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- <div class="section" id="security">
-<h1>Security<a class="headerlink" href="#security" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
-<p>This page describes some “best practices” regarding web security, and
-details CodeIgniter’s internal security features.</p>
-<div class="admonition note">
-<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
-<p class="last">If you came here looking for a security contact, please refer to
-our <cite>Contribution Guide &lt;../contributing/index&gt;</cite>.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="uri-security">
-<h2>URI Security<a class="headerlink" href="#uri-security" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
-<p>CodeIgniter is fairly restrictive regarding which characters it allows
-in your URI strings in order to help minimize the possibility that
-malicious data can be passed to your application. URIs may only contain
-the following:</p>
-<ul class="simple">
-<li>Alpha-numeric text (latin characters only)</li>
-<li>Tilde: ~</li>
-<li>Percent sign: %</li>
-<li>Period: .</li>
-<li>Colon: :</li>
-<li>Underscore: _</li>
-<li>Dash: -</li>
-<li>Space</li>
-</ul>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="register-globals">
-<h2>Register_globals<a class="headerlink" href="#register-globals" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
-<p>During system initialization all global variables that are found to exist
-in the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_GET</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_POST</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_REQUEST</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_COOKIE</span></code> are unset.</p>
-<p>The unsetting routine is effectively the same as <em>register_globals = off</em>.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="display-errors">
-<h2>display_errors<a class="headerlink" href="#display-errors" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
-<p>In production environments, it is typically desirable to “disable” PHP’s
-error reporting by setting the internal <em>display_errors</em> flag to a value
-of 0. This disables native PHP errors from being rendered as output,
-which may potentially contain sensitive information.</p>
-<p>Setting CodeIgniter’s <strong>ENVIRONMENT</strong> constant in index.php to a value of
-<strong>‘production’</strong> will turn off these errors. In development mode, it is
-recommended that a value of ‘development’ is used. More information
-about differentiating between environments can be found on the
-<a class="reference internal" href="environments.html"><span class="doc">Handling Environments</span></a> page.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="magic-quotes-runtime">
-<h2>magic_quotes_runtime<a class="headerlink" href="#magic-quotes-runtime" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
-<p>The <em>magic_quotes_runtime</em> directive is turned off during system
-initialization so that you don’t have to remove slashes when retrieving
-data from your database.</p>
-<div class="section" id="best-practices">
-<h3>Best Practices<a class="headerlink" href="#best-practices" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
-<p>Before accepting any data into your application, whether it be POST data
-from a form submission, COOKIE data, URI data, XML-RPC data, or even
-data from the SERVER array, you are encouraged to practice this three
-step approach:</p>
-<ol class="arabic simple">
-<li>Validate the data to ensure it conforms to the correct type, length,
-size, etc.</li>
-<li>Filter the data as if it were tainted.</li>
-<li>Escape the data before submitting it into your database or outputting
-it to a browser.</li>
-</ol>
-<p>CodeIgniter provides the following functions and tips to assist you
-in this process:</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="xss-filtering">
-<h2>XSS Filtering<a class="headerlink" href="#xss-filtering" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
-<p>CodeIgniter comes with a Cross Site Scripting filter. This filter
-looks for commonly used techniques to embed malicious JavaScript into
-your data, or other types of code that attempt to hijack cookies or
-do other malicious things. The XSS Filter is described
-<a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html"><span class="doc">here</span></a>.</p>
-<div class="admonition note">
-<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
-<p class="last">XSS filtering should <em>only be performed on output</em>. Filtering
-input data may modify the data in undesirable ways, including
-stripping special characters from passwords, which reduces
-security instead of improving it.</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="csrf-protection">
-<h2>CSRF protection<a class="headerlink" href="#csrf-protection" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
-<p>CSRF stands for Cross-Site Request Forgery, which is the process of an
-attacker tricking their victim into unknowingly submitting a request.</p>
-<p>CodeIgniter provides CSRF protection out of the box, which will get
-automatically triggered for every non-GET HTTP request, but also needs
-you to create your submit forms in a certain way. This is explained in
-the <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html"><span class="doc">Security Library</span></a> documentation.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="password-handling">
