{
-			$output[]= new XML_RPC_Values($key, 'string');
+			$output[] = new XML_RPC_Values($key, 'string');
 		}
 
 		$v->addArray($output);
 		return new XML_RPC_Response($v);
 	}
-	
+
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Server Function:  Return Signature for Method
+	 * Server Function: Return Signature for Method
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	mixed
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	function methodSignature($m)
+	public function methodSignature($m)
 	{
 		$parameters = $m->output_parameters();
 		$method_name = $parameters[0];
@@ -431,40 +460,35 @@ class CI_Xmlrpcs extends CI_Xmlrpc
 				$sigs = array();
 				$signature = $this->methods[$method_name]['signature'];
 
-				for ($i=0; $i < count($signature); $i++)
+				for ($i = 0, $c = count($signature); $i < $c; $i++)
 				{
 					$cursig = array();
 					$inSig = $signature[$i];
-					for ($j=0; $j<count($inSig); $j++)
+					for ($j = 0, $jc = count($inSig); $j < $jc; $j++)
 					{
 						$cursig[]= new XML_RPC_Values($inSig[$j], 'string');
 					}
-					$sigs[]= new XML_RPC_Values($cursig, 'array');
+					$sigs[] = new XML_RPC_Values($cursig, 'array');
 				}
-				$r = new XML_RPC_Response(new XML_RPC_Values($sigs, 'array'));
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				$r = new XML_RPC_Response(new XML_RPC_Values('undef', 'string'));
+
+				return new XML_RPC_Response(new XML_RPC_Values($sigs, 'array'));
 			}
+
+			return new XML_RPC_Response(new XML_RPC_Values('undef', 'string'));
 		}
-		else
-		{
-			$r = new XML_RPC_Response(0,$this->xmlrpcerr['introspect_unknown'], $this->xmlrpcstr['introspect_unknown']);
-		}
-		return $r;
+
+		return new XML_RPC_Response(0, $this->xmlrpcerr['introspect_unknown'], $this->xmlrpcstr['introspect_unknown']);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Server Function:  Doc String for Method
+	 * Server Function: Doc String for Method
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	mixed
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	function methodHelp($m)
+	public function methodHelp($m)
 	{
 		$parameters = $m->output_parameters();
 		$method_name = $parameters[0];
@@ -480,17 +504,16 @@ class CI_Xmlrpcs extends CI_Xmlrpc
 			return new XML_RPC_Response(0, $this->xmlrpcerr['introspect_unknown'], $this->xmlrpcstr['introspect_unknown']);
 		}
 	}
-	
+
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Server Function:  Multi-call
+	 * Server Function: Multi-call
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	mixed
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	function multicall($m)
+	public function multicall($m)
 	{
 		// Disabled
 		return new XML_RPC_Response(0, $this->xmlrpcerr['unknown_method'], $this->xmlrpcstr['unknown_method']);
@@ -502,19 +525,17 @@ class CI_Xmlrpcs extends CI_Xmlrpc
 
 		foreach ($calls as $value)
 		{
-			//$attempt = $this->_execute(new XML_RPC_Message($value[0], $value[1]));
-
 			$m = new XML_RPC_Message($value[0]);
-			$plist='';
+			$plist = '';
 
-			for ($i=0; $i < count($value[1]); $i++)
+			for ($i = 0, $c = count($value[1]); $i < $c; $i++)
 			{
 				$m->addParam(new XML_RPC_Values($value[1][$i], 'string'));
 			}
 
 			$attempt = $this->_execute($m);
 
-			if ($attempt->faultCode() != 0)
+			if ($attempt->faultCode() !== 0)
 			{
 				return $attempt;
 			}
@@ -528,15 +549,14 @@ class CI_Xmlrpcs extends CI_Xmlrpc
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 *  Multi-call Function:  Error Handling
+	 * Multi-call Function: Error Handling
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	mixed
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	function multicall_error($err)
+	public function multicall_error($err)
 	{
-		$str  = is_string($err) ? $this->xmlrpcstr["multicall_${err}"] : $err->faultString();
+		$str = is_string($err) ? $this->xmlrpcstr["multicall_${err}"] : $err->faultString();
 		$code = is_string($err) ? $this->xmlrpcerr["multicall_${err}"] : $err->faultCode();
 
