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- <div class="section" id="php-style-guide">
-<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id1">PHP Style Guide</a><a class="headerlink" href="#php-style-guide" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
-<p>The following page describes the coding styles adhered to when
-contributing to the development of CodeIgniter. There is no requirement
-to use these styles in your own CodeIgniter application, though they
-are recommended.</p>
-<div class="contents topic" id="table-of-contents">
-<p class="topic-title first">Table of Contents</p>
-<ul class="simple">
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#php-style-guide" id="id1">PHP Style Guide</a><ul>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#file-format" id="id2">File Format</a><ul>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#textmate" id="id3">TextMate</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#bbedit" id="id4">BBEdit</a></li>
-</ul>
-</li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#php-closing-tag" id="id5">PHP Closing Tag</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#file-naming" id="id6">File Naming</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#class-and-method-naming" id="id7">Class and Method Naming</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#variable-names" id="id8">Variable Names</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#commenting" id="id9">Commenting</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#constants" id="id10">Constants</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#true-false-and-null" id="id11">TRUE, FALSE, and NULL</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#logical-operators" id="id12">Logical Operators</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#comparing-return-values-and-typecasting" id="id13">Comparing Return Values and Typecasting</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#debugging-code" id="id14">Debugging Code</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#whitespace-in-files" id="id15">Whitespace in Files</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#compatibility" id="id16">Compatibility</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#one-file-per-class" id="id17">One File per Class</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#whitespace" id="id18">Whitespace</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#line-breaks" id="id19">Line Breaks</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#code-indenting" id="id20">Code Indenting</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#bracket-and-parenthetic-spacing" id="id21">Bracket and Parenthetic Spacing</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#localized-text" id="id22">Localized Text</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#private-methods-and-variables" id="id23">Private Methods and Variables</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#php-errors" id="id24">PHP Errors</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#short-open-tags" id="id25">Short Open Tags</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#one-statement-per-line" id="id26">One Statement Per Line</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#strings" id="id27">Strings</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#sql-queries" id="id28">SQL Queries</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#default-function-arguments" id="id29">Default Function Arguments</a></li>
-</ul>
-</li>
-</ul>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="file-format">
-<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id2">File Format</a><a class="headerlink" href="#file-format" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
-<p>Files should be saved with Unicode (UTF-8) encoding. The BOM should
-<em>not</em> be used. Unlike UTF-16 and UTF-32, there’s no byte order to
-indicate in a UTF-8 encoded file, and the BOM can have a negative side
-effect in PHP of sending output, preventing the application from being
-able to set its own headers. Unix line endings should be used (LF).</p>
-<p>Here is how to apply these settings in some of the more common text
-editors. Instructions for your text editor may vary; check your text
-editor’s documentation.</p>
-<div class="section" id="textmate">
-<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id3">TextMate</a><a class="headerlink" href="#textmate" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
-<ol class="arabic simple">
-<li>Open the Application Preferences</li>
-<li>Click Advanced, and then the “Saving” tab</li>
-<li>In “File Encoding”, select “UTF-8 (recommended)”</li>
-<li>In “Line Endings”, select “LF (recommended)”</li>
-<li><em>Optional:</em> Check “Use for existing files as well” if you wish to
-modify the line endings of files you open to your new preference.</li>
-</ol>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="bbedit">
-<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id4">BBEdit</a><a class="headerlink" href="#bbedit" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
-<ol class="arabic simple">
-<li>Open the Application Preferences</li>
-<li>Select “Text Encodings” on the left.</li>
-<li>In “Default text encoding for new documents”, select “Unicode (UTF-8,
-no BOM)”</li>
-<li><em>Optional:</em> In “If file’s encoding can’t be guessed, use”, select
-“Unicode (UTF-8, no BOM)”</li>
-<li>Select “Text Files” on the left.</li>
-<li>In “Default line breaks”, select “Mac OS X and Unix (LF)”</li>
-</ol>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="php-closing-tag">
-<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id5">PHP Closing Tag</a><a class="headerlink" href="#php-closing-tag" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
-<p>The PHP closing tag on a PHP document <strong>?&gt;</strong> is optional to the PHP
-parser. However, if used, any whitespace following the closing tag,
-whether introduced by the developer, user, or an FTP application, can
-cause unwanted output, PHP errors, or if the latter are suppressed,
-blank pages. For this reason, all PHP files MUST OMIT the PHP closing
-tag and end with a single empty line instead.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="file-naming">
