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- <div class="section" id="controllers">
-<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id1">Controllers</a><a class="headerlink" href="#controllers" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
-<p>Controllers are the heart of your application, as they determine how
-HTTP requests should be handled.</p>
-<div class="contents topic" id="page-contents">
-<p class="topic-title first">Page Contents</p>
-<ul class="simple">
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#controllers" id="id1">Controllers</a><ul>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#what-is-a-controller" id="id2">What is a Controller?</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#let-s-try-it-hello-world" id="id3">Let&#8217;s try it: Hello World!</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#methods" id="id4">Methods</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#passing-uri-segments-to-your-methods" id="id5">Passing URI Segments to your methods</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#defining-a-default-controller" id="id6">Defining a Default Controller</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#remapping-method-calls" id="id7">Remapping Method Calls</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#processing-output" id="id8">Processing Output</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#private-methods" id="id9">Private methods</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#organizing-your-controllers-into-sub-directories" id="id10">Organizing Your Controllers into Sub-directories</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#class-constructors" id="id11">Class Constructors</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#reserved-method-names" id="id12">Reserved method names</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#that-s-it" id="id13">That&#8217;s it!</a></li>
-</ul>
-</li>
-</ul>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="what-is-a-controller">
-<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id2">What is a Controller?</a><a class="headerlink" href="#what-is-a-controller" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
-<p><strong>A Controller is simply a class file that is named in a way that can be
-associated with a URI.</strong></p>
-<p>Consider this URI:</p>
-<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">example</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">com</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">index</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">blog</span><span class="o">/</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-<p>In the above example, CodeIgniter would attempt to find a controller
-named Blog.php and load it.</p>
-<p><strong>When a controller&#8217;s name matches the first segment of a URI, it will
-be loaded.</strong></p>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="let-s-try-it-hello-world">
-<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id3">Let&#8217;s try it: Hello World!</a><a class="headerlink" href="#let-s-try-it-hello-world" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
-<p>Let&#8217;s create a simple controller so you can see it in action. Using your
-text editor, create a file called Blog.php, and put the following code
-in it:</p>
-<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span>
-<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Blog</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="nx">CI_Controller</span> <span class="p">{</span>
-
- <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">index</span><span class="p">()</span>
- <span class="p">{</span>
- <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Hello World!&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
- <span class="p">}</span>
-<span class="p">}</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-<p>Then save the file to your <em>application/controllers/</em> directory.</p>
-<div class="admonition important">
-<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
-<p class="last">The file must be called &#8216;Blog.php&#8217;, with a capital &#8216;B&#8217;.</p>
-</div>
-<p>Now visit the your site using a URL similar to this:</p>
-<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">example</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">com</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">index</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">blog</span><span class="o">/</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-<p>If you did it right, you should see:</p>
-<blockquote>
-<div>Hello World!</div></blockquote>
-<div class="admonition important">
-<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
-<p class="last">Class names must start with an uppercase letter.</p>
-</div>
-<p>This is valid:</p>
-<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span>
-<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Blog</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="nx">CI_Controller</span> <span class="p">{</span>
-
-<span class="p">}</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-<p>This is <strong>not</strong> valid:</p>
-<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span>
-<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">blog</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="nx">CI_Controller</span> <span class="p">{</span>
-
-<span class="p">}</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-<p>Also, always make sure your controller extends the parent controller
-class so that it can inherit all its methods.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="methods">
-<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id4">Methods</a><a class="headerlink" href="#methods" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
-<p>In the above example the method name is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">index()</span></tt>. The &#8220;index&#8221; method
-is always loaded by default if the <strong>second segment</strong> of the URI is
-empty. Another way to show your &#8220;Hello World&#8221; message would be this:</p>
-<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">example</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">com</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">index</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">blog</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">index</span><span class="o">/</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-<p><strong>The second segment of the URI determines which method in the
-controller gets called.</strong></p>
-<p>Let&#8217;s try it. Add a new method to your controller:</p>
-<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span>
-<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Blog</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="nx">CI_Controller</span> <span class="p">{</span>
-
- <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">index</span><span class="p">()</span>
- <span class="p">{</span>
- <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Hello World!&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
- <span class="p">}</span>
-
- <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">comments</span><span class="p">()</span>
- <span class="p">{</span>
- <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="s1">&#39;Look at this!&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
- <span class="p">}</span>
-<span class="p">}</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-<p>Now load the following URL to see the comment method:</p>
-<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">example</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">com</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">index</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">blog</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">comments</span><span class="o">/</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-<p>You should see your new message.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="passing-uri-segments-to-your-methods">
-<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id5">Passing URI Segments to your methods</a><a class="headerlink" href="#passing-uri-segments-to-your-methods" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
-<p>If your URI contains more than two segments they will be passed to your
-method as parameters.</p>
-<p>For example, let&#8217;s say you have a URI like this:</p>
-<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">example</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">com</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">index</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">products</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">shoes</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">sandals</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">123</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-<p>Your method will be passed URI segments 3 and 4 (&#8220;sandals&#8221; and &#8220;123&#8221;):</p>
-<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span>
-<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Products</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="nx">CI_Controller</span> <span class="p">{</span>
-
- <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">shoes</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$sandals</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$id</span><span class="p">)</span>
- <span class="p">{</span>
- <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$sandals</span><span class="p">;</span>
- <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$id</span><span class="p">;</span>
- <span class="p">}</span>
-<span class="p">}</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-<div class="admonition important">
-<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
-<p class="last">If you are using the <a class="reference internal" href="routing.html"><em>URI Routing</em></a>
-feature, the segments passed to your method will be the re-routed
-ones.</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="defining-a-default-controller">
-<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id6">Defining a Default Controller</a><a class="headerlink" href="#defining-a-default-controller" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
-<p>CodeIgniter can be told to load a default controller when a URI is not
-present, as will be the case when only your site root URL is requested.