 		$struct['faultCode'] = new XML_RPC_Values($code, 'int');
@@ -548,15 +568,14 @@ class CI_Xmlrpcs extends CI_Xmlrpc
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 *  Multi-call Function:  Processes method
+	 * Multi-call Function: Processes method
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	mixed
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	function do_multicall($call)
+	public function do_multicall($call)
 	{
-		if ($call->kindOf() != 'struct')
+		if ($call->kindOf() !== 'struct')
 		{
 			return $this->multicall_error('notstruct');
 		}
@@ -565,14 +584,14 @@ class CI_Xmlrpcs extends CI_Xmlrpc
 			return $this->multicall_error('nomethod');
 		}
 
-		list($scalar_type,$scalar_value)=each($methName->me);
-		$scalar_type = $scalar_type == $this->xmlrpcI4 ? $this->xmlrpcInt : $scalar_type;
+		list($scalar_value, $scalar_type) = array(reset($methName->me), key($methName->me));
+		$scalar_type = $scalar_type === $this->xmlrpcI4 ? $this->xmlrpcInt : $scalar_type;
 
-		if ($methName->kindOf() != 'scalar' OR $scalar_type != 'string')
+		if ($methName->kindOf() !== 'scalar' OR $scalar_type !== 'string')
 		{
 			return $this->multicall_error('notstring');
 		}
-		elseif ($scalar_value == 'system.multicall')
+		elseif ($scalar_value === 'system.multicall')
 		{
 			return $this->multicall_error('recursion');
 		}
@@ -580,23 +599,22 @@ class CI_Xmlrpcs extends CI_Xmlrpc
 		{
 			return $this->multicall_error('noparams');
 		}
-		elseif ($params->kindOf() != 'array')
+		elseif ($params->kindOf() !== 'array')
 		{
 			return $this->multicall_error('notarray');
 		}
 
-		list($a,$b)=each($params->me);
-		$numParams = count($b);
+		list($b, $a) = array(reset($params->me), key($params->me));
 
 		$msg = new XML_RPC_Message($scalar_value);
-		for ($i = 0; $i < $numParams; $i++)
+		for ($i = 0, $numParams = count($b); $i < $numParams; $i++)
 		{
 			$msg->params[] = $params->me['array'][$i];
 		}
 
 		$result = $this->_execute($msg);
 
-		if ($result->faultCode() != 0)
+		if ($result->faultCode() !== 0)
 		{
 			return $this->multicall_error($result);
 		}
@@ -605,8 +623,3 @@ class CI_Xmlrpcs extends CI_Xmlrpc
 	}
 
 }
-// END XML_RPC_Server class
-
-
-/* End of file Xmlrpcs.php */
-/* Location: ./system/libraries/Xmlrpcs.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/libraries/Zip.php b/system/libraries/Zip.php
index ffff3f340..2c71e1fbe 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Zip.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Zip.php
@@ -1,19 +1,41 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP
  *
- * @package		CodeIgniter
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc.
- * @license		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com
- * @since		Version 1.0
+ * This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * @package	CodeIgniter
+ * @author	EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (https://ellislab.com/)
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
+ * @license	http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT	MIT License
+ * @link	https://codeigniter.com
+ * @since	Version 1.0.0
  * @filesource
  */
-
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
 
 /**
  * Zip Compression Class
@@ -27,26 +49,80 @@
  * @package		CodeIgniter
  * @subpackage	Libraries
  * @category	Encryption
- * @author		ExpressionEngine Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/zip.html
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		https://codeigniter.com/user_guide/libraries/zip.html
  */
-class CI_Zip  {
+class CI_Zip {
+
+	/**
+	 * Zip data in string form
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	public $zipdata = '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Zip data for a directory in string form
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	public $directory = '';
+
+	/**
+	 * Number of files/folder in zip file
+	 *
+	 * @var int
+	 */
+	public $entries = 0;
 
-	var $zipdata	= '';
-	var $directory	= '';
-	var $entries	= 0;
-	var $file_num	= 0;
-	var $offset		= 0;
-	var $now;
+	/**
+	 * Number of files in zip
+	 *
+	 * @var int
+	 */
+	public $file_num = 0;
 