-<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id6">File Naming</a><a class="headerlink" href="#file-naming" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
-<p>Class files must be named in a Ucfirst-like manner, while any other file name
-(configurations, views, generic scripts, etc.) should be in all lowercase.</p>
-<p><strong>INCORRECT</strong>:</p>
-<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">somelibrary</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span>
-<span class="nx">someLibrary</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span>
-<span class="nx">SOMELIBRARY</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span>
-<span class="nx">Some_Library</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span>
-
-<span class="nx">Application_config</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span>
-<span class="nx">Application_Config</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span>
-<span class="nx">applicationConfig</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-<p><strong>CORRECT</strong>:</p>
-<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">Somelibrary</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span>
-<span class="nx">Some_library</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span>
-
-<span class="nx">applicationconfig</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span>
-<span class="nx">application_config</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-<p>Furthermore, class file names should match the name of the class itself.
-For example, if you have a class named <cite>Myclass</cite>, then its filename must
-be <strong>Myclass.php</strong>.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="class-and-method-naming">
-<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id7">Class and Method Naming</a><a class="headerlink" href="#class-and-method-naming" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
-<p>Class names should always start with an uppercase letter. Multiple words
-should be separated with an underscore, and not CamelCased.</p>
-<p><strong>INCORRECT</strong>:</p>
-<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">superclass</span>
-<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">SuperClass</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-<p><strong>CORRECT</strong>:</p>
-<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Super_class</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Super_class</span> <span class="p">{</span>
-
- <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">__construct</span><span class="p">()</span>
- <span class="p">{</span>
-
- <span class="p">}</span>
-<span class="p">}</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-<p>Class methods should be entirely lowercased and named to clearly
-indicate their function, preferably including a verb. Try to avoid
-overly long and verbose names. Multiple words should be separated
-with an underscore.</p>
-<p><strong>INCORRECT</strong>:</p>
-<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">fileproperties</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c1">// not descriptive and needs underscore separator</span>
-<span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">fileProperties</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c1">// not descriptive and uses CamelCase</span>
-<span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">getfileproperties</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c1">// Better! But still missing underscore separator</span>
-<span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">getFileProperties</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c1">// uses CamelCase</span>
-<span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">get_the_file_properties_from_the_file</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c1">// wordy</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-<p><strong>CORRECT</strong>:</p>
-<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">get_file_properties</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c1">// descriptive, underscore separator, and all lowercase letters</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="variable-names">
-<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id8">Variable Names</a><a class="headerlink" href="#variable-names" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
-<p>The guidelines for variable naming are very similar to those used for
-class methods. Variables should contain only lowercase letters,
-use underscore separators, and be reasonably named to indicate their
-purpose and contents. Very short, non-word variables should only be used
-as iterators in for() loops.</p>
-<p><strong>INCORRECT</strong>:</p>
-<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$j</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;foo&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="c1">// single letter variables should only be used in for() loops</span>
-<span class="nv">$Str</span> <span class="c1">// contains uppercase letters</span>
-<span class="nv">$bufferedText</span> <span class="c1">// uses CamelCasing, and could be shortened without losing semantic meaning</span>
-<span class="nv">$groupid</span> <span class="c1">// multiple words, needs underscore separator</span>
-<span class="nv">$name_of_last_city_used</span> <span class="c1">// too long</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-<p><strong>CORRECT</strong>:</p>
-<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">for</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$j</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="nv">$j</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="nv">$j</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="p">)</span>
-<span class="nv">$str</span>
-<span class="nv">$buffer</span>
-<span class="nv">$group_id</span>
-<span class="nv">$last_city</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="commenting">
-<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id9">Commenting</a><a class="headerlink" href="#commenting" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
-<p>In general, code should be commented prolifically. It not only helps
-describe the flow and intent of the code for less experienced
-programmers, but can prove invaluable when returning to your own code
