Merge pull request #1 from bcit-ci/develop

Pull current develop branch to submit a bug report later

20 files changed, 316 insertions, 397 deletions

diff --git a/system/core/Common.php b/system/core/Common.php
index ad3ca9f93..3ab98cf6d 100644
--- a/system/core/Common.php
+++ b/system/core/Common.php
@@ -752,7 +752,12 @@ if ( ! function_exists('html_escape'))
 
 		if (is_array($var))
 		{
-			return array_map('html_escape', $var, array_fill(0, count($var), $double_encode));
+			foreach (array_keys($var) as $key)
+			{
+				$var[$key] = html_escape($var[$key], $double_encode);
+			}
+
+			return $var;
 		}
 
 		return htmlspecialchars($var, ENT_QUOTES, config_item('charset'), $double_encode);
diff --git a/system/core/Config.php b/system/core/Config.php
index feea7c85a..0264776f9 100644
--- a/system/core/Config.php
+++ b/system/core/Config.php
@@ -88,11 +88,9 @@ class CI_Config {
 		// Set the base_url automatically if none was provided
 		if (empty($this->config['base_url']))
 		{
-			// The regular expression is only a basic validation for a valid "Host" header.
-			// It's not exhaustive, only checks for valid characters.
-			if (isset($_SERVER['HTTP_HOST']) && preg_match('/^((\[[0-9a-f:]+\])|(\d{1,3}(\.\d{1,3}){3})|[a-z0-9\-\.]+)(:\d+)?$/i', $_SERVER['HTTP_HOST']))
+			if (isset($_SERVER['SERVER_ADDR']))
 			{
-				$base_url = (is_https() ? 'https' : 'http').'://'.$_SERVER['HTTP_HOST']
+				$base_url = (is_https() ? 'https' : 'http').'://'.$_SERVER['SERVER_ADDR']
 					.substr($_SERVER['SCRIPT_NAME'], 0, strpos($_SERVER['SCRIPT_NAME'], basename($_SERVER['SCRIPT_FILENAME'])));
 			}
 			else
diff --git a/system/core/Security.php b/system/core/Security.php
index ab85e2239..36dea4cf2 100644
--- a/system/core/Security.php
+++ b/system/core/Security.php
@@ -803,43 +803,55 @@ class CI_Security {
 		// For other tags, see if their attributes are "evil" and strip those
 		elseif (isset($matches['attributes']))
 		{
-			// We'll need to catch all attributes separately first
-			$pattern = '#'
-				.'([\s\042\047/=]*)' // non-attribute characters, excluding > (tag close) for obvious reasons
+			// We'll store the already fitlered attributes here
+			$attributes = array();
+
+			// Attribute-catching pattern
+			$attributes_pattern = '#'
 				.'(?<name>[^\s\042\047>/=]+)' // attribute characters
 				// optional attribute-value
 				.'(?:\s*=(?<value>[^\s\042\047=><`]+|\s*\042[^\042]*\042|\s*\047[^\047]*\047|\s*(?U:[^\s\042\047=><`]*)))' // attribute-value separator
 				.'#i';
 
-			if ($count = preg_match_all($pattern, $matches['attributes'], $attributes, PREG_SET_ORDER | PREG_OFFSET_CAPTURE))
+			// Blacklist pattern for evil attribute names
+			$is_evil_pattern = '#^('.implode('|', $evil_attributes).')$#i';
+
+			// Each iteration filters a single attribute
+			do
 			{
-				// Since we'll be using substr_replace() below, we
-				// need to handle the attributes in reverse order,
-				// so we don't damage the string.
-				for ($i = $count - 1; $i > -1; $i--)
+				// Strip any non-alpha characters that may preceed an attribute.
+				// Browsers often parse these incorrectly and that has been a
+				// of numerous XSS issues we've had.
+				$matches['attributes'] = preg_replace('#^[^a-z]+#i', '', $matches['attributes']);
+
+				if ( ! preg_match($attributes_pattern, $matches['attributes'], $attribute, PREG_OFFSET_CAPTURE))
 				{
-					if (
-						// Is it indeed an "evil" attribute?
-						preg_match('#^('.implode('|', $evil_attributes).')$#i', $attributes[$i]['name'][0])
-						// Or an attribute not starting with a letter? Some parsers get confused by that
-						OR ! ctype_alpha($attributes[$i]['name'][0][0])
-						// Does it have an equals sign, but no value and not quoted? Strip that too!
-						OR (trim($attributes[$i]['value'][0]) === '')
-					)
-					{
-						$matches['attributes'] = substr_replace(
-							$matches['attributes'],
-							' [removed]',
-							$attributes[$i][0][1],
-							strlen($attributes[$i][0][0])
-						);
-					}
+					// No (valid) attribute found? Discard everything else inside the tag
+					break;
 				}
 
