Merge branch 'develop' of github.com:EllisLab/CodeIgniter into develop

44 files changed, 2793 insertions, 1488 deletions

diff --git a/system/core/Common.php b/system/core/Common.php
index 2f9c4ff43..491979350 100644
--- a/system/core/Common.php
+++ b/system/core/Common.php
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ if ( ! function_exists('is_php'))
 	function is_php($version = '5.0.0')
 	{
 		static $_is_php;
-		$version = (string)$version;
+		$version = (string) $version;
 
 		if ( ! isset($_is_php[$version]))
 		{
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ if ( ! function_exists('is_really_writable'))
 	function is_really_writable($file)
 	{
 		// If we're on a Unix server with safe_mode off we call is_writable
-		if (DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR === '/' AND @ini_get('safe_mode') == FALSE)
+		if (DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR === '/' && (bool) @ini_get('safe_mode') === FALSE)
 		{
 			return is_writable($file);
 		}
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ if ( ! function_exists('is_really_writable'))
 /**
 * Class registry
 *
-* This function acts as a singleton.  If the requested class does not
+* This function acts as a singleton. If the requested class does not
 * exist it is instantiated and set to a static variable.  If it has
 * previously been instantiated the variable is returned.
 *
@@ -177,6 +177,7 @@ if ( ! function_exists('load_class'))
 		{
 			// Note: We use exit() rather then show_error() in order to avoid a
 			// self-referencing loop with the Excptions class
+			set_status_header(503);
 			exit('Unable to locate the specified class: '.$class.'.php');
 		}
 
@@ -191,7 +192,7 @@ if ( ! function_exists('load_class'))
 // --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 /**
-* Keeps track of which libraries have been loaded.  This function is
+* Keeps track of which libraries have been loaded. This function is
 * called by the load_class() function above
 *
 * @access	public
@@ -243,6 +244,7 @@ if ( ! function_exists('get_config'))
 		// Fetch the config file
 		if ( ! file_exists($file_path))
 		{
+			set_status_header(503);
 			exit('The configuration file does not exist.');
 		}
 
@@ -251,6 +253,7 @@ if ( ! function_exists('get_config'))
 		// Does the $config array exist in the file?
 		if ( ! isset($config) OR ! is_array($config))
 		{
+			set_status_header(503);
 			exit('Your config file does not appear to be formatted correctly.');
 		}
 
@@ -434,7 +437,7 @@ if ( ! function_exists('set_status_header'))
 			show_error('Status codes must be numeric', 500);
 		}
 
-		if (isset($stati[$code]) AND $text == '')
+		if (isset($stati[$code]) && $text == '')
 		{
 			$text = $stati[$code];
 		}
@@ -444,19 +447,19 @@ if ( ! function_exists('set_status_header'))
 			show_error('No status text available. Please check your status code number or supply your own message text.', 500);
 		}
 
-		$server_protocol = (isset($_SERVER['SERVER_PROTOCOL'])) ? $_SERVER['SERVER_PROTOCOL'] : FALSE;
+		$server_protocol = isset($_SERVER['SERVER_PROTOCOL']) ? $_SERVER['SERVER_PROTOCOL'] : FALSE;
 
 		if (strpos(php_sapi_name(), 'cgi') === 0)
 		{
-			header("Status: {$code} {$text}", TRUE);
+			header('Status: '.$code.' '.$text, TRUE);
 		}
-		elseif ($server_protocol == 'HTTP/1.1' OR $server_protocol == 'HTTP/1.0')
+		elseif ($server_protocol === 'HTTP/1.0')
 		{
-			header($server_protocol." {$code} {$text}", TRUE, $code);
+			header('HTTP/1.0 '.$code.' '.$text, TRUE, $code);
 		}
 		else
 		{
-			header("HTTP/1.1 {$code} {$text}", TRUE, $code);
+			header('HTTP/1.1 '.$code.' '.$text, TRUE, $code);
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -561,14 +564,9 @@ if ( ! function_exists('html_escape'))
 {
 	function html_escape($var)
 	{
-		if (is_array($var))
-		{
-			return array_map('html_escape', $var);
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			return htmlspecialchars($var, ENT_QUOTES, config_item('charset'));
-		}
+		return is_array($var)
+			? array_map('html_escape', $var)
+			: htmlspecialchars($var, ENT_QUOTES, config_item('charset'));
 	}
 }
 
diff --git a/system/core/Input.php b/system/core/Input.php
index 7a16e51ab..ee15f4013 100755
--- a/system/core/Input.php
+++ b/system/core/Input.php
@@ -25,8 +25,6 @@
  * @filesource
  */
 
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
 /**
  * Input Class
  *
@@ -152,7 +150,7 @@ class CI_Input {
 	public function get($index = NULL, $xss_clean = FALSE)
 	{
 		// Check if a field has been provided
-		if ($index === NULL AND ! empty($_GET))
+		if ($index === NULL && ! empty($_GET))
 		{
 			$get = array();
 
@@ -179,7 +177,7 @@ class CI_Input {
 	public function post($index = NULL, $xss_clean = FALSE)
 	{
 		// Check if a field has been provided
-		if ($index === NULL AND ! empty($_POST))
+		if ($index === NULL && ! empty($_POST))
 		{
 			$post = array();
 
@@ -206,9 +204,9 @@ class CI_Input {
 	*/
 	public function get_post($index = '', $xss_clean = FALSE)
 	{
-		return ( ! isset($_POST[$index]))
-			? $this->get($index, $xss_clean)
-			: $this->post($index, $xss_clean);
+		return isset($_POST[$index])
+			? $this->post($index, $xss_clean)
+			: $this->get($index, $xss_clean);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -256,19 +254,19 @@ class CI_Input {
 			}
 		}
 
-		if ($prefix == '' AND config_item('cookie_prefix') != '')
+		if ($prefix == '' && config_item('cookie_prefix') != '')
 		{
 			$prefix = config_item('cookie_prefix');
 		}
-		if ($domain == '' AND config_item('cookie_domain') != '')
+		if ($domain == '' && config_item('cookie_domain') != '')
 		{
 			$domain = config_item('cookie_domain');
 		}
-		if ($path == '/' AND config_item('cookie_path') != '/')
+		if ($path == '/' && config_item('cookie_path') !== '/')
 		{
 			$path = config_item('cookie_path');
 		}
-		if ($secure == FALSE AND config_item('cookie_secure') != FALSE)
+		if ($secure == FALSE && config_item('cookie_secure') != FALSE)
 		{
 			$secure = config_item('cookie_secure');
 		}
@@ -320,11 +318,11 @@ class CI_Input {
 
 			$this->ip_address = in_array($_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR'], $proxies) ? $_SERVER['HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR'] : $_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR'];
 		}
-		elseif ( ! $this->server('HTTP_CLIENT_IP') AND $this->server('REMOTE_ADDR'))
+		elseif ( ! $this->server('HTTP_CLIENT_IP') && $this->server('REMOTE_ADDR'))
 		{
 			$this->ip_address = $_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR'];
 		}
-		elseif ($this->server('REMOTE_ADDR') AND $this->server('HTTP_CLIENT_IP'))
+		elseif ($this->server('REMOTE_ADDR') && $this->server('HTTP_CLIENT_IP'))
 		{
 			$this->ip_address = $_SERVER['HTTP_CLIENT_IP'];
 		}
@@ -414,7 +412,7 @@ class CI_Input {
 			return $this->user_agent;
 		}
 
-		return $this->user_agent = ( ! isset($_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT'])) ? FALSE : $_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT'];
+		return $this->user_agent = isset($_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT']) ? $_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT'] : FALSE;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -469,19 +467,16 @@ class CI_Input {
 		{
 			$_GET = array();
 		}
-		else
+		elseif (is_array($_GET) && count($_GET) > 0)
 		{
-			if (is_array($_GET) AND count($_GET) > 0)
+			foreach ($_GET as $key => $val)
 			{
-				foreach ($_GET as $key => $val)
-				{
-					$_GET[$this->_clean_input_keys($key)] = $this->_clean_input_data($val);
-				}
+				$_GET[$this->_clean_input_keys($key)] = $this->_clean_input_data($val);
 			}
 		}
 
 		// Clean $_POST Data
-		if (is_array($_POST) AND count($_POST) > 0)
+		if (is_array($_POST) && count($_POST) > 0)
 		{
 			foreach ($_POST as $key => $val)
 			{
@@ -490,7 +485,7 @@ class CI_Input {
 		}
 
 		// Clean $_COOKIE Data
-		if (is_array($_COOKIE) AND count($_COOKIE) > 0)
+		if (is_array($_COOKIE) && count($_COOKIE) > 0)
 		{
 			// Also get rid of specially treated cookies that might be set by a server
 			// or silly application, that are of no use to a CI application anyway
@@ -568,7 +563,7 @@ class CI_Input {
 		}
 
 		// Standardize newlines if needed
-		if ($this->_standardize_newlines == TRUE AND strpos($str, "\r") !== FALSE)
+		if ($this->_standardize_newlines == TRUE && strpos($str, "\r") !== FALSE)
 		{
 			return str_replace(array("\r\n", "\r", "\r\n\n"), PHP_EOL, $str);
 		}
@@ -592,6 +587,7 @@ class CI_Input {
 	{
 		if ( ! preg_match('/^[a-z0-9:_\/-]+$/i', $str))
 		{
+			set_status_header(503);
 			exit('Disallowed Key Characters.');
 		}
 
@@ -624,7 +620,7 @@ class CI_Input {
 		}
 		else
 		{
-			$headers['Content-Type'] = (isset($_SERVER['CONTENT_TYPE'])) ? $_SERVER['CONTENT_TYPE'] : @getenv('CONTENT_TYPE');
+			$headers['Content-Type'] = isset($_SERVER['CONTENT_TYPE']) ? $_SERVER['CONTENT_TYPE'] : @getenv('CONTENT_TYPE');
 
 			foreach ($_SERVER as $key => $val)
 			{
@@ -654,9 +650,9 @@ class CI_Input {
 	 *
 	 * Returns the value of a single member of the headers class member
 	 *
-	 * @param 	string		array key for $this->headers
-	 * @param	boolean		XSS Clean or not
-	 * @return 	mixed		FALSE on failure, string on success
+	 * @param	string	array key for $this->headers
+	 * @param	bool	XSS Clean or not
+	 * @return	mixed	FALSE on failure, string on success
 	 */
 	public function get_request_header($index, $xss_clean = FALSE)
 	{
@@ -670,12 +666,9 @@ class CI_Input {
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		if ($xss_clean === TRUE)
-		{
-			return $this->security->xss_clean($this->headers[$index]);
-		}
-
-		return $this->headers[$index];
+		return ($xss_clean === TRUE)
+			? $this->security->xss_clean($this->headers[$index])
+			: $this->headers[$index];
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -685,11 +678,11 @@ class CI_Input {
 	 *
 	 * Test to see if a request contains the HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH header
 	 *
-	 * @return 	boolean
+	 * @return 	bool
 	 */
 	public function is_ajax_request()
 	{
-		return ($this->server('HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH') === 'XMLHttpRequest');
+		return ( ! empty($_SERVER['HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH']) && strtolower($_SERVER['HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH']) === 'xmlhttprequest');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -699,11 +692,11 @@ class CI_Input {
 	 *
 	 * Test to see if a request was made from the command line
 	 *
-	 * @return 	boolean
+	 * @return 	bool
 	 */
 	public function is_cli_request()
 	{
-		return (php_sapi_name() === 'cli') or defined('STDIN');
+		return (php_sapi_name() === 'cli' OR defined('STDIN'));
 	}
 
 }
diff --git a/system/database/DB.php b/system/database/DB.php
index ed6afd7ed..d06ffb40e 100755
--- a/system/database/DB.php
+++ b/system/database/DB.php
@@ -82,6 +82,7 @@ function &DB($params = '', $active_record_override = NULL)
 		$params = array(
 				'dbdriver'	=> $dns['scheme'],
 				'hostname'	=> (isset($dns['host'])) ? rawurldecode($dns['host']) : '',
+				'port'		=> (isset($dns['port'])) ? rawurldecode($dns['port']) : '',
 				'username'	=> (isset($dns['user'])) ? rawurldecode($dns['user']) : '',
 				'password'	=> (isset($dns['pass'])) ? rawurldecode($dns['pass']) : '',
 				'database'	=> (isset($dns['path'])) ? rawurldecode(substr($dns['path'], 1)) : ''
diff --git a/system/database/DB_active_rec.php b/system/database/DB_active_rec.php
index 424735157..eaae23f30 100644
--- a/system/database/DB_active_rec.php
+++ b/system/database/DB_active_rec.php
@@ -236,7 +236,8 @@ class CI_DB_active_record extends CI_DB_driver {
 	{
 		if (strpos($item, '.') !== FALSE)
 		{
-			return end(explode('.', $item));
+			$item = explode('.', $item);
+			return end($item);
 		}
 
 		return $item;
diff --git a/system/database/DB_driver.php b/system/database/DB_driver.php
index 7445a5069..e403efb9f 100644
--- a/system/database/DB_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/DB_driver.php
@@ -81,8 +81,7 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	var $stmt_id;
 	var $curs_id;
 	var $limit_used;
-
-
+	
 
 	/**
 	 * Constructor.  Accepts one parameter containing the database
@@ -108,11 +107,9 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Initialize Database Settings
 	 *
-	 * @access	private Called by the constructor
-	 * @param	mixed
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function initialize()
+	public function initialize()
 	{
 		// If an existing connection resource is available
 		// there is no need to connect and select the database
@@ -126,7 +123,7 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 		// Connect to the database and set the connection ID
 		$this->conn_id = ($this->pconnect == FALSE) ? $this->db_connect() : $this->db_pconnect();
 
-		// No connection resource?  Check if there is a failover else throw an error
+		// No connection resource? Check if there is a failover else throw an error
 		if ( ! $this->conn_id)
 		{
 			// Check if there is a failover set
@@ -168,31 +165,19 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 		// ----------------------------------------------------------------
 
 		// Select the DB... assuming a database name is specified in the config file
-		if ($this->database != '')
+		if ($this->database !== '' && ! $this->db_select())
 		{
-			if ( ! $this->db_select())
-			{
-				log_message('error', 'Unable to select database: '.$this->database);
+			log_message('error', 'Unable to select database: '.$this->database);
 
-				if ($this->db_debug)
-				{
-					$this->display_error('db_unable_to_select', $this->database);
-				}
-				return FALSE;
-			}
-			else
+			if ($this->db_debug)
 			{
-				// We've selected the DB. Now we set the character set
-				if ( ! $this->db_set_charset($this->char_set, $this->dbcollat))
-				{
-					return FALSE;
-				}
-
-				return TRUE;
+				$this->display_error('db_unable_to_select', $this->database);
 			}
+			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		return TRUE;
+		// Now we set the character set and that's all
+		return $this->db_set_charset($this->char_set, $this->dbcollat);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -200,20 +185,19 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Set client character set
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	resource
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function db_set_charset($charset, $collation)
+	public function db_set_charset($charset, $collation = '')
 	{
-		if ( ! $this->_db_set_charset($this->char_set, $this->dbcollat))
+		if (method_exists($this, '_db_set_charset') && ! $this->_db_set_charset($charset, $collation))
 		{
-			log_message('error', 'Unable to set database connection charset: '.$this->char_set);
+			log_message('error', 'Unable to set database connection charset: '.$charset);
 
 			if ($this->db_debug)
 			{
-				$this->display_error('db_unable_to_set_charset', $this->char_set);
+				$this->display_error('db_unable_to_set_charset', $charset);
 			}
 
 			return FALSE;
@@ -238,36 +222,40 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Database Version Number.  Returns a string containing the
-	 * version of the database being used
+	 * Database version number
+	 *
+	 * Returns a string containing the version of the database being used.
+	 * Most drivers will override this method.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function version()
+	public function version()
 	{
-		if (FALSE === ($sql = $this->_version()))
+		if (isset($this->data_cache['version']))
 		{
-			if ($this->db_debug)
-			{
-				return $this->display_error('db_unsupported_function');
-			}
-			return FALSE;
+			return $this->data_cache['version'];
 		}
 
-		// Some DBs have functions that return the version, and don't run special
-		// SQL queries per se. In these instances, just return the result.
-		$driver_version_exceptions = array('oci8', 'sqlite', 'cubrid', 'pdo', 'mysqli');
-
-		if (in_array($this->dbdriver, $driver_version_exceptions))
-		{
-			return $sql;
-		}
-		else
+		if (FALSE === ($sql = $this->_version()))
 		{
-			$query = $this->query($sql);
-			return $query->row('ver');
+			return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_unsupported_function') : FALSE;
 		}
+
+		$query = $this->query($sql);
+		$query = $query->row();
+		return $this->data_cache['version'] = $query->ver;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Version number query string
+	 *
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _version()
+	{
+		return 'SELECT VERSION() AS ver';
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -305,6 +293,12 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 			$sql = preg_replace("/(\W)".$this->swap_pre."(\S+?)/", "\\1".$this->dbprefix."\\2", $sql);
 		}
 
+		// Compile binds if needed
+		if ($binds !== FALSE)
+		{
+			$sql = $this->compile_binds($sql, $binds);
+		}
+
 		// Is query caching enabled?  If the query is a "read type"
 		// we will load the caching class and return the previously
 		// cached query if it exists
@@ -320,12 +314,6 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 			}
 		}
 
-		// Compile binds if needed
-		if ($binds !== FALSE)
-		{
-			$sql = $this->compile_binds($sql, $binds);
-		}
-
 		// Save the  query for debugging
 		if ($this->save_queries == TRUE)
 		{
@@ -346,30 +334,28 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 			// This will trigger a rollback if transactions are being used
 			$this->_trans_status = FALSE;
 
-			// Grab the error number and message now, as we might run some
-			// additional queries before displaying the error
-			$error_no = $this->_error_number();
-			$error_msg = $this->_error_message();
+			// Grab the error now, as we might run some additional queries before displaying the error
+			$error = $this->error();
 
 			// Log errors
-			log_message('error', 'Query error: '.$error_msg);
+			log_message('error', 'Query error: '.$error['message']);
 
 			if ($this->db_debug)
 			{
 				// We call this function in order to roll-back queries
-				// if transactions are enabled.  If we don't call this here
+				// if transactions are enabled. If we don't call this here
 				// the error message will trigger an exit, causing the
 				// transactions to remain in limbo.
 				$this->trans_complete();
 
 				// Display errors
 				return $this->display_error(
-										array(
-												'Error Number: '.$error_no,
-												$error_msg,
-												$sql
-											)
-										);
+								array(
+									'Error Number: '.$error['code'],
+									$error['message'],
+									$sql
+								)
+							);
 			}
 
 			return FALSE;
@@ -660,17 +646,12 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 	/**
 	 * Determines if a query is a "write" type.
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	An SQL query string
-	 * @return	boolean
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function is_write_type($sql)
+	public function is_write_type($sql)
 	{
-		if ( ! preg_match('/^\s*"?(SET|INSERT|UPDATE|DELETE|REPLACE|CREATE|DROP|TRUNCATE|LOAD DATA|COPY|ALTER|GRANT|REVOKE|LOCK|UNLOCK)\s+/i', $sql))
-		{
-			return FALSE;
-		}
-		return TRUE;
+		return (bool) preg_match('/^\s*"?(SET|INSERT|UPDATE|DELETE|REPLACE|CREATE|DROP|TRUNCATE|LOAD DATA|COPY|ALTER|RENAME|GRANT|REVOKE|LOCK|UNLOCK|OPTIMIZE|REINDEX)\s+/i', $sql);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -814,20 +795,23 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 
 		if ($query->num_rows() > 0)
 		{
-			foreach ($query->result_array() as $row)
+			$table = FALSE;
+			$rows = $query->result_array();
+			$key = (($row = current($rows)) && in_array('table_name', array_map('strtolower', array_keys($row))));
+
+			if ($key)
 			{
-				if (isset($row['TABLE_NAME']))
-				{
-					$retval[] = $row['TABLE_NAME'];
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					$retval[] = array_shift($row);
-				}
+				$table = array_key_exists('TABLE_NAME', $row) ? 'TABLE_NAME' : 'table_name';
+			}
+
+			foreach ($rows as $row)
+			{
+				$retval[] = ( ! $table) ? current($row) : $row[$table];
 			}
 		}
 
 		$this->data_cache['table_names'] = $retval;
+		
 		return $this->data_cache['table_names'];
 	}
 
@@ -1436,10 +1420,23 @@ class CI_DB_driver {
 
 		return $item.$alias;
 	}
+	
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
+	/**
+	 * Dummy method that allows Active Record class to be disabled
+	 *
+	 * This function is used extensively by every db driver.
+	 *
+	 * @access	private
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _reset_select()
+	{
+	
+	}
 
 }
 
-
 /* End of file DB_driver.php */
 /* Location: ./system/database/DB_driver.php */
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/cubrid/cubrid_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/cubrid/cubrid_driver.php
index cde719eae..afdaef351 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/cubrid/cubrid_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/cubrid/cubrid_driver.php
@@ -156,37 +156,15 @@ class CI_DB_cubrid_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Set client character set
+	 * Database version number
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	resource
-	 */
-	function db_set_charset($charset, $collation)
-	{
-		// In CUBRID, there is no need to set charset or collation.
-		// This is why returning true will allow the application continue
-		// its normal process.
-		return TRUE;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Version number query string
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _version()
+	public function version()
 	{
-		// To obtain the CUBRID Server version, no need to run the SQL query.
-		// CUBRID PHP API provides a function to determin this value.
-		// This is why we also need to add 'cubrid' value to the list of
-		// $driver_version_exceptions array in DB_driver class in
-		// version() function.
-		return cubrid_get_server_info($this->conn_id);
+		return isset($this->data_cache['version'])
+			? $this->data_cache['version']
+			: $this->data_cache['version'] = cubrid_get_server_info($this->conn_id);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -362,12 +340,11 @@ class CI_DB_cubrid_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Affected Rows
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	int
 	 */
-	function affected_rows()
+	public function affected_rows()
 	{
-		return @cubrid_affected_rows($this->conn_id);
+		return @cubrid_affected_rows();
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -472,31 +449,18 @@ class CI_DB_cubrid_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * The error message string
+	 * Error
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	function _error_message()
-	{
-		return cubrid_error($this->conn_id);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * The error message number
+	 * Returns an array containing code and message of the last
+	 * database error that has occured.
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function _error_number()
+	public function error()
 	{
-		return cubrid_errno($this->conn_id);
+		return array('code' => cubrid_errno($this->conn_id), 'message' => cubrid_error($this->conn_id));
 	}
 
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
 	/**
 	 * Escape the SQL Identifiers
 	 *
@@ -801,4 +765,4 @@ class CI_DB_cubrid_driver extends CI_DB {
 