-months down the line. There is not a required format for comments, but
-the following are recommended.</p>
-<p><a class="reference external" href="http://manual.phpdoc.org/HTMLSmartyConverter/HandS/phpDocumentor/tutorial_phpDocumentor.howto.pkg.html#basics.docblock">DocBlock</a>
-style comments preceding class, method, and property declarations so they can be
-picked up by IDEs:</p>
-<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="sd">/**</span>
-<span class="sd"> * Super Class</span>
-<span class="sd"> *</span>
-<span class="sd"> * @package Package Name</span>
-<span class="sd"> * @subpackage Subpackage</span>
-<span class="sd"> * @category Category</span>
-<span class="sd"> * @author Author Name</span>
-<span class="sd"> * @link http://example.com</span>
-<span class="sd"> */</span>
-<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Super_class</span> <span class="p">{</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="sd">/**</span>
-<span class="sd"> * Encodes string for use in XML</span>
-<span class="sd"> *</span>
-<span class="sd"> * @param string $str Input string</span>
-<span class="sd"> * @return string</span>
-<span class="sd"> */</span>
-<span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">xml_encode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$str</span><span class="p">)</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="sd">/**</span>
-<span class="sd"> * Data for class manipulation</span>
-<span class="sd"> *</span>
-<span class="sd"> * @var array</span>
-<span class="sd"> */</span>
-<span class="k">public</span> <span class="nv">$data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">();</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-<p>Use single line comments within code, leaving a blank line between large
-comment blocks and code.</p>
-<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">// break up the string by newlines</span>
-<span class="nv">$parts</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">explode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$str</span><span class="p">);</span>
-
-<span class="c1">// A longer comment that needs to give greater detail on what is</span>
-<span class="c1">// occurring and why can use multiple single-line comments. Try to</span>
-<span class="c1">// keep the width reasonable, around 70 characters is the easiest to</span>
-<span class="c1">// read. Don&#39;t hesitate to link to permanent external resources</span>
-<span class="c1">// that may provide greater detail:</span>
-<span class="c1">//</span>
-<span class="c1">// http://example.com/information_about_something/in_particular/</span>
-
-<span class="nv">$parts</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$parts</span><span class="p">);</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="constants">
-<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id10">Constants</a><a class="headerlink" href="#constants" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
-<p>Constants follow the same guidelines as do variables, except constants
-should always be fully uppercase. <em>Always use CodeIgniter constants when
-appropriate, i.e. SLASH, LD, RD, PATH_CACHE, etc.</em></p>
-<p><strong>INCORRECT</strong>:</p>
-<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">myConstant</span> <span class="c1">// missing underscore separator and not fully uppercase</span>
-<span class="nx">N</span> <span class="c1">// no single-letter constants</span>
-<span class="nx">S_C_VER</span> <span class="c1">// not descriptive</span>
-<span class="nv">$str</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">str_replace</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;{foo}&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;bar&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$str</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// should use LD and RD constants</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-<p><strong>CORRECT</strong>:</p>
-<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">MY_CONSTANT</span>
-<span class="nx">NEWLINE</span>
-<span class="nx">SUPER_CLASS_VERSION</span>
-<span class="nv">$str</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">str_replace</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">LD</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="s1">&#39;foo&#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">RD</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;bar&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$str</span><span class="p">);</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="true-false-and-null">
-<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id11">TRUE, FALSE, and NULL</a><a class="headerlink" href="#true-false-and-null" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
-<p><strong>TRUE</strong>, <strong>FALSE</strong>, and <strong>NULL</strong> keywords should always be fully
-uppercase.</p>
-<p><strong>INCORRECT</strong>:</p>
-<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$foo</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="k">true</span><span class="p">)</span>
-<span class="nv">$bar</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">false</span><span class="p">;</span>
-<span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$bar</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">null</span><span class="p">)</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-<p><strong>CORRECT</strong>:</p>
-<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$foo</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">)</span>
-<span class="nv">$bar</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">;</span>
-<span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$bar</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">NULL</span><span class="p">)</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="logical-operators">
-<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id12">Logical Operators</a><a class="headerlink" href="#logical-operators" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
-<p>Use of the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">||</span></code> “or” comparison operator is discouraged, as its clarity
-on some output devices is low (looking like the number 11, for instance).
