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authorAndrey Andreev <narf@devilix.net>2018-03-22 15:48:55 +0100
committerAndrey Andreev <narf@devilix.net>2018-03-22 15:48:55 +0100
commit71e647782764184e3aab4faffe6d99176758979f (patch)
tree74dbdd50a61cd5674915c144aca9ebbc00b235b8 /user_guide/general/routing.html
parentb12fbad77bd69ca0c7624a9094c29b7691ea6107 (diff)
[ci skip] 3.1.8 release
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
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+
+ <div class="section" id="uri-routing">
+<h1>URI Routing<a class="headerlink" href="#uri-routing" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>Typically there is a one-to-one relationship between a URL string and
+its corresponding controller class/method. The segments in a URI
+normally follow this pattern:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">example</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">com</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">class</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">function</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">id</span><span class="o">/</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>In some instances, however, you may want to remap this relationship so
+that a different class/method can be called instead of the one
+corresponding to the URL.</p>
+<p>For example, let’s say you want your URLs to have this prototype:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">example</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">com</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">product</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">/</span>
+<span class="nx">example</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">com</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">product</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="o">/</span>
+<span class="nx">example</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">com</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">product</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="o">/</span>
+<span class="nx">example</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">com</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">product</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="o">/</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Normally the second segment of the URL is reserved for the method
+name, but in the example above it instead has a product ID. To
+overcome this, CodeIgniter allows you to remap the URI handler.</p>
+<div class="section" id="setting-your-own-routing-rules">
+<h2>Setting your own routing rules<a class="headerlink" href="#setting-your-own-routing-rules" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Routing rules are defined in your <em>application/config/routes.php</em> file.
+In it you’ll see an array called <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$route</span></code> that permits you to specify
+your own routing criteria. Routes can either be specified using wildcards
+or Regular Expressions.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="wildcards">
+<h2>Wildcards<a class="headerlink" href="#wildcards" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>A typical wildcard route might look something like this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;product/:num&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;catalog/product_lookup&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>In a route, the array key contains the URI to be matched, while the
+array value contains the destination it should be re-routed to. In the
+above example, if the literal word “product” is found in the first
+segment of the URL, and a number is found in the second segment, the
+“catalog” class and the “product_lookup” method are instead used.</p>
+<p>You can match literal values or you can use two wildcard types:</p>
+<p><strong>(:num)</strong> will match a segment containing only numbers.
+<strong>(:any)</strong> will match a segment containing any character (except for ‘/’, which is the segment delimiter).</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">Wildcards are actually aliases for regular expressions, with
+<strong>:any</strong> being translated to <strong>[^/]+</strong> and <strong>:num</strong> to <strong>[0-9]+</strong>,
+respectively.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">Routes will run in the order they are defined. Higher routes
+will always take precedence over lower ones.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">Route rules are not filters! Setting a rule of e.g.
+‘foo/bar/(:num)’ will not prevent controller <em>Foo</em> and method
+<em>bar</em> to be called with a non-numeric value if that is a valid
+route.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="examples">
+<h2>Examples<a class="headerlink" href="#examples" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Here are a few routing examples:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;journals&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;blogs&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>A URL containing the word “journals” in the first segment will be
+remapped to the “blogs” class.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;blog/joe&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;blogs/users/34&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>A URL containing the segments blog/joe will be remapped to the “blogs”
+class and the “users” method. The ID will be set to “34”.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;product/(:any)&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;catalog/product_lookup&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>A URL with “product” as the first segment, and anything in the second
+will be remapped to the “catalog” class and the “product_lookup”
+method.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;product/(:num)&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;catalog/product_lookup_by_id/$1&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>A URL with “product” as the first segment, and a number in the second
+will be remapped to the “catalog” class and the
+“product_lookup_by_id” method passing in the match as a variable to
+the method.</p>
+<div class="admonition important">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
+<p class="last">Do not use leading/trailing slashes.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="regular-expressions">
+<h2>Regular Expressions<a class="headerlink" href="#regular-expressions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>If you prefer you can use regular expressions to define your routing
+rules. Any valid regular expression is allowed, as are back-references.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">If you use back-references you must use the dollar syntax
+rather than the double backslash syntax.</p>
+</div>
+<p>A typical RegEx route might look something like this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;products/([a-z]+)/(\d+)&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;$1/id_$2&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>In the above example, a URI similar to products/shirts/123 would instead
+call the “shirts” controller class and the “id_123” method.</p>
+<p>With regular expressions, you can also catch multiple segments at once.