 
 /* End of file cubrid_driver.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/cubrid/cubrid_driver.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/cubrid/cubrid_driver.php */
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/interbase/index.html b/system/database/drivers/interbase/index.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c942a79ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/database/drivers/interbase/index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+<html>
+<head>
+	<title>403 Forbidden</title>
+</head>
+<body>
+
+<p>Directory access is forbidden.</p>
+
+</body>
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/interbase/interbase_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/interbase/interbase_driver.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f4bd9e271
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/database/drivers/interbase/interbase_driver.php
@@ -0,0 +1,627 @@
+<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ *
+ * NOTICE OF LICENSE
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
+ *
+ * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
+ * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
+ * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
+ * http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0
+ * If you did not receive a copy of the license and are unable to obtain it
+ * through the world wide web, please send an email to
+ * licensing@ellislab.com so we can send you a copy immediately.
+ *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2012, EllisLab, Inc. (http://ellislab.com/)
+ * @license		http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0 Open Software License (OSL 3.0)
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com
+ * @since		Version 3.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/**
+ * Firebird/Interbase Database Adapter Class
+ *
+ * Note: _DB is an extender class that the app controller
+ * creates dynamically based on whether the active record
+ * class is being used or not.
+ *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @subpackage	Drivers
+ * @category	Database
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ */
+class CI_DB_interbase_driver extends CI_DB {
+
+	public $dbdriver = 'interbase';
+
+	// The character used to escape with
+	protected $_escape_char = '"';
+
+	// clause and character used for LIKE escape sequences
+	protected $_like_escape_str = " ESCAPE '%s' ";
+	protected $_like_escape_chr = '!';
+
+	/**
+	 * The syntax to count rows is slightly different across different
+	 * database engines, so this string appears in each driver and is
+	 * used for the count_all() and count_all_results() functions.
+	 */
+	protected $_count_string = "SELECT COUNT(*) AS ";
+	protected $_random_keyword = ' Random()'; // database specific random keyword
+
+	// Keeps track of the resource for the current transaction
+	protected $trans;
+
+	/**
+	 * Non-persistent database connection
+	 *
+	 * @return	resource
+	 */
+	public function db_connect()
+	{
+		return @ibase_connect($this->hostname.':'.$this->database, $this->username, $this->password, $this->char_set);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Persistent database connection
+	 *
+	 * @return	resource
+	 */
+	public function db_pconnect()
+	{
+		return @ibase_pconnect($this->hostname.':'.$this->database, $this->username, $this->password, $this->char_set);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Reconnect
+	 *
+	 * Keep / reestablish the db connection if no queries have been
+	 * sent for a length of time exceeding the server's idle timeout
+	 *
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function reconnect()
+	{
+		// not implemented in Interbase/Firebird
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Select the database
+	 *
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function db_select()
+	{
+		// Connection selects the database
+		return TRUE;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Database version number
+	 *
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	public function version()
+	{
+		if (isset($this->data_cache['version']))
+		{
+			return $this->data_cache['version'];
+		}
+
+		if (($service = ibase_service_attach($this->hostname, $this->username, $this->password)))
+		{
+			$this->data_cache['version'] = ibase_server_info($service, IBASE_SVC_SERVER_VERSION);
+
+			// Don't keep the service open
+			ibase_service_detach($service);
+			return $this->data_cache['version'];
+		}
+
+		return FALSE;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Execute the query
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	an SQL query
+	 * @return	resource
+	 */
+	protected function _execute($sql)
+	{
+		$sql = $this->_prep_query($sql);
+		return @ibase_query($this->conn_id, $sql);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Prep the query
+	 *
+	 * If needed, each database adapter can prep the query string
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	an SQL query
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _prep_query($sql)
+	{
+		return $sql;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Begin Transaction
+	 *
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function trans_begin($test_mode = FALSE)
+	{
+		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
+		{
+			return TRUE;
+		}
+
+		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
+		if ($this->_trans_depth > 0)
+		{
+			return TRUE;
+		}
+
+		// Reset the transaction failure flag.
+		// If the $test_mode flag is set to TRUE transactions will be rolled back
+		// even if the queries produce a successful result.
+		$this->_trans_failure = ($test_mode === TRUE) ? TRUE : FALSE;
+
+		$this->trans = @ibase_trans($this->conn_id);
+
+		return TRUE;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Commit Transaction
+	 *
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function trans_commit()
+	{
+		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
+		{
+			return TRUE;
+		}
+
+		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
+		if ($this->_trans_depth > 0)
+		{
+			return TRUE;
+		}
+
+		return @ibase_commit($this->trans);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Rollback Transaction
+	 *
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function trans_rollback()
+	{
+		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
+		{
+			return TRUE;
+		}
+
+		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
+		if ($this->_trans_depth > 0)
+		{
+			return TRUE;
+		}
+
+		return @ibase_rollback($this->trans);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Escape String
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	bool	whether or not the string will be used in a LIKE condition
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	public function escape_str($str, $like = FALSE)
+	{
+		if (is_array($str))
+		{
+			foreach ($str as $key => $val)
+			{
+				$str[$key] = $this->escape_str($val, $like);
+			}
+
+			return $str;
+		}
+
+		// escape LIKE condition wildcards
+		if ($like === TRUE)
+		{
+			$str = str_replace(	array('%', '_', $this->_like_escape_chr),
+								array($this->_like_escape_chr.'%', $this->_like_escape_chr.'_', $this->_like_escape_chr.$this->_like_escape_chr),
+								$str);
+		}
+
+		return $str;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Affected Rows
+	 *
+	 * @return	integer
+	 */
+	public function affected_rows()
+	{
+		return @ibase_affected_rows($this->conn_id);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Insert ID
+	 *
+	 * @param	string $generator_name
+	 * @param	integer $inc_by
+	 * @return	integer
+	 */
+	public function insert_id($generator_name, $inc_by=0)
+	{
+		//If a generator hasn't been used before it will return 0
+		return ibase_gen_id('"'.$generator_name.'"', $inc_by);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * "Count All" query
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query string that counts all records in
+	 * the specified database
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	public function count_all($table = '')
+	{
+		if ($table == '')
+		{
+			return 0;
+		}
+
+		$query = $this->query($this->_count_string . $this->_protect_identifiers('numrows') . ' FROM ' . $this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE));
+
+		if ($query->num_rows() == 0)
+		{
+			return 0;
+		}
+
+		$row = $query->row();
+		$this->_reset_select();
+		return (int) $row->numrows;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * List table query
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the table names can be fetched
+	 *
+	 * @param	boolean
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _list_tables($prefix_limit = FALSE)
+	{
+		$sql = <<<SQL
+			SELECT "RDB\$RELATION_NAME" FROM "RDB\$RELATIONS" 
+			WHERE "RDB\$RELATION_NAME" NOT LIKE 'RDB$%'
+			AND "RDB\$RELATION_NAME" NOT LIKE 'MON$%'
+SQL;
+
+		if ($prefix_limit !== FALSE AND $this->dbprefix != '')
+		{
+			$sql .= ' AND "RDB$RELATION_NAME" LIKE \''.$this->escape_like_str($this->dbprefix)."%' ".sprintf($this->_like_escape_str, $this->_like_escape_chr);
+		}
+		return $sql;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Show column query
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the column names can be fetched
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _list_columns($table = '')
+	{
+		return <<<SQL
+			SELECT "RDB\$FIELD_NAME" FROM "RDB\$RELATION_FIELDS" 
+			WHERE "RDB\$RELATION_NAME"='{$table}';
+SQL;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Field data query
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that the column data can be retrieved
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @return	object
+	 */
+	protected function _field_data($table)
+	{
+		// Need to find a more efficient way to do this
+		// but Interbase/Firebird seems to lack the
+		// limit clause
+		return "SELECT * FROM {$table}";
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Error
+	 *
+	 * Returns an array containing code and message of the last
+	 * database error that has occured.
+	 *
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	public function error()
+	{
+		return array('code' => ibase_errcode(), 'message' => ibase_errmsg());
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Escape the SQL Identifiers
+	 *
+	 * This public function escapes column and table names
+	 *
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _escape_identifiers($item)
+	{
+		foreach ($this->_reserved_identifiers as $id)
+		{
+			if (strpos($item, '.'.$id) !== FALSE)
+			{
+				$str = $this->_escape_char. str_replace('.', $this->_escape_char.'.', $item);
+
+				// remove duplicates if the user already included the escape
+				return preg_replace('/['.$this->_escape_char.']+/', $this->_escape_char, $str);
+			}
+		}
+
+		if (strpos($item, '.') !== FALSE)
+		{
+			$str = $this->_escape_char.str_replace('.', $this->_escape_char.'.'.$this->_escape_char, $item).$this->_escape_char;
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			$str = $this->_escape_char.$item.$this->_escape_char;
+		}
+
+		// remove duplicates if the user already included the escape
+		return preg_replace('/['.$this->_escape_char.']+/', $this->_escape_char, $str);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * From Tables
+	 *
+	 * This public function implicitly groups FROM tables so there is no confusion
+	 * about operator precedence in harmony with SQL standards
+	 *
+	 * @param	type
+	 * @return	type
+	 */
+	protected function _from_tables($tables)
+	{
+		if ( ! is_array($tables))
+		{
+			$tables = array($tables);
+		}
+
+		//Interbase/Firebird doesn't like grouped tables
+		return implode(', ', $tables);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Insert statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific insert string from the supplied data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @param	array	the insert keys
+	 * @param	array	the insert values
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _insert($table, $keys, $values)
+	{
+		return "INSERT INTO {$table} (".implode(', ', $keys).') VALUES ('.implode(', ', $values).')';
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Update statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific update string from the supplied data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @param	array	the update data
+	 * @param	array	the where clause
+	 * @param	array	the orderby clause
+	 * @param	array	the limit clause
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _update($table, $values, $where, $orderby = array(), $limit = FALSE)
+	{
+		foreach ($values as $key => $val)
+		{
+			$valstr[] = $key." = ".$val;
+		}
+
+		//$limit = ( ! $limit) ? '' : ' LIMIT '.$limit;
+
+		$orderby = (count($orderby) >= 1)?' ORDER BY '.implode(", ", $orderby):'';
+
+		$sql = "UPDATE {$table} SET ".implode(', ', $valstr);
+
+		$sql .= ($where != '' AND count($where) >=1) ? ' WHERE '.implode(' ', $where) : '';
+
+		$sql .= $orderby;
+
+		return $sql;
+	}
+
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Truncate statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific truncate string from the supplied data
+	 * If the database does not support the truncate() command
+	 * This public function maps to "DELETE FROM table"
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _truncate($table)
+	{
+		return $this->_delete($table);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Delete statement
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific delete string from the supplied data
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @param	array	the where clause
+	 * @param	string	the limit clause
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _delete($table, $where = array(), $like = array(), $limit = FALSE)
+	{
+		$conditions = '';
+
+		if (count($where) > 0 OR count($like) > 0)
+		{
+			$conditions = "\nWHERE ";
+			$conditions .= implode("\n", $this->ar_where);
+
+			if (count($where) > 0 && count($like) > 0)
+			{
+				$conditions .= ' AND ';
+			}
+			$conditions .= implode("\n", $like);
+		}
+
+		//$limit = ( ! $limit) ? '' : ' LIMIT '.$limit;
+
+		return "DELETE FROM {$table}{$conditions}";
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Limit string
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific LIMIT clause
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the sql query string
+	 * @param	integer	the number of rows to limit the query to
+	 * @param	integer	the offset value
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _limit($sql, $limit, $offset)
+	{
+		// Keep the current sql string safe for a moment
+		$orig_sql = $sql;
+
+		// Limit clause depends on if Interbase or Firebird
+		if (stripos($this->version(), 'firebird') !== FALSE)
+		{
+			$sql = 'FIRST '. (int) $limit;
+
+			if ($offset > 0)
+			{
+				$sql .= ' SKIP '. (int) $offset;
+			}
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			$sql = 'ROWS ' . (int) $limit;
+
+			if ($offset > 0)
+			{
+				$sql = 'ROWS '. (int) $offset . ' TO ' . ($limit + $offset);
+			}
+		}
+
+		return preg_replace('`SELECT`i', "SELECT {$sql}", $orig_sql);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Close DB Connection
+	 *
+	 * @param	resource
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	protected function _close($conn_id)
+	{
+		@ibase_close($conn_id);
+	}
+
+}
+
+/* End of file interbase_driver.php */
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/interbase/interbase_driver.php */
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/interbase/interbase_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/interbase/interbase_forge.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..023d278ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/database/drivers/interbase/interbase_forge.php
@@ -0,0 +1,243 @@
+<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ *
+ * NOTICE OF LICENSE
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
+ *
+ * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
+ * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
+ * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
+ * http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0
+ * If you did not receive a copy of the license and are unable to obtain it
+ * through the world wide web, please send an email to
+ * licensing@ellislab.com so we can send you a copy immediately.
+ *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2012, EllisLab, Inc. (http://ellislab.com/)
+ * @license		http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0 Open Software License (OSL 3.0)
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com
+ * @since		Version 3.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/**
+ * Interbase/Firebird Forge Class
+ *
+ * @category	Database
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ */
+class CI_DB_interbase_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
+
+	/**
+	 * Create database
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the database name
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _create_database($filename='')
+	{
+		// Firebird databases are flat files, so a path is required 
+		// Hostname is needed for remote access
+		return 'CREATE DATABASE "'.$this->hostname.':'.$filename.'"';
+		
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Drop database
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the database name - not used in this driver 
+	 *	- the current db is dropped
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	protected function _drop_database($name='')
+	{
+		return ibase_drop_db($this->conn_id);
+	}
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Create Table
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @param	array	the fields
+	 * @param	mixed	primary key(s)
+	 * @param	mixed	key(s)
+	 * @param	boolean	should 'IF NOT EXISTS' be added to the SQL
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _create_table($table, $fields, $primary_keys, $keys, $if_not_exists)
+	{
+		$sql = 'CREATE TABLE ';
+
+		$sql .= $this->db->protect_identifiers($table)."(";
+		$current_field_count = 0;
+
+		foreach ($fields as $field => $attributes)
+		{
+			// Numeric field names aren't allowed in databases, so if the key is
+			// numeric, we know it was assigned by PHP and the developer manually
+			// entered the field information, so we'll simply add it to the list
+			if (is_numeric($field))
+			{
+				$sql .= "\n\t$attributes";
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				$attributes = array_change_key_case($attributes, CASE_UPPER);
+
+				$sql .= "\n\t".$this->db->protect_identifiers($field);
+
+				$sql .=  ' '.$attributes['TYPE'];
+
+				if (array_key_exists('CONSTRAINT', $attributes))
+				{
+					$sql .= '('.$attributes['CONSTRAINT'].')';
+				}
+
+				if (array_key_exists('UNSIGNED', $attributes) && $attributes['UNSIGNED'] === TRUE)
+				{
+					$sql .= ' UNSIGNED';
+				}
+
+				if (array_key_exists('DEFAULT', $attributes))
+				{
+					$sql .= ' DEFAULT \''.$attributes['DEFAULT'].'\'';
+				}
+
+				if (array_key_exists('NULL', $attributes) && $attributes['NULL'] === TRUE)
+				{
+					$sql .= ' NULL';
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					$sql .= ' NOT NULL';
+				}
+
+				if (array_key_exists('AUTO_INCREMENT', $attributes) && $attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT'] === TRUE)
+				{
+					$sql .= ' AUTO_INCREMENT';
+				}
+			}
+
+			// don't add a comma on the end of the last field
+			if (++$current_field_count < count($fields))
+			{
+				$sql .= ',';
+			}
+		}
+
+		if (count($primary_keys) > 0)
+		{
+			$primary_keys = $this->db->protect_identifiers($primary_keys);
+			$sql .= ",\n\tPRIMARY KEY (" . implode(', ', $primary_keys) . ")";
+		}
+
+		if (is_array($keys) && count($keys) > 0)
+		{
+			foreach ($keys as $key)
+			{
+				if (is_array($key))
+				{
+					$key = $this->db->protect_identifiers($key);
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					$key = array($this->db->protect_identifiers($key));
+				}
+
+				$sql .= ",\n\tUNIQUE (" . implode(', ', $key) . ")";
+			}
+		}
+
+		$sql .= "\n)";
+
+		return $sql;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Drop Table
+	 *
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _drop_table($table)
+	{
+		return 'DROP TABLE '.$name;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Alter table query
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that a table can be altered
+	 * Called by add_column(), drop_column(), and column_alter(),
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the ALTER type (ADD, DROP, CHANGE)
+	 * @param	string	the column name
+	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @param	string	the column definition
+	 * @param	string	the default value
+	 * @param	boolean	should 'NOT NULL' be added
+	 * @param	string	the field after which we should add the new field
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $column_name, $column_definition = '', $default_value = '', $null = '', $after_field = '')
+	{
+		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table)." $alter_type ".$this->db->protect_identifiers($column_name);
+
+		$sql .= " {$column_definition}";
+
+		if ($default_value != '')
+		{
+			$sql .= " DEFAULT \"{$default_value}\"";
+		}
+
+		if ($null === NULL)
+		{
+			$sql .= ' NULL';
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			$sql .= ' NOT NULL';
+		}
+
+		if ($after_field != '')
+		{
+			$sql .= ' AFTER ' . $this->db->protect_identifiers($after_field);
+		}
+
+		return $sql;
+
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Rename a table
+	 *
+	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that a table can be renamed
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the old table name
+	 * @param	string	the new table name
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	protected function _rename_table($table_name, $new_table_name)
+	{
+		return 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table_name).' RENAME TO '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($new_table_name);
+	}
+}
+
+/* End of file interbase_forge.php */
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/interbase/interbase_forge.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/interbase/interbase_result.php b/system/database/drivers/interbase/interbase_result.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4b15eee20
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/database/drivers/interbase/interbase_result.php
@@ -0,0 +1,294 @@
+<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ *
+ * NOTICE OF LICENSE
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
+ *
+ * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
+ * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
+ * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
+ * http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0
+ * If you did not receive a copy of the license and are unable to obtain it
+ * through the world wide web, please send an email to
+ * licensing@ellislab.com so we can send you a copy immediately.
+ *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2012, EllisLab, Inc. (http://ellislab.com/)
+ * @license		http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0 Open Software License (OSL 3.0)
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com
+ * @since		Version 3.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/**
+ * Interbase/Firebird Result Class
+ *
+ * This class extends the parent result class: CI_DB_result
+ *
+ * @category	Database
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ */
+class CI_DB_interbase_result extends CI_DB_result {
+
+	public $num_rows;
+
+	/**
+	 * Number of rows in the result set
+	 *
+	 * @return	integer
+	 */
+	public function num_rows()
+	{
+		if( ! is_null($this->num_rows))
+		{
+			return $this->num_rows;
+		}
+		
+		//Get the results so that you can get an accurate rowcount
+		$this->result();
+		
+		return $this->num_rows;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Number of fields in the result set
+	 *
+	 * @return	integer
+	 */
+	public function num_fields()
+	{
+		return @ibase_num_fields($this->result_id);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Fetch Field Names
+	 *
+	 * Generates an array of column names
+	 *
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	public function list_fields()
+	{
+		$field_names = array();
+		for ($i = 0, $num_fields = $this->num_fields(); $i < $num_fields; $i++)
+		{
+			$info = ibase_field_info($this->result_id, $i);
+			$field_names[] = $info['name'];
+		}
+
+		return $field_names;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Field data
+	 *
+	 * Generates an array of objects containing field meta-data
+	 *
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	public function field_data()
+	{
+		
+		$retval = array();
+		for ($i = 0, $num_fields = $this->num_fields(); $i < $num_fields; $i++)
+		{
+			$info = ibase_field_info($this->result_id, $i);
+		
+			$F				= new stdClass();
+			$F->name		= $info['name'];
+			$F->type		= $info['type'];
+			$F->max_length	= $info['length'];
+			$F->primary_key = 0;
+			$F->default		= '';
+
+			$retval[] = $F;
+		}
+
+		return $retval;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Free the result
+	 *
+	 * @return	null
+	 */
+	public function free_result()
+	{
+		@ibase_free_result($this->result_id);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Data Seek
+	 *
+	 * Moves the internal pointer to the desired offset.  We call
+	 * this internally before fetching results to make sure the
+	 * result set starts at zero
+	 *
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	protected function _data_seek($n = 0)
+	{
+		//Set the row count to 0
+		$this->num_rows = 0;
+	
+		//Interbase driver doesn't implement a suitable function
+		return FALSE;	
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Result - associative array
+	 *
+	 * Returns the result set as an array
+	 *
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	protected function _fetch_assoc()
+	{
+		if (($row = @ibase_fetch_assoc($this->result_id, IBASE_FETCH_BLOBS)) !== FALSE)
+		{
+			//Increment row count
+			$this->num_rows++;
+		}
+	
+		return $row;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Result - object
+	 *
+	 * Returns the result set as an object
+	 *
+	 * @return	object
+	 */
+	protected function _fetch_object()
+	{
+		if (($row = @ibase_fetch_object($this->result_id, IBASE_FETCH_BLOBS)) !== FALSE)
+		{
+			//Increment row count
+			$this->num_rows++;
+		}
+		
+		return $row;
+	}
+	
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Query result.  "object" version.
+	 *
+	 * @return	object
+	 */
+	public function result_object()
+	{
+		if (count($this->result_object) > 0)
+		{
+			return $this->result_object;
+		}
+		
+		// Convert result array to object so that 
+		// We don't have to get the result again
+		if (count($this->result_array) > 0)
+		{
+			$i = 0;
+		
+			foreach ($this->result_array as $array)
+			{
+				$this->result_object[$i] = new StdClass();
+			
+				foreach ($array as $key => $val)
+				{
+					$this->result_object[$i]->{$key} = $val;
+				}
+				
+				++$i;
+			}
+			
+			return $this->result_object;
+		}
+
+		// In the event that query caching is on the result_id variable
+		// will return FALSE since there isn't a valid SQL resource so
+		// we'll simply return an empty array.
+		if ($this->result_id === FALSE)
+		{
+			return array();
+		}
+
+		$this->num_rows = 0;
+		while ($row = $this->_fetch_object())
+		{
+			$this->result_object[] = $row;
+		}
+
+		return $this->result_object;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Query result.  "array" version.
+	 *
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	public function result_array()
+	{
+		if (count($this->result_array) > 0)
+		{
+			return $this->result_array;
+		}
+		
+		// Since the object and array are really similar, just case
+		// the result object to an array  if need be
+		if (count($this->result_object) > 0)
+		{
+			foreach ($this->result_object as $obj)
+			{
+				$this->result_array[] = (array) $obj;
+			}
+		
+			return $this->result_array;
+		}
+
+		// In the event that query caching is on the result_id variable
+		// will return FALSE since there isn't a valid SQL resource so
+		// we'll simply return an empty array.
+		if ($this->result_id === FALSE)
+		{
+			return array();
+		}
+
+		$this->num_rows = 0;
+		while ($row = $this->_fetch_assoc())
+		{
+			$this->result_array[] = $row;
+		}
+
+		return $this->result_array;
+	}
+
+}
+
+/* End of file interbase_result.php */
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/interbase/interbase_result.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/interbase/interbase_utility.php b/system/database/drivers/interbase/interbase_utility.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..76a0497c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/database/drivers/interbase/interbase_utility.php
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
+ *
+ * NOTICE OF LICENSE
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
+ *
+ * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
+ * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
+ * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
+ * http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0
+ * If you did not receive a copy of the license and are unable to obtain it
+ * through the world wide web, please send an email to
+ * licensing@ellislab.com so we can send you a copy immediately.
+ *
+ * @package		CodeIgniter
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @copyright	Copyright (c) 2008 - 2012, EllisLab, Inc. (http://ellislab.com/)
+ * @license		http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0 Open Software License (OSL 3.0)
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com
+ * @since		Version 3.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/**
+ * Interbase/Firebird Utility Class
+ *
+ * @category	Database
+ * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ */
+class CI_DB_interbase_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
+
+	/**
+	 * List databases
+	 *
+	 * I don't believe you can do a database listing with Firebird
+	 * since each database is its own file.  I suppose we could
+	 * try reading a directory looking for Firebird files, but
+	 * that doesn't seem like a terribly good idea
+	 *
+	 * @return	bool
+	 */
+	public function _list_databases()
+	{
+		if ($this->db_debug)
+		{
+			return $this->db->display_error('db_unsuported_feature');
+		}
+		return FALSE;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Optimize table query
+	 *
+	 * Is optimization even supported in Interbase/Firebird?
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @return	object
+	 */
+	public function _optimize_table($table)
+	{
+		return FALSE;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Repair table query
+	 *
+	 * Table repairs are not supported in Interbase/Firebird
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @return	object
+	 */
+	public function _repair_table($table)
+	{
+		return FALSE;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Interbase/Firebird Export
+	 *
+	 * @param	string	$filename
+	 * @return	mixed
+	 */
+	public function backup($filename)
+	{
+		if ($service = ibase_service_attach($this->db->hostname, $this->db->username, $this->db->password))
+		{
+			$res = ibase_backup($service, $this->db->database, $filename.'.fbk');
+			
+			//Close the service connection	
+			ibase_service_detach($service);
+			
+			return $res;
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+/* End of file interbase_utility.php */
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/interbase/interbase_utility.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_driver.php
index 2a1098932..147c63483 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_driver.php
@@ -114,30 +114,25 @@ class CI_DB_mssql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Select the database
 	 *
-	 * @access	private called by the base class
-	 * @return	resource
+	 * @param	string	database name
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function db_select()
+	public function db_select($database = '')
 	{
+		if ($database === '')
+		{
+			$database = $this->database;
+		}
+
 		// Note: The brackets are required in the event that the DB name
 		// contains reserved characters
-		return @mssql_select_db('['.$this->database.']', $this->conn_id);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+		if (@mssql_select_db('['.$database.']', $this->conn_id))
+		{
+			$this->database = $database;
+			return TRUE;
+		}
 
-	/**
-	 * Set client character set
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	resource
-	 */
-	function db_set_charset($charset, $collation)
-	{
-		// @todo - add support if needed
-		return TRUE;
+		return FALSE;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -344,12 +339,11 @@ class CI_DB_mssql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	* Version number query string
 	*
-	* @access public
-	* @return string
+	* @return	string
 	*/
-	function _version()
+	protected function _version()
 	{
-		return "SELECT @@VERSION AS ver";
+		return 'SELECT @@VERSION AS ver';
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -443,28 +437,18 @@ class CI_DB_mssql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * The error message string
+	 * Error
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	function _error_message()
-	{
-		return mssql_get_last_message();
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * The error message number
+	 * Returns an array containing code and message of the last
+	 * database error that has occured.
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function _error_number()
+	public function error()
 	{
-		// Are error numbers supported?
-		return '';
+		$query = $this->query('SELECT @@ERROR AS code');
+		$query = $query->row();
+		return array('code' => $query->code, 'message' => mssql_get_last_message());
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -676,4 +660,4 @@ class CI_DB_mssql_driver extends CI_DB {
 
 
 /* End of file mssql_driver.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_driver.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_driver.php */
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_driver.php
index 067710ff0..7fd08a6ed 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_driver.php
@@ -119,11 +119,23 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Select the database
 	 *
+	 * @param	string	database name
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	public function db_select()
+	public function db_select($database = '')
 	{
-		return @mysql_select_db($this->database, $this->conn_id);
+		if ($database === '')
+		{
+			$database = $this->database;
+		}
+
+		if (@mysql_select_db($database, $this->conn_id))
+		{
+			$this->database = $database;
+			return TRUE;
+		}
+
+		return FALSE;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -135,7 +147,7 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	public function db_set_charset($charset, $collation)
+	protected function _db_set_charset($charset, $collation)
 	{
 		return function_exists('mysql_set_charset')
 			? @mysql_set_charset($charset, $this->conn_id)
@@ -145,13 +157,15 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Version number query string
+	 * Database version number
 	 *
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	protected function _version()
+	public function version()
 	{
-		return 'SELECT version() AS ver';
+		return isset($this->data_cache['version'])
+			? $this->data_cache['version']
+			: $this->data_cache['version'] = @mysql_get_server_info($this->conn_id);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -390,40 +404,50 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Field data query
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that the column data can be retrieved
+	 * Returns an object with field data
 	 *
 	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	public function _field_data($table)
+	public function field_data($table = '')
 	{
-		return 'DESCRIBE '.$table;
-	}
+		if ($table == '')
+		{
+			return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_field_param_missing') : FALSE;
+		}
 