-<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&amp;&amp;</span></code> is preferred over <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">AND</span></code> but either are acceptable, and a space should
-always precede and follow <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">!</span></code>.</p>
-<p><strong>INCORRECT</strong>:</p>
-<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$foo</span> <span class="o">||</span> <span class="nv">$bar</span><span class="p">)</span>
-<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$foo</span> <span class="k">AND</span> <span class="nv">$bar</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1">// okay but not recommended for common syntax highlighting applications</span>
-<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="nv">$foo</span><span class="p">)</span>
-<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span> <span class="nb">is_array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$foo</span><span class="p">))</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-<p><strong>CORRECT</strong>:</p>
-<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$foo</span> <span class="k">OR</span> <span class="nv">$bar</span><span class="p">)</span>
-<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$foo</span> <span class="o">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="nv">$bar</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1">// recommended</span>
-<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span> <span class="o">!</span> <span class="nv">$foo</span><span class="p">)</span>
-<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span> <span class="o">!</span> <span class="nb">is_array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$foo</span><span class="p">))</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="comparing-return-values-and-typecasting">
-<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id13">Comparing Return Values and Typecasting</a><a class="headerlink" href="#comparing-return-values-and-typecasting" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
-<p>Some PHP functions return FALSE on failure, but may also have a valid
-return value of “” or 0, which would evaluate to FALSE in loose
-comparisons. Be explicit by comparing the variable type when using these
-return values in conditionals to ensure the return value is indeed what
-you expect, and not a value that has an equivalent loose-type
-evaluation.</p>
-<p>Use the same stringency in returning and checking your own variables.
-Use <strong>===</strong> and <strong>!==</strong> as necessary.</p>
-<p><strong>INCORRECT</strong>:</p>
-<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">// If &#39;foo&#39; is at the beginning of the string, strpos will return a 0,</span>
-<span class="c1">// resulting in this conditional evaluating as TRUE</span>
-<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">strpos</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$str</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;foo&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">)</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-<p><strong>CORRECT</strong>:</p>
-<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">strpos</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$str</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;foo&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">===</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">)</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-<p><strong>INCORRECT</strong>:</p>
-<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">build_string</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$str</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
-<span class="p">{</span>
- <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$str</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s2">&quot;&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1">// uh-oh! What if FALSE or the integer 0 is passed as an argument?</span>
- <span class="p">{</span>
-
- <span class="p">}</span>
-<span class="p">}</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-<p><strong>CORRECT</strong>:</p>
-<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">build_string</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$str</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
-<span class="p">{</span>
- <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$str</span> <span class="o">===</span> <span class="s2">&quot;&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
- <span class="p">{</span>
-
- <span class="p">}</span>
-<span class="p">}</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-<p>See also information regarding <a class="reference external" href="http://php.net/manual/en/language.types.type-juggling.php#language.types.typecasting">typecasting</a>,
-which can be quite useful. Typecasting has a slightly different effect
-which may be desirable. When casting a variable as a string, for
-instance, NULL and boolean FALSE variables become empty strings, 0 (and
-other numbers) become strings of digits, and boolean TRUE becomes “1”:</p>
-<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$str</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">string</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="nv">$str</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="c1">// cast $str as a string</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="debugging-code">
-<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id14">Debugging Code</a><a class="headerlink" href="#debugging-code" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
-<p>Do not leave debugging code in your submissions, even when commented out.
