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diff --git a/user_guide/general/styleguide.html b/user_guide/general/styleguide.html deleted file mode 100644 index 8defc420b..000000000 --- a/user_guide/general/styleguide.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1128 +0,0 @@ - - -<!DOCTYPE html> -<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]--> -<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js" lang="en" > <!--<![endif]--> -<head> - <meta charset="utf-8"> - <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> - - <title>PHP Style Guide — CodeIgniter 3.1.11 documentation</title> - - - - - <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/> - - - - <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic|Roboto+Slab:400,700|Inconsolata:400,700&subset=latin,cyrillic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'> - - - - - - - - - - <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/css/citheme.css" type="text/css" /> - - - - <link rel="index" title="Index" - href="../genindex.html"/> - <link rel="search" 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Helper</a></li> -<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li> -<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li> -</ul> -</li> -</ul> - - - - </div> - - </nav> - - <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap"> - - - <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation"> - <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i> - <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a> - </nav> - - - - <div class="wy-nav-content"> - <div class="rst-content"> - <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation"> - <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs"> - <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> »</li> - - <li><a href="index.html">General Topics</a> »</li> - - <li>PHP Style Guide</li> - <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside"> - - </li> - <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe"> - <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" /> - </div> - </ul> - <hr/> -</div> - <div role="main" class="document"> - - <div class="section" id="php-style-guide"> -<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id1">PHP Style Guide</a><a class="headerlink" href="#php-style-guide" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> -<p>The following page describes the coding styles adhered to when -contributing to the development of CodeIgniter. There is no requirement -to use these styles in your own CodeIgniter application, though they -are recommended.</p> -<div class="contents topic" id="table-of-contents"> -<p class="topic-title first">Table of Contents</p> -<ul class="simple"> -<li><a class="reference internal" href="#php-style-guide" id="id1">PHP Style Guide</a><ul> -<li><a class="reference internal" href="#file-format" id="id2">File Format</a><ul> -<li><a class="reference internal" href="#textmate" id="id3">TextMate</a></li> -<li><a class="reference internal" href="#bbedit" id="id4">BBEdit</a></li> -</ul> -</li> -<li><a class="reference internal" href="#php-closing-tag" id="id5">PHP Closing Tag</a></li> -<li><a class="reference internal" href="#file-naming" id="id6">File Naming</a></li> -<li><a class="reference internal" href="#class-and-method-naming" id="id7">Class and Method Naming</a></li> -<li><a class="reference internal" href="#variable-names" id="id8">Variable Names</a></li> -<li><a class="reference internal" href="#commenting" id="id9">Commenting</a></li> -<li><a class="reference internal" href="#constants" id="id10">Constants</a></li> -<li><a class="reference internal" href="#true-false-and-null" id="id11">TRUE, FALSE, and NULL</a></li> -<li><a class="reference internal" href="#logical-operators" id="id12">Logical Operators</a></li> -<li><a class="reference internal" href="#comparing-return-values-and-typecasting" id="id13">Comparing Return Values and Typecasting</a></li> -<li><a class="reference internal" href="#debugging-code" id="id14">Debugging Code</a></li> -<li><a class="reference internal" href="#whitespace-in-files" id="id15">Whitespace in Files</a></li> -<li><a class="reference internal" href="#compatibility" id="id16">Compatibility</a></li> -<li><a class="reference internal" href="#one-file-per-class" id="id17">One File per Class</a></li> -<li><a class="reference internal" href="#whitespace" id="id18">Whitespace</a></li> -<li><a class="reference internal" href="#line-breaks" id="id19">Line Breaks</a></li> -<li><a class="reference internal" href="#code-indenting" id="id20">Code Indenting</a></li> -<li><a class="reference internal" href="#bracket-and-parenthetic-spacing" id="id21">Bracket and Parenthetic Spacing</a></li> -<li><a class="reference internal" href="#localized-text" id="id22">Localized Text</a></li> -<li><a class="reference internal" href="#private-methods-and-variables" id="id23">Private Methods and Variables</a></li> -<li><a class="reference internal" href="#php-errors" id="id24">PHP Errors</a></li> -<li><a class="reference internal" href="#short-open-tags" id="id25">Short Open Tags</a></li> -<li><a class="reference internal" href="#one-statement-per-line" id="id26">One Statement Per Line</a></li> -<li><a class="reference internal" href="#strings" id="id27">Strings</a></li> -<li><a class="reference internal" href="#sql-queries" id="id28">SQL Queries</a></li> -<li><a class="reference internal" href="#default-function-arguments" id="id29">Default Function Arguments</a></li> -</ul> -</li> -</ul> -</div> -<div class="section" id="file-format"> -<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id2">File Format</a><a class="headerlink" href="#file-format" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> -<p>Files should be saved with Unicode (UTF-8) encoding. The BOM should -<em>not</em> be used. Unlike UTF-16 and UTF-32, there’s no byte order to -indicate in a UTF-8 encoded file, and the BOM can have a negative side -effect in PHP of sending output, preventing the application from being -able to set its own headers. Unix line endings should be used (LF).