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+		$query = $this->query('DESCRIBE '.$this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE));
+		$query = $query->result_object();
 
-	/**
-	 * The error message string
-	 *
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	protected function _error_message()
-	{
-		return mysql_error($this->conn_id);
+		$retval = array();
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($query); $i < $c; $i++)
+		{
+			preg_match('/([a-z]+)(\(\d+\))?/', $query[$i]->Type, $matches);
+
+			$retval[$i]			= new stdClass();
+			$retval[$i]->name		= $query[$i]->Field;
+			$retval[$i]->type		= empty($matches[1]) ? NULL : $matches[1];
+			$retval[$i]->default		= $query[$i]->Default;
+			$retval[$i]->max_length		= empty($matches[2]) ? NULL : preg_replace('/[^\d]/', '', $matches[2]);
+			$retval[$i]->primary_key	= (int) ($query[$i]->Key === 'PRI');
+		}
+
+		return $retval;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * The error message number
+	 * Error
 	 *
-	 * @return	int
+	 * Returns an array containing code and message of the last
+	 * database error that has occured.
+	 *
+	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	protected function _error_number()
+	public function error()
 	{
-		return mysql_errno($this->conn_id);
+		return array('code' => mysql_errno($this->conn_id), 'message' => mysql_error($this->conn_id));
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_forge.php
index d3107134e..0f251b086 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_forge.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_forge.php
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 			$sql .= 'IF NOT EXISTS ';
 		}
 
-		$sql .= $this->db->_escape_identifiers($table).' ('.$this->_process_fields($fields);
+		$sql .= $this->db->protect_identifiers($table).' ('.$this->_process_fields($fields);
 
 		if (count($primary_keys) > 0)
 		{
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 	 */
 	public function _drop_table($table)
 	{
-		return 'DROP TABLE IF EXISTS '.$this->db->_escape_identifiers($table);
+		return 'DROP TABLE IF EXISTS '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_result.php b/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_result.php
index 8f04a936d..5a65d9c72 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_result.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_result.php
@@ -90,18 +90,14 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	public function field_data()
 	{
 		$retval = array();
-		while ($field = mysql_fetch_object($this->result_id))
+		for ($i = 0, $c = $this->num_fields(); $i < $c; $i++)
 		{
-			preg_match('/([a-zA-Z]+)(\(\d+\))?/', $field->Type, $matches);
-
-			$F		= new stdClass();
-			$F->name	= $field->Field;
-			$F->type	= ( ! empty($matches[1])) ? $matches[1] : NULL;
-			$F->default	= $field->Default;
-			$F->max_length	= ( ! empty($matches[2])) ? preg_replace('/[^\d]/', '', $matches[2]) : NULL;
-			$F->primary_key = (int) ($field->Key === 'PRI');
-
-			$retval[] = $F;
+			$retval[$i]			= new stdClass();
+			$retval[$i]->name		= mysql_field_name($this->result_id, $i);
+			$retval[$i]->type		= mysql_field_type($this->result_id, $i);
+			$retval[$i]->max_length		= mysql_field_len($this->result_id, $i);
+			$retval[$i]->primary_key	= (strpos(mysql_field_flags($this->result_id, $i), 'primary_key') === FALSE) ? 0 : 1;
+			$retval[$i]->default		= '';
 		}
 
 		return $retval;
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_utility.php b/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_utility.php
index 0e7c18e16..952f887fe 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_utility.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/mysql/mysql_utility.php
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 	 */
 	public function _optimize_table($table)
 	{
-		return 'OPTIMIZE TABLE '.$this->db->_escape_identifiers($table);
+		return 'OPTIMIZE TABLE '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 	 */
 	public function _repair_table($table)
 	{
-		return 'REPAIR TABLE '.$this->db->_escape_identifiers($table);
+		return 'REPAIR TABLE '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 			}
 
 			// Get the table schema
-			$query = $this->db->query('SHOW CREATE TABLE `'.$this->db->database.'`.`'.$table.'`');
+			$query = $this->db->query('SHOW CREATE TABLE '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($this->db->database).'.'.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table));
 
 			// No result means the table name was invalid
 			if ($query === FALSE)
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 
 			if ($add_drop == TRUE)
 			{
-				$output .= 'DROP TABLE IF EXISTS '.$table.';'.$newline.$newline;
+				$output .= 'DROP TABLE IF EXISTS '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table).';'.$newline.$newline;
 			}
 
 			$i = 0;
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 			}
 
 			// Grab all the data from the current table
-			$query = $this->db->query('SELECT * FROM '.$table);
+			$query = $this->db->query('SELECT * FROM '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table));
 
 			if ($query->num_rows() == 0)
 			{
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 							TRUE);
 
 				// Create a string of field names
-				$field_str .= '`'.$field->name.'`, ';
+				$field_str .= $this->db->protect_identifiers($field->name).', ';
 				$i++;
 			}
 
@@ -192,14 +192,15 @@ class CI_DB_mysql_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 				$val_str = preg_replace('/, $/' , '', $val_str);
 
 				// Build the INSERT string
-				$output .= 'INSERT INTO '.$table.' ('.$field_str.') VALUES ('.$val_str.');'.$newline;
+				$output .= 'INSERT INTO '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table).' ('.$field_str.') VALUES ('.$val_str.');'.$newline;
 			}
 
-			return $output.$newline.$newline;
+			$output .= $newline.$newline;
 		}
 
 		return $output;
 	}
+
 }
 
 /* End of file mysql_utility.php */
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_driver.php
index a79b2a4ad..25b6ceca1 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_driver.php
@@ -119,11 +119,23 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Select the database
 	 *
+	 * @param	string	database name
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	public function db_select()
+	public function db_select($database = '')
 	{
-		return @mysqli_select_db($this->conn_id, $this->database);
+		if ($database === '')
+		{
+			$database = $this->database;
+		}
+
+		if (@mysqli_select_db($this->conn_id, $database))
+		{
+			$this->database = $database;
+			return TRUE;
+		}
+
+		return FALSE;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -145,13 +157,15 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Version number query string
+	 * Database version number
 	 *
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	protected function _version()
+	public function version()
 	{
-		return @mysqli_get_server_info($this->conn_id);
+		return isset($this->data_cache['version'])
+			? $this->data_cache['version']
+			: $this->data_cache['version'] = @mysqli_get_server_info($this->conn_id);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -391,40 +405,50 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Field data query
-	 *
-	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that the column data can be retrieved
+	 * Returns an object with field data
 	 *
 	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	protected function _field_data($table)
+	public function field_data($table = '')
 	{
-		return 'DESCRIBE '.$table;
-	}
+		if ($table == '')
+		{
+			return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->display_error('db_field_param_missing') : FALSE;
+		}
 
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+		$query = $this->query('DESCRIBE '.$this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE));
+		$query = $query->result_object();
 
-	/**
-	 * The error message string
-	 *
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	protected function _error_message()
-	{
-		return mysqli_error($this->conn_id);
+		$retval = array();
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($query); $i < $c; $i++)
+		{
+			preg_match('/([a-z]+)(\(\d+\))?/', $query[$i]->Type, $matches);
+
+			$retval[$i]			= new stdClass();
+			$retval[$i]->name		= $query[$i]->Field;
+			$retval[$i]->type		= empty($matches[1]) ? NULL : $matches[1];
+			$retval[$i]->default		= $query[$i]->Default;
+			$retval[$i]->max_length		= empty($matches[2]) ? NULL : preg_replace('/[^\d]/', '', $matches[2]);
+			$retval[$i]->primary_key	= (int) ($query[$i]->Key === 'PRI');
+		}
+
+		return $retval;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * The error message number
+	 * Error
 	 *
-	 * @return	int
+	 * Returns an array containing code and message of the last
+	 * database error that has occured.
+	 *
+	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	protected function _error_number()
+	public function error()
 	{
-		return mysqli_errno($this->conn_id);
+		return array('code' => mysqli_errno($this->conn_id), 'message' => mysqli_error($this->conn_id));
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_result.php b/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_result.php
index 0a50cccac..8b909cc56 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_result.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/mysqli/mysqli_result.php
@@ -90,18 +90,15 @@ class CI_DB_mysqli_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	public function field_data()
 	{
 		$retval = array();
-		while ($field = mysqli_fetch_object($this->result_id))
+		$field_data = mysqli_fetch_fields($this->result_id);
+		for ($i = 0, $c = count($field_data); $i < $c; $i++)
 		{
-			preg_match('/([a-zA-Z]+)(\(\d+\))?/', $field->Type, $matches);
-
-			$F		= new stdClass();
-			$F->name	= $field->Field;
-			$F->type	= ( ! empty($matches[1])) ? $matches[1] : NULL;
-			$F->default	= $field->Default;
-			$F->max_length	= ( ! empty($matches[2])) ? preg_replace('/[^\d]/', '', $matches[2]) : NULL;
-			$F->primary_key = (int) ($field->Key === 'PRI');
-
-			$retval[] = $F;
+			$retval[$i]			= new stdClass();
+			$retval[$i]->name		= $field_data[$i]->name;
+			$retval[$i]->type		= $field_data[$i]->type;
+			$retval[$i]->max_length		= $field_data[$i]->max_length;
+			$retval[$i]->primary_key	= (int) ($field_data[$i]->flags & 2);
+			$retval[$i]->default		= '';
 		}
 
 		return $retval;
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_driver.php
index c6621901b..35cafff6c 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_driver.php
@@ -139,30 +139,15 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Set client character set
+	 * Database version number
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	resource
-	 */
-	public function db_set_charset($charset, $collation)
-	{
-		// this is done upon connect
-		return TRUE;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Version number query string
-	 *
-	 * @access  protected
-	 * @return  string
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	protected function _version()
+	public function version()
 	{
-		return oci_server_version($this->conn_id);
+		return isset($this->data_cache['version'])
+			? $this->data_cache['version']
+			: $this->data_cache['version'] = oci_server_version($this->conn_id);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -398,10 +383,9 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Escape String
 	 *
-	 * @access  public
-	 * @param   string
+	 * @param	string
 	 * @param	bool	whether or not the string will be used in a LIKE condition
-	 * @return  string
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	public function escape_str($str, $like = FALSE)
 	{
@@ -415,15 +399,14 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_driver extends CI_DB {
 			return $str;
 		}
 
-		$str = remove_invisible_characters($str);
-		$str = str_replace("'", "''", $str);
+		$str = str_replace("'", "''", remove_invisible_characters($str));
 
 		// escape LIKE condition wildcards
 		if ($like === TRUE)
 		{
-			$str = str_replace(	array('%', '_', $this->_like_escape_chr),
-								array($this->_like_escape_chr.'%', $this->_like_escape_chr.'_', $this->_like_escape_chr.$this->_like_escape_chr),
-								$str);
+			return str_replace(array($this->_like_escape_chr, '%', '_'),
+						array($this->_like_escape_chr.$this->_like_escape_chr, $this->_like_escape_chr.'%', $this->_like_escape_chr.'_'),
+						$str);
 		}
 
 		return $str;
@@ -545,31 +528,32 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * The error message string
+	 * Error
 	 *
-	 * @access  protected
-	 * @return  string
-	 */
-	protected function _error_message()
-	{
-		// If the error was during connection, no conn_id should be passed
-		$error = is_resource($this->conn_id) ? oci_error($this->conn_id) : oci_error();
-		return $error['message'];
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * The error message number
+	 * Returns an array containing code and message of the last
+	 * database error that has occured.
 	 *
-	 * @access  protected
-	 * @return  integer
+	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	protected function _error_number()
+	public function error()
 	{
-		// Same as _error_message()
-		$error = is_resource($this->conn_id) ? oci_error($this->conn_id) : oci_error();
-		return $error['code'];
+		/* oci_error() returns an array that already contains the
+		 * 'code' and 'message' keys, so we can just return it.
+		 */
+		if (is_resource($this->curs_id))
+		{
+			return oci_error($this->curs_id);
+		}
+		elseif (is_resource($this->stmt_id))
+		{
+			return oci_error($this->stmt_id);
+		}
+		elseif (is_resource($this->conn_id))
+		{
+			return oci_error($this->conn_id);
+		}
+
+		return oci_error();
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_forge.php
index b4a24cdca..0aa119907 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_forge.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_forge.php
@@ -67,15 +67,14 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 	/**
 	 * Create Table
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string	the table name
 	 * @param	array	the fields
 	 * @param	mixed	primary key(s)
 	 * @param	mixed	key(s)
-	 * @param	boolean	should 'IF NOT EXISTS' be added to the SQL
+	 * @param	bool	should 'IF NOT EXISTS' be added to the SQL
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function _create_table($table, $fields, $primary_keys, $keys, $if_not_exists)
+	public function _create_table($table, $fields, $primary_keys, $keys, $if_not_exists)
 	{
 		$sql = 'CREATE TABLE ';
 
@@ -84,54 +83,27 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 			$sql .= 'IF NOT EXISTS ';
 		}
 
-		$sql .= $this->db->_escape_identifiers($table)." (";
+		$sql .= $this->db->_escape_identifiers($table).' (';
 		$current_field_count = 0;
 
-		foreach ($fields as $field=>$attributes)
+		foreach ($fields as $field => $attributes)
 		{
 			// Numeric field names aren't allowed in databases, so if the key is
 			// numeric, we know it was assigned by PHP and the developer manually
 			// entered the field information, so we'll simply add it to the list
 			if (is_numeric($field))
 			{
-				$sql .= "\n\t$attributes";
+				$sql .= "\n\t".$attributes;
 			}
 			else
 			{
 				$attributes = array_change_key_case($attributes, CASE_UPPER);
 
-				$sql .= "\n\t".$this->db->_protect_identifiers($field);
-
-				$sql .=  ' '.$attributes['TYPE'];
-
-				if (array_key_exists('CONSTRAINT', $attributes))
-				{
-					$sql .= '('.$attributes['CONSTRAINT'].')';
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('UNSIGNED', $attributes) && $attributes['UNSIGNED'] === TRUE)
-				{
-					$sql .= ' UNSIGNED';
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('DEFAULT', $attributes))
-				{
-					$sql .= ' DEFAULT \''.$attributes['DEFAULT'].'\'';
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('NULL', $attributes) && $attributes['NULL'] === TRUE)
-				{
-					$sql .= ' NULL';
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					$sql .= ' NOT NULL';
-				}
-
-				if (array_key_exists('AUTO_INCREMENT', $attributes) && $attributes['AUTO_INCREMENT'] === TRUE)
-				{
-					$sql .= ' AUTO_INCREMENT';
-				}
+				$sql .= "\n\t".$this->db->protect_identifiers($field).' '.$attributes['TYPE']
+					.((isset($attributes['UNSINGED']) && $attributes['UNSIGNED'] === TRUE) ? ' UNSIGNED' : '')
+					.(isset($attributes['DEFAULT']) ? " DEFAULT '".$attributes['DEFAULT']."'" : '')
+					.((isset($attributes['NULL']) && $attributes['NULL'] === TRUE) ? '' : ' NOT NULL')
+					.(isset($attributes['CONSTRAINT']) ? ' CONSTRAINT '.$attributes['CONSTRAINT'] : '');
 			}
 
 			// don't add a comma on the end of the last field
@@ -143,8 +115,8 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 
 		if (count($primary_keys) > 0)
 		{
-			$primary_keys = $this->db->_protect_identifiers($primary_keys);
-			$sql .= ",\n\tPRIMARY KEY (" . implode(', ', $primary_keys) . ")";
+			$primary_keys = $this->db->protect_identifiers($primary_keys);
+			$sql .= ",\n\tCONSTRAINT ".$table.' PRIMARY KEY ('.implode(', ', $primary_keys).')';
 		}
 
 		if (is_array($keys) && count($keys) > 0)
@@ -153,20 +125,18 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 			{
 				if (is_array($key))
 				{
-					$key = $this->db->_protect_identifiers($key);
+					$key = $this->db->protect_identifiers($key);
 				}
 				else
 				{
-					$key = array($this->db->_protect_identifiers($key));
+					$key = array($this->db->protect_identifiers($key));
 				}
 
-				$sql .= ",\n\tUNIQUE COLUMNS (" . implode(', ', $key) . ")";
+				$sql .= ",\n\tUNIQUE COLUMNS (".implode(', ', $key).")";
 			}
 		}
 
-		$sql .= "\n)";
-
-		return $sql;
+		return $sql."\n)";
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -257,4 +227,4 @@ class CI_DB_oci8_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 }
 
 /* End of file oci8_forge.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_forge.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_forge.php */
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_driver.php
index 6ba39f0cd..779b0c62f 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_driver.php
@@ -124,35 +124,6 @@ class CI_DB_odbc_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Set client character set
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	resource
-	 */
-	function db_set_charset($charset, $collation)
-	{
-		// @todo - add support if needed
-		return TRUE;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Version number query string
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	function _version()
-	{
-		return "SELECT version() AS ver";
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
 	 * Execute the query
 	 *
 	 * @access	private called by the base class
@@ -414,27 +385,16 @@ class CI_DB_odbc_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * The error message string
+	 * Error
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	function _error_message()
-	{
-		return odbc_errormsg($this->conn_id);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * The error message number
+	 * Returns an array containing code and message of the last
+	 * database error that has occured.
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function _error_number()
+	public function error()
 	{
-		return odbc_error($this->conn_id);
+		return array('code' => odbc_error($this->conn_id), 'message' => odbc_errormsg($this->conn_id));
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -646,4 +606,4 @@ class CI_DB_odbc_driver extends CI_DB {
 
 
 /* End of file odbc_driver.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_driver.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_driver.php */
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_result.php b/system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_result.php
index ba660856e..572e110ca 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_result.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_result.php
@@ -38,15 +38,27 @@
  */
 class CI_DB_odbc_result extends CI_DB_result {
 
+	public $num_rows;
+
 	/**
 	 * Number of rows in the result set
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	int
 	 */
-	function num_rows()
+	public function num_rows()
 	{
-		return @odbc_num_rows($this->result_id);
+		if (is_int($this->num_rows))
+		{
+			return $this->num_rows;
+		}
+
+		// Work-around for ODBC subdrivers that don't support num_rows()
+		if (($this->num_rows = @odbc_num_rows($this->result_id)) === -1)
+		{
+			$this->num_rows = count($this->result_array());
+		}
+
+		return $this->num_rows;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -54,10 +66,9 @@ class CI_DB_odbc_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	/**
 	 * Number of fields in the result set
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	int
 	 */
-	function num_fields()
+	public function num_fields()
 	{
 		return @odbc_num_fields($this->result_id);
 	}
@@ -69,15 +80,19 @@ class CI_DB_odbc_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 *
 	 * Generates an array of column names
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function list_fields()
+	public function list_fields()
 	{
 		$field_names = array();
-		for ($i = 0; $i < $this->num_fields(); $i++)
+		$num_fields = $this->num_fields();
+
+		if ($num_fields > 0)
 		{
-			$field_names[]	= odbc_field_name($this->result_id, $i);
+			for ($i = 1; $i <= $num_fields; $i++)
+			{
+				$field_names[] = odbc_field_name($this->result_id, $i);
+			}
 		}
 
 		return $field_names;
@@ -90,22 +105,19 @@ class CI_DB_odbc_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 *
 	 * Generates an array of objects containing field meta-data
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function field_data()
+	public function field_data()
 	{
 		$retval = array();
-		for ($i = 0; $i < $this->num_fields(); $i++)
+		for ($i = 0, $odbc_index = 1, $c = $this->num_fields(); $i < $c; $i++, $odbc_index++)
 		{
-			$F				= new stdClass();
-			$F->name		= odbc_field_name($this->result_id, $i);
-			$F->type		= odbc_field_type($this->result_id, $i);
-			$F->max_length	= odbc_field_len($this->result_id, $i);
-			$F->primary_key = 0;
-			$F->default		= '';
-
-			$retval[] = $F;
+			$retval[$i]			= new stdClass();
+			$retval[$i]->name		= odbc_field_name($this->result_id, $odbc_index);
+			$retval[$i]->type		= odbc_field_type($this->result_id, $odbc_index);
+			$retval[$i]->max_length		= odbc_field_len($this->result_id, $odbc_index);
+			$retval[$i]->primary_key	= 0;
+			$retval[$i]->default		= '';
 		}
 
 		return $retval;
@@ -237,4 +249,4 @@ class CI_DB_odbc_result extends CI_DB_result {
 
 
 /* End of file odbc_result.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_result.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_result.php */
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_driver.php
index 4f4f44ba7..8fdfd58fb 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_driver.php
@@ -46,9 +46,10 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 
 	// the character used to excape - not necessary for PDO
 	var $_escape_char = '';
+
+	// clause and character used for LIKE escape sequences
 	var $_like_escape_str;
 	var $_like_escape_chr;
-	
 
 	/**
 	 * The syntax to count rows is slightly different across different
@@ -57,29 +58,36 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	var $_count_string = "SELECT COUNT(*) AS ";
 	var $_random_keyword;
-	
+
+	// need to track the pdo DSN, driver and options
+	var $dsn;
+	var $pdodriver;
 	var $options = array();
 
 	function __construct($params)
 	{
 		parent::__construct($params);
-		
+
+		if (preg_match('/([^;]+):/', $this->dsn, $match) && count($match) == 2)
+		{
+			// If there is a minimum valid dsn string pattern found, we're done
+			// This is for general PDO users, who tend to have a full DSN string.
+			$this->pdodriver = end($match);
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			// Try to build a complete DSN string from params
+			$this->_connect_string($params);
+		}
+
 		// clause and character used for LIKE escape sequences
-		if (strpos($this->hostname, 'mysql') !== FALSE)
+		// this one depends on the driver being used
+		if ($this->pdodriver == 'mysql')
 		{
 			$this->_like_escape_str = '';
 			$this->_like_escape_chr = '';
-			
-			//Prior to this version, the charset can't be set in the dsn
-			if(is_php('5.3.6'))
-			{
-				$this->hostname .= ";charset={$this->char_set}";
-			}
-			
-			//Set the charset with the connection options
-			$this->options['PDO::MYSQL_ATTR_INIT_COMMAND'] = "SET NAMES {$this->char_set}";
 		}
-		else if (strpos($this->hostname, 'odbc') !== FALSE)
+		elseif ($this->pdodriver == 'odbc')
 		{
 			$this->_like_escape_str = " {escape '%s'} ";
 			$this->_like_escape_chr = '!';
@@ -90,14 +98,94 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 			$this->_like_escape_chr = '!';
 		}
 		
-		if (strpos($this->hostname, 'sqlite') === FALSE)
+		$this->trans_enabled   = FALSE;
+		$this->_random_keyword = ' RND('.time().')'; // database specific random keyword
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Connection String
+	 *
+	 * @access	private
+	 * @param	array
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	function _connect_string($params)
+	{
+		if (strpos($this->hostname, ':'))
 		{
-			$this->hostname .= ";dbname=".$this->database;
+			// hostname generally would have this prototype
+			// $db['hostname'] = 'pdodriver:host(/Server(/DSN))=hostname(/DSN);';
+			// We need to get the prefix (pdodriver used by PDO).
+			$dsnarray = explode(':', $this->hostname);
+			$this->pdodriver = $dsnarray[0];
+
+			// End dsn with a semicolon for extra backward compability
+			// if database property was not empty.
+			if ( ! empty($this->database))
+			{
+				$this->dsn .= rtrim($this->hostname, ';').';';
+			}
 		}
-		
-		$this->trans_enabled = FALSE;
+		else
+		{
+			// Invalid DSN, display an error
+			if ( ! array_key_exists('pdodriver', $params))
+			{
+				show_error('Invalid DB Connection String for PDO');
+			}
 
-		$this->_random_keyword = ' RND('.time().')'; // database specific random keyword
+			// Assuming that the following DSN string format is used:
+			// $dsn = 'pdo://username:password@hostname:port/database?pdodriver=pgsql';
+			$this->dsn = $this->pdodriver.':';
+
+			// Add hostname to the DSN for databases that need it
+			if ( ! empty($this->hostname) 
+				&& strpos($this->hostname, ':') === FALSE
+				&& in_array($this->pdodriver, array('informix', 'mysql', 'pgsql', 'sybase', 'mssql', 'dblib', 'cubrid')))
+			{
+			    $this->dsn .= 'host='.$this->hostname.';';
+			}
+
+			// Add a port to the DSN for databases that can use it
+			if ( ! empty($this->port) && in_array($this->pdodriver, array('informix', 'mysql', 'pgsql', 'ibm', 'cubrid')))
+			{
+			    $this->dsn .= 'port='.$this->port.';';
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Add the database name to the DSN, if needed
+	    if (stripos($this->dsn, 'dbname') === FALSE 
+	       && in_array($this->pdodriver, array('4D', 'pgsql', 'mysql', 'firebird', 'sybase', 'mssql', 'dblib', 'cubrid')))
+	    {
+	        $this->dsn .= 'dbname='.$this->database.';';
+	    }
+	    elseif (stripos($this->dsn, 'database') === FALSE && in_array($this->pdodriver, array('ibm', 'sqlsrv')))
+	    {
+	    	if (stripos($this->dsn, 'dsn') === FALSE)
+	    	{
+		        $this->dsn .= 'database='.$this->database.';';
+	    	}
+	    }
+	    elseif ($this->pdodriver === 'sqlite' && $this->dsn === 'sqlite:')
+	    {
+	        if ($this->database !== ':memory')
+	        {
+	            if ( ! file_exists($this->database))
+	            {
+	                show_error('Invalid DB Connection string for PDO SQLite');
+	            }
+
+	            $this->dsn .= (strpos($this->database, DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR) !== 0) ? DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR : '';
+	        }
+
+	        $this->dsn .= $this->database;
+	    }
+
+	    // Add charset to the DSN, if needed
+	    if ( ! empty($this->char_set) && in_array($this->pdodriver, array('4D', 'mysql', 'sybase', 'mssql', 'dblib', 'oci')))
+	    {
+	        $this->dsn .= 'charset='.$this->char_set.';';
+	    }
 	}
 