-Things such as <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">var_dump()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">print_r()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">die()</span></code>/<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">exit()</span></code> should not be included
-in your code unless it serves a specific purpose other than debugging.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="whitespace-in-files">
-<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id15">Whitespace in Files</a><a class="headerlink" href="#whitespace-in-files" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
-<p>No whitespace can precede the opening PHP tag or follow the closing PHP
-tag. Output is buffered, so whitespace in your files can cause output to
-begin before CodeIgniter outputs its content, leading to errors and an
-inability for CodeIgniter to send proper headers.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="compatibility">
-<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id16">Compatibility</a><a class="headerlink" href="#compatibility" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
-<p>CodeIgniter recommends PHP 5.6 or newer to be used, but it should be
-compatible with PHP 5.3.7. Your code must either be compatible with this
-requirement, provide a suitable fallback, or be an optional feature that
-dies quietly without affecting a user’s application.</p>
-<p>Additionally, do not use PHP functions that require non-default libraries
-to be installed unless your code contains an alternative method when the
-function is not available.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="one-file-per-class">
-<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id17">One File per Class</a><a class="headerlink" href="#one-file-per-class" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
-<p>Use separate files for each class, unless the classes are <em>closely related</em>.
-An example of a CodeIgniter file that contains multiple classes is the
-Xmlrpc library file.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="whitespace">
-<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id18">Whitespace</a><a class="headerlink" href="#whitespace" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
-<p>Use tabs for whitespace in your code, not spaces. This may seem like a
-small thing, but using tabs instead of whitespace allows the developer
-looking at your code to have indentation at levels that they prefer and
-customize in whatever application they use. And as a side benefit, it
-results in (slightly) more compact files, storing one tab character
-versus, say, four space characters.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="line-breaks">
-<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id19">Line Breaks</a><a class="headerlink" href="#line-breaks" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
-<p>Files must be saved with Unix line breaks. This is more of an issue for
-developers who work in Windows, but in any case ensure that your text
-editor is setup to save files with Unix line breaks.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="code-indenting">
-<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id20">Code Indenting</a><a class="headerlink" href="#code-indenting" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
-<p>Use Allman style indenting. With the exception of Class declarations,
-braces are always placed on a line by themselves, and indented at the
-same level as the control statement that “owns” them.</p>
-<p><strong>INCORRECT</strong>:</p>
-<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$bar</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
- <span class="c1">// ...</span>
-<span class="p">}</span>
-
-<span class="k">foreach</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$arr</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nv">$key</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nv">$val</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
- <span class="c1">// ...</span>
-<span class="p">}</span>
-
-<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$foo</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="nv">$bar</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
- <span class="c1">// ...</span>
-<span class="p">}</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="p">{</span>
- <span class="c1">// ...</span>
-<span class="p">}</span>
-
-<span class="k">for</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$i</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="nv">$i</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="nv">$i</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="p">)</span>
- <span class="p">{</span>
- <span class="k">for</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$j</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="nv">$j</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="nv">$j</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="p">)</span>
- <span class="p">{</span>
- <span class="c1">// ...</span>
- <span class="p">}</span>
- <span class="p">}</span>
-
-<span class="k">try</span> <span class="p">{</span>
- <span class="c1">// ...</span>
-<span class="p">}</span>
-<span class="k">catch</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
- <span class="c1">// ...</span>
-<span class="p">}</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-<p><strong>CORRECT</strong>:</p>
-<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$bar</span><span class="p">)</span>
-<span class="p">{</span>
- <span class="c1">// ...</span>
-<span class="p">}</span>
-
-<span class="k">foreach</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$arr</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nv">$key</span> <span class="o">=&gt;</span> <span class="nv">$val</span><span class="p">)</span>
-<span class="p">{</span>
- <span class="c1">// ...</span>
-<span class="p">}</span>
-
-<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$foo</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="nv">$bar</span><span class="p">)</span>
-<span class="p">{</span>
- <span class="c1">// ...</span>
-<span class="p">}</span>
-<span class="k">else</span>
-<span class="p">{</span>
- <span class="c1">// ...</span>
-<span class="p">}</span>
-
-<span class="k">for</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$i</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="nv">$i</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="nv">$i</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="p">)</span>
