[ci skip] 3.1.8 release

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-########################
-Generating Query Results
-########################
-
-There are several ways to generate query results:
-
-.. contents::
-    :local:
-    :depth: 2
-
-*************
-Result Arrays
-*************
-
-**result()**
-
-This method returns the query result as an array of **objects**, or
-**an empty array** on failure. Typically you'll use this in a foreach
-loop, like this::
-
-	$query = $this->db->query("YOUR QUERY");
-
-	foreach ($query->result() as $row)
-	{
-		echo $row->title;
-		echo $row->name;
-		echo $row->body;
-	}
-
-The above method is an alias of ``result_object()``.
-
-You can also pass a string to ``result()`` which represents a class to
-instantiate for each result object (note: this class must be loaded)
-
-::
-
-	$query = $this->db->query("SELECT * FROM users;");
-
-	foreach ($query->result('User') as $user)
-	{
-		echo $user->name; // access attributes
-		echo $user->reverse_name(); // or methods defined on the 'User' class
-	}
-
-**result_array()**
-
-This method returns the query result as a pure array, or an empty
-array when no result is produced. Typically you'll use this in a foreach
-loop, like this::
-
-	$query = $this->db->query("YOUR QUERY");
-
-	foreach ($query->result_array() as $row)
-	{
-		echo $row['title'];
-		echo $row['name'];
-		echo $row['body'];
-	}
-
-***********
-Result Rows
-***********
-
-**row()**
-
-This method returns a single result row. If your query has more than
-one row, it returns only the first row. The result is returned as an
-**object**. Here's a usage example::
-
-	$query = $this->db->query("YOUR QUERY");
-
-	$row = $query->row();
-
-	if (isset($row))
-	{
-		echo $row->title;
-		echo $row->name;
-		echo $row->body;
-	}
-
-If you want a specific row returned you can submit the row number as a
-digit in the first parameter::
-
-	$row = $query->row(5);
-
-You can also add a second String parameter, which is the name of a class
-to instantiate the row with::
-
-	$query = $this->db->query("SELECT * FROM users LIMIT 1;");
-	$row = $query->row(0, 'User');
-	
-	echo $row->name; // access attributes
-	echo $row->reverse_name(); // or methods defined on the 'User' class
-
-**row_array()**
-
-Identical to the above ``row()`` method, except it returns an array.
-Example::
-
-	$query = $this->db->query("YOUR QUERY");
-
-	$row = $query->row_array();
-
-	if (isset($row))
-	{
-		echo $row['title'];
-		echo $row['name'];
-		echo $row['body'];
-	}
-
-If you want a specific row returned you can submit the row number as a
-digit in the first parameter::
-
-	$row = $query->row_array(5);
-
-In addition, you can walk forward/backwards/first/last through your
-results using these variations:
-
-	| **$row = $query->first_row()**
-	| **$row = $query->last_row()**
-	| **$row = $query->next_row()**
-	| **$row = $query->previous_row()**
-
-By default they return an object unless you put the word "array" in the
-parameter:
-
-	| **$row = $query->first_row('array')**
-	| **$row = $query->last_row('array')**
-	| **$row = $query->next_row('array')**
-	| **$row = $query->previous_row('array')**
-
-.. note:: All the methods above will load the whole result into memory
-	(prefetching). Use ``unbuffered_row()`` for processing large
-	result sets.
-
-**unbuffered_row()**
-
-This method returns a single result row without prefetching the whole
-result in memory as ``row()`` does. If your query has more than one row,
-it returns the current row and moves the internal data pointer ahead. 
-
-::
-
-	$query = $this->db->query("YOUR QUERY");
-
-	while ($row = $query->unbuffered_row())
-	{	
-		echo $row->title;
-		echo $row->name;
-		echo $row->body;
-	}
-
-You can optionally pass 'object' (default) or 'array' in order to specify
-the returned value's type::
-
-	$query->unbuffered_row();		// object
-	$query->unbuffered_row('object');	// object
-	$query->unbuffered_row('array');	// associative array
-
-*********************
-Custom Result Objects
-*********************
-
-You can have the results returned as an instance of a custom class instead
-of a ``stdClass`` or array, as the ``result()`` and ``result_array()``
-methods allow. This requires that the class is already loaded into memory.
-The object will have all values returned from the database set as properties.
-If these have been declared and are non-public then you should provide a
-``__set()`` method to allow them to be set.