 	/**
-	 * Constructor
+	 * relative offset of local header
+	 *
+	 * @var int
+	 */
+	public $offset = 0;
+
+	/**
+	 * Reference to time at init
+	 *
+	 * @var int
+	 */
+	public $now;
+
+	/**
+	 * The level of compression
+	 *
+	 * Ranges from 0 to 9, with 9 being the highest level.
+	 *
+	 * @var	int
+	 */
+	public $compression_level = 2;
+
+	/**
+	 * mbstring.func_overload flag
+	 *
+	 * @var	bool
+	 */
+	protected static $func_overload;
+
+	/**
+	 * Initialize zip compression class
+	 *
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function __construct()
 	{
-		log_message('debug', "Zip Compression Class Initialized");
+		isset(self::$func_overload) OR self::$func_overload = (extension_loaded('mbstring') && ini_get('mbstring.func_overload'));
 
 		$this->now = time();
+		log_message('info', 'Zip Compression Class Initialized');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -56,21 +132,19 @@ class CI_Zip  {
 	 *
 	 * Lets you add a virtual directory into which you can place files.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	mixed	the directory name. Can be string or array
+	 * @param	mixed	$directory	the directory name. Can be string or array
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function add_dir($directory)
+	public function add_dir($directory)
 	{
-		foreach ((array)$directory as $dir)
+		foreach ((array) $directory as $dir)
 		{
-			if ( ! preg_match("|.+/$|", $dir))
+			if ( ! preg_match('|.+/$|', $dir))
 			{
 				$dir .= '/';
 			}
 
 			$dir_time = $this->_get_mod_time($dir);
-
 			$this->_add_dir($dir, $dir_time['file_mtime'], $dir_time['file_mdate']);
 		}
 	}
@@ -78,22 +152,22 @@ class CI_Zip  {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 *	Get file/directory modification time
+	 * Get file/directory modification time
 	 *
-	 *	If this is a newly created file/dir, we will set the time to 'now'
+	 * If this is a newly created file/dir, we will set the time to 'now'
 	 *
-	 *	@param string	path to file
-	 *	@return array	filemtime/filemdate
+	 * @param	string	$dir	path to file
+	 * @return	array	filemtime/filemdate
 	 */
-	function _get_mod_time($dir)
+	protected function _get_mod_time($dir)
 	{
-		// filemtime() will return false, but it does raise an error.
-		$date = (@filemtime($dir)) ? filemtime($dir) : getdate($this->now);
+		// filemtime() may return false, but raises an error for non-existing files
+		$date = file_exists($dir) ? getdate(filemtime($dir)) : getdate($this->now);
 
-		$time['file_mtime'] = ($date['hours'] << 11) + ($date['minutes'] << 5) + $date['seconds'] / 2;
-		$time['file_mdate'] = (($date['year'] - 1980) << 9) + ($date['mon'] << 5) + $date['mday'];
-
-		return $time;
+		return array(
+			'file_mtime' => ($date['hours'] << 11) + ($date['minutes'] << 5) + $date['seconds'] / 2,
+			'file_mdate' => (($date['year'] - 1980) << 9) + ($date['mon'] << 5) + $date['mday']
+		);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -101,13 +175,14 @@ class CI_Zip  {
 	/**
 	 * Add Directory
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string	the directory name
+	 * @param	string	$dir	the directory name
+	 * @param	int	$file_mtime
+	 * @param	int	$file_mdate
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function _add_dir($dir, $file_mtime, $file_mdate)
+	protected function _add_dir($dir, $file_mtime, $file_mdate)
 	{
-		$dir = str_replace("\\", "/", $dir);
+		$dir = str_replace('\\', '/', $dir);
 
 		$this->zipdata .=
 			"\x50\x4b\x03\x04\x0a\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00"
@@ -116,7 +191,7 @@ class CI_Zip  {
 			.pack('V', 0) // crc32
 			.pack('V', 0) // compressed filesize
 			.pack('V', 0) // uncompressed filesize
-			.pack('v', strlen($dir)) // length of pathname
+			.pack('v', self::strlen($dir)) // length of pathname
 			.pack('v', 0) // extra field length
 			.$dir
 			// below is "data descriptor" segment
@@ -131,7 +206,7 @@ class CI_Zip  {
 			.pack('V',0) // crc32
 			.pack('V',0) // compressed filesize
 			.pack('V',0) // uncompressed filesize
-			.pack('v', strlen($dir)) // length of pathname
+			.pack('v', self::strlen($dir)) // length of pathname
 			.pack('v', 0) // extra field length
 			.pack('v', 0) // file comment length
 			.pack('v', 0) // disk number start
@@ -140,7 +215,7 @@ class CI_Zip  {
 			.pack('V', $this->offset) // relative offset of local header
 			.$dir;
 