-<span class="p">{</span>
- <span class="k">for</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$j</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="nv">$j</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="nv">$j</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="p">)</span>
- <span class="p">{</span>
- <span class="c1">// ...</span>
- <span class="p">}</span>
-<span class="p">}</span>
-
-<span class="k">try</span>
-<span class="p">{</span>
- <span class="c1">// ...</span>
-<span class="p">}</span>
-<span class="k">catch</span><span class="p">()</span>
-<span class="p">{</span>
- <span class="c1">// ...</span>
-<span class="p">}</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="bracket-and-parenthetic-spacing">
-<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id21">Bracket and Parenthetic Spacing</a><a class="headerlink" href="#bracket-and-parenthetic-spacing" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
-<p>In general, parenthesis and brackets should not use any additional
-spaces. The exception is that a space should always follow PHP control
-structures that accept arguments with parenthesis (declare, do-while,
-elseif, for, foreach, if, switch, while), to help distinguish them from
-functions and increase readability.</p>
-<p><strong>INCORRECT</strong>:</p>
-<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$arr</span><span class="p">[</span> <span class="nv">$foo</span> <span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;foo&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-<p><strong>CORRECT</strong>:</p>
-<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$arr</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nv">$foo</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;foo&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="c1">// no spaces around array keys</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-<p><strong>INCORRECT</strong>:</p>
-<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">foo</span> <span class="p">(</span> <span class="nv">$bar</span> <span class="p">)</span>
-<span class="p">{</span>
-
-<span class="p">}</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-<p><strong>CORRECT</strong>:</p>
-<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$bar</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1">// no spaces around parenthesis in function declarations</span>
-<span class="p">{</span>
-
-<span class="p">}</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-<p><strong>INCORRECT</strong>:</p>
-<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">foreach</span><span class="p">(</span> <span class="nv">$query</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">result</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nv">$row</span> <span class="p">)</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-<p><strong>CORRECT</strong>:</p>
-<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">foreach</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$query</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">result</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nv">$row</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1">// single space following PHP control structures, but not in interior parenthesis</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="localized-text">
-<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id22">Localized Text</a><a class="headerlink" href="#localized-text" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
-<p>CodeIgniter libraries should take advantage of corresponding language files
-whenever possible.</p>
-<p><strong>INCORRECT</strong>:</p>
-<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">return</span> <span class="s2">&quot;Invalid Selection&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-<p><strong>CORRECT</strong>:</p>
-<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">return</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">lang</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">line</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;invalid_selection&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="private-methods-and-variables">
-<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id23">Private Methods and Variables</a><a class="headerlink" href="#private-methods-and-variables" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
-<p>Methods and variables that are only accessed internally,
-such as utility and helper functions that your public methods use for
-code abstraction, should be prefixed with an underscore.</p>
-<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">convert_text</span><span class="p">()</span>
-<span class="k">private</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">_convert_text</span><span class="p">()</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="php-errors">
-<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id24">PHP Errors</a><a class="headerlink" href="#php-errors" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
-<p>Code must run error free and not rely on warnings and notices to be
-hidden to meet this requirement. For instance, never access a variable
-that you did not set yourself (such as <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_POST</span></code> array keys) without first
-checking to see that it <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">isset()</span></code>.</p>
-<p>Make sure that your dev environment has error reporting enabled
-for ALL users, and that display_errors is enabled in the PHP
-environment. You can check this setting with:</p>
-<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">ini_get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;display_errors&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
-<span class="p">{</span>
- <span class="k">exit</span> <span class="s2">&quot;Enabled&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
-<span class="p">}</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-<p>On some servers where <em>display_errors</em> is disabled, and you do not have
-the ability to change this in the php.ini, you can often enable it with:</p>
-<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nb">ini_set</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;display_errors&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">);</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-<div class="admonition note">
-<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