</p> -<p>Here is how to apply these settings in some of the more common text -editors. Instructions for your text editor may vary; check your text -editor’s documentation.</p> -<div class="section" id="textmate"> -<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id3">TextMate</a><a class="headerlink" href="#textmate" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> -<ol class="arabic simple"> -<li>Open the Application Preferences</li> -<li>Click Advanced, and then the “Saving” tab</li> -<li>In “File Encoding”, select “UTF-8 (recommended)”</li> -<li>In “Line Endings”, select “LF (recommended)”</li> -<li><em>Optional:</em> Check “Use for existing files as well” if you wish to -modify the line endings of files you open to your new preference.</li> -</ol> -</div> -<div class="section" id="bbedit"> -<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id4">BBEdit</a><a class="headerlink" href="#bbedit" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> -<ol class="arabic simple"> -<li>Open the Application Preferences</li> -<li>Select “Text Encodings” on the left.</li> -<li>In “Default text encoding for new documents”, select “Unicode (UTF-8, -no BOM)”</li> -<li><em>Optional:</em> In “If file’s encoding can’t be guessed, use”, select -“Unicode (UTF-8, no BOM)”</li> -<li>Select “Text Files” on the left.</li> -<li>In “Default line breaks”, select “Mac OS X and Unix (LF)”</li> -</ol> -</div> -</div> -<div class="section" id="php-closing-tag"> -<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id5">PHP Closing Tag</a><a class="headerlink" href="#php-closing-tag" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> -<p>The PHP closing tag on a PHP document <strong>?></strong> is optional to the PHP -parser. However, if used, any whitespace following the closing tag, -whether introduced by the developer, user, or an FTP application, can -cause unwanted output, PHP errors, or if the latter are suppressed, -blank pages. For this reason, all PHP files MUST OMIT the PHP closing -tag and end with a single empty line instead.</p> -</div> -<div class="section" id="file-naming"> -<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id6">File Naming</a><a class="headerlink" href="#file-naming" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> -<p>Class files must be named in a Ucfirst-like manner, while any other file name -(configurations, views, generic scripts, etc.) should be in all lowercase.</p> -<p><strong>INCORRECT</strong>:</p> -<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">somelibrary</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span> -<span class="nx">someLibrary</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span> -<span class="nx">SOMELIBRARY</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span> -<span class="nx">Some_Library</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span> - -<span class="nx">Application_config</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span> -<span class="nx">Application_Config</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span> -<span class="nx">applicationConfig</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span> -</pre></div> -</div> -<p><strong>CORRECT</strong>:</p> -<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">Somelibrary</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span> -<span class="nx">Some_library</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span> - -<span class="nx">applicationconfig</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span> -<span class="nx">application_config</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">php</span> -</pre></div> -</div> -<p>Furthermore, class file names should match the name of the class itself. -For example, if you have a class named <cite>Myclass</cite>, then its filename must -be <strong>Myclass.php</strong>.</p> -</div> -<div class="section" id="class-and-method-naming"> -<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id7">Class and Method Naming</a><a class="headerlink" href="#class-and-method-naming" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> -<p>Class names should always start with an uppercase letter. Multiple words -should be separated with an underscore, and not CamelCased.</p> -<p><strong>INCORRECT</strong>:</p> -<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">superclass</span> -<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">SuperClass</span> -</pre></div> -</div> -<p><strong>CORRECT</strong>:</p> -<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Super_class</span> -</pre></div> -</div> -<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Super_class</span> <span class="p">{</span> - - <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">__construct</span><span class="p">()</span> - <span class="p">{</span> - - <span class="p">}</span> -<span class="p">}</span> -</pre></div> -</div> -<p>Class methods should be entirely lowercased and named to clearly -indicate their function, preferably including a verb. Try to avoid -overly long and verbose names. Multiple words should be separated -with an underscore.