-				// Note: This will strip some non-space characters and/or
-				//       reduce multiple spaces between attributes.
-				return '<'.$matches['slash'].$matches['tagName'].' '.trim($matches['attributes']).'>';
+				if (
+					// Is it indeed an "evil" attribute?
+					preg_match($is_evil_pattern, $attribute['name'][0])
+					// Or does it have an equals sign, but no value and not quoted? Strip that too!
+					OR (trim($attribute['value'][0]) === '')
+				)
+				{
+					$attributes[] = 'xss=removed';
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					$attributes[] = $attribute[0][0];
+				}
+
+				$matches['attributes'] = substr($matches['attributes'], $attribute[0][1] + strlen($attribute[0][0]));
 			}
+			while ($matches['attributes'] !== '');
+
+			$attributes = empty($attributes)
+				? ''
+				: ' '.implode(' ', $attributes);
+			return '<'.$matches['slash'].$matches['tagName'].$attributes.'>';
 		}
 
 		return $matches[0];
diff --git a/system/database/DB_driver.php b/system/database/DB_driver.php
index cc94edc16..0ea679432 100644
--- a/system/database/DB_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/DB_driver.php
@@ -668,7 +668,13 @@ abstract class CI_DB_driver {
 				{
 					do
 					{
+						$trans_depth = $this->_trans_depth;
 						$this->trans_complete();
+						if ($trans_depth === $this->_trans_depth)
+						{
+							log_message('error', 'Database: Failure during an automated transaction commit/rollback!');
+							break;
+						}
 					}
 					while ($this->_trans_depth !== 0);
 				}
@@ -813,24 +819,16 @@ abstract class CI_DB_driver {
 	 * Start Transaction
 	 *
 	 * @param	bool	$test_mode = FALSE
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function trans_start($test_mode = FALSE)
 	{
 		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
 		{
-			return;
-		}
-
-		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ($this->_trans_depth > 0)
-		{
-			$this->_trans_depth += 1;
-			return;
+			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		$this->trans_begin($test_mode);
-		$this->_trans_depth += 1;
+		return $this->trans_begin($test_mode);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -847,17 +845,6 @@ abstract class CI_DB_driver {
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ($this->_trans_depth > 1)
-		{
-			$this->_trans_depth -= 1;
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			$this->_trans_depth = 0;
-		}
-
 		// The query() function will set this flag to FALSE in the event that a query failed
 		if ($this->_trans_status === FALSE OR $this->_trans_failure === TRUE)
 		{
@@ -875,8 +862,7 @@ abstract class CI_DB_driver {
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		$this->trans_commit();
-		return TRUE;
+		return $this->trans_commit();
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -894,6 +880,87 @@ abstract class CI_DB_driver {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
+	 * Begin Transaction
+	 *
+	 * @param	bool	$test_mode
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function trans_begin($test_mode = FALSE)
+	{
+		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
+		elseif ($this->_trans_depth > 0)
+		{
+			$this->_trans_depth++;
+			return TRUE;
+		}
+
+		// Reset the transaction failure flag.
+		// If the $test_mode flag is set to TRUE transactions will be rolled back
+		// even if the queries produce a successful result.
+		$this->_trans_failure = ($test_mode === TRUE);
+
+		if ($this->_trans_begin())
+		{
+			$this->_trans_depth++;
+			return TRUE;
+		}
+
