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diff --git a/user_guide/database/queries.html b/user_guide/database/queries.html deleted file mode 100644 index 849db830a..000000000 --- a/user_guide/database/queries.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,658 +0,0 @@ - - -<!DOCTYPE html> -<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]--> -<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]--> -<head> - <meta charset="utf-8"> - <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> - - <title>Queries — CodeIgniter 3.1.11 documentation</title> - - - - - <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/> - - - - <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'> - - - - - - - - - - <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" /> - - - - <link rel="index" title="Index" - href="../genindex.html"/> - <link rel="search" title="Search" 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style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe"> - <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" /> - </div> - </ul> - <hr/> -</div> - <div role="main" class="document"> - - <div class="section" id="queries"> -<h1>Queries<a class="headerlink" href="#queries" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> -<div class="section" id="query-basics"> -<h2>Query Basics<a class="headerlink" href="#query-basics" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> -<div class="section" id="regular-queries"> -<h3>Regular Queries<a class="headerlink" href="#regular-queries" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> -<p>To submit a query, use the <strong>query</strong> function:</p> -<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'YOUR QUERY HERE'</span><span class="p">);</span> -</pre></div> -</div> -<p>The query() function returns a database result <strong>object</strong> when “read” -type queries are run, which you can use to <a class="reference internal" href="results.html"><span class="doc">show your -results</span></a>. When “write” type queries are run it simply -returns TRUE or FALSE depending on success or failure. When retrieving -data you will typically assign the query to your own variable, like -this:</p> -<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'YOUR QUERY HERE'</span><span class="p">);</span> -</pre></div> -</div> -</div> -<div class="section" id="simplified-queries"> -<h3>Simplified Queries<a class="headerlink" href="#simplified-queries" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> -<p>The <strong>simple_query</strong> method is a simplified version of the -$this->db->query() method. It DOES -NOT return a database result set, nor does it set the query timer, or -compile bind data, or store your query for debugging. It simply lets you -submit a query. Most users will rarely use this function.</p> -<p>It returns whatever the database drivers’ “execute” function returns. -That typically is TRUE/FALSE on success or failure for write type queries -such as INSERT, DELETE or UPDATE statements (which is what it really -should be used for) and a resource/object on success for queries with -fetchable results.</p> -<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">simple_query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'YOUR QUERY'</span><span class="p">))</span> -<span class="p">{</span> - <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="s2">"Success!"</span><span class="p">;</span> -<span class="p">}</span> -<span class="k">else</span> -<span class="p">{</span> - <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="s2">"Query failed!"</span><span class="p">;</span> -<span class="p">}</span> -</pre></div> -</div> -<div class="admonition note"> -<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> -<p class="last">PostgreSQL’s <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pg_exec()</span></code> function (for example) always -returns a resource on success, even for write type queries. -So take that in mind if you’re looking for a boolean value.</p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div class="section" id="working-with-database-prefixes-manually"> -<h2>Working with Database prefixes manually<a class="headerlink" href="#working-with-database-prefixes-manually" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> -<p>If you have configured a database prefix and would like to prepend it to -a table name for use in a native SQL query for example, then you can use -the following:</p> -<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">dbprefix</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'tablename'</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// outputs prefix_tablename</span> -</pre></div> -</div> -<p>If for any reason you would like to change the prefix programatically -without needing to create a new connection, you can use this method:</p> -<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">set_dbprefix</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'newprefix_'</span><span class="p">);</span> -<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">dbprefix</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'tablename'</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// outputs newprefix_tablename</span> -</pre></div> -</div> -</div> -<div class="section" id="protecting-identifiers"> -<h2>Protecting identifiers<a class="headerlink" href="#protecting-identifiers" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> -<p>In many databases it is advisable to protect table and field names - for -example with backticks in MySQL. <strong>Query Builder queries are -automatically protected</strong>, however if you need to manually protect an -identifier you can use:</p> -<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">protect_identifiers</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'table_name'</span><span class="p">);</span> -</pre></div> -</div> -<div class="admonition important"> -<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p> -<p class="last">Although the Query Builder will try its best to properly -quote any field and table names that you feed it, note that it -is NOT designed to work with arbitrary user input. DO NOT feed it -with unsanitized user data.