</p> -<p><strong>INCORRECT</strong>:</p> -<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">fileproperties</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c1">// not descriptive and needs underscore separator</span> -<span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">fileProperties</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c1">// not descriptive and uses CamelCase</span> -<span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">getfileproperties</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c1">// Better! But still missing underscore separator</span> -<span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">getFileProperties</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c1">// uses CamelCase</span> -<span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">get_the_file_properties_from_the_file</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c1">// wordy</span> -</pre></div> -</div> -<p><strong>CORRECT</strong>:</p> -<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">get_file_properties</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c1">// descriptive, underscore separator, and all lowercase letters</span> -</pre></div> -</div> -</div> -<div class="section" id="variable-names"> -<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id8">Variable Names</a><a class="headerlink" href="#variable-names" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> -<p>The guidelines for variable naming are very similar to those used for -class methods. Variables should contain only lowercase letters, -use underscore separators, and be reasonably named to indicate their -purpose and contents. Very short, non-word variables should only be used -as iterators in for() loops.</p> -<p><strong>INCORRECT</strong>:</p> -<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$j</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'foo'</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="c1">// single letter variables should only be used in for() loops</span> -<span class="nv">$Str</span> <span class="c1">// contains uppercase letters</span> -<span class="nv">$bufferedText</span> <span class="c1">// uses CamelCasing, and could be shortened without losing semantic meaning</span> -<span class="nv">$groupid</span> <span class="c1">// multiple words, needs underscore separator</span> -<span class="nv">$name_of_last_city_used</span> <span class="c1">// too long</span> -</pre></div> -</div> -<p><strong>CORRECT</strong>:</p> -<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">for</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$j</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="nv">$j</span> <span class="o"><</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="nv">$j</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="p">)</span> -<span class="nv">$str</span> -<span class="nv">$buffer</span> -<span class="nv">$group_id</span> -<span class="nv">$last_city</span> -</pre></div> -</div> -</div> -<div class="section" id="commenting"> -<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id9">Commenting</a><a class="headerlink" href="#commenting" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> -<p>In general, code should be commented prolifically. It not only helps -describe the flow and intent of the code for less experienced -programmers, but can prove invaluable when returning to your own code -months down the line. There is not a required format for comments, but -the following are recommended.</p> -<p><a class="reference external" href="http://manual.phpdoc.org/HTMLSmartyConverter/HandS/phpDocumentor/tutorial_phpDocumentor.howto.pkg.html#basics.docblock">DocBlock</a> -style comments preceding class, method, and property declarations so they can be -picked up by IDEs:</p> -<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="sd">/**</span> -<span class="sd"> * Super Class</span> -<span class="sd"> *</span> -<span class="sd"> * @package Package Name</span> -<span class="sd"> * @subpackage Subpackage</span> -<span class="sd"> * @category Category</span> -<span class="sd"> * @author Author Name</span> -<span class="sd"> * @link http://example.com</span> -<span class="sd"> */</span> -<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Super_class</span> <span class="p">{</span> -</pre></div> -</div> -<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="sd">/**</span> -<span class="sd"> * Encodes string for use in XML</span> -<span class="sd"> *</span> -<span class="sd"> * @param string $str Input string</span> -<span class="sd"> * @return string</span> -<span class="sd"> */</span> -<span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">xml_encode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$str</span><span class="p">)</span> -</pre></div> -</div> -<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="sd">/**</span> -<span class="sd"> * Data for class manipulation</span> -<span class="sd"> *</span> -<span class="sd"> * @var array</span> -<span class="sd"> */</span> -<span class="k">public</span> <span class="nv">$data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">array</span><span class="p">();</span> -</pre></div> -</div> -<p>Use single line comments within code, leaving a blank line between large -comment blocks and code.</p> -<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">// break up the string by newlines</span> -<span class="nv">$parts</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">explode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s2">"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$str</span><span class="p">);</span> - -<span class="c1">// A longer comment that needs to give greater detail on what is</span> -<span class="c1">// occurring and why can use multiple single-line comments. Try to</span> -<span class="c1">// keep the width reasonable, around 70 characters is the easiest to</span> -<span class="c1">// read. Don't hesitate to link to permanent external resources</span> -<span class="c1">// that may provide greater detail:</span> -<span class="c1">//</span> -<span class="c1">// http://example.com/information_about_something/in_particular/</span> - -<span class="nv">$parts</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$parts</span><span class="p">);</span> -</pre></div> -</div> -</div> -<div class="section" id="constants"> -<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id10">Constants</a><a class="headerlink" href="#constants" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> -<p>Constants follow the same guidelines as do variables, except constants -should always be fully uppercase. <em>Always use CodeIgniter constants when -appropriate, i.e. SLASH, LD, RD, PATH_CACHE, etc.