-To specify a default controller, open your <strong>application/config/routes.php</strong>
-file and set this variable:</p>
-<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;default_controller&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;blog&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-<p>Where &#8216;blog&#8217; is the name of the controller class you want used. If you now
-load your main index.php file without specifying any URI segments you&#8217;ll
-see your &#8220;Hello World&#8221; message by default.</p>
-<p>For more information, please refer to the &#8220;Reserved Routes&#8221; section of the
-<a class="reference internal" href="routing.html"><em>URI Routing</em></a> documentation.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="remapping-method-calls">
-<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id7">Remapping Method Calls</a><a class="headerlink" href="#remapping-method-calls" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
-<p>As noted above, the second segment of the URI typically determines which
-method in the controller gets called. CodeIgniter permits you to override
-this behavior through the use of the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_remap()</span></tt> method:</p>
-<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">_remap</span><span class="p">()</span>
-<span class="p">{</span>
- <span class="c1">// Some code here...</span>
-<span class="p">}</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-<div class="admonition important">
-<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
-<p class="last">If your controller contains a method named _remap(),
-it will <strong>always</strong> get called regardless of what your URI contains. It
-overrides the normal behavior in which the URI determines which method
-is called, allowing you to define your own method routing rules.</p>
-</div>
-<p>The overridden method call (typically the second segment of the URI) will
-be passed as a parameter to the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_remap()</span></tt> method:</p>
-<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">_remap</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$method</span><span class="p">)</span>
-<span class="p">{</span>
- <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$method</span> <span class="o">===</span> <span class="s1">&#39;some_method&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
- <span class="p">{</span>
- <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="nv">$method</span><span class="p">();</span>
- <span class="p">}</span>
- <span class="k">else</span>
- <span class="p">{</span>
- <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">default_method</span><span class="p">();</span>
- <span class="p">}</span>
-<span class="p">}</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-<p>Any extra segments after the method name are passed into <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_remap()</span></tt> as an
-optional second parameter. This array can be used in combination with
-PHP&#8217;s <a class="reference external" href="http://php.net/call_user_func_array">call_user_func_array()</a>
-to emulate CodeIgniter&#8217;s default behavior.</p>
-<p>Example:</p>
-<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">_remap</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$method</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$params</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">())</span>
-<span class="p">{</span>
- <span class="nv">$method</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;process_&#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nv">$method</span><span class="p">;</span>
- <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">method_exists</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$method</span><span class="p">))</span>
- <span class="p">{</span>
- <span class="k">return</span> <span class="nb">call_user_func_array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$method</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="nv">$params</span><span class="p">);</span>
- <span class="p">}</span>
- <span class="nx">show_404</span><span class="p">();</span>
-<span class="p">}</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="processing-output">
-<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id8">Processing Output</a><a class="headerlink" href="#processing-output" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
-<p>CodeIgniter has an output class that takes care of sending your final
-rendered data to the web browser automatically. More information on this
-can be found in the <a class="reference internal" href="views.html"><em>Views</em></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html"><em>Output Class</em></a> pages. In some cases, however, you might want to
-post-process the finalized data in some way and send it to the browser
-yourself. CodeIgniter permits you to add a method named <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_output()</span></tt>
-to your controller that will receive the finalized output data.</p>
-<div class="admonition important">
-<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
-<p class="last">If your controller contains a method named <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_output()</span></tt>,
-it will <strong>always</strong> be called by the output class instead of
-echoing the finalized data directly. The first parameter of the
-method will contain the finalized output.</p>
-</div>
-<p>Here is an example:</p>
-<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">_output</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$output</span><span class="p">)</span>
-<span class="p">{</span>
- <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$output</span><span class="p">;</span>
-<span class="p">}</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-<div class="admonition note">
-<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
-<p>Please note that your <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_output()</span></tt> method will receive the
-data in its finalized state. Benchmark and memory usage data
-will be rendered, cache files written (if you have caching
-enabled), and headers will be sent (if you use that
-<a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html"><em>feature</em></a>) before it is handed off
-to the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_output()</span></tt> method.