-		$this->offset = strlen($this->zipdata);
+		$this->offset = self::strlen($this->zipdata);
 		$this->entries++;
 	}
 
@@ -150,29 +225,26 @@ class CI_Zip  {
 	 * Add Data to Zip
 	 *
 	 * Lets you add files to the archive. If the path is included
-	 * in the filename it will be placed within a directory.  Make
+	 * in the filename it will be placed within a directory. Make
 	 * sure you use add_dir() first to create the folder.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	mixed
-	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	mixed	$filepath	A single filepath or an array of file => data pairs
+	 * @param	string	$data		Single file contents
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function add_data($filepath, $data = NULL)
+	public function add_data($filepath, $data = NULL)
 	{
 		if (is_array($filepath))
 		{
 			foreach ($filepath as $path => $data)
 			{
 				$file_data = $this->_get_mod_time($path);
-
 				$this->_add_data($path, $data, $file_data['file_mtime'], $file_data['file_mdate']);
 			}
 		}
 		else
 		{
 			$file_data = $this->_get_mod_time($filepath);
-
 			$this->_add_data($filepath, $data, $file_data['file_mtime'], $file_data['file_mdate']);
 		}
 	}
@@ -182,21 +254,20 @@ class CI_Zip  {
 	/**
 	 * Add Data to Zip
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	string	the file name/path
-	 * @param	string	the data to be encoded
+	 * @param	string	$filepath	the file name/path
+	 * @param	string	$data	the data to be encoded
+	 * @param	int	$file_mtime
+	 * @param	int	$file_mdate
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function _add_data($filepath, $data, $file_mtime, $file_mdate)
+	protected function _add_data($filepath, $data, $file_mtime, $file_mdate)
 	{
-		$filepath = str_replace("\\", "/", $filepath);
+		$filepath = str_replace('\\', '/', $filepath);
 
-		$uncompressed_size = strlen($data);
+		$uncompressed_size = self::strlen($data);
 		$crc32  = crc32($data);
-
-		$gzdata = gzcompress($data);
-		$gzdata = substr($gzdata, 2, -4);
-		$compressed_size = strlen($gzdata);
+		$gzdata = self::substr(gzcompress($data, $this->compression_level), 2, -4);
+		$compressed_size = self::strlen($gzdata);
 
 		$this->zipdata .=
 			"\x50\x4b\x03\x04\x14\x00\x00\x00\x08\x00"
@@ -205,7 +276,7 @@ class CI_Zip  {
 			.pack('V', $crc32)
 			.pack('V', $compressed_size)
 			.pack('V', $uncompressed_size)
-			.pack('v', strlen($filepath)) // length of filename
+			.pack('v', self::strlen($filepath)) // length of filename
 			.pack('v', 0) // extra field length
 			.$filepath
 			.$gzdata; // "file data" segment
@@ -217,7 +288,7 @@ class CI_Zip  {
 			.pack('V', $crc32)
 			.pack('V', $compressed_size)
 			.pack('V', $uncompressed_size)
-			.pack('v', strlen($filepath)) // length of filename
+			.pack('v', self::strlen($filepath)) // length of filename
 			.pack('v', 0) // extra field length
 			.pack('v', 0) // file comment length
 			.pack('v', 0) // disk number start
@@ -226,7 +297,7 @@ class CI_Zip  {
 			.pack('V', $this->offset) // relative offset of local header
 			.$filepath;
 