</em></p> -<p><strong>INCORRECT</strong>:</p> -<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">myConstant</span> <span class="c1">// missing underscore separator and not fully uppercase</span> -<span class="nx">N</span> <span class="c1">// no single-letter constants</span> -<span class="nx">S_C_VER</span> <span class="c1">// not descriptive</span> -<span class="nv">$str</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">str_replace</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'{foo}'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'bar'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$str</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// should use LD and RD constants</span> -</pre></div> -</div> -<p><strong>CORRECT</strong>:</p> -<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">MY_CONSTANT</span> -<span class="nx">NEWLINE</span> -<span class="nx">SUPER_CLASS_VERSION</span> -<span class="nv">$str</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">str_replace</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">LD</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="s1">'foo'</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nx">RD</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'bar'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$str</span><span class="p">);</span> -</pre></div> -</div> -</div> -<div class="section" id="true-false-and-null"> -<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id11">TRUE, FALSE, and NULL</a><a class="headerlink" href="#true-false-and-null" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> -<p><strong>TRUE</strong>, <strong>FALSE</strong>, and <strong>NULL</strong> keywords should always be fully -uppercase.</p> -<p><strong>INCORRECT</strong>:</p> -<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$foo</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="k">true</span><span class="p">)</span> -<span class="nv">$bar</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">false</span><span class="p">;</span> -<span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$bar</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">null</span><span class="p">)</span> -</pre></div> -</div> -<p><strong>CORRECT</strong>:</p> -<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$foo</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="k">TRUE</span><span class="p">)</span> -<span class="nv">$bar</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">;</span> -<span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$bar</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">NULL</span><span class="p">)</span> -</pre></div> -</div> -</div> -<div class="section" id="logical-operators"> -<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id12">Logical Operators</a><a class="headerlink" href="#logical-operators" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> -<p>Use of the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">||</span></code> “or” comparison operator is discouraged, as its clarity -on some output devices is low (looking like the number 11, for instance). -<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&&</span></code> is preferred over <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">AND</span></code> but either are acceptable, and a space should -always precede and follow <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">!</span></code>.</p> -<p><strong>INCORRECT</strong>:</p> -<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$foo</span> <span class="o">||</span> <span class="nv">$bar</span><span class="p">)</span> -<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$foo</span> <span class="k">AND</span> <span class="nv">$bar</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1">// okay but not recommended for common syntax highlighting applications</span> -<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="nv">$foo</span><span class="p">)</span> -<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span> <span class="nb">is_array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$foo</span><span class="p">))</span> -</pre></div> -</div> -<p><strong>CORRECT</strong>:</p> -<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$foo</span> <span class="k">OR</span> <span class="nv">$bar</span><span class="p">)</span> -<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$foo</span> <span class="o">&&</span> <span class="nv">$bar</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1">// recommended</span> -<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span> <span class="o">!</span> <span class="nv">$foo</span><span class="p">)</span> -<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span> <span class="o">!</span> <span class="nb">is_array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$foo</span><span class="p">))</span> -</pre></div> -</div> -</div> -<div class="section" id="comparing-return-values-and-typecasting"> -<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id13">Comparing Return Values and Typecasting</a><a class="headerlink" href="#comparing-return-values-and-typecasting" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> -<p>Some PHP functions return FALSE on failure, but may also have a valid -return value of “” or 0, which would evaluate to FALSE in loose -comparisons. Be explicit by comparing the variable type when using these -return values in conditionals to ensure the return value is indeed what -you expect, and not a value that has an equivalent loose-type -evaluation.</p> -<p>Use the same stringency in returning and checking your own variables. -Use <strong>===</strong> and <strong>!==</strong> as necessary.