 	/**
@@ -108,9 +196,9 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	function db_connect()
 	{
-		$this->options['PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE'] = PDO::ERRMODE_SILENT;
-		
-		return new PDO($this->hostname, $this->username, $this->password, $this->options);
+		$this->options[PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE] = PDO::ERRMODE_SILENT;
+
+		return $this->pdo_connect();
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -123,10 +211,44 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	function db_pconnect()
 	{
-		$this->options['PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE'] = PDO::ERRMODE_SILENT;
-		$this->options['PDO::ATTR_PERSISTENT'] = TRUE;
+		$this->options[PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE]    = PDO::ERRMODE_SILENT;
+		$this->options[PDO::ATTR_PERSISTENT] = TRUE;
 	
-		return new PDO($this->hostname, $this->username, $this->password, $this->options);
+		return $this->pdo_connect();
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * PDO connection
+	 *
+	 * @access	private called by the PDO driver class
+	 * @return	resource
+	 */
+	function pdo_connect()
+	{
+		// Refer : http://php.net/manual/en/ref.pdo-mysql.connection.php
+		if ($this->pdodriver == 'mysql' && is_php('5.3.6'))
+		{
+			$this->options[PDO::MYSQL_ATTR_INIT_COMMAND] = "SET NAMES $this->char_set COLLATE '$this->dbcollat'";
+		}
+
+		// Connecting...
+		try 
+		{
+			$db = new PDO($this->dsn, $this->username, $this->password, $this->options);
+		} 
+		catch (PDOException $e) 
+		{
+			if ($this->db_debug && empty($this->failover))
+			{
+				$this->display_error($e->getMessage(), '', TRUE);
+			}
+
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		return $db;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -146,6 +268,7 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 		{
 			return $this->db->display_error('db_unsuported_feature');
 		}
+
 		return FALSE;
 	}
 
@@ -166,30 +289,15 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Set client character set
+	 * Database version number
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	resource
-	 */
-	function db_set_charset($charset, $collation)
-	{
-		// @todo - add support if needed
-		return TRUE;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Version number query string
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _version()
+	public function version()
 	{
-		return $this->conn_id->getAttribute(PDO::ATTR_CLIENT_VERSION);
+		return isset($this->data_cache['version'])
+			? $this->data_cache['version']
+			: $this->data_cache['version'] = $this->conn_id->getAttribute(PDO::ATTR_SERVER_VERSION);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -204,6 +312,7 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 	function _execute($sql)
 	{
 		$sql = $this->_prep_query($sql);
+
 		$result_id = $this->conn_id->query($sql);
 		
 		if (is_object($result_id))
@@ -231,6 +340,17 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	function _prep_query($sql)
 	{
+		if ($this->pdodriver === 'pgsql')
+		{
+			// Change the backtick(s) for Postgre
+			$sql = str_replace('`', '"', $sql);
+		}
+		elseif ($this->pdodriver === 'sqlite')
+		{
+			// Change the backtick(s) for SQLite
+			$sql = str_replace('`', '', $sql);
+		}
+
 		return $sql;
 	}
 
@@ -285,6 +405,7 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 		}
 
 		$ret = $this->conn->commit();
+		
 		return $ret;
 	}
 
@@ -310,6 +431,7 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 		}
 
 		$ret = $this->conn_id->rollBack();
+
 		return $ret;
 	}
 
@@ -348,7 +470,9 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 		if ($like === TRUE)
 		{
 			$str = str_replace(	array('%', '_', $this->_like_escape_chr),
-								array($this->_like_escape_chr.'%', $this->_like_escape_chr.'_', $this->_like_escape_chr.$this->_like_escape_chr),
+								array($this->_like_escape_chr.'%', 
+								      $this->_like_escape_chr.'_', 
+								      $this->_like_escape_chr.$this->_like_escape_chr),
 								$str);
 		}
 
@@ -372,31 +496,19 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 
 	/**
 	 * Insert ID
-	 * 
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	integer
+	 *
+	 * @return	int
 	 */
-	function insert_id($name=NULL)
+	public function insert_id($name = NULL)
 	{
-		//Convenience method for postgres insertid
-		if (strpos($this->hostname, 'pgsql') !== FALSE)
+		if ($this->pdodriver === 'pgsql' && $name === NULL && $this->version() >= '8.1')
 		{
-			$v = $this->_version();
-
-			$table	= func_num_args() > 0 ? func_get_arg(0) : NULL;
-
-			if ($table == NULL && $v >= '8.1')
-			{
-				$sql='SELECT LASTVAL() as ins_id';
-			}
-			$query = $this->query($sql);
-			$row = $query->row();
-			return $row->ins_id;
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			return $this->conn_id->lastInsertId($name);
+			$query = $this->query('SELECT LASTVAL() AS ins_id');
+			$query = $query->row();
+			return $query->ins_id;
 		}
+
+		return $this->conn_id->lastInsertId($name);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -418,7 +530,9 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 			return 0;
 		}
 
-		$query = $this->query($this->_count_string . $this->_protect_identifiers('numrows') . " FROM " . $this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE));
+		$sql   = $this->_count_string.$this->_protect_identifiers('numrows').' FROM ';
+		$sql  .= $this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE);
+		$query = $this->query($sql);
 
 		if ($query->num_rows() == 0)
 		{
@@ -427,6 +541,7 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 
 		$row = $query->row();
 		$this->_reset_select();
+
 		return (int) $row->numrows;
 	}
 
@@ -443,12 +558,19 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	function _list_tables($prefix_limit = FALSE)
 	{
-		$sql = "SHOW TABLES FROM `".$this->database."`";
+		if ($this->pdodriver == 'pgsql')
+		{
+			// Analog function to show all tables in postgre
+			$sql = "SELECT * FROM information_schema.tables WHERE table_schema = 'public'";
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			$sql = "SHOW TABLES FROM `".$this->database."`";
+		}
 
 		if ($prefix_limit !== FALSE AND $this->dbprefix != '')
 		{
-			//$sql .= " LIKE '".$this->escape_like_str($this->dbprefix)."%' ".sprintf($this->_like_escape_str, $this->_like_escape_chr);
-			return FALSE; // not currently supported
+			return FALSE; 
 		}
 
 		return $sql;
@@ -467,7 +589,7 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	function _list_columns($table = '')
 	{
-		return "SHOW COLUMNS FROM ".$table;
+		return 'SHOW COLUMNS FROM '.$this->_from_tables($table);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -483,34 +605,36 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	function _field_data($table)
 	{
-		return "SELECT TOP 1 FROM ".$table;
+		return 'SELECT TOP 1 FROM '.$this->_from_tables($table);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * The error message string
+	 * Error
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	string
+	 * Returns an array containing code and message of the last
+	 * database error that has occured.
+	 *
+	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function _error_message()
+	public function error()
 	{
-		$error_array = $this->conn_id->errorInfo();
-		return $error_array[2];
-	}
+		$error = array('code' => '00000', 'message' => '');
+		$pdo_error = $this->conn_id->errorInfo();
 
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+		if (empty($pdo_error[0]))
+		{
+			return $error;
+		}
 
-	/**
-	 * The error message number
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	integer
-	 */
-	function _error_number()
-	{
-		return $this->conn_id->errorCode();
+		$error['code'] = isset($pdo_error[1]) ? $pdo_error[0].'/'.$pdo_error[1] : $pdo_error[0];
+		if (isset($pdo_error[2]))
+		{
+			 $error['message'] = $pdo_error[2];
+		}
+
+		return $error;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -544,8 +668,8 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 
 		if (strpos($item, '.') !== FALSE)
 		{
-			$str = $this->_escape_char.str_replace('.', $this->_escape_char.'.'.$this->_escape_char, $item).$this->_escape_char;
-			
+			$str  = $this->_escape_char.str_replace('.', $this->_escape_char.'.'.$this->_escape_char, $item);
+			$str .= $this->_escape_char;
 		}
 		else
 		{
@@ -575,7 +699,7 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 			$tables = array($tables);
 		}
 
-		return (count($tables) == 1) ? $tables[0] : '('.implode(', ', $tables).')';
+		return (count($tables) == 1) ? '`'.$tables[0].'`' : '('.implode(', ', $tables).')';
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -593,7 +717,7 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	function _insert($table, $keys, $values)
 	{
-		return "INSERT INTO ".$table." (".implode(', ', $keys).") VALUES (".implode(', ', $values).")";
+		return 'INSERT INTO '.$this->_from_tables($table).' ('.implode(', ', $keys).') VALUES ('.implode(', ', $values).')';
 	}
 	
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -611,7 +735,7 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	function _insert_batch($table, $keys, $values)
 	{
-		return "INSERT INTO ".$table." (".implode(', ', $keys).") VALUES ".implode(', ', $values);
+		return 'INSERT INTO '.$this->_from_tables($table).' ('.implode(', ', $keys).') VALUES '.implode(', ', $values);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -636,14 +760,11 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 			$valstr[] = $key." = ".$val;
 		}
 
-		$limit = ( ! $limit) ? '' : ' LIMIT '.$limit;
-
-		$orderby = (count($orderby) >= 1)?' ORDER BY '.implode(", ", $orderby):'';
-
-		$sql = "UPDATE ".$table." SET ".implode(', ', $valstr);
-
-		$sql .= ($where != '' AND count($where) >=1) ? " WHERE ".implode(" ", $where) : '';
+		$limit   = ( ! $limit) ? '' : ' LIMIT '.$limit;
+		$orderby = (count($orderby) >= 1) ? ' ORDER BY '.implode(', ', $orderby) : '';
 
+		$sql  = 'UPDATE '.$this->_from_tables($table).' SET '.implode(', ', $valstr);
+		$sql .= ($where != '' && count($where) >= 1) ? ' WHERE '.implode(' ', $where) : '';
 		$sql .= $orderby.$limit;
 
 		return $sql;
@@ -664,8 +785,8 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	function _update_batch($table, $values, $index, $where = NULL)
 	{
-		$ids = array();
-		$where = ($where != '' AND count($where) >=1) ? implode(" ", $where).' AND ' : '';
+		$ids   = array();
+		$where = ($where != '' && count($where) >=1) ? implode(" ", $where).' AND ' : '';
 
 		foreach ($values as $key => $val)
 		{
@@ -680,12 +801,13 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 			}
 		}
 
-		$sql = "UPDATE ".$table." SET ";
+		$sql   = 'UPDATE '.$this->_from_tables($table).' SET ';
 		$cases = '';
 
 		foreach ($final as $k => $v)
 		{
 			$cases .= $k.' = CASE '."\n";
+
 			foreach ($v as $row)
 			{
 				$cases .= $row."\n";
@@ -695,7 +817,6 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 		}
 
 		$sql .= substr($cases, 0, -2);
-
 		$sql .= ' WHERE '.$where.$index.' IN ('.implode(',', $ids).')';
 
 		return $sql;
@@ -739,19 +860,20 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 
 		if (count($where) > 0 OR count($like) > 0)
 		{
-			$conditions = "\nWHERE ";
+			$conditions  = "\nWHERE ";
 			$conditions .= implode("\n", $this->ar_where);
 
 			if (count($where) > 0 && count($like) > 0)
 			{
 				$conditions .= " AND ";
 			}
+
 			$conditions .= implode("\n", $like);
 		}
 
 		$limit = ( ! $limit) ? '' : ' LIMIT '.$limit;
 
-		return "DELETE FROM ".$table.$conditions.$limit;
+		return 'DELETE FROM '.$this->_from_tables($table).$conditions.$limit;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -769,27 +891,16 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	function _limit($sql, $limit, $offset)
 	{
-		if (strpos($this->hostname, 'cubrid') !== FALSE || strpos($this->hostname, 'sqlite') !== FALSE)
+		if ($this->pdodriver == 'cubrid' OR $this->pdodriver == 'sqlite')
 		{
-			if ($offset == 0)
-			{
-				$offset = '';
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				$offset .= ", ";
-			}
+			$offset = ($offset == 0) ? '' : $offset.', ';
 
-			return $sql."LIMIT ".$offset.$limit;
+			return $sql.'LIMIT '.$offset.$limit;
 		}
 		else
 		{
-			$sql .= "LIMIT ".$limit;
-
-			if ($offset > 0)
-			{
-				$sql .= " OFFSET ".$offset;
-			}
+			$sql .= 'LIMIT '.$limit;
+			$sql .= ($offset > 0) ? ' OFFSET '.$offset : '';
 			
 			return $sql;
 		}
@@ -809,10 +920,7 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 		$this->conn_id = null;
 	}
 
-
 }
 
-
-
 /* End of file pdo_driver.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_driver.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_driver.php */
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_forge.php
index 076415928..478b2dbfb 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_forge.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_forge.php
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 			$sql .= 'IF NOT EXISTS ';
 		}
 
-		$sql .= $this->db->_escape_identifiers($table)." (";
+		$sql .= '`'.$this->db->_escape_identifiers($table).'` (';
 		$current_field_count = 0;
 
 		foreach ($fields as $field=>$attributes)
@@ -111,6 +111,7 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 			else
 			{
 				$attributes = array_change_key_case($attributes, CASE_UPPER);
+				$numeric    = array('SERIAL', 'INTEGER');
 
 				$sql .= "\n\t".$this->db->_protect_identifiers($field);
 
@@ -118,7 +119,11 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 
 				if (array_key_exists('CONSTRAINT', $attributes))
 				{
-					$sql .= '('.$attributes['CONSTRAINT'].')';
+					// Exception for Postgre numeric which not too happy with constraint within those type
+					if ( ! ($this->db->pdodriver == 'pgsql' && in_array($attributes['TYPE'], $numeric)))
+					{
+						$sql .= '('.$attributes['CONSTRAINT'].')';
+					}
 				}
 
 				if (array_key_exists('UNSIGNED', $attributes) && $attributes['UNSIGNED'] === TRUE)
@@ -219,7 +224,7 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 	 */
 	function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $column_name, $column_definition = '', $default_value = '', $null = '', $after_field = '')
 	{
-		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($table)." $alter_type ".$this->db->_protect_identifiers($column_name);
+		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE `'.$this->db->_protect_identifiers($table)."` $alter_type ".$this->db->_protect_identifiers($column_name);
 
 		// DROP has everything it needs now.
 		if ($alter_type == 'DROP')
@@ -271,7 +276,6 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 		return $sql;
 	}
 
-
 }
 
 /* End of file pdo_forge.php */
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_result.php b/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_result.php
index 6b523b001..c333abc40 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_result.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_result.php
@@ -39,6 +39,16 @@
 class CI_DB_pdo_result extends CI_DB_result {
 
 	/**
+	 * @var bool  Hold the flag whether a result handler already fetched before
+	 */
+	protected $is_fetched = FALSE;
+
+	/**
+	 * @var mixed Hold the fetched assoc array of a result handler
+	 */
+	protected $result_assoc;
+
+	/**
 	 * Number of rows in the result set
 	 *
 	 * @access	public
@@ -46,7 +56,59 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_result extends CI_DB_result {
 	 */
 	function num_rows()
 	{
-		return $this->result_id->rowCount();
+		if (empty($this->result_id) OR ! is_object($this->result_id))
+		{
+			// invalid result handler
+			return 0;
+		}
+		elseif (($num_rows = $this->result_id->rowCount()) && $num_rows > 0)
+		{
+			// If rowCount return something, we're done.
+			return $num_rows;
+		}
+
+		// Fetch the result, instead perform another extra query
+		return ($this->is_fetched && is_array($this->result_assoc)) ? count($this->result_assoc) : count($this->result_assoc());
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Fetch the result handler
+	 *
+	 * @access	public
+	 * @return	mixed
+	 */
+	function result_assoc()
+	{
+		// If the result already fetched before, use that one
+		if (count($this->result_array) > 0 OR $this->is_fetched)
+		{
+			return $this->result_array();
+		}
+
+		// Define the output
+		$output = array('assoc', 'object');
+
+		// Fetch the result
+		foreach ($output as $type)
+		{
+			// Define the method and handler
+			$res_method  = '_fetch_'.$type;
+			$res_handler = 'result_'.$type;
+			
+			$this->$res_handler = array();
+			$this->_data_seek(0);
+
+			while ($row = $this->$res_method())
+			{
+				$this->{$res_handler}[] = $row;
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Save this as buffer and marked the fetch flag
+		$this->result_array = $this->result_assoc;
+		$this->is_fetched = TRUE;
+
+		return $this->result_assoc;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -78,6 +140,7 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_result extends CI_DB_result {
 		{
 			return $this->db->display_error('db_unsuported_feature');
 		}
+		
 		return FALSE;
 	}
 
@@ -110,6 +173,7 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_result extends CI_DB_result {
 			{
 				return $this->db->display_error('db_unsuported_feature');
 			}
+
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 	}
@@ -178,6 +242,5 @@ class CI_DB_pdo_result extends CI_DB_result {
 
 }
 
-
 /* End of file pdo_result.php */
 /* Location: ./system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_result.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_driver.php
index 42329bded..df0f50da5 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_driver.php
@@ -149,28 +149,41 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Set client character set
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	resource
+	 * @param       string
+	 * @return      bool
 	 */
-	function db_set_charset($charset, $collation)
+	protected function _db_set_charset($charset)
 	{
-		// @todo - add support if needed
-		return TRUE;
+		return (pg_set_client_encoding($this->conn_id, $charset) === 0);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Version number query string
+	 * Database version number
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _version()
+	public function version()
 	{
-		return "SELECT version() AS ver";
+		if (isset($this->data_cache['version']))
+		{
+			return $this->data_cache['version'];
+		}
+
+		if (($pg_version = pg_version($this->conn_id)) === FALSE)
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		/* If PHP was compiled with PostgreSQL lib versions earlier
+		 * than 7.4, pg_version() won't return the server version
+		 * and so we'll have to fall back to running a query in
+		 * order to get it.
+		 */
+		return isset($pg_version['server'])
+			? $this->data_cache['version'] = $pg_version['server']
+			: parent::version();
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -209,18 +222,12 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Begin Transaction
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function trans_begin($test_mode = FALSE)
+	public function trans_begin($test_mode = FALSE)
 	{
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
 		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ($this->_trans_depth > 0)
+		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled OR $this->_trans_depth > 0)
 		{
 			return TRUE;
 		}
@@ -228,9 +235,9 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_driver extends CI_DB {
 		// Reset the transaction failure flag.
 		// If the $test_mode flag is set to TRUE transactions will be rolled back
 		// even if the queries produce a successful result.
-		$this->_trans_failure = ($test_mode === TRUE) ? TRUE : FALSE;
+		$this->_trans_failure = ($test_mode === TRUE);
 
-		return @pg_exec($this->conn_id, "begin");
+		return @pg_query($this->conn_id, 'BEGIN');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -238,23 +245,17 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Commit Transaction
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function trans_commit()
+	public function trans_commit()
 	{
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
 		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ($this->_trans_depth > 0)
+		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled OR $this->_trans_depth > 0)
 		{
 			return TRUE;
 		}
 
-		return @pg_exec($this->conn_id, "commit");
+		return @pg_query($this->conn_id, 'COMMIT');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -262,23 +263,17 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Rollback Transaction
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function trans_rollback()
+	public function trans_rollback()
 	{
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
 		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ($this->_trans_depth > 0)
+		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled OR $this->_trans_depth > 0)
 		{
 			return TRUE;
 		}
 
-		return @pg_exec($this->conn_id, "rollback");
+		return @pg_query($this->conn_id, 'ROLLBACK');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -339,8 +334,7 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_driver extends CI_DB {
 	 */
 	function insert_id()
 	{
-		$v = $this->_version();
-		$v = $v['server'];
+		$v = $this->version();
 
 		$table	= func_num_args() > 0 ? func_get_arg(0) : NULL;
 		$column	= func_num_args() > 1 ? func_get_arg(1) : NULL;
@@ -459,27 +453,16 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * The error message string
+	 * Error
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	function _error_message()
-	{
-		return pg_last_error($this->conn_id);
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * The error message number
+	 * Returns an array containing code and message of the last
+	 * database error that has occured.
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function _error_number()
+	public function error()
 	{
-		return '';
+		return array('code' => '', 'message' => pg_last_error($this->conn_id));
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -712,4 +695,4 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_driver extends CI_DB {
 
 
 /* End of file postgre_driver.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_driver.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_driver.php */
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_utility.php b/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_utility.php
index dffd8c549..c426b363b 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_utility.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_utility.php
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
  * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
  *
  * NOTICE OF LICENSE
- * 
+ *
  * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
- * 
+ *
  * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
  * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
  * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
@@ -25,8 +25,6 @@
  * @filesource
  */
 
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
 /**
  * Postgre Utility Class
  *
@@ -39,12 +37,11 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 	/**
 	 * List databases
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	bool
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _list_databases()
+	public function _list_databases()
 	{
-		return "SELECT datname FROM pg_database";
+		return 'SELECT datname FROM pg_database';
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -52,15 +49,12 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 	/**
 	 * Optimize table query
 	 *
-	 * Is table optimization supported in Postgre?
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	object
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _optimize_table($table)
+	public function _optimize_table($table)
 	{
-		return FALSE;
+		return 'REINDEX TABLE '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -68,13 +62,10 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 	/**
 	 * Repair table query
 	 *
-	 * Are table repairs supported in Postgre?
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	object
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function _repair_table($table)
+	public function _repair_table($table)
 	{
 		return FALSE;
 	}
@@ -84,7 +75,6 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 	/**
 	 * Postgre Export
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	array	Preferences
 	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
@@ -95,6 +85,5 @@ class CI_DB_postgre_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 	}
 }
 
-
 /* End of file postgre_utility.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_utility.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/postgre/postgre_utility.php */
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_driver.php
index 28c3caecd..3eaec949c 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_driver.php
@@ -141,30 +141,15 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Set client character set
+	 * Database version number
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	resource
-	 */
-	function db_set_charset($charset, $collation)
-	{
-		// @todo - add support if needed
-		return TRUE;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * Version number query string
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _version()
+	public function version()
 	{
-		return sqlite_libversion();
+		return isset($this->data_cache['version'])
+			? $this->data_cache['version']
+			: $this->data_cache['version'] = sqlite_libversion();
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -428,27 +413,18 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * The error message string
+	 * Error
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	string
-	 */
-	function _error_message()
-	{
-		return sqlite_error_string(sqlite_last_error($this->conn_id));
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
-	 * The error message number
+	 * Returns an array containing code and message of the last
+	 * database error that has occured.
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function _error_number()
+	public function error()
 	{
-		return sqlite_last_error($this->conn_id);
+		$error = array('code' => sqlite_last_error($this->conn_id));
+		$error['message'] = sqlite_error_string($error['code']);
+		return $error;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -667,4 +643,4 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite_driver extends CI_DB {
 
 
 /* End of file sqlite_driver.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_driver.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_driver.php */
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_forge.php
index 2b723be0b..fd0f3eb98 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_forge.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_forge.php
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 		$sql = 'CREATE TABLE ';
 
 		// IF NOT EXISTS added to SQLite in 3.3.0
-		if ($if_not_exists === TRUE && version_compare($this->db->_version(), '3.3.0', '>=') === TRUE)
+		if ($if_not_exists === TRUE && version_compare($this->db->version(), '3.3.0', '>=') === TRUE)
 		{
 			$sql .= 'IF NOT EXISTS ';
 		}
@@ -274,4 +274,4 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite_forge extends CI_DB_forge {
 }
 
 /* End of file sqlite_forge.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_forge.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_forge.php */
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_utility.php b/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_utility.php
index f00687e38..8fefcd9e2 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_utility.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_utility.php
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
  * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
  *
  * NOTICE OF LICENSE
- * 
+ *
  * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
- * 
+ *
  * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
  * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
  * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
@@ -25,8 +25,6 @@
  * @filesource
  */
 
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
 /**
  * SQLite Utility Class
  *
@@ -40,20 +38,15 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 	 * List databases
 	 *
 	 * I don't believe you can do a database listing with SQLite
-	 * since each database is its own file.  I suppose we could
+	 * since each database is its own file. I suppose we could
 	 * try reading a directory looking for SQLite files, but
 	 * that doesn't seem like a terribly good idea
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function _list_databases()
+	public function _list_databases()
 	{
-		if ($this->db_debug)
-		{
-			return $this->db->display_error('db_unsuported_feature');
-		}
-		return array();
+		return ($this->db_debug) ? $this->db->display_error('db_unsuported_feature') : FALSE;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -61,14 +54,12 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 	/**
 	 * Optimize table query
 	 *
-	 * Is optimization even supported in SQLite?
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	object
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function _optimize_table($table)
+	public function _optimize_table($table)
 	{
+		// Not supported
 		return FALSE;
 	}
 