-		$this->offset = strlen($this->zipdata);
+		$this->offset = self::strlen($this->zipdata);
 		$this->entries++;
 		$this->file_num++;
 	}
@@ -236,28 +307,32 @@ class CI_Zip  {
 	/**
 	 * Read the contents of a file and add it to the zip
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
+	 * @param	string	$path
+	 * @param	bool	$archive_filepath
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function read_file($path, $preserve_filepath = FALSE)
+	public function read_file($path, $archive_filepath = FALSE)
 	{
-		if ( ! file_exists($path))
-		{
-			return FALSE;
-		}
-
-		if (FALSE !== ($data = file_get_contents($path)))
+		if (file_exists($path) && FALSE !== ($data = file_get_contents($path)))
 		{
-			$name = str_replace("\\", "/", $path);
-
-			if ($preserve_filepath === FALSE)
+			if (is_string($archive_filepath))
+			{
+				$name = str_replace('\\', '/', $archive_filepath);
+			}
+			else
 			{
-				$name = preg_replace("|.*/(.+)|", "\\1", $name);
+				$name = str_replace('\\', '/', $path);
+
+				if ($archive_filepath === FALSE)
+				{
+					$name = preg_replace('|.*/(.+)|', '\\1', $name);
+				}
 			}
 
 			$this->add_data($name, $data);
 			return TRUE;
 		}
+
 		return FALSE;
 	}
 
@@ -267,15 +342,17 @@ class CI_Zip  {
 	 * Read a directory and add it to the zip.
 	 *
 	 * This function recursively reads a folder and everything it contains (including
-	 * sub-folders) and creates a zip based on it.  Whatever directory structure
+	 * sub-folders) and creates a zip based on it. Whatever directory structure
 	 * is in the original file path will be recreated in the zip file.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	path to source
+	 * @param	string	$path	path to source directory
+	 * @param	bool	$preserve_filepath
+	 * @param	string	$root_path
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function read_dir($path, $preserve_filepath = TRUE, $root_path = NULL)
+	public function read_dir($path, $preserve_filepath = TRUE, $root_path = NULL)
 	{
+		$path = rtrim($path, '/\\').DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR;
 		if ( ! $fp = @opendir($path))
 		{
 			return FALSE;
@@ -284,36 +361,33 @@ class CI_Zip  {
 		// Set the original directory root for child dir's to use as relative
 		if ($root_path === NULL)
 		{
-			$root_path = dirname($path).'/';
+			$root_path = str_replace(array('\\', '/'), DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR, dirname($path)).DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR;
 		}
 
 		while (FALSE !== ($file = readdir($fp)))
 		{
-			if (substr($file, 0, 1) == '.')
+			if ($file[0] === '.')
 			{
 				continue;
 			}
 
-			if (@is_dir($path.$file))
+			if (is_dir($path.$file))
 			{
-				$this->read_dir($path.$file."/", $preserve_filepath, $root_path);
+				$this->read_dir($path.$file.DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR, $preserve_filepath, $root_path);
 			}
-			else
+			elseif (FALSE !== ($data = file_get_contents($path.$file)))
 			{
-				if (FALSE !== ($data = file_get_contents($path.$file)))
+				$name = str_replace(array('\\', '/'), DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR, $path);
+				if ($preserve_filepath === FALSE)
 				{
-					$name = str_replace("\\", "/", $path);
-
-					if ($preserve_filepath === FALSE)
-					{
-						$name = str_replace($root_path, '', $name);
-					}
-
-					$this->add_data($name.$file, $data);
+					$name = str_replace($root_path, '', $name);
 				}
+
+				$this->add_data($name.$file, $data);
 			}
 		}
 