</p> -<p><strong>INCORRECT</strong>:</p> -<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">// If 'foo' is at the beginning of the string, strpos will return a 0,</span> -<span class="c1">// resulting in this conditional evaluating as TRUE</span> -<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">strpos</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$str</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'foo'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">)</span> -</pre></div> -</div> -<p><strong>CORRECT</strong>:</p> -<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">strpos</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$str</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'foo'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">===</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">)</span> -</pre></div> -</div> -<p><strong>INCORRECT</strong>:</p> -<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">build_string</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$str</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">""</span><span class="p">)</span> -<span class="p">{</span> - <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$str</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s2">""</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1">// uh-oh! What if FALSE or the integer 0 is passed as an argument?</span> - <span class="p">{</span> - - <span class="p">}</span> -<span class="p">}</span> -</pre></div> -</div> -<p><strong>CORRECT</strong>:</p> -<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">build_string</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$str</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">""</span><span class="p">)</span> -<span class="p">{</span> - <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$str</span> <span class="o">===</span> <span class="s2">""</span><span class="p">)</span> - <span class="p">{</span> - - <span class="p">}</span> -<span class="p">}</span> -</pre></div> -</div> -<p>See also information regarding <a class="reference external" href="http://php.net/manual/en/language.types.type-juggling.php#language.types.typecasting">typecasting</a>, -which can be quite useful. Typecasting has a slightly different effect -which may be desirable. When casting a variable as a string, for -instance, NULL and boolean FALSE variables become empty strings, 0 (and -other numbers) become strings of digits, and boolean TRUE becomes “1”:</p> -<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$str</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">string</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="nv">$str</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="c1">// cast $str as a string</span> -</pre></div> -</div> -</div> -<div class="section" id="debugging-code"> -<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id14">Debugging Code</a><a class="headerlink" href="#debugging-code" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> -<p>Do not leave debugging code in your submissions, even when commented out. -Things such as <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">var_dump()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">print_r()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">die()</span></code>/<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">exit()</span></code> should not be included -in your code unless it serves a specific purpose other than debugging.</p> -</div> -<div class="section" id="whitespace-in-files"> -<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id15">Whitespace in Files</a><a class="headerlink" href="#whitespace-in-files" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> -<p>No whitespace can precede the opening PHP tag or follow the closing PHP -tag. Output is buffered, so whitespace in your files can cause output to -begin before CodeIgniter outputs its content, leading to errors and an -inability for CodeIgniter to send proper headers.</p> -</div> -<div class="section" id="compatibility"> -<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id16">Compatibility</a><a class="headerlink" href="#compatibility" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> -<p>CodeIgniter recommends PHP 5.6 or newer to be used, but it should be -compatible with PHP 5.3.7. Your code must either be compatible with this -requirement, provide a suitable fallback, or be an optional feature that -dies quietly without affecting a user’s application.</p> -<p>Additionally, do not use PHP functions that require non-default libraries -to be installed unless your code contains an alternative method when the -function is not available.</p> -</div> -<div class="section" id="one-file-per-class"> -<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id17">One File per Class</a><a class="headerlink" href="#one-file-per-class" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> -<p>Use separate files for each class, unless the classes are <em>closely related</em>. -An example of a CodeIgniter file that contains multiple classes is the -Xmlrpc library file.</p> -</div> -<div class="section" id="whitespace"> -<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id18">Whitespace</a><a class="headerlink" href="#whitespace" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> -<p>Use tabs for whitespace in your code, not spaces. This may seem like a -small thing, but using tabs instead of whitespace allows the developer -looking at your code to have indentation at levels that they prefer and -customize in whatever application they use. And as a side benefit, it -results in (slightly) more compact files, storing one tab character -versus, say, four space characters.</p> -</div> -<div class="section" id="line-breaks"> -<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id19">Line Breaks</a><a class="headerlink" href="#line-breaks" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> -<p>Files must be saved with Unix line breaks. This is more of an issue for -developers who work in Windows, but in any case ensure that your text -editor is setup to save files with Unix line breaks.