-
-Example::
-
-	class User {
-
-		public $id;
-		public $email;
-		public $username;
-
-		protected $last_login;
-
-		public function last_login($format)
-		{
-			return $this->last_login->format($format);
-		}
-
-		public function __set($name, $value)
-		{
-			if ($name === 'last_login')
-			{
-				$this->last_login = DateTime::createFromFormat('U', $value);
-			}
-		}
-
-		public function __get($name)
-		{
-			if (isset($this->$name))
-			{
-				return $this->$name;
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-In addition to the two methods listed below, the following methods also can
-take a class name to return the results as: ``first_row()``, ``last_row()``,
-``next_row()``, and ``previous_row()``.
-
-**custom_result_object()**
-
-Returns the entire result set as an array of instances of the class requested.
-The only parameter is the name of the class to instantiate.
-
-Example::
-
-	$query = $this->db->query("YOUR QUERY");
-
-	$rows = $query->custom_result_object('User');
-
-	foreach ($rows as $row)
-	{
-		echo $row->id;
-		echo $row->email;
-		echo $row->last_login('Y-m-d');
-	}
-
-**custom_row_object()**
-
-Returns a single row from your query results. The first parameter is the row
-number of the results. The second parameter is the class name to instantiate.
-
-Example::
-
-	$query = $this->db->query("YOUR QUERY");
-
-	$row = $query->custom_row_object(0, 'User');
-
-	if (isset($row))
-	{
-		echo $row->email;   // access attributes
-		echo $row->last_login('Y-m-d');   // access class methods
-	}
-
-You can also use the ``row()`` method in exactly the same way.
-
-Example::
-
-	$row = $query->custom_row_object(0, 'User');
-
-*********************
-Result Helper Methods
-*********************
-
-**num_rows()**
-
-The number of rows returned by the query. Note: In this example, $query
-is the variable that the query result object is assigned to::
-
-	$query = $this->db->query('SELECT * FROM my_table');
-
-	echo $query->num_rows();
-
-.. note:: Not all database drivers have a native way of getting the total
-	number of rows for a result set. When this is the case, all of
-	the data is prefetched and ``count()`` is manually called on the
-	resulting array in order to achieve the same result.
-	
-**num_fields()**
-
-The number of FIELDS (columns) returned by the query. Make sure to call
-the method using your query result object::
-
-	$query = $this->db->query('SELECT * FROM my_table');
-
-	echo $query->num_fields();
-
-**free_result()**
-
-It frees the memory associated with the result and deletes the result
-resource ID. Normally PHP frees its memory automatically at the end of
-script execution. However, if you are running a lot of queries in a
-particular script you might want to free the result after each query
-result has been generated in order to cut down on memory consumption.
-
-Example::
-
-	$query = $this->db->query('SELECT title FROM my_table');
-
-	foreach ($query->result() as $row)
-	{
-		echo $row->title;
-	}
-
-	$query->free_result();  // The $query result object will no longer be available
-
-	$query2 = $this->db->query('SELECT name FROM some_table');
-
-	$row = $query2->row();
-	echo $row->name;
-	$query2->free_result(); // The $query2 result object will no longer be available
-
-**data_seek()**
-
-This method sets the internal pointer for the next result row to be
-fetched. It is only useful in combination with ``unbuffered_row()``.
-
-It accepts a positive integer value, which defaults to 0 and returns
-TRUE on success or FALSE on failure.
-
-::
-
-	$query = $this->db->query('SELECT `field_name` FROM `table_name`');
-	$query->data_seek(5); // Skip the first 5 rows
-	$row = $query->unbuffered_row();
-
-.. note:: Not all database drivers support this feature and will return FALSE.
-	Most notably - you won't be able to use it with PDO.
-
-***************
-Class Reference
-***************
-
-.. php:class:: CI_DB_result
-
-	.. php:method:: result([$type = 'object'])
-
-		:param	string	$type: Type of requested results - array, object, or class name
-		:returns:	Array containing the fetched rows
-		:rtype:	array
-
-		A wrapper for the ``result_array()``, ``result_object()``
-		and ``custom_result_object()`` methods.
-
-		Usage: see `Result Arrays`_.
-
-	.. php:method:: result_array()
-
-		:returns:	Array containing the fetched rows
-		:rtype:	array
-
-		Returns the query results as an array of rows, where each
-		row is itself an associative array.
-
-		Usage: see `Result Arrays`_.
-
-	.. php:method:: result_object()
-
-		:returns:	Array containing the fetched rows
-		:rtype:	array
-
-		Returns the query results as an array of rows, where each
-		row is an object of type ``stdClass``.
-
-		Usage: see `Result Arrays`_.
