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- <div class="section" id="queries">
-<h1>Queries<a class="headerlink" href="#queries" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
-<div class="section" id="query-basics">
-<h2>Query Basics<a class="headerlink" href="#query-basics" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
-<div class="section" id="regular-queries">
-<h3>Regular Queries<a class="headerlink" href="#regular-queries" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
-<p>To submit a query, use the <strong>query</strong> function:</p>
-<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;YOUR QUERY HERE&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-<p>The query() function returns a database result <strong>object</strong> when “read”
-type queries are run, which you can use to <a class="reference internal" href="results.html"><span class="doc">show your
-results</span></a>. When “write” type queries are run it simply
-returns TRUE or FALSE depending on success or failure. When retrieving
-data you will typically assign the query to your own variable, like
-this:</p>
-<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;YOUR QUERY HERE&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="simplified-queries">
-<h3>Simplified Queries<a class="headerlink" href="#simplified-queries" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
-<p>The <strong>simple_query</strong> method is a simplified version of the
-$this-&gt;db-&gt;query() method. It DOES
-NOT return a database result set, nor does it set the query timer, or
-compile bind data, or store your query for debugging. It simply lets you
-submit a query. Most users will rarely use this function.</p>
-<p>It returns whatever the database drivers’ “execute” function returns.
-That typically is TRUE/FALSE on success or failure for write type queries
-such as INSERT, DELETE or UPDATE statements (which is what it really
-should be used for) and a resource/object on success for queries with
-fetchable results.</p>
-<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">simple_query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;YOUR QUERY&#39;</span><span class="p">))</span>
-<span class="p">{</span>
- <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="s2">&quot;Success!&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
-<span class="p">}</span>
-<span class="k">else</span>
-<span class="p">{</span>
- <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="s2">&quot;Query failed!&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
-<span class="p">}</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-<div class="admonition note">
-<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
-<p class="last">PostgreSQL’s <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pg_exec()</span></code> function (for example) always
-returns a resource on success, even for write type queries.
-So take that in mind if you’re looking for a boolean value.</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="working-with-database-prefixes-manually">
-<h2>Working with Database prefixes manually<a class="headerlink" href="#working-with-database-prefixes-manually" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
-<p>If you have configured a database prefix and would like to prepend it to
-a table name for use in a native SQL query for example, then you can use
-the following:</p>
-<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">dbprefix</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;tablename&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// outputs prefix_tablename</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-<p>If for any reason you would like to change the prefix programatically
-without needing to create a new connection, you can use this method:</p>
-<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">set_dbprefix</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;newprefix_&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
-<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">dbprefix</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;tablename&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// outputs newprefix_tablename</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="protecting-identifiers">
-<h2>Protecting identifiers<a class="headerlink" href="#protecting-identifiers" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
-<p>In many databases it is advisable to protect table and field names - for
-example with backticks in MySQL. <strong>Query Builder queries are
-automatically protected</strong>, however if you need to manually protect an
-identifier you can use:</p>
-<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">protect_identifiers</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;table_name&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-<div class="admonition important">
-<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
-<p class="last">Although the Query Builder will try its best to properly
-quote any field and table names that you feed it, note that it
-is NOT designed to work with arbitrary user input. DO NOT feed it
-with unsanitized user data.</p>
-</div>
-<p>This function will also add a table prefix to your table, assuming you
-have a prefix specified in your database config file. To enable the
-prefixing set TRUE (boolean) via the second parameter:</p>
-<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">protect_identifiers</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;table_name&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">);</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="escaping-queries">
-<h2>Escaping Queries<a class="headerlink" href="#escaping-queries" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
-<p>It’s a very good security practice to escape your data before submitting
-it into your database. CodeIgniter has three methods that help you do
-this:</p>
-<ol class="arabic">
-<li><p class="first"><strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;escape()</strong> This function determines the data type so
-that it can escape only string data. It also automatically adds
-single quotes around the data so you don’t have to:</p>
-<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$sql</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;INSERT INTO table (title) VALUES(&quot;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">escape</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$title</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="s2">&quot;)&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-</li>
-<li><p class="first"><strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;escape_str()</strong> This function escapes the data passed to
-it, regardless of type. Most of the time you’ll use the above
-function rather than this one. Use the function like this:</p>
-<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$sql</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;INSERT INTO table (title) VALUES(&#39;&quot;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">escape_str</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$title</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="s2">&quot;&#39;)&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-</li>
-<li><p class="first"><strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;escape_like_str()</strong> This method should be used when
-strings are to be used in LIKE conditions so that LIKE wildcards
-(‘%’, ‘_’) in the string are also properly escaped.</p>
-</li>
-</ol>
-<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$search</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;20% raise&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
-<span class="nv">$sql</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;SELECT id FROM table WHERE column LIKE &#39;%&quot;</span> <span class="o">.</span>
- <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">escape_like_str</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$search</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="s2">&quot;%&#39; ESCAPE &#39;!&#39;&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-<div class="admonition important">
-<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
-<p class="last">The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">escape_like_str()</span></code> method uses ‘!’ (exclamation mark)
-to escape special characters for <em>LIKE</em> conditions. Because this
-method escapes partial strings that you would wrap in quotes
-yourself, it cannot automatically add the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ESCAPE</span> <span class="pre">'!'</span></code>
-condition for you, and so you’ll have to manually do that.</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="query-bindings">
-<h2>Query Bindings<a class="headerlink" href="#query-bindings" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
-<p>Bindings enable you to simplify your query syntax by letting the system
-put the queries together for you. Consider the following example:</p>
-<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$sql</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;SELECT * FROM some_table WHERE id = ? AND status = ? AND author = ?&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
-<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$sql</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;live&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Rick&#39;</span><span class="p">));</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-<p>The question marks in the query are automatically replaced with the
-values in the array in the second parameter of the query function.</p>
-<p>Binding also work with arrays, which will be transformed to IN sets:</p>
-<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$sql</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;SELECT * FROM some_table WHERE id IN ? AND status = ? AND author = ?&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
-<span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$sql</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="s1">&#39;live&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Rick&#39;</span><span class="p">));</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-<p>The resulting query will be:</p>
-<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">SELECT</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="nx">FROM</span> <span class="nx">some_table</span> <span class="nx">WHERE</span> <span class="nx">id</span> <span class="nx">IN</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">AND</span> <span class="nx">status</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;live&#39;</span> <span class="k">AND</span> <span class="nx">author</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Rick&#39;</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-<p>The secondary benefit of using binds is that the values are
-automatically escaped, producing safer queries. You don’t have to
-remember to manually escape data; the engine does it automatically for
-you.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="handling-errors">
-<h2>Handling Errors<a class="headerlink" href="#handling-errors" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
-<p><strong>$this-&gt;db-&gt;error();</strong></p>
-<p>If you need to get the last error that has occurred, the error() method
-will return an array containing its code and message. Here’s a quick
-example:</p>
-<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span> <span class="o">!</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">simple_query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;SELECT `example_field` FROM `example_table`&#39;</span><span class="p">))</span>
-<span class="p">{</span>
- <span class="nv">$error</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">error</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="c1">// Has keys &#39;code&#39; and &#39;message&#39;</span>
-<span class="p">}</span>
-</pre></div>
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