</p> -</div> -<div class="section" id="code-indenting"> -<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id20">Code Indenting</a><a class="headerlink" href="#code-indenting" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> -<p>Use Allman style indenting. With the exception of Class declarations, -braces are always placed on a line by themselves, and indented at the -same level as the control statement that “owns” them.</p> -<p><strong>INCORRECT</strong>:</p> -<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$bar</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> - <span class="c1">// ...</span> -<span class="p">}</span> - -<span class="k">foreach</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$arr</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nv">$key</span> <span class="o">=></span> <span class="nv">$val</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> - <span class="c1">// ...</span> -<span class="p">}</span> - -<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$foo</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="nv">$bar</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> - <span class="c1">// ...</span> -<span class="p">}</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="p">{</span> - <span class="c1">// ...</span> -<span class="p">}</span> - -<span class="k">for</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$i</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="nv">$i</span> <span class="o"><</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="nv">$i</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="p">)</span> - <span class="p">{</span> - <span class="k">for</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$j</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="nv">$j</span> <span class="o"><</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="nv">$j</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="p">)</span> - <span class="p">{</span> - <span class="c1">// ...</span> - <span class="p">}</span> - <span class="p">}</span> - -<span class="k">try</span> <span class="p">{</span> - <span class="c1">// ...</span> -<span class="p">}</span> -<span class="k">catch</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span> - <span class="c1">// ...</span> -<span class="p">}</span> -</pre></div> -</div> -<p><strong>CORRECT</strong>:</p> -<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$bar</span><span class="p">)</span> -<span class="p">{</span> - <span class="c1">// ...</span> -<span class="p">}</span> - -<span class="k">foreach</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$arr</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nv">$key</span> <span class="o">=></span> <span class="nv">$val</span><span class="p">)</span> -<span class="p">{</span> - <span class="c1">// ...</span> -<span class="p">}</span> - -<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$foo</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="nv">$bar</span><span class="p">)</span> -<span class="p">{</span> - <span class="c1">// ...</span> -<span class="p">}</span> -<span class="k">else</span> -<span class="p">{</span> - <span class="c1">// ...</span> -<span class="p">}</span> - -<span class="k">for</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$i</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="nv">$i</span> <span class="o"><</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="nv">$i</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="p">)</span> -<span class="p">{</span> - <span class="k">for</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$j</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="nv">$j</span> <span class="o"><</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="nv">$j</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="p">)</span> - <span class="p">{</span> - <span class="c1">// ...</span> - <span class="p">}</span> -<span class="p">}</span> - -<span class="k">try</span> -<span class="p">{</span> - <span class="c1">// ...</span> -<span class="p">}</span> -<span class="k">catch</span><span class="p">()</span> -<span class="p">{</span> - <span class="c1">// ...</span> -<span class="p">}</span> -</pre></div> -</div> -</div> -<div class="section" id="bracket-and-parenthetic-spacing"> -<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id21">Bracket and Parenthetic Spacing</a><a class="headerlink" href="#bracket-and-parenthetic-spacing" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> -<p>In general, parenthesis and brackets should not use any additional -spaces. The exception is that a space should always follow PHP control -structures that accept arguments with parenthesis (declare, do-while, -elseif, for, foreach, if, switch, while), to help distinguish them from -functions and increase readability.</p> -<p><strong>INCORRECT</strong>:</p> -<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$arr</span><span class="p">[</span> <span class="nv">$foo</span> <span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'foo'</span><span class="p">;</span> -</pre></div> -</div> -<p><strong>CORRECT</strong>:</p> -<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$arr</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nv">$foo</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'foo'</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="c1">// no spaces around array keys</span> -</pre></div> -</div> -<p><strong>INCORRECT</strong>:</p> -<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">foo</span> <span class="p">(</span> <span class="nv">$bar</span> <span class="p">)</span> -<span class="p">{</span> - -<span class="p">}</span> -</pre></div> -</div> -<p><strong>CORRECT</strong>:</p> -<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$bar</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1">// no spaces around parenthesis in function declarations</span> -<span class="p">{</span> - -<span class="p">}</span> -</pre></div> -</div> -<p><strong>INCORRECT</strong>:</p> -<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">foreach</span><span class="p">(</span> <span