+For example, if a user accesses a password protected area of your web
+application and you wish to be able to redirect them back to the same
+page after they log in, you may find this example useful:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;login/(.+)&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;auth/login/$1&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">In the above example, if the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$1</span></code> placeholder contains a
+slash, it will still be split into multiple parameters when
+passed to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Auth::login()</span></code>.</p>
+</div>
+<p>For those of you who don’t know regular expressions and want to learn
+more about them, <a class="reference external" href="http://www.regular-expressions.info/">regular-expressions.info</a>
+might be a good starting point.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">You can also mix and match wildcards with regular expressions.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="callbacks">
+<h2>Callbacks<a class="headerlink" href="#callbacks" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>You can also use callbacks in place of the normal routing rules to process
+the back-references. Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;products/([a-zA-Z]+)/edit/(\d+)&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$product_type</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$id</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">{</span>
+ <span class="k">return</span> <span class="s1">&#39;catalog/product_edit/&#39;</span> <span class="o">.</span> <span class="nb">strtolower</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$product_type</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">.</span> <span class="s1">&#39;/&#39;</span> <span class="o">.</span> <span class="nv">$id</span><span class="p">;</span>
+<span class="p">};</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="using-http-verbs-in-routes">
+<h2>Using HTTP verbs in routes<a class="headerlink" href="#using-http-verbs-in-routes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>It is possible to use HTTP verbs (request method) to define your routing rules.
+This is particularly useful when building RESTful applications. You can use standard HTTP
+verbs (GET, PUT, POST, DELETE, PATCH) or a custom one such (e.g. PURGE). HTTP verb rules
+are case-insensitive. All you need to do is to add the verb as an array key to your route.
+Example:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;products&#39;</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="s1">&#39;put&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;product/insert&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>In the above example, a PUT request to URI “products” would call the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Product::insert()</span></code>
+controller method.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;products/(:num)&#39;</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="s1">&#39;DELETE&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;product/delete/$1&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>A DELETE request to URL with “products” as first the segment and a number in the second will be
+mapped to the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Product::delete()</span></code> method, passing the numeric value as the first parameter.</p>
+<p>Using HTTP verbs is of course, optional.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="reserved-routes">
+<h2>Reserved Routes<a class="headerlink" href="#reserved-routes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>There are three reserved routes:</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;default_controller&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;welcome&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This route points to the action that should be executed if the URI contains
+no data, which will be the case when people load your root URL.
+The setting accepts a <strong>controller/method</strong> value and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">index()</span></code> would be
+the default method if you don’t specify one. In the above example, it is
+<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Welcome::index()</span></code> that would be called.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">You can NOT use a directory as a part of this setting!</p>
+</div>
+<p>You are encouraged to always have a default route as otherwise a 404 page
+will appear by default.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;404_override&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>This route indicates which controller class should be loaded if the
+requested controller is not found. It will override the default 404
+error page. Same per-directory rules as with ‘default_controller’
+apply here as well.</p>
+<p>It won’t affect to the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">show_404()</span></code> function, which will
+continue loading the default <em>error_404.php</em> file at
+<em>application/views/errors/error_404.php</em>.</p>
+<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;translate_uri_dashes&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">;</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>As evident by the boolean value, this is not exactly a route. This
+option enables you to automatically replace dashes (‘-‘) with
+underscores in the controller and method URI segments, thus saving you
+additional route entries if you need to do that.
+This is required, because the dash isn’t a valid class or method name
+character and would cause a fatal error if you try to use it.</p>
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