+		return FALSE;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Commit Transaction
+	 *
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function trans_commit()
+	{
+		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled OR $this->_trans_depth === 0)
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
+		elseif ($this->_trans_depth > 1 OR $this->_trans_commit())
+		{
+			$this->_trans_depth--;
+			return TRUE;
+		}
+
+		return FALSE;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Rollback Transaction
+	 *
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function trans_rollback()
+	{
+		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled OR $this->_trans_depth === 0)
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
+		elseif ($this->_trans_depth > 1 OR $this->_trans_rollback())
+		{
+			$this->_trans_depth--;
+			return TRUE;
+		}
+
+		return FALSE;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
 	 * Compile Bindings
 	 *
 	 * @param	string	the sql statement
diff --git a/system/database/DB_forge.php b/system/database/DB_forge.php
index dde285598..f9cf76a14 100644
--- a/system/database/DB_forge.php
+++ b/system/database/DB_forge.php
@@ -239,7 +239,13 @@ abstract class CI_DB_forge {
 	 */
 	public function add_key($key, $primary = FALSE)
 	{
-		if (is_array($key))
+		// DO NOT change this! This condition is only applicable
+		// for PRIMARY keys because you can only have one such,
+		// and therefore all fields you add to it will be included
+		// in the same, composite PRIMARY KEY.
+		//
+		// It's not the same for regular indexes.
+		if ($primary === TRUE && is_array($key))
 		{
 			foreach ($key as $one)
 			{
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/cubrid/cubrid_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/cubrid/cubrid_driver.php
index f80b4db54..65f4adb3f 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/cubrid/cubrid_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/cubrid/cubrid_driver.php
@@ -187,25 +187,17 @@ class CI_DB_cubrid_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Begin Transaction
 	 *
-	 * @param	bool	$test_mode
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	public function trans_begin($test_mode = FALSE)
+	protected function _trans_begin()
 	{
-		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled OR $this->_trans_depth > 0)
+		if (($autocommit = cubrid_get_autocommit($this->conn_id)) === NULL)
 		{
-			return TRUE;
+			return FALSE;
 		}
-
-		// Reset the transaction failure flag.
-		// If the $test_mode flag is set to TRUE transactions will be rolled back
-		// even if the queries produce a successful result.
-		$this->_trans_failure = ($test_mode === TRUE);
-
-		if (cubrid_get_autocommit($this->conn_id))
+		elseif ($autocommit === TRUE)
 		{
-			cubrid_set_autocommit($this->conn_id, CUBRID_AUTOCOMMIT_FALSE);
+			return cubrid_set_autocommit($this->conn_id, CUBRID_AUTOCOMMIT_FALSE);
 		}
 
 		return TRUE;
@@ -218,19 +210,16 @@ class CI_DB_cubrid_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	public function trans_commit()
+	protected function _trans_commit()
 	{
-		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled OR $this->_trans_depth > 0)
+		if ( ! cubrid_commit($this->conn_id))
 		{
-			return TRUE;
+			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		cubrid_commit($this->conn_id);
-
 		if ($this->auto_commit && ! cubrid_get_autocommit($this->conn_id))
 		{
-			cubrid_set_autocommit($this->conn_id, CUBRID_AUTOCOMMIT_TRUE);
+			return cubrid_set_autocommit($this->conn_id, CUBRID_AUTOCOMMIT_TRUE);
 		}
 