-
-	.. php:method:: custom_result_object($class_name)
-
-		:param	string	$class_name: Class name for the resulting rows
-		:returns:	Array containing the fetched rows
-		:rtype:	array
-
-		Returns the query results as an array of rows, where each
-		row is an instance of the specified class.
-
-	.. php:method:: row([$n = 0[, $type = 'object']])
-
-		:param	int	$n: Index of the query results row to be returned
-		:param	string	$type: Type of the requested result - array, object, or class name
-		:returns:	The requested row or NULL if it doesn't exist
-		:rtype:	mixed
-
-		A wrapper for the ``row_array()``, ``row_object() and 
-		``custom_row_object()`` methods.
-
-		Usage: see `Result Rows`_.
-
-	.. php:method:: unbuffered_row([$type = 'object'])
-
-		:param	string	$type: Type of the requested result - array, object, or class name
-		:returns:	Next row from the result set or NULL if it doesn't exist
-		:rtype:	mixed
-
-		Fetches the next result row and returns it in the
-		requested form.
-
-		Usage: see `Result Rows`_.
-
-	.. php:method:: row_array([$n = 0])
-
-		:param	int	$n: Index of the query results row to be returned
-		:returns:	The requested row or NULL if it doesn't exist
-		:rtype:	array
-
-		Returns the requested result row as an associative array.
-
-		Usage: see `Result Rows`_.
-
-	.. php:method:: row_object([$n = 0])
-
-		:param	int	$n: Index of the query results row to be returned
-                :returns:	The requested row or NULL if it doesn't exist
-		:rtype:	stdClass
-
-		Returns the requested result row as an object of type
-		``stdClass``.
-
-		Usage: see `Result Rows`_.
-
-	.. php:method:: custom_row_object($n, $type)
-
-		:param	int	$n: Index of the results row to return
-		:param	string	$class_name: Class name for the resulting row
-		:returns:	The requested row or NULL if it doesn't exist
-		:rtype:	$type
-
-		Returns the requested result row as an instance of the
-		requested class.
-
-	.. php:method:: data_seek([$n = 0])
-
-		:param	int	$n: Index of the results row to be returned next
-		:returns:	TRUE on success, FALSE on failure
-		:rtype:	bool
-
-		Moves the internal results row pointer to the desired offset.
-
-		Usage: see `Result Helper Methods`_.
-
-	.. php:method:: set_row($key[, $value = NULL])
-
-		:param	mixed	$key: Column name or array of key/value pairs
-		:param	mixed	$value: Value to assign to the column, $key is a single field name
-		:rtype:	void
-
-		Assigns a value to a particular column.
-
-	.. php:method:: next_row([$type = 'object'])
-
-		:param	string	$type: Type of the requested result - array, object, or class name
-		:returns:	Next row of result set, or NULL if it doesn't exist
-		:rtype:	mixed
-
-		Returns the next row from the result set.
-
-	.. php:method:: previous_row([$type = 'object'])
-
-		:param	string	$type: Type of the requested result - array, object, or class name
-		:returns:	Previous row of result set, or NULL if it doesn't exist
-		:rtype:	mixed
-
-		Returns the previous row from the result set.
-
-	.. php:method:: first_row([$type = 'object'])
-
-		:param	string	$type: Type of the requested result - array, object, or class name
-		:returns:	First row of result set, or NULL if it doesn't exist
-		:rtype:	mixed
-
-		Returns the first row from the result set.
-
-	.. php:method:: last_row([$type = 'object'])
-
-		:param	string	$type: Type of the requested result - array, object, or class name
-		:returns:	Last row of result set, or NULL if it doesn't exist
-		:rtype:	mixed
-
-		Returns the last row from the result set.
-
-	.. php:method:: num_rows()
-
-		:returns:	Number of rows in the result set
-		:rtype:	int
-
-		Returns the number of rows in the result set.
-
-		Usage: see `Result Helper Methods`_.
-
-	.. php:method:: num_fields()
-
-		:returns:	Number of fields in the result set
-		:rtype:	int
-
-		Returns the number of fields in the result set.
-
-		Usage: see `Result Helper Methods`_.
-
-	.. php:method:: field_data()
-
-		:returns:	Array containing field meta-data
-		:rtype:	array
-
-		Generates an array of ``stdClass`` objects containing
-		field meta-data.
-
-	.. php:method:: free_result()
-
-		:rtype:	void
-
-		Frees a result set.
-
-		Usage: see `Result Helper Methods`_.
-
-	.. php:method:: list_fields()
-
-		:returns:	Array of column names
-		:rtype:	array
-
-		Returns an array containing the field names in the
-		result set.