-To have your controller&#8217;s output cached properly, its
-<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_output()</span></tt> method can use:</p>
-<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">output</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">cache_expiration</span> <span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
-<span class="p">{</span>
- <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">output</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">_write_cache</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$output</span><span class="p">);</span>
-<span class="p">}</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-<p class="last">If you are using this feature the page execution timer and
-memory usage stats might not be perfectly accurate since they
-will not take into account any further processing you do.
-For an alternate way to control output <em>before</em> any of the
-final processing is done, please see the available methods
-in the <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html"><em>Output Library</em></a>.</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="private-methods">
-<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id9">Private methods</a><a class="headerlink" href="#private-methods" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
-<p>In some cases you may want certain methods hidden from public access.
-In order to achieve this, simply declare the method as being private
-or protected and it will not be served via a URL request. For example,
-if you were to have a method like this:</p>
-<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">private</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">_utility</span><span class="p">()</span>
-<span class="p">{</span>
- <span class="c1">// some code</span>
-<span class="p">}</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-<p>Trying to access it via the URL, like this, will not work:</p>
-<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">example</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">com</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">index</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">blog</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">_utility</span><span class="o">/</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-<div class="admonition note">
-<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
-<p class="last">Prefixing method names with an underscore will also prevent
-them from being called. This is a legacy feature that is left
-for backwards-compatibility.</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="organizing-your-controllers-into-sub-directories">
-<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id10">Organizing Your Controllers into Sub-directories</a><a class="headerlink" href="#organizing-your-controllers-into-sub-directories" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
-<p>If you are building a large application you might want to hierarchically
-organize or structure your controllers into sub-directories. CodeIgniter
-permits you to do this.</p>
-<p>Simply create sub-directories under the main <em>application/controllers/</em>
-one and place your controller classes within them.</p>
-<div class="admonition note">
-<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
-<p>When using this feature the first segment of your URI must
-specify the folder. For example, let&#8217;s say you have a controller located
-here:</p>
-<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">application</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">controllers</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">products</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">Shoes</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-<p>To call the above controller your URI will look something like this:</p>
-<div class="last highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">example</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">com</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">index</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">products</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">shoes</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nx">show</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">123</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<p>Each of your sub-directories may contain a default controller which will be
-called if the URL contains <em>only</em> the sub-directory. Simply put a controller
-in there that matches the name of your &#8216;default_controller&#8217; as specified in
-your <em>application/config/routes.php</em> file.</p>
-<p>CodeIgniter also permits you to remap your URIs using its <a class="reference internal" href="routing.html"><em>URI
-Routing</em></a> feature.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="class-constructors">
-<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id11">Class Constructors</a><a class="headerlink" href="#class-constructors" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
-<p>If you intend to use a constructor in any of your Controllers, you
-<strong>MUST</strong> place the following line of code in it:</p>
-<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">parent</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="na">__construct</span><span class="p">();</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-<p>The reason this line is necessary is because your local constructor will
-be overriding the one in the parent controller class so we need to
-manually call it.</p>
-<p>Example:</p>
-<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span>
-<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Blog</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="nx">CI_Controller</span> <span class="p">{</span>
-
- <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">__construct</span><span class="p">()</span>
- <span class="p">{</span>
- <span class="k">parent</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="na">__construct</span><span class="p">();</span>
- <span class="c1">// Your own constructor code</span>
- <span class="p">}</span>
-<span class="p">}</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-<p>Constructors are useful if you need to set some default values, or run a
-default process when your class is instantiated. Constructors can&#8217;t
-return a value, but they can do some default work.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="reserved-method-names">
-<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id12">Reserved method names</a><a class="headerlink" href="#reserved-method-names" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
-<p>Since your controller classes will extend the main application
-controller you must be careful not to name your methods identically to
-the ones used by that class, otherwise your local functions will
-override them. See <a class="reference internal" href="reserved_names.html"><em>Reserved Names</em></a> for a full
-list.</p>
-<div class="admonition important">
-<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
-<p class="last">You should also never have a method named identically
-to its class name. If you do, and there is no <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__construct()</span></tt>
-method in the same class, then your e.g. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Index::index()</span></tt>
-method will be executed as a class constructor! This is a PHP4
-backwards-compatibility feature.</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="that-s-it">
-<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id13">That&#8217;s it!</a><a class="headerlink" href="#that-s-it" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
-<p>That, in a nutshell, is all there is to know about controllers.</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-
- </div>
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- &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2017, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
- Last updated on Jun 19, 2017.
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