-<h2>Password handling<a class="headerlink" href="#password-handling" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
-<p>It is <em>critical</em> that you handle passwords in your application properly.</p>
-<p>Unfortunately, many developers don’t know how to do that, and the web is
-full of outdated or otherwise wrongful advices, which doesn’t help.</p>
-<p>We would like to give you a list of combined do’s and don’ts to help you
-with that. Please read below.</p>
-<ul>
-<li><p class="first">DO NOT store passwords in plain-text format.</p>
-<p>Always <strong>hash</strong> your passwords.</p>
-</li>
-<li><p class="first">DO NOT use Base64 or similar encoding for storing passwords.</p>
-<p>This is as good as storing them in plain-text. Really. Do <strong>hashing</strong>,
-not <em>encoding</em>.</p>
-<p>Encoding, and encryption too, are two-way processes. Passwords are
-secrets that must only be known to their owner, and thus must work
-only in one direction. Hashing does that - there’s <em>no</em> un-hashing or
-de-hashing, but there is decoding and decryption.</p>
-</li>
-<li><p class="first">DO NOT use weak or broken hashing algorithms like MD5 or SHA1.</p>
-<p>These algorithms are old, proven to be flawed, and not designed for
-password hashing in the first place.</p>
-<p>Also, DON’T invent your own algorithms.</p>
-<p>Only use strong password hashing algorithms like BCrypt, which is used
-in PHP’s own <a class="reference external" href="http://php.net/password">Password Hashing</a> functions.</p>
-<p>Please use them, even if you’re not running PHP 5.5+, CodeIgniter
-provides them for you.</p>
-</li>
-<li><p class="first">DO NOT ever display or send a password in plain-text format!</p>
-<p>Even to the password’s owner, if you need a “Forgotten password”
-feature, just randomly generate a new, one-time (this is also important)
-password and send that instead.</p>
-</li>
-<li><p class="first">DO NOT put unnecessary limits on your users’ passwords.</p>
-<p>If you’re using a hashing algorithm other than BCrypt (which has a limit
-of 72 characters), you should set a relatively high limit on password
-lengths in order to mitigate DoS attacks - say, 1024 characters.</p>
-<p>Other than that however, there’s no point in forcing a rule that a
-password can only be up to a number of characters, or that it can’t
-contain a certain set of special characters.</p>
-<p>Not only does this <strong>reduce</strong> security instead of improving it, but
-there’s literally no reason to do it. No technical limitations and
-no (practical) storage constraints apply once you’ve hashed them, none!</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="validate-input-data">
-<h2>Validate input data<a class="headerlink" href="#validate-input-data" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
-<p>CodeIgniter has a <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html"><span class="doc">Form Validation Library</span></a> that assists you in
-validating, filtering, and prepping your data.</p>
-<p>Even if that doesn’t work for your use case however, be sure to always
-validate and sanitize all input data. For example, if you expect a numeric
-string for an input variable, you can check for that with <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">is_numeric()</span></code>
-or <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ctype_digit()</span></code>. Always try to narrow down your checks to a certain
-pattern.</p>
-<p>Have it in mind that this includes not only <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_POST</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_GET</span></code>
-variables, but also cookies, the user-agent string and basically
-<em>all data that is not created directly by your own code</em>.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="escape-all-data-before-database-insertion">
-<h2>Escape all data before database insertion<a class="headerlink" href="#escape-all-data-before-database-insertion" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
-<p>Never insert information into your database without escaping it.
-Please see the section that discusses <a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html"><span class="doc">database queries</span></a> for more information.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="hide-your-files">
-<h2>Hide your files<a class="headerlink" href="#hide-your-files" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
-<p>Another good security practice is to only leave your <em>index.php</em>
-and “assets” (e.g. .js, css and image files) under your server’s
-<em>webroot</em> directory (most commonly named “htdocs/”). These are
-the only files that you would need to be accessible from the web.</p>
-<p>Allowing your visitors to see anything else would potentially
-allow them to access sensitive data, execute scripts, etc.</p>
-<p>If you’re not allowed to do that, you can try using a .htaccess
-file to restrict access to those resources.</p>
-<p>CodeIgniter will have an index.html file in all of its
-directories in an attempt to hide some of this data, but have
-it in mind that this is not enough to prevent a serious
-attacker.</p>
-</div>
-</div>
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- Last updated on Sep 19, 2019.
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