class="nv">$query</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">result</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nv">$row</span> <span class="p">)</span> -</pre></div> -</div> -<p><strong>CORRECT</strong>:</p> -<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">foreach</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$query</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">result</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nv">$row</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1">// single space following PHP control structures, but not in interior parenthesis</span> -</pre></div> -</div> -</div> -<div class="section" id="localized-text"> -<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id22">Localized Text</a><a class="headerlink" href="#localized-text" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> -<p>CodeIgniter libraries should take advantage of corresponding language files -whenever possible.</p> -<p><strong>INCORRECT</strong>:</p> -<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">return</span> <span class="s2">"Invalid Selection"</span><span class="p">;</span> -</pre></div> -</div> -<p><strong>CORRECT</strong>:</p> -<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">return</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">lang</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">line</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'invalid_selection'</span><span class="p">);</span> -</pre></div> -</div> -</div> -<div class="section" id="private-methods-and-variables"> -<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id23">Private Methods and Variables</a><a class="headerlink" href="#private-methods-and-variables" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> -<p>Methods and variables that are only accessed internally, -such as utility and helper functions that your public methods use for -code abstraction, should be prefixed with an underscore.</p> -<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">convert_text</span><span class="p">()</span> -<span class="k">private</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">_convert_text</span><span class="p">()</span> -</pre></div> -</div> -</div> -<div class="section" id="php-errors"> -<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id24">PHP Errors</a><a class="headerlink" href="#php-errors" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> -<p>Code must run error free and not rely on warnings and notices to be -hidden to meet this requirement. For instance, never access a variable -that you did not set yourself (such as <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_POST</span></code> array keys) without first -checking to see that it <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">isset()</span></code>.</p> -<p>Make sure that your dev environment has error reporting enabled -for ALL users, and that display_errors is enabled in the PHP -environment. You can check this setting with:</p> -<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">ini_get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'display_errors'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span> -<span class="p">{</span> - <span class="k">exit</span> <span class="s2">"Enabled"</span><span class="p">;</span> -<span class="p">}</span> -</pre></div> -</div> -<p>On some servers where <em>display_errors</em> is disabled, and you do not have -the ability to change this in the php.ini, you can often enable it with:</p> -<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nb">ini_set</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'display_errors'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">);</span> -</pre></div> -</div> -<div class="admonition note"> -<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> -<p class="last">Setting the <a class="reference external" href="http://php.net/manual/en/errorfunc.configuration.php#ini.display-errors">display_errors</a> -setting with <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ini_set()</span></code> at runtime is not identical to having -it enabled in the PHP environment. Namely, it will not have any -effect if the script has fatal errors.</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="section" id="short-open-tags"> -<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id25">Short Open Tags</a><a class="headerlink" href="#short-open-tags" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> -<p>Always use full PHP opening tags, in case a server does not have -<em>short_open_tag</em> enabled.</p> -<p><strong>INCORRECT</strong>:</p> -<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o"><?</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$foo</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="cp">?></span> - -<span class="cp"><?</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nv">$foo</span><span class="cp">?></span> -</pre></div> -</div> -<p><strong>CORRECT</strong>:</p> -<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o"><?</span><span class="nx">php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$foo</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="cp">?></span> -</pre></div> -</div> -<div class="admonition note"> -<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> -<p class="last">PHP 5.4 will always have the <strong><?=</strong> tag available.</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="section" id="one-statement-per-line"> -<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id26">One Statement Per Line</a><a class="headerlink" href="#one-statement-per-line" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> -<p>Never combine statements on one line.