@@ -77,14 +68,12 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 	/**
 	 * Repair table query
 	 *
-	 * Are table repairs even supported in SQLite?
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	object
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function _repair_table($table)
+	public function _repair_table($table)
 	{
+		// Not supported
 		return FALSE;
 	}
 
@@ -93,16 +82,16 @@ class CI_DB_sqlite_utility extends CI_DB_utility {
 	/**
 	 * SQLite Export
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	array	Preferences
 	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
-	function _backup($params = array())
+	public function _backup($params = array())
 	{
 		// Currently unsupported
 		return $this->db->display_error('db_unsuported_feature');
 	}
+
 }
 
 /* End of file sqlite_utility.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_utility.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_utility.php */
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/sqlsrv/sqlsrv_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/sqlsrv/sqlsrv_driver.php
index 6fd52ef70..5c90cb4f2 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/sqlsrv/sqlsrv_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/sqlsrv/sqlsrv_driver.php
@@ -122,28 +122,23 @@ class CI_DB_sqlsrv_driver extends CI_DB {
 	/**
 	 * Select the database
 	 *
-	 * @access	private called by the base class
-	 * @return	resource
+	 * @param	string	database name
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function db_select()
+	public function db_select($database = '')
 	{
-		return $this->_execute('USE ' . $this->database);
-	}
+		if ($database === '')
+		{
+			$database = $this->database;
+		}
 
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+		if ($this->_execute('USE '.$database))
+		{
+			$this->database = $database;
+			return TRUE;
+		}
 
-	/**
-	 * Set client character set
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	resource
-	 */
-	function db_set_charset($charset, $collation)
-	{
-		// @todo - add support if needed
-		return TRUE;
+		return FALSE;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -322,15 +317,23 @@ class CI_DB_sqlsrv_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	* Version number query string
-	*
-	* @access public
-	* @return string
-	*/
-	function _version()
+	 * Database version number
+	 *
+	 * @return	string
+	 */
+	public function version()
 	{
-		$info = sqlsrv_server_info($this->conn_id);
-		return sprintf("select '%s' as ver", $info['SQLServerVersion']);
+		if (isset($this->data_cache['version']))
+		{
+			return $this->data_cache['version'];
+		}
+
+		if (($info = sqlsrv_server_info($this->conn_id)) === FALSE)
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+
+		return $this->data_cache['version'] = $info['SQLServerVersion'];
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -411,29 +414,39 @@ class CI_DB_sqlsrv_driver extends CI_DB {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * The error message string
+	 * Error
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	string
+	 * Returns an array containing code and message of the last
+	 * database error that has occured.
+	 *
+	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function _error_message()
+	public function error()
 	{
-		$error = array_shift(sqlsrv_errors());
-		return !empty($error['message']) ? $error['message'] : null;
-	}
+		$error = array('code' => '00000', 'message' => '');
+		$sqlsrv_errors = sqlsrv_errors(SQLSRV_ERR_ERRORS);
 
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+		if ( ! is_array($sqlsrv_errors))
+		{
+			return $error;
+		}
 
-	/**
-	 * The error message number
-	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	integer
-	 */
-	function _error_number()
-	{
-		$error = array_shift(sqlsrv_errors());
-		return isset($error['SQLSTATE']) ? $error['SQLSTATE'] : null;
+		$sqlsrv_error = array_shift($sqlsrv_errors);
+		if (isset($sqlsrv_error['SQLSTATE']))
+		{
+			$error['code'] = isset($sqlsrv_error['code']) ? $sqlsrv_error['SQLSTATE'].'/'.$sqlsrv_error['code'] : $sqlsrv_error['SQLSTATE'];
+		}
+		elseif (isset($sqlsrv_error['code']))
+		{
+			$error['code'] = $sqlsrv_error['code'];
+		}
+
+		if (isset($sqlsrv_error['message']))
+		{
+			$error['message'] = $sqlsrv_error['message'];
+		}
+
+		return $error;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -608,4 +621,4 @@ class CI_DB_sqlsrv_driver extends CI_DB {
 
 
 /* End of file mssql_driver.php */
-/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_driver.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+/* Location: ./system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_driver.php */
diff --git a/system/helpers/download_helper.php b/system/helpers/download_helper.php
index aea948d81..a8c59c2c0 100644
--- a/system/helpers/download_helper.php
+++ b/system/helpers/download_helper.php
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
  * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.1.6 or newer
  *
  * NOTICE OF LICENSE
- * 
+ *
  * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
- * 
+ *
  * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
  * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
  * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
@@ -25,8 +25,6 @@
  * @filesource
  */
 
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
 /**
  * CodeIgniter Download Helpers
  *
@@ -47,67 +45,72 @@
  * @access	public
  * @param	string	filename
  * @param	mixed	the data to be downloaded
+ * @param	bool	wether to try and send the actual file MIME type
  * @return	void
  */
 if ( ! function_exists('force_download'))
 {
-	function force_download($filename = '', $data = '')
+	function force_download($filename = '', $data = '', $set_mime = FALSE)
 	{
 		if ($filename == '' OR $data == '')
 		{
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		// Try to determine if the filename includes a file extension.
-		// We need it in order to set the MIME type
-		if (FALSE === strpos($filename, '.'))
+		// Set the default MIME type to send
+		$mime = 'application/octet-stream';
+
+		if ($set_mime === TRUE)
 		{
-			return FALSE;
-		}
+			/* If we're going to detect the MIME type,
+			 * we'll need a file extension.
+			 */
+			if (FALSE === strpos($filename, '.'))
+			{
+				return FALSE;
+			}
 
-		// Grab the file extension
-		$x = explode('.', $filename);
-		$extension = end($x);
+			$extension = explode('.', $filename);
+			$extension = end($extension);
 
-		// Load the mime types
-		if (defined('ENVIRONMENT') AND is_file(APPPATH.'config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/mimes.php'))
-		{
-			include(APPPATH.'config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/mimes.php');
-		}
-		elseif (is_file(APPPATH.'config/mimes.php'))
-		{
-			include(APPPATH.'config/mimes.php');
-		}
+			// Load the mime types
+			if (defined('ENVIRONMENT') && is_file(APPPATH.'config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/mimes.php'))
+			{
+				include(APPPATH.'config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/mimes.php');
+			}
+			elseif (is_file(APPPATH.'config/mimes.php'))
+			{
+				include(APPPATH.'config/mimes.php');
+			}
 
-		// Set a default mime if we can't find it
-		if ( ! isset($mimes[$extension]))
-		{
-			$mime = 'application/octet-stream';
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			$mime = (is_array($mimes[$extension])) ? $mimes[$extension][0] : $mimes[$extension];
+			// Only change the default MIME if we can find one
+			if (isset($mimes[$extension]))
+			{
+				$mime = is_array($mimes[$extension]) ? $mimes[$extension][0] : $mimes[$extension];
+			}
 		}
-		
+
 		// Generate the server headers
 		header('Content-Type: "'.$mime.'"');
 		header('Content-Disposition: attachment; filename="'.$filename.'"');
 		header('Expires: 0');
-		header("Content-Transfer-Encoding: binary");
-		header("Content-Length: ".strlen($data));
-		header('Pragma: no-cache');
+		header('Content-Transfer-Encoding: binary');
+		header('Content-Length: '.strlen($data));
 
-		// Internet Explorer-specific headers.
-		if (isset($_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT']) && strpos($_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT'], "MSIE") !== FALSE)
+		// Internet Explorer-specific headers
+		if (isset($_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT']) && strpos($_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT'], 'MSIE') !== FALSE)
 		{
 			header('Cache-Control: must-revalidate, post-check=0, pre-check=0');
 			header('Pragma: public');
 		}
+		else
+		{
+			header('Pragma: no-cache');
+		}
 
 		exit($data);
 	}
 }
 
-
 /* End of file download_helper.php */
-/* Location: ./system/helpers/download_helper.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+/* Location: ./system/helpers/download_helper.php */
diff --git a/system/helpers/form_helper.php b/system/helpers/form_helper.php
index bed2cb297..6efef2324 100644
--- a/system/helpers/form_helper.php
+++ b/system/helpers/form_helper.php
@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@
  * @license		http://opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0 Open Software License (OSL 3.0)
  * @link		http://codeigniter.com
  * @since		Version 1.0
- * @filesource
  */
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -72,8 +71,8 @@ if ( ! function_exists('form_open'))
 
 		$form = '<form action="'.$action.'"'._attributes_to_string($attributes, TRUE).">\n";
 
-		// Add CSRF field if enabled, but leave it out for GET requests and requests to external websites
-		if ($CI->config->item('csrf_protection') === TRUE AND ! (strpos($action, $CI->config->site_url()) === FALSE OR strpos($form, 'method="get"')))
+		// Add CSRF field if enabled, but leave it out for GET requests and requests to external websites	
+		if ($CI->config->item('csrf_protection') === TRUE AND ! (strpos($action, $CI->config->base_url()) === FALSE OR strpos($form, 'method="get"')))	
 		{
 			$hidden[$CI->security->get_csrf_token_name()] = $CI->security->get_csrf_hash();
 		}
diff --git a/system/helpers/inflector_helper.php b/system/helpers/inflector_helper.php
index 0bd1e112f..02c425b8a 100644
--- a/system/helpers/inflector_helper.php
+++ b/system/helpers/inflector_helper.php
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
  * @subpackage	Helpers
  * @category	Helpers
  * @author		EllisLab Dev Team
- * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/helpers/directory_helper.html
+ * @link		http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/helpers/inflector_helper.html
  */
 
 
@@ -45,7 +45,6 @@
  *
  * Takes a plural word and makes it singular
  *
- * @access	public
  * @param	string
  * @return	str
  */
@@ -55,37 +54,51 @@ if ( ! function_exists('singular'))
 	{
 		$result = strval($str);
 
+		if ( ! is_countable($result))
+		{
+			return $result;
+		}
+		
 		$singular_rules = array(
-			'/(matr)ices$/'			=> '\1ix',
-			'/(vert|ind)ices$/'		=> '\1ex',
-			'/^(ox)en/'				=> '\1',
-			'/(alias)es$/'			=> '\1',
-			'/([octop|vir])i$/'		=> '\1us',
-			'/(cris|ax|test)es$/'	=> '\1is',
-			'/(shoe)s$/'			=> '\1',
-			'/(o)es$/'				=> '\1',
-			'/(bus|campus)es$/'		=> '\1',
-			'/([m|l])ice$/'			=> '\1ouse',
-			'/(x|ch|ss|sh)es$/'		=> '\1',
-			'/(m)ovies$/'			=> '\1\2ovie',
-			'/(s)eries$/'			=> '\1\2eries',
-			'/([^aeiouy]|qu)ies$/'	=> '\1y',
-			'/([lr])ves$/'			=> '\1f',
-			'/(tive)s$/'			=> '\1',
-			'/(hive)s$/'			=> '\1',
-			'/([^f])ves$/'			=> '\1fe',
-			'/(^analy)ses$/'		=> '\1sis',
+			'/(matr)ices$/'         => '\1ix',
+			'/(vert|ind)ices$/'     => '\1ex',
+			'/^(ox)en/'             => '\1',
+			'/(alias)es$/'          => '\1',
+			'/([octop|vir])i$/'     => '\1us',
+			'/(cris|ax|test)es$/'   => '\1is',
+			'/(shoe)s$/'            => '\1',
+			'/(o)es$/'              => '\1',
+			'/(bus|campus)es$/'     => '\1',
+			'/([m|l])ice$/'         => '\1ouse',
+			'/(x|ch|ss|sh)es$/'     => '\1',
+			'/(m)ovies$/'           => '\1\2ovie',
+			'/(s)eries$/'           => '\1\2eries',
+			'/([^aeiouy]|qu)ies$/'  => '\1y',
+			'/([lr])ves$/'          => '\1f',
+			'/(tive)s$/'            => '\1',
+			'/(hive)s$/'            => '\1',
+			'/([^f])ves$/'          => '\1fe',
+			'/(^analy)ses$/'        => '\1sis',
 			'/((a)naly|(b)a|(d)iagno|(p)arenthe|(p)rogno|(s)ynop|(t)he)ses$/' => '\1\2sis',
-			'/([ti])a$/'			=> '\1um',
-			'/(p)eople$/'			=> '\1\2erson',
-			'/(m)en$/'				=> '\1an',
-			'/(s)tatuses$/'			=> '\1\2tatus',
-			'/(c)hildren$/'			=> '\1\2hild',
-			'/(n)ews$/'				=> '\1\2ews',
-			'/([^u])s$/'			=> '\1',
+			'/([ti])a$/'            => '\1um',
+			'/(p)eople$/'           => '\1\2erson',
+			'/(m)en$/'              => '\1an',
+			'/(s)tatuses$/'         => '\1\2tatus',
+			'/(c)hildren$/'         => '\1\2hild',
+			'/(n)ews$/'             => '\1\2ews',
+			'/([^us])s$/'           => '\1',
 		);
 
-		return preg_replace(array_keys($singular_values), $singular_values, $result);
+		foreach ($singular_rules as $rule => $replacement)
+		{
+			if (preg_match($rule, $result))
+			{
+				$result = preg_replace($rule, $replacement, $result);
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+
+		return $result;
 	}
 }
 
@@ -96,7 +109,6 @@ if ( ! function_exists('singular'))
  *
  * Takes a singular word and makes it plural
  *
- * @access	public
  * @param	string
  * @param	bool
  * @return	str
@@ -104,32 +116,46 @@ if ( ! function_exists('singular'))
 if ( ! function_exists('plural'))
 {
 	function plural($str, $force = FALSE)
-	{
+	{	
 		$result = strval($str);
 
+		if ( ! is_countable($result))
+		{
+			return $result;
+		}
+
 		$plural_rules = array(
-			'/^(ox)$/'					=> '\1\2en',	 // ox
-			'/([m|l])ouse$/'			=> '\1ice',	  // mouse, louse
-			'/(matr|vert|ind)ix|ex$/'	=> '\1ices',	 // matrix, vertex, index
-			'/(x|ch|ss|sh)$/'			=> '\1es',	   // search, switch, fix, box, process, address
-			'/([^aeiouy]|qu)y$/'		=> '\1ies',	  // query, ability, agency
-			'/(hive)$/'					=> '\1s',		// archive, hive
-			'/(?:([^f])fe|([lr])f)$/'	=> '\1\2ves',	// half, safe, wife
-			'/sis$/'					=> 'ses',		// basis, diagnosis
-			'/([ti])um$/'				=> '\1a',		// datum, medium
-			'/(p)erson$/'				=> '\1eople',	// person, salesperson
-			'/(m)an$/'					=> '\1en',	   // man, woman, spokesman
-			'/(c)hild$/'				=> '\1hildren',  // child
-			'/(buffal|tomat)o$/'		=> '\1\2oes',	// buffalo, tomato
-			'/(bu|campu)s$/'			=> '\1\2ses',	// bus, campus
-			'/(alias|status|virus)/'	=> '\1es',	   // alias
-			'/(octop)us$/'				=> '\1i',		// octopus
-			'/(ax|cris|test)is$/'		=> '\1es',	   // axis, crisis
-			'/s$/'						=> 's',		  // no change (compatibility)
-			'/$/'						=> 's',
+			'/^(ox)$/'                 => '\1\2en',     // ox
+			'/([m|l])ouse$/'           => '\1ice',      // mouse, louse
+			'/(matr|vert|ind)ix|ex$/'  => '\1ices',     // matrix, vertex, index
+			'/(x|ch|ss|sh)$/'          => '\1es',       // search, switch, fix, box, process, address
+			'/([^aeiouy]|qu)y$/'       => '\1ies',      // query, ability, agency
+			'/(hive)$/'                => '\1s',        // archive, hive
+			'/(?:([^f])fe|([lr])f)$/'  => '\1\2ves',    // half, safe, wife
+			'/sis$/'                   => 'ses',        // basis, diagnosis
+			'/([ti])um$/'              => '\1a',        // datum, medium
+			'/(p)erson$/'              => '\1eople',    // person, salesperson
+			'/(m)an$/'                 => '\1en',       // man, woman, spokesman
+			'/(c)hild$/'               => '\1hildren',  // child
+			'/(buffal|tomat)o$/'       => '\1\2oes',    // buffalo, tomato
+			'/(bu|campu)s$/'           => '\1\2ses',    // bus, campus
+			'/(alias|status|virus)$/'  => '\1es',       // alias
+			'/(octop)us$/'             => '\1i',        // octopus
+			'/(ax|cris|test)is$/'      => '\1es',       // axis, crisis
+			'/s$/'                     => 's',          // no change (compatibility)
+			'/$/'                      => 's',
 		);
-
-		return preg_replace(array_keys($plural_rules), $plural_rules, $result);
+		
+		foreach ($plural_rules as $rule => $replacement)
+		{
+			if (preg_match($rule, $result))
+			{
+				$result = preg_replace($rule, $replacement, $result);
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+
+		return $result;
 	}
 }
 
@@ -140,7 +166,6 @@ if ( ! function_exists('plural'))
  *
  * Takes multiple words separated by spaces or underscores and camelizes them
  *
- * @access	public
  * @param	string
  * @return	str
  */
@@ -159,7 +184,6 @@ if ( ! function_exists('camelize'))
  *
  * Takes multiple words separated by spaces and underscores them
  *
- * @access	public
  * @param	string
  * @return	str
  */
@@ -178,7 +202,6 @@ if ( ! function_exists('underscore'))
  *
  * Takes multiple words separated by the separator and changes them to spaces
  *
- * @access	public
  * @param	string $str
  * @param 	string $separator
  * @return	str
@@ -191,5 +214,22 @@ if ( ! function_exists('humanize'))
 	}
 }
 
+/**
+ * Checks if the given word has a plural version.
+ *
+ * @param   string  the word to check
+ * @return  bool    if the word is countable
+ */
+if ( ! function_exists('is_countable'))
+{
+	function is_countable($word)
+	{
+		return ! (in_array(strtolower(strval($word)), array(
+			'equipment', 'information', 'rice', 'money',
+			'species', 'series', 'fish', 'meta'
+		)));
+	}
+}
+
 /* End of file inflector_helper.php */
-/* Location: ./system/helpers/inflector_helper.php */
+/* Location: ./system/helpers/inflector_helper.php */
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/system/helpers/text_helper.php b/system/helpers/text_helper.php
index 842a31d75..6e9ea570f 100644
--- a/system/helpers/text_helper.php
+++ b/system/helpers/text_helper.php
@@ -300,9 +300,9 @@ if ( ! function_exists('highlight_code'))
 
 		// Replace any existing PHP tags to temporary markers so they don't accidentally
 		// break the string out of PHP, and thus, thwart the highlighting.
-
 		$str = str_replace(array('<?', '?>', '<%', '%>', '\\', '</script>'),
-							array('phptagopen', 'phptagclose', 'asptagopen', 'asptagclose', 'backslashtmp', 'scriptclose'), $str);
+					array('phptagopen', 'phptagclose', 'asptagopen', 'asptagclose', 'backslashtmp', 'scriptclose'),
+					$str);
 
 		// The highlight_string function requires that the text be surrounded
 		// by PHP tags, which we will remove later
@@ -311,25 +311,15 @@ if ( ! function_exists('highlight_code'))
 		// All the magic happens here, baby!
 		$str = highlight_string($str, TRUE);
 
-		// Prior to PHP 5, the highligh function used icky <font> tags
-		// so we'll replace them with <span> tags.
-
-		if (abs(PHP_VERSION) < 5)
-		{
-			$str = str_replace(array('<font ', '</font>'), array('<span ', '</span>'), $str);
-			$str = preg_replace('#color="(.*?)"#', 'style="color: \\1"', $str);
-		}
-
 		// Remove our artificially added PHP, and the syntax highlighting that came with it
 		$str = preg_replace('/<span style="color: #([A-Z0-9]+)">&lt;\?php(&nbsp;| )/i', '<span style="color: #$1">', $str);
 		$str = preg_replace('/(<span style="color: #[A-Z0-9]+">.*?)\?&gt;<\/span>\n<\/span>\n<\/code>/is', "$1</span>\n</span>\n</code>", $str);
 		$str = preg_replace('/<span style="color: #[A-Z0-9]+"\><\/span>/i', '', $str);
 
 		// Replace our markers back to PHP tags.
-		$str = str_replace(array('phptagopen', 'phptagclose', 'asptagopen', 'asptagclose', 'backslashtmp', 'scriptclose'),
-							array('&lt;?', '?&gt;', '&lt;%', '%&gt;', '\\', '&lt;/script&gt;'), $str);
-
-		return $str;
+		return str_replace(array('phptagopen', 'phptagclose', 'asptagopen', 'asptagclose', 'backslashtmp', 'scriptclose'),
+					array('&lt;?', '?&gt;', '&lt;%', '%&gt;', '\\', '&lt;/script&gt;'),
+					$str);
 	}
 }
 
@@ -544,4 +534,4 @@ if ( ! function_exists('ellipsize'))
 }
 
 /* End of file text_helper.php */
-/* Location: ./system/helpers/text_helper.php */
\ No newline at end of file
+/* Location: ./system/helpers/text_helper.php */
diff --git a/system/helpers/url_helper.php b/system/helpers/url_helper.php
index 2cbcd9dbf..3f0fef58e 100644
--- a/system/helpers/url_helper.php
+++ b/system/helpers/url_helper.php
@@ -470,39 +470,35 @@ if ( ! function_exists('prep_url'))
  * Create URL Title
  *
  * Takes a "title" string as input and creates a
- * human-friendly URL string with either a dash
- * or an underscore as the word separator.
+ * human-friendly URL string with a "separator" string 
+ * as the word separator.
  *
  * @access	public
  * @param	string	the string
- * @param	string	the separator: dash, or underscore
+ * @param	string	the separator
  * @return	string
  */
 if ( ! function_exists('url_title'))
 {
-	function url_title($str, $separator = 'dash', $lowercase = FALSE)
+	function url_title($str, $separator = '-', $lowercase = FALSE)
 	{
 		if ($separator === 'dash')
 		{
-			$search		= '_';
-			$replace	= '-';
+		    $separator = '-';
 		}
-		else
+		else if ($separator == 'underscore')
 		{
-			$search		= '-';
-			$replace	= '_';
+		    $separator = '_';
 		}
+		
+		$q_separator = preg_quote($separator);
 
 		$trans = array(
-						'&\#\d+?;'				=> '',
-						'&\S+?;'				=> '',
-						'\s+'					=> $replace,
-						'[^a-z0-9\-\._]'		=> '',
-						$replace.'+'			=> $replace,
-						$replace.'$'			=> $replace,
-						'^'.$replace			=> $replace,
-						'\.+$'					=> ''
-					);
+			'&.+?;'                 => '',
+			'[^a-z0-9 _-]'          => '',
+			'\s+'                   => $separator,
+			'('.$q_separator.')+'   => $separator
+		);
 
 		$str = strip_tags($str);
 		foreach ($trans as $key => $val)
@@ -515,7 +511,7 @@ if ( ! function_exists('url_title'))
 			$str = strtolower($str);
 		}
 
-		return trim(trim(stripslashes($str)), $replace);
+		return trim(trim($str, $separator));
 	}
 }
 
diff --git a/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/Cache_file.php b/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/Cache_file.php
index 4a81b0422..a960730d7 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/Cache_file.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Cache/drivers/Cache_file.php
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ class CI_Cache_file extends CI_Driver {
 
 		if (write_file($this->_cache_path.$id, serialize($contents)))
 		{
-			@chmod($this->_cache_path.$id, 0777);
+			@chmod($this->_cache_path.$id, 0660);
 			return TRUE;
 		}
 
diff --git a/system/libraries/Cart.php b/system/libraries/Cart.php
index ba8d69be2..10b5362a5 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Cart.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Cart.php
@@ -329,13 +329,6 @@ class CI_Cart {
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		// Is the new quantity different than what is already saved in the cart?
-		// If it's the same there's nothing to do
-		if ($this->_cart_contents[$items['rowid']]['qty'] == $items['qty'])
-		{
-			return FALSE;
-		}
-
 		// Is the quantity zero?  If so we will remove the item from the cart.
 		// If the quantity is greater than zero we are updating
 		if ($items['qty'] == 0)
diff --git a/system/libraries/Email.php b/system/libraries/Email.php
index 922107e9f..8d839d0c9 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Email.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Email.php
@@ -25,8 +25,6 @@
  * @filesource
  */
 
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
 /**
  * CodeIgniter Email Class
  *
@@ -40,55 +38,55 @@
  */
 class CI_Email {
 