 		return TRUE;
@@ -243,16 +232,13 @@ class CI_DB_cubrid_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	public function trans_rollback()
+	protected function _trans_rollback()
 	{
-		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled OR $this->_trans_depth > 0)
+		if ( ! cubrid_rollback($this->conn_id))
 		{
-			return TRUE;
+			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		cubrid_rollback($this->conn_id);
-
 		if ($this->auto_commit && ! cubrid_get_autocommit($this->conn_id))
 		{
 			cubrid_set_autocommit($this->conn_id, CUBRID_AUTOCOMMIT_TRUE);
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/ibase/ibase_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/ibase/ibase_driver.php
index 529c320cd..82550d51b 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/ibase/ibase_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/ibase/ibase_driver.php
@@ -134,24 +134,16 @@ class CI_DB_ibase_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Begin Transaction
 	 *
-	 * @param	bool	$test_mode
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	public function trans_begin($test_mode = FALSE)
+	protected function _trans_begin()
 	{
-		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled OR $this->_trans_depth > 0)
+		if (($trans_handle = ibase_trans($this->conn_id)) === FALSE)
 		{
-			return TRUE;
+			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		// Reset the transaction failure flag.
-		// If the $test_mode flag is set to TRUE transactions will be rolled back
-		// even if the queries produce a successful result.
-		$this->_trans_failure = ($test_mode === TRUE);
-
-		$this->_ibase_trans = ibase_trans($this->conn_id);
-
+		$this->_ibase_trans = $trans_handle;
 		return TRUE;
 	}
 
@@ -162,15 +154,15 @@ class CI_DB_ibase_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	public function trans_commit()
+	protected function _trans_commit()
 	{
-		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled OR $this->_trans->depth > 0)
+		if (ibase_commit($this->_ibase_trans))
 		{
+			$this->_ibase_trans = NULL;
 			return TRUE;
 		}
 
-		return ibase_commit($this->_ibase_trans);
+		return FALSE;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -180,15 +172,15 @@ class CI_DB_ibase_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	public function trans_rollback()
+	protected function _trans_rollback()
 	{
-		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled OR $this->_trans_depth > 0)
+		if (ibase_rollback($this->_ibase_trans))
 		{
+			$this->_ibase_trans = NULL;
 			return TRUE;
 		}
 
-		return ibase_rollback($this->_ibase_trans);
+		return FALSE;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_driver.php
index 05e5418c3..883973ae1 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_driver.php
@@ -182,22 +182,10 @@ class CI_DB_mssql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Begin Transaction
 	 *
-	 * @param	bool	$test_mode
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	public function trans_begin($test_mode = FALSE)
+	protected function _trans_begin()
 	{
-		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled OR $this->_trans_depth > 0)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
-		// Reset the transaction failure flag.
-		// If the $test_mode flag is set to TRUE transactions will be rolled back
-		// even if the queries produce a successful result.
-		$this->_trans_failure = ($test_mode === TRUE);
-
 		return $this->simple_query('BEGIN TRAN');
 	}
 
@@ -208,14 +196,8 @@ class CI_DB_mssql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	public function trans_commit()
+	protected function _trans_commit()
 	{
-		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled OR $this->_trans_depth > 0)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
 		return $this->simple_query('COMMIT TRAN');
 	}
 
@@ -226,14 +208,8 @@ class CI_DB_mssql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	public function trans_rollback()
+	protected function _trans_rollback()
 	{
-		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled OR $this->_trans_depth > 0)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
 		return $this->simple_query('ROLLBACK TRAN');
 	}
 
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_driver.php
index df0f24920..9c630d0d6 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_driver.php
@@ -272,25 +272,12 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Begin Transaction
 	 *
-	 * @param	bool	$test_mode
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	public function trans_begin($test_mode = FALSE)
+	protected function _trans_begin()
 	{
-		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled OR $this->_trans_depth > 0)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
-		// Reset the transaction failure flag.
-		// If the $test_mode flag is set to TRUE transactions will be rolled back
-		// even if the queries produce a successful result.
-		$this->_trans_failure = ($test_mode === TRUE);
-
 		$this->simple_query('SET AUTOCOMMIT=0');
-		$this->simple_query('START TRANSACTION'); // can also be BEGIN or BEGIN WORK
-		return TRUE;
+		return $this->simple_query('START TRANSACTION'); // can also be BEGIN or BEGIN WORK
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -300,17 +287,15 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	public function trans_commit()
+	protected function _trans_commit()
 	{
-		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled OR $this->_trans_depth > 0)
+		if ($this->simple_query('COMMIT'))
 		{
+			$this->simple_query('SET AUTOCOMMIT=1');
 			return TRUE;
 		}
 