-<p class="last">Setting the <a class="reference external" href="http://php.net/manual/en/errorfunc.configuration.php#ini.display-errors">display_errors</a>
-setting with <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ini_set()</span></code> at runtime is not identical to having
-it enabled in the PHP environment. Namely, it will not have any
-effect if the script has fatal errors.</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="short-open-tags">
-<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id25">Short Open Tags</a><a class="headerlink" href="#short-open-tags" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
-<p>Always use full PHP opening tags, in case a server does not have
-<em>short_open_tag</em> enabled.</p>
-<p><strong>INCORRECT</strong>:</p>
-<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$foo</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
-
-<span class="cp">&lt;?</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nv">$foo</span><span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-<p><strong>CORRECT</strong>:</p>
-<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">&lt;?</span><span class="nx">php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$foo</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="cp">?&gt;</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-<div class="admonition note">
-<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
-<p class="last">PHP 5.4 will always have the <strong>&lt;?=</strong> tag available.</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="one-statement-per-line">
-<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id26">One Statement Per Line</a><a class="headerlink" href="#one-statement-per-line" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
-<p>Never combine statements on one line.</p>
-<p><strong>INCORRECT</strong>:</p>
-<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$foo</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;this&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="nv">$bar</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;that&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="nv">$bat</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">str_replace</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$foo</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$bar</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$bag</span><span class="p">);</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-<p><strong>CORRECT</strong>:</p>
-<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$foo</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;this&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
-<span class="nv">$bar</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;that&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
-<span class="nv">$bat</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">str_replace</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$foo</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$bar</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$bag</span><span class="p">);</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="strings">
-<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id27">Strings</a><a class="headerlink" href="#strings" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
-<p>Always use single quoted strings unless you need variables parsed, and
-in cases where you do need variables parsed, use braces to prevent
-greedy token parsing. You may also use double-quoted strings if the
-string contains single quotes, so you do not have to use escape
-characters.</p>
-<p><strong>INCORRECT</strong>:</p>
-<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="s2">&quot;My String&quot;</span> <span class="c1">// no variable parsing, so no use for double quotes</span>
-<span class="s2">&quot;My string </span><span class="si">$foo</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span> <span class="c1">// needs braces</span>
-<span class="s1">&#39;SELECT foo FROM bar WHERE baz = \&#39;bag\&#39;&#39;</span> <span class="c1">// ugly</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-<p><strong>CORRECT</strong>:</p>
-<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="s1">&#39;My String&#39;</span>
-<span class="s2">&quot;My string </span><span class="si">{</span><span class="nv">$foo</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span>
-<span class="s2">&quot;SELECT foo FROM bar WHERE baz = &#39;bag&#39;&quot;</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="sql-queries">
-<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id28">SQL Queries</a><a class="headerlink" href="#sql-queries" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
-<p>SQL keywords are always capitalized: SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, WHERE,
-AS, JOIN, ON, IN, etc.</p>
-<p>Break up long queries into multiple lines for legibility, preferably
-breaking for each clause.</p>
-<p><strong>INCORRECT</strong>:</p>
-<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">// keywords are lowercase and query is too long for</span>
-<span class="c1">// a single line (... indicates continuation of line)</span>
-<span class="nv">$query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;select foo, bar, baz, foofoo, foobar as raboof, foobaz from exp_pre_email_addresses</span>
-<span class="s2">...where foo != &#39;oof&#39; and baz != &#39;zab&#39; order by foobaz limit 5, 100&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-<p><strong>CORRECT</strong>:</p>
-<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;SELECT foo, bar, baz, foofoo, foobar AS raboof, foobaz</span>
-<span class="s2"> FROM exp_pre_email_addresses</span>
-<span class="s2"> WHERE foo != &#39;oof&#39;</span>
-<span class="s2"> AND baz != &#39;zab&#39;</span>
-<span class="s2"> ORDER BY foobaz</span>
-<span class="s2"> LIMIT 5, 100&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="default-function-arguments">
-<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id29">Default Function Arguments</a><a class="headerlink" href="#default-function-arguments" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
-<p>Whenever appropriate, provide function argument defaults, which helps
-prevent PHP errors with mistaken calls and provides common fallback
-values which can save a few lines of code. Example:</p>
-<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$bar</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$baz</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">)</span>
-</pre></div>
-</div>
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