-	public $useragent		= "CodeIgniter";
-	public $mailpath		= "/usr/sbin/sendmail";	// Sendmail path
-	public $protocol		= "mail";	// mail/sendmail/smtp
-	public $smtp_host		= "";		// SMTP Server.  Example: mail.earthlink.net
-	public $smtp_user		= "";		// SMTP Username
-	public $smtp_pass		= "";		// SMTP Password
-	public $smtp_port		= "25";		// SMTP Port
-	public $smtp_timeout	= 5;		// SMTP Timeout in seconds
-	public $smtp_crypto	= "";		// SMTP Encryption. Can be null, tls or ssl.
-	public $wordwrap		= TRUE;		// TRUE/FALSE  Turns word-wrap on/off
-	public $wrapchars		= "76";		// Number of characters to wrap at.
-	public $mailtype		= "text";	// text/html  Defines email formatting
-	public $charset		= "utf-8";	// Default char set: iso-8859-1 or us-ascii
-	public $multipart		= "mixed";	// "mixed" (in the body) or "related" (separate)
-	public $alt_message	= '';		// Alternative message for HTML emails
-	public $validate		= FALSE;	// TRUE/FALSE.  Enables email validation
-	public $priority		= "3";		// Default priority (1 - 5)
-	public $newline		= "\n";		// Default newline. "\r\n" or "\n" (Use "\r\n" to comply with RFC 822)
-	public $crlf			= "\n";		// The RFC 2045 compliant CRLF for quoted-printable is "\r\n".  Apparently some servers,
+	public $useragent	= 'CodeIgniter';
+	public $mailpath	= '/usr/sbin/sendmail';	// Sendmail path
+	public $protocol	= 'mail';		// mail/sendmail/smtp
+	public $smtp_host	= '';			// SMTP Server. Example: mail.earthlink.net
+	public $smtp_user	= '';			// SMTP Username
+	public $smtp_pass	= '';			// SMTP Password
+	public $smtp_port	= 25;			// SMTP Port
+	public $smtp_timeout	= 5;			// SMTP Timeout in seconds
+	public $smtp_crypto	= '';			// SMTP Encryption. Can be null, tls or ssl.
+	public $wordwrap	= TRUE;			// TRUE/FALSE  Turns word-wrap on/off
+	public $wrapchars	= 76;			// Number of characters to wrap at.
+	public $mailtype	= 'text';		// text/html  Defines email formatting
+	public $charset		= 'utf-8';		// Default char set: iso-8859-1 or us-ascii
+	public $multipart	= 'mixed';		// "mixed" (in the body) or "related" (separate)
+	public $alt_message	= '';			// Alternative message for HTML emails
+	public $validate	= FALSE;		// TRUE/FALSE.  Enables email validation
+	public $priority	= 3;			// Default priority (1 - 5)
+	public $newline		= "\n";			// Default newline. "\r\n" or "\n" (Use "\r\n" to comply with RFC 822)
+	public $crlf		= "\n";			// The RFC 2045 compliant CRLF for quoted-printable is "\r\n".  Apparently some servers,
 									// even on the receiving end think they need to muck with CRLFs, so using "\n", while
 									// distasteful, is the only thing that seems to work for all environments.
 	public $send_multipart	= TRUE;		// TRUE/FALSE - Yahoo does not like multipart alternative, so this is an override.  Set to FALSE for Yahoo.
-	public $bcc_batch_mode	= FALSE;	// TRUE/FALSE  Turns on/off Bcc batch feature
+	public $bcc_batch_mode	= FALSE;	// TRUE/FALSE - Turns on/off Bcc batch feature
 	public $bcc_batch_size	= 200;		// If bcc_batch_mode = TRUE, sets max number of Bccs in each batch
-	private $_safe_mode		= FALSE;
-	private $_subject		= "";
-	private $_body			= "";
-	private $_finalbody		= "";
-	private $_alt_boundary	= "";
-	private $_atc_boundary	= "";
-	private $_header_str	= "";
-	private $_smtp_connect	= "";
-	private $_encoding		= "8bit";
-	private $_IP			= FALSE;
-	private $_smtp_auth		= FALSE;
-	private $_replyto_flag	= FALSE;
-	private $_debug_msg		= array();
-	private $_recipients	= array();
-	private $_cc_array		= array();
-	private $_bcc_array		= array();
-	private $_headers		= array();
-	private $_attach_name	= array();
-	private $_attach_type	= array();
-	private $_attach_disp	= array();
-	private $_protocols		= array('mail', 'sendmail', 'smtp');
-	private $_base_charsets	= array('us-ascii', 'iso-2022-');	// 7-bit charsets (excluding language suffix)
-	private $_bit_depths	= array('7bit', '8bit');
-	private $_priorities	= array('1 (Highest)', '2 (High)', '3 (Normal)', '4 (Low)', '5 (Lowest)');
 
+	protected $_safe_mode		= FALSE;
+	protected $_subject		= '';
+	protected $_body		= '';
+	protected $_finalbody		= '';
+	protected $_alt_boundary	= '';
+	protected $_atc_boundary	= '';
+	protected $_header_str		= '';
+	protected $_smtp_connect	= '';
+	protected $_encoding		= '8bit';
+	protected $_IP			= FALSE;
+	protected $_smtp_auth		= FALSE;
+	protected $_replyto_flag	= FALSE;
+	protected $_debug_msg		= array();
+	protected $_recipients		= array();
+	protected $_cc_array		= array();
+	protected $_bcc_array		= array();
+	protected $_headers		= array();
+	protected $_attach_name		= array();
+	protected $_attach_type		= array();
+	protected $_attach_disp		= array();
+	protected $_protocols		= array('mail', 'sendmail', 'smtp');
+	protected $_base_charsets	= array('us-ascii', 'iso-2022-');	// 7-bit charsets (excluding language suffix)
+	protected $_bit_depths		= array('7bit', '8bit');
+	protected $_priorities		= array('1 (Highest)', '2 (High)', '3 (Normal)', '4 (Low)', '5 (Lowest)');
 
 	/**
 	 * Constructor - Sets Email Preferences
@@ -103,11 +101,11 @@ class CI_Email {
 		}
 		else
 		{
-			$this->_smtp_auth = ($this->smtp_user == '' AND $this->smtp_pass == '') ? FALSE : TRUE;
-			$this->_safe_mode = (bool) @ini_get("safe_mode");
+			$this->_smtp_auth = ! ($this->smtp_user == '' && $this->smtp_pass == '');
+			$this->_safe_mode = (bool) @ini_get('safe_mode');
 		}
 
-		log_message('debug', "Email Class Initialized");
+		log_message('debug', 'Email Class Initialized');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -115,7 +113,6 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Initialize preferences
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	array
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
@@ -139,8 +136,8 @@ class CI_Email {
 		}
 		$this->clear();
 
-		$this->_smtp_auth = ($this->smtp_user == '' AND $this->smtp_pass == '') ? FALSE : TRUE;
-		$this->_safe_mode = (bool) @ini_get("safe_mode");
+		$this->_smtp_auth = ! ($this->smtp_user == '' && $this->smtp_pass == '');
+		$this->_safe_mode = (bool) @ini_get('safe_mode');
 
 		return $this;
 	}
@@ -150,17 +147,16 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Initialize the Email Data
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	bool
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @return	object
 	 */
 	public function clear($clear_attachments = FALSE)
 	{
-		$this->_subject		= "";
-		$this->_body		= "";
-		$this->_finalbody	= "";
-		$this->_header_str	= "";
-		$this->_replyto_flag = FALSE;
+		$this->_subject		= '';
+		$this->_body		= '';
+		$this->_finalbody	= '';
+		$this->_header_str	= '';
+		$this->_replyto_flag	= FALSE;
 		$this->_recipients	= array();
 		$this->_cc_array	= array();
 		$this->_bcc_array	= array();
@@ -185,14 +181,13 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Set FROM
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @return	object
 	 */
 	public function from($from, $name = '')
 	{
-		if (preg_match( '/\<(.*)\>/', $from, $match))
+		if (preg_match('/\<(.*)\>/', $from, $match))
 		{
 			$from = $match[1];
 		}
@@ -228,14 +223,13 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Set Reply-to
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @return	object
 	 */
 	public function reply_to($replyto, $name = '')
 	{
-		if (preg_match( '/\<(.*)\>/', $replyto, $match))
+		if (preg_match('/\<(.*)\>/', $replyto, $match))
 		{
 			$replyto = $match[1];
 		}
@@ -266,9 +260,8 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Set Recipients
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @return	object
 	 */
 	public function to($to)
 	{
@@ -282,17 +275,17 @@ class CI_Email {
 
 		if ($this->_get_protocol() !== 'mail')
 		{
-			$this->_set_header('To', implode(", ", $to));
+			$this->_set_header('To', implode(', ', $to));
 		}
 
 		switch ($this->_get_protocol())
 		{
-			case 'smtp'		:
+			case 'smtp':
 				$this->_recipients = $to;
 			break;
-			case 'sendmail'	:
-			case 'mail'		:
-				$this->_recipients = implode(", ", $to);
+			case 'sendmail':
+			case 'mail':
+				$this->_recipients = implode(', ', $to);
 			break;
 		}
 
@@ -304,9 +297,8 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Set CC
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @return	object
 	 */
 	public function cc($cc)
 	{
@@ -318,7 +310,7 @@ class CI_Email {
 			$this->validate_email($cc);
 		}
 
-		$this->_set_header('Cc', implode(", ", $cc));
+		$this->_set_header('Cc', implode(', ', $cc));
 
 		if ($this->_get_protocol() === 'smtp')
 		{
@@ -333,10 +325,9 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Set BCC
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @return	object
 	 */
 	public function bcc($bcc, $limit = '')
 	{
@@ -360,7 +351,7 @@ class CI_Email {
 		}
 		else
 		{
-			$this->_set_header('Bcc', implode(", ", $bcc));
+			$this->_set_header('Bcc', implode(', ', $bcc));
 		}
 
 		return $this;
@@ -371,9 +362,8 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Set Email Subject
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @return	object
 	 */
 	public function subject($subject)
 	{
@@ -387,13 +377,12 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Set Body
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @return	object
 	 */
 	public function message($body)
 	{
-		$this->_body = rtrim(str_replace("\r", "", $body));
+		$this->_body = rtrim(str_replace("\r", '', $body));
 
 		/* strip slashes only if magic quotes is ON
 		   if we do it with magic quotes OFF, it strips real, user-inputted chars.
@@ -414,9 +403,8 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Assign file attachments
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @return	object
 	 */
 	public function attach($filename, $disposition = '', $newname = NULL)
 	{
@@ -431,7 +419,6 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Add a Header Item
 	 *
-	 * @access	protected
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	void
@@ -446,7 +433,6 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Convert a String to an Array
 	 *
-	 * @access	protected
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
@@ -460,8 +446,7 @@ class CI_Email {
 			}
 			else
 			{
-				$email = trim($email);
-				settype($email, "array");
+				$email = (array) trim($email);
 			}
 		}
 		return $email;
@@ -472,9 +457,8 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Set Multipart Value
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @return	object
 	 */
 	public function set_alt_message($str = '')
 	{
@@ -487,9 +471,8 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Set Mailtype
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @return	object
 	 */
 	public function set_mailtype($type = 'text')
 	{
@@ -502,9 +485,8 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Set Wordwrap
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	bool
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @return	object
 	 */
 	public function set_wordwrap($wordwrap = TRUE)
 	{
@@ -517,13 +499,12 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Set Protocol
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @return	object
 	 */
 	public function set_protocol($protocol = 'mail')
 	{
-		$this->protocol = ( ! in_array($protocol, $this->_protocols, TRUE)) ? 'mail' : strtolower($protocol);
+		$this->protocol = in_array($protocol, $this->_protocols, TRUE) ? strtolower($protocol) : 'mail';
 		return $this;
 	}
 
@@ -532,19 +513,12 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Set Priority
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	integer
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @param	int
+	 * @return	object
 	 */
 	public function set_priority($n = 3)
 	{
-		if ( ! is_numeric($n) OR $n < 1 OR $n > 5)
-		{
-			$this->priority = 3;
-			return;
-		}
-
-		$this->priority = (int) $n;
+		$this->priority = preg_match('/^[1-5]$/', $n) ? (int) $n : 3;
 		return $this;
 	}
 
@@ -553,9 +527,8 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Set Newline Character
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @return	object
 	 */
 	public function set_newline($newline = "\n")
 	{
@@ -568,13 +541,12 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Set CRLF
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @return	object
 	 */
 	public function set_crlf($crlf = "\n")
 	{
-		$this->crlf = ($crlf !== "\n" AND $crlf !== "\r\n" AND $crlf !== "\r") ? "\n" : $crlf;
+		$this->crlf = ($crlf !== "\n" && $crlf !== "\r\n" && $crlf !== "\r") ? "\n" : $crlf;
 		return $this;
 	}
 
@@ -583,13 +555,12 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Set Message Boundary
 	 *
-	 * @access	protected
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	protected function _set_boundaries()
 	{
-		$this->_alt_boundary = "B_ALT_".uniqid(''); // multipart/alternative
-		$this->_atc_boundary = "B_ATC_".uniqid(''); // attachment boundary
+		$this->_alt_boundary = 'B_ALT_'.uniqid(''); // multipart/alternative
+		$this->_atc_boundary = 'B_ATC_'.uniqid(''); // attachment boundary
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -597,14 +568,12 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Get the Message ID
 	 *
-	 * @access	protected
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _get_message_id()
 	{
 		$from = str_replace(array('>', '<'), '', $this->_headers['Return-Path']);
-
-		return  "<".uniqid('').strstr($from, '@').">";
+		return  '<'.uniqid('').strstr($from, '@').'>';
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -612,14 +581,13 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Get Mail Protocol
 	 *
-	 * @access	protected
 	 * @param	bool
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
 	protected function _get_protocol($return = TRUE)
 	{
 		$this->protocol = strtolower($this->protocol);
-		$this->protocol = ( ! in_array($this->protocol, $this->_protocols, TRUE)) ? 'mail' : $this->protocol;
+		in_array($this->protocol, $this->_protocols, TRUE) OR $this->protocol = 'mail';
 
 		if ($return == TRUE)
 		{
@@ -632,13 +600,12 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Get Mail Encoding
 	 *
-	 * @access	protected
 	 * @param	bool
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _get_encoding($return = TRUE)
 	{
-		$this->_encoding = ( ! in_array($this->_encoding, $this->_bit_depths)) ? '8bit' : $this->_encoding;
+		in_array($this->_encoding, $this->_bit_depths) OR $this->_encoding = '8bit';
 
 		foreach ($this->_base_charsets as $charset)
 		{
@@ -659,7 +626,6 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Get content type (text/html/attachment)
 	 *
-	 * @access	protected
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _get_content_type()
@@ -687,17 +653,16 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Set RFC 822 Date
 	 *
-	 * @access	protected
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _set_date()
 	{
-		$timezone = date("Z");
+		$timezone = date('Z');
 		$operator = (strncmp($timezone, '-', 1) === 0) ? '-' : '+';
 		$timezone = abs($timezone);
 		$timezone = floor($timezone/3600) * 100 + ($timezone % 3600) / 60;
 
-		return sprintf("%s %s%04d", date("D, j M Y H:i:s"), $operator, $timezone);
+		return sprintf('%s %s%04d', date('D, j M Y H:i:s'), $operator, $timezone);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -705,12 +670,11 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Mime message
 	 *
-	 * @access	protected
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _get_mime_message()
 	{
-		return "This is a multi-part message in MIME format.".$this->newline."Your email application may not support this format.";
+		return 'This is a multi-part message in MIME format.'.$this->newline.'Your email application may not support this format.';
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -718,7 +682,6 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Validate Email Address
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
@@ -747,13 +710,12 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Email Validation
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function valid_email($address)
 	{
-		return (bool) preg_match("/^([a-z0-9\+_\-]+)(\.[a-z0-9\+_\-]+)*@([a-z0-9\-]+\.)+[a-z]{2,6}$/ix", $address);
+		return (bool) preg_match('/^([a-z0-9\+_\-]+)(\.[a-z0-9\+_\-]+)*@([a-z0-9\-]+\.)+[a-z]{2,6}$/ix', $address);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -761,7 +723,6 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Clean Extended Email Address: Joe Smith <joe@smith.com>
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
@@ -776,7 +737,7 @@ class CI_Email {
 
 		foreach ($email as $addy)
 		{
-			$clean_email[] = (preg_match( '/\<(.*)\>/', $addy, $match)) ? $match[1] : $addy;
+			$clean_email[] = preg_match('/\<(.*)\>/', $addy, $match) ? $match[1] : $addy;
 		}
 
 		return $clean_email;
@@ -792,12 +753,11 @@ class CI_Email {
 	 * If the user hasn't specified his own alternative message
 	 * it creates one by stripping the HTML
 	 *
-	 * @access	protected
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _get_alt_message()
 	{
-		if ($this->alt_message != "")
+		if ($this->alt_message != '')
 		{
 			return $this->word_wrap($this->alt_message, '76');
 		}
@@ -818,9 +778,8 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Word Wrap
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	integer
+	 * @param	int
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	public function word_wrap($str, $charlim = '')
@@ -911,8 +870,6 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Build final headers
 	 *
-	 * @access	protected
-	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _build_headers()
@@ -929,7 +886,6 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Write Headers as a string
 	 *
-	 * @access	protected
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	protected function _write_headers()
@@ -964,12 +920,11 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Build Final Body and attachments
 	 *
-	 * @access	protected
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	protected function _build_message()
 	{
-		if ($this->wordwrap === TRUE AND $this->mailtype !== 'html')
+		if ($this->wordwrap === TRUE && $this->mailtype !== 'html')
 		{
 			$this->_body = $this->word_wrap($this->_body);
 		}
@@ -1131,9 +1086,8 @@ class CI_Email {
 	 * Prepares string for Quoted-Printable Content-Transfer-Encoding
 	 * Refer to RFC 2045 http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2045.txt
 	 *
-	 * @access	protected
 	 * @param	string
-	 * @param	integer
+	 * @param	int
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _prep_quoted_printable($str, $charlim = '')
@@ -1203,9 +1157,7 @@ class CI_Email {
 		}
 
 		// get rid of extra CRLF tacked onto the end
-		$output = substr($output, 0, strlen($this->crlf) * -1);
-
-		return $output;
+		return substr($output, 0, strlen($this->crlf) * -1);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1216,10 +1168,9 @@ class CI_Email {
 	 * Performs "Q Encoding" on a string for use in email headers.  It's related
 	 * but not identical to quoted-printable, so it has its own method
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	str
-	 * @param	bool	// set to TRUE for processing From: headers
-	 * @return	str
+	 * @param	string
+	 * @param	bool	set to TRUE for processing From: headers
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _prep_q_encoding($str, $from = FALSE)
 	{
@@ -1275,9 +1226,7 @@ class CI_Email {
 
 		// wrap each line with the shebang, charset, and transfer encoding
 		// the preceding space on successive lines is required for header "folding"
-		$str = trim(preg_replace('/^(.*)$/m', ' =?'.$this->charset.'?Q?$1?=', $str));
-
-		return $str;
+		return trim(preg_replace('/^(.*)$/m', ' =?'.$this->charset.'?Q?$1?=', $str));
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1285,7 +1234,6 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Send Email
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function send()
@@ -1295,9 +1243,9 @@ class CI_Email {
 			$this->reply_to($this->_headers['From']);
 		}
 
-		if (( ! isset($this->_recipients) AND ! isset($this->_headers['To']))  AND
-			( ! isset($this->_bcc_array) AND ! isset($this->_headers['Bcc'])) AND
-			( ! isset($this->_headers['Cc'])))
+		if ( ! isset($this->_recipients) && ! isset($this->_headers['To'])
+			&& ! isset($this->_bcc_array) && ! isset($this->_headers['Bcc'])
+			&& ! isset($this->_headers['Cc']))
 		{
 			$this->_set_error_message('lang:email_no_recipients');
 			return FALSE;
@@ -1305,44 +1253,40 @@ class CI_Email {
 
 		$this->_build_headers();
 
-		if ($this->bcc_batch_mode AND count($this->_bcc_array) > $this->bcc_batch_size)
+		if ($this->bcc_batch_mode && count($this->_bcc_array) > $this->bcc_batch_size)
 		{
 			return $this->batch_bcc_send();
 		}
 
 		$this->_build_message();
-
 		return $this->_spool_email();
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Batch Bcc Send.  Sends groups of BCCs in batches
+	 * Batch Bcc Send. Sends groups of BCCs in batches
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	bool
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function batch_bcc_send()
 	{
-		$float = $this->bcc_batch_size -1;
-
-		$set = "";
-
+		$float = $this->bcc_batch_size - 1;
+		$set = '';
 		$chunk = array();
 
 		for ($i = 0, $c = count($this->_bcc_array); $i < $c; $i++)
 		{
 			if (isset($this->_bcc_array[$i]))
 			{
-				$set .= ", ".$this->_bcc_array[$i];
+				$set .= ', '.$this->_bcc_array[$i];
 			}
 
 			if ($i == $float)
 			{
 				$chunk[] = substr($set, 1);
 				$float += $this->bcc_batch_size;
-				$set = "";
+				$set = '';
 			}
 
 			if ($i === $c-1)
@@ -1359,7 +1303,7 @@ class CI_Email {
 
 			if ($this->protocol !== 'smtp')
 			{
-				$this->_set_header('Bcc', implode(", ", $bcc));
+				$this->_set_header('Bcc', implode(', ', $bcc));
 			}
 			else
 			{
@@ -1376,7 +1320,6 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Unwrap special elements
 	 *
-	 * @access	protected
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	protected function _unwrap_specials()
@@ -1389,7 +1332,6 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Strip line-breaks via callback
 	 *
-	 * @access	protected
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _remove_nl_callback($matches)
@@ -1407,7 +1349,6 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Spool mail to the mail server
 	 *
-	 * @access	protected
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	protected function _spool_email()
@@ -1418,6 +1359,7 @@ class CI_Email {
 		if ( ! $this->$method())
 		{
 			$this->_set_error_message('lang:email_send_failure_' . ($this->_get_protocol() === 'mail' ? 'phpmail' : $this->_get_protocol()));
+			return FALSE;
 		}
 
 		$this->_set_error_message('lang:email_sent', $this->_get_protocol());
@@ -1429,7 +1371,6 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Send using mail()
 	 *
-	 * @access	protected
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	protected function _send_with_mail()
@@ -1451,7 +1392,6 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Send using Sendmail
 	 *
-	 * @access	protected
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	protected function _send_with_sendmail()
@@ -1484,7 +1424,6 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Send using SMTP
 	 *
-	 * @access	protected
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	protected function _send_with_smtp()
@@ -1495,8 +1434,10 @@ class CI_Email {
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		$this->_smtp_connect();
-		$this->_smtp_authenticate();
+		if ( ! $this->_smtp_connect() OR ! $this->_smtp_authenticate())
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
 
 		$this->_send_command('from', $this->clean_email($this->_headers['From']));
 
@@ -1553,7 +1494,6 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * SMTP Connect
 	 *
-	 * @access	protected
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
@@ -1597,7 +1537,6 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Send SMTP command
 	 *
-	 * @access	protected
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	string
@@ -1670,7 +1609,6 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 *  SMTP Authenticate
 	 *
-	 * @access	protected
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	protected function _smtp_authenticate()
@@ -1680,7 +1618,7 @@ class CI_Email {
 			return TRUE;
 		}
 
-		if ($this->smtp_user == ""  AND  $this->smtp_pass == "")
+		if ($this->smtp_user == '' && $this->smtp_pass == '')
 		{
 			$this->_set_error_message('lang:email_no_smtp_unpw');
 			return FALSE;
@@ -1724,7 +1662,6 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Send SMTP data
 	 *
-	 * @access	protected
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	protected function _send_data($data)
@@ -1743,7 +1680,6 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Get SMTP data
 	 *
-	 * @access	protected
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _get_smtp_data()
@@ -1768,12 +1704,11 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Get Hostname
 	 *
-	 * @access	protected
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _get_hostname()
 	{
-		return (isset($_SERVER['SERVER_NAME'])) ? $_SERVER['SERVER_NAME'] : 'localhost.localdomain';
+		return isset($_SERVER['SERVER_NAME']) ? $_SERVER['SERVER_NAME'] : 'localhost.localdomain';
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1781,7 +1716,6 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Get IP
 	 *
-	 * @access	protected
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _get_ip()
@@ -1791,13 +1725,13 @@ class CI_Email {
 			return $this->_IP;
 		}
 
-		$cip = (isset($_SERVER['HTTP_CLIENT_IP']) AND $_SERVER['HTTP_CLIENT_IP'] != "") ? $_SERVER['HTTP_CLIENT_IP'] : FALSE;
-		$rip = (isset($_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR']) AND $_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR'] != "") ? $_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR'] : FALSE;
+		$cip = ( ! empty($_SERVER['HTTP_CLIENT_IP'])) ? $_SERVER['HTTP_CLIENT_IP'] : FALSE;
+		$rip = ( ! empty($_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR'])) ? $_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR'] : FALSE;
 		if ($cip) $this->_IP = $cip;
 		elseif ($rip) $this->_IP = $rip;
 		else
 		{
-			$fip = (isset($_SERVER['HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR']) AND $_SERVER['HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR'] != "") ? $_SERVER['HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR'] : FALSE;
+			$fip = ( ! empty($_SERVER['HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR'])) ? $_SERVER['HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR'] : FALSE;
 			if ($fip)
 			{
 				$this->_IP = $fip;
@@ -1810,7 +1744,7 @@ class CI_Email {
 			$this->_IP = end($x);
 		}
 
-		if ( ! preg_match( "/^[0-9]{1,3}\.[0-9]{1,3}\.[0-9]{1,3}\.[0-9]{1,3}$/", $this->_IP))
+		if ( ! preg_match('/^[0-9]{1,3}\.[0-9]{1,3}\.[0-9]{1,3}\.[0-9]{1,3}$/', $this->_IP))
 		{
 			$this->_IP = '0.0.0.0';
 		}
@@ -1823,7 +1757,6 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Get Debug Message
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	public function print_debugger()
@@ -1838,8 +1771,7 @@ class CI_Email {
 			}
 		}
 