</p> -<p><strong>INCORRECT</strong>:</p> -<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$foo</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'this'</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="nv">$bar</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'that'</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="nv">$bat</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">str_replace</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$foo</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$bar</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$bag</span><span class="p">);</span> -</pre></div> -</div> -<p><strong>CORRECT</strong>:</p> -<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$foo</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'this'</span><span class="p">;</span> -<span class="nv">$bar</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'that'</span><span class="p">;</span> -<span class="nv">$bat</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">str_replace</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$foo</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$bar</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$bag</span><span class="p">);</span> -</pre></div> -</div> -</div> -<div class="section" id="strings"> -<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id27">Strings</a><a class="headerlink" href="#strings" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> -<p>Always use single quoted strings unless you need variables parsed, and -in cases where you do need variables parsed, use braces to prevent -greedy token parsing. You may also use double-quoted strings if the -string contains single quotes, so you do not have to use escape -characters.</p> -<p><strong>INCORRECT</strong>:</p> -<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="s2">"My String"</span> <span class="c1">// no variable parsing, so no use for double quotes</span> -<span class="s2">"My string </span><span class="si">$foo</span><span class="s2">"</span> <span class="c1">// needs braces</span> -<span class="s1">'SELECT foo FROM bar WHERE baz = \'bag\''</span> <span class="c1">// ugly</span> -</pre></div> -</div> -<p><strong>CORRECT</strong>:</p> -<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="s1">'My String'</span> -<span class="s2">"My string </span><span class="si">{</span><span class="nv">$foo</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s2">"</span> -<span class="s2">"SELECT foo FROM bar WHERE baz = 'bag'"</span> -</pre></div> -</div> -</div> -<div class="section" id="sql-queries"> -<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id28">SQL Queries</a><a class="headerlink" href="#sql-queries" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> -<p>SQL keywords are always capitalized: SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, WHERE, -AS, JOIN, ON, IN, etc.</p> -<p>Break up long queries into multiple lines for legibility, preferably -breaking for each clause.</p> -<p><strong>INCORRECT</strong>:</p> -<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">// keywords are lowercase and query is too long for</span> -<span class="c1">// a single line (... indicates continuation of line)</span> -<span class="nv">$query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"select foo, bar, baz, foofoo, foobar as raboof, foobaz from exp_pre_email_addresses</span> -<span class="s2">...where foo != 'oof' and baz != 'zab' order by foobaz limit 5, 100"</span><span class="p">);</span> -</pre></div> -</div> -<p><strong>CORRECT</strong>:</p> -<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$query</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">db</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"SELECT foo, bar, baz, foofoo, foobar AS raboof, foobaz</span> -<span class="s2"> FROM exp_pre_email_addresses</span> -<span class="s2"> WHERE foo != 'oof'</span> -<span class="s2"> AND baz != 'zab'</span> -<span class="s2"> ORDER BY foobaz</span> -<span class="s2"> LIMIT 5, 100"</span><span class="p">);</span> -</pre></div> -</div> -</div> -<div class="section" id="default-function-arguments"> -<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id29">Default Function Arguments</a><a class="headerlink" href="#default-function-arguments" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> -<p>Whenever appropriate, provide function argument defaults, which helps -prevent PHP errors with mistaken calls and provides common fallback -values which can save a few lines of code. Example:</p> -<div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$bar</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">''</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$baz</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">FALSE</span><span class="p">)</span> -</pre></div> -</div> -</div> -</div> - - - </div> - <footer> - - <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation"> - - <a href="../libraries/index.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="Libraries">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a> - - - <a href="security.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Security"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a> - - </div> - - - <hr/> - - <div role="contentinfo"> - <p> - © Copyright 2014 - 2019, British Columbia Institute of Technology. - Last updated on Sep 19, 2019. - </p> - </div> - - Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>. - -</footer> - </div> - </div> - - </section> - - </div> - - - - - - <script type="text/javascript"> - var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = { - URL_ROOT:'../', - VERSION:'3.1.11', - COLLAPSE_INDEX:false, - FILE_SUFFIX:'.html', - HAS_SOURCE: false - }; - </script> - <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script> - <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script> - <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script> - - - - - - <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script> - - - - - <script type="text/javascript"> - jQuery(function () { - SphinxRtdTheme.StickyNav.enable(); - }); - </script> - - -</body> -</html>
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