-		$this->simple_query('COMMIT');
-		$this->simple_query('SET AUTOCOMMIT=1');
-		return TRUE;
+		return FALSE;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -320,17 +305,15 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	public function trans_rollback()
+	protected function _trans_rollback()
 	{
-		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled OR $this->_trans_depth > 0)
+		if ($this->simple_query('ROLLBACK'))
 		{
+			$this->simple_query('SET AUTOCOMMIT=1');
 			return TRUE;
 		}
 
-		$this->simple_query('ROLLBACK');
-		$this->simple_query('SET AUTOCOMMIT=1');
-		return TRUE;
+		return FALSE;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_driver.php
index dd3cc77c6..827470078 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_driver.php
@@ -291,22 +291,10 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Begin Transaction
 	 *
-	 * @param	bool	$test_mode
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	public function trans_begin($test_mode = FALSE)
+	protected function _trans_begin()
 	{
-		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled OR $this->_trans_depth > 0)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
-		// Reset the transaction failure flag.
-		// If the $test_mode flag is set to TRUE transactions will be rolled back
-		// even if the queries produce a successful result.
-		$this->_trans_failure = ($test_mode === TRUE);
-
 		$this->conn_id->autocommit(FALSE);
 		return is_php('5.5')
 			? $this->conn_id->begin_transaction()
@@ -320,14 +308,8 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	public function trans_commit()
+	protected function _trans_commit()
 	{
-		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled OR $this->_trans_depth > 0)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
 		if ($this->conn_id->commit())
 		{
 			$this->conn_id->autocommit(TRUE);
@@ -344,14 +326,8 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	public function trans_rollback()
+	protected function _trans_rollback()
 	{
-		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled OR $this->_trans_depth > 0)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
 		if ($this->conn_id->rollback())
 		{
 			$this->conn_id->autocommit(TRUE);
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_driver.php
index f2e40da9b..916ddeb90 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_driver.php
@@ -378,27 +378,10 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Begin Transaction
 	 *
-	 * @param	bool	$test_mode
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	public function trans_begin($test_mode = FALSE)
+	protected function _trans_begin()
 	{
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
-		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ($this->_trans_depth > 0)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
-		// Reset the transaction failure flag.
-		// If the $test_mode flag is set to TRUE transactions will be rolled back
-		// even if the queries produce a successful result.
-		$this->_trans_failure = ($test_mode === TRUE);
-
 		$this->commit_mode = is_php('5.3.2') ? OCI_NO_AUTO_COMMIT : OCI_DEFAULT;
 		return TRUE;
 	}
@@ -410,20 +393,10 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	public function trans_commit()
+	protected function _trans_commit()
 	{
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
-		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ($this->_trans_depth > 0)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
 		$this->commit_mode = OCI_COMMIT_ON_SUCCESS;
+
 		return oci_commit($this->conn_id);
 	}
 
@@ -434,14 +407,8 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	public function trans_rollback()
+	protected function _trans_rollback()
 	{
-		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled OR $this->_trans_depth > 0)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
 		$this->commit_mode = OCI_COMMIT_ON_SUCCESS;
 		return oci_rollback($this->conn_id);
 	}
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_driver.php
index f5d77a147..409284b44 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_driver.php
@@ -143,22 +143,10 @@ class CI_DB_odbc_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Begin Transaction
 	 *
-	 * @param	bool	$test_mode
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	public function trans_begin($test_mode = FALSE)
+	protected function _trans_begin()
 	{
-		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled OR $this->_trans_depth > 0)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
-		// Reset the transaction failure flag.
-		// If the $test_mode flag is set to TRUE transactions will be rolled back
-		// even if the queries produce a successful result.
-		$this->_trans_failure = ($test_mode === TRUE);
-
 		return odbc_autocommit($this->conn_id, FALSE);
 	}
 
@@ -169,17 +157,15 @@ class CI_DB_odbc_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	public function trans_commit()
+	protected function _trans_commit()
 	{
-		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled OR $this->_trans_depth > 0)
+		if (odbc_commit($this->conn_id))
 		{
+			odbc_autocommit($this->conn_id, TRUE);
 			return TRUE;
 		}
 
-		$ret = odbc_commit($this->conn_id);
-		odbc_autocommit($this->conn_id, TRUE);
-		return $ret;
+		return FALSE;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -189,17 +175,15 @@ class CI_DB_odbc_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	public function trans_rollback()
+	protected function _trans_rollback()
 	{
-		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled OR $this->_trans_depth > 0)
+		if (odbc_rollback($this->conn_id))
 		{
+			odbc_autocommit($this->conn_id, TRUE);
 			return TRUE;
 		}
 
-		$ret = odbc_rollback($this->conn_id);
-		odbc_autocommit($this->conn_id, TRUE);
-		return $ret;
+		return FALSE;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_driver.php
index cc77e9568..8c5a5e7e3 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_driver.php
@@ -186,22 +186,10 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Begin Transaction
 	 *
-	 * @param	bool	$test_mode
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	public function trans_begin($test_mode = FALSE)
+	protected function _trans_begin()
 	{
-		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled OR $this->_trans_depth > 0)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
-		// Reset the transaction failure flag.
-		// If the $test_mode flag is set to TRUE transactions will be rolled back
-		// even if the queries produce a successful result.
-		$this->_trans_failure = ($test_mode === TRUE);
-
 		return $this->conn_id->beginTransaction();
 	}
 
@@ -212,14 +200,8 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	public function trans_commit()
+	protected function _trans_commit()
 	{
-		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled OR $this->_trans_depth > 0)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
 		return $this->conn_id->commit();
 	}
 
@@ -230,14 +212,8 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	public function trans_rollback()
+	protected function _trans_rollback()
 	{
-		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled OR $this->_trans_depth > 0)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
 		return $this->conn_id->rollBack();
 	}
 
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_driver.php
index 7be07c3bf..b1df326f7 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_driver.php
@@ -247,22 +247,10 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Begin Transaction
 	 *
-	 * @param	bool	$test_mode
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	public function trans_begin($test_mode = FALSE)
+	protected function _trans_begin()
 	{
-		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled OR $this->_trans_depth > 0)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
-		// Reset the transaction failure flag.
-		// If the $test_mode flag is set to TRUE transactions will be rolled back
-		// even if the queries produce a successful result.
-		$this->_trans_failure = ($test_mode === TRUE);
-
 		return (bool) pg_query($this->conn_id, 'BEGIN');
 	}
 
@@ -273,14 +261,8 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	public function trans_commit()
+	protected function _trans_commit()
 	{
-		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled OR $this->_trans_depth > 0)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
 		return (bool) pg_query($this->conn_id, 'COMMIT');
 	}
 
@@ -291,14 +273,8 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	public function trans_rollback()
+	protected function _trans_rollback()
 	{
-		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled OR $this->_trans_depth > 0)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
 		return (bool) pg_query($this->conn_id, 'ROLLBACK');
 	}
 
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_driver.php
index 9d9caa0b4..e000a8e50 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_driver.php
@@ -122,24 +122,11 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Begin Transaction
 	 *
-	 * @param	bool	$test_mode
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	public function trans_begin($test_mode = FALSE)
+	protected function _trans_begin()
 	{
-		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled OR $this->_trans_depth > 0)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
-		// Reset the transaction failure flag.
-		// If the $test_mode flag is set to TRUE transactions will be rolled back
-		// even if the queries produce a successful result.
-		$this->_trans_failure = ($test_mode === TRUE);
-
-		$this->simple_query('BEGIN TRANSACTION');
-		return TRUE;
+		return $this->simple_query('BEGIN TRANSACTION');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -149,16 +136,9 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	public function trans_commit()
+	protected function _trans_commit()
 	{
-		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled OR $this->_trans_depth > 0)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
-		$this->simple_query('COMMIT');
-		return TRUE;
+		return $this->simple_query('COMMIT');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -168,16 +148,9 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	public function trans_rollback()
+	protected function _trans_rollback()
 	{
-		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled OR $this->_trans_depth > 0)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
-		$this->simple_query('ROLLBACK');
-		return TRUE;
+		return $this->simple_query('ROLLBACK');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/sqlite3/sqlite3_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/sqlite3/sqlite3_driver.php
index 31e37de91..73e453785 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/sqlite3/sqlite3_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/sqlite3/sqlite3_driver.php
@@ -134,22 +134,10 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite3_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Begin Transaction
 	 *
-	 * @param	bool	$test_mode
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	public function trans_begin($test_mode = FALSE)
+	protected function _trans_begin()
 	{
-		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled OR $this->_trans_depth > 0)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
-		// Reset the transaction failure flag.
-		// If the $test_mode flag is set to TRUE transactions will be rolled back
-		// even if the queries produce a successful result.
-		$this->_trans_failure = ($test_mode === TRUE);
-
 		return $this->conn_id->exec('BEGIN TRANSACTION');
 	}
 
@@ -160,14 +148,8 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite3_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	public function trans_commit()
+	protected function _trans_commit()
 	{
-		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled OR $this->_trans_depth > 0)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
 		return $this->conn_id->exec('END TRANSACTION');
 	}
 
@@ -178,14 +160,8 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite3_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	public function trans_rollback()
+	protected function _trans_rollback()
 	{
-		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled OR $this->_trans_depth > 0)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
 		return $this->conn_id->exec('ROLLBACK');
 	}
 
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/sqlsrv/sqlsrv_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/sqlsrv/sqlsrv_driver.php
index 8d383b274..414669a4b 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/sqlsrv/sqlsrv_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/sqlsrv/sqlsrv_driver.php
@@ -197,22 +197,10 @@ class CI_DB_sqlsrv_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Begin Transaction
 	 *
-	 * @param	bool	$test_mode
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	public function trans_begin($test_mode = FALSE)
+	protected function _trans_begin()
 	{
-		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled OR $this->_trans_depth > 0)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
-		// Reset the transaction failure flag.
-		// If the $test_mode flag is set to TRUE transactions will be rolled back
-		// even if the queries produce a successful result.
-		$this->_trans_failure = ($test_mode === TRUE);
-
 		return sqlsrv_begin_transaction($this->conn_id);
 	}
 
@@ -223,14 +211,8 @@ class CI_DB_sqlsrv_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	public function trans_commit()
+	protected function _trans_commit()
 	{
-		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled OR $this->_trans_depth > 0)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
 		return sqlsrv_commit($this->conn_id);
 	}
 
@@ -241,14 +223,8 @@ class CI_DB_sqlsrv_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 *
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	public function trans_rollback()
+	protected function _trans_rollback()
 	{
-		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled OR $this->_trans_depth > 0)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
 		return sqlsrv_rollback($this->conn_id);
 	}
 
@@ -275,9 +251,7 @@ class CI_DB_sqlsrv_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	public function insert_id()
 	{
-		$query = $this->query('SELECT @@IDENTITY AS insert_id');
-		$query = $query->row();
-		return $query->insert_id;
+		return $this->query('SELECT SCOPE_IDENTITY() AS insert_id')->row()->insert_id;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/system/helpers/captcha_helper.php b/system/helpers/captcha_helper.php
index 201987ac8..85bcfb5a0 100644
--- a/system/helpers/captcha_helper.php
+++ b/system/helpers/captcha_helper.php
@@ -125,9 +125,94 @@ if ( ! function_exists('create_captcha'))
 		if (empty($word))
 		{
 			$word = '';
-			for ($i = 0, $mt_rand_max = strlen($pool) - 1; $i < $word_length; $i++)
+			$pool_length = strlen($pool);
+			$rand_max = $pool_length - 1;
+
+			// PHP7 or a suitable polyfill
+			if (function_exists('random_int'))
+			{
+				try
+				{
+					for ($i = 0; $i < $word_length; $i++)
+					{
+						$word .= $pool[random_int(0, $rand_max)];
+					}
+				}
+				catch (Exception $e)
+				{
+					// This means fallback to the next possible
+					// alternative to random_int()
+					$word = '';
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		if (empty($word))
+		{
+			// Nobody will have a larger character pool than
+			// 256 characters, but let's handle it just in case ...
+			//
+			// No, I do not care that the fallback to mt_rand() can
+			// handle it; if you trigger this, you're very obviously
+			// trying to break it. -- Narf
+			if ($pool_length > 256)
+			{
+				return FALSE;
+			}
+
+			// We'll try using the operating system's PRNG first,
+			// which we can access through CI_Security::get_random_bytes()
+			$security = get_instance()->security;
+
+			// To avoid numerous get_random_bytes() calls, we'll
+			// just try fetching as much bytes as we need at once.
+			if (($bytes = $security->get_random_bytes($pool_length)) !== FALSE)
+			{
+				$byte_index = $word_index = 0;
+				while ($word_index < $word_length)
+				{
+					if (($rand_index = unpack('C', $bytes[$byte_index++])) > $rand_max)
+					{
+						// Was this the last byte we have?
+						// If so, try to fetch more.
+						if ($byte_index === $pool_length)
+						{
+							// No failures should be possible if
+							// the first get_random_bytes() call
+							// didn't return FALSE, but still ...
+							for ($i = 0; $i < 5; $i++)
+							{
+								if (($bytes = $security->get_random_bytes($pool_length)) === FALSE)
+								{
+									continue;
+								}
+
+								$byte_index = 0;
+								break;
+							}
+
+							if ($bytes === FALSE)
+							{
+								// Sadly, this means fallback to mt_rand()
+								$word = '';
+								break;
+							}
+						}
+
+						continue;
+					}
+
+					$word .= $pool[$rand_index];
+					$word_index++;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		if (empty($word))
+		{
+			for ($i = 0; $i < $word_length; $i++)
 			{
-				$word .= $pool[mt_rand(0, $mt_rand_max)];
+				$word .= $pool[mt_rand(0, $rand_max)];
 			}
 		}
 		elseif ( ! is_string($word))
diff --git a/system/libraries/Email.php b/system/libraries/Email.php
index acf3629c3..ebff7567a 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Email.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Email.php
@@ -1563,11 +1563,10 @@ class CI_Email {
 
 		if ($this->charset === 'UTF-8')
 		{
-			if (MB_ENABLED === TRUE)
-			{
-				return mb_encode_mimeheader($str, $this->charset, 'Q', $this->crlf);
-			}
-			elseif (ICONV_ENABLED === TRUE)
+			// Note: We used to have mb_encode_mimeheader() as the first choice
+			//       here, but it turned out to be buggy and unreliable. DO NOT
+			//       re-add it! -- Narf
+			if (ICONV_ENABLED === TRUE)
 			{
 				$output = @iconv_mime_encode('', $str,
 					array(
@@ -1590,6 +1589,10 @@ class CI_Email {
 
 				$chars = iconv_strlen($str, 'UTF-8');
 			}
+			elseif (MB_ENABLED === TRUE)
+			{
+				$chars = mb_strlen($str, 'UTF-8');
+			}
 		}
 
 		// We might already have this set for UTF-8
diff --git a/system/libraries/Session/drivers/Session_database_driver.php b/system/libraries/Session/drivers/Session_database_driver.php
index 1d01c2923..72b39d12d 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Session/drivers/Session_database_driver.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Session/drivers/Session_database_driver.php
@@ -159,6 +159,10 @@ class CI_Session_database_driver extends CI_Session_driver implements SessionHan
 
 			if (($result = $this->_db->get()->row()) === NULL)
 			{
+				// PHP7 will reuse the same SessionHandler object after
+				// ID regeneration, so we need to explicitly set this to
+				// FALSE instead of relying on the default ...
+				$this->_row_exists = FALSE;
 				$this->_fingerprint = md5('');
 				return '';
 			}