-		$msg .= "<pre>".$this->_header_str."\n".htmlspecialchars($this->_subject)."\n".htmlspecialchars($this->_finalbody).'</pre>';
-		return $msg;
+		return $msg.'<pre>'.$this->_header_str."\n".htmlspecialchars($this->_subject)."\n".htmlspecialchars($this->_finalbody).'</pre>';
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1847,16 +1779,15 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Set Message
 	 *
-	 * @access	protected
 	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	string
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	protected function _set_error_message($msg, $val = '')
 	{
 		$CI =& get_instance();
 		$CI->lang->load('email');
 
-		if (substr($msg, 0, 5) !== 'lang:' || FALSE === ($line = $CI->lang->line(substr($msg, 5))))
+		if (substr($msg, 0, 5) !== 'lang:' OR FALSE === ($line = $CI->lang->line(substr($msg, 5))))
 		{
 			$this->_debug_msg[] = str_replace('%s', $val, $msg)."<br />";
 		}
@@ -1871,13 +1802,13 @@ class CI_Email {
 	/**
 	 * Mime Types
 	 *
-	 * @access	protected
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	protected function _mime_types($ext = "")
+	protected function _mime_types($ext = '')
 	{
-		$mimes = array(	'hqx'	=>	'application/mac-binhex40',
+		$mimes = array(
+						'hqx'	=>	'application/mac-binhex40',
 						'cpt'	=>	'application/mac-compactpro',
 						'doc'	=>	'application/msword',
 						'bin'	=>	'application/macbinary',
@@ -1966,11 +1897,10 @@ class CI_Email {
 						'eml'	=>	'message/rfc822'
 					);
 
-		return ( ! isset($mimes[strtolower($ext)])) ? "application/x-unknown-content-type" : $mimes[strtolower($ext)];
+		return isset($mimes[strtolower($ext)]) ? $mimes[strtolower($ext)] : 'application/x-unknown-content-type';
 	}
 
 }
-// END CI_Email class
 
 /* End of file Email.php */
 /* Location: ./system/libraries/Email.php */
diff --git a/system/libraries/Form_validation.php b/system/libraries/Form_validation.php
index 3ee3cf9df..eb6031697 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Form_validation.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Form_validation.php
@@ -47,10 +47,8 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 	protected $_error_suffix		= '</p>';
 	protected $error_string			= '';
 	protected $_safe_form_data		= FALSE;
+	protected $validation_data		= array();
 
-	/**
-	 * Constructor
-	 */
 	public function __construct($rules = array())
 	{
 		$this->CI =& get_instance();
@@ -85,7 +83,8 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 	public function set_rules($field, $label = '', $rules = '')
 	{
 		// No reason to set rules if we have no POST data
-		if (count($_POST) === 0)
+		// or a validation array has not been specified
+		if (count($_POST) === 0 && count($this->validation_data) === 0)
 		{
 			return $this;
 		}
@@ -162,10 +161,29 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
+	 * By default, form validation uses the $_POST array to validate
+	 *
+	 * If an array is set through this method, then this array will
+	 * be used instead of the $_POST array
+	 *
+	 * @param	array	$data
+	 * @return	void
+	 */
+	public function set_data($data = '')
+	{
+		if ( ! empty($data) && is_array($data))
+		{
+			$this->validation_data = $data;
+		}
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
 	 * Set Error Message
 	 *
 	 * Lets users set their own error messages on the fly.  Note:  The key
-	 * name has to match the  function name that it corresponds to.
+	 * name has to match the function name that it corresponds to.
 	 *
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @param	string
@@ -235,6 +253,20 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
+	 * Get Array of Error Messages
+	 *
+	 * Returns the error messages as an array
+	 *
+	 * @return	array
+	 */
+	public function error_array()
+	{
+		return $this->_error_array;
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
 	 * Error String
 	 *
 	 * Returns the error messages as a string, wrapped in the error delimiters
@@ -286,11 +318,15 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 	public function run($group = '')
 	{
 		// Do we even have any data to process?  Mm?
-		if (count($_POST) === 0)
+		$validation_array = ( ! empty($this->validation_data)) ? $this->validation_data : $_POST;
+		if (count($validation_array) === 0)
 		{
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
+		// Clear any previous validation data
+		$this->_reset_validation();
+
 		// Does the _field_data array containing the validation rules exist?
 		// If not, we look to see if they were assigned via a config file
 		if (count($this->_field_data) === 0)
@@ -328,18 +364,18 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 		// corresponding $_POST item and test for errors
 		foreach ($this->_field_data as $field => $row)
 		{
-			// Fetch the data from the corresponding $_POST array and cache it in the _field_data array.
+			// Fetch the data from the corresponding $_POST or validation array and cache it in the _field_data array.
 			// Depending on whether the field name is an array or a string will determine where we get it from.
 
 			if ($row['is_array'] === TRUE)
 			{
-				$this->_field_data[$field]['postdata'] = $this->_reduce_array($_POST, $row['keys']);
+				$this->_field_data[$field]['postdata'] = $this->_reduce_array($validation_array, $row['keys']);
 			}
 			else
 			{
-				if (isset($_POST[$field]) AND $_POST[$field] != "")
+				if (isset($validation_array[$field]) AND $validation_array[$field] != "")
 				{
-					$this->_field_data[$field]['postdata'] = $_POST[$field];
+					$this->_field_data[$field]['postdata'] = $validation_array[$field];
 				}
 			}
 
@@ -703,11 +739,11 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 	 *
 	 * @param	string	the field name
 	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	void
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	public function set_value($field = '', $default = '')
 	{
-		if ( ! isset($this->_field_data[$field]))
+		if ( ! isset($this->_field_data[$field], $this->_field_data[$field]['postdata']))
 		{
 			return $default;
 		}
@@ -736,13 +772,9 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 	 */
 	public function set_select($field = '', $value = '', $default = FALSE)
 	{
-		if ( ! isset($this->_field_data[$field]) OR ! isset($this->_field_data[$field]['postdata']))
+		if ( ! isset($this->_field_data[$field], $this->_field_data[$field]['postdata']))
 		{
-			if ($default === TRUE AND count($this->_field_data) === 0)
-			{
-				return ' selected="selected"';
-			}
-			return '';
+			return ($default === TRUE && count($this->_field_data) === 0) ? ' selected="selected"' : '';
 		}
 
 		$field = $this->_field_data[$field]['postdata'];
@@ -754,12 +786,9 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 				return '';
 			}
 		}
-		else
+		elseif (($field == '' OR $value == '') OR ($field != $value))
 		{
-			if (($field == '' OR $value == '') OR ($field != $value))
-			{
-				return '';
-			}
+			return '';
 		}
 
 		return ' selected="selected"';
@@ -779,13 +808,9 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 	 */
 	public function set_radio($field = '', $value = '', $default = FALSE)
 	{
-		if ( ! isset($this->_field_data[$field]) OR ! isset($this->_field_data[$field]['postdata']))
+		if ( ! isset($this->_field_data[$field], $this->_field_data[$field]['postdata']))
 		{
-			if ($default === TRUE AND count($this->_field_data) === 0)
-			{
-				return ' checked="checked"';
-			}
-			return '';
+			return ($default === TRUE && count($this->_field_data) === 0) ? ' checked="checked"' : '';
 		}
 
 		$field = $this->_field_data[$field]['postdata'];
@@ -864,14 +889,13 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 	 */
 	public function matches($str, $field)
 	{
-		if ( ! isset($_POST[$field]))
+		$validation_array = ( ! empty($this->validation_data)) ? $this->validation_data : $_POST;
+		if ( ! isset($validation_array[$field]))
 		{
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		$field = $_POST[$field];
-
-		return ($str === $field);
+		return ($str === $validation_array[$field]);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -908,7 +932,7 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 	 */
 	public function min_length($str, $val)
 	{
-		if (preg_match("/[^0-9]/", $val))
+		if (preg_match('/[^0-9]/', $val))
 		{
 			return FALSE;
 		}
@@ -932,7 +956,7 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 	 */
 	public function max_length($str, $val)
 	{
-		if (preg_match("/[^0-9]/", $val))
+		if (preg_match('/[^0-9]/', $val))
 		{
 			return FALSE;
 		}
@@ -956,7 +980,7 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 	 */
 	public function exact_length($str, $val)
 	{
-		if (preg_match("/[^0-9]/", $val))
+		if (preg_match('/[^0-9]/', $val))
 		{
 			return FALSE;
 		}
@@ -1206,7 +1230,7 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 	 */
 	public function is_natural_no_zero($str)
 	{
-		return ($str != 0 AND preg_match('/^[0-9]+$/', $str));
+		return ($str != 0 && preg_match('/^[0-9]+$/', $str));
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1253,7 +1277,7 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 			return $data;
 		}
 
-		return str_replace(array("'", '"', '<', '>'), array("&#39;", "&quot;", '&lt;', '&gt;'), stripslashes($data));
+		return str_replace(array("'", '"', '<', '>'), array('&#39;', '&quot;', '&lt;', '&gt;'), stripslashes($data));
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1318,8 +1342,26 @@ class CI_Form_validation {
 		return str_replace(array('<?php', '<?PHP', '<?', '?>'),  array('&lt;?php', '&lt;?PHP', '&lt;?', '?&gt;'), $str);
 	}
 
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * Reset validation vars
+	 *
+	 * Prevents subsequent validation routines from being affected by the
+	 * results of any previous validation routine due to the CI singleton.
+	 *
+	 * @return void
+	 */
+	protected function _reset_validation()
+	{
+		$this->_field_data = array();
+		$this->_config_rules = array();
+		$this->_error_array = array();
+		$this->_error_messages = array();
+		$this->error_string = '';
+	}
+
 }
-// END Form Validation Class
 
 /* End of file Form_validation.php */
 /* Location: ./system/libraries/Form_validation.php */
diff --git a/system/libraries/Image_lib.php b/system/libraries/Image_lib.php
index a226ae8f8..9826eabdd 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Image_lib.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Image_lib.php
@@ -25,8 +25,6 @@
  * @filesource
  */
 
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
 /**
  * Image Manipulation class
  *
@@ -88,12 +86,6 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 	protected $wm_use_drop_shadow	= FALSE;
 	public $wm_use_truetype	= FALSE;
 
-	/**
-	 * Constructor
-	 *
-	 * @param	string
-	 * @return	void
-	 */
 	public function __construct($props = array())
 	{
 		if (count($props) > 0)
@@ -101,7 +93,7 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 			$this->initialize($props);
 		}
 
-		log_message('debug', "Image Lib Class Initialized");
+		log_message('debug', 'Image Lib Class Initialized');
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -158,9 +150,7 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 	 */
 	public function initialize($props = array())
 	{
-		/*
-		 * Convert array elements into class variables
-		 */
+		// Convert array elements into class variables
 		if (count($props) > 0)
 		{
 			foreach ($props as $key => $val)
@@ -195,25 +185,18 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 			}
 		}
 
-		/*
-		 * Is there a source image?
-		 *
-		 * If not, there's no reason to continue
-		 *
-		 */
+		// Is there a source image? If not, there's no reason to continue
 		if ($this->source_image == '')
 		{
 			$this->set_error('imglib_source_image_required');
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		/*
-		 * Is getimagesize() Available?
+		/* Is getimagesize() available?
 		 *
 		 * We use it to determine the image properties (width/height).
-		 * Note:  We need to figure out how to determine image
+		 * Note: We need to figure out how to determine image
 		 * properties using ImageMagick and NetPBM
-		 *
 		 */
 		if ( ! function_exists('getimagesize'))
 		{
@@ -223,17 +206,15 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 
 		$this->image_library = strtolower($this->image_library);
 
-		/*
-		 * Set the full server path
+		/* Set the full server path
 		 *
 		 * The source image may or may not contain a path.
 		 * Either way, we'll try use realpath to generate the
 		 * full server path in order to more reliably read it.
-		 *
 		 */
-		if (function_exists('realpath') AND @realpath($this->source_image) !== FALSE)
+		if (function_exists('realpath') && @realpath($this->source_image) !== FALSE)
 		{
-			$full_source_path = str_replace("\\", "/", realpath($this->source_image));
+			$full_source_path = str_replace('\\', '/', realpath($this->source_image));
 		}
 		else
 		{
@@ -255,64 +236,58 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 		 *
 		 * If the user has set a "new_image" name it means
 		 * we are making a copy of the source image. If not
-		 * it means we are altering the original.  We'll
+		 * it means we are altering the original. We'll
 		 * set the destination filename and path accordingly.
-		 *
 		 */
 		if ($this->new_image == '')
 		{
 			$this->dest_image = $this->source_image;
 			$this->dest_folder = $this->source_folder;
 		}
+		elseif (strpos($this->new_image, '/') === FALSE)
+		{
+			$this->dest_folder = $this->source_folder;
+			$this->dest_image = $this->new_image;
+		}
 		else
 		{
-			if (strpos($this->new_image, '/') === FALSE)
+			if (strpos($this->new_image, '/') === FALSE AND strpos($this->new_image, '\\') === FALSE)
 			{
-				$this->dest_folder = $this->source_folder;
-				$this->dest_image = $this->new_image;
+				$full_dest_path = str_replace('\\', '/', realpath($this->new_image));
 			}
 			else
 			{
-				if (function_exists('realpath') AND @realpath($this->new_image) !== FALSE)
-				{
-					$full_dest_path = str_replace("\\", "/", realpath($this->new_image));
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					$full_dest_path = $this->new_image;
-				}
+				$full_dest_path = $this->new_image;
+			}
 
-				// Is there a file name?
-				if ( ! preg_match("#\.(jpg|jpeg|gif|png)$#i", $full_dest_path))
-				{
-					$this->dest_folder = $full_dest_path.'/';
-					$this->dest_image = $this->source_image;
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					$x = explode('/', $full_dest_path);
-					$this->dest_image = end($x);
-					$this->dest_folder = str_replace($this->dest_image, '', $full_dest_path);
-				}
+			// Is there a file name?
+			if ( ! preg_match('#\.(jpg|jpeg|gif|png)$#i', $full_dest_path))
+			{
+				$this->dest_folder = $full_dest_path.'/';
+				$this->dest_image = $this->source_image;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				$x = explode('/', $full_dest_path);
+				$this->dest_image = end($x);
+				$this->dest_folder = str_replace($this->dest_image, '', $full_dest_path);
 			}
 		}
 
-		/*
-		 * Compile the finalized filenames/paths
+		/* Compile the finalized filenames/paths
 		 *
 		 * We'll create two master strings containing the
 		 * full server path to the source image and the
 		 * full server path to the destination image.
 		 * We'll also split the destination image name
 		 * so we can insert the thumbnail marker if needed.
-		 *
 		 */
 		if ($this->create_thumb === FALSE OR $this->thumb_marker == '')
 		{
 			$this->thumb_marker = '';
 		}
 
-		$xp	= $this->explode_name($this->dest_image);
+		$xp = $this->explode_name($this->dest_image);
 
 		$filename = $xp['name'];
 		$file_ext = $xp['ext'];
@@ -320,54 +295,55 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 		$this->full_src_path = $this->source_folder.$this->source_image;
 		$this->full_dst_path = $this->dest_folder.$filename.$this->thumb_marker.$file_ext;
 
-		/*
-		 * Should we maintain image proportions?
+		/* Should we maintain image proportions?
 		 *
 		 * When creating thumbs or copies, the target width/height
 		 * might not be in correct proportion with the source
-		 * image's width/height.  We'll recalculate it here.
-		 *
+		 * image's width/height. We'll recalculate it here.
 		 */
-		if ($this->maintain_ratio === TRUE && ($this->width != '' AND $this->height != ''))
+		if ($this->maintain_ratio === TRUE && ($this->width != 0 OR $this->height != 0))
 		{
 			$this->image_reproportion();
 		}
 
-		/*
-		 * Was a width and height specified?
-		 *
-		 * If the destination width/height was
-		 * not submitted we will use the values
-		 * from the actual file
+		/* Was a width and height specified?
 		 *
+		 * If the destination width/height was not submitted we
+		 * will use the values from the actual file
 		 */
 		if ($this->width == '')
+		{
 			$this->width = $this->orig_width;
+		}
 
 		if ($this->height == '')
+		{
 			$this->height = $this->orig_height;
+		}
 
 		// Set the quality
-		$this->quality = trim(str_replace("%", "", $this->quality));
+		$this->quality = trim(str_replace('%', '', $this->quality));
 
-		if ($this->quality == '' OR $this->quality == 0 OR ! is_numeric($this->quality))
+		if ($this->quality == '' OR $this->quality == 0 OR ! preg_match('/^[0-9]+$/', $this->quality))
+		{
 			$this->quality = 90;
+		}
 
 		// Set the x/y coordinates
-		$this->x_axis = ($this->x_axis == '' OR ! is_numeric($this->x_axis)) ? 0 : $this->x_axis;
-		$this->y_axis = ($this->y_axis == '' OR ! is_numeric($this->y_axis)) ? 0 : $this->y_axis;
+		$this->x_axis = ($this->x_axis == '' OR ! preg_match('/^[0-9]+$/', $this->x_axis)) ? 0 : $this->x_axis;
+		$this->y_axis = ($this->y_axis == '' OR ! preg_match('/^[0-9]+$/', $this->y_axis)) ? 0 : $this->y_axis;
 
 		// Watermark-related Stuff...
 		if ($this->wm_overlay_path != '')
 		{
-			$this->wm_overlay_path = str_replace("\\", "/", realpath($this->wm_overlay_path));
+			$this->wm_overlay_path = str_replace('\\', '/', realpath($this->wm_overlay_path));
 		}
 
 		if ($this->wm_shadow_color != '')
 		{
 			$this->wm_use_drop_shadow = TRUE;
 		}
-		elseif ($this->wm_use_drop_shadow == TRUE AND $this->wm_shadow_color == '')
+		elseif ($this->wm_use_drop_shadow == TRUE && $this->wm_shadow_color == '')
 		{
 			$this->wm_use_drop_shadow = FALSE;
 		}
@@ -445,22 +421,16 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 			$this->height	= $this->orig_height;
 		}
 
-
 		// Choose resizing function
-		if ($this->image_library == 'imagemagick' OR $this->image_library == 'netpbm')
+		if ($this->image_library === 'imagemagick' OR $this->image_library === 'netpbm')
 		{
 			$protocol = 'image_process_'.$this->image_library;
 			return $this->$protocol('rotate');
 		}
 
-		if ($this->rotation_angle == 'hor' OR $this->rotation_angle == 'vrt')
-		{
-			return $this->image_mirror_gd();
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			return $this->image_rotate_gd();
-		}
+		return ($this->rotation_angle === 'hor' OR $this->rotation_angle === 'vrt')
+			? $this->image_mirror_gd()
+			: $this->image_rotate_gd();
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -479,9 +449,9 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 
 		// If the target width/height match the source, AND if the new file name is not equal to the old file name
 		// we'll simply make a copy of the original with the new name... assuming dynamic rendering is off.
-		if ($this->dynamic_output === FALSE AND $this->orig_width == $this->width AND $this->orig_height == $this->height)
+		if ($this->dynamic_output === FALSE && $this->orig_width == $this->width && $this->orig_height == $this->height)
 		{
-			if ($this->source_image != $this->new_image AND @copy($this->full_src_path, $this->full_dst_path))
+			if ($this->source_image != $this->new_image && @copy($this->full_src_path, $this->full_dst_path))
 			{
 				@chmod($this->full_dst_path, FILE_WRITE_MODE);
 			}
@@ -492,7 +462,7 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 		// Let's set up our values based on the action
 		if ($action == 'crop')
 		{
-			//  Reassign the source width/height if cropping
+			// Reassign the source width/height if cropping
 			$this->orig_width  = $this->width;
 			$this->orig_height = $this->height;
 
@@ -516,14 +486,15 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		//  Create The Image
-		//
-		//  old conditional which users report cause problems with shared GD libs who report themselves as "2.0 or greater"
-		//  it appears that this is no longer the issue that it was in 2004, so we've removed it, retaining it in the comment
-		//  below should that ever prove inaccurate.
-		//
-		//  if ($this->image_library == 'gd2' AND function_exists('imagecreatetruecolor') AND $v2_override == FALSE)
-		if ($this->image_library == 'gd2' AND function_exists('imagecreatetruecolor'))
+		/* Create the image
+		 *
+		 * Old conditional which users report cause problems with shared GD libs who report themselves as "2.0 or greater"
+		 * it appears that this is no longer the issue that it was in 2004, so we've removed it, retaining it in the comment
+		 * below should that ever prove inaccurate.
+		 *
+		 * if ($this->image_library === 'gd2' && function_exists('imagecreatetruecolor') && $v2_override == FALSE)
+		 */
+		if ($this->image_library === 'gd2' && function_exists('imagecreatetruecolor'))
 		{
 			$create	= 'imagecreatetruecolor';
 			$copy	= 'imagecopyresampled';
@@ -544,21 +515,17 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 
 		$copy($dst_img, $src_img, 0, 0, $this->x_axis, $this->y_axis, $this->width, $this->height, $this->orig_width, $this->orig_height);
 
-		//  Show the image
+		// Show the image
 		if ($this->dynamic_output == TRUE)
 		{
 			$this->image_display_gd($dst_img);
 		}
-		else
+		elseif ( ! $this->image_save_gd($dst_img)) // Or save it
 		{
-			// Or save it
-			if ( ! $this->image_save_gd($dst_img))
-			{
-				return FALSE;
-			}
+			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		//  Kill the file handles
+		// Kill the file handles
 		imagedestroy($dst_img);
 		imagedestroy($src_img);
 
@@ -587,42 +554,34 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		if ( ! preg_match("/convert$/i", $this->library_path))
+		if ( ! preg_match('/convert$/i', $this->library_path))
 		{
 			$this->library_path = rtrim($this->library_path, '/').'/convert';
 		}
 
 		// Execute the command
-		$cmd = $this->library_path." -quality ".$this->quality;
+		$cmd = $this->library_path.' -quality '.$this->quality;
 
 		if ($action == 'crop')
 		{
-			$cmd .= " -crop ".$this->width."x".$this->height."+".$this->x_axis."+".$this->y_axis." \"$this->full_src_path\" \"$this->full_dst_path\" 2>&1";
+			$cmd .= ' -crop '.$this->width.'x'.$this->height.'+'.$this->x_axis.'+'.$this->y_axis.' "'.$this->full_src_path.'" "'.$this->full_dst_path .'" 2>&1';
 		}
 		elseif ($action == 'rotate')
 		{
-			switch ($this->rotation_angle)
-			{
-				case 'hor'	: $angle = '-flop';
-					break;
-				case 'vrt'	: $angle = '-flip';
-					break;
-				default		: $angle = '-rotate '.$this->rotation_angle;
-					break;
-			}
+			$angle = ($this->rotation_angle === 'hor' OR $this->rotation_angle === 'vrt')
+					? '-flop' : '-rotate '.$this->rotation_angle;
 
-			$cmd .= " ".$angle." \"$this->full_src_path\" \"$this->full_dst_path\" 2>&1";
+			$cmd .= ' '.$angle.' "'.$this->full_src_path.'" "'.$this->full_dst_path.'" 2>&1';
 		}
-		else  // Resize
+		else // Resize
 		{
-			$cmd .= " -resize ".$this->width."x".$this->height." \"$this->full_src_path\" \"$this->full_dst_path\" 2>&1";
+			$cmd .= ' -resize '.$this->width.'x'.$this->height.' "'.$this->full_src_path.'" "'.$this->full_dst_path.'" 2>&1';
 		}
 
 		$retval = 1;
-
 		@exec($cmd, $output, $retval);
 
-		//	Did it work?
+		// Did it work?
 		if ($retval > 0)
 		{
 			$this->set_error('imglib_image_process_failed');
@@ -653,7 +612,7 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		//  Build the resizing command
+		// Build the resizing command
 		switch ($this->image_type)
 		{
 			case 1 :
@@ -700,10 +659,9 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 		$cmd = $this->library_path.$cmd_in.' '.$this->full_src_path.' | '.$cmd_inner.' | '.$cmd_out.' > '.$this->dest_folder.'netpbm.tmp';
 
 		$retval = 1;
-
 		@exec($cmd, $output, $retval);
 
-		//  Did it work?
+		// Did it work?
 		if ($retval > 0)
 		{
 			$this->set_error('imglib_image_process_failed');
@@ -714,7 +672,7 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 		// If you try manipulating the original it fails so
 		// we have to rename the temp file.
 		copy ($this->dest_folder.'netpbm.tmp', $this->full_dst_path);
-		unlink ($this->dest_folder.'netpbm.tmp');
+		unlink($this->dest_folder.'netpbm.tmp');
 		@chmod($this->full_dst_path, FILE_WRITE_MODE);
 
 		return TRUE;
@@ -729,7 +687,7 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 	 */
 	public function image_rotate_gd()
 	{
-		//  Create the image handle
+		// Create the image handle
 		if ( ! ($src_img = $this->image_create_gd()))
 		{
 			return FALSE;
@@ -742,29 +700,24 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 
 		$white	= imagecolorallocate($src_img, 255, 255, 255);
 
-		//  Rotate it!
+		// Rotate it!
 		$dst_img = imagerotate($src_img, $this->rotation_angle, $white);
 
-		//  Save the Image
+		// Show the image
 		if ($this->dynamic_output == TRUE)
 		{
 			$this->image_display_gd($dst_img);
 		}
-		else
+		elseif ( ! $this->image_save_gd($dst_img)) // ... or save it
 		{
-			// Or save it
-			if ( ! $this->image_save_gd($dst_img))
-			{
-				return FALSE;
-			}
+			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		//  Kill the file handles
+		// Kill the file handles
 		imagedestroy($dst_img);
 		imagedestroy($src_img);
 