</p> -</div> -<p>This function will also add a table prefix to your table, assuming you -have a prefix specified in your database config file. To enable the -prefixing set TRUE (boolean) via the second parameter:</p> -<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">protect_identifiers</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'table_name'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">);</span> -</pre></div> -</div> -</div> -<div class="section" id="escaping-queries"> -<h2>Escaping Queries<a class="headerlink" href="#escaping-queries" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> -<p>It’s a very good security practice to escape your data before submitting -it into your database. CodeIgniter has three methods that help you do -this:</p> -<ol class="arabic"> -<li><p class="first"><strong>$this->db->escape()</strong> This function determines the data type so -that it can escape only string data. It also automatically adds -single quotes around the data so you don’t have to:</p> -<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$sql</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">"INSERT INTO table (title) VALUES("</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">escape</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$title</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="s2">")"</span><span class="p">;</span> -</pre></div> -</div> -</li> -<li><p class="first"><strong>$this->db->escape_str()</strong> This function escapes the data passed to -it, regardless of type. Most of the time you’ll use the above -function rather than this one. Use the function like this:</p> -<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$sql</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">"INSERT INTO table (title) VALUES('"</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">escape_str</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$title</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="s2">"')"</span><span class="p">;</span> -</pre></div> -</div> -</li> -<li><p class="first"><strong>$this->db->escape_like_str()</strong> This method should be used when -strings are to be used in LIKE conditions so that LIKE wildcards -(‘%’, ‘_’) in the string are also properly escaped.</p> -</li> -</ol> -<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$search</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'20% raise'</span><span class="p">;</span> -<span class="nv">$sql</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">"SELECT id FROM table WHERE column LIKE '%"</span> <span class="o">.</span> - <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">escape_like_str</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$search</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="s2">"%' ESCAPE '!'"</span><span class="p">;</span> -</pre></div> -</div> -<div class="admonition important"> -<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p> -<p class="last">The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">escape_like_str()</span></code> method uses ‘!’ (exclamation mark) -to escape special characters for <em>LIKE</em> conditions. Because this -method escapes partial strings that you would wrap in quotes -yourself, it cannot automatically add the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ESCAPE</span> <span class="pre">'!'</span></code> -condition for you, and so you’ll have to manually do that.</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="section" id="query-bindings"> -<h2>Query Bindings<a class="headerlink" href="#query-bindings" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> -<p>Bindings enable you to simplify your query syntax by letting the system -put the queries together for you. Consider the following example:</p> -<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$sql</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">"SELECT * FROM some_table WHERE id = ? AND status = ? AND author = ?"</span><span class="p">;</span> -<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$sql</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'live'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'Rick'</span><span class="p">));</span> -</pre></div> -</div> -<p>The question marks in the query are automatically replaced with the -values in the array in the second parameter of the query function.</p> -<p>Binding also work with arrays, which will be transformed to IN sets:</p> -<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$sql</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">"SELECT * FROM some_table WHERE id IN ? AND status = ? AND author = ?"</span><span class="p">;</span> -<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$sql</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="s1">'live'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'Rick'</span><span class="p">));</span> -</pre></div> -</div> -<p>The resulting query will be:</p> -<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">SELECT</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="nx">FROM</span> <span class="nx">some_table</span> <span class="nx">WHERE</span> <span class="nx">id</span> <span class="nx">IN</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">AND</span> <span class="nx">status</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'live'</span> <span class="k">AND</span> <span class="nx">author</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'Rick'</span> -</pre></div> -</div> -<p>The secondary benefit of using binds is that the values are -automatically escaped, producing safer queries. You don’t have to -remember to manually escape data; the engine does it automatically for -you.</p> -</div> -<div class="section" id="handling-errors"> -<h2>Handling Errors<a class="headerlink" href="#handling-errors" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> -<p><strong>$this->db->error();</strong></p> -<p>If you need to get the last error that has occurred, the error() method -will return an array containing its code and message. Here’s a quick -example:</p> -<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span> <span class="o">!</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">simple_query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'SELECT `example_field` FROM `example_table`'</span><span class="p">))</span> -<span class="p">{</span> - <span class="nv">$error</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">error</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="c1">// Has keys 'code' and 'message'</span> -<span class="p">}</span> -</pre></div> -</div> -</div> -</div> - - - </div> - <footer> - - <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation"> - - <a href="results.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Generating Query Results">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a> - - - <a href="connecting.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Connecting to your Database"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a> - - </div> - - - <hr/> - - <div role="contentinfo"> - <p> - © Copyright 2014 - 2019, British Columbia Institute of Technology. - Last updated on Sep 19, 2019. - </p> - </div> - - Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>. - -</footer> - </div> - </div> - - </section> - - </div> - - - - - - <script type="text/javascript"> - var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = { - URL_ROOT:'../', - VERSION:'3.1.11', - COLLAPSE_INDEX:false, - FILE_SUFFIX:'.html', - HAS_SOURCE: false - }; - </script> - <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script> - <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script> - <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script> - - - - - - <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script> - - - - - <script type="text/javascript"> - jQuery(function () { - SphinxRtdTheme.StickyNav.enable(); - }); - </script> - - -</body> -</html>
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