+		closedir($fp);
 		return TRUE;
 	}
 
@@ -322,26 +396,23 @@ class CI_Zip  {
 	/**
 	 * Get the Zip file
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	binary string
+	 * @return	string	(binary encoded)
 	 */
-	function get_zip()
+	public function get_zip()
 	{
 		// Is there any data to return?
-		if ($this->entries == 0)
+		if ($this->entries === 0)
 		{
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		$zip_data = $this->zipdata;
-		$zip_data .= $this->directory."\x50\x4b\x05\x06\x00\x00\x00\x00";
-		$zip_data .= pack('v', $this->entries); // total # of entries "on this disk"
-		$zip_data .= pack('v', $this->entries); // total # of entries overall
-		$zip_data .= pack('V', strlen($this->directory)); // size of central dir
-		$zip_data .= pack('V', strlen($this->zipdata)); // offset to start of central dir
-		$zip_data .= "\x00\x00"; // .zip file comment length
-
-		return $zip_data;
+		return $this->zipdata
+			.$this->directory."\x50\x4b\x05\x06\x00\x00\x00\x00"
+			.pack('v', $this->entries) // total # of entries "on this disk"
+			.pack('v', $this->entries) // total # of entries overall
+			.pack('V', self::strlen($this->directory)) // size of central dir
+			.pack('V', self::strlen($this->zipdata)) // offset to start of central dir
+			."\x00\x00"; // .zip file comment length
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -351,23 +422,30 @@ class CI_Zip  {
 	 *
 	 * Lets you write a file
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the file name
+	 * @param	string	$filepath	the file name
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function archive($filepath)
+	public function archive($filepath)
 	{
-		if ( ! ($fp = @fopen($filepath, FOPEN_WRITE_CREATE_DESTRUCTIVE)))
+		if ( ! ($fp = @fopen($filepath, 'w+b')))
 		{
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
 		flock($fp, LOCK_EX);
-		fwrite($fp, $this->get_zip());
+
+		for ($result = $written = 0, $data = $this->get_zip(), $length = self::strlen($data); $written < $length; $written += $result)
+		{
+			if (($result = fwrite($fp, self::substr($data, $written))) === FALSE)
+			{
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+
 		flock($fp, LOCK_UN);
 		fclose($fp);
 
-		return TRUE;
+		return is_int($result);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -375,23 +453,18 @@ class CI_Zip  {
 	/**
 	 * Download
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string	the file name
-	 * @param	string	the data to be encoded
-	 * @return	bool
+	 * @param	string	$filename	the file name
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function download($filename = 'backup.zip')
+	public function download($filename = 'backup.zip')
 	{
-		if ( ! preg_match("|.+?\.zip$|", $filename))
+		if ( ! preg_match('|.+?\.zip$|', $filename))
 		{
 			$filename .= '.zip';
 		}
 
-		$CI =& get_instance();
-		$CI->load->helper('download');
-
+		get_instance()->load->helper('download');
 		$get_zip = $this->get_zip();
-
 		$zip_content =& $get_zip;
 
 		force_download($filename, $zip_content);
@@ -402,22 +475,58 @@ class CI_Zip  {
 	/**
 	 * Initialize Data
 	 *
-	 * Lets you clear current zip data.  Useful if you need to create
+	 * Lets you clear current zip data. Useful if you need to create
 	 * multiple zips with different data.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @return	CI_Zip
 	 */
-	function clear_data()
+	public function clear_data()
 	{
-		$this->zipdata		= '';
-		$this->directory	= '';
-		$this->entries		= 0;
-		$this->file_num		= 0;
-		$this->offset		= 0;
+		$this->zipdata = '';
+		$this->directory = '';
+		$this->entries = 0;
+		$this->file_num = 0;
+		$this->offset = 0;
+		return $this;
 	}
 
-}
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Byte-safe strlen()
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$str
+	 * @return	int
+	 */
+	protected static function strlen($str)
+	{
+		return (self::$func_overload)
+			? mb_strlen($str, '8bit')
+			: strlen($str);
+	}
 
-/* End of file Zip.php */
-/* Location: ./system/libraries/Zip.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Byte-safe substr()
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$str
+	 * @param	int	$start
+	 * @param	int	$length
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected static function substr($str, $start, $length = NULL)
+	{
+		if (self::$func_overload)
+		{
+			// mb_substr($str, $start, null, '8bit') returns an empty
+			// string on PHP 5.3
+			isset($length) OR $length = ($start >= 0 ? self::strlen($str) - $start : -$start);
+			return mb_substr($str, $start, $length, '8bit');
+		}
+
+		return isset($length)
+			? substr($str, $start, $length)
+			: substr($str, $start);
+	}
+}
diff --git a/system/libraries/index.html b/system/libraries/index.html
index c942a79ce..b702fbc39 100644
--- a/system/libraries/index.html
+++ b/system/libraries/index.html
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
 <html>
 <head>
 	<title>403 Forbidden</title>
@@ -7,4 +8,4 @@
 <p>Directory access is forbidden.</p>
 
 </body>
-</html>
\ No newline at end of file
+</html>