 		// Set the file to 777
-
 		@chmod($this->full_dst_path, FILE_WRITE_MODE);
 
 		return TRUE;
@@ -789,7 +742,7 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 		$width  = $this->orig_width;
 		$height = $this->orig_height;
 
-		if ($this->rotation_angle == 'hor')
+		if ($this->rotation_angle === 'hor')
 		{
 			for ($i = 0; $i < $height; $i++, $left = 0, $right = $width-1)
 			{
@@ -824,21 +777,17 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 			}
 		}
 
-		//  Show the image
+		// Show the image
 		if ($this->dynamic_output == TRUE)
 		{
 			$this->image_display_gd($src_img);
 		}
-		else
+		elseif ( ! $this->image_save_gd($src_img)) // ... or save it
 		{
-			// Or save it
-			if ( ! $this->image_save_gd($src_img))
-			{
-				return FALSE;
-			}
+			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		//  Kill the file handles
+		// Kill the file handles
 		imagedestroy($src_img);
 
 		// Set the file to 777
@@ -860,14 +809,7 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 	 */
 	public function watermark()
 	{
-		if ($this->wm_type == 'overlay')
-		{
-			return $this->overlay_watermark();
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			return $this->text_watermark();
-		}
+		return ($this->wm_type === 'overlay') ? $this->overlay_watermark() : $this->text_watermark();
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -885,28 +827,28 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		//  Fetch source image properties
+		// Fetch source image properties
 		$this->get_image_properties();
 
-		//  Fetch watermark image properties
-		$props			= $this->get_image_properties($this->wm_overlay_path, TRUE);
+		// Fetch watermark image properties
+		$props		= $this->get_image_properties($this->wm_overlay_path, TRUE);
 		$wm_img_type	= $props['image_type'];
-		$wm_width		= $props['width'];
-		$wm_height		= $props['height'];
+		$wm_width	= $props['width'];
+		$wm_height	= $props['height'];
 
-		//  Create two image resources
+		// Create two image resources
 		$wm_img  = $this->image_create_gd($this->wm_overlay_path, $wm_img_type);
 		$src_img = $this->image_create_gd($this->full_src_path);
 
 		// Reverse the offset if necessary
 		// When the image is positioned at the bottom
 		// we don't want the vertical offset to push it
-		// further down.  We want the reverse, so we'll
-		// invert the offset.  Same with the horizontal
+		// further down. We want the reverse, so we'll
+		// invert the offset. Same with the horizontal
 		// offset when the image is at the right
 
-		$this->wm_vrt_alignment = strtoupper(substr($this->wm_vrt_alignment, 0, 1));
-		$this->wm_hor_alignment = strtoupper(substr($this->wm_hor_alignment, 0, 1));
+		$this->wm_vrt_alignment = strtoupper($this->wm_vrt_alignment[0]);
+		$this->wm_hor_alignment = strtoupper($this->wm_hor_alignment[0]);
 
 		if ($this->wm_vrt_alignment == 'B')
 			$this->wm_vrt_offset = $this->wm_vrt_offset * -1;
@@ -914,34 +856,32 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 		if ($this->wm_hor_alignment == 'R')
 			$this->wm_hor_offset = $this->wm_hor_offset * -1;
 
-		//  Set the base x and y axis values
+		// Set the base x and y axis values
 		$x_axis = $this->wm_hor_offset + $this->wm_padding;
 		$y_axis = $this->wm_vrt_offset + $this->wm_padding;
 
-		//  Set the vertical position
-		switch ($this->wm_vrt_alignment)
+		// Set the vertical position
+		if ($this->wm_vrt_alignment === 'M')
 		{
-			case 'T':
-				break;
-			case 'M':	$y_axis += ($this->orig_height / 2) - ($wm_height / 2);
-				break;
-			case 'B':	$y_axis += $this->orig_height - $wm_height;
-				break;
+			$y_axis += ($this->orig_height / 2) - ($wm_height / 2);
+		}
+		elseif ($this->wm_vrt_alignment === 'B')
+		{
+			$y_axis += $this->orig_height - $wm_height;
 		}
 
-		//  Set the horizontal position
-		switch ($this->wm_hor_alignment)
+		// Set the horizontal position
+		if ($this->wm_hor_alignment === 'C')
 		{
-			case 'L':
-				break;
-			case 'C':	$x_axis += ($this->orig_width / 2) - ($wm_width / 2);
-				break;
-			case 'R':	$x_axis += $this->orig_width - $wm_width;
-				break;
+			$x_axis += ($this->orig_width / 2) - ($wm_width / 2);
+		}
+		elseif ($this->wm_hor_alignment === 'R')
+		{
+			$x_axis += $this->orig_width - $wm_width;
 		}
 
 		//  Build the finalized image
-		if ($wm_img_type == 3 AND function_exists('imagealphablending'))
+		if ($wm_img_type == 3 && function_exists('imagealphablending'))
 		{
 			@imagealphablending($src_img, TRUE);
 		}
@@ -963,12 +903,12 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 			imagecopymerge($src_img, $wm_img, $x_axis, $y_axis, 0, 0, $wm_width, $wm_height, $this->wm_opacity);
 		}
 
-		//  Output the image
+		// Output the image
 		if ($this->dynamic_output == TRUE)
 		{
 			$this->image_display_gd($src_img);
 		}
-		elseif ( ! $this->image_save_gd($src_img))
+		elseif ( ! $this->image_save_gd($src_img)) // ... or save it
 		{
 			return FALSE;
 		}
@@ -993,20 +933,20 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		if ($this->wm_use_truetype == TRUE AND ! file_exists($this->wm_font_path))
+		if ($this->wm_use_truetype == TRUE && ! file_exists($this->wm_font_path))
 		{
 			$this->set_error('imglib_missing_font');
 			return FALSE;
 		}
 
-		//  Fetch source image properties
+		// Fetch source image properties
 		$this->get_image_properties();
 
 		// Reverse the vertical offset
 		// When the image is positioned at the bottom
 		// we don't want the vertical offset to push it
-		// further down.  We want the reverse, so we'll
-		// invert the offset.  Note: The horizontal
+		// further down. We want the reverse, so we'll
+		// invert the offset. Note: The horizontal
 		// offset flips itself automatically
 
 		if ($this->wm_vrt_alignment == 'B')
@@ -1039,49 +979,39 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 		$x_axis = $this->wm_hor_offset + $this->wm_padding;
 		$y_axis = $this->wm_vrt_offset + $this->wm_padding;
 
-		// Set verticle alignment
 		if ($this->wm_use_drop_shadow == FALSE)
 			$this->wm_shadow_distance = 0;
 
 		$this->wm_vrt_alignment = strtoupper(substr($this->wm_vrt_alignment, 0, 1));
 		$this->wm_hor_alignment = strtoupper(substr($this->wm_hor_alignment, 0, 1));
 
-		switch ($this->wm_vrt_alignment)
+		// Set verticle alignment
+		if ($this->wm_vrt_alignment === 'M')
 		{
-			case 'T':
-				break;
-			case 'M':	$y_axis += ($this->orig_height/2)+($fontheight/2);
-				break;
-			case 'B':	$y_axis += ($this->orig_height - $fontheight - $this->wm_shadow_distance - ($fontheight/2));
-				break;
+			$y_axis += ($this->orig_height / 2) + ($fontheight / 2);
+		}
+		elseif ($this->wm_vrt_alignment === 'B')
+		{
+			$y_axis += $this->orig_height - $fontheight - $this->wm_shadow_distance - ($fontheight / 2);
 		}
 
 		$x_shad = $x_axis + $this->wm_shadow_distance;
 		$y_shad = $y_axis + $this->wm_shadow_distance;
 
-		// Set horizontal alignment
-		switch ($this->wm_hor_alignment)
-		{
-			case 'L':
-				break;
-			case 'R':
-				if ($this->wm_use_drop_shadow)
-				{
-					$x_shad += ($this->orig_width - $fontwidth*strlen($this->wm_text));
-					$x_axis += ($this->orig_width - $fontwidth*strlen($this->wm_text));
-				}
-				break;
-			case 'C':
-				if ($this->wm_use_drop_shadow)
-				{
-					$x_shad += floor(($this->orig_width - $fontwidth*strlen($this->wm_text))/2);
-					$x_axis += floor(($this->orig_width - $fontwidth*strlen($this->wm_text))/2);
-				}
-				break;
-		}
-
 		if ($this->wm_use_drop_shadow)
 		{
+			// Set horizontal alignment
+			if ($this->wm_hor_alignment === 'R')
+			{
+				$x_shad += $this->orig_width - ($fontwidth * strlen($this->wm_text));
+				$x_axis += $this->orig_width - ($fontwidth * strlen($this->wm_text));
+			}
+			elseif ($this->wm_hor_alignment === 'C')
+			{
+				$x_shad += floor(($this->orig_width - ($fontwidth * strlen($this->wm_text))) / 2);
+				$x_axis += floor(($this->orig_width - ($fontwidth * strlen($this->wm_text))) / 2);
+			}
+
 			/* Set RGB values for text and shadow
 			 *
 			 * First character is #, so we don't really need it.
@@ -1093,7 +1023,7 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 			$drp_color = str_split(substr($this->wm_shadow_color, 1, 6), 2);
 			$drp_color = imagecolorclosest($src_img, hexdec($drp_color[0]), hexdec($drp_color[1]), hexdec($drp_color[2]));
 
-			//  Add the text to the source image
+			// Add the text to the source image
 			if ($this->wm_use_truetype)
 			{
 				imagettftext($src_img, $this->wm_font_size, 0, $x_shad, $y_shad, $drp_color, $this->wm_font_path, $this->wm_text);
@@ -1106,7 +1036,7 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 			}
 		}
 
-		//  Output the final image
+		// Output the final image
 		if ($this->dynamic_output == TRUE)
 		{
 			$this->image_display_gd($src_img);
@@ -1250,8 +1180,8 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 	 */
 	public function image_display_gd($resource)
 	{
-		header("Content-Disposition: filename={$this->source_image};");
-		header("Content-Type: {$this->mime_type}");
+		header('Content-Disposition: filename='.$this->source_image.';');
+		header('Content-Type: '.$this->mime_type);
 		header('Content-Transfer-Encoding: binary');
 		header('Last-Modified: '.gmdate('D, d M Y H:i:s', time()).' GMT');
 
@@ -1284,33 +1214,43 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 	 */
 	public function image_reproportion()
 	{
-		if ( ! is_numeric($this->width) OR ! is_numeric($this->height) OR $this->width == 0 OR $this->height == 0)
-			return;
-
-		if ( ! is_numeric($this->orig_width) OR ! is_numeric($this->orig_height) OR $this->orig_width == 0 OR $this->orig_height == 0)
-			return;
-
-		$new_width	= ceil($this->orig_width*$this->height/$this->orig_height);
-		$new_height	= ceil($this->width*$this->orig_height/$this->orig_width);
-
-		$ratio = (($this->orig_height/$this->orig_width) - ($this->height/$this->width));
-
-		if ($this->master_dim != 'width' AND $this->master_dim != 'height')
+		if (($this->width == 0 && $this->height == 0) OR $this->orig_width == 0 OR $this->orig_height == 0
+			OR ( ! preg_match('/^[0-9]+$/', $this->width) && ! preg_match('/^[0-9]+$/', $this->height))
+			OR ! preg_match('/^[0-9]+$/', $this->orig_width) OR ! preg_match('/^[0-9]+$/', $this->orig_height))
 		{
-			$this->master_dim = ($ratio < 0) ? 'width' : 'height';
+			return;
 		}
 
-		if (($this->width != $new_width) AND ($this->height != $new_height))
+		// Sanitize so we don't call preg_match() anymore
+		$this->width = (int) $this->width;
+		$this->height = (int) $this->height;
+
+		if ($this->master_dim !== 'width' && $this->master_dim !== 'height')
 		{
-			if ($this->master_dim == 'height')
+			if ($this->width > 0 && $this->height > 0)
 			{
-				$this->width = $new_width;
+				$this->master_dim = ((($this->orig_height/$this->orig_width) - ($this->height/$this->width)) < 0)
+							? 'width' : 'height';
 			}
 			else
 			{
-				$this->height = $new_height;
+				$this->master_dim = ($this->height === 0) ? 'width' : 'height';
 			}
 		}
+		elseif (($this->master_dim === 'width' && $this->width === 0)
+			OR ($this->master_dim === 'height' && $this->height === 0))
+		{
+			return;
+		}
+
+		if ($this->master_dim === 'width')
+		{
+			$this->height = (int) ceil($this->width*$this->orig_height/$this->orig_width);
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			$this->width = (int) ceil($this->orig_width*$this->height/$this->orig_height);
+		}
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1329,7 +1269,9 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 		// find a way to determine this using IM or NetPBM
 
 		if ($path == '')
+		{
 			$path = $this->full_src_path;
+		}
 
 		if ( ! file_exists($path))
 		{
@@ -1367,15 +1309,15 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 	 * Size calculator
 	 *
 	 * This function takes a known width x height and
-	 * recalculates it to a new size.  Only one
+	 * recalculates it to a new size. Only one
 	 * new variable needs to be known
 	 *
 	 *	$props = array(
-	 *					'width'			=> $width,
-	 *					'height'		=> $height,
-	 *					'new_width'		=> 40,
-	 *					'new_height'	=> ''
-	 *				  );
+	 *			'width'		=> $width,
+	 *			'height'	=> $height,
+	 *			'new_width'	=> 40,
+	 *			'new_height'	=> ''
+	 *		);
 	 *
 	 * @param	array
 	 * @return	array
@@ -1419,7 +1361,7 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 	 *
 	 * This is a helper function that extracts the extension
 	 * from the source_image.  This function lets us deal with
-	 * source_images with multiple periods, like:  my.cool.jpg
+	 * source_images with multiple periods, like: my.cool.jpg
 	 * It returns an associative array with two elements:
 	 * $array['ext']  = '.jpg';
 	 * $array['name'] = 'my.cool';
@@ -1449,7 +1391,7 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 			/* As it is stated in the PHP manual, dl() is not always available
 			 * and even if so - it could generate an E_WARNING message on failure
 			 */
-			return (function_exists('dl') AND @dl('gd.so'));
+			return (function_exists('dl') && @dl('gd.so'));
 		}
 
 		return TRUE;
@@ -1467,9 +1409,7 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 		if (function_exists('gd_info'))
 		{
 			$gd_version = @gd_info();
-			$gd_version = preg_replace("/\D/", "", $gd_version['GD Version']);
-
-			return $gd_version;
+			return preg_replace('/\D/', '', $gd_version['GD Version']);
 		}
 
 		return FALSE;
@@ -1516,11 +1456,10 @@ class CI_Image_lib {
 	 */
 	public function display_errors($open = '<p>', $close = '</p>')
 	{
-		return (count($this->error_msg) > 0) ? $open . implode($close . $open, $this->error_msg) . $close : '';
+		return (count($this->error_msg) > 0) ? $open.implode($close.$open, $this->error_msg).$close : '';
 	}
 
 }
-// END Image_lib Class
 
 /* End of file Image_lib.php */
 /* Location: ./system/libraries/Image_lib.php */
diff --git a/system/libraries/Profiler.php b/system/libraries/Profiler.php
index 89c616543..04216be5d 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Profiler.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Profiler.php
@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ class CI_Profiler {
 				}
 
 				$output .= "<tr><td style='width:50%;color:#000;background-color:#ddd;padding:5px'>&#36;_GET[".$key."]&nbsp;&nbsp; </td><td style='width:50%;padding:5px;color:#cd6e00;font-weight:normal;background-color:#ddd;'>"
-					. (is_array($val) ? "<pre>" . htmlspecialchars(stripslashes(print_r($val, true))) . "</pre>" : htmlspecialchars(stripslashes($val)))
+					. ((is_array($val) OR is_object($val)) ? "<pre>" . htmlspecialchars(stripslashes(print_r($val, true))) . "</pre>" : htmlspecialchars(stripslashes($val)))
 					. "</td></tr>\n";
 			}
 
@@ -311,7 +311,7 @@ class CI_Profiler {
 				}
 
 				$output .= "<tr><td style='width:50%;padding:5px;color:#000;background-color:#ddd;'>&#36;_POST[".$key."]&nbsp;&nbsp; </td><td style='width:50%;padding:5px;color:#009900;font-weight:normal;background-color:#ddd;'>";
-				if (is_array($val))
+				if (is_array($val) OR is_object($val))
 				{
 					$output .= "<pre>" . htmlspecialchars(stripslashes(print_r($val, TRUE))) . "</pre>";
 				}
@@ -426,9 +426,9 @@ class CI_Profiler {
 			. '<legend style="color:#000;">&nbsp;&nbsp;'.$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_config').'&nbsp;&nbsp;(<span style="cursor: pointer;" onclick="var s=document.getElementById(\'ci_profiler_config_table\').style;s.display=s.display==\'none\'?\'\':\'none\';this.innerHTML=this.innerHTML==\''.$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_section_show').'\'?\''.$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_section_hide').'\':\''.$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_section_show').'\';">'.$this->CI->lang->line('profiler_section_show').'</span>)</legend>'
 			. "\n\n\n<table style='width:100%; display:none' id='ci_profiler_config_table'>\n";
 
-		foreach ($this->CI->config->config as $config=>$val)
+		foreach ($this->CI->config->config as $config => $val)
 		{
-			if (is_array($val))
+			if (is_array($val) OR is_object($val))
 			{
 				$val = print_r($val, TRUE);
 			}
@@ -459,7 +459,7 @@ class CI_Profiler {
 
 		foreach ($this->CI->session->all_userdata() as $key => $val)
 		{
-			if (is_array($val) || is_object($val))
+			if (is_array($val) OR is_object($val))
 			{
 				$val = print_r($val, TRUE);
 			}
@@ -501,7 +501,5 @@ class CI_Profiler {
 	}
 }
 
-// END CI_Profiler class
-
 /* End of file Profiler.php */
 /* Location: ./system/libraries/Profiler.php */
diff --git a/system/libraries/Session.php b/system/libraries/Session.php
index 66b39a6a2..dd50a91e1 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Session.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Session.php
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ class CI_Session {
 				$this->CI->db->where('user_agent', $session['user_agent']);
 			}
 
-			$query = $this->CI->db->get($this->sess_table_name);
+			$query = $this->CI->db->limit(1)->get($this->sess_table_name);
 
 			// No result? Kill it!
 			if ($query->num_rows() === 0)
diff --git a/system/libraries/Upload.php b/system/libraries/Upload.php
index 0c63886e7..89575c849 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Upload.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Upload.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
@@ -593,16 +593,17 @@ class CI_Upload {
 	/**
 	 * Verify that the filetype is allowed
 	 *
+	 * @param	bool
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
 	public function is_allowed_filetype($ignore_mime = FALSE)
 	{
-		if ($this->allowed_types == '*')
+		if ($this->allowed_types === '*')
 		{
 			return TRUE;
 		}
 
-		if (count($this->allowed_types) == 0 OR ! is_array($this->allowed_types))
+		if ( ! is_array($this->allowed_types) OR count($this->allowed_types) === 0)
 		{
 			$this->set_error('upload_no_file_types');
 			return FALSE;
@@ -618,12 +619,9 @@ class CI_Upload {
 		// Images get some additional checks
 		$image_types = array('gif', 'jpg', 'jpeg', 'png', 'jpe');
 
-		if (in_array($ext, $image_types))
+		if (in_array($ext, $image_types) && @getimagesize($this->file_temp) === FALSE)
 		{
-			if (getimagesize($this->file_temp) === FALSE)
-			{
-				return FALSE;
-			}
+			return FALSE;
 		}
 
 		if ($ignore_mime === TRUE)
@@ -640,7 +638,7 @@ class CI_Upload {
 				return TRUE;
 			}
 		}
-		elseif ($mime == $this->file_type)
+		elseif ($mime === $this->file_type)
 		{
 				return TRUE;
 		}
@@ -960,7 +958,7 @@ class CI_Upload {
 			}
 			elseif (is_file(APPPATH.'config/mimes.php'))
 			{
-				include(APPPATH.'config//mimes.php');
+				include(APPPATH.'config/mimes.php');
 			}
 			else
 			{
@@ -1026,47 +1024,104 @@ class CI_Upload {
 	 */
 	protected function _file_mime_type($file)
 	{
-		// Use if the Fileinfo extension, if available (only versions above 5.3 support the FILEINFO_MIME_TYPE flag)
-		if ( (float) substr(phpversion(), 0, 3) >= 5.3 && function_exists('finfo_file'))
+		// We'll need this to validate the MIME info string (e.g. text/plain; charset=us-ascii)
+		$regexp = '/^([a-z\-]+\/[a-z0-9\-\.\+]+)(;\s.+)?$/';
+
+		/* Fileinfo extension - most reliable method
+		 *
+		 * Unfortunately, prior to PHP 5.3 - it's only available as a PECL extension and the
+		 * more convenient FILEINFO_MIME_TYPE flag doesn't exist.
+		 */
+		if (function_exists('finfo_file'))
 		{
-			$finfo = new finfo(FILEINFO_MIME_TYPE);
-			if ($finfo !== FALSE) // This is possible, if there is no magic MIME database file found on the system
+			$finfo = finfo_open(FILEINFO_MIME);
+			if (is_resource($finfo)) // It is possible that a FALSE value is returned, if there is no magic MIME database file found on the system
 			{
-				$file_type = $finfo->file($file['tmp_name']);
+				$mime = @finfo_file($finfo, $file['tmp_name']);
+				finfo_close($finfo);
 
 				/* According to the comments section of the PHP manual page,
 				 * it is possible that this function returns an empty string
 				 * for some files (e.g. if they don't exist in the magic MIME database)
 				 */
-				if (strlen($file_type) > 1)
+				if (is_string($mime) && preg_match($regexp, $mime, $matches))
 				{
-					$this->file_type = $file_type;
+					$this->file_type = $matches[1];
 					return;
 				}
 			}
 		}
 
-		// Fall back to the deprecated mime_content_type(), if available
-		if (function_exists('mime_content_type'))
-		{
-			$this->file_type = @mime_content_type($file['tmp_name']);
-			return;
-		}
-
-		/* This is an ugly hack, but UNIX-type systems provide a native way to detect the file type,
-		 * which is still more secure than depending on the value of $_FILES[$field]['type'].
+		/* This is an ugly hack, but UNIX-type systems provide a "native" way to detect the file type,
+		 * which is still more secure than depending on the value of $_FILES[$field]['type'], and as it
+		 * was reported in issue #750 (https://github.com/EllisLab/CodeIgniter/issues/750) - it's better
+		 * than mime_content_type() as well, hence the attempts to try calling the command line with
+		 * three different functions.
 		 *
 		 * Notes:
-		 *	- a 'W' in the substr() expression bellow, would mean that we're using Windows
-		 *	- many system admins would disable the exec() function due to security concerns, hence the function_exists() check
+		 *	- the DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR comparison ensures that we're not on a Windows system
+		 *	- many system admins would disable the exec(), shell_exec(), popen() and similar functions
+		 *	  due to security concerns, hence the function_exists() checks
 		 */
-		if (DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR !== '\\' && function_exists('exec'))
+		if (DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR !== '\\')
+		{
+			$cmd = 'file --brief --mime ' . escapeshellarg($file['tmp_name']) . ' 2>&1';
+
+			if (function_exists('exec'))
+			{
+				/* This might look confusing, as $mime is being populated with all of the output when set in the second parameter.
+				 * However, we only neeed the last line, which is the actual return value of exec(), and as such - it overwrites
+				 * anything that could already be set for $mime previously. This effectively makes the second parameter a dummy
+				 * value, which is only put to allow us to get the return status code.
+				 */
+				$mime = @exec($cmd, $mime, $return_status);
+				if ($return_status === 0 && is_string($mime) && preg_match($regexp, $mime, $matches))
+				{
+					$this->file_type = $matches[1];
+					return;
+				}
+			}
+
+			if ( (bool) @ini_get('safe_mode') === FALSE && function_exists('shell_exec'))
+			{
+				$mime = @shell_exec($cmd);
+				if (strlen($mime) > 0)
+				{
+					$mime = explode("\n", trim($mime));
+					if (preg_match($regexp, $mime[(count($mime) - 1)], $matches))
+					{
+						$this->file_type = $matches[1];
+						return;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+
+			if (function_exists('popen'))
+			{
+				$proc = @popen($cmd, 'r');
+				if (is_resource($proc))
+				{
+					$mime = @fread($proc, 512);
+					@pclose($proc);
+					if ($mime !== FALSE)
+					{
+						$mime = explode("\n", trim($mime));
+						if (preg_match($regexp, $mime[(count($mime) - 1)], $matches))
+						{
+							$this->file_type = $matches[1];
+							return;
+						}
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Fall back to the deprecated mime_content_type(), if available (still better than $_FILES[$field]['type'])
+		if (function_exists('mime_content_type'))
 		{
-			$output = array();
-			@exec('file --brief --mime-type ' . escapeshellarg($file['tmp_path']), $output, $return_code);
-			if ($return_code === 0 && strlen($output[0]) > 0) // A return status code != 0 would mean failed execution
+			$this->file_type = @mime_content_type($file['tmp_name']);
+			if (strlen($this->file_type) > 0) // It's possible that mime_content_type() returns FALSE or an empty string
 			{
-				$this->file_type = rtrim($